diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-8.txt | 8474 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 130147 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 196246 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-h/35584-h.htm | 10893 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-h/images/deco_001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 12364 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584-h/images/frontispiece.jpg | bin | 0 -> 38505 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584.txt | 8474 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35584.zip | bin | 0 -> 130085 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
11 files changed, 27857 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/35584-8.txt b/35584-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef42e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8474 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of +T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley + +Author: Thomas Henry Huxley + +Editor: Henrietta A. Huxley + +Release Date: March 16, 2011 [EBook #35584] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + [Illustration] + + MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED + LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA + MELBOURNE + + THE MACMILLAN COMPANY + NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO + ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO + + THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. + TORONTO + + + + [Illustration: T. H. Huxley] + + + + APHORISMS + AND + REFLECTIONS + + From the Works of + T. H. HUXLEY + + Selected by + HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY + + MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED + ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON + 1908 + + + RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, + BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND + BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + _First Edition, 1907._ + _Reprinted, 1908._ + + + + +PREFACE + + +Although a man by his works and personality shall have made his mark +upon the age he lives in, yet when he has passed away and his influence +with him, the next generation, and still more the succeeding one, will +know little of this work, of his ideals and of the goal he strove to +win, although for the student his scientific work may always live. + +Thomas Henry Huxley may come to be remembered by the public merely as +the man who held that we were descended from the ape, or as the apostle +of Darwinism, or as the man who worsted Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford. + +To prevent such limitation, and to afford more intimate and valuable +reasons for remembrance of this man of science and lover of his +fellow-men, I have gathered together passages, on widely differing +themes, from the nine volumes of his "Essays," from his "Scientific +Memoirs" and his "Letters," to be published in a small volume, complete +in itself and of a size that can be carried in the pocket. + +Some of the passages were picked out for their philosophy, some for +their moral guidances, some for their scientific exposition of natural +facts, or for their insight into social questions; others for their +charms of imagination or genial humour, and many--not the least--for +their pure beauty of lucid English writing. + +In so much wealth of material it was difficult to restrict the +gathering. + +My great wish is that this small book, by the easy method of its +contents, may attract the attention of those persons who are yet +unacquainted with my husband's writings; of the men and women of +leisure, who, although they may have heard of the "Essays," do not care +to work their way through the nine volumes; of others who would like to +read them, but who have either no time to do so or coin wherewith to buy +them. More especially do I hope that these selections may attract the +attention of the working man, whose cause my husband so ardently +espoused, and to whom he was the first to reveal, by his free lectures, +the loveliness of Nature, the many rainbow-coloured rays of science, and +to show forth to his listeners how all these glorious rays unite in the +one pure white light of holy truth. + +I am most grateful to our son Leonard Huxley for weeding out the +overgrowth of my extracts, for indexing the text of the book and seeing +it through the press for me. + + HODESLEA, EASTBOURNE, + _June 29th, 1907._ + + + + +APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS + + +I + +There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except veracity of +thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the world as it is +when the garment of make-believe by which pious hands have hidden its +uglier features is stripped off. + + +II + +Natural knowledge, seeking to satisfy natural wants, has found the ideas +which can alone still spiritual cravings. I say that natural knowledge, +in desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort, has been driven to +discover those of conduct, and to lay the foundations of a new morality. + + +III + +The improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge +authority, as such. For him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind +faith the one unpardonable sin. + + +IV + +The man of science has learned to believe in justification, not by +faith, but by verification. + + +V + +No delusion is greater than the notion that method and industry can make +up for lack of motherwit, either in science or in practical life. + + +VI + +Nothing great in science has ever been done by men, whatever their +powers, in whom the divine afflatus of the truth-seeker was wanting. + + +VII + +In science, as in art, and, as I believe, in every other sphere of human +activity, there may be wisdom in a multitude of counsellors, but it is +only in one or two of them. + + +VIII + +Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption one sometimes meets +with, that physics has one method, chemistry another, and biology a +third. + + +IX + +Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific work is aware that +those who refuse to go beyond fact, rarely get as far as fact; and +anyone who has studied the history of science knows that almost every +great step therein has been made by the "anticipation of Nature." + + +X + +There are three great products of our time.... One of these is that +doctrine concerning the constitution of matter which, for want of a +better name, I will call "molecular"; the second is the doctrine of the +conservation of energy; the third is the doctrine of evolution. + + +XI + +M. Comte's philosophy, in practice, might be compendiously described as +Catholicism _minus_ Christianity. + + +XII + +Fact I know; and Law I know; but what is this Necessity, save an empty +shadow of my own mind's throwing? + + +XIII + +We live in a world which is full of misery and ignorance, and the plain +duty of each and all of us is to try to make the little corner he can +influence somewhat less miserable and somewhat less ignorant than it was +before he entered it. + + +XIV + +The man of science, who, forgetting the limits of philosophical inquiry, +slides from these formulć and symbols into what is commonly understood +by materialism, seems to me to place himself on a level with the +mathematician, who should mistake the _x_'s and _y_'s with which he +works his problems for real entities--and with this further +disadvantage, as compared with the mathematician, that the blunders of +the latter are of no practical consequence, while the errors of +systematic materialism may paralyse the energies and destroy the beauty +of a life. + + +XV + +There are some men who are counted great because they represent the +actuality of their own age, and mirror it as it is. Such an one was +Voltaire, of whom it was epigrammatically said, "he expressed +everybody's thoughts better than anybody." But there are other men who +attain greatness because they embody the potentiality of their own day, +and magically reflect the future. They express the thoughts which will +be everybody's two or three centuries after them. Such an one was +Descartes. + + +XVI + +"Learn what is true, in order to do what is right," is the summing up of +the whole duty of man, for all who are unable to satisfy their mental +hunger with the east wind of authority. + + +XVII + +When I say that Descartes consecrated doubt, you must remember that it +was that sort of doubt which Goethe has called "the active scepticism, +whose whole aim is to conquer itself"; and not that other sort which is +born of flippancy and ignorance, and whose aim is only to perpetuate +itself, as an excuse for idleness and indifference. + + +XVIII + +What, then, is certain?... Why, the fact that the thought, the present +consciousness, exists. Our thoughts may be delusive, but they cannot be +fictitious. As thoughts, they are real and existent, and the cleverest +deceiver cannot make them otherwise. + + +XIX + +Thought is existence. More than that, so far as we are concerned, +existence is thought, all our conceptions of existence being some kind +or other of thought. + + +XX + +It is enough for all the practical purposes of human existence if we +find that our trust in the representations of consciousness is verified +by results; and that, by their help, we are enabled "to walk +sure-footedly in this life." + + +XXI + +It is because the body is a machine that education is possible. +Education is the formation of habits, a superinducing of an artificial +organisation upon the natural organisation of the body; so that acts, +which at first required a conscious effort, eventually became +unconscious and mechanical. + + +XXII + +I protest that if some great Power would agree to make me always think +what is true and do what is right, on condition of being turned into a +sort of clock and wound up every morning before I got out of bed, I +should instantly close with the offer. + + +XXIII + +The only freedom I care about is the freedom to do right; the freedom to +do wrong I am ready to part with on the cheapest terms to anyone who +will take it of me. + + +XXIV + +Whatever evil voices may rage, Science, secure among the powers that are +eternal, will do her work and be blessed. + + +XXV + +There is assuredly no more effectual method of clearing up one's own +mind on any subject than by talking it over, so to speak, with men of +real power and grasp, who have considered it from a totally different +point of view. + + +XXVI + +The parallax of time helps us to the true position of a conception, as +the parallax of space helps us to that of a star. + + +XXVII + +[If animals are conscious automata with souls] the soul stands related +to the body as the bell of a clock to the works, and consciousness +answers to the sound which the bell gives out when it is struck. + + +XXVIII + +Logical consequences are the scarecrows of fools and the beacons of wise +men. + + +XXIX + +The only question which any wise man can ask himself, and which any +honest man will ask himself, is whether a doctrine is true or false. + + +XXX + +Of all the senseless babble I have ever had occasion to read, the +demonstrations of these philosophers who undertake to tell us all about +the nature of God would be the worst, if they were not surpassed by the +still greater absurdities of the philosophers who try to prove that +there is no God. + + +XXXI + +That which is to be lamented, I fancy, is not that society should do its +utmost to help capacity to ascend from the lower strata to the higher, +but that it has no machinery by which to facilitate the descent of +incapacity from the higher strata to the lower. + + +XXXII + +Time, whose tooth gnaws away everything else, is powerless against +truth. + + +XXXIII + +Misery is a match that never goes out. + + +XXXIV + +Genius as an explosive power beats gunpowder hollow; and if knowledge, +which should give that power guidance, is wanting, the chances are not +small that the rocket will simply run amuck among friends and foes. + + +XXXV + +Thoughtfulness for others, generosity, modesty, and self-respect, are +the qualities which make a real gentleman, or lady, as distinguished +from the veneered article which commonly goes by that name. + + +XXXVI + +The higher the state of civilisation, the more completely do the actions +of one member of the social body influence all the rest, and the less +possible is it for any one man to do a wrong thing without interfering, +more or less, with the freedom of all his fellow-citizens. + + +XXXVII + +I take it that the good of mankind means the attainment, by every man, +of all the happiness which he can enjoy without diminishing the +happiness of his fellow men. + + +XXXVIII + +Education promotes peace by teaching men the realities of life and the +obligations which are involved in the very existence of society; it +promotes intellectual development, not only by training the individual +intellect, but by sifting out from the masses of ordinary or inferior +capacities, those who are competent to increase the general welfare by +occupying higher positions; and, lastly, it promotes morality and +refinement, by teaching men to discipline themselves, and by leading +them to see that the highest, as it is the only permanent, content is to +be attained, not by grovelling in the rank and steaming valleys of +sense, but by continual striving towards those high peaks, where, +resting in eternal calm, reason discerns the undefined but bright ideal +of the highest Good--"a cloud by day, a pillar of fire by night." + + +XXXIX + +Missionaries, whether of philosophy or of religion, rarely make rapid +way, unless their preachings fall in with the prepossessions of the +multitude of shallow thinkers, or can be made to serve as a +stalking-horse for the promotion of the practical aims of the still +larger multitude, who do not profess to think much, but are quite +certain they want a great deal. + + +XL + +Proclaim human equality as loudly as you like, Witless will serve his +brother. + + +XLI + +There is no sea more dangerous than the ocean of practical +politics--none in which there is more need of good pilotage and of a +single, unfaltering purpose when the waves rise high. + + +XLII + +The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, +free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction. + + +XLIII + +For the welfare of society, as for that of individual men, it is surely +essential that there should be a statute of limitations in respect of +the consequences of wrong-doing. + + +XLIV + +"Musst immer thun wie neu geboren" is the best of all maxims for the +guidance of the life of States, no less than of individuals. + + +XLV + +The population question is the real riddle of the sphinx, to which no +political Oedipus has as yet found the answer. In view of the ravages of +the terrible monster, over-multiplication, all other riddles sink into +insignificance. + + +XLVI + +The "Law of Nature" is not a command to do, or to refrain from doing, +anything. It contains, in reality, nothing but a statement of that which +a given being tends to do under the circumstances of its existence; and +which, in the case of a living and sensitive being, it is necessitated +to do, if it is to escape certain kinds of disability, pain, and +ultimate dissolution. + + +XLVII + +Probably none of the political delusions which have sprung from the +"natural rights" doctrine has been more mischievous than the assertion +that all men have a natural right to freedom, and that those who +willingly submit to any restriction of this freedom, beyond the point +determined by the deductions of _a priori_ philosophers, deserve the +title of slave. But to my mind, this delusion is incomprehensible except +as the result of the error of confounding natural with moral rights. + + +XLVIII + +The very existence of society depends on the fact that every member of +it tacitly admits that he is not the exclusive possessor of himself, and +that he admits the claim of the polity of which he forms a part, to act, +to some extent, as his master. + + +XLIX + +Surely there is a time to submit to guidance and a time to take one's +own way at all hazards. + + +L + +Individualism, pushed to anarchy, in the family is as ill-founded +theoretically and as mischievous practically as it is in the State; +while extreme regimentation is a certain means of either destroying +self-reliance or of maddening to rebellion. + + +LI + +A man in his development runs for a little while parallel with, though +never passing through, the form of the meanest worm, then travels for a +space beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and the reptile +for his fellow travellers; and only at last, after a brief companionship +with the highest of the four-footed and four-handed world, rises into +the dignity of pure manhood. + + +LII + +Not only does every animal live at the expense of some other animal or +plant, but the very plants are at war.... The individuals of a species +are like the crew of a foundered ship, and none but good swimmers have a +chance of reaching the land. + + +LIII + +When we know that living things are formed of the same elements as the +inorganic world, that they act and react upon it, bound by a thousand +ties of natural piety, is it probable, nay is it possible, that they, +and they alone, should have no order in their seeming disorder, no unity +in their seeming multiplicity, should suffer no explanation by the +discovery of some central and sublime law of mutual connection? + + +LIV + +The student of Nature wonders the more and is astonished the less, the +more conversant he becomes with her operations; but of all the perennial +miracles she offers to his inspection, perhaps the most worthy of +admiration is the development of a plant or of an animal from its +embryo. + + +LV + +Matter and force are the two names of the one artist who fashions the +living as well as the lifeless. + + +LVI + +There is not throughout Nature a law of wider application than this, +that a body impelled by two forces takes the direction of their +resultant. + + +LVII + +Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of thought. It learns not, neither +can it forget. + + +LVIII + +Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers after truth, from the +days of Galileo until now, whose lives have been embittered and their +good name blasted by the mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters? Who shall count +the host of weaker men whose sense of truth has been destroyed in the +effort to harmonise impossibilities--whose life has been wasted in the +attempt to force the generous new wine of Science into the old bottles +of Judaism, compelled by the outcry of the same strong party? + + +LIX + +When Astronomy was young "the morning stars sang together for joy," and +the planets were guided in their courses by celestial hands. Now, the +harmony of the stars has resolved itself into gravitation according to +the inverse squares of the distances, and the orbits of the planets are +deducible from the laws of the forces which allow a schoolboy's stone to +break a window. + + +LX + +The lightning was the angel of the Lord; but it has pleased Providence, +in these modern times, that science should make it the humble messenger +of man, and we know that every flash that shimmers about the horizon on +a summer's evening is determined by ascertainable conditions, and that +its direction and brightness might, if our knowledge of these were great +enough, have been calculated. + + +LXI + +Why should the souls [of philosophers] be deeply vexed? The majesty of +Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working +for them. Not a star comes to the meridian at its calculated time but +testifies to the justice of their methods--their beliefs are "one with +the falling rain and with the growing corn." By doubt they are +established, and open inquiry is their bosom friend. + + +LXII + +Harmonious order governing eternally continuous progress--the web and +woof of matter and force interweaving by slow degrees, without a broken +thread, that veil which lies between us and the Infinite--that universe +which alone we know or can know; such is the picture which science draws +of the world, and in proportion as any part of that picture is in unison +with the rest, so may we feel sure that it is rightly painted. + + +LXIII + +Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere +natural appliances, to separate all the grains of sand from all the +grains of salt; but a shower of rain will effect the same object in ten +minutes. + + +LXIV + +Elijah's great question, "Will you serve God or Baal? Choose ye," is +uttered audibly enough in the ears of every one of us as we come to +manhood. Let every man who tries to answer it seriously ask himself +whether he can be satisfied with the Baal of authority, and with all the +good things his worshippers are promised in this world and the next. If +he can, let him, if he be so inclined, amuse himself with such +scientific implements as authority tells him are safe and will not cut +his fingers; but let him not imagine he is, or can be, both a true son +of the Church and a loyal soldier of science. + + +LXV + +Ecclesiasticism in science is only unfaithfulness to truth. + + +LXVI + +If the blind acceptance of authority appears to him in its true colours, +as mere private judgment _in excelsis_, and if he have the courage to +stand alone, face to face with the abyss of the eternal and unknowable, +let him be content, once for all, not only to renounce the good things +promised by "Infallibility," but even to bear the bad things which it +prophesies; content to follow reason and fact in singleness and honesty +of purpose, wherever they may lead, in the sure faith that a hell of +honest men will, to him, be more endurable than a paradise full of +angelic shams. + + +LXVII + +History warns us that it is the customary fate of new truths to begin as +heresies and to end as superstitions. + + +LXVIII + +The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the +physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to +exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its +rivals. + + +LXIX + +The scientific spirit is of more value than its products, and +irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. + + +LXX + +Every belief is the product of two factors: the first is the state of +the mind to which the evidence in favour of that belief is presented; +and the second is the logical cogency of the evidence itself. + + +LXXI + +Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed. + + +LXXII + +The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of +the necessary mode of working of the human mind. It is simply the mode +in which all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise and exact. + + +LXXIII + +There are men (and I think Priestley was one of them) to whom the +satisfaction of throwing down a triumphant fallacy is as great as that +which attends the discovery of a new truth; who feel better satisfied +with the government of the world, when they have been helping Providence +by knocking an imposture on the head; and who care even more for freedom +of thought than for mere advance of knowledge. These men are the Carnots +who organise victory for truth, and they are, at least, as important as +the generals who visibly fight her battles in the field. + + +LXXIV + +Material advancement has its share in moral and intellectual progress. +Becky Sharp's acute remark that it is not difficult to be virtuous on +ten thousand a year, has its application to nations; and it is futile to +expect a hungry and squalid population to be anything but violent and +gross. + + +LXXV + +If the twentieth century is to be better than the nineteenth, it will be +because there are among us men who walk in Priestley's footsteps. But +whether Priestley's lot be theirs, and a future generation, in justice +and in gratitude, set up their statues; or whether their names and fame +are blotted out from remembrance, their work will live as long as time +endures. To all eternity, the sum of truth and right will have been +increased by their means; to all eternity, falsehood and injustice will +be the weaker because they have lived. + + +LXXVI + +Science is, I believe, nothing but _trained and organised common sense_, +differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw +recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only so far +as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a +savage wields his club. + + +LXXVII + +The vast results obtained by Science are won by no mystical faculties, +by no mental processes, other than those which are practised by every +one of us, in the humblest and meanest affairs of life. A detective +policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made by his shoe, by a +mental process identical with that by which Cuvier restored the extinct +animals of Montmartre from fragments of their bones. + + +LXXVIII + +There is no side of the human mind which physiological study leaves +uncultivated. Connected by innumerable ties with abstract science, +Physiology is yet in the most intimate relation with humanity; and by +teaching us that law and order, and a definite scheme of development, +regulate even the strangest and wildest manifestations of individual +life, she prepares the student to look for a goal even amidst the +erratic wanderings of mankind, and to believe that history offers +something more than an entertaining chaos--a journal of a toilsome, +tragi-comic march nowhither. + + +LXXIX + +I cannot but think that he who finds a certain proportion of pain and +evil inseparably woven up in the life of the very worms, will bear his +own share with more courage and submission; and will, at any rate, view +with suspicion those weakly amiable theories of the Divine government, +which would have us believe pain to be an oversight and a mistake,--to +be corrected by and by. On the other hand, the predominance of happiness +among living things--their lavish beauty--the secret and wonderful +harmony which pervades them all, from the highest to the lowest, are +equally striking refutations of that modern Manichean doctrine, which +exhibits the world as a slave-mill, worked with many tears, for mere +utilitarian ends. + + +LXXX + +To a person uninstructed in natural history, his country or sea-side +stroll is a walk through a gallery filled with wonderful works of art, +nine-tenths of which have their faces turned to the wall. Teach him +something of natural history, and you place in his hands a catalogue of +those which are worth turning round. Surely our innocent pleasures are +not so abundant in this life that we can afford to despise this or any +other source of them. We should fear being banished for our neglect to +that limbo where the great Florentine tells us are those who, during +this life, "wept when they might be joyful." + + +LXXXI + +No slavery can be abolished without a double emancipation, and the +master will benefit by freedom more than the freed-man. + + +LXXXII + +Compare the average artisan and the average country squire, and it may +be doubted if you will find a pin to choose between the two in point of +ignorance, class feeling, or prejudice. It is true that the ignorance is +of a different sort--that the class feeling is in favour of a different +class--and that the prejudice has a distinct savour of wrong-headedness +in each case--but it is questionable if the one is either a bit better, +or a bit worse, than the other. The old protectionist theory is the +doctrine of trades unions as applied by the squires, and the modern +trades unionism is the doctrine of the squires applied by the artisans. +Why should we be worse off under one _régime_ than under the other? + + +LXXXIII + +The life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one of us, and, more +or less, of those who are connected with us, do depend upon our knowing +something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and +complicated than chess. It is a game which has been played for untold +ages, every man and woman of us being one of the two players in a game +of his or her own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the +phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the +laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know +that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our +cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance +for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, +with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows +delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated--without haste, +but without remorse. + + +LXXXIV + +Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of Nature, +under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men +and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of the will +into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. + + +LXXXV + +To every one of us the world was once as fresh and new as to Adam. And +then, long before we were susceptible of any other mode of instruction, +Nature took us in hand, and every minute of waking life brought its +educational influence, shaping our actions into rough accordance with +Nature's laws, so that we might not be ended untimely by too gross +disobedience. Nor should I speak of this process of education as past +for any one, be he as old as he may. For every man the world is as fresh +as it was at the first day, and as full of untold novelties for him who +has the eyes to see them. And Nature is still continuing her patient +education of us in that great university, the universe, of which we are +all members--Nature having no Test-Acts. + + +LXXXVI + +Those who take honours in Nature's university, who learn the laws which +govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful +men in this world. The great mass of mankind are the "Poll," who pick +up just enough to get through without much discredit. Those who won't +learn at all are plucked; and then you can't come up again. Nature's +pluck means extermination. + + +LXXXVII + +Ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience--incapacity meets +with the same punishment as crime. Nature's discipline is not even a +word and a blow, and the blow first; but the blow without the word. It +is left to you to find out why your ears are boxed. + + +LXXXVIII + +All artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural +education. + + +LXXXIX + +That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained +in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with +ease and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it is capable of; +whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of +equal strength and in smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine, +to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as +forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is stored with a knowledge of +the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her +operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but +whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the +servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all beauty, +whether of Nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and to respect others +as himself. + + +XC + +The only medicine for suffering, crime, and all the other woes of +mankind, is wisdom. + + +XCI + +Next to being right in this world, the best of all things is to be +clearly and definitely wrong, because you will come out somewhere. If +you go buzzing about between right and wrong, vibrating and fluctuating, +you come out nowhere; but if you are absolutely and thoroughly and +persistently wrong, you must, some of these days, have the extreme good +fortune of knocking your head against a fact, and that sets you all +straight again. + + +XCII + +No man ever understands Shakespeare until he is old, though the youngest +may admire him, the reason being that he satisfies the artistic instinct +of the youngest and harmonises with the ripest and richest experience of +the oldest. + + +XCIII + +It is not a question whether one order of study or another should +predominate. It is a question of what topics of education you shall +select which will combine all the needful elements in such due +proportion as to give the greatest amount of food, support, and +encouragement to those faculties which enable us to appreciate truth, +and to profit by those sources of innocent happiness which are open to +us, and, at the same time, to avoid that which is bad, and coarse, and +ugly, and keep clear of the multitude of pitfalls and dangers which +beset those who break through the natural or moral laws. + + +XCIV + +Writing is a form of drawing; therefore if you give the same attention +and trouble to drawing as you do to writing, depend upon it, there is +nobody who cannot be made to draw, more or less well.... I do not say +for one moment you would make an artistic draughtsman. Artists are not +made; they grow.... You can teach simple drawing, and you will find it +an implement of learning of extreme value. I do not think its value can +be exaggerated, because it gives you the means of training the young in +attention and accuracy, which are the two things in which all mankind +are more deficient than in any other mental quality whatever. + + +XCV + +If a man cannot get literary culture of the highest kind out of his +Bible, and Chaucer, and Shakespeare, and Milton, and Hobbes, and Bishop +Berkeley, to mention only a few of our illustrious writers--I say, if he +cannot get it out of those writers, he cannot get it out of anything; +and I would assuredly devote a very large portion of the time of every +English child to the careful study of the models of English writing of +such varied and wonderful kind as we possess, and, what is still more +important and still more neglected, the habit of using that language +with precision, with force, and with art. + + +XCVI + +I fancy we are almost the only nation in the world who seem to think +that composition comes by nature. The French attend to their own +language, the Germans study theirs; but Englishmen do not seem to think +it is worth their while. + + +XCVII + +Many of the faults and mistakes of the ancient philosophers are +traceable to the fact that they knew no language but their own, and were +often led into confusing the symbol with the thought which it embodied. + + +XCVIII + +If the time given to education permits, add Latin and German. Latin, +because it is the key to nearly one-half of English and to all the +Romance languages; and German, because it is the key to almost all the +remainder of English, and helps you to understand a race from whom most +of us have sprung, and who have a character and a literature of a +fateful force in the history of the world, such as probably has been +allotted to those of no other people, except the Jews, the Greeks, and +ourselves. + + +XCIX + +In an ideal University, ... the force of living example should fire the +student with a noble ambition to emulate the learning of learned men, +and to follow in the footsteps of the explorers of new fields of +knowledge. And the very air he breathes should be charged with that +enthusiasm for truth, that fanaticism of veracity, which is a greater +possession than much learning; a nobler gift than the power of +increasing knowledge; by so much greater and nobler than these, as the +moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is +the heart of morality. + + +C + +Do what you can to do what you ought, and leave hoping and fearing +alone. + + +CI + +On the face of the matter, it is absurd to ask whether it is more +important to know the limits of one's powers; or the ends for which they +ought to be exerted; or the conditions under which they must be exerted. +One may as well inquire which of the terms of a Rule of Three sum one +ought to know in order to get a trustworthy result. Practical life is +such a sum, in which your duty multiplied into your capacity, and +divided by your circumstances, gives you the fourth term in the +proportion, which is your deserts, with great accuracy. + + +CII + +Books are the money of Literature, but only the counters of Science. + + +CIII + +Medicine was the foster-mother of Chemistry, because it has to do with +the preparation of drugs and the detection of poisons; of Botany, +because it enabled the physician to recognise medicinal herbs; of +Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, because the man who studied Human +Anatomy and Physiology for purely medical purposes was led to extend his +studies to the rest of the animal world. + + +CIV + +A thorough study of Human Physiology is, in itself, an education broader +and more comprehensive than much that passes under that name. There is +no side of the intellect which it does not call into play, no region of +human knowledge into which either its roots, or its branches, do not +extend; like the Atlantic between the Old and the New Worlds, its waves +wash the shores of the two worlds of matter and of mind; its tributary +streams flow from both; through its waters, as yet unfurrowed by the +keel of any Columbus, lies the road, if such there be, from the one to +the other; far away from that North-west Passage of mere speculation, in +which so many brave souls have been hopelessly frozen up. + + +CV + +You know that among the Bees, it depends on the kind of cell in which +the egg is deposited, and the quantity and quality of food which is +supplied to the grub, whether it shall turn out a busy little worker or +a big idle queen. And, in the human hive, the cells of the endowed larvć +are always tending to enlarge, and their food to improve, until we get +queens, beautiful to behold, but which gather no honey and build no +comb. + + +CVI + +Examination, like fire, is a good servant, but a bad master; and there +seems to me to be some danger of its becoming our master. I by no means +stand alone in this opinion. Experienced friends of mine do not hesitate +to say that students whose career they watch appear to them to become +deteriorated by the constant effort to pass this or that examination, +just as we hear of men's brains becoming affected by the daily necessity +of catching a train. They work to pass, not to know; and outraged +Science takes her revenge. They do pass, and they don't know. + + +CVII + +A man's worst difficulties begin when he is able to do as he likes. + + +CVIII + +There is but one right, and the possibilities of wrong are infinite. + + +CIX + +It is given to few to add to the store of knowledge, to strike new +springs of thought, or to shape new forms of beauty. But so sure as it +is that men live not by bread, but by ideas, so sure is it that the +future of the world lies in the hands of those who are able to carry the +interpretation of nature a step further than their predecessors. + + +CX + +Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a nation. + + +CXI + +Whatever practical people may say, this world is, after all, absolutely +governed by ideas, and very often by the wildest and most hypothetical +ideas. It is a matter of the very greatest importance that our theories +of things, and even of things that seem a long way apart from our daily +lives, should be as far as possible true, and as far as possible removed +from error. + + +CXII + +All truth, in the long run, is only common sense clarified. + + +CXIII + +You may read any quantity of books, and you may be almost as ignorant as +you were at starting, if you don't have, at the back of your minds, the +change for words in definite images which can only be acquired through +the operation of your observing faculties on the phenomena of nature. + + +CXIV + +The saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing is, to my mind, +a very dangerous adage. If knowledge is real and genuine, I do not +believe that it is other than a very valuable possession, however +infinitesimal its quantity may be. Indeed, if a little knowledge is +dangerous, where is the man who has so much as to be out of danger? + + +CXV + +Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more than twice their weight +of cleverness. + + +CXVI + +The body is a machine of the nature of an army.... Of this army each +cell is a soldier, an organ a brigade, the central nervous system +headquarters and field telegraph, the alimentary and circulatory system +the commissariat. Losses are made good by recruits born in camp, and the +life of the individual is a campaign, conducted successfully for a +number of years, but with certain defeat in the long run. + + +CXVII + +So far as the laws of conduct are determined by the intellect, I +apprehend that they belong to science, and to that part of science which +is called morality. But the engagement of the affections in favour of +that particular kind of conduct which we call good, seems to me to be +something quite beyond mere science. And I cannot but think that it, +together with the awe and reverence, which have no kinship with base +fear, but arise whenever one tries to pierce below the surface of +things, whether they be material or spiritual, constitutes all that has +any unchangeable reality in religion. + + +CXVIII + +Just as I think it would be a mistake to confound the science, morality, +with the affection, religion; so do I conceive it to be a most +lamentable and mischievous error, that the science, theology, is so +confounded in the minds of many--indeed, I might say, of the majority of +men. + + +CXIX + +My belief is, that no human being, and no society composed of human +beings, ever did, or ever will, come to much, unless their conduct was +governed and guided by the love of some ethical ideal. + + +CXX + +Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make +yourself do the thing you have to do, when it ought to be done, whether +you like it or not; it is the first lesson that ought to be learned; +and, however early a man's training begins, it is probably the last +lesson that he learns thoroughly. + + +CXXI + +The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. What men need is, as +much knowledge as they can assimilate and organise into a basis for +action; give them more and it may become injurious. One knows people who +are as heavy and stupid from undigested learning as others are from +over-fulness of meat and drink. + + +CXXII + +There is no mode of exercising the faculty of observation and the +faculty of accurate reproduction of that which is observed, no +discipline which so readily tests error in these matters, as drawing +properly taught. And by that I do not mean artistic drawing; I mean +figuring natural objects. I do not wish to exaggerate, but I declare to +you that, in my judgment, the child who has been taught to make an +accurate elevation, plan and section of a pint pot has had an admirable +training in accuracy of eye and hand. + + +CXXIII + +Accuracy is the foundation of everything else. + + +CXXIV + +Anybody who knows his business in science can make anything subservient +to that purpose. You know it was said of Dean Swift that he could write +an admirable poem upon a broomstick, and the man who has a real +knowledge of science can make the commonest object in the world +subservient to an introduction to the principles and greater truths of +natural knowledge. + + +CXXV + +My experience of the world is that things left to themselves don't get +right. + + +CXXVI + +I remember somewhere reading of an interview between the poet Southey +and a good Quaker. Southey was a man of marvellous powers of work. He +had a habit of dividing his time into little parts each of which was +filled up, and he told the Quaker what he did in this hour and that, and +so on through the day until far into the night. The Quaker listened, and +at the close said, "Well, but, friend Southey, when dost thee think?" + + +CXXVII + +The knowledge which is absolutely requisite in dealing with young +children is the knowledge you possess, as you would know your own +business, and which you can just turn about as if you were explaining to +a boy a matter of everyday life. + + +CXXVIII + +You may develop the intellectual side of people as far as you like, and +you may confer upon them all the skill that training and instruction can +give; but, if there is not, underneath all that outside form and +superficial polish, the firm fibre of healthy manhood and earnest desire +to do well, your labour is absolutely in vain. + + +CXXIX + +Our sole chance of succeeding in a competition, which must constantly +become more and more severe, is that our people shall not only have the +knowledge and the skill which are required, but that they shall have the +will and the energy and the honesty, without which neither knowledge nor +skill can be of any permanent avail. + + +CXXX + +It is a great many years since, at the outset of my career, I had to +think seriously what life had to offer that was worth having. I came to +the conclusion that the chief good, for me, was freedom to learn, think, +and say what I pleased, when I pleased. I have acted on that conviction, +and have availed myself of the "rara temporum felicitas ubi sentire quć +velis, et quć sentias dicere licet," which is now enjoyable, to the best +of my ability; and though strongly, and perhaps wisely, warned that I +should probably come to grief, I am entirely satisfied with the results +of the line of action I have adopted. + + +CXXXI + +The scientific imagination always restrains itself within the limits of +probability. + + +CXXXII + +It is a "law of nature," verifiable by everyday experience, that our +already formed convictions, our strong desires, our intent occupation +with particular ideas, modify our mental operations to a most marvellous +extent, and produce enduring changes in the direction and in the +intensity of our intellectual and moral activities. + + +CXXXIII + +Men can intoxicate themselves with ideas as effectually as with alcohol +or with bang, and produce, by dint of intense thinking, mental +conditions hardly distinguishable from monomania. + + +CXXXIV + +Demoniac possession is mythical; but the faculty of being possessed, +more or less completely, by an idea is probably the fundamental +condition of what is called genius, whether it show itself in the saint, +the artist, or the man of science. One calls it faith, another calls it +inspiration, a third calls it insight; but the "intending of the mind," +to borrow Newton's well-known phrase, the concentration of all the rays +of intellectual energy on some one point, until it glows and colours the +whole cast of thought with its peculiar light, is common to all. + + +CXXXV + +Whatever happens, science may bide her time in patience and in +confidence. + + +CXXXVI + +The only people, scientific or other, who never make mistakes are those +who do nothing. + + +CXXXVII + +The most considerable difference I note among men is not in their +readiness to fall into error, but in their readiness to acknowledge +these inevitable lapses. + + +CXXXVIII + +Quite apart from deliberate and conscious fraud (which is a rarer thing +than is often supposed), people whose mythopoeic faculty is once stirred +are capable of saying the thing that is not, and of acting as they +should not, to an extent which is hardly imaginable by persons who are +not so easily affected by the contagion of blind faith. There is no +falsity so gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous women, +anxious to promote a good cause, will not lend themselves to it without +any clear consciousness of the moral bearings of what they are doing. + + +CXXXIX + +This modern reproduction of the ancient prophet, with his "Thus saith +the Lord," "This is the work of the Lord," steeped in supernaturalism +and glorying in blind faith, is the mental antipodes of the philosopher, +founded in naturalism and a fanatic for evidence, to whom these +affirmations inevitably suggest the previous question: "How do you know +that the Lord saith it?" "How do you know that the Lord doeth it?" and +who is compelled to demand that rational ground for belief, without +which, to the man of science, assent is merely an immoral pretence. + +And it is this rational ground of belief which the writers of the +Gospels, no less than Paul, and Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of +offering that they would regard the demand for it as a kind of +blasphemy. + + +CXL + +To quarrel with the uncertainty that besets us in intellectual affairs +would be about as reasonable as to object to live one's life, with due +thought for the morrow, because no man can be sure he will be alive an +hour hence. + + +CXLI + +I verily believe that the great good which has been effected in the +world by Christianity has been largely counteracted by the pestilent +doctrine on which all the Churches have insisted, that honest disbelief +in their more or less astonishing creeds is a moral offence, indeed a +sin of the deepest dye, deserving and involving the same future +retribution as murder and robbery. If we could only see, in one view, +the torrents of hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, the slaughter, the +violations of every obligation of humanity, which have flowed from this +source along the course of the history of Christian nations, our worst +imaginations of Hell would pale beside the vision. + + +CXLII + +Agnostioism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which +lies in the rigorous application of a single principle. That principle +is of great antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the writer +who said, "Try all things, hold fast by that which is good"; it is the +foundation of the Reformation, which simply illustrated the axiom that +every man should be able to give a reason for the faith that is in him; +it is the great principle of Descartes; it is the fundamental axiom of +modern science. Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of +the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without +regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the +intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not +demonstrated or demonstrable. That I take to be the agnostic faith, +which if a man keep whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look +the universe in the face, whatever the future may have in store for him. + + +CXLIII + +The best men of the best epochs are simply those who make the fewest +blunders and commit the fewest sins. + + +CXLIV + +That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive the bad man, and pity +and help all men to the best of one's ability, is surely indisputable. +It is the glory of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed this +truth, through all their aberrations. But the worship of a God who needs +forgiveness and help, and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is +no better than that of any other voluntarily selected fetish. The +Emperor Julian's project was hopeful in comparison with the prospects of +the Comtist Anthropolatry. + + +CXLV + +The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to believe certain +propositions, whatever the results of a strict scientific investigation +of the evidence of these propositions. He tells us "that religious error +is, in itself, of an immoral nature." He declares that he has prejudged +certain conclusions, and looks upon those who show cause for arrest of +judgment as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, for him, +the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment of truth, is the highest +aim of mental life. And, on careful analysis of the nature of this +faith, it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process of unity +with the Divine, understood by the religious enthusiast; but that which +the candid simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be. +"Faith," said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, "is the power +of saying you believe things which are incredible." + + +CXLVI + +The science, the art, the jurisprudence, the chief political and social +theories, of the modern world have grown out of those of Greece and +Rome--not by favour of, but in the teeth of, the fundamental teachings +of early Christianity, to which science, art, and any serious occupation +with the things of this world, were alike despicable. + + +CXLVII + +All that is best in the ethics of the modern world, in so far as it has +not grown out of Greek thought, or Barbarian manhood, is the direct +development of the ethics of old Israel. There is no code of +legislation, ancient or modern, at once so just and so merciful, so +tender to the weak and poor, as the Jewish law; and, if the Gospels are +to be trusted, Jesus of Nazareth himself declared that he taught nothing +but that which lay implicitly, or explicitly, in the religious and +ethical system of his people. + + +CXLVIII + +The first-recorded judicial murder of a scientific thinker was compassed +and effected, not by a despot, nor by priests, but was brought about by +eloquent demagogues, to whom, of all men, thorough searchings of the +intellect are most dangerous and therefore most hateful. + + +CXLIX + +Platonic philosophy is probably the grandest example of the unscientific +use of the imagination extant; and it would be hard to estimate the +amount of detriment to clear thinking effected, directly and indirectly, +by the theory of ideas, on the one hand, and by the unfortunate doctrine +of the baseness of matter, on the other. + + +CL + +The development of exact natural knowledge in all its vast range, from +physics to history and criticism, is the consequence of the working out, +in this province, of the resolution to "take nothing for truth without +clear knowledge that it is such"; to consider all beliefs open to +criticism; to regard the value of authority as neither greater nor less +than as much as it can prove itself to be worth. The modern spirit is +not the spirit "which always denies," delighting only in destruction; +still less is it that which builds castles in the air rather than not +construct; it is that spirit which works and will work "without haste +and without rest," gathering harvest after harvest of truth into its +barns and devouring error with unquenchable fire. + + +CLI + +In truth, the laboratory is the forecourt of the temple of philosophy; +and whoso has not offered sacrifices and undergone purification there +has little chance of admission into the sanctuary. + + +CLII + +The memorable service rendered to the cause of sound thinking by +Descartes consisted in this: that he laid the foundation of modern +philosophical criticism by his inquiry into the nature of certainty. + + +CLIII + +There is no question in the mind of anyone acquainted with the facts +that, so far as observation and experiment can take us, the structure +and the functions of the nervous system are fundamentally the same in +an ape, or in a dog, and in a man. And the suggestion that we must stop +at the exact point at which direct proof fails us, and refuse to believe +that the similarity which extends so far stretches yet further, is no +better than a quibble. Robinson Crusoe did not feel bound to conclude, +from the single human footprint which he saw in the sand, that the maker +of the impression had only one leg. + + +CLIV + +Descartes, as we have seen, illustrates what he means by an innate idea, +by the analogy of hereditary diseases or hereditary mental +peculiarities, such as generosity. On the other hand, hereditary mental +tendencies may justly be termed instincts; and still more appropriately +might those special proclivities, which constitute what we call genius, +come into the same category. + + +CLV + +The child who is impelled to draw as soon as it can hold a pencil; the +Mozart who breaks out into music as early; the boy Bidder who worked out +the most complicated sums without learning arithmetic; the boy Pascal +who evolved Euclid out of his own consciousness: all these may be said +to have been impelled by instinct, as much as are the beaver and the +bee. And the man of genius is distinct in kind from the man of +cleverness, by reason of the working within him of strong innate +tendencies--which cultivation may improve, but which it can no more +create than horticulture can make thistles bear figs. The analogy +between a musical instrument and the mind holds good here also. Art and +industry may get much music, of a sort, out of a penny whistle; but, +when all is done, it has no chance against an organ. The innate musical +potentialities of the two are infinitely different. + + +CLVI + +It is notorious that, to the unthinking mass of mankind, nine-tenths of +the facts of life do not suggest the relation of cause and effect; and +they practically deny the existence of any such relation by attributing +them to chance. Few gamblers but would stare if they were told that the +falling of a die on a particular face is as much the effect of a +definite cause as the fact of its falling; it is a proverb that "the +wind bloweth where it listeth"; and even thoughtful men usually receive +with surprise the suggestion, that the form of the crest of every wave +that breaks, wind-driven, on the sea-shore, and the direction of every +particle of foam that flies before the gale, are the exact effects of +definite causes; and, as such, must be capable of being determined, +deductively, from the laws of motion and the properties of air and +water. So again, there are large numbers of highly intelligent persons +who rather pride themselves on their fixed belief that our volitions +have no cause; or that the will causes itself, which is either the same +thing, or a contradiction in terms. + + +CLVII + +To say that an idea is necessary is simply to affirm that we cannot +conceive the contrary; and the fact that we cannot conceive the contrary +of any belief may be a presumption, but is certainly no proof, of its +truth. + + +CLVIII + +It is remarkable that Hume does not refer to the sentimental arguments +for the immortality of the soul which are so much in vogue at the +present day; and which are based upon our desire for a longer conscious +existence than that which nature appears to have allotted to us. Perhaps +he did not think them worth notice. For indeed it is not a little +strange, that our strong desire that a certain occurrence should happen +should be put forward as evidence that it will happen. If my intense +desire to see the friend, from whom I have parted, does not bring him +from the other side of the world, or take me thither; if the mother's +agonised prayer that her child should live has not prevented him from +dying; experience certainly affords no presumption that the strong +desire to be alive after death, which we call the aspiration after +immortality, is any more likely to be gratified. As Hume truly says, +"All doctrines are to be suspected which are favoured by our passions"; +and the doctrine, that we are immortal because we should extremely like +to be so, contains the quintessence of suspiciousness. + + +CLIX + +If every man possessed everything he wanted, and no one had the power to +interfere with such possession; or if no man desired that which could +damage his fellow-man, justice would have no part to play in the +universe. + + +CLX + +To fail in justice, or in benevolence, is to be displeased with one's +self. But happiness is impossible without inward self-approval; and, +hence, every man who has any regard to his own happiness and welfare, +will find his best reward in the practice of every moral duty. + + +CLXI + +Virtue is undoubtedly beneficent; but the man is to be envied to whom +her ways seem in anywise playful. And though she may not talk much about +suffering and self-denial, her silence on that topic may be accounted +for on the principle _ça va sans dire_. + + +CLXII + +If mankind cannot be engaged in practices "full of austerity and +rigour," by the love of righteousness and the fear of evil, without +seeking for other compensation than that which flows from the +gratification of such love and the consciousness of escape from +debasement, they are in a bad case. For they will assuredly find that +virtue presents no very close likeness to the sportive leader of the +joyous hours in Hume's rosy picture; but that she is an awful Goddess, +whose ministers are the Furies, and whose highest reward is peace. + + +CLXIII + +Under its theological aspect, morality is obedience to the will of God; +and the ground for such obedience is two-fold: either we ought to obey +God because He will punish us if we disobey Him, which is an argument +based on the utility of obedience; or our obedience ought to flow from +our love towards God, which is an argument based on pure feeling and for +which no reason can be given. For, if any man should say that he takes +no pleasure in the contemplation of the ideal of perfect holiness, or, +in other words, that he does not love God, the attempt to argue him into +acquiring that pleasure would be as hopeless as the endeavour to +persuade Peter Bell of the "witchery of the soft blue sky." + + +CLXIV + +In whichever way we look at the matter, morality is based on feeling, +not on reason; though reason alone is competent to trace out the effects +of our actions and thereby dictate conduct. Justice is founded on the +love of one's neighbour; and goodness is a kind of beauty. The moral +law, like the laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon +instinctive intuitions, and is neither more nor less "innate" and +"necessary" than they are. Some people cannot by any means be got to +understand the first book of Euclid; but the truths of mathematics are +no less necessary and binding on the great mass of mankind. Some there +are who cannot feel the difference between the "Sonata Appassionata" and +"Cherry Ripe"; or between a grave-stone-cutter's cherub and the Apollo +Belvidere; but the canons of art are none the less acknowledged. While +some there may be, who, devoid of sympathy, are incapable of a sense of +duty; but neither does their existence affect the foundations of +morality. Such pathological deviations from true manhood are merely the +halt, the lame, and the blind of the world of consciousness; and the +anatomist of the mind leaves them aside, as the anatomist of the body +would ignore abnormal specimens. + +And as there are Pascals and Mozarts, Newtons and Raffaelles, in whom +the innate faculty for science or art seems to need but a touch to +spring into full vigour, and through whom the human race obtains new +possibilities of knowledge and new conceptions of beauty: so there have +been men of moral genius, to whom we owe ideals of duty and visions of +moral perfection, which ordinary mankind could never have attained: +though, happily for them, they can feel the beauty of a vision, which +lay beyond the reach of their dull imaginations, and count life well +spent in shaping some faint image of it in the actual world. + + +CLXV + +The horror of "Materialism" which weighs upon the minds of so many +excellent people appears to depend, in part, upon the purely accidental +connexion of some forms of materialistic philosophy with ethical and +religious tenets by which they are repelled; and, partly, on the +survival of a very ancient superstition concerning the nature of matter. + +This superstition, for the tenacious vitality of which the idealistic +philosophers who are, more or less, disciples of Plato and the +theologians who have been influenced by them, are responsible, assumes +that matter is something, not merely inert and perishable, but +essentially base and evil-natured, if not actively antagonistic to, at +least a negative dead-weight upon, the good. + + +CLXVI + +Judging by contemporary literature, there are numbers of highly +cultivated and indeed superior persons to whom the material world is +altogether contemptible; who can see nothing in a handful of garden +soil, or a rusty nail, but types of the passive and the corruptible. + +To modern science, these assumptions are as much out of date as the +equally venerable errors, that the sun goes round the earth every +four-and-twenty hours, or that water is an elementary body. The handful +of soil is a factory thronged with swarms of busy workers; the rusty +nail is an aggregation of millions of particles, moving with +inconceivable velocity in a dance of infinite complexity yet perfect +measure; harmonic with like performances throughout the solar system. If +there is good ground for any conclusion, there is such for the belief +that the substance of these particles has existed and will exist, that +the energy which stirs them has persisted and will persist, without +assignable limit, either in the past or the future. Surely, as +Heracleitus said of his kitchen with its pots and pans, "Here also are +the gods." Little as we have, even yet, learned of the material +universe, that little makes for the belief that it is a system of +unbroken order and perfect symmetry, of which the form incessantly +changes, while the substance and the energy are imperishable. + + +CLXVII + +Of all the dangerous mental habits, that which schoolboys call +"cocksureness" is probably the most perilous; and the inestimable value +of metaphysical discipline is that it furnishes an effectual +counterpoise to this evil proclivity. Whoso has mastered the elements of +philosophy knows that the attribute of unquestionable certainty +appertains only to the existence of a state of consciousness so long as +it exists; all other beliefs are mere probabilities of a higher or lower +order. Sound metaphysic is an amulet which renders its possessor proof +alike against the poison of superstition and the counter-poison of +shallow negation; by showing that the affirmations of the former and the +denials of the latter alike deal with matters about which, for lack of +evidence, nothing can be either affirmed or denied. + + +CLXVIII + +If the question is asked, What then do we know about matter and motion? +there is but one reply possible. All that we know about motion is that +it is a name for certain changes in the relations of our visual, +tactile, and muscular sensations; and all that we know about matter is +that it is the hypothetical substance of physical phenomena, the +assumption of the existence of which is as pure a piece of metaphysical +speculation as is that of the existence of the substance of mind. + +Our sensations, our pleasures, our pains, and the relations of these, +make up the sum total of the elements of positive, unquestionable +knowledge. We call a large section of these sensations and their +relations matter and motion; the rest we term mind and thinking; and +experience shows that there is a certain constant order of succession +between some of the former and some of the latter. + +This is all that just metaphysical criticism leaves of the idols set up +by the spurious metaphysics of vulgar common sense. It is consistent +either with pure Materialism, or with pure Idealism, but it is neither. +For the Idealist, not content with declaring the truth that our +knowledge is limited to facts of consciousness, affirms the wholly +unprovable proposition that nothing exists beyond these and the +substance of mind. And, on the other hand, the Materialist, holding by +the truth that, for anything that appears to the contrary, material +phenomena are the causes of mental phenomena, asserts his unprovable +dogma, that material phenomena and the substance of matter are the sole +primary existences. Strike out the propositions about which neither +controversialist does or can know anything, and there is nothing left +for them to quarrel about. Make a desert of the Unknowable, and the +divine Astrća of philosophic peace will commence her blessed reign. + + +CLXIX + +"Magna est veritas et prćvalebit!" Truth is great, certainly, but, +considering her greatness, it is curious what a long time she is apt to +take about prevailing. + + +CLXX + +To my observation, human nature has not sensibly changed through the +last thirty years. I doubt not that there are truths as plainly obvious +and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man's Place in Nature," +now awaiting enunciation. If there is a young man of the present +generation, who has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself +that they are truths, let him come out with them, without troubling his +head about the barking of the dogs of St. Ernulphus, "Veritas +prćvalebit"--some day; and, even if she does not prevail in his time, he +himself will be all the better and the wiser for having tried to help +her. And let him recollect that such great reward is full payment for +all his labour and pains. + + +CLXXI + +Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe processes of modern +investigations, commonly enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is +singular how often the dream turns out to have been a half-waking one, +presaging a reality. Ovid foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist: +the Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a western world: and +though the quaint forms of Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in +the realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly than they in +essential structure, and yet as thoroughly brutal as the goat's or +horse's half of the mythical compound, are now not only known, but +notorious. + + +CLXXII + +It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, application, that every +living creature commences its existence under a form different from, +and simpler than, that which it eventually attains. + +The oak is a more complex thing than the little rudimentary plant +contained in the acorn; the caterpillar is more complex than the egg; +the butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these beings, in passing +from its rudimentary to its perfect condition, runs through a series of +changes, the sum of which is called its development. In the higher +animals these changes are extremely complicated; but, within the last +half century, the labours of such men as Von Baer, Rathke, Reichert, +Bischoff, and Remak, have almost completely unravelled them, so that the +successive stages of development which are exhibited by a dog, for +example, are now as well known to the embryologist as are the steps of +the metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the schoolboy. It will be +useful to consider with attention the nature and the order of the stages +of canine development, as an example of the process in the higher +animals generally. + + +CLXXIII + +Exactly in those respects in which the developing Man differs from the +Dog, he resembles the ape, which, like man, has a spheroidal yelk-sac +and a discoidal, sometimes partially lobed, placenta. So that it is only +quite in the later stages of development that the young human being +presents marked differences from the young ape, while the latter departs +as much from the dog in its development, as the man does. + +Startling as the last assertion may appear to be, it is demonstrably +true, and it alone appears to me sufficient to place beyond all doubt +the structural unity of man with the rest of the animal world, and more +particularly and closely with the apes. + +Thus, identical in the physical processes by which he +originates--identical in the early stages of his formation--identical in +the mode of his nutrition before and after birth, with the animals which +lie immediately below him in the scale--Man, if his adult and perfect +structure be compared with theirs, exhibits, as might be expected, a +marvellous likeness of organisation. He resembles them as they resemble +one another--he differs from them as they differ from one another. + + +CLXXIV + +If a man cannot see a church, it is preposterous to take his opinion +about its altar-piece or painted window. + + +CLXXV + +Perhaps no order of mammals presents us with so extraordinary a series +of gradations as this[1]--leading us insensibly from the crown and +summit of the animal creation down to creatures, from which there is but +a step, as it seems, to the lowest, smallest, and least intelligent of +the placental Mammalia. It is as if nature herself had foreseen the +arrogance of man, and with Roman severity had provided that his +intellect, by its very triumphs, should call into prominence the slaves, +admonishing the conqueror that he is but dust. + + [1] This alludes to a foregoing enumeration of the seven families of + PRIMATES headed by the ANTHROPINI containing man alone. + + +CLXXVI + +If Man be separated by no greater structural barrier from the brutes +than they are from one another--then it seems to follow that if any +process of physical causation can be discovered by which the genera and +families of ordinary animals have been produced, that process of +causation is amply sufficient to account for the origin of Man. + + +CLXXVII + +The whole analogy of natural operations furnishes so complete and +crushing an argument against the intervention of any but what are termed +secondary causes, in the production of all the phenomena of the +universe; that, in view of the intimate relations between Man and the +rest of the living world, and between the forces exerted by the latter +and all other forces, I can see no excuse for doubting that all are +co-ordinated terms of Nature's great progression, from the formless to +the formed--from the inorganic to the organic--from blind force to +conscious intellect and will. + + +CLXXVIII + +Science has fulfilled her function when she has ascertained and +enunciated truth. + + +CLXXIX + +Thoughtful men, once escaped from the blinding influences of traditional +prejudice, will find in the lowly stock whence Man has sprung the best +evidence of the splendour of his capacities; and will discern in his +long progress through the Past a reasonable ground of faith in his +attainment of a nobler Future.... + +And after passion and prejudice have died away, the same result will +attend the teachings of the naturalist respecting that great Alps and +Andes of the living world--Man. Our reverence for the nobility of +manhood will not be lessened by the knowledge that Man is, in substance +and in structure, one with the brutes; for he alone possesses the +marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational speech, whereby, in +the secular period of his existence, he has slowly accumulated and +organised the experience which is almost wholly lost with the cessation +of every individual life in other animals; so that, now, he stands +raised upon it as on a mountain top, far above the level of his humble +fellows, and transfigured from his grosser nature by reflecting, here +and there, a ray from the infinite source of truth. + + +CLXXX + +Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of Anthropology, the great +science which unravels the complexities of human structure; traces out +the relations of man to other animals; studies all that is especially +human in the mode in which man's complex functions are performed; and +searches after the conditions which have determined his presence in the +world. And Anthropology is a section of Zoology, which again is the +animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. + +Such is the position of ethnology, such are the objects of the +ethnologist. The paths or methods, by following which he may hope to +reach his goal, are diverse. He may work at man from the point of view +of the pure zoologist, and investigate the anatomical and physiological +peculiarities of Negroes, Australians, or Mongolians, just as he would +inquire into those of pointers, terriers, and turnspits,--"persistent +modifications" of man's almost universal companion. Or he may seek aid +from researches into the most human manifestation of humanity--Language; +and assuming that what is true of speech is true of the speaker--a +hypothesis as questionable in science as it is in ordinary life--he may +apply to mankind themselves the conclusions drawn from a searching +analysis of their words and grammatical forms. + +Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of the practical life of men; +and relying upon the inherent conservatism and small inventiveness of +untutored mankind, he may hope to discover in manners and customs, or in +weapons, dwellings, and other handiwork, a clue to the origin of the +resemblances and differences of nations. Or, he may resort to that kind +of evidence which is yielded by History proper, and consists of the +beliefs of men concerning past events, embodied in traditional, or in +written, testimony. Or, when that thread breaks, Archćology, which is +the interpretation of the unrecorded remains of man's works, belonging +to the epoch since the world has reached its present condition, may +still guide him. And, when even the dim light of archćology fades, there +yet remains Palćontology, which, in these latter years, has brought to +daylight once more the exuvia of ancient populations, whose world was +not our world, who have been buried in river beds immemorially dry, or +carried by the rush of waters into caves, inaccessible to inundation +since the dawn of tradition. + + +CLXXXI + +The rapid increase of natural knowledge, which is the chief +characteristic of our age, is effected in various ways. The main army of +science moves to the conquest of new worlds slowly and surely, nor ever +cedes an inch of the territory gained. But the advance is covered and +facilitated by the ceaseless activity of clouds of light troops provided +with a weapon--always efficient, if not always an arm of precision--the +scientific imagination. It is the business of these _enfants perdus_ of +science to make raids into the realm of ignorance wherever they see, or +think they see, a chance; and cheerfully to accept defeat, or it may be +annihilation, as the reward of error. Unfortunately the public, which +watches the progress of the campaign, too often mistakes a dashing +incursion of the Uhlans for a forward movement of the main body; fondly +imagining that the strategic movement to the rear, which occasionally +follows, indicates a battle lost by science. And it must be confessed +that the error is too often justified by the effects of the +irrepressible tendency which men of science share with all other sorts +of men known to me, to be impatient of that most wholesome state of +mind--suspended judgment; to assume the objective truth of speculations +which, from the nature of the evidence in their favour, can have no +claim to be more than working hypotheses. + +The history of the "Aryan question" affords a striking illustration of +these general remarks. + + +CLXXXII + +Language is rooted half in the bodily and half in the mental nature of +man. The vocal sounds which form the raw materials of language could not +be produced without a peculiar conformation of the organs of speech; the +enunciation of duly accented syllables would be impossible without the +nicest co-ordination of the action of the muscles which move these +organs; and such co-ordination depends on the mechanism of certain +portions of the nervous system. It is therefore conceivable that the +structure of this highly complex speaking apparatus should determine a +man's linguistic potentiality; that is to say, should enable him to use +a language of one class and not of another. It is further conceivable +that a particular linguistic potentiality should be inherited and become +as good a race mark as any other. As a matter of fact, it is not proven +that the linguistic potentialities of all men are the same. + + +CLXXXIII + +Community of language is no proof of unity of race, is not even +presumptive evidence of racial identity. All that it does prove is +that, at some time or other, free and prolonged intercourse has taken +place between the speakers of the same language. + + +CLXXXIV + +The capacity of the population of Europe for independent progress while +in the copper and early bronze stage--the "palćo-metallic" stage, as it +might be called--appears to me to be demonstrated in a remarkable manner +by the remains of their architecture. From the crannog to the elaborate +pile-dwelling, and from the rudest enclosure to the complex +fortification of the terramare, there is an advance which is obviously a +native product. So with the sepulchral constructions; the stone cist, +with or without a preservative or memorial cairn, grows into the +chambered graves lodged in tumuli; into such megalithic edifices as the +dromic vaults of Maes How and New Grange; to culminate in the finished +masonry of the tombs of Mycenć, constructed on exactly the same plan. +Can anyone look at the varied series of forms which lie between the +primitive five or six flat stones fitted together into a mere box, and +such a building as Maes How, and yet imagine that the latter is the +result of foreign tuition? But the men who built Maes How, without metal +tools, could certainly have built the so-called "treasure-house" of +Mycenć, with them. + + +CLXXXV + +Reckoned by centuries, the remoteness of the quaternary, or pleistocene, +age from our own is immense, and it is difficult to form an adequate +notion of its duration. Undoubtedly there is an abysmal difference +between the Neanderthaloid race and the comely living specimens of the +blond longheads with whom we are familiar. But the abyss of time +between the period at which North Europe was first covered with ice, +when savages pursued mammoths and scratched their portraits with sharp +stones in central France, and the present day, ever widens as we learn +more about the events which bridge it. And, if the differences between +the Neanderthaloid men and ourselves could be divided into as many parts +as that time contains centuries, the progress from part to part would +probably be almost imperceptible. + + +CLXXXVI + +I have not been one of those fortunate persons who are able to regard a +popular lecture as a mere _hors d'oeuvre_, unworthy of being ranked +among the serious efforts of a philosopher; and who keep their fame as +scientific hierophants unsullied by attempts--at least of the successful +sort--to be understanded of the people. + +On the contrary, I found that the task of putting the truths learned in +the field, the laboratory and the museum, into language which, without +bating a jot of scientific accuracy shall be generally intelligible, +taxed such scientific and literary faculty as I possessed to the +uttermost; indeed my experience has furnished me with no better +corrective of the tendency to scholastic pedantry which besets all those +who are absorbed in pursuits remote from the common ways of men, and +become habituated to think and speak in the technical dialect of their +own little world, as if there were no other. + +If the popular lecture thus, as I believe, finds one moiety of its +justification in the self-discipline of the lecturer, it surely finds +the other half in its effect on the auditory. For though various sadly +comical experiences of the results of my own efforts have led me to +entertain a very moderate estimate of the purely intellectual value of +lectures; though I venture to doubt if more than one in ten of an +average audience carries away an accurate notion of what the speaker has +been driving at; yet is that not equally true of the oratory of the +hustings, of the House of Commons, and even of the pulpit? + +Yet the children of this world are wise in their generation; and both +the politician and the priest are justified by results. The living voice +has an influence over human action altogether independent of the +intellectual worth of that which it utters. Many years ago, I was a +guest at a great City dinner. A famous orator, endowed with a voice of +rare flexibility and power; a born actor, ranging with ease through +every part, from refined comedy to tragic unction, was called upon to +reply to a toast. The orator was a very busy man, a charming +conversationalist and by no means despised a good dinner; and, I +imagine, rose without having given a thought to what he was going to +say. The rhythmic roll of sound was admirable, the gestures perfect, the +earnestness impressive; nothing was lacking save sense and, +occasionally, grammar. When the speaker sat down the applause was +terrific and one of my neighbours was especially enthusiastic. So when +he had quieted down, I asked him what the orator had said. And he could +not tell me. + +That sagacious person John Wesley is reported to have replied to some +one who questioned the propriety of his adaptation of sacred words to +extremely secular airs, that he did not see why the Devil should be left +in possession of all the best tunes. And I do not see why science should +not turn to account the peculiarities of human nature thus exploited by +other agencies: all the more because science, by the nature of its +being, cannot desire to stir the passions, or profit by the weaknesses, +of human nature. The most zealous of popular lecturers can aim at +nothing more than the awakening of a sympathy for abstract truth, in +those who do not really follow his arguments; and of a desire to know +more and better in the few who do. + +At the same time it must be admitted that the popularisation of science, +whether by lecture or essay, has its drawbacks. Success in this +department has its perils for those who succeed. The "people who fail" +take their revenge, as we have recently had occasion to observe, by +ignoring all the rest of a man's work and glibly labelling him a mere +populariser. If the falsehood were not too glaring, they would say the +same of Faraday and Helmholtz and Kelvin. + + +CLXXXVII + +Of the affliction caused by persons who think that what they have picked +up from popular exposition qualifies them for discussing the great +problems of science, it may be said, as the Radical toast said of the +power of the Crown in bygone days, that it "has increased, is +increasing, and ought to be diminished." The oddities of "English as she +is spoke" might be abundantly paralleled by those of "Science as she is +misunderstood" in the sermon, the novel, and the leading article; and a +collection of the grotesque travesties of scientific conceptions, in the +shape of essays on such trifles as "the Nature of Life" and the "Origin +of All Things," which reach me, from time to time, might well be bound +up with them. + + +CLXXXVIII + +The essay on Geological Reform unfortunately brought me, I will not say +into collision, but into a position of critical remonstrance with regard +to some charges of physical heterodoxy, brought by my distinguished +friend Lord Kelvin, against British Geology. As President of the +Geological Society of London at that time (1869), I thought I might +venture to plead that we were not such heretics as we seemed to be; and +that, even if we were, recantation would not affect the question of +evolution. + +I am glad to see that Lord Kelvin has just reprinted his reply to my +plea, and I refer the reader to it. I shall not presume to question +anything, that on such ripe consideration, Lord Kelvin has to say upon +the physical problems involved. But I may remark that no one can have +asserted more strongly than I have done, the necessity of looking to +physics and mathematics, for help in regard to the earliest history of +the globe. + +And I take the opportunity of repeating the opinion that, whether what +we call geological time has the lower limit assigned to it by Lord +Kelvin, or the higher assumed by other philosophers; whether the germs +of all living things have originated in the globe itself, or whether +they have been imported on, or in, meteorites from without, the problem +of the origin of those successive Faunć and Florć of the earth, the +existence of which is fully demonstrated by palćontology, remains +exactly where it was. + +For I think it will be admitted, that the germs brought to us by +meteorites, if any, were not ova of elephants, nor of crocodiles; not +cocoa-nuts nor acorns; not even eggs of shell-fish and corals; but only +those of the lowest forms of animal and vegetable life. Therefore, since +it is proved that, from a very remote epoch of geological time, the +earth has been peopled by a continual succession of the higher forms of +animals and plants, these either must have been created, or they have +arisen by evolution. And in respect of certain groups of animals, the +well-established facts of palćontology leave no rational doubt that they +arose by the latter method. + +In the second place, there are no data whatever, which justify the +biologist in assigning any, even approximately definite, period of time, +either long or short, to the evolution of one species from another by +the process of variation and selection. In the essay on Geological +Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life I have taken pains to prove +that the change of animals has gone on at very different rates in +different groups of living beings; that some types have persisted with +little change from the palćozoic epoch till now, while others have +changed rapidly within the limits of an epoch. In 1862 (see Coll. Ess. +viii. pp. 303, 304) in 1863 (vol. ii., p. 461) and again in 1864 +(_ibid._, pp. 89-91) I argued, not as a matter of speculation, but from +palćontological facts, the bearing of which I believe, up to that time, +had not been shown, that any adequate hypothesis of the causes of +evolution must be consistent with progression, stationariness and +retrogression, of the same type at different epochs; of different types +in the same epoch; and that Darwin's hypothesis fulfilled these +conditions. + +According to that hypothesis, two factors are at work, variation and +selection. Next to nothing is known of the causes of the former process; +nothing whatever of the time required for the production of a certain +amount of deviation from the existing type. And, as respects selection, +which operates by extinguishing all but a small minority of variations, +we have not the slightest means of estimating the rapidity with which it +does its work. All that we are justified in saying is that the rate at +which it takes place may vary almost indefinitely. If the famous +paint-root of Florida, which kills white pigs but not black ones, were +abundant and certain in its action, black pigs might be substituted for +white in the course of two or three years. If, on the other hand, it was +rare and uncertain in action, the white pigs might linger on for +centuries. + + +CLXXXIX + +A great chapter of the history of the world is written in the chalk. Few +passages in the history of man can be supported by such an overwhelming +mass of direct and indirect evidence as that which testifies to the +truth of the fragment of the history of the globe, which I hope to +enable you to read, with your own eyes, to-night. Let me add, that few +chapters of human history have a more profound significance for +ourselves. I weigh my words well when I assert, that the man who should +know the true history of the bit of chalk which every carpenter carries +about in his breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other history, is +likely, if he will think his knowledge out to its ultimate results, to +have a truer, and therefore a better, conception of this wonderful +universe, and of man's relation to it, than the most learned student who +is deep-read in the records of humanity and ignorant of those of Nature. + + +CXC + +The examination of a transparent slice gives a good notion of the manner +in which the components of the chalk are arranged, and of their relative +proportions. But, by rubbing up some chalk with a brush in water and +then pouring off the milky fluid, so as to obtain sediments of different +degrees of fineness, the granules and the minute rounded bodies may be +pretty well separated from one another, and submitted to microscopic +examination, either as opaque or as transparent objects. By combining +the views obtained in these various methods, each of the rounded bodies +may be proved to be a beautifully-constructed calcareous fabric, made up +of a number of chambers, communicating freely with one another. The +chambered bodies are of various forms. One of the commonest is something +like a badly-grown raspberry, being formed of a number of nearly +globular chambers of different sizes congregated together. It is called +_Globigerina_, and some specimens of chalk consist of little else than +_Globigerinć_ and granules. Let us fix our attention upon the +_Globigerina_. It is the spoor of the game we are tracking. If we can +learn what it is and what are the conditions of its existence, we shall +see our way to the origin and past history of the chalk. + + +CXCI + +It so happens that calcareous skeletons, exactly similar to the +_Globigerinć_ of the chalk, are being formed, at the present moment, by +minute living creatures, which flourish in multitudes, literally more +numerous than the sands of the sea-shore, over a large extent of that +part of the earth's surface which is covered by the ocean. + +The history of the discovery of these living _Globigerinć_, and of the +part which they play in rock building, is singular enough. It is a +discovery which, like others of no less scientific importance, has +arisen, incidentally, out of work devoted to very different and +exceedingly practical interests. When men first took to the sea, they +speedily learned to look out for shoals and rocks; and the more the +burthen of their ships increased, the more imperatively necessary it +became for sailors to ascertain with precision the depth of the waters +they traversed. Out of this necessity grew the use of the lead and +sounding line; and, ultimately, marine-surveying, which is the recording +of the form of coasts and of the depth of the sea, as ascertained by the +sounding-lead, upon charts. + + +CXCII + +Lieut. Brooke, of the American Navy, some years ago invented a most +ingenious machine, by which a considerable portion of the superficial +layer of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up from any depth +to which the lead descends. In 1853, Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the +bottom of the North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the Azores, at a +depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two miles, by the help of this +sounding apparatus. The specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg +of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those able microscopists +found that this deep-sea mud was almost entirely composed of the +skeletons of living organisms--the greater proportion of these being +just like the _Globigerinć_ already known to occur in the chalk. + +Thus far, the work had been carried on simply in the interests of +science, but Lieut. Brooke's method of sounding acquired a high +commercial value, when the enterprise of laying down the telegraph-cable +between this country and the United States was undertaken. For it became +a matter of immense importance to know, not only the depth of the sea +over the whole line along which the cable was to be laid, but the exact +nature of the bottom, so as to guard against chances of cutting or +fraying the strands of that costly rope. The Admiralty consequently +ordered Captain Dayman, an old friend and shipmate of mine, to ascertain +the depth over the whole line of the cable, and to bring back specimens +of the bottom. In former days, such a command as this might have sounded +very much like one of the impossible things which the young Prince in +the Fairy Tales is ordered to do before he can obtain the hand of the +Princess. However, in the months of June and July, 1857, my friend +performed the task assigned to him with great expedition and precision, +without, so far as I know, having met with any reward of that kind. The +specimens of Atlantic mud which he procured were sent to me to be +examined and reported upon. + + +CXCIII + +The result of all these operations is, that we know the contours and the +nature of the surface-soil covered by the North Atlantic for a distance +of 1,700 miles from east to west, as well as we know that of any part of +the dry land. It is a prodigious plain--one of the widest and most even +plains in the world. If the sea were drained off, you might drive a +waggon all the way from Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland, to +Trinity Bay in Newfoundland. And, except upon one sharp incline about +200 miles from Valentia, I am not quite sure that it would even be +necessary to put the skid on, so gentle are the ascents and descents +upon that long route. From Valentia the road would lie down-hill for +about 200 miles to the point at which the bottom is now covered by 1,700 +fathoms of sea-water. Then would come the central plain, more than a +thousand miles wide, the inequalities of the surface of which would be +hardly perceptible, though the depth of water upon it now varies from +10,000 to 15,000 feet; and there are places in which Mont Blanc might be +sunk without showing its peak above water. Beyond this, the ascent on +the American side commences, and gradually leads, for about 300 miles, +to the Newfoundland shore. + + +CXCIV + +When we consider that the remains of more than three thousand distinct +species of aquatic animals have been discovered among the fossils of the +chalk, that the great majority of them are of such forms as are now met +with only in the sea, and that there is no reason to believe that any +one of them inhabited fresh water--the collateral evidence that the +chalk represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great force as the +proof derived from the nature of the chalk itself. I think you will now +allow that I did not overstate my case when I asserted that we have as +strong grounds for believing that all the vast area of dry land, at +present occupied by the chalk, was once at the bottom of the sea, as we +have for any matter of history whatever; while there is no justification +for any other belief. + +No less certain it is that the time during which the countries we now +call south-east England, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Arabia, +Syria, were more or less completely covered by a deep sea, was of +considerable duration. We have already seen that the chalk is, in +places, more than a thousand feet thick. I think you will agree with me +that it must have taken some time for the skeletons of animalcules of a +hundredth of an inch in diameter to heap up such a mass as that. + + +CXCV + +If the decay of the soft parts of the sea-urchin; the attachment, growth +to maturity, and decay of the _Crania_; and the subsequent attachment +and growth of the coralline, took a year (which is a low estimate +enough), the accumulation of the inch of chalk must have taken more than +a year: and the deposit of a thousand feet of chalk must, consequently, +have taken more than twelve thousand years. + + +CXCVI + +There is a writing upon the wall of cliffs at Cromer, and whoso runs may +read it. It tells us, with an authority which cannot be impeached, that +the ancient sea-bed of the chalk sea was raised up, and remained dry +land, until it was covered with forest, stocked with the great game the +spoils of which have rejoiced your geologists. How long it remained in +that condition cannot be said; but "the whirligig of time brought its +revenges" in those days as in these. That dry land, with the bones and +teeth of generations of long-lived elephants, hidden away among the +gnarled roots and dry leaves of its ancient trees, sank gradually to the +bottom of the icy sea, which covered it with huge masses of drift and +boulder clay. Sea-beasts, such as the walrus, now restricted to the +extreme north, paddled about where birds had twittered among the topmost +twigs of the fir-trees. How long this state of things endured we know +not, but at length it came to an end. The upheaved glacial mud hardened +into the soil of modern Norfolk. Forests grew once more, the wolf and +the beaver replaced the reindeer and the elephant; and at length what we +call the history of England dawned. + + +CXCVII + +Direct proof may be given that some parts of the land of the northern +hemisphere are at this moment insensibly rising and others insensibly +sinking; and there is indirect, but perfectly satisfactory, proof, that +an enormous area now covered by the Pacific has been deepened thousands +of feet, since the present inhabitants of that sea came into existence. +Thus there is not a shadow of a reason for believing that the physical +changes of the globe, in past times, have been effected by other than +natural causes. + + +CXCVIII + +A small beginning has led us to a great ending. If I were to put the bit +of chalk with which we started into the hot but obscure flame of burning +hydrogen, it would presently shine like the sun. It seems to me that +this physical metamorphosis is no false image of what has been the +result of our subjecting it to a jet of fervent, though nowise +brilliant, thought to-night. It has become luminous, and its clear rays, +penetrating the abyss of the remote past, have brought within our ken +some stages of the evolution of the earth. And in the shifting "without +haste, but without rest" of the land and sea, as in the endless +variation of the forms assumed by living beings, we have observed +nothing but the natural product of the forces originally possessed by +the substance of the universe. + + +CXCIX + +In certain parts of the sea bottom in the immediate vicinity of the +British Islands, as in the Clyde district, among the Hebrides, in the +Moray Firth, and in the German Ocean, there are depressed areć, forming +a kind of submarine valleys, the centres of which are from 80 to 100 +fathoms, or more, deep. These depressions are inhabited by assemblages +of marine animals, which differ from those found over the adjacent and +shallower region, and resemble those which are met with much farther +north, on the Norwegian coast. Forbes called these Scandinavian +detachments "Northern outliers." + +How did these isolated patches of a northern population get into these +deep places? To explain the mystery, Forbes called to mind the fact +that, in the epoch which immediately preceded the present, the climate +was much colder (whence the name of "glacial epoch" applied to it); and +that the shells which are found fossil, or sub-fossil, in deposits of +that age are precisely such as are now to be met with only in the +Scandinavian, or still more Arctic, regions. Undoubtedly, during the +glacial epoch, the general population of our seas had, universally, the +northern aspect which is now presented only by the "northern outliers"; +just as the vegetation of the land, down to the sea-level, had the +northern character which is, at present, exhibited only by the plants +which live on the tops of our mountains. But, as the glacial epoch +passed away, and the present climatal conditions were developed, the +northern plants were able to maintain themselves only on the bleak +heights, on which southern forms could not compete with them. And, in +like manner, Forbes suggested that, after the glacial epoch, the +northern animals then inhabiting the sea became restricted to the deeps +in which they could hold their own against invaders from the south, +better fitted than they to flourish in the warmer waters of the +shallows. Thus depth in the sea corresponded in its effect upon +distribution to height on the land. + + +CC + +Among the scientific instructions for the voyage[2] drawn up by a +committee of the Royal Society, there is a remarkable letter from Von +Humboldt to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, in which, +among other things, he dwells upon the significance of the researches +into the microscopic composition of rocks, and the discovery of the +great share which microscopic organisms take in the formation of the +crust of the earth at the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years +1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the extensive beds of +"rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" which occur in various parts of the world, +and notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations of the +silicious cases and skeletons of _Diatomaceć_, sponges, and +_Radiolaria_; he had proved that similar deposits were being formed by +_Diatomaceć_, in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and elsewhere, +and had pointed out that, if it were commercially worth while, +rotten-stone might be manufactured by a process of diatom-culture. +Observations conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had revealed the existence, +at the surface of the waters of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and +_Radiolaria_ of the same species as those which, in a fossil state, +constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at Caltanisetta, Zante, and +Oran, on the shores of the Mediterranean. + + [2] Of the _Challenger_. + +Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds of Bilin, Ehrenberg had +traced out the metamorphosis, effected apparently by the action of +percolating water, of the primitively loose and friable deposit of +organized particles, in which the silex exists in the hydrated or +soluble condition. The silex, in fact, undergoes solution and slow +redeposition, until, in ultimate result, the excessively fine-grained +sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, becomes converted into a +dense opaline stone, with only here and there an indication of an +organism. + +From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, as early as the year +1839, had arrived at the conclusion that rocks, altogether similar to +those which constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, must be +forming, at the present day, at the bottom of the sea; and he threw out +the suggestion that even where no trace of organic structure is to be +found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by metamorphosis. + + +CCI + +It is highly creditable to the ingenuity of our ancestors that the +peculiar property of fermented liquids, in virtue of which they "make +glad the heart of man," seems to have been known in the remotest periods +of which we have any record. All savages take to alcoholic fluids as if +they were to the manner born. Our Vedic forefathers intoxicated +themselves with the juice of the "soma"; Noah, by a not unnatural +reaction against a superfluity of water, appears to have taken the +earliest practicable opportunity of qualifying that which he was obliged +to drink; and the ghosts of the ancient Egyptians were solaced by +pictures of banquets in which the wine-cup passes round, graven on the +walls of their tombs. A knowledge of the process of fermentation, +therefore, was in all probability possessed by the prehistoric +populations of the globe; and it must have become a matter of great +interest even to primćval wine-bibbers to study the methods by which +fermented liquids could be surely manufactured. No doubt it was soon +discovered that the most certain, as well as the most expeditious, way +of making a sweet juice ferment was to add to it a little of the scum, +or lees, of another fermenting juice. And it can hardly be questioned +that this singular excitation of fermentation in one fluid, by a sort of +infection, or inoculation, of a little ferment taken from some other +fluid, together with the strange swelling, foaming, and hissing of the +fermented substance, must have always attracted attention from the more +thoughtful. Nevertheless, the commencement of the scientific analysis of +the phenomena dates from a period not earlier than the first half of the +seventeenth century. + +At this time, Van Helmont made a first step, by pointing out that the +peculiar hissing and bubbling of a fermented liquid is due, not to the +evolution of common air (which he, as the inventor of the term "gas," +calls "gas ventosum"), but to that of a peculiar kind of air such as is +occasionally met with in caves, mines, and wells, and which he calls +"gas sylvestre." + +But a century elapsed before the nature of this "gas sylvestre," or, as +it was afterwards called, "fixed air," was clearly determined, and it +was found to be identical with that deadly "chokedamp" by which the +lives of those who descend into old wells, or mines, or brewers' vats, +are sometimes suddenly ended; and with the poisonous aëriform fluid +which is produced by the combustion of charcoal, and now goes by the +name of carbonic acid gas. + +During the same time it gradually became evident that the presence of +sugar was essential to the production of alcohol and the evolution of +carbonic acid gas, which are the two great and conspicuous products of +fermentation. And finally, in 1787, the Italian chemist, Fabroni, made +the capital discovery that the yeast ferment, the presence of which is +necessary to fermentation, is what he termed a "vegeto-animal" +substance; that is, a body which gives off ammoniacal salts when it is +burned, and is, in other ways, similar to the gluten of plants and the +albumen and casein of animals. + + +CCII + +The living club-mosses are, for the most part, insignificant and +creeping herbs, which, superficially, very closely resemble true mosses, +and none of them reach more than two or three feet in height. But, in +their essential structure, they very closely resemble the earliest +Lepidodendroid trees of the coal: their stems and leaves are similar; so +are their cones; and no less like are the sporangia and spores; while +even in their size, the spores of the _Lepidodendron_ and those of the +existing _Lycopodium_, or club-moss, very closely approach one another. + +Thus, the singular conclusion is forced upon us, that the greater and +the smaller sacs of the "Better-Bed" and other coals, in which the +primitive structure is well preserved, are simply the sporangia and +spores of certain plants, many of which were closely allied to the +existing club-mosses. And if, as I believe, it can be demonstrated that +ordinary coal is nothing but "saccular" coal which has undergone a +certain amount of that alteration which, if continued, would convert it +into anthracite; then, the conclusion is obvious, that the great mass of +the coal we burn is the result of the accumulation of the spores and +spore-cases of plants, other parts of which have furnished the +carbonized stems and the mineral charcoal, or have left their +impressions on the surfaces of the layer. + + +CCIII + +The position of the beds which constitute the coal-measures is +infinitely diverse. Sometimes they are tilted up vertically, sometimes +they are horizontal, sometimes curved into great basins; sometimes they +come to the surface, sometimes they are covered up by thousands of feet +of rock. But, whatever their present position, there is abundant and +conclusive evidence that every under-clay was once a surface soil. Not +only do carbonized root-fibres frequently abound in these under-clays; +but the stools of trees, the trunks of which are broken off and +confounded with the bed of coal, have been repeatedly found passing into +radiating roots, still embedded in the under-clay. On many parts of the +coast of England, what are commonly known as "submarine forests" are to +be seen at low water. They consist, for the most part, of short stools +of oak, beech, and fir-trees, still fixed by their long roots in the bed +of blue clay in which they originally grew. If one of these submarine +forest beds should be gradually depressed and covered up by new +deposits, it would present just the same characters as an under-clay of +the coal, if the _Sigillaria_ and _Lepidodendron_ of the ancient world +were substituted for the oak, or the beech, of our own times. + +In a tropical forest, at the present day, the trunks of fallen trees, +and the stools of such trees as may have been broken by the violence of +storms, remain entire for but a short time. Contrary to what might be +expected, the dense wood of the tree decays, and suffers from the +ravages of insects, more swiftly than the bark. And the traveller, +setting his foot on a prostrate trunk finds that it is a mere shell, +which breaks under his weight, and lands his foot amidst the insects, or +the reptiles, which have sought food or refuge within. + + +CCIV + +The coal accumulated upon the area covered by one of the great forests +of the carboniferous epoch would, in course of time, have been wasted +away by the small, but constant, wear and tear of rain and streams, had +the land which supported it remained at the same level, or been +gradually raised to a greater elevation. And, no doubt, as much coal as +now exists has been destroyed, after its formation, in this way. + + +CCV + +Once more, an invariably-recurring lesson of geological history, at +whatever point its study is taken up: the lesson of the almost infinite +slowness of the modification of living forms. The lines of the pedigrees +of living things break off almost before they begin to converge. + + +CCVI + +Yet another curious consideration. Let us suppose that one of the +stupid, salamander-like Labyrinthodonts, which pottered, with much belly +and little leg, like Falstaff in his old age, among the coal-forests, +could have had thinking power enough in his small brain to reflect upon +the showers of spores which kept on falling through years and +centuries, while perhaps not one in ten million fulfilled its apparent +purpose, and reproduced the organism which gave it birth: surely he +might have been excused for moralizing upon the thoughtless and wanton +extravagance which Nature displayed in her operations. + +But we have the advantage over our shovelheaded predecessor--or possibly +ancestor--and can perceive that a certain vein of thrift runs through +this apparent prodigality. Nature is never in a hurry, and seems to have +had always before her eyes the adage, "Keep a thing long enough, and you +will find a use for it." She has kept her beds of coal many millions of +years without being able to find much use for them; she has sent them +down beneath the sea, and the sea-beasts could make nothing of them; she +has raised them up into dry land, and laid the black veins bare, and +still, for ages and ages, there was no living thing on the face of the +earth that could see any sort of value in them; and it was only the +other day, so to speak, that she turned a new creature out of her +workshop, who by degrees acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and +then to discover that the black rock would burn. + +I suppose that nineteen hundred years ago, when Julius Cćsar was good +enough to deal with Britain as we have dealt with New Zealand, the +primćval Briton, blue with cold and woad, may have known that the +strange black stone, of which he found lumps here and there in his +wanderings, would burn, and so help to warm his body and cook his food. +Saxon, Dane, and Norman swarmed into the land. The English people grew +into a powerful nation, and Nature still waited for a full return of the +capital she had invested in the ancient club-mosses. The eighteenth +century arrived, and with it James Watt. The brain of that man was the +spore out of which was developed the modern steam-engine, and all the +prodigious trees and branches of modern industry which have grown out +of this. But coal is as much an essential condition of this growth and +development as carbonic acid is for that of a club-moss. Wanting coal, +we could not have smelted the iron needed to make our engines, nor have +worked our engines when we had got them. But take away the engines, and +the great towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire vanish like a dream. +Manufactures give place to agriculture and pasture, and not ten men can +live where now ten thousand are amply supported. + +Thus, all this abundant wealth of money and of vivid life is Nature's +interest upon her investment in club-mosses, and the like, so long ago. +But what becomes of the coal which is burnt in yielding this interest? +Heat comes out of it, light comes out of it; and if we could gather +together all that goes up the chimney, and all that remains in the grate +of a thoroughly-burnt coal-fire, we should find ourselves in possession +of a quantity of carbonic acid, water, ammonia, and mineral matters, +exactly equal in weight to the coal. But these are the very matters with +which Nature supplied the club-mosses which made the coal. She is paid +back principal and interest at the same time; and she straightway +invests the carbonic acid, the water, and the ammonia in new forms of +life, feeding with them the plants that now live. Thrifty Nature! Surely +no prodigal, but most notable of housekeepers! + + +CCVII + +Here, then, is a capital fact. The movements of the lobster are due to +muscular contractility. But why does a muscle contract at one time and +not at another? Why does one whole group of muscles contract when the +lobster wishes to extend his tail, and another group when he desires to +bend it? What is it originates, directs, and controls the motive power? + +Experiment, the great instrument for the ascertainment of truth in +physical science, answers this question for us. In the head of the +lobster there lies a small mass of that peculiar tissue which is known +as nervous substance. Cords of similar matter connect this brain of the +lobster, directly or indirectly, with the muscles. Now, if these +communicating cords are cut, the brain remaining entire, the power of +exerting what we call voluntary motion in the parts below the section is +destroyed; and, on the other hand, if, the cords remaining entire, the +brain mass be destroyed, the same voluntary mobility is equally lost. +Whence the inevitable conclusion is, that the power of originating these +motions resides in the brain and is propagated along the nervous cords. + +In the higher animals the phenomena which attend this transmission have +been investigated, and the exertion of the peculiar energy which resides +in the nerves has been found to be accompanied by a disturbance of the +electrical state of their molecules. + +If we could exactly estimate the signification of this disturbance; if +we could obtain the value of a given exertion of nerve force by +determining the quantity of electricity, or of heat, of which it is the +equivalent; if we could ascertain upon what arrangement, or other +condition of the molecules of matter, the manifestation of the nervous +and muscular energies depends (and doubtless science will some day or +other ascertain these points), physiologists would have attained their +ultimate goal in this direction; they would have determined the relation +of the motive force of animals to the other forms of force found in +nature; and if the same process had been successfully performed for all +the operations which are carried on in, and by, the animal frame, +physiology would be perfect, and the facts of morphology and +distribution would be deducible from the laws which physiologists had +established, combined with those determining the condition of the +surrounding universe. + + +CCVIII + +The object of lectures is, in the first place, to awaken the attention +and excite the enthusiasm of the student; and this, I am sure, may be +effected to a far greater extent by the oral discourse and by the +personal influence of a respected teacher than in any other way. +Secondly, lectures have the double use of guiding the student to the +salient points of a subject, and at the same time forcing him to attend +to the whole of it, and not merely to that part which takes his fancy. +And lastly, lectures afford the student the opportunity of seeking +explanations of those difficulties which will, and indeed ought to, +arise in the course of his studies. + + +CCIX + +What books shall I read? is a question constantly put by the student to +the teacher. My reply usually is, "None: write your notes out carefully +and fully; strive to understand them thoroughly; come to me for the +explanation of anything you cannot understand; and I would rather you +did not distract your mind by reading." A properly composed course of +lectures ought to contain fully as much matter as a student can +assimilate in the time occupied by its delivery; and the teacher should +always recollect that his business is to feed and not to cram the +intellect. Indeed, I believe that a student who gains from a course of +lectures the simple habit of concentrating his attention upon a +definitely limited series of facts, until they are thoroughly mastered, +has made a step of immeasurable importance. + + +CCX + +However good lectures may be, and however extensive the course of +reading by which they are followed up, they are but accessories to the +great instrument of scientific teaching--demonstration. If I insist +unweariedly, nay fanatically, upon the importance of physical science as +an educational agent, it is because the study of any branch of science, +if properly conducted, appears to me to fill up a void left by all other +means of education. I have the greatest respect and love for literature; +nothing would grieve me more than to see literary training other than a +very prominent branch of education: indeed, I wish that real literary +discipline were far more attended to than it is; but I cannot shut my +eyes to the fact that there is a vast difference between men who have +had a purely literary, and those who have had a sound scientific, +training. + + +CCXI + +In the world of letters, learning and knowledge are one, and books are +the source of both; whereas in science, as in life, learning and +knowledge are distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is +the source of the latter. + + +CCXII + +All that literature has to bestow may be obtained by reading and by +practical exercise in writing and in speaking; but I do not exaggerate +when I say that none of the best gifts of science are to be won by these +means. On the contrary, the great benefit which a scientific education +bestows, whether as training or as knowledge, is dependent upon the +extent to which the mind of the student is brought into immediate +contact with facts--upon the degree to which he learns the habit of +appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring through his senses +concrete images of those properties of things, which are, and always +will be, but approximatively expressed in human language. Our way of +looking at Nature, and of speaking about her, varies from year to year; +but a fact once seen, a relation of cause and effect, once +demonstratively apprehended, are possessions which neither change nor +pass away, but, on the contrary, form fixed centres, about which other +truths aggregate by natural affinity. + +Therefore, the great business of the scientific teacher is, to imprint +the fundamental, irrefragable facts of his science, not only by words +upon the mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, and ear, and +touch of the student, in so complete a manner, that every term used, or +law enunciated, should afterwards call up vivid images of the particular +structural, or other, facts which furnished the demonstration of the +law, or the illustration of the term. + + +CCXIII + +What is the purpose of primary intellectual education? I apprehend that +its first object is to train the young in the use of those tools +wherewith men extract knowledge from the ever-shifting succession of +phenomena which pass before their eyes; and that its second object is to +inform them of the fundamental laws which have been found by experience +to govern the course of things, so that they may not be turned out into +the world naked, defenceless, and a prey to the events they might +control. + +A boy is taught to read his own and other languages, in order that he +may have access to infinitely wider stores of knowledge than could ever +be opened to him by oral intercourse with his fellow men; he learns to +write, that his means of communication with the rest of mankind may be +indefinitely enlarged, and that he may record and store up the knowledge +he acquires. He is taught elementary mathematics, that he may understand +all those relations of number and form, upon which the transactions of +men, associated in complicated societies, are built, and that he may +have some practice in deductive reasoning. + +All these operations of reading, writing, and ciphering are intellectual +tools, whose use should, before all things, be learned, and learned +thoroughly; so that the youth may be enabled to make his life that which +it ought to be, a continual progress in learning and in wisdom. + + +CCXIV + +In addition, primary education endeavours to fit a boy out with a +certain equipment of positive knowledge. He is taught the great laws of +morality; the religion of his sect; so much history and geography as +will tell him where the great countries of the world are, what they are, +and how they have become what they are. + +But if I regard it closely, a curious reflection arises. I suppose that, +fifteen hundred years ago, the child of any well-to-do Roman citizen was +taught just these same things; reading and writing in his own, and, +perhaps, the Greek tongue; the elements of mathematics; and the +religion, morality, history, and geography current in his time. +Furthermore, I do not think I err in affirming that, if such a Christian +Roman boy, who had finished his education, could be transplanted into +one of our public schools, and pass through its course of instruction, +he would not meet with a single unfamiliar line of thought; amidst all +the new facts he would have to learn, not one would suggest a different +mode of regarding the universe from that current in his own time. + +And yet surely there is some great difference between the civilisation +of the fourth century and that of the nineteenth, and still more between +the intellectual habits and tone of thought of that day and this? + +And what has made this difference? I answer fearlessly--The prodigious +development of physical science within the last two centuries. + + +CCXV + +Modern civilisation rests upon physical science; take away her gifts to +our own country, and our position among the leading nations of the world +is gone to-morrow; for it is physical science only that makes +intelligence and moral energy stronger than brute force. + + +CCXVI + +The whole of modern thought is steeped in science; it has made its way +into the works of our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, who +affects to ignore and despise science, is unconsciously impregnated with +her spirit, and indebted for his best products to her methods. I believe +that the greatest intellectual revolution mankind has yet seen is now +slowly taking place by her agency. She is teaching the world that the +ultimate court of appeal is observation and experiment, and not +authority; she is teaching it to estimate the value of evidence; she is +creating a firm and living faith in the existence of immutable moral and +physical laws, perfect obedience to which is the highest possible aim of +an intelligent being. + +But of all this your old stereotyped system of education takes no note. +Physical science, its methods, its problems, and its difficulties, will +meet the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate him in such a +manner that he shall enter the world as ignorant of the existence of the +methods and facts of science as the day he was born. The modern world is +full of artillery; and we turn out our children to do battle in it, +equipped with the shield and sword of an ancient gladiator. + + +CCXVII + +Posterity will cry shame on us if we do not remedy this deplorable state +of things. Nay, if we live twenty years longer, our own consciences will +cry shame on us. + +It is my firm conviction that the only way to remedy it is to make the +elements of physical science an integral part of primary education. I +have endeavoured to show you how that may be done for that branch of +science which it is my business to pursue; and I can but add, that I +should look upon the day when every schoolmaster throughout this land +was a centre of genuine, however rudimentary, scientific knowledge as an +epoch in the history of the country. + +But let me entreat you to remember my last words. Addressing myself to +you, as teachers, I would say, mere book learning in physical science is +a sham and a delusion--what you teach, unless you wish to be impostors, +that you must first know; and real knowledge in science means personal +acquaintance with the facts, be they few or many. + + +CCXVIII + +The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis that all living matter +has sprung from pre-existing living matter came from a contemporary, +though a junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in men +great in all departments of human activity, which was to intellectual +Europe, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, what Germany is in +the nineteenth. It was in Italy, and from Italian teachers, that Harvey +received the most important part of his scientific education. And it was +a student trained in the same schools, Francesco Redi--a man of the +widest knowledge and most versatile abilities, distinguished alike as +scholar, poet, physician and naturalist--who, just two hundred and two +years ago,[3] published his "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione degl' +Insetti," and gave to the world the idea, the growth of which it is my +purpose to trace. Redi's book went through five editions in twenty +years; and the extreme simplicity of his experiments, and the clearness +of his arguments, gained for his views and for their consequences, +almost universal acceptance. + + [3] These words were written in 1870. + +Redi did not trouble himself much with speculative considerations, but +attacked particular cases of what was supposed to be "spontaneous +generation" experimentally. Here are dead animals, or pieces of meat, +says he; I expose them to the air in hot weather, and in a few days they +swarm with maggots. You tell me that these are generated in the dead +flesh; but if I put similar bodies, while quite fresh, into a jar, and +tie some fine gauze over the top of the jar, not a maggot makes its +appearance, while the dead substances, nevertheless, putrefy just in the +same way as before. It is obvious, therefore, that the maggots are not +generated by the corruption of the meat; and that the cause of their +formation must be a something which is kept away by gauze. But gauze +will not keep away aëriform bodies, or fluids. This something must +therefore, exist in the form of solid particles too big to get through +the gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt what these solid particles are; +for the blow-flies, attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the +vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case misleading instinct, +lay eggs out of which maggots are immediately hatched, upon the gauze. +The conclusion, therefore, is unavoidable; the maggots are not generated +by the meat, but the eggs which give rise to them are brought through +the air by the flies. + +These experiments seem almost childishly simple, and one wonders how it +was that no one ever thought of them before. Simple as they are, +however, they are worthy of the most careful study, for every piece of +experimental work since done, in regard to this subject, has been shaped +upon the model furnished by the Italian philosopher. As the results of +his experiments were the same, however varied the nature of the +materials he used, it is not wonderful that there arose in Redi's mind a +presumption that, in all such cases of the seeming production of life +from dead matter, the real explanation was the introduction of living +germs from without into that dead matter. And thus the hypothesis that +living matter always arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter, +took definite shape; and had, henceforward, a right to be considered and +a claim to be refuted, in each particular case, before the production of +living matter in any other way could be admitted by careful reasoners. +It will be necessary for me to refer to this hypothesis so frequently, +that, to save circumlocution, I shall call it the hypothesis of +_Biogenesis_; and I shall term the contrary doctrine--that living matter +may be produced by not living matter--the hypothesis of _Abiogenesis_. + +In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the latter was the dominant +view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and by authority; and it is +interesting to observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax upon a +discoverer of having to defend himself against the charge of impugning +the authority of the Scriptures; for his adversaries declared that the +generation of bees from the carcase of a dead lion is affirmed, in the +Book of Judges, to have been the origin of the famous riddle with which +Samson perplexed the Philistines:-- + + "Out of the eater came forth meat, + And out of the strong came forth sweetness" + + +CCXIX + +The great tragedy of Science--the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by +an ugly fact. + + +CCXX + +It remains yet in the order of logic, though not of history, to show +that among these solid destructible particles there really do exist +germs capable of giving rise to the development of living forms in +suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by M. Pasteur in those +beautiful researches which will ever render his name famous; and which, +in spite of all attacks upon them, appear to me now, as they did seven +years ago, to be models of accurate experimentation and logical +reasoning. He strained air through cotton-wool, and found, as Schroeder +and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing competent to give rise to +the development of life in fluids highly fitted for that purpose. But +the important further links in the chain of evidence added by Pasteur +are three. In the first place he subjected to microscopic examination +the cotton-wool which had served as strainer, and found that sundry +bodies clearly recognisable as germs were among the solid particles +strained off. Secondly, he proved that these germs were competent to +give rise to living forms by simply sowing them in a solution fitted for +their development. And, thirdly, he showed that the incapacity of air +strained through cotton-wool to give rise to life was not due to any +occult change effected in the constituents of the air by the wool, by +proving that the cotton-wool might be dispensed with altogether, and +perfectly free access left between the exterior air and that in the +experimental flask. If the neck of the flask is drawn out into a tube +and bent downwards; and if, after the contained fluid has been carefully +boiled, the tube is heated sufficiently to destroy any germs which may +be present in the air which enters as the fluid cools, the apparatus may +be left to itself for any time and no life will appear in the fluid. The +reason is plain. Although there is free communication between the +atmosphere laden with germs and the germless air in the flask, contact +between the two takes place only in the tube; and as the germs cannot +fall upwards, and there are no currents, they never reach the interior +of the flask. But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds from +the flask, and free access be thus given to germs falling vertically out +of the air, the fluid, which has remained clear and desert for months, +becomes, in a few days, turbid and full of life. + + +CCXXI + +In autumn it is not uncommon to see flies motionless upon a window-pane, +with a sort of magic circle, in white, drawn round them. On microscopic +examination, the magic circle is found to consist of innumerable spores, +which have been thrown off in all directions by a minute fungus called +_Empusa muscć_, the spore-forming filaments of which stand out like a +pile of velvet from the body of the fly. These spore-forming filaments +are connected with others which fill the interior of the fly's body like +so much fine wool, having eaten away and destroyed the creature's +viscera. This is the full-grown condition of the _Empusa_. If traced +back to its earliest stages, in flies which are still active, and to all +appearance healthy, it is found to exist in the form of minute +corpuscles which float in the blood of the fly. These multiply and +lengthen into filaments, at the expense of the fly's substance; and when +they have at last killed the patient, they grow out of its body and give +off spores. Healthy flies shut up with diseased ones catch this mortal +disease, and perish like the others. A most competent observer, M. Cohn, +who studied the development of the _Empusa_ very carefully, was utterly +unable to discover in what manner the smallest germs of the _Empusa_ got +into the fly. The spores could not be made to give rise to such germs by +cultivation; nor were such germs discoverable in the air, or in the food +of the fly. It looked exceedingly like a case of Abiogenesis, or, at any +rate, of Xenogenesis; and it is only quite recently that the real course +of events has been made out. It has been ascertained that when one of +the spores falls upon the body of a fly, it begins to germinate, and +sends out a process which bores its way through the fly's skin; this, +having reached the interior cavities of its body, gives off the minute +floating corpuscles which are the earliest stage of the _Empusa_. The +disease is "contagious," because a healthy fly coming in contact with a +diseased one, from which the spore-bearing filaments protrude, is pretty +sure to carry off a spore or two. It is "infectious" because the spores +become scattered about all sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the +slain flies. + +Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and, even before 1853, a peculiar +epizootic, frequently accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon +the skin (whence the name of "Pébrine" which it has received), had been +noted for its mortality. But in the years following 1853 this malady +broke out with such extreme violence, that, in 1858, the silk-crop was +reduced to a third of the amount which it had reached in 1853; and, up +till within the last year or two, it has never attained half the yield +of 1853. This means not only that the great number of people engaged in +silk growing are some thirty millions sterling poorer than they might +have been; it means not only that high prices have had to be paid for +imported silkworm eggs, and that, after investing his money in them, in +paying for mulberry-leaves and for attendance, the cultivator has +constantly seen his silkworms perish and himself plunged in ruin; but it +means that the looms of Lyons have lacked employment, and that, for +years, enforced idleness and misery have been the portion of a vast +population which, in former days, was industrious and well-to-do. + +In reading the Report made by M. de Quatrefages in 1859, it is +exceedingly interesting to observe that his elaborate study of the +Pébrine forced the conviction upon his mind that, in its mode of +occurrence and propagation, the disease of the silkworm is, in every +respect, comparable to the cholera among mankind. But it differs from +the cholera, and so far is a more formidable malady, in being +hereditary, and in being, under some circumstances, contagious as well +as infectious. + +The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the blood of the +silkworms affected by this strange disorder a multitude of cylindrical +corpuscles, each about 1/6000th of an inch long. These have been +carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him _Panhistophyton_; for the +reason that in subjects in which the disease is strongly developed, the +corpuscles swarm in every tissue and organ of the body, and even pass +into the undeveloped eggs of the female moth. But are these corpuscles +causes, or mere concomitants, of the disease? Some naturalists took one +view and some another; and it was not until the French Government, +alarmed by the continued ravages of the malady, and the inefficiency of +the remedies which had been suggested, despatched M. Pasteur to study +it, that the question received its final settlement; at a great +sacrifice, not only of the time and peace of mind of that eminent +philosopher, but, I regret to have to add, of his health. + +But the sacrifice has not been in vain. It is now certain that this +devastating, cholera-like Pébrine is the effect of the growth and +multiplication of the _Panhistophyton_ in the silkworm. It is contagious +and infectious, because the corpuscles of the _Panhistophyton_ pass away +from the bodies of the diseased caterpillars, directly or indirectly, to +the alimentary canal of healthy silkworms in their neighbourhood; it is +hereditary because the corpuscles enter into the eggs while they are +being formed, and consequently are carried within them when they are +laid; and for this reason, also, it presents the very singular +peculiarity of being inherited only on the mother's side. There is not a +single one of all the apparently capricious and unaccountable phenomena +presented by the Pébrine, but has received its explanation from the fact +that the disease is the result of the presence of the microscopic +organism, _Panhistophyton_. + + +CCXXII + +I commenced this Address by asking you to follow me in an attempt to +trace the path which has been followed by a scientific idea, in its long +and slow progress from the position of a probable hypothesis to that of +an established law of nature. Our survey has not taken us into very +attractive regions; it has lain, chiefly, in a land flowing with the +abominable, and peopled with mere grubs and mouldiness. And it may be +imagined with what smiles and shrugs, practical and serious +contemporaries of Redi and of Spallanzani may have commented on the +waste of their high abilities in toiling at the solution of problems +which, though curious enough in themselves, could be of no conceivable +utility to mankind. + +Nevertheless, you will have observed that before we had travelled very +far upon our road, there appeared, on the right hand and on the left, +fields laden with a harvest of golden grain, immediately convertible +into those things which the most solidly practical men will admit to +have value--viz., money and life. + +The direct loss to France caused by the Pébrine in seventeen years +cannot be estimated at less than fifty millions sterling; and if we add +to this what Redi's idea, in Pasteur's hands, has done for the +wine-grower and for the vinegar-maker, and try to capitalise its value, +we shall find that it will go a long way towards repairing the money +losses caused by the frightful and calamitous war of this autumn (1870). +And as to the equivalent of Redi's thought in life, how can we +overestimate the value of that knowledge of the nature of epidemic and +epizootic diseases, and consequently of the means of checking, or +eradicating them, the dawn of which has assuredly commenced? + +Looking back no further than ten years, it is possible to select three +(1863, 1864, and 1869) in which the total number of deaths from +scarlet-fever alone amounted to ninety thousand. That is the return of +killed, the maimed and disabled being left out of sight. Why, it is to +be hoped that the list of killed in the present bloodiest of all wars +will not amount to more than this! But the facts which I have placed +before you must leave the least sanguine without a doubt that the nature +and the causes of this scourge will, one day, be as well understood as +those of the Pébrine are now; and that the long-suffered massacre of our +innocents will come to an end. + +And thus mankind will have one more admonition that "the people perish +for lack of knowledge"; and that the alleviation of the miseries, and +the promotion of the welfare, of men must be sought, by those who will +not lose their pains, in that diligent, patient, loving study of all +the multitudinous aspects of Nature, the results of which constitute +exact knowledge, or Science. + + +CCXXIII + +I find three, more or less contradictory, systems of geological thought, +each of which might fairly enough claim these appellations, standing +side by side in Britain. I shall call one of them Catastrophism, another +Uniformitarianism, the third Evolutionism; and I shall try briefly to +sketch the characters of each, that you may say whether the +classification is, or is not, exhaustive. + +By Catastrophism I mean any form of geological speculation which, in +order to account for the phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of +forces different in their nature, or immeasurably different in power, +from those which we at present see in action in the universe. + +The Mosaic cosmogony is, in this sense, catastrophic, because it assumes +the operation of extranatural power. The doctrine of violent upheavals, +_débâcles_, and cataclysms in general, is catastrophic, so far as it +assumes that these were brought about by causes which have now no +parallel. There was a time when catastrophism might, pre-eminently, have +claimed the title of "British popular geology"; and assuredly it has yet +many adherents, and reckons among its supporters some of the most +honoured members of this Society. + +By Uniformitarianism I mean especially the teaching of Hutton and of +Lyell. + +That great though incomplete work, "The Theory of the Earth," seems to +me to be one of the most remarkable contributions to geology which is +recorded in the annals of the science. So far as the not-living world +is concerned, uniformitarianism lies there, not only in germ, but in +blossom and fruit. + +If one asks how it is that Hutton was led to entertain views so far in +advance of those prevalent in his time, in some respects; while, in +others, they seem almost curiously limited, the answer appears to me to +be plain. + +Hutton was in advance of the geological speculation of his time, +because, in the first place, he had amassed a vast store of knowledge of +the facts of geology, gathered by personal observation in travels of +considerable extent; and because, in the second place, he was thoroughly +trained in the physical and chemical science of his day, and thus +possessed, as much as any one in his time could possess it, the +knowledge which is requisite for the just interpretation of geological +phenomena, and the habit of thought which fits a man for scientific +inquiry. + +It is to this thorough scientific training that I ascribe Hutton's +steady and persistent refusal to look to other causes than those now in +operation for the explanation of geological phenomena. + +The internal heat of the earth, the elevation and depression of its +crust, its belchings forth of vapours, ashes, and lava, are its +activities, in as strict a sense as are warmth and the movements and +products of respiration the activities of an animal. The phenomena of +the seasons, of the trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, are as much the +results of the reaction between these inner activities and outward +forces as are the budding of the leaves in spring and their falling in +autumn the effects of the interaction between the organisation of a +plant and the solar light and heat. And, as the study of the activities +of the living being is called its physiology, so are these phenomena the +subject-matter of an analogous telluric physiology, to which we +sometimes give the name of meteorology, sometimes that of physical +geography, sometimes that of geology. Again, the earth has a place in +space and in time, and relations to other bodies in both these respects, +which constitute its distribution. This subject is usually left to the +astronomer; but a knowledge of its broad outlines seems to me to be an +essential constituent of the stock of geological ideas. + + +CCXXIV + +All that can be ascertained concerning the structure, succession of +conditions, actions, and position in space of the earth, is the matter +of fact of its natural history. But, as in biology, there remains the +matter of reasoning from these facts to their causes, which is just as +much science as the other, and indeed more; and this constitutes +geological ćtiology. + + +CCXXV + +I suppose that it would be very easy to pick holes in the details of +Kant's speculations, whether cosmological, or specially telluric, in +their application. But for all that, he seems to me to have been the +first person to frame a complete system of geological speculation by +founding the doctrine of evolution. + +I have said that the three schools of geological speculation which I +have termed Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism, are +commonly supposed to be antagonistic to one another; and I presume it +will have become obvious that in my belief, the last is destined to +swallow up the other two. But it is proper to remark that each of the +latter has kept alive the tradition of precious truths. + +To my mind there appears to be no sort of necessary theoretical +antagonism between Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism. On the +contrary, it is very conceivable that catastrophes may be part and +parcel of uniformity. Let me illustrate my case by analogy. The working +of a clock is a model of uniform action; good time-keeping means +uniformity of action. But the striking of the clock is essentially a +catastrophe; the hammer might be made to blow up a barrel of gunpowder, +or turn on a deluge of water; and, by proper arrangement, the clock, +instead of marking the hours, might strike at all sorts of irregular +periods, never twice alike, in the intervals, force, or number of its +blows. Nevertheless, all these irregular, and apparently lawless, +catastrophes would be the result of an absolutely uniformitarian action; +and we might have two schools of clock-theorists, one studying the +hammer and the other the pendulum. + + +CCXXVI + +Mathematics may be compared to a mill of exquisite workmanship, which +grinds your stuff of any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you +get out depends upon what you put in; and as the grandest mill in the +world will not extract wheat-flour from peascods, so pages of formulć +will not get a definite result out of loose data. + + +CCXXVII + +The motive of the drama of human life is the necessity, laid upon every +man who comes into the world, of discovering the mean between +self-assertion and self-restraint suited to his character and his +circumstances. And the eternally tragic aspect of the drama lies in +this: that the problem set before us is one the elements of which can +be but imperfectly known, and of which even an approximately right +solution rarely presents itself, until that stern critic, aged +experience, has been furnished with ample justification for venting his +sarcastic humour upon the irreparable blunders we have already made. + + +CCXXVIII + +That which endures is not one or another association of living forms, +but the process of which the cosmos is the product, and of which these +are among the transitory expressions. And in the living world, one of +the most characteristic features of this cosmic process is the struggle +for existence, the competition of each with all, the result of which is +the selection, that is to say, the survival of those forms which, on the +whole, are best adapted to the conditions which at any period obtain; +and which are therefore, in that respect, and only in that respect, the +fittest. The acme reached by the cosmic process in the vegetation of the +downs is seen in the turf, with its weed and gorse. Under the +conditions, they have come out of the struggle victorious; and, by +surviving, have proved that they are the fittest to survive. + + +CCXXIX + +As a natural process, of the same character as the development of a tree +from its seed, or of a fowl from its egg, evolution excludes creation +and all other kinds of supernatural intervention. As the expression of a +fixed order, every stage of which is the effect of causes operating +according to definite rules, the conception of evolution no less +excludes that of chance. It is very desirable to remember that evolution +is not an explanation of the cosmic process, but merely a generalized +statement of the method and results of that process. And, further, that, +if there is proof that the cosmic process was set going by any agent, +then that agent will be the creator of it and of all its products, +although, supernatural intervention may remain strictly excluded from +its further course. + + +CCXXX + +All plants and animals exhibit the tendency to vary, the causes of which +have yet to be ascertained; it is the tendency of the conditions of +life, at any given time, while favouring the existence of the variations +best adapted to them, to oppose that of the rest and thus to exercise +selection; and all living things tend to multiply without limit, while +the means of support are limited; the obvious cause of which is the +production of offspring more numerous than their progenitors, but with +equal expectation of life in the actuarial sense. Without the first +tendency there could be no evolution. Without the second, there would be +no good reason why one variation should disappear and another take its +place; that is to say, there would be no selection. Without the third, +the struggle for existence, the agent of the selective process in the +state of nature, would vanish. + + +CCXXXI + +The faith which is born of knowledge finds its object in an eternal +order, bringing forth ceaseless change, through endless time, in endless +space; the manifestations of the cosmic energy alternating between +phases of potentiality and phases of explication. + + +CCXXXII + +With all their enormous differences in natural endowment, men agree in +one thing, and that is their innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and +escape the pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that which it +pleases them to do, without the least reference to the welfare of the +society into which they are born. That is their inheritance (the reality +at the bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long series of +ancestors, human and semi-human and brutal, in whom the strength of this +innate tendency to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the +struggle for existence. That is the reason of the _aviditas vitć_--the +insatiable hunger for enjoyment--of all mankind, which is one of the +essential conditions of success in the war with the state of nature +outside; and yet the sure agent of the destruction of society if allowed +free play within. + + +CCXXXIII + +The check upon this free play of self-assertion, or natural liberty, +which is the necessary condition for the origin of human society, is the +product of organic necessities of a different kind from those upon which +the constitution of the hive depends. One of these is the mutual +affection of parent and offspring, intensified by the long infancy of +the human species. But the most important is the tendency, so strongly +developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and feelings similar +to, or correlated with, those of other men. Man is the most consummate +of all mimics in the animal world; none but himself can draw or model; +none comes near him in the scope, variety, and exactness of vocal +imitation; none is such a master of gesture; while he seems to be +impelled thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is no +such another emotional chameleon. By a purely reflex operation of the +mind, we take the hue of passion of those who are about us, or, it may +be, the complementary colour. It is not by any conscious "putting one's +self in the place" of a joyful or a suffering person that the state of +mind we call sympathy usually arises; indeed, it is often contrary to +one's sense of right, and in spite of one's will, that "fellow-feeling +makes us wondrous kind," or the reverse. However complete may be the +indifference to public opinion, in a cool, intellectual view, of the +traditional sage, it has not yet been my fortune to meet with any actual +sage who took its hostile manifestations with entire equanimity. Indeed, +I doubt if the philosopher lives, or ever has lived, who could know +himself to be heartily despised by a street boy without some irritation. +And, though one cannot justify Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on +such a very high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the Vizier of +Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the gate, that this obscure Jew had +no respect for him, must have been very annoying. + +It is needful only to look around us, to see that the greatest +restrainer of the anti-social tendencies of men is fear, not of the law, +but of the opinion of their fellows. The conventions of honour bind men +who break legal, moral, and religious bonds; and, while people endure +the extremity of physical pain rather than part with life, shame drives +the weakest to suicide. + +Every forward step of social progress brings men into closer relations +with their fellows, and increases the importance of the pleasures and +pains derived from sympathy. We judge the acts of others by our own +sympathies, and we judge our own acts by the sympathies of others, every +day and all day long, from childhood upwards, until associations, as +indissoluble as those of language, are formed between certain acts and +the feelings of approbation or disapprobation. It becomes impossible to +imagine some acts without disapprobation, or others without approbation +of the actor, whether he be one's self or anyone else. We come to think +in the acquired dialect of morals. An artificial personality, the "man +within," as Adam Smith calls conscience, is built up beside the natural +personality. He is the watchman of society, charged to restrain the +anti-social tendencies of the natural man within the limits required by +social welfare. + + +CCXXXIV + +I have termed this evolution of the feelings out of which the primitive +bonds of human society are so largely forged, into the organized and +personified sympathy we call conscience, the ethical process. So far as +it tends to make any human society more efficient in the struggle for +existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works in +harmonious contrast with the cosmic process. But it is none the less +true that, since law and morals are restraints upon the struggle for +existence between men in society, the ethical process is in opposition +to the principle of the cosmic process, and tends to the suppression of +the qualities best fitted for success in that struggle. + + +CCXXXV + +Moralists of all ages and of all faiths, attending only to the relations +of men towards one another in an ideal society, have agreed upon the +"golden rule," "Do as you would be done by." In other words, let +sympathy be your guide; put yourself in the place of the man towards +whom your action is directed; and do to him what you would like to have +done to yourself under the circumstances. However much one may admire +the generosity of such a rule of conduct; however confident one may be +that average men may be thoroughly depended upon not to carry it out to +its full logical consequences; it is nevertheless desirable to recognise +the fact that these consequences are incompatible with the existence of +a civil state, under any circumstances of this world which have +obtained, or, so far as one can see, are likely to come to pass. + +For I imagine there can be no doubt that the great desire of every +wrongdoer is to escape from the painful consequences of his actions. If +I put myself in the place of the man who has robbed me, I find that I am +possessed by an exceeding desire not to be fined or imprisoned; if in +that of the man who has smitten me on one cheek, I contemplate with +satisfaction the absence of any worse result than the turning of the +other cheek for like treatment. Strictly observed, the "golden rule" +involves the negation of law by the refusal to put it in motion against +law-breakers; and, as regards the external relations of a polity, it is +the refusal to continue the struggle for existence. It can be obeyed, +even partially, only under the protection of a society which repudiates +it. Without such shelter the followers of the "golden rule" may indulge +in hopes of heaven, but they must reckon with the certainty that other +people will be masters of the earth. + +What would become of the garden if the gardener treated all the weeds +and slugs and birds and trespassers as he would like to be treated if he +were in their place? + + +CCXXXVI + +In a large proportion of cases, crime and pauperism have nothing to do +with heredity; but are the consequence, partly, of circumstances and, +partly, of the possession of qualities, which, under different +conditions of life, might have excited esteem and even admiration. It +was a shrewd man of the world who, in discussing sewage problems, +remarked that dirt is riches in the wrong place; and that sound aphorism +has moral applications. The benevolence and open-handed generosity which +adorn a rich man may make a pauper of a poor one; the energy and courage +to which the successful soldier owes his rise, the cool and daring +subtlety to which the great financier owes his fortune, may very easily, +under unfavourable conditions, lead their possessors to the gallows, or +to the hulks. Moreover, it is fairly probable that the children of a +"failure" will receive from their other parent just that little +modification of character which makes all the difference. I sometimes +wonder whether people, who talk so freely about extirpating the unfit, +ever dispassionately consider their own history. Surely, one must be +very "fit" indeed not to know of an occasion, or perhaps two, in one's +life, when it would have been only too easy to qualify for a place among +the "unfit." + + +CCXXXVII + +In the struggle for the means of enjoyment, the qualities which ensure +success are energy, industry, intellectual capacity, tenacity of +purpose, and, at least as much sympathy as is necessary to make a man +understand the feelings of his fellows. Were there none of those +artificial arrangements by which fools and knaves are kept at the top of +society instead of sinking to their natural place at the bottom, the +struggle for the means of enjoyment would ensure a constant circulation +of the human units of the social compound, from the bottom to the top +and from the top to the bottom. The survivors of the contest, those who +continued to form the great bulk of the polity, would not be those +"fittest" who got to the very top, but the great body of the moderately +"fit," whose numbers and superior propagative power enable them always +to swamp the exceptionally endowed minority. + +I think it must be obvious to every one that, whether we consider the +internal or the external interests of society, it is desirable they +should be in the hands of those who are endowed with the largest share +of energy, of industry, of intellectual capacity, of tenacity of +purpose, while they are not devoid of sympathetic humanity; and, in so +far as the struggle for the means of enjoyment tends to place such men +in possession of wealth and influence, it is a process which tends to +the good of society. But the process, as we have seen, has no real +resemblance to that which adapts living beings to current conditions in +the state of nature; nor any to the artificial selection of the +horticulturist. + + +CCXXXVIII + +Even should the whole human race be absorbed in one vast polity, within +which "absolute political justice" reigns, the struggle for existence +with the state of nature outside it, and the tendency to the return of +the struggle within, in consequence of over-multiplication, will remain; +and, unless men's inheritance from the ancestors who fought a good fight +in the state of nature, their dose of original sin, is rooted out by +some method at present unrevealed, at any rate to disbelievers in +supernaturalism, every child born into the world will still bring with +him the instinct of unlimited self-assertion. He will have to learn the +lesson of self-restraint and renunciation. But the practice of +self-restraint and renunciation is not happiness, though it may be +something much better. + +That man, as a "political animal," is susceptible of a vast amount of +improvement, by education, by instruction, and by the application of his +intelligence to the adaptation of the conditions of life to his higher +needs, I entertain not the slightest doubt. But, so long as he remains +liable to error, intellectual or moral; so long as he is compelled to be +perpetually on guard against the cosmic forces, whose ends are not his +ends, without and within himself; so long as he is haunted by +inexpugnable memories and hopeless aspirations; so long as the +recognition of his intellectual limitations forces him to acknowledge +his incapacity to penetrate the mystery of existence; the prospect of +attaining untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even remotely, +deserve the title of perfection, appears to me to be as misleading an +illusion as ever was dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And there +have been many of them. + +That which lies before the human race is a constant struggle to maintain +and improve, in opposition to the State of Nature, the State of Art of +an organized polity; in which, and by which, man may develop a worthy +civilization, capable of maintaining and constantly improving itself, +until the evolution of our globe shall have entered so far upon its +downward course that the cosmic process resumes its sway; and, once +more, the State of Nature prevails over the surface of our planet. + + +CCXXXIX + +From very low forms up to the highest--in the animal no less than in the +vegetable kingdom--the process of life presents the same appearance of +cyclical evolution. Nay, we have but to cast our eyes over the rest of +the world and cyclical change presents itself on all sides. It meets us +in the water that flows to the sea and returns to the springs; in the +heavenly bodies that wax and wane, go and return to their places; in the +inexorable sequence of the ages of man's life; in that successive rise, +apogee, and fall of dynasties and of states which is the most prominent +topic of civil history. + + +CCXL + +As no man fording a swift stream can dip his foot twice into the same +water, so no man can, with exactness, affirm of anything in the sensible +world that it is. As he utters the words, nay, as he thinks them, the +predicate ceases to be applicable; the present has become the past; the +"is" should be "was." And the more we learn of the nature of things, the +more evident is it that what we call rest is only unperceived activity; +that seeming peace is silent but strenuous battle. In every part, at +every moment, the state of the cosmos is the expression of a transitory +adjustment of contending forces; a scene of strife, in which all the +combatants fall in turn. What is true of each part is true of the whole. +Natural knowledge tends more and more to the conclusion that "all the +choir of heaven and furniture of the earth" are the transitory forms of +parcels of cosmic substance wending along the road of evolution, from +nebulous potentiality, through endless growths of sun and planet and +satellite; through all varieties of matter; through infinite diversities +of life and thought; possibly, through modes of being of which we +neither have a conception, nor are competent to form any, back to the +indefinable latency from which they arose. Thus the most obvious +attribute of the cosmos is its impermanence. It assumes the aspect not +so much of a permanent entity as of a changeful process, in which naught +endures save the flow of energy and the rational order which pervades +it. + + +CCXLI + +Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the +sentient world, and has become the superb animal which he is in virtue +of his success in the struggle for existence. The conditions having been +of a certain order, man's organization has adjusted itself to them +better than that of his competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of +mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing upon all that can +be grasped, the tenacious holding of all that can be kept, which +constitute the essence of the struggle for existence, have answered. For +his successful progress, throughout the savage state, man has been +largely indebted to those qualities which he shares with the ape and the +tiger; his exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his +sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; his ruthless and +ferocious destructiveness when his anger is roused by opposition. + +But, in proportion as men have passed from anarchy to social +organization, and in proportion as civilization has grown in worth, +these deeply ingrained serviceable qualities have become defects. After +the manner of successful persons, civilized man would gladly kick down +the ladder by which he has climbed. He would be only too pleased to see +"the ape and tiger die." But they decline to suit his convenience; and +the unwelcome intrusion of these boon companions of his hot youth into +the ranged existence of civil life adds pains and griefs, innumerable +and immeasurably great, to those which the cosmic process necessarily +brings on the mere animal. In fact, civilized man brands all these ape +and tiger promptings with the name of sins; he punishes many of the acts +which flow from them as crimes; and, in extreme cases, he does his best +to put an end to the survival of the fittest of former days by axe and +rope. + + +CCXLII + +In Hindostan, as in Ionia, a period of relatively high and tolerably +stable civilization had succeeded long ages of semi-barbarism and +struggle. Out of wealth and security had come leisure and refinement, +and, close at their heels, had followed the malady of thought. To the +struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be +alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the +struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things +into harmony with the moral sense of man, which also never ends, but, +for the thinking few, becomes keener with every increase of knowledge +and with every step towards the realization of a worthy ideal of life. + +Two thousand five hundred years ago the value of civilization was as +apparent as it is now; then, as now, it was obvious that only in the +garden of an orderly polity can the finest fruits humanity is capable of +bearing be produced. But it had also become evident that the blessings +of culture were not unmixed. The garden was apt to turn into a hothouse. +The stimulation of the senses, the pampering of the emotions, endlessly +multiplied the sources of pleasure. The constant widening of the +intellectual field indefinitely extended the range of that especially +human faculty of looking before and after, which adds to the fleeting +present those old and new worlds of the past and the future, wherein +men dwell the more the higher their culture. But that very sharpening of +the sense and that subtle refinement of emotion, which brought such a +wealth of pleasures, were fatally attended by a proportional enlargement +of the capacity for suffering; and the divine faculty of imagination, +while it created new heavens and new earths, provided them with the +corresponding hells of futile regret for the past and morbid anxiety for +the future. + + +CCXLIII + +One of the oldest and most important elements in such systems is the +conception of justice. Society is impossible unless those who are +associated agree to observe certain rules of conduct towards one +another; its stability depends on the steadiness with which they abide +by that agreement; and, so far as they waver, that mutual trust which is +the bond of society is weakened or destroyed. Wolves could not hunt in +packs except for the real, though unexpressed, understanding that they +should not attack one another during the chase. The most rudimentary +polity is a pack of men living under the like tacit, or expressed, +understanding; and having made the very important advance upon wolf +society, that they agree to use the force of the whole body against +individuals who violate it and in favour of those who observe it. This +observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution +of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the +name of justice, while the contrary was called injustice. Early ethics +did not take much note of the animus of the violator of the rules. But +civilization could not advance far without the establishment of a +capital distinction between the case of involuntary and that of wilful +misdeed; between a merely wrong action and a guilty one. + +And, with increasing refinement of moral appreciation, the problem of +desert, which arises out of this distinction, acquired more and more +theoretical and practical importance. If life must be given for life, +yet it was recognized that the unintentional slayer did not altogether +deserve death; and, by a sort of compromise between the public and the +private conception of justice, a sanctuary was provided in which he +might take refuge from the avenger of blood. + +The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment +and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to +desert; or, in other words, according to motive. Righteousness, that is, +action from right motive, not only became synonymous with justice, but +the positive constituent of innocence and the very heart of goodness. + + +CCXLIV + +Everyday experience familiarizes us with the facts which are grouped +under the name of heredity. Every one of us bears upon him obvious marks +of his parentage, perhaps of remoter relationships. More particularly, +the sum of tendencies to act in a certain way, which we call +"character," is often to be traced through a long series of progenitors +and collaterals. So we may justly say that this "character"--this moral +and intellectual essence of a man--does veritably pass over from one +fleshy tabernacle to another, and does really transmigrate from +generation to generation. In the new-born infant the character of the +stock lies latent, and the Ego is little more than a bundle of +potentialities. But, very early, these become actualities; from +childhood to age they manifest themselves in dullness or brightness, +weakness or strength, viciousness or uprightness; and with each feature +modified by confluence with another character, if by nothing else, the +character passes on to its incarnation in new bodies. + + +CCXLV + +Only one rule of conduct could be based upon the remarkable theory of +which I have endeavoured to give a reasoned outline. It was folly to +continue to exist when an overplus of pain was certain; and the +probabilities in favour of the increase of misery with the prolongation +of existence, were so overwhelming. Slaying the body only made matters +worse; there was nothing for it but to slay the soul by the voluntary +arrest of all its activities. Property, social ties, family affections, +common companionship, must be abandoned; the most natural appetites, +even that for food, must be suppressed, or at least minimized; until all +that remained of a man was the impassive, extenuated, mendicant monk, +self-hypnotised into cataleptic trances, which the deluded mystic took +for foretastes of the final union with Brahma. + + +CCXLVI + +If the cosmos is the effect of an immanent, omnipotent, and infinitely +beneficent cause, the existence in it of real evil, still less of +necessarily inherent evil, is plainly inadmissible. Yet the universal +experience of mankind testified then, as now, that, whether we look +within us or without us, evil stares us in the face on all sides; that +if anything is real, pain and sorrow and wrong are realities. + +It would be a new thing in history if _a priori_ philosophers were +daunted by the factious opposition of experience; and the Stoics were +the last men to allow themselves to be beaten by mere facts. "Give me a +doctrine and I will find the reasons for it," said Chrysippus. So they +perfected, if they did not invent, that ingenious and plausible form of +pleading, the Theodicy; for the purpose of showing firstly, that there +is no such thing as evil; secondly, that if there is, it is the +necessary correlate of good; and, moreover, that it is either due to our +own fault, or inflicted for our benefit. + + +CCXLVII + +Unfortunately, it is much easier to shut one's eyes to good than to +evil. Pain and sorrow knock at our doors more loudly than pleasure and +happiness; and the prints of their heavy footsteps are less easily +effaced. + + +CCXLVIII + +In the language of the Stoa, "Nature" was a word of many meanings. There +was the "Nature" of the cosmos, and the "Nature" of man. In the latter, +the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part +of the cosmos, was distinguished from a higher "nature." Even in this +higher nature there were grades of rank. The logical faculty is an +instrument which may be turned to account for any purpose. The passions +and the emotions are so closely tied to the lower nature that they may +be considered to be pathological, rather than normal, phenomena. The one +supreme, hegemonic, faculty, which constitutes the essential "nature" of +man, is most nearly represented by that which, in the language of a +later philosophy, has been called the pure reason. It is this "nature" +which holds up the ideal of the supreme good and demands absolute +submission of the will to its behests. It is this which commands all men +to love one another, to return good for evil, to regard one another as +fellow-citizens of one great state. Indeed, seeing that the progress +towards perfection of a civilised state, or polity, depends on the +obedience of its members to these commands, the Stoics sometimes termed +the pure reason the "political" nature. Unfortunately, the sense of the +adjective has undergone so much modification that the application of it +to that which commands the sacrifice of self to the common good would +now sound almost grotesque. + + +CCXLIX + +The majority of us, I apprehend, profess neither pessimism nor optimism. +We hold that the world is neither so good, nor so bad, as it conceivably +might be; and, as most of us have reason, now and again, to discover +that it can be. Those who have failed to experience the joys that make +life worth living are, probably, in as small a minority as those who +have never known the griefs that rob existence of its savour and turn +its richest fruits into mere dust and ashes. + + +CCL + +There is another fallacy which appears to me to pervade the so-called +"ethics of evolution." It is the notion that because, on the whole, +animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organization by means +of the struggle for existence and the consequent "survival of the +fittest"; therefore men in society, men as ethical beings, must look to +the same process to help them towards perfection. I suspect that this +fallacy has arisen out of the unfortunate ambiguity of the phrase +"survival of the fittest." "Fittest" has a connotation of "best"; and +about "best" there hangs a moral flavour. In cosmic nature, however, +what is "fittest" depends upon the conditions. Long since, I ventured to +point out that if our hemisphere were to cool again, the survival of the +fittest might bring about, in the vegetable kingdom, a population of +more and more stunted and humbler and humbler organisms, until the +"fittest" that survived might be nothing but lichens, diatoms, and such +microscopic organisms as those which give red snow its colour; while, if +it became hotter, the pleasant valleys of the Thames and Isis might be +uninhabitable by any animated beings save those that flourish in a +tropical jungle. They, as the fittest, the best adapted to the changed +conditions, would survive. + + +CCLI + +The practice of that which is ethically best--what we call goodness or +virtue--involves a course of conduct which, in all respects, is opposed +to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In +place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of +thrusting aside, or treading down, all competitors, it requires that the +individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows; its +influence is directed, not so much to the survival of the fittest, as to +the fitting of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates the +gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands that each man who enters +into the enjoyment of the advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his +debt to those who have laboriously constructed it; and shall take heed +that no act of his weakens the fabric in which he has been permitted to +live. Laws and moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the +cosmic process and reminding the individual of his duty to the +community, to the protection and influence of which he owes, if not +existence itself, at least the life of something better than a brutal +savage. + + +CCLII + +The theory of evolution encourages no millennial anticipations. If, for +millions of years, our globe has taken the upward road, yet, some time, +the summit will be reached and the downward route will be commenced. The +most daring imagination will hardly venture upon the suggestion that the +power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest the procession of the +great year. + +Moreover, the cosmic nature born with us and, to a large extent, +necessary for our maintenance, is the outcome of millions of years of +severe training, and it would be folly to imagine that a few centuries +will suffice to subdue its masterfulness to purely ethical ends. Ethical +nature may count upon having to reckon with a tenacious and powerful +enemy as long as the world lasts. But, on the other hand, I see no limit +to the extent to which intelligence and will, guided by sound principles +of investigation, and organized in common effort, may modify the +conditions of existence, for a period longer than that now covered by +history. And much may be done to change the nature of man himself. The +intelligence which has converted the brother of the wolf into the +faithful guardian of the flock ought to be able to do something towards +curbing the instincts of savagery in civilized men. + +But if we may permit ourselves a larger hope of abatement of the +essential evil of the world than was possible to those who, in the +infancy of exact knowledge, faced the problem of existence more than a +score of centuries ago, I deem it an essential condition of the +realization of that hope that we should cast aside the notion that the +escape from pain and sorrow is the proper object of life. + + +CCLIII + +We have long since emerged from the heroic childhood of our race, when +good and evil could be met with the same "frolic welcome"; the attempts +to escape from evil, whether Indian or Greek, have ended in flight from +the battle-field; it remains to us to throw aside the youthful +over-confidence and the no less youthful discouragement of nonage. We +are grown men, and must play the man + + strong in will + To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield, + +cherishing the good that falls in our way, and bearing the evil, in and +around us, with stout hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may +strive in one faith towards one hope: + + It may be that the gulfs will wash us down, + It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, + + ... but something ere the end, + Some work of noble note may yet be done. + + +CCLIV + +I do not suppose that I am exceptionally endowed because I have all my +life enjoyed a keen perception of the beauty offered us by nature and by +art. Now physical science may and probably will, some day, enable our +posterity to set forth the exact physical concomitants and conditions of +the strange rapture of beauty. But if ever that day arrives, the rapture +will remain, just as it is now, outside and beyond the physical world; +and, even in the mental world, something superadded to mere sensation. I +do not wish to crow unduly over my humble cousin the orang, but in the +ćsthetic province, as in that of the intellect, I am afraid he is +nowhere. I doubt not he would detect a fruit amidst a wilderness of +leaves where I could see nothing; but I am tolerably confident that he +has never been awestruck, as I have been, by the dim religious gloom, as +of a temple devoted to the earthgods, of the tropical forests which he +inhabits. Yet I doubt not that our poor long-armed and short-legged +friend, as he sits meditatively munching his durian fruit, has something +behind that sad Socratic face of his which is utterly "beyond the bounds +of physical science." Physical science may know all about his clutching +the fruit and munching it and digesting it, and how the physical +titillation of his palate is transmitted to some microscopic cells of +the gray matter of his brain. But the feelings of sweetness and of +satisfaction which, for a moment, hang out their signal lights in his +melancholy eyes, are as utterly outside the bounds of physics as is the +"fine frenzy" of a human rhapsodist. + + +CCLV + +When I was a mere boy, with a perverse tendency to think when I ought to +have been playing, my mind was greatly exercised by this formidable +problem, What would become of things if they lost their qualities? As +the qualities had no objective existence, and the thing without +qualities was nothing, the solid world seemed whittled away--to my great +horror. As I grew older, and learned to use the terms "matter" and +"force," the boyish problem was revived, _mutato nomine_. On the one +hand, the notion of matter without force seemed to resolve the world +into a set of geometrical ghosts, too dead even to jabber. On the other +hand, Boscovich's hypothesis, by which matter was resolved into centres +of force, was very attractive. But when one tried to think it out, what +in the world became of force considered as an objective entity? Force, +even the most materialistic of philosophers will agree with the most +idealistic, is nothing but a name for the cause of motion. And if, with +Boscovich, I resolved things into centres of force, then matter vanished +altogether and left immaterial entities in its place. One might as well +frankly accept Idealism and have done with it. + + +CCLVI + +Tolerably early in life I discovered that one of the unpardonable sins, +in the eyes of most people, is for a man to presume to go about +unlabelled. The world regards such a person as the police do an +unmuzzled dog, not under proper control. I could find no label that +would suit me, so, in my desire to range myself and be respectable, I +invented one; and, as the chief thing I was sure of was that I did not +know a great many things that the-ists and the-ites about me professed +to be familiar with, I called myself an Agnostic. Surely no denomination +could be more modest or more appropriate; and I cannot imagine why I +should be every now and then haled out of my refuge and declared +sometimes to be a Materialist, sometimes an Atheist, sometimes a +Positivist, and sometimes, alas and alack, a cowardly or reactionary +Obscurantist. + + +CCLVII + +Lastly, with respect to the old riddle of the freedom of the will. In +the only sense in which the word freedom is intelligible to me--that is +to say, the absence of any restraint upon doing what one likes within +certain limits--physical science certainly gives no more ground for +doubting it than the common sense of mankind does. And if physical +science, in strengthening our belief in the universality of causation +and abolishing chance as an absurdity, leads to the conclusion of +determinism, it does no more than follow the track of consistent and +logical thinkers in philosophy and in theology, before it existed or was +thought of. Whoever accepts the universality of the law of causation as +a dogma of philosophy, denies the existence of uncaused phenomena. And +the essence of that which is improperly called the freewill doctrine is +that occasionally, at any rate, human volition is self-caused, that is +to say, not caused at all; for to cause oneself one must have anteceded +oneself--which is, to say the least of it, difficult to imagine. + + +CCLVIII + +If the diseases of society consist in the weakness of its faith in the +existence of the God of the theologians, in a future state, and in +uncaused volitions, the indication, as the doctors say, is to suppress +Theology and Philosophy, whose bickerings about things of which they +know nothing have been the prime cause and continual sustenance of that +evil scepticism which is the Nemesis of meddling with the unknowable. + +Cinderella is modestly conscious of her ignorance of these high matters. +She lights the fire, sweeps the house, and provides the dinner; and is +rewarded by being told that she is a base creature, devoted to low and +material interests. But in her garret she has fairy visions out of the +ken of the pair of shrews who are quarrelling downstairs. She sees the +order which pervades the seeming disorder of the world; the great drama +of evolution, with its full share of pity and terror, but also with +abundant goodness and beauty, unrolls itself before her eyes; and she +learns, in her heart of hearts, the lesson, that the foundation of +morality is to have done, once and for all, with lying; to give up +pretending to believe that for which there is no evidence, and repeating +unintelligible propositions about things beyond the possibilities of +knowledge. + +She knows that the safety of morality lies neither in the adoption of +this or that philosophical speculation, or this or that theological +creed, but in a real and living belief in that fixed order of nature +which sends social disorganisation upon the track of immorality, as +surely as it sends physical disease after physical trespasses. And of +that firm and lively faith it is her high mission to be the priestess. + + +CCLIX + +The first act of a new-born child is to draw a deep breath. In fact, it +will never draw a deeper, inasmuch as the passages and chambers of the +lungs, once distended with air, do not empty themselves again; it is +only a fraction of their contents which passes in and out with the flow +and the ebb of the respiratory tide. Mechanically, this act of drawing +breath, or inspiration, is of the same nature as that by which the +handles of a bellows are separated, in order to fill the bellows with +air; and, in like manner, it involves that expenditure of energy which +we call exertion, or work, or labour. It is, therefore, no mere metaphor +to say that man is destined to a life of toil: the work of respiration +which began with his first breath ends only with his last; nor does one +born in the purple get off with a lighter task than the child who first +sees light under a hedge. + +How is it that the new-born infant is enabled to perform this first +instalment of the sentence of life-long labour which no man may escape? +Whatever else a child may be, in respect of this particular question, it +is a complicated piece of mechanism, built up out of materials supplied +by its mother; and in the course of such building-up, provided with a +set of motors--the muscles. Each of these muscles contains a stock of +substance capable of yielding energy under certain conditions, one of +which is a change of state in the nerve-fibres connected with it. The +powder in a loaded gun is such another stock of substance capable of +yielding energy in consequence of a change of state in the mechanism of +the lock, which intervenes between the finger of the man who pulls the +trigger and the cartridge. If that change is brought about, the +potential energy of the powder passes suddenly into actual energy, and +does the work of propelling the bullet. The powder, therefore, may be +appropriately called _work-stuff_, not only because it is stuff which is +easily made to yield work in the physical sense, but because a good deal +of work in the economical sense has contributed to its production. +Labour was necessary to collect, transport, and purify the raw sulphur +and saltpetre; to cut wood and convert it into powdered charcoal; to mix +these ingredients in the right proportions; to give the mixture the +proper grain, and so on. The powder once formed part of the stock, or +capital, of a powder-maker: and it is not only certain natural bodies +which are collected and stored in the gunpowder, but the labour bestowed +on the operations mentioned may be figuratively said to be incorporated +in it. + + +CCLX + +In principle, the work-stuff stored in the muscles of the new-born child +is comparable to that stored in the gun-barrel. The infant is launched +into altogether new surroundings; and these operate through the +mechanism of the nervous machinery, with the result that the potential +energy of some of the work-stuff in the muscles which bring about +inspiration is suddenly converted into actual energy; and this, +operating through the mechanism of the respiratory apparatus, gives rise +to an act of inspiration. As the bullet is propelled by the "going off" +of the powder, as it might be said that the ribs are raised and the +midriff depressed by the "going off" of certain portions of muscular +work-stuff. This work-stuff is part of a stock or capital of that +commodity stored up in the child's organism before birth, at the expense +of the mother; and the mother has made good her expenditure by drawing +upon the capital of food-stuffs which furnished her daily maintenance. + +Under these circumstances, it does not appear to me to be open to doubt +that the primary act of outward labour in the series which necessarily +accompany the life of man is dependent upon the pre-existence of a stock +of material which is not only of use to him, but which is disposed in +such a manner as to be utilisable with facility. And I further imagine +that the propriety of the application of the term "capital" to this +stock of useful substance cannot be justly called in question; inasmuch +as it is easy to prove that the essential constituents of the work-stuff +accumulated in the child's muscles have merely been transferred from the +store of food-stuffs, which everybody admits to be capital, by means of +the maternal organism to that of the child, in which they are again +deposited to await use. Every subsequent act of labour, in like manner, +involves an equivalent consumption of the child's store of +work-stuff--its vital capital; and one of the main objects of the +process of breathing is to get rid of some of the effects of that +consumption. It follows, then, that, even if no other than the +respiratory work were going on in the organism, the capital of +work-stuff, which the child brought with it into the world, must sooner +or later be used up, and the movements of breathing must come to an end; +just as the see-saw of the piston of a steam-engine stops when the coal +in the fireplace has burnt away. + +Milk, however, is a stock of materials which essentially consists of +savings from the food-stuffs supplied to the mother. And these savings +are in such a physical and chemical condition that the organism of the +child can easily convert them into work-stuff. That is to say, by +borrowing directly from the vital capital of the mother, indirectly from +the store in the natural bodies accessible to her, it can make good the +loss of its own. The operation of borrowing, however, involves further +work; that is, the labour of sucking, which is a mechanical operation of +much the same nature as breathing. The child thus pays for the capital +it borrows in labour; but as the value in work-stuff of the milk +obtained is very far greater than the value of that labour, estimated by +the consumption of work-stuff it involves, the operation yields a large +profit to the infant. The overplus of food-stuff suffices to increase +the child's capital of work-stuff; and to supply not only the materials +for the enlargement of the "buildings and machinery" which is +expressed by the child's growth, but also the energy required to put +all these materials together, and to carry them to their proper places. +Thus, throughout the years of infancy, and so long thereafter as the +youth or man is not thrown upon his own resources, he lives by consuming +the vital capital provided by others. + + +CCLXI + +Let us now suppose the child come to man's estate in the condition of a +wandering savage, dependent for his food upon what he can pick up or +catch, after the fashion of the Australian aborigines. It is plain that +the place of mother, as the supplier of vital capital, is now taken by +the fruits, seeds, and roots of plants and by various kinds of +animals.... The savage, like the child, borrows the capital he needs, +and, at any rate, intentionally, does nothing towards repayment; it +would plainly be an improper use of the word "produce" to say that his +labour in hunting for the roots, or the fruits, or the eggs, or the +grubs and snakes, which he finds and eats, "produces" or contributes to +"produce" them. The same thing is true of more advanced tribes, who are +still merely hunters, such as the Esquimaux. They may expend more labour +and skill; but it is spent in destruction. + + +CCLXII + +When we find set forth as an "absolute" truth the statement that the +essential factors in economic production are land, capital and +labour--when this is offered as an axiom whence all sorts of other +important truths may be deduced--it is needful to remember that the +assertion is true only with a qualification. Undoubtedly "vital +capital" is essential; for, as we have seen, no human work can be done +unless it exists, not even that internal work of the body which is +necessary to passive life. But, with respect to labour (that is, human +labour) I hope to have left no doubt on the reader's mind that, in +regard to production, the importance of human labour may be so small as +to be almost a vanishing quantity. + + +CCLXIII + +The one thing needful for economic production is the green plant, as the +sole producer of vital capital from natural inorganic bodies. Men might +exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and without land; without +plants they must inevitably perish. + + +CCLXIV + +Since no amount of labour can produce an ounce of food-stuff beyond the +maximum producible by a limited number of plants, under the most +favourable circumstances in regard to those conditions which are not +affected by labour, it follows that, if the number of men to be fed +increases indefinitely, a time must come when some will have to starve. +That is the essence of the so-called Malthusian doctrine; and it is a +truth which, to my mind, is as plain as the general proposition that a +quantity which constantly increases will, some time or other, exceed any +greater quantity the amount of which is fixed. + + +CCLXV + +"Virtually" is apt to cover more intellectual sins than "charity" does +moral delicts. + + +CCLXVI + +The notion that the value of a thing bears any necessary relation to the +amount of labour (average or otherwise) bestowed upon it, is a fallacy +which needs no further refutation than it has already received. The +average amount of labour bestowed upon warming-pans confers no value +upon them in the eyes of a Gold-Coast negro; nor would an Esquimaux give +a slice of blubber for the most elaborate of ice-machines. + + +CCLXVII + +Who has ever imagined that wealth which, in the hands of an employer, is +capital, ceases to be capital if it is in the hands of a labourer? +Suppose a workman to be paid thirty shillings on Saturday evening for +six days' labour, that thirty shillings comes out of the employer's +capital, and receives the name of "wages" simply because it is exchanged +for labour. In the workman's pocket, as he goes home, it is a part of +his capital, in exactly the same sense as, half an hour before, it was +part of the employer's capital; he is a capitalist just as much as if he +were a Rothschild. + + +CCLXVIII + +I think it may be not too much to say that, of all the political +delusions which are current in this queer world, the very stupidest are +those which assume that labour and capital are necessarily +antagonistic; that all capital is produced by labour and therefore, by +natural right, is the property of the labourer; that the possessor of +capital is a robber who preys on the workman and appropriates to himself +that which he has had no share in producing. + +On the contrary, capital and labour are necessarily, close allies; +capital is never a product of human labour alone; it exists apart from +human labour; it is the necessary antecedent of labour; and it furnishes +the materials on which labour is employed. The only indispensable form +of capital--vital capital--cannot be produced by human labour. All that +man can do is to favour its formation by the real producers. There is no +intrinsic relation between the amount of labour bestowed on an article +and its value in exchange. The claim of labour to the total result of +operations which are rendered possible only by capital is simply an _a +priori_ iniquity. + + +CCLXIX + +The vast and varied procession of events, which we call Nature, affords +a sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible wealth of attractive problems +to the speculative observer. If we confine our attention to that aspect +which engages the attention of the intellect, nature appears a beautiful +and harmonious whole, the incarnation of a faultless logical process, +from certain premisses in the past to an inevitable conclusion in the +future. But if it be regarded from a less elevated, though more human, +point of view; if our moral sympathies are allowed to influence our +judgment, and we permit ourselves to criticize our great mother as we +criticize one another; then our verdict, at least so far as sentient +nature is concerned, can hardly be so favourable. + +In sober truth, to those who have made a study of the phenomena of life +as they are exhibited by the higher forms of the animal world, the +optimistic dogma, that this is the best of all possible worlds, will +seem little better than a libel upon possibility. It is really only +another instance to be added to the many extant, of the audacity of _a +priori_ speculators who, having created God in their own image, find no +difficulty in assuming that the Almighty must have been actuated by the +same motives as themselves. They are quite sure that, had any other +course been practicable, He would no more have made infinite suffering a +necessary ingredient of His handiwork than a respectable philosopher +would have done the like. + +But even the modified optimism of the time-honoured thesis of +physico-theology, that the sentient world is, on the whole, regulated by +principles of benevolence, does but ill stand the test of impartial +confrontation with the facts of the case. No doubt it is quite true that +sentient nature affords hosts of examples of subtle contrivances +directed towards the production of pleasure or the avoidance of pain; +and it may be proper to say that these are evidences of benevolence. But +if so, why is it not equally proper to say of the equally numerous +arrangements, the no less necessary result of which is the production of +pain, that they are evidences of malevolence? + +If a vast amount of that which, in a piece of human workmanship, we +should call skill, is visible in those parts of the organization of a +deer to which it owes its ability to escape from beasts of prey, there +is at least equal skill displayed in that bodily mechanism of the wolf +which enables him to track, and sooner or later to bring down, the deer. +Viewed under the dry light of science, deer and wolf are alike +admirable; and, if both were non-sentient automata, there would be +nothing to qualify our admiration of the action of the one on the other. +But the fact that the deer suffers, while the wolf inflicts suffering, +engages our moral sympathies. We should call men like the deer innocent +and good, men such as the wolf malignant and bad; we should call those +who defended the deer and aided him to escape brave and compassionate, +and those who helped the wolf in his bloody work base and cruel. Surely, +if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at +all, we must do so impartially. In that case, the goodness of the right +hand which helps the deer, and wickedness of the left hand which eggs on +the wolf, will neutralize one another: and the course of nature will +appear to be neither moral nor immoral, but non-moral. + +This conclusion is thrust upon us by analogous facts in every part of +the sentient world; yet, inasmuch as it not only jars upon prevalent +prejudices, but arouses the natural dislike to that which is painful, +much ingenuity has been exercised in devising an escape from it. + + +CCLXX + +From the point of view of the moralist the animal world is on about the +same level as a gladiator's show. The creatures are fairly well treated, +and set to fight--whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the +cunningest live to fight another day. The spectator has no need to turn +his thumbs down, as no quarter is given. He must admit that the skill +and training displayed are wonderful. But he must shut his eyes if he +would not see that more or less enduring suffering is the meed of both +vanquished and victor. And since the great game is going on in every +corner of the world, thousands of times a minute; since, were our ears +sharp enough, we need not descend to the gates of hell to hear-- + + sospiri, pianti, ed alti guai. + + * * * * * + + Voci alte e fioche, e suon di man con elle + +--it seems to follow that, if this world is governed by benevolence, it +must be a different sort of benevolence from that of John Howard. + + +CCLXXI + +This may not be the best of all possible worlds, but to say that it is +the worst is mere petulant nonsense. A worn-out voluptuary may find +nothing good under the sun, or a vain and inexperienced youth, who +cannot get the moon he cries for, may vent his irritation in pessimistic +moanings; but there can be no doubt in the mind of any reasonable person +that mankind could, would, and in fact do, get on fairly well with +vastly less happiness and far more misery than find their way into the +lives of nine people out of ten. If each and all of us had been visited +by an attack of neuralgia, or of extreme mental depression, for one hour +in every twenty-four--a supposition which many tolerably vigorous people +know, to their cost, is not extravagant--the burden of life would have +been immensely increased without much practical hindrance to its general +course. Men with any manhood in them find life quite worth living under +worse conditions than these. + + +CCLXXII + +There is another sufficiently obvious fact, which renders the hypothesis +that the course of sentient nature is dictated by malevolence quite +untenable. A vast multitude of pleasures, and these among the purest and +the best, are superfluities, bits of good which are to all appearance +unnecessary as inducements to live, and are, so to speak, thrown into +the bargain of life. To those who experience them, few delights can be +more entrancing than such as are afforded by natural beauty, or by the +arts, and especially by music; but they are products of, rather than +factors in, evolution, and it is probable that they are known, in any +considerable degree, to but a very small proportion of mankind. + + +CCLXXIII + +The conclusion of the whole matter seems to be that, if Ormuzd has not +had his way in this world, neither has Ahriman. Pessimism is as little +consonant with the facts of sentient existence as optimism. If we desire +to represent the course of nature in terms of human thought, and assume +that it was intended to be that which it is, we must say that its +governing principle is intellectual and not moral; that it is a +materialized logical process, accompanied by pleasures and pains, the +incidence of which, in the majority of cases, has not the slightest +reference to moral desert. That the rain falls alike upon the just and +the unjust, and that those upon whom the Tower of Siloam fell were no +worse than their neighbours, seem to be Oriental modes of expressing the +same conclusion. + + +CCLXXIV + +In the strict sense of the word "nature," it denotes the sum of the +phenomenal world, of that which has been, and is, and will be; and +society, like art, is therefore a part of nature. But it is convenient +to distinguish those parts of nature in which man plays the part of +immediate cause, as something apart; and therefore, society, like art, +is usefully to be considered as distinct from nature. It is the more +desirable, and even necessary, to make this distinction, since society +differs from nature in having a definite moral object; whence it comes +about that the course shaped by the ethical man--the member of society +or citizen--necessarily runs counter to that which the non-ethical +man--the primitive savage, or man as a mere member of the animal +kingdom--tends to adopt. The latter fights out the struggle for +existence to the bitter end, like any other animal; the former devotes +his best energies to the object of setting limits to the struggle. + + +CCLXXV + +The first men who substituted the state of mutual peace for that of +mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them to take that step, +created society. But, in establishing peace, they obviously put a limit +upon the struggle for existence. Between the members of that society, at +any rate, it was not to be pursued _ŕ outrance_. And of all the +successive shapes which society has taken, that most nearly approaches +perfection in which the war of individual against individual is most +strictly limited. The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appropriated +whatever took his fancy, and killed whosoever opposed him, if he could. +On the contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his freedom of +action to a sphere in which he does not interfere with the freedom of +others; he seeks the common weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as an +essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both end and means with +him; and he founds his life on a more or less complete self-restraint, +which is the negation of the unlimited struggle for existence. He tries +to escape from his place in the animal kingdom, founded on the free +development of the principle of non-moral evolution, and to establish a +kingdom of Man, governed upon the principle of moral evolution. For +society not only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social life, is +embodied morality. + + +CCLXXVI + +I was once talking with a very eminent physician[4] about the _vis +medicatrix naturć_. "Stuff!" said he; "nine times out of ten nature does +not want to cure the man: she wants to put him in his coffin." + + [4] The late Sir W. Gull. + + +CCLXXVII + +Let us look at home. For seventy years peace and industry have had their +way among us with less interruption and under more favourable conditions +than in any other country on the face of the earth. The wealth of +Croesus was nothing to that which we have accumulated, and our +prosperity has filled the world with envy. But Nemesis did not forget +Croes: has she forgotten us? + + +CCLXXVIII + +Judged by an ethical standard, nothing can be less satisfactory than the +position in which we find ourselves. In a real, though incomplete, +degree we have attained the condition of peace which is the main object +of social organization; and, for argument's sake, it may be assumed that +we desire nothing but that which is in itself innocent and +praiseworthy--namely, the enjoyment of the fruits of honest industry. +And lo! in spite of ourselves, we are in reality engaged in an +internecine struggle for existence with our presumably no less peaceful +and well-meaning neighbours. We seek peace and we do not ensue it. The +moral nature in us asks for no more than is compatible with the general +good; the non-moral nature proclaims and acts upon that fine old +Scottish family motto, "Thou shalt starve ere I want." Let us be under +no illusions, then. So long as unlimited multiplication goes on, no +social organization which has ever been devised, or is likely to be +devised, no fiddle-faddling with the distribution of wealth, will +deliver society from the tendency to be destroyed by the reproduction +within itself, in its intensest form, of that struggle for existence the +limitation of which is the object of society. And however shocking to +the moral sense this eternal competition of man against man and of +nation against nation may be; however revolting may be the accumulation +of misery at the negative pole of society, in contrast with that of +monstrous wealth at the positive pole; this state of things must abide, +and grow continually worse, so long as Istar holds her way unchecked. It +is the true riddle of the Sphinx; and every nation which does not solve +it will sooner or later be devoured by the monster itself has generated. + + +CCLXXIX + +It would be folly to entertain any ill-feeling towards those neighbours +and rivals who, like ourselves, are slaves of Istar; but if somebody +is to be starved, the modern world has no Oracle of Delphi to which the +nations can appeal for an indication of the victim. It is open to us to +try our fortune; and, if we avoid impending fate, there will be a +certain ground for believing that we are the right people to escape. +_Securus judicat orbis._ + +To this end, it is well to look into the necessary conditions of our +salvation by works. They are two, one plain to all the world and hardly +needing insistence; the other seemingly not so plain, since too often it +has been theoretically and practically left out of sight. The obvious +condition is that our produce shall be better than that of others. There +is only one reason why our goods should be preferred to those of our +rivals--our customers must find them better at the price. That means +that we must use more knowledge, skill, and industry in producing them, +without a proportionate increase in the cost of production; and, as the +price of labour constitutes a large element in that cost, the rate of +wages must be restricted within certain limits. It is perfectly true +that cheap production and cheap labour are by no means synonymous; but +it is also true that wages cannot increase beyond a certain proportion +without destroying cheapness. Cheapness, then, with, as part and parcel +of cheapness, a moderate price of labour, is essential to our success as +competitors in the markets of the world. + +The second condition is really quite as plainly indispensable as the +first, if one thinks seriously about the matter. It is social stability. +Society is stable when the wants of its members obtain as much +satisfaction as, life being what it is, common sense and experience show +may be reasonably expected. Mankind, in general, care very little for +forms of government or ideal considerations of any sort; and nothing +really stirs the great multitude to break with custom and incur the +manifest perils of revolt except the belief that misery in this world, +or damnation in the next, or both, are threatened by the continuance of +the state of things in which they have been brought up. But when they do +attain that conviction, society becomes as unstable as a package of +dynamite, and a very small matter will produce the explosion which sends +it back to the chaos of savagery. + + +CCLXXX + +Intelligence, knowledge, and skill are undoubtedly conditions of +success; but of what avail are they likely to be unless they are backed +up by honesty, energy, goodwill, and all the physical and moral +faculties that go to the making of manhood, and unless they are +stimulated by hope of such reward as men may fairly look to? And what +dweller in the slough of want, dwarfed in body and soul, demoralized, +hopeless, can reasonably be expected to possess these qualities? + + +CCLXXXI + +I am as strongly convinced as the most pronounced individualist can be, +that it is desirable that every man should be free to act in every way +which does not limit the corresponding freedom of his fellow-man. But I +fail to connect that great induction of political science with the +practical corollary which is frequently drawn from it: that the +State--that is, the people in their corporate capacity--has no business +to meddle with anything but the administration of justice and external +defence. It appears to me that the amount of freedom which incorporate +society may fitly leave to its members is not a fixed quantity, to be +determined _a priori_ by deduction from the fiction called "natural +rights"; but that it must be determined by and vary with, circumstances. +I conceive it to be demonstrable that the higher and the more complex +the organization of the social body, the more closely is the life of +each member bound up with that of the whole; and the larger becomes the +category of acts which cease to be merely self-regarding, and which +interfere with the freedom of others more or less seriously. + +If a squatter, living ten miles away from any neighbour, chooses to burn +his house down to get rid of vermin, there may be no necessity (in the +absence of insurance offices) that the law should interfere with his +freedom of action; his act can hurt nobody but himself. But, if the +dweller in a street chooses to do the same thing, the State very +properly makes such a proceeding a crime, and punishes it as such. He +does meddle with his neighbour's freedom, and that seriously. So it +might, perhaps, be a tenable doctrine, that it would be needless, and +even tyrannous, to make education compulsory in a sparse agricultural +population, living in abundance on the produce of its own soil; but, in +a densely populated manufacturing country, struggling for existence with +competitors, every ignorant person tends to become a burden upon, and, +so far, an infringer of the liberty of, his fellows, and an obstacle to +their success. Under such circumstances an education rate is, in fact, a +war tax, levied for purposes of defence. + + +CCLXXXII + +That State action always has been more or less misdirected, and always +will be so, is, I believe, perfectly true. But I am not aware that it +is more true of the action of men in their corporate capacity than it is +of the doings of individuals. The wisest and most dispassionate man in +existence, merely wishing to go from one stile in a field to the +opposite, will not walk quite straight--he is always going a little +wrong, and always correcting himself; and I can only congratulate the +individualist who is able to say that his general course of life has +been of a less undulatory character. To abolish State action, because +its direction is never more than approximately correct, appears to me to +be much the same thing as abolishing the man at the wheel altogether, +because, do what he will, the ship yaws more or less. "Why should I be +robbed of my property to pay for teaching another man's children?" is an +individualist question, which is not unfrequently put as if it settled +the whole business. Perhaps it does, but I find difficulties in seeing +why it should. The parish in which I live makes me pay my share for the +paving and lighting of a great many streets that I never pass through; +and I might plead that I am robbed to smooth the way and lighten the +darkness of other people. But I am afraid the parochial authorities +would not let me off on this plea; and I must confess I do not see why +they should. + + +CCLXXXIII + +I cannot speak of my own knowledge, but I have every reason to believe +that I came into this world a small reddish person, certainly without a +gold spoon in my mouth, and in fact with no discernible abstract or +concrete "rights" or property of any description. If a foot was not set +upon me at once, as a squalling nuisance, it was either the natural +affection of those about me, which I certainly had done nothing to +deserve, or the fear of the law which, ages before my birth, was +painfully built up by the society into which I intruded, that prevented +that catastrophe. If I was nourished, cared for, taught, saved from the +vagabondage of a wastrel, I certainly am not aware that I did anything +to deserve those advantages. And, if I possess anything now, it strikes +me that, though I may have fairly earned my day's wages for my day's +work, and may justly call them my property--yet, without that +organization of society, created out of the toil and blood of long +generations before my time, I should probably have had nothing but a +flint axe and an indifferent hut to call my own; and even those would be +mine only so long as no stronger savage came my way. + +So that if society, having, quite gratuitously, done all these things +for me, asks me in turn to do something towards its preservation--even +if that something is to contribute to the teaching of other men's +children--I really, in spite of all my individualist learnings, feel +rather ashamed to say no. And, if I were not ashamed, I cannot say that +I think that society would be dealing unjustly with me in converting the +moral obligation into a legal one. There is a manifest unfairness in +letting all the burden be borne by the willing horse. + + +CCLXXXIV + +It is impossible to insist too strongly upon the fact that efficient +teachers of science and of technology are not to be made by the +processes in vogue at ordinary training colleges. The memory loaded with +mere bookwork is not the thing wanted--is, in fact, rather worse than +useless--in the teacher of scientific subjects. It is absolutely +essential that his mind should be full of knowledge and not of mere +learning, and that what he knows should have been learned in the +laboratory rather than in the library. + + +CCLXXXV + +The attempt to form a just conception of the value of work done in any +department of human knowledge, and of its significance as an indication +of the intellectual and moral qualities of which it was the product, is +an undertaking which must always be beset with difficulties, and may +easily end in making the limitations of the appraiser more obvious than +the true worth of that which he appraises. For the judgment of a +contemporary is liable to be obscured by intellectual incompatibilities +and warped by personal antagonisms; while the critic of a later +generation, though he may escape the influence of these sources of +error, is often ignorant, or forgetful, of the conditions under which +the labours of his predecessors have been carried on. He is prone to +lose sight of the fact that without their clearing of the ground and +rough-hewing of the foundation-stones, the stately edifice of later +builders could not have been erected. + + +CCLXXXVI + +The vulgar antithesis of fact and theory is founded on a misconception +of the nature of scientific theory, which is, or ought to be, no more +than the expression of fact in a general form. Whatever goes beyond such +expression is hypothesis; and hypotheses are not ends, but means. They +should be regarded as instruments by which new lines of inquiry are +indicated; or by the aid of which a provisional coherency and +intelligibility may be given to seemingly disconnected groups of +phenomena. The most useful of servants to the man of science, they are +the worst of masters. And when the establishment of the hypothesis +becomes the end, and fact is alluded to only so far as it suits the +"Idee," science has no longer anything to do with the business. + + +CCLXXXVII + +Scientific observation tell us that living birds form a group or class +of animals, through which a certain form of skeleton runs; and that this +kind of skeleton differs in certain well-defined characters from that of +mammals. On the other hand, if anyone utterly ignorant of osteology, but +endowed with the artistic sense of form, were set before a bird skeleton +and a mammalian skeleton, he would at once see that the two were similar +and yet different. Very likely he would be unable to give clear +expression to his just sense of the differences and resemblances; +perhaps he would make great mistakes in detail if he tried. +Nevertheless, he would be able to draw from memory a couple of sketches, +in which all the salient points of likeness and unlikeness would be +reproduced with sufficient accuracy. The mere osteologist, however +accurately he might put the resemblances and differences into words, if +he lacked the artistic visualising faculty, might be hopelessly +incompetent to perform any such feat; lost in details, it might not even +occur to him that it was possible; or, still more probably, the habit of +looking for differences might impair the perception of resemblances. + +Under these circumstances, the artist might be led to higher and broader +views, and thus be more useful to the progress of science than the +osteological expert. Not that the former attains the higher truth by a +different method; for the way of reaching truth is one and indivisible. +Whether he knows it or not, the artist has made a generalization from +two sets of facts, which is perfectly scientific in form; and +trustworthy so far as it rests upon the direct perception of +similarities and dissimilarities. The only peculiarity of the artistic +application of scientific method lies in the artist's power of +visualizing the result of his mental processes, of embodying the facts +of resemblance in a visible "type," and of showing the manner in which +the differences may be represented as modifications of that type; he +does, in fact, instinctively, what an architect, who desires to +demonstrate the community of plan in certain ancient temples, does by +the methodical construction of plans, sections, and elevations, the +comparison of which will furnish him with the "type" of such temples. + +Thus, what I may term the artistic fashion of dealing with anatomy is +not only perfectly legitimate, but has been of great utility. The harm +of it does not begin until the attempt is made to get more out of this +visual projection of thought than it contains; until the origin of the +notion of "type" is forgotten and the speculative philosopher deludes +himself with the supposition that the generalization suggested by fact +is an "Idea" of the Pure Reason, with which fact must, somehow or other, +be made to agree. + + +CCLXXXVIII + +Flowers are the primers of the morphologist; those who run may read in +them uniformity of type amidst endless diversity, singleness of plan +with complex multiplicity of detail. As a musician might say, every +natural group of flowering plants is a sort of visible fugue, wandering +about a central theme which is never forsaken, however it may, +momentarily, cease to be apparent. + + +CCLXXXIX + +Like all the really great men of literature, Goethe added some of the +qualities of the man of science to those of the artist, especially the +habit of careful and patient observation of Nature. The great poet was +no mere book-learned speculator. His acquaintance with mineralogy, +geology, botany and osteology, the fruit of long and wide studies, would +have sufficed to satisfy the requirements of a professoriate in those +days, if only he could have pleaded ignorance of everything else. +Unfortunately for Goethe's credit with his scientific contemporaries, +and, consequently, for the attention attracted by his work, he did not +come forward as a man of science until the public had ranged him among +the men of literature. And when the little men have thus classified a +big man, they consider that the last word has been said about him; it +appears to the thought hardly decent on his part if he venture to stray +beyond the speciality they have assigned to him. It does not seem to +occur to them that a clear intellect is an engine capable of supplying +power to all sorts of mental factories; nor to admit that, as Goethe +somewhere pathetically remarks, a man may have a right to live for +himself as well as for the public; to follow the line of work that +happens to interest him, rather than that which interests them. + +On the face of the matter it is not obvious that the brilliant poet had +less chance of doing good service in natural science than the dullest of +dissectors and nomenclators. Indeed, as I have endeavoured to indicate, +there was considerable reason, a hundred years ago, for thinking that an +infusion of the artistic way of looking at things might tend to revivify +the somewhat mummified body of technical zoology and botany. Great ideas +were floating about; the artistic apprehension was needed to give these +airy nothings a local habitation and a name; to convert vague +suppositions into definite hypotheses. And I apprehend that it was just +this service which Goethe rendered by writing his essays on the +intermaxillary bone, on osteology generally, and on the metamorphoses of +plants. + + +CCXC + +All this is mere justice to Goethe; but, as it is the unpleasant duty of +the historian to do justice upon, as well as to, great men, it behoves +me to add that the germs of the worst faults of later speculative +morphologists are no less visible in his writings than their great +merits. In the artist-philosopher there was, at best, a good deal more +artist than philosopher; and when Goethe ventured into the regions which +belong to pure science, this excess of a virtue had all the consequences +of a vice. "Trennen und zahlen lag nicht in meiner Natur," says he; but +the mental operations of which "analysis and numeration" are partial +expressions are indispensable for every step of progress beyond happy +glimpses, even in morphology; while, in physiology and in physics, +failure in the most exact performance of these operations involves sheer +disaster, as indeed Goethe was afforded abundant opportunity of +learning. Yet he never understood the sharp lessons he received, and put +down to malice, or prejudice, the ill-reception of his unfortunate +attempts to deal with purely physical problems. + + +CCXCI + +There was never any lack of the scientific imagination about the great +anatomist; and the charge of indifference to general ideas, sometimes +brought against him, is stupidly unjust. But Cuvier was one of those +happily endowed persons in whom genius never parts company with +common-sense; and whose perception of the importance of sound method is +so great that they look at even a truth, hit upon by those who pursue an +essentially vicious method, with the sort of feeling with which an +honest trader regards the winnings of a gambler. They hold it better to +remain poor than obtain riches by the road that, as a rule, leads to +ruin. + + +CCXCII + +The irony of history is nowhere more apparent than in science. Here we +see the men, over whose minds the coming events of the world of biology +cast their shadows, doing their best to spoil their case in stating it; +while the man who represented sound scientific method is doing his best +to stay the inevitable progress of thought and bolster up antiquated +traditions. The progress of knowledge during the last seventy years +enables us to see that neither Geoffroy, nor Cuvier, was altogether +right nor altogether wrong; and that they were meant to hunt in couples +instead of pulling against one another. Science has need of servants of +very different qualifications; of artistic constructors no less than of +men of business; of people to design her palaces and of others to see +that the materials are sound and well-fitted together; of some to spur +investigators, and of others to keep their heads cool. The only would-be +servants, who are entirely unprofitable, are those who do not take the +trouble to interrogate Nature, but imagine vain things about her; and +spin, from their inner consciousness, webs, as exquisitely symmetrical +as those of the most geometrical of spiders, but alas! as easily torn to +pieces by some inconsidered bluebottle of a fact. + + +CCXCIII + +There is always a Cape Horn in one's life that one either weathers or +wrecks one's self on. + + +CCXCIV + +A Local Museum should be exactly what its name implies, viz., +"Local"--illustrating local Geology, local Botany, local Zoology, and +local Archćology. + +Such a museum, if residents who are interested in these sciences take +proper pains, may be brought to a great degree of perfection and be +unique of its kind. It will tell both natives and strangers exactly what +they want to know, and possess great scientific interest and importance. +Whereas the ordinary lumber-room of clubs from New Zealand, Hindoo +idols, sharks' teeth, mangy monkeys, scorpions, and conch shells--who +shall describe the weary inutility of it? It is really worse than +nothing, because it leads the unwary to look for the objects of science +elsewhere than under their noses. What they want to know is that their +"America is here," as Wilhelm Meister has it. + + +CCXCV + +A man who speaks out honestly and fearlessly that which he knows, and +that which he believes, will always enlist the goodwill and the respect, +however much he may fail in winning the assent, of his fellow men. + + +CCXCVI + +Science and literature are not two things, but two sides of one thing. + + +CCXCVII + +I neither deny nor affirm the immortality of man. I see no reason for +believing in it, but, on the other hand, I have no means of disproving +it. + +I have no _a priori_ objections to the doctrine. No man who has to deal +daily and hourly with nature can trouble himself about _a priori_ +difficulties. Give me such evidence as would justify me in believing +anything else, and I will believe that. Why should I not? It is not half +so wonderful as the conservation of force, or the indestructibility of +matter. + +Whoso clearly appreciates all that is implied in the falling of a stone +can have no difficulty about any doctrine simply on account of its +marvellousness. But the longer I live, the more obvious it is to me that +the most sacred act of a man's life is to say and to feel, "I believe +such and such to be true." All the greatest rewards and all the heaviest +penalties of existence cling about that act. The universe is one and the +same throughout; and if the condition of my success in unravelling some +little difficulty of anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously +refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on sufficient evidence, +I cannot believe that the great mysteries of existence will be laid open +to me on other terms. + + +CCXCVIII + +I cannot conceive of my personality as a thing apart from the phenomena +of my life. When I try to form such a conception I discover that, as +Coleridge would have said, I only hypostatize a word, and it alters +nothing if, with Fichte, I suppose the universe to be nothing but a +manifestation of my personality. I am neither more nor less eternal than +I was before. + + +CCXCIX + +I do not know whether the animals persist after they disappear or not. I +do not even know whether the infinite difference between us and them may +not be compensated by _their_ persistence and _my_ cessation after +apparent death, just as the humble bulb of an annual lives, whilst the +glorious flowers it has put forth die away. + + +CCC + +My business is to teach my aspirations to confirm themselves to fact, +not to try and make facts harmonize with my aspirations. + + +CCCI + +Science seems to me to teach in the highest and strongest manner the +great truth which is embodied in the Christian conception of entire +surrender to the will of God. Sit down before fact as a little child, be +prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever +and to whatever abysses nature leads, or you shall learn nothing. I have +only begun to learn content and peace of mind since I have resolved at +all risks to do this. + + +CCCII + +There are, however, other arguments commonly brought forward in favour +of the immortality of man, which are to my mind not only delusive but +mischievous. The one is the notion that the moral government of the +world is imperfect without a system of future rewards and punishments. +The other is: that such a system is indispensable to practical morality. +I believe that both these dogmas are very mischievous lies. + +With respect to the first, I am no optimist, but I have the firmest +belief that the Divine Government (if we may use such a phrase to +express the sum of the "customs of matter") is wholly just. The more I +know intimately of the lives of other men (to say nothing of my own), +the more obvious it is to me that the wicked does _not_ flourish nor is +the righteous punished. But for this to be clear we must bear in mind +what almost all forget, that the rewards of life are contingent upon +obedience to the _whole_ law--physical as well as moral--and that moral +obedience will not atone for physical sin, or _vice versa_. + + +CCCIII + +The ledger of the Almighty is strictly kept, and every one of us has the +balance of his operations paid over to him at the end of every minute of +his existence. + +Life cannot exist without a certain conformity to the surrounding +universe--that conformity involves a certain amount of happiness in +excess of pain. In short, as we live we are paid for living. + + +CCCIV + +It is to be recollected in view of the apparent discrepancy between +men's acts and their rewards that Nature is juster than we. She takes +into account what a man brings with him into the world, which human +justice cannot do. If I, born a bloodthirsty and savage brute, +inheriting these qualities from others, kill you, my fellow-men will +very justly hang me, but I shall not be visited with the horrible +remorse which would be my real punishment if, my nature being higher, I +had done the same thing. + + +CCCV + +The absolute justice of the system of things is as clear to me as any +scientific fact. The gravitation of sin to sorrow is as certain as that +of the earth to the sun, and more so--for experimental proof of the fact +is within reach of us all--nay, is before us all in our own lives, if we +had but the eyes to see it. + + +CCCVI + +Not only do I disbelieve in the need for compensation, but I believe +that the seeking for rewards and punishments out of this life leads men +to a ruinous ignorance of the fact that their inevitable rewards and +punishments are here. + + +CCCVII + +If the expectation of hell hereafter can keep me from evil-doing, surely +_a fortiori_ the certainty of hell now will do so? If a man could be +firmly impressed with the belief that stealing damaged him as much as +swallowing arsenic would do (and it does), would not the dissuasive +force of that belief be greater than that of any based on mere future +expectations? + + +CCCVIII + +As I stood behind the coffin of my little son the other day, with my +mind bent on anything but disputation, the officiating minister read, as +a part of his duty, the words, "If the dead rise not again, let us eat +and drink, for to-morrow we die." I cannot tell you how inexpressibly +they shocked me. Paul had neither wife nor child, or he must have known +that his alternative involved a blasphemy against all that was best and +noblest in human nature. I could have laughed with scorn. What! because +I am face to face with irreparable loss, because I have given back to +the source from whence it came, the cause of a great happiness, still +retaining through all my life the blessings which have sprung and will +spring from that cause, I am to renounce my manhood, and, howling, +grovel in bestiality? Why, the very apes know better, and if you shoot +their young the poor brutes grieve their grief out and do not +immediately seek distraction in a gorge. + + +CCCIX + +He had intellect to comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of +character to do it; which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his +life than that? For such a man there can be no fear in facing the great +unknown, his life has been one long experience of the substantial +justice of the laws by which this world is governed, and he will calmly +trust to them still as he lays his head down for his long sleep. + + +CCCX + +Whether astronomy and geology can or cannot be made to agree with the +statements as to the matters of fact laid down in Genesis--whether the +Gospels are historically true or not--are matters of comparatively small +moment in the face of the impassable gulf between the anthropomorphism +(however refined) of theology and the passionless impersonality of the +unknown and unknowable which science shows everywhere underlying the +thin veil of phenomena. + + +CCCXI + +I am too much a believer in Butler and in the great principle of the +"Analogy" that "there is no absurdity in theology so great that you +cannot parallel it by a greater absurdity of Nature" (it is not +commonly stated in this way), to have any difficulties about miracles. I +have never had the least sympathy with the _a priori_ reasons against +orthodoxy, and I have by nature and disposition the greatest possible +antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school. + + +CCCXII + +This universe is, I conceive, like to a great game being played out, and +we poor mortals are allowed to take a hand. By great good fortune the +wiser among us have made out some few of the rules of the game, as at +present played. We call them "Laws of Nature," and honour them because +we find that if we obey them we win something for our pains. The cards +are our theories and hypotheses, the tricks our experimental +verifications. But what sane man would endeavour to solve this problem: +given the rules of a game and the winnings, to find whether the cards +are made of pasteboard or gold-leaf? Yet the problem of the +metaphysicians is to my mind no saner. + + +CCCXIII + +I have not the smallest sentimental sympathy with the negro; don't +believe in him at all, in short. But it is clear to me that slavery +means, for the white man, bad political economy; bad social morality; +bad internal political organisation, and a bad influence upon free +labour and freedom all over the world. + + +CCCXIV + +At the present time the important question for England is not the +duration of her coal, but the due comprehension of the truths of +science, and the labours of her scientific men. + + +CCCXV + +It is better for a man to go wrong in freedom than to go right in +chains. + + +CCCXVI + +A good book is comparable to a piece of meat, and fools are as flies who +swarm to it, each for the purpose of depositing and hatching his own +particular maggot of an idea. + + +CCCXVII + +Children work a greater metamorphosis in men than any other condition of +life. They ripen one wonderfully and make life ten times better worth +having than it was. + + +CCCXVIII + +Teach a child what is wise, that is _morality_. Teach him what is wise +and beautiful, that is _religion_! + + +CCCXIX + +People may talk about intellectual teaching, but what we principally +want is the moral teaching. + + +CCCXX + +We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater than that which +preceded and produced the Reformation, and really only the continuation +of that movement. But there is nothing new in the ideas which lie at the +bottom of the movement, nor is any reconcilement possible between free +thought and traditional authority. One or other will have to succumb +after a struggle of unknown duration, which will have as side issues +vast political and social troubles. I have no more doubt that free +thought will win in the long run than I have that I sit here writing to +you, or that this free thought will organize itself into a coherent +system, embracing human life and the world as one harmonious whole. But +this organization will be the work of generations of men, and those who +further it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, and to +rest in no verbal delusions. + + +CCCXXI + +Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the consequences. No good is +ever done in this world by hesitation. + + +CCCXXII + +The world is neither wise nor just, but it makes up for all its folly +and injustice by being damnably sentimental. + + +CCCXXIII + +Without seeing any reason to believe that women are, on the average, so +strong physically, intellectually, or morally, as men, I cannot shut my +eyes to the fact that many women are much better endowed in all these +respects than many men, and I am at a loss to understand on what grounds +of justice or public policy a career which is open to the weakest and +most foolish of the male sex should be forcibly closed to women of +vigour and capacity. + + +CCCXXIV + +We have heard a great deal lately about the physical disabilities of +women. Some of these alleged impediments, no doubt, are really inherent +in their organization, but nine-tenths of them are artificial--the +products of their modes of life. I believe that nothing would tend so +effectually to get rid of these creations of idleness, weariness, and +that "over stimulation of the emotions" which, in plainer-spoken days, +used to be called wantonness, than a fair share of healthy work, +directed towards a definite object, combined with an equally fair share +of healthy play, during the years of adolescence; and those who are best +acquainted with the acquirements of an average medical practitioner will +find it hardest to believe that the attempt to reach that standard is +like to prove exhausting to an ordinarily intelligent and well-educated +young woman. + + +CCCXXV + +The only good that I can see in the demonstration of the truth of +"Spiritualism" is to furnish an additional argument against suicide. +Better live a crossing-sweeper than die and be made to talk twaddle by a +"medium" hired at a guinea a _séance_. + + +CCCXXVI + +I ask myself--suppose you knew that by inflicting prolonged pain on 100 +rabbits you could discover a way to the extirpation of leprosy, or +consumption, or locomotor ataxy, or of suicidal melancholia among human +beings, dare you refuse to inflict that pain? Now I am quite unable to +say that I dare. That sort of daring would seem to me to be extreme +moral cowardice, to involve gross inconsistency. + +For the advantage and protection of society, we all agree to inflict +pain upon man--pain of the most prolonged and acute character--in our +prisons, and on our battlefields. If England were invaded, we should +have no hesitation about inflicting the maximum of suffering upon our +invaders for no other object than our own good. + +But if the good of society and of a nation is a sufficient plea for +inflicting pain on men, I think it may suffice us for experimenting on +rabbits or dogs. + +At the same time, I think that a heavy moral responsibility rests on +those who perform experiments of the second kind. + +The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is a crime; pity is that +so many of those who (as I think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget +that the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in the act of +inflicting pain _per se_. + + +CCCXXVII + +The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, is the moral worth +and intellectual clearness of the individual citizen. Education cannot +give these, but it can cherish them and bring them to the front in +whatever station of society they are to be found, and the universities +ought to be and may be, the fortresses of the higher life of the nation. + + +CCCXXVIII + +As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences of their sins affect +endless generations of their progeny. Men are tempted, men are punished +for the sins of others without merit or demerit of their own; and they +are tormented for their evil deeds as long as their consciousness lasts. + + +CCCXXIX + +I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous beliefs are punished, +and right beliefs are rewarded--though very often the erroneous belief +is based upon a more conscientious study of the facts than the right +belief. + + +CCCXXX + +If we are to assume that anybody has designedly set this wonderful +universe going, it is perfectly clear to me that he is no more entirely +benevolent and just in any intelligible sense of the words, than that he +is malevolent and unjust. Infinite benevolence need not have invented +pain and sorrow at all--infinite malevolence would very easily have +deprived us of the large measure of content and happiness that falls to +our lot. After all, Butler's "Analogy" is unassailable, and there is +nothing in theological dogmas more contradictory to our moral sense, +than is to be found in the facts of nature. From which, however, the +Bishop's conclusion that the dogmas are true doesn't follow. + + +CCCXXXI + +It appears to me that if every person who is engaged in an industry had +access to instruction in the scientific principles on which that +industry is based; in the mode of applying these principles to practice; +in the actual use of the means and appliances employed; in the language +of the people who know as much about the matter as we do ourselves; and +lastly, in the art of keeping accounts, Technical Education would have +done all that can be required of it. + + +CCCXXXII + +Though under-instruction is a bad thing, it is not impossible that +over-instruction may be worse. + + +CCCXXXIII + +There are two things I really care about--one is the progress of +scientific thought, and the other is the bettering of the condition of +the masses of the people by bettering them in the way of lifting +themselves out of the misery which has hitherto been the lot of the +majority of them. Posthumous fame is not particularly attractive to me, +but, if I am to be remembered at all, I would rather it should be as "a +man who did his best to help the people" than by other title. + + +CCCXXXIV + +I am of opinion that our Indian Empire is a curse to us. But so long as +we make up our minds to hold it, we must also make up our minds to do +those things which are needful to hold it effectually, and in the +long-run it will be found that so doing is real justice both for +ourselves, our subject population, and the Afghans themselves. + + +CCCXXXV + +The great thing in the world is not so much to seek happiness as to earn +peace and self-respect. + + +CCCXXXVI + +The more rapidly truth is spread among mankind the better it will be for +them. Only let us be sure that it is truth. + + +CCCXXXVII + +Your astonishment at the tenacity of life of fallacies, permit me to +say, is shockingly unphysiological. They, like other low organisms, are +independent of brains, and only wriggle the more, the more they are +smitten on the place where the brains ought to be. + + +CCCXXXVIII + +I don't know what you think about anniversaries. I like them, being +always minded to drink my cup of life to the bottom, and take my chance +of the sweets and bitters. + + +CCCXXXIX + +Of the few innocent pleasures left to men past middle life--the jamming +common-sense down the throats of fools is perhaps the keenest. + + +CCCXL + +Life is like walking along a crowded street--there always seem to be +fewer obstacles to getting along on the opposite pavement--and yet, if +one crosses over, matters are rarely mended. + + +CCCXLI + +The great thing one has to wish for as time goes on is vigour as long as +one lives, and death as soon as vigour flags. + + +CCCXLII + +Whether motion disintegrates or integrates is, I apprehend, a question +of conditions. A whirlpool in a stream may remain in the same spot for +any imaginable time. Yet it is the effect of the motion of the particles +of the water in that spot which continually integrate themselves into +the whirlpool and disintegrate themselves from it. The whirlpool is +permanent while the conditions last, though its constituents incessantly +change. Living bodies are just such whirlpools. Matter sets into them in +the shape of food,--sets out of them in the shape of waste products. +Their individuality lies in the constant maintenance of a characteristic +form, not in the preservation of material identity. + + +CCCXLIII + +Most of us are idolators, and ascribe divine powers to the abstractions +"Force," "Gravity," "Vitality," which our own brains have created. I do +not know anything about "inert" things in nature. If we reduce the world +to matter and motion, the matter is not "inert," inasmuch as the same +amount of motion affects different kinds of matter in different ways. To +go back to my own illustration. The fabric of the watch is not inert, +every particle of it is in violent and rapid motion, and the winding-up +simply perturbs the whole infinitely complicated system in a particular +fashion. Equilibrium means death, because life is a succession of +changes, while a changing equilibrium is a contradiction in terms. I am +not at all clear that a living being is comparable to a machine running +down. On this side of the question the whirlpool affords a better +parallel than the watch. If you dam the stream above or below, the +whirlpool dies; just as the living being does if you cut off its food, +or choke it with its own waste products. And if you alter the sides or +bottom of the stream you may kill the whirlpool, just as you kill the +animal by interfering with its structure. Heat and oxidation as a source +of heat appear to supply energy to the living machine, the molecular +structure of the germ furnishing the "sides and bottom of the stream," +that is, determining the results which the energy supplied shall +produce. + + +CCCXLIV + +I believe that history might be, and ought to be, taught in a new +fashion so as to make the meaning of it as a process of +evolution--intelligible to the young. + + +CCCXLV + +Government by average opinion is merely a circuitous method of going to +the devil; those who profess to lead but in fact slavishly follow this +average opinion are simply the fastest runners and the loudest squeakers +of the herd which is rushing blindly down to its destruction. + + +CCCXLVI + +It's very sad to lose your child just when he was beginning to bind +himself to you, and I don't know that it is much consolation to reflect +that the longer he had wound himself up in your heart-strings the worse +the tear would have been, which seems to have been inevitable sooner or +later. One does not weigh and measure these things while grief is fresh, +and in my experience a deep plunge into the waters of sorrow is the +hopefullest way of getting through them on to one's daily road of life +again. No one can help another very much in these crises of life; but +love and sympathy count for something. + + +CCCXLVII + +There is amazingly little evidence of "reverential care for unoffending +creation" in the arrangements of nature, that I can discover. If our +ears were sharp enough to hear all the cries of pain that are uttered in +the earth by men and beasts, we should be deafened by one continuous +scream! + +And yet the wealth of superfluous loveliness in the world condemns +pessimism. It is a hopeless riddle. + + +CCCXLVIII + +A man who has only half as much food as he needs is indubitably starved, +even though his short rations consist of ortolans and are served upon +gold plate. + + +CCCXLIX + +Economy does not lie in sparing money, but in spending it wisely. + + +CCCL + +We men of science, at any rate, hold ourselves morally bound to "try all +things and hold fast to that which is good"; and among public +benefactors, we reckon him who explodes old error, as next in rank to +him who discovers new truth. + + +CCCLI + +Whatever Linnćus may say, man is not a rational animal--especially in +his parental capacity. + + +CCCLII + +The inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter of history is just +as much a question of pure science as the inquiry into the truth or +falsehood of a matter of geology, and the value of evidence in the two +cases must be tested in the same way. If anyone tells me that the +evidence of the existence of man in the miocene epoch is as good as that +upon which I frequently act every day of my life, I reply that this is +quite true, but that it is no sort of reason for believing in the +existence of miocene man. + +Surely no one but a born fool can fail to be aware that we constantly, +and in very grave conjunctions, are obliged to act upon extremely bad +evidence, and that very often we suffer all sorts of penalties in +consequence. And surely one must be something worse than a born fool to +pretend that such decision under the pressure of the enigmas of life +ought to have the smallest influence in those judgments which are made +with due and sufficient deliberation. + + +CCCLIII + +1. The Church founded by Jesus has _not_ made its way; has _not_ +permeated the world--but _did_ become extinct in the country of its +birth--as Nazarenism and Ebionism. + +2. The Church that did make its way and coalesced with the State in the +4th century had no more to do with the Church founded by Jesus than +Ultramontanism has with Quakerism. It is Alexandrian Judaism and +Neoplatonistic mystagogy, and as much of the old idolatry and demonology +as could be got in under new or old names. + +3. Paul has said that the Law was schoolmaster to Christ with more truth +than he knew. Throughout the Empire the synagogues had their cloud of +Gentile hangers-on--those who "feared God"--and who were fully prepared +to accept a Christianity, which was merely an expurgated Judaism and the +belief in Jesus as the Messiah. + +4. The Christian "Sodalitia" were not merely religious bodies, but +friendly societies, burial societies, and guilds. They hung together for +all purposes--the mob hated them as it now hates the Jews in Eastern +Europe, because they were more frugal, more industrious, and lived +better lives than their neighbours, while they stuck together like +Scotchmen. + +If these things are so--and I appeal to your knowledge of history that +they are so--what has the success of Christianity to do with the truth +or falsehood of the story of Jesus? + + +CCCLIV + +It is Baur's great merit to have seen that the key to the problem of +Christianity lies in the Epistle to the Galatians. No doubt he and his +followers rather overdid the thing, but that is always the way with +those who take up a new idea. + + +CCCLV + +If a man cannot do brain work without stimulants of any kind, he had +better turn to hand work--it is an indication on Nature's part that she +did not mean him to be a head worker. + + +CCCLVI + +It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational grounds for our +beliefs are often extremely irrational attempts to justify our +instincts. + + +CCCLVII + +Even the best of modern civilisations appears to me to exhibit a +condition of mankind which neither embodies any worthy ideal nor even +possesses the merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express my +opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement of the +condition of the greater part of the human family; if it is true that +the increase of knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over Nature +which is its consequence, and the wealth which follows upon that +dominion, are to make no difference in the extent and the intensity of +Want, with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, among the +masses of the people, I should hail the advent of some kindly comet, +which would sweep the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation. +What profits it to the human Prometheus that he has stolen the fire of +heaven to be his servant, and that the spirits of the earth and of the +air obey him, if the vulture of pauperism is eternally to tear his very +vitals and keep him on the brink of destruction? + + +CCCLVIII + +No induction, however broad its basis, can confer certainty--in the +strict sense of the word. The experience of the whole human race through +innumerable years has shown that stones unsupported fall to the ground, +but that does not make it certain that any day next week unsupported +stones will not move the other way. All that it does justify is the very +strong expectation, which hitherto has been invariably verified, that +they will do just the contrary. + +Only one absolute certainty is possible to man--namely, that at any +given moment the feeling which he has exists. + +All other so-called certainties are beliefs of greater or less +intensity. + + +CCCLIX + +Of moral purpose I see no trace in Nature. That is an article of +exclusively human manufacture--and very much to our credit. + + +CCCLX + +There is nothing of permanent value (putting aside a few human +affections), nothing that satisfies quiet reflection--except the sense +of having worked according to one's capacity and light, to make things +clear and get rid of cant and shams of all sorts. That was the lesson I +learned from Carlyle's books when I was a boy, and it has stuck by me +all my life. + +You may make more of failing to get money, and of succeeding in getting +abuse--until such time in your life (if you are teachable) you have +ceased to care much about either. + + +CCCLXI + +The doctrine of the conservation of energy tells neither one way nor the +other [on the doctrine of immortality]. Energy is the cause of movement +of body, _i.e._ things having mass. States of consciousness have no +mass, even if they can be conceded to be movable. Therefore even if they +are caused by molecular movements, they would not in any way affect the +store of energy. + +Physical causation need not be the only kind of causation, and when +Cabanis said that thought was a function of the brain, in the same way +as bile secretion is a _function_ of the liver, he blundered +philosophically. Bile is a product of the transformation of material +energy. But in the mathematical sense of the word "function," thought +may be a function of the brain. That is to say, it may arise only when +certain physical particles take on a certain order. + +By way of a coarse analogy, consider a parallel-sided piece of glass +through which light passes. It forms no picture. Shape it so as to be a +bi-convex, and a picture appears in its focus. + +Is not the formation of the picture a "function" of the piece of glass +thus shaped? + +So, from your own point of view, suppose a mind-stuff--[Greek: +logos]--a noumenal cosmic light such as is shadowed in the fourth +gospel. The brain of a dog will convert it into one set of phenomenal +pictures, and the brain of a man into another. But in both cases the +result is the consequence of the way in which the respective brains +perform their "function." + + +CCCLXII + +The actions we call sinful are as much the consequence of the order of +nature as those we call virtuous. They are part and parcel of the +struggle for existence through which all living things have passed, and +they have become sins because man alone seeks a higher life in voluntary +association. + +Therefore the instrument has never been marred; on the contrary, we are +trying to get music out of harps, sacbuts, and psalteries, which never +were in tune and seemingly never will be. + + +CCCLXIII + +I have always been, am, and propose to remain a mere scholar. All that I +have ever proposed to myself is to say, this and this I have learned; +thus and thus have I learned it: go thou and learn better; but do not +thrust on my shoulders the responsibility for your own laziness if you +elect to take, on my authority, conclusions, the value of which you +ought to have tested for yourself. + + +CCCLXIV + +There is endless backwoodsman's work yet to be done. If "those also +serve who only stand and wait," still more do those who sweep and +cleanse; and if any man elect to give his strength to the weeder's and +scavenger's occupation, I remain of the opinion that his service should +be counted acceptable, and that no one has a right to ask more of him +than faithful performance of the duties he has undertaken. I venture to +count it an improbable suggestion that any such person--a man, let us +say, who has well-nigh reached his threescore years and ten, and has +graduated in all the faculties of human relationships; who has taken his +share in all the deep joys and deeper anxieties which cling about them; +who has felt the burden of young lives entrusted to his care, and has +stood alone with his dead before the abyss of the eternal--has never had +a thought beyond negative criticism. It seems to me incredible that such +an one can have done his day's work, always with a light heart, with no +sense of responsibility, no terror of that which may appear when the +factitious veil of Isis--the thick web of fiction man has woven round +nature--is stripped off. + + +CCCLXV + +If the doctrine of a Providence is to be taken as the expression, in a +way "to be understanded of the people," of the total exclusion of chance +from a place even in the most insignificant corner of Nature, if it +means the strong conviction that the cosmic process is rational, and the +faith that, throughout all duration, unbroken order has reigned in the +universe, I not only accept it, but I am disposed to think it the most +important of all truths. As it is of more consequence for a citizen to +know the law than to be personally acquainted with the features of those +who will surely carry it into effect, so this very positive doctrine of +Providence, in the sense defined, seems to me far more important than +all the theorems of speculative theology. If, further, the doctrine is +held to imply that, in some indefinitely remote past aeon, the cosmic +process was set going by some entity possessed of intelligence and +foresight, similar to our own in kind, however superior in degree, if, +consequently, it is held that every event, not merely in our planetary +speck, but in untold millions of other worlds, was foreknown before +these worlds were, scientific thought, so far as I know anything about +it, has nothing to say about that hypothesis. It is, in fact, an +anthropomorphic rendering of the doctrine of evolution. + +It may be so, but the evidence accessible to us is, to my mind, wholly +insufficient to warrant either a positive or a negative conclusion. + + +CCCLXVI + +It may be well to remember that the highest level of moral aspiration +recorded in history was reached by a few ancient Jews--Micah, Isaiah, +and the rest--who took no count whatever of what might or what might not +happen to them after death. It is not obvious to me why the same point +should not by and by be reached by the Gentiles. + + +CCCLXVII + +Belief in majorities is not rooted in my breast, and if all the world +were against me the fact might warn me to revise and criticise my +opinions, but would not in itself supply a ghost of a reason for +forsaking them. For myself I say deliberately, it is better to have a +millstone tied round the neck and be thrown into the sea than to share +the enterprises of those to whom the world has turned, and will turn, +because they minister to its weaknesses and cover up the awful realities +which it shudders to look at. + + +CCCLXVIII + +Moral duty consists in the observance of those rules of conduct which +contribute to the welfare of society, and by implication, of the +individuals who compose it. + +The end of society is peace and mutual protection, so that the +individual may reach the fullest and highest life attainable by man. The +rules of conduct by which this end is to be attained are +discoverable--like the other so-called laws of Nature--by observation +and experiment, and only in that way. + +Some thousands of years of such experience have led to the +generalisations, that stealing and murder, for example, are inconsistent +with the ends of society. There is no more doubt that they are so than +that unsupported stones tend to fall. The man who steals or murders, +breaks his implied contract with society, and forfeits all protection. +He becomes an outlaw, to be dealt with as any other feral creature. +Criminal law indicates the ways which have proved most convenient for +dealing with him. + +All this would be true if men had no "moral sense" at all, just as there +are rules of perspective which must be strictly observed by a +draughtsman, and are quite independent of his having any artistic sense. + + +CCCLXIX + +The moral sense is a very complex affair--dependent in part upon +associations of pleasure and pain, approbation and disapprobation formed +by education in early youth, but in part also on an innate sense of +moral beauty and ugliness (how originated need not be discussed), which +is possessed by some people in great strength, while some are totally +devoid of it--just as some children draw, or are enchanted by music +while mere infants, while others do not know "Cherry Ripe" from "Rule +Britannia," nor can represent the form of the simplest thing to the end +of their lives. + +Now for this last sort of people there is no reason why they should +discharge any moral duty, except from fear of punishment in all its +grades, from mere disapprobation to hanging, and the duty of society is +to see that they live under wholesome fear of such punishment short, +sharp, and decisive. + +For the people with a keen innate sense of moral beauty there is no +need of any other motive. What they want is knowledge of the things they +may do and must leave undone, if the welfare of society is to be +attained. Good people so often forget this that some of them +occasionally require hanging almost as much as the bad. + +If you ask why the moral inner sense is to be (under due limitations) +obeyed; why the few who are steered by it move the mass in whom it is +weak? I can only reply by putting another question--Why do the few in +whom the sense of beauty is strong--Shakespeare, Raffaele, Beethoven, +carry the less endowed multitude away? But they do, and always will. +People who overlook that fact attend neither to history nor to what goes +on about them. + +Benjamin Franklin was a shrewd, excellent, kindly man. I have great +respect for him. The force of genial common-sense respectability could +no further go. George Fox was the very antipodes of all this, and yet +one understands how he came to move the world of his day, and Franklin +did not. + + +CCCLXX + +As to whether we can fulfil the moral law, I should say hardly any of +us. Some of us are utterly incapable of fulfilling its plainest +dictates. As there are men born physically cripples, and intellectually +idiots, so there are some who are moral cripples and idiots, and can be +kept straight not even by punishment. For these people there is nothing +but shutting up, or extirpation. + + +CCCLXXI + +The cardinal fact in the University questions appears to me to be this: +that the student to whose wants the medićval University was adjusted, +looked to the past and sought book-learning, while the modern looks to +the future and seeks the knowledge of things. + +The medićval view was that all knowledge worth having was explicitly or +implicitly contained in various ancient writings; in the Scriptures, in +the writings of the greater Greeks, and those of the Christian Fathers. +Whatever apparent novelty they put forward, was professedly obtained by +deduction from ancient data. + +The modern knows that the only source of real knowledge lies in the +application of scientific methods of enquiry to the ascertainment of the +facts of existence; that the ascertainable is infinitely greater than +the ascertained, and that the chief business of the teacher is not so +much to make scholars as to train pioneers. + +From this point of view, the University occupies a position altogether +independent of that of the copingstone of schools for general education, +combined with technical schools of Theology, Law, and Medicine. It is +not primarily an institution for testing the work of schoolmasters, or +for ascertaining the fitness of young men to be curates, lawyers, or +doctors. + +It is an institution in which a man who claims to devote himself to +Science or Art, should be able to find some one who can teach him what +is already known, and train him in the methods of knowing more. + + +CCCLXXII + +The besetting sin of able men is impatience of contradiction and of +criticism. Even those who do their best to resist the temptation, yield +to it almost unconsciously and become the tools of toadies and +flatterers. "Authorities," "disciples," and "schools" are the curse of +science; and do more to interfere with the work of the scientific spirit +than all its enemies. + + +CCCLXXIII + +People never will recollect, that mere learning and mere cleverness are +of next to no value in life, while energy and intellectual grip, the +things that are inborn and cannot be taught, are everything. + + +CCCLXXIV + +In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way of supporting himself, +thereby relieving other people of the necessity of supporting him. +Moreover, the learning to do work of practical value in the world, in an +exact and careful manner, is of itself a very important education, the +effects of which make themselves felt in all other pursuits. The habit +of doing that which you do not care about when you would much rather be +doing something else, is invaluable. + + +CCCLXXV + +Success in any scientific career requires an unusual equipment of +capacity, industry and energy. If you possess that equipment you will +find leisure enough after your daily commercial work is over, to make an +opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. If you do not, you had +better stick to commerce. + +Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a young man, who, as the +Scotch proverb says, in 'trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,' and +becomes a mere hanger-on in literature or in science, when he might have +been a useful and a valuable member of Society in other occupations. + + +CCCLXXVI + +Playing Providence is a game at which one is very apt to burn one's +fingers. + + +CCCLXXVII + +I conceive that the leading characteristic of the nineteenth century has +been the rapid growth of the scientific spirit, the consequent +application of scientific methods of investigation to all the problems +with which the human mind is occupied, and the correlative rejection of +traditional beliefs which have proved their incompetence to bear such +investigation. + + +CCCLXXVIII + +Science reckons many prophets, but there is not even a promise of a +Messiah. + + +CCCLXXIX + +I have not the slightest doubt about the magnitude of the evils which +accrue from the steady increase of European armaments; but I think that +this regrettable fact is merely the superficial expression of social +forces, the operation of which cannot be sensibly affected by agreements +between Governments. + +In my opinion it is a delusion to attribute the growth of armaments to +the "exactions of militarism." The "exactions of industrialism," +generated by international commercial competition, may, I believe, claim +a much larger share in prompting that growth. Add to this the French +thirst for revenge, the most just determination of the German and +Italian peoples to assert their national unity; the Russian Panslavonic +fanaticism and desire for free access to the western seas; the Papacy +steadily fishing in the troubled waters for the means of recovering its +lost (I hope for ever lost) temporal possessions and spiritual +supremacy; the "sick man," kept alive only because each of his doctors +is afraid of the other becoming his heir. + +When I think of the intensity of the perturbing agencies which arise out +of these and other conditions of modern European society, I confess that +the attempt to counteract them by asking Governments to agree to a +maximum military expenditure, does not appear to me to be worth making; +indeed I think it might do harm by leading people to suppose that the +desires of Governments are the chief agents in determining whether peace +or war shall obtain in Europe. + + +CCCLXXX + +I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. Scientific method is the +white ant which will slowly but surely destroy their fortifications. And +the importance of scientific method in modern practical life--always +growing and increasing--is the guarantee for the gradual emancipation of +the ignorant upper and lower classes, the former of whom especially are +the strength of the priests. + + +CCCLXXXI + +There is such a thing as a science of social life, for which, if the +term had not been so helplessly degraded, Politics is the proper name. + +Men are beings of a certain constitution, who, under certain conditions, +will as surely tend to act in certain ways as stones will tend to fall +if you leave them unsupported. The laws of their nature are as +invariable as the laws of gravitation, only the applications to +particular cases offer worse problems than the case of the three bodies. + +The Political Economists have gone the right way to work--the way that +the physical philosopher follows in all complex affairs--by tracing out +the effects of one great cause of human action, the desire of wealth, +supposing it to be unchecked. + +If they, or other people, have forgotten that there are other potent +causes of action which may interfere with this, it is no fault of +scientific method but only their own stupidity. + +Hydrostatics is not a "dismal science," because water does not always +seek the lowest level--_e.g._ from a bottle turned upside down, if there +is a cork in the neck! + +There is much need that somebody should do for what is vaguely called +"Ethics" just what the Political Economists have done. Settle the +question of what will be done under the unchecked action of certain +motives, and leave the problem of "ought" for subsequent consideration. + +For, whatever they ought to do, it is quite certain the majority of men +will act as if the attainment of certain positive and negative pleasures +were the end of action. + +We want a science of "Eubiotics" to tell us exactly what will happen if +human beings are exclusively actuated by the desire of well-being in the +ordinary sense. Of course the utilitarians have laid the foundations of +such a science, with the result that the nicknamer of genius called this +branch of science "pig philosophy," making just the same blunder as when +he called political economy "dismal science." + +"Moderate well-being" may be no more the worthiest end of life than +wealth. But if it is the best to be had in this queer world--it may be +worth trying for. + + +CCCLXXXII + +Those who wish to attain to some clear and definite solution of the +great problems which Mr. Darwin was the first person to set before us in +later times must base themselves upon the facts which are stated in his +great work, and, still more, must pursue their inquiries by the methods +of which he was so brilliant an exemplar throughout the whole of his +life. You must have his sagacity, his untiring search after the +knowledge of fact, his readiness always to give up a preconceived +opinion to that which was demonstrably true, before you can hope to +carry his doctrines to their ultimate issue; and whether the particular +form in which he has put them before us may be such as is finally +destined to survive or not is more, I venture to think, than anybody is +capable at this present moment of saying. But this one thing is +perfectly certain--that it is only by pursuing his methods, by that +wonderful single-mindedness, devotion to truth, readiness to sacrifice +all things for the advance of definite knowledge, that we can hope to +come any nearer than we are at present to the truths which he struggled +to attain. + + +CCCLXXXIII + +Dean Stanley told me he thought being made a bishop destroyed a man's +moral courage. I am inclined to think that the practice of the methods +of political leaders destroys their intellect for all serious purposes. + + +CCCLXXXIV + +It is one of the most saddening things in life that, try as we may, we +can never be certain of making people happy, whereas we can almost +always be certain of making them unhappy. + + +CCCLXXXV + +Men, my dear, are very queer animals, a mixture of horse-nervousness, +ass-stubbornness and camel-malice--with an angel bobbing about +unexpectedly like the apple in the posset, and when they can do exactly +as they please, they are very hard to drive. + + + + +INDEXES + + + + +INDEX I + +REFERENCES OF QUOTATIONS TO THEIR SOURCES + + + C. E. = Collected Essays. + I. Method and Results. + II. Darwiniana. + III. Science and Education. + IV. Science and Hebrew Tradition. + V. Science and Christian Tradition. + VI. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley. + VII. Man's Place in Nature. + VIII. Discourses, Biological and Geological. + IX. Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays. + + S. M. = Scientific Memoirs. + + L. L. = Life and Letters, three volume edition. + + + NO. IN TEXT. VOL. PAGE + + I C. E. i. 16 + II " i. 31 + III " i. 40 + IV " i. 41 + V " i. 46 + VI " i. 56 + VII " i. 57 + VIII " i. 60 + IX " i. 62 + X " i. 66 + XI " i. 156 + XII " i. 161 + XIII " i. 163 + XIV " i. 165 + XV " i. 167 + XVI " i. 168 + XVII " i. 170 + XVIII " i. 172 + XIX " i. 172 + XX " i. 178 + XXI " i. 188 + XXII " i. 192 + XXIII " i. 193 + XXIV " i. 198 + XXV " i. 202 + XXVI " i. 202 + XXVII " i. 242 + XXVIII " i. 244 + XXIX " i. 244 + XXX " i. 245 + XXXI " i. 254 + XXXII " i. 255 + XXXIII " i. 256 + XXXIV " i. 256 + XXXV " i. 257 + XXXVI " i. 261 + XXXVII " i. 281 + XXXVIII " i. 289 + XXXIX " i. 291 + XL " i. 309 + XLI " i. 313 + XLII " i. 313 + XLIII " i. 319 + XLIV " i. 319 + XLV " i. 328 + XLVI " i. 349 + XLVII " i. 355 + XLVIII " i. 368 + XLIX " i. 426 + L " i. 426 + LI " ii. 5 + LII " ii. 18 + LIII " ii. 13 + LIV " ii. 29 + LV " ii. 32 + LVI " ii. 32 + LVII " ii. 52 + LVIII " ii. 52 + LIX " ii. 58 + LX " ii. 59 + LXI " ii. 53 + LXII " ii. 59 + LXIII " ii. 76 + LXIV " ii. 149 + LXV " ii. 149 + LXVI " ii. 150 + LXVII " ii. 229 + LXVIII " ii. 229 + LXIX " ii. 229 + LXX " ii. 230 + LXXI " ii. 252 + LXXII " ii. 363 + LXXIII " iii. 13 + LXXIV " iii. 33 + LXXV " iii. 36 + LXXVI " iii. 45 + LXXVII " iii. 45 + LXXVIII " iii. 59 + LXXIX " iii. 62 + LXXX " iii. 63 + LXXXI " iii. 67 + LXXXII " iii. 78 + LXXXIII " iii. 82 + LXXXIV " iii. 83 + LXXXV " iii. 84 + LXXXVI " iii. 85 + LXXXVII " iii. 85 + LXXXVIII " iii. 85 + LXXXIX " iii. 86 + XC " iii. 91 + XCI " iii. 174 + XCII " iii. 179 + XCIII " iii. 179 + XCIV " iii. 183 + XCV " iii. 185 + XCVI " iii. 185 + XCVII " iii. 187 + XCVIII " iii. 188 + XCIX " iii. 204 + C " iii. 207 + CI " iii. 208 + CII " iii. 213 + CIII " iii. 215 + CIV " iii. 220 + CV " iii. 225 + CVI " iii. 228 + CVII " iii. 236 + CVIII " iii. 236 + CIX " iii. 254 + CX " iii. 260 + CXI " iii. 273 + CXII " iii. 282 + CXIII " iii. 283 + CXIV " iii. 299 + CXV " iii. 306 + CXVI " iii. 369 + CXVII " iii. 393 + CXVIII " iii. 393 + CXIX " iii. 396 + CXX " iii. 414 + CXXI " iii. 422 + CXXII " iii. 431 + CXXIII " iii. 432 + CXXIV " iii. 432 + CXXV " iii. 439 + CXXVI " iii. 443 + CXXVII " iii. 443 + CXXVIII " iii. 446 + CXXIX " iii. 447 + CXXX " v. 124 + CXXXI " v. 125 + CXXXII " v. 136 + CXXXIII " v. 136 + CXXXIV " v. 136 + CXXXV " v. 143 + CXXXVI " v. 156 + CXXXVII " v. 157 + CXXXVIII " v. 182 + CXXXIX " v. 191 + CXL " v. 206 + CXLI " v. 241 + CXLII " v. 245 + CXLIII " v. 257 + CXLIV " v. 257 + CXLV " v. 313 + CXLVI " v. 315 + CXLVII " v. 315 + CXLVIII " vi. p. viii + CXLIX " vi. p. viii + CL " vi. p. ix + CLI " vi. 61 + CLII " vi. 65 + CLIII " vi. 123 + CLIV " vi. 132 + CLV " vi. 132 + CLVI " vi. 143 + CLVII " vi. 144 + CLVIII " vi. 207 + CLIX " vi. 231 + CLX " vi. 235 + CLXI " vi. 237 + CLXII " vi. 237 + CLXIII " vi. 239 + CLXIV " vi. 239 + CLXV " vi. 284 + CLXVI " vi. 285 + CLXVII " vi. 308 + CLXVIII " vi. 318 + CLXIX " vii. p. ix + CLXX " vii. p. xi + CLXXI " vii. 1 + CLXXII " vii. 81 + CLXXIII " vii. 92 + CLXXIV " vii. 138 + CLXXV " vii. 146 + CLXXVI " vii. 146 + CLXXVII " vii. 151 + CLXXVIII " vii. 151 + CLXXIX " vii. 154 + CLXXX " vii. 210 + CLXXXI " vii. 271 + CLXXXII " vii. 278 + CLXXXIII " vii. 280 + CLXXXIV " vii. 313 + CLXXXV " vii. 328 + CLXXXVI " viii. p. v + CLXXXVII " viii. p. viii + CLXXXVIII " viii. p. viii + CLXXXIX " viii. 4 + CXC " viii. 7 + CXCI " viii. 9 + CXCII " viii. 10 + CXCIII " viii. 12 + CXCIV " viii. 19 + CXCV " viii. 23 + CXCVI " viii. 27 + CXCVII " viii. 34 + CXCVIII " viii. 36 + CXCIX " viii. 53 + CC " viii. 73 + CCI " viii. 114 + CCII " viii. 143 + CCIII " viii. 147 + CCIV " viii. 153 + CCV " viii. 158 + CCVI " viii. 159 + CCVII " viii. 213 + CCVIII " viii. 217 + CCIX " viii. 218 + CCX " viii. 218 + CCXI " viii. 218 + CCXII " viii. 219 + CCXIII " viii. 224 + CCXIV " viii. 225 + CCXV " viii. 226 + CCXVI " viii. 226 + CCXVII " viii. 227 + CCXVIII " viii. 233 + CCXIX " viii. 244 + CCXX " viii. 249 + CCXXI " viii. 262 + CCXXII " viii. 269 + CCXXIII " viii. 306 + CCXXIV " viii. 318 + CCXXV " viii. 323 + CCXXVI " viii. 333 + CCXXVII " ix. p. ix + CCXXVIII " ix. 4 + CCXXIX " ix. 6 + CCXXX " ix. 7 + CCXXXI " ix. 8 + CCXXXII " ix. 27 + CCXXXIII " ix. 28 + CCXXXIV " ix. 30 + CCXXXV " ix. 31 + CCXXXVI " ix. 39 + CCXXXVII " ix. 41 + CCXXXVIII " ix. 43 + CCXXXIX " ix. 49 + CCXL " ix. 49 + CCXLI " ix. 51 + CCXLII " ix. 54 + CCXLIII " ix. 56 + CCXLIV " ix. 61 + CCXLV " ix. 64 + CCXLVI " ix. 71 + CCXLVII " ix. 73 + CCXLVIII " ix. 74 + CCXLIX " ix. 78 + CCL " ix. 80 + CCLI " ix. 81 + CCLII " ix. 85 + CCLIII " ix. 86 + CCLIV " ix. 123 + CCLV " ix. 130 + CCLVI " ix. 134 + CCLVII " ix. 141 + CCLVIII " ix. 145 + CCLIX " ix. 147 + CCLX " ix. 149 + CCLXI " ix. 152 + CCLXII " ix. 158 + CCLXIII " ix. 159 + CCLXIV " ix. 162 + CCLXV " ix. 168 + CCLXVI " ix. 171 + CCLXVII " ix. 182 + CCLXVIII " ix. 186 + CCLXIX " ix. 195 + CCLXX " ix. 199 + CCLXXI " ix. 201 + CCLXXII " ix. 201 + CCLXXIII " ix. 202 + CCLXXIV " ix. 202 + CCLXXV " ix. 204 + CCLXXVI " ix. 207 + CCLXXVII " ix. 209 + CCLXXVIII " ix. 211 + CCLXXIX " ix. 212 + CCLXXX " ix. 216 + CCLXXXI " ix. 227 + CCLXXXII " ix. 229 + CCLXXXIII " ix. 230 + CCLXXXIV " ix. 233 + CCLXXXV S. M. iv. 658 + CCLXXXVI " iv. 663 + CCLXXXVII " iv. 664 + CCLXXXVIII " iv. 666 + CCLXXXIX " iv. 666 + CCXC " iv. 668 + CCXCI " iv. 669 + CCXCII " iv. 670 + CCXCIII L. L. i. 171 + CCXCIV " i. 196 + CCXCV " i. 285 + CCXCVI " i. 310 + CCXCVII " i. 314 + CCXCVIII " i. 315 + CCXCIX " i. 315 + CCC " i. 316 + CCCI " i. 316 + CCCII " i. 316 + CCCIII " i. 317 + CCCIV " i. 317 + CCCV " i. 317 + CCCVI " i. 317 + CCCVII " i. 317 + CCCVIII " i. 318 + CCCIX " i. 326 + CCCX " i. 345 + CCCXI " i. 347 + CCCXII " i. 350 + CCCXIII " i. 363 + CCCXIV " i. 400 + CCCXV " i. 407 + CCCXVI " i. 433 + CCCXVII " i. 441 + CCCXVIII " ii. 32 + CCCXIX " ii. 42 + CCCXX " ii. 111 + CCCXXI " ii. 116 + CCCXXII " ii. 128 + CCCXXIII " ii. 140 + CCCXXIV " ii. 140 + CCCXXV " ii. 144 + CCCXXVI " ii. 166 + CCCXXVII " ii. 209 + CCCXXVIII " ii. 215 + CCCXXIX " ii. 216 + CCCXXX " ii. 216 + CCCXXXI " ii. 219 + CCCXXXII " ii. 220 + CCCXXXIII " ii. 222 + CCCXXXIV " ii. 242 + CCCXXXV " ii. 261 + CCCXXXVI " ii. 266 + CCCXXXVII " ii. 275 + CCCXXXVIII " ii. 283 + CCCXXXIX " ii. 292 + CCCXL " ii. 305 + CCCXLI " ii. 351 + CCCXLII " ii. 358 + CCCXLIII " ii. 358 + CCCXLIV " ii. 401 + CCCXLV " ii. 440 + CCCXLVI " ii. 444 + CCCXLVII " ii. 453 + CCCXLVIII " iii. 4 + CCCXLIX " iii. 7 + CCCL " iii. 18 + CCCLI " iii. 45 + CCCLII " iii. 92 + CCCLIII " iii. 115 + CCCLIV " iii. 118 + CCCLV " iii. 121 + CCCLVI " iii. 142 + CCCLVII " iii. 145 + CCCLVIII " iii. 162 + CCCLIX " iii. 172 + CCCLX " iii. 172 + CCCLXI " iii. 191 + CCCLXII " iii. 192 + CCCLXIII " iii. 216 + CCCLXIV " iii. 217 + CCCLXV " iii. 218 + CCCLXVI " iii. 221 + CCCLXVII " iii. 222 + CCCLXVIII " iii. 223 + CCCLXIX " iii. 223 + CCCLXX " iii. 224 + CCCLXXI " iii. 230 + CCCLXXII " iii. 238 + CCCLXXIII " iii. 243 + CCCLXXIV " iii. 245 + CCCLXXV " iii. 245 + CCCLXXVI " iii. 311 + CCCLXXVII " iii. 322 + CCCLXXVIII " iii. 322 + CCCLXXIX " iii. 323 + CCCLXXX " iii. 330 + CCCLXXXI " iii. 337 + CCCLXXXII " iii. 345 + CCCLXXXIII " iii. 356 + CCCLXXXIV " iii. 395 + CCCLXXXV " iii. 401 + + + + +INDEX II + +SUBJECT INDEX + + + Abiogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI + + Able men, besetting sin of, CCCLXXII + + Abstractions, CCCXLIII + + Accuracy, CXXIII + + Agnosticism defined, CXLII; + _cf._ CL + + ---- origin of the term, CCLVI + + Aim of life, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + Alcohol and brain work, CCCLV + + Analogies, scope of, CLIII + + Analogy, Butler's, CCCXI, CCCXXX + + Animals, mind in, CLIII + + ---- immortality, CCXCIX + + Anniversaries, CCCXXXVIII + + Ant, white, scientific method compared to, CCCLXXX + + Anthropomorphism, CCCX + + Antiquity of man, CLXXXII + + Architecture, prehistoric, CLXXXIII + + Armaments, cause of modern, CCCLXXIX + + Arrogance, a check to, CLXXV + + Art: the teaching of drawing, XCIV + + ---- and Christianity, CXLVI + + Aryan question, CLXXXI + + Ascent of man, LI, CLXXIX + + Aspiration and immortality, CLVIII + + ---- and fact, CCC + + Atheism, CCCXI + + Atlantic Ocean, comparison with physiology, CIV + + ---- bed of, CLXXII + + Authority, III, XIII, XIV, LXIV, LXVI, LXVII, CL + + ---- a worthless, CLXXIV; + its struggle with freethought, CCCXX, CCCLXXII + (_cf._ Scepticism) + + Automata and the soul, XXII + + Automatic virtue, XXII + + Average opinion, government by, CCCXLV + + + Backwoodsman's work in science is acceptable, CCCLXIV + + Baur, merits of as a critic, CCCLIV + + Beauty, the sense of, CCLIV + + Becky Sharp, LXXIV + + Bees, comparison with, CV + + Being, impermanence of, CCXL + + ---- the ultimate, CCLV + + Belief, the bases of, LXX + + ---- and morality, CLXI, CXLV, CCXCVII + + ---- and rational grounds for, CXXXIX; + _cf._ CCCLVI + + ---- consequences of right and wrong, CCCXXIX + + Benevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX + + Best men, the, CXLIII + + Biblical criticism, the key to, CCCLIV + + Biogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI + + Bishops and moral courage, CCCLXXXIII + + Body, compared to an Army, CXVI + + ---- ---- to a loaded gun, CCLIX + + Book-learning, CXIII, CCXVII + + ---- sought by the ancient University, CCCLXXI + + Books, CII + + ---- good, and fools, CCCXVI + + Brahma and the rule of life, CCXLV + + Brain work and stimulants, CCCLV + + Brutes, mental analogies with, CLIII + + Butler's Analogy, CCCXI, CCCXXX + + + Cabanis, CCCLXI + + Cant and shams, CCCLX + + Capacity and incapacity, XXXI + + Cape Horn of life, the, CCXCIII + + Capital, vital, CCLIX, CCLXII + + ---- lately wages, CCLXVII + + ---- supposed antagonism to labour, CCLXVIII + + Capitalist nature, CCVI + + Carlyle, the lesson of, CCCLX + + Catholicism _minus_ Christianity, XI + + Causation, its universality, CLVI + + Causes, natural, vast effects of, CXCVII + + ---- secondary, CLXXXVII + + Certainty lies in thought, XVIII, XIX, CLII + + ---- absolute, the only, CCCLVIII; + not given by induction, CCCLVIII + + ---- limits of, CLXVII + + Chalk, the significance of, CLXXXIX + + ---- antiquity of, CXCVI + + ---- deep sea origin of, CXCIV + + ---- parentage of, CXC + + ---- present day formation of, CXCI + + ---- rate of formation, CXCV + + ---- the lesson of, CXCVIII + + Chance, CLVI + + Character and heredity, CCXLIV + + Chessplayer, the hidden, LXXXIII; + _cf._ Game + + Child, death of a, CCCXLVI; + _cf._ CCCLXIV + + Children, influence of, CCCXVII, CCCLI + + Christianity and Creeds, CXLI, CXLIV + + ---- and the intellectual world, CXLVI + + ---- its success alleged as proof of the story of Jesus, + CCCLIII + + ---- primitive and later, CCCLIII + + Church, the primitive and later, CCCLIII + + Cinderella, the role of science, CCLVIII + + Civilisation and suffering, CCXLII, CCCLVII + + Class-feeling, high and low, LXXXII + + Classical education, CCXIV + + Clearness of thought, XXV + + Clericalism and science, LVIII + + Cleverness, CXV + + ---- is of small intrinsic value, CCCLXXIII + + Coal and club-mosses, CCII + + ---- less important than education, CCCXIV + + ---- the preservation of, CCIV, CCVI + + Cocksureness, CLXVII + + Comet, a kindly, CCCLVII + + Commerce and science, CLXXIII + + Common facts and great principles, CXXIV + + Common sense and science, LXXVI; + and truth, CXII + + Comte, XI, CXLIV + + Conduct, laws of, how discoverable, CCCLXVIII + + Conscience and sympathy, CCXXXIII + + Consequences, logical, XXVIII + + Conservation of energy and immortality, CCCLXI + + Cosmic process and ethical process, CCLI + + Creation and evolution, CCXXIX + + Creeds, LXXI + + ---- disbelief in as a sin, CXLI, CXLV + + Crime and heredity, CCXXXVI + + Crowded street, life is like a, CCCXL + + Culture and English literature, XCV + + Cultured idleness, CV + + Cuvier and common sense, CCXCI + + Cyclical evolution, CCXXXIX + + + Dante, LXXX + + Darwin, his work and methods, CCCLXXXII + + Death of a child, CCCXLVI; + _cf._ CCCLXIV + + Deep sea soundings, CXCII + + ---- ---- glacial survivors in, CXCIX + + Demagogues caused Socrates' death, CXLVIII + + Demonstration, the essence of modern teaching, CCIX + + Descartes, XV, XVII + + ---- his chief service, CLII, CLIV + + Determinants of mental and moral activities, CXXXII + + Development, CLXXII + + Disciples not sought for, CCCLXIII + + ---- the curse of science, CCCLXXII + + Dismal science, the, CCCLXXXI + + Do as you would be done by, CCXXXV + + Dogmatism, the nemesis of, CCLVIII + + Doubt (_cf._ scepticism), XVII; + _cf._ Unbelief and Creeds + + Drawing, the teaching of, XCIV + + ---- as a discipline, CXXII + + Duty, XIII, XVI + + ---- and happiness, CLX, CLXI + + ---- a man's first, CCCLXXIV + + + Economical Problem, in physiological terms, CCLIX + + Economy, true, CCCXLIX + + Education, mechanical basis of, XXI + + ---- a liberal, LXXXIX + + ---- ancient and modern, CCXV (_cf._ CCXII) + + ---- and conflict of studies, XCIII + + ---- and examinations, CVI + + ---- and fine buildings, L + + ---- by nature, LXXXV, LXXXVI; + compared with artificial education, LXXXVIII + + ---- classical, the same for ancient Rome and modern England, + CCXIV + + ---- defined, LXXXIV + + ---- effects of, XXXVIII + + ---- English, and culture, XCV + + ---- English untaught, XCVI + + ---- foreign languages in, XCVII + + ---- Latin and German in, XCVIII + + ---- more important than coal, CCCXIII + + ---- of the young, knowledge requisite for, CXXVI + + ---- technical, CCCXXXI + + ---- the, of practical work, CCCLXXIV + + ---- the purpose of primary, CCXIII + + Eginhard, CXXXIX + + Emotional chameleon (man), CCXXXIII + + Empusa muscć, CCXXI + + End of life, the great, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + English literature and culture, XCV + + ---- untaught, XCVI + + Equality, XL, XLII + + Error (_cf._ Mistakes), CXXXVI + + ---- advantage of consistent, XCI + + ---- acknowledgment of, CXXXVII + + ---- and faith, CXXXVIII + + ---- old, the explosion of, CCCL + + ---- religious, CXLI, CXLV + + Eternal order, the, CCXXXI + + Ethical ideals necessary, CXIX + + Ethical process, the, CCXXXIV + + ---- ---- and cosmic process, CCLI + + ---- ---- and the survival of the fittest, CCL + + Ethics, modern, and old Israel, CXLVII + + Ethnology, methods and results of, CLXXX + + Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI + + Evidence, judgment, and action, CCCLII + + Evil, the existence of, CCXLVI + + ---- the insistence of, CCXLVII + + Evolution and man, CLXXVI + + ---- and the millennium, CCLII + + ---- cyclical, CCXXXIX + + ---- described, CCXXIX + + ---- formulated by Kant, CCXXV + + ---- in history, CCCXLIV + + ---- slowness of, CCV + + ---- variation and selection are the bases of, CCXXX + + Examinations, CVI + + Existence and thought, XVIII, XIX + + Expectation and verification, CCCLVIII + + + Fact and hypothesis, IX, CCXIX + + ---- and aspiration, CCC + + ---- and theory, CCLXXXVI + + Faith, blind, effects of, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX + + ---- moral aspect of, CXLI, CXLV + + ---- which is born of knowledge, CCXXXI + + Fall, doctrine of the, baseless, CCCLXII + + Fallacies, the destruction of, LXXIII + + ---- their tenacity of life, CCCXXXVII + + Fame, posthumous, CCCXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCLXIII + + Feeling and morality, CLXIII, CLXIV + + Ferments, the first knowledge of, CCI + + Florida paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Fly and silkworm disease, CCXXI + + Fools and common-sense, CCCXXXIX + + Force, CCCXLIII + + Foreign languages, value of, XCVII + + Forests, records of ancient, CCIII + + Forms, the permanence of, CCXXVIII + + Fox, George, CXXXIX + + Frankness, reception of honest, CCXCV + + Fraud, unconscious, CXXXVIII + + Freedom, XXIII + + ---- dangers of, CVII + + ---- its struggle with tradition, CCCXX + + ---- of the will, CCLVII + + ---- of thought, CXXX + + ---- to go wrong in, CCCXV + + Fugue, Nature's great, CCLXXXVIII + + Function of the brain, thought as a, CCCLXI + + Future of the world, CIX + + ---- retribution, CCCII, CCCIII, CCCIV, CCCV + + ---- ---- dangers of the doctrine, CCCVI, CCCVII + + + Galatians, Epistle to, the key to Christianity, CCCLIV + + Game, life compared to a, LXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCXII + + Genius, XXXIV, CLIV, CLV + + ---- a faculty for "possession," CXXXIV + + ---- as motherwit, V + + Gentleman, qualities of a, XXXV + + Geological theories, CCXXIII; + reconciliation of, CCXXV + + ---- fact and theory, CCXXIV + + ---- time, CLXXXVIII + + Glacial survivors in the deep sea, CLXXVII + + God and no God, XXX + + ---- the love of, CLXIII + + Goethe and science, CCLXXXIX + + ---- defects of his scientific qualities, CCXC + + Golden rule, the, CCXXXV + + Good of mankind, XXXVII + + Graduates in all the faculties of human relationships have + thoughts beyond negative criticism, CCCLXIV + + Greatness, XV + + ---- national, CX + + Guide to life, XX + + + Habit, an invaluable, CCCLXXIV + + Haman and Modecai, CCXXXIII + + Happiness and moral duty, CLX + + ---- is in excess of pain, CCCIII + + ---- we are never certain of conferring it on others, CCCLXXXIV + + Henslow, character of, CCCIX + + Heredity and crime, CCXXXVI + + ---- and character, CCXLIV + + Heresies (_cf._ Authority), LXVII + + Hesitation, no good done by, CCCXXI + + Historical truth a matter of science, CCCLII + + History and physiology, LXXVIII + + ---- possible new teaching of, CCCXLIV + + Human nature, no recent change in, CLXX + + Humanity, religion of, CXLIV + + Hume, CLVIII + + Hutton, CCXXIII + + Hypothesis and fact, IX, CCXIX + + + Ideal, necessity of ethical, CXIX + + Idealism and materialism, CLXVIII + + Ideas, men live by, CIX, CXI + + ---- innate, CLIV + + ---- necessary, CLVII + + ---- struggle for existence among, LXVIII + + Idleness, cultured, in society, CV + + Idolatry, intellectual, CCCXLIII + + Ignorance, how treated by nature, LXXXVII + + Imagination, scientific, CXXXI, CLXXXI + + ---- unscientific, CXLIX + + Immortality, aspirations after, CLVIII + + ---- and conservation of energy, CCCLXI + + ---- and grief, CCCVIII + + ---- and probability, CCXCVII + + ---- animal, CCXCIX + + ---- disregarded by the highest ancient moral aspiration, + CCCLXVI + + Impermanence of being, CCXL + + Incapacity, XXXI, LXXXVII + + Indian Empire, a curse, CCCXXXIV + + ---- how to hold it, _ib._ + + Individual and society, XLVIII, LII + + ---- his debt to society, CCLXXXIII + + ---- not infallible, CCLXXXII + + ---- worth, the safeguard of society, CCCXXVII + + Individualism, XLIX, L + + ---- limits of, CCLXXXI + + Induction, does not confer absolute certainty, CCCLVIII + + Industrialism and militarism, CCCLXXIX + + Inert matter, CCCLXIII + + Innate ideas, CLIV, CLV + + Innocent pleasure of advancing years, CCCXXXIX + + Instinct, CLIV, CLV + + Intellectual instruction, merely, CXXVIII; + less needful than moral, CCCXIX + + ---- matters, reason the guide in, CXLII + + ---- uncertainty, CXL + + ---- world and Christianity, CXLVI + + Intoxication, mental, CXXXIII + + Irony of history in science, CCXCII + + Israel and modern ethics, CXLVII + + Italy, intellectual position of, CCXVIII + + + Jesus, the story of; + its truth or falsehood as based on the success of + Christianity, CCCLIII + + Jews, persecution of, in Eastern Europe, compared to that of + early Christians, CCCLIII + + Judaism, old and modern ethics of, CXLVII + + Julian, the Emperor, CXLIV + + Justice satisfied, CLIX + + ---- and desert, CCXLIII + + ---- of nature, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV + + + Kant and evolution, CCXXV + + Kelvin, Lord, CLXXXVIII + + Knowledge, a little, CXIV + + ---- and faith, CCXXXI + + ---- of teachers, CXXVII + + ---- the people perish for want of, CCXXII + + + Laboratory, the forecourt to the temple of philosophy, CLI + + Labour, vital, dependent on vital capital, CCLIX + + ---- and value, CCLXVI + + ---- savage, a borrowing from nature, CCLXI + + ---- supposed antagonism to capital, CCLXVIII + + Language and racemarks, CLXXXII, CLXXXIII + + Latin, XCVIII + + Law of nature, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII + + ---- the, as schoolmaster to Christ, CCCLIII + + Learning inferior to character, CCCLXXIII + + Leaving things to themselves, CXXV + + Lectures, value of, CCVIII, CCIX, CCX + + ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII + + ---- popular, CLXXXVI + + Ledger of the Almighty, CCCIII + + Lessons, the first and last of, CXX + + "Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die," CCCVIII + + Life guided by verification, XX + + ---- a rule of, C + + ---- as a game of chess, LXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCXII + + ---- as a rule of three sum, CI + + ---- is worth living, even on hard terms, CCLXXI + + ---- its great end, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + ---- its uncertainty, CXL + + ---- like a crowded street, CCCXL + + ---- like a whirlpool, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII; + less like a machine running down, _ib._ + + ---- the best thing it offers, CXXX, CCCLX + + ---- the Cape Horn of, CCXCIII + + ---- the cup of, CCCXXXVIII + + ---- the mother of the rocks, CC + + ---- the tragic thread of, CCXXVII + + ---- one of the most saddening things in, CCCLXXXIV + + Literature and science, CCXCVI; + hangers on in, CCCLXXV + + ---- the money of, CII + + Literatures, the four great, XCVIII + + Lobster, CCVII + + Logical consequences, XXVIII + + + Majorities and opinion, CCCLXVII + + Malevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX + + Malthusian doctrine, the, CCLXIV + + Man, structural unity of, with animals, CLXXIII + + ---- a queer animal, CCCLXXXV + + ---- antiquity of, CLXXXV + + ---- ascent of, LI, CLXXIX + + ---- not a rational animal, CCCLI + + ---- the mimic, CCXXXIII + + ---- and the common process of evolution, CLXXVI + + Man's arrogance, a check to, CLXXV + + Mankind, the good of, XXXVII + + Material prosperity, value of, LXXIV + + ---- world, dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI + + Materialism, XIV + + ---- and idealism, CLXVIII + + ---- the horror of, CLXV + + Mathematical mill, the, CCXXVI + + Matter and force, LV + + ---- dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI + + ---- inert, CCCXLIII + + ---- its existence a metaphysical assumption, CXLVIII + + Means and ends, political, CCCXXXIV + + Mechanism and education, XXI + + Medicine the foster-mother of the sciences, CIII + + Mental and moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII + + ---- analogies with the brutes, CLIII + + ---- intoxication, CXXXIII + + Messiah, science has none, CCCLXXVIII + + Metaphysics and matter, CLXVIII + + ---- and the limits of certainty, CLXVII + + ---- the problem of, CCCXII + + Method of science, VIII + + ---- ---- spread of, CCCLXXVII + + Middle-age, chief pleasure of, CCCXXXIX + + Militarism and industrialism, CCCLXXIX + + Millennium, the, and evolution, CCLII + + Ministers to the world's weaknesses, CCCLXVII + + Miracle of nature, LIV + + Miracles, no _a priori_ objection to, CCCXI + + Misery, XXXIII + + Missionaries, XXXIX + + Mistakes, CXXXVI; + _cf._ Error + + ---- and acknowledgment of them, CXXXVII, CXLI + + Modern teaching, essence of, CCIX + + Moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII + + ---- aspects of faith, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX, CXLI, CXLV + + ---- cripples and idiots, CCCLXX + + ---- conditions of success, CCLXXX + + ---- duty defined, CCCLXVIII + + ---- law, how far it can be fulfilled, CCCLXX + + ---- laws true, even if moral sense non-existent, CCCLXVIII + + ---- purpose, no sign of, in nature, CCCLIX; + of human origin, _ib._ + + ---- sanction, how far based on pure feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV + + ---- sense, CCCLXIX + + ---- teaching more needful than intellectual, CCCXIX + + Morality and religion, CXVII; + _cf._ CLXIII, CLXIV; + distinguished, CCCXVIII + + ---- is embodied in society, CCLXXV + + Mordecai and Haman, CCXXXIII + + Mother wit (_cf._ Genius), V; + _cf._ CLIV, CLV + + Motion, integrating or disintegrating, CCCXLII + + Museums, local, CCXCIV + + Myth and science, LIX + + + Names, idolatry of, CCCXLIII + + National greatness, CX + + Native talent, CLV + + Natural causes, great effects of, CXCVII + + ---- History and Life's Picture Gallery, LXXX + + ---- knowledge and truth, CL; + a forecourt to philosophy, CLI + + ---- rights, XLVII + + Nature, laws of, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII + + ---- as opposed to society, CCLXXIV + + ---- benevolence and malevolence in, CCLXIX, CCLXXII, CCCXLVII + + ---- deafening cries of pain in, CCCXLVII + + ---- defined, CCXLVIII + + ---- gladiatorial aspect of, CCLXX + + ---- her great Fugue, CCLXXXVIII + + ---- her vis medicatrix, CCLXXVI + + ---- is non-moral, CCLXXIII, CCCLVIII + + ---- justice of, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV + + ---- justifies neither optimism nor pessimism, CCLXXIII, CCCXXX + + ---- matter and force, LV + + ---- no reverential care for unoffending creation, CCCXLVII + + ---- perennial miracle of, LIV + + ---- selection by, LXIII + + ---- self-surrender to, CCCI + + ---- the bonus in her account, CCLXXII, CCCXLVIII + + ---- the capitalist, CCV + + ---- the educator, LXXXV, LXXXVI, LXXXVII + + ---- the unity of, CLXXVII + + ---- treatment of ignorance by, LXXXVII + + ---- war of, LII + + Necessity, XII, CLVII + + Negative criticism is not all after a full life, CCCLXIV + + Negro, no sentimental sympathy with, CCCXIII + + ---- effect of slavery, _ib._ + + Nerve force, the equivalent of, CCVII + + Nineteenth century, leading characteristic of, CCCLXXVII + + + Old age, the best hope for, CCCXLI + + Optimism and pessimism, CCXLIX, CCLXIX, CCLXXI, CCLXXII, + CCLXXIII, CCCXXX + + Oratory, CCLXXXVI + + Order, the eternal, CCXXXI + + Original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI + + Orthodoxy, LVII; + _cf._ Creeds, Clericalism, Ecclesiasticism + + Over-instruction, CCCXXXII + + + Pain, LXXIX + + ---- and wisdom, XC + + ---- inevitable, CCLII + + ---- is less than happiness, CCCIII + + Paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Palace, substituted for a University, L + + Papacy, temporal claims of, a disturbing force, CCCLXXIX + + Parallax of time, XXVI + + Parents not always rational animals, CCCLI + + Pasteur, CCXX, CCXXI, CCXXII + + Paul, St., CXXXIX + + Pauperism, the vulture of, CCCLVII + + Peace, the state of, breeds a new state of strife, CCLXXVIII + + ---- not dependent on governments, CCCLXXIX + + Pébrine, CCXXI, CCXXII + + "Pecca Fortiter," XCI + + People, the, perish for want of knowledge, CCXXII + + ---- to better their condition, a chief aim, CCCXXXIII + + Permanence of forms, the, CCXXVIII + + Personal aims, CCCLXIII + + Personality, CCXCVIII + + Pessimism, CCXLIX; + _cf._ Optimism + + Philosophy, XIV, LXI; + _cf._ Science + + ---- the laboratory is the forecourt to, CLI + + ---- political, XLIV + + Physiology, its interest in human life, LXXVIII + + ---- compared to the Atlantic, CIV + + ---- applied to Political Economy, CCLIX, CCLX + + Picture Gallery of Life, LXXX + + "Pig philosophy," CCCLXXXI + + Pigs, "selected" by the paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Plants, green, the real producers, CCLXIII, CCLXIV + + Plato and the unscientific imagination, CXLIX + + Pleasure of middle age, the chief, CCCXXXIX + + Political philosophy, XLIV + + ---- economists, their method, CCCLXXXI + + Politicians, intellect of, CCCLXXXIII + + Politics, the sea of, XL + + ---- proper name for Social Science, CCCLXXXI + + Popular Lectures and Popular Science, CLXXXVI + + ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII + + Population question, XLV + + Positivism (_cf._ Comte), XI, CXLIV + + "Possession" and genius, CXXXIV + + Practical work, educative value of, CCCLXXIV + + Prehistoric architecture, CLXXXIV + + Present day formation of chalk, CXCI; + of rocks, CCI + + Priestley, LXXIII, LXXV + + Priests and scientific method, CCCLXXX + + Primary education, CCXIII + + Principles, great, can be illustrated by the commonest facts, + CXXIV + + Producer, the sole, CCLXIII + + Production, the chief factor in, CCLXII + + Prometheus, the human, CCCLVII + + Prophets and rational belief, CXXXIX + + Prosperity (material) and morals, LXXIV + + Protection and Trades Unions, LXXXII + + Providence, doctrine of, CCCLXV + + ---- playing at, CCCLXXVI + + Public opinion, influence of, CCXXXIII + + Punishment, future, CCC + + + Quantity and quality, CX + + Queen bees in the human hive, CV + + + Rational animal, man is not, CCCLI + + ---- grounds for belief, CXXXIX; + are often irrational attempts to justify instincts, CCCLVI + + Reason the guide in intellectual matters, CXLII + + Redi, CCXVIII + + Religion and morality, CXVII; + distinguished, CCCXVIII + + ---- and theology, CXVIII + + Religious error, CXLI, CXLV + + Remorse, CCCIV + + Renascence, the new, CCCXX + + Resolution, CCCXXI + + Retribution, future, CCCII + + ---- moral and physical, _ib._, III, IV, V + + ---- is here, CCCVI + + ---- certainty of present, CCCVII + + ---- of sin, CCCXXVIII + + ---- of beliefs, CCCXXIX + + Right and wrong, CVIII; + to go right in chains, CCCXV + + Rights, natural, XLVII + + Robinson Crusoe, his inferences, CLIII + + Rocks, the offspring of life, CC + + ---- present day formation of, CCI + + Rule of life, C + + ---- of three sum, and life, CI + + + Sanction, the moral, and feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV + + Scepticism (_cf._ Doubt and Authority), III, XVII, CL + + Schools of thought, CCCLXIII + + ---- a curse to science, CCCLXXII + + Science, XXIV + + ---- and aspiration, I + + ---- and belief, IV + + ---- and Christianity, CXLVI + + ---- and clericalism, LVIII + + ---- and commerce, CXCII + + ---- and common sense, LXXVI, CXII + + ---- and investigation, LXXII + + ---- and literature, CCXCVI + + ---- and myth, LIX, LX + + ---- and philosophy, LXI + + ---- and the priests, CCCLXXX + + ---- as Cinderella, CCLVIII + + ---- can afford to wait, CXXXV + + ---- counters of, CII + + ---- fostered by medicine, CIII + + ---- function of, CLXXVIII + + ---- Goethe's work in, CCLXXXIX, CCXC + + ---- growth of, CCCLXXVII + + ---- hangers on in, _ib._ + + ---- has many prophets but no Messiah, CCCLXXVIII + + ---- irony of history in, CCXCII + + ---- limits of, XIV + + ---- method of, VIII, LXXVII + + ---- motto of, CCCL + + ---- picture it draws of the world, LXII + + ---- popularisation of, CLXXXVI + + ---- spirit of, LXIX, CL, CCCLXXVII + + ---- success in, CCCLXXV + + ---- tragedy of, CCXIX + + Scientific imagination, CXXXI, CXLIX; + and the Aryan question, CLXXXI + + ---- idea, growth and efficacy of, CCXXII + + Secondary causes, CLXXXVII + + Selection, social, XXXI; + the basis of evolution, CCXXX; + may be rapid, CLXXXVIII + + Self-surrender to nature, CCCI + + Shakespeare, XCII + + Shams, CCCLX + + Silkworm disease, CCXXI + + Sin gravitates to sorrow, CCCV + + ---- lasting punishment of, CCCXXVIII + + ---- origin of, CCCLXII + + Size and greatness, CX + + Skill, a greater than, CXXIX + + Slavery, the double emancipation, LXXXI + + ---- effects of, CCCXIII + + Slowness of evolution, CCV + + Social selection, XXXI; + _cf._ CCXXXV + + ---- life is embodied morality, CCLXXV + + ---- science, CCCLXXXI; + nicknamed "Dismal," _ib._; + value of its method, _ib._ + + ---- tendency, the, CCXXXIII + + Socially unfit, the, CCXXXVI + + Society, complexity of, XXXVI + + ---- a limitation of the struggle for existence, CCLXXV + + ---- and individualism, XLIX, L, CCCLXVIII + + ---- and the individual, XLVIII + + ---- as opposed to nature, CCLXXIV + + ---- conditions of its stability, CCLXXIX + + ---- internal struggle, CCXXXVII; + permanence of, CCXXXVIII + + ---- moral conditions of success, CCLXXX + + ---- population question, XLV + + ---- statute of limitations needed in, XLIII + + ---- the end of, CCCLXVIII + + ---- the individual's debt to, CCLXXXIII + + Socrates put to death by the demagogues, CXLVIII + + Sorrow, inevitable, CCLII + + ---- deep plunge into, CCCXLVI + + Soul in automata, XXVII + + Soundings, deep sea, CXCII + + Southey and the Quaker, CXXVI + + Spallanzani, CCXXII + + Sphinx, the true riddle of the, CCLXXVIII + + Spiritualism, its only use if true, CCCXXV + + Stanley, Dean, on being made a bishop, CCCLXXXIII + + Starvation on ortolans, CCCXLVIII + + Starve, who shall first? CCLXXIX + + State not infallible, CCLXXXII + + Stimulants and brain work, CCCLV + + Structural unity of men and animals, CLXXII + + Struggle for existence, among ideas, LXVIII; + modified within society, CCXXXVII; + but permanent, CCXXXVIII; + limited by society, CCLXXV + + ---- and original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI + + ---- the serious, CCLII + + ---- two-fold, in civilisation, CCXLII + + Studies, the conflict of, XCIII + + Success, moral conditions of, CCLXXXI, CCCXXVII + + Suffering and wisdom, XC + + ---- and civilisation, CCXLII + + ---- and virtue, CLXI + + Survival of the fittest, and ethical process, CCL + + Sweepers and cleansers, the work of, CCCLXIV + + Sympathy and conscience, CCXXXIII + + ---- as a rule of life, CCXXXV + + + Teachers, knowledge of, CXXVII + + ---- training of, CCLXXXIV + + Teaching, essence of modern, CCXI, CCXII, CCXV + (_cf._ Education) + + ---- and the things that are inborn, CCCLXXIII + + Technical education, CCCXXXI + + Theology and religion, CXVIII + + Theories, three great modern, X + + Theory and fact, CCLXXXVI + + Things in themselves, CCLV + + Thinking, time for, CXXVI + + Thought, XVIII, XIX + + ---- as a function of the brain, CCCLXI + + ---- freedom of, CXXX + + ---- struggle for existence in, LXVIII + + Time and truth, XXXII + + Trades Unions and Protection, LXXXII + + Traditional authority, its struggle with free thought, CCCXX + + Traditions and realities, CLXXI + + ---- rejection of, CCCLXXVII + + Tragic thread of life, CCXXVII + + Truth (_cp._ Authority, Veracity), XXIX, XXXII, LXV, CCCXX + + ---- and common sense, CXII + + ---- and error, XCI + + ---- and its reward, CLXX + + ---- and the function of science, CLXXVIII + + ---- and types, CCLXXXVII + + ---- seeker, VI + + ---- the search for, CL, CLXIX + + ---- the spread of, CCCXXXVI + + Try all things and hold fast to that which is good, the + motto of science, CCCL + + Types and truth, CCLXXXVII + + + Unbelief in creeds, CXLI, CXLV + + Uncertainty, intellectual, CXL + + Under-instruction, CCCXXXII + + Unfit, the, CCXXXVI + + Unhappiness, too easy to confer, CCCLXXXIV + + Universe compared to a great game, CCCXII + + University of Nature, LXXXVI + + ---- an ideal, XCIX + + ---- a palace substituted for, L + + ---- ancient and modern, CCCLXXI + + Utilitarians, founders of the science of Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI + + ---- their nickname, _ib._ + + + Value and labour, CCLXVI + + Variation, the basis of evolution, CLXXXVIII, CCXXX + + Veracity, I, XCIX; + _cf._ Error, Mistakes, _esp._ CXXXVII + + Verification the guide of life, XX + + ---- and expectation, CCCLVIII + + "Virtually," CCLXV + + Virtue, automatic, XXII + + ---- and austerity, CLXII + + ---- on Ł10,000 a year, LXXIV + + ---- the ways of, CLXI + + Vis medicatrix naturć, CCLXXVI + + Vitality, CCCXLIII + + Vivisection, CCCXXVI + + Voice, power of the human, CLXXXVI + + + Wages received are capital possessed, CCLXVII + + Want, _see_ Wealth + + War of Nature, LII + + Wealth and Nemesis, CCLXXVII + + ---- a want, CCCLVII + + Wesley, John, CLXXXVI + + Whirlpool, life compared to, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII + + Will, freedom of the, CCLVII + + Wisdom in many counsellors, VII + + ---- and suffering, XC + + Women, their powers compared to those of men, CCCXXIII + + ---- medical education of, CCCXXIV + + ---- physical disabilities and occupation, CCCXXIV + + Work, valuation of a man's, CCLXXXV + + ---- effect on women, CCCXXIV + + World, future of the, CIX + + ---- judgments of the, CCCXXII + + ---- ministers to the weaknesses of the, CCCLXXVII + + Wrong, infinite possibilities of, CVIII + + + R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., + AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + + + +Macmillan's Golden Treasury Series. + + +Uniformly printed in Pott 8vo., with Vignette Titles by Sir NOEL PATTON, +T. WOOLNER, W. HOLMAN HUNT, Sir J. E. MILLAIS, ARTHUR HUGHES, etc. +Engraved on steel. Bound in extra cloth. Pott 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ net each. + + + _PRESENTATION EDITIONS._ + + _The volumes marked with an asterisk (*) are also issued in the + following special bindings_:-- + + _(1) Cloth elegant, full gilt backs and gilt tops. 2s. 6d. net._ + _(2) Limp Leather, full gilt backs and gilt edges. 3s. 6d. net._ + + * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the + English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by + FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. + + * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the + English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by + FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. Second Series. The Two Series, in + cloth box. 5_s._ net. + + Lyric Love. An Anthology. Edited by W. WATSON. + + * Poet's Walk. An Introduction to English Poetry. Chosen and + arranged by MOWBRAY MORRIS. + + * The Children's Garland from the best Poets. Selected and + arranged by COVENTRY PATMORE. + + * The Children's Treasury of Lyrical Poetry. Selected and + arranged by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + The Ballad Book. A Selection of the choicest British Ballads. + Edited by WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. + + The Song Book. Words and Tunes from the best Poets and + Musicians. Selected and arranged by JOHN HULLAH. + + The Jest Book. The choicest Anecdotes and Sayings. Selected and + arranged by MARK LEMON. + + The Fairy Book; the best Popular Fairy Stories. Selected and + rendered anew by the Author of "JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." + + A Book of Golden Thoughts. By Sir HENRY ATTWELL, "Knight of the + Order of the Oak Crown." + + A Book of Golden Deeds of All Times and All Lands. Gathered and + narrated. By the Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + A Book of Worthies. Gathered from the Old Histories and now + written anew by the Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + The Sunday Book of Poetry. Selected and arranged by C. F. + ALEXANDER. + + Golden Treasury Psalter. Being an Edition with Briefer Notes of + the Psalms Chronologically arranged. By FOUR FRIENDS. + + The Book of Praise. From the best English Hymn Writers. Selected + and arranged by the EARL OF SELBORNE. + + La Lyre Francaise. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by GUSTAVE + MASSON. + + Theologia Germanica. Translated from the German by SUSANNA + WINKWORTH. With a Preface by CHARLES KINGSLEY. + + Balladen und Romanzen. The Golden Treasury of the Best German + Ballads and Romances. Selected and arranged by Dr. BUCHHEIM. + + Deutsche Lyrik. The Golden Treasury of the Best German Lyrical + Poems. Selected and arranged, with Notes and Literary + Introduction, by Dr. BUCHHEIM. + + * * * * * + + * Essays of Joseph Addison. Chosen and Edited by J. R. GREEN, + M.A., LL.D. + + * Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold. + + * Bacon's Essays and Colours of Good and Evil. With Notes and + Glossarial Index. By W. ALDIS WRIGHT, M.A. + + Lyrical Poems of T. E. Brown. Selected by H. F. BROWN and H. G. + DAKYNS. + + * Poetry of Byron. Chosen and arranged by MATTHEW ARNOLD. + + * Poems of Thomas Campbell. Selected and arranged by LEWIS + CAMPBELL. + + Selections from the Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough. + + * Selections from Cowper's Poems. With Introduction, by Mrs. + OLIPHANT. + + Letters of William Cowper. Edited with Introduction, by Rev. W. + BENHAM, B.D., F.S.A. + + * Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, the Astronomer-Poet of Persia. + Rendered into English Verse. + + Euphranor, and other Miscellanies. By EDWARD FITZGERALD. + + Balthazar Gracian's Art of Worldly Wisdom. Translated by JOSEPH + JACOBS. + + Heine's Lieder und Gedichte. Selected and Edited, with an + Introduction and Notes, by Dr. C. A. BUCHHEIM. + + Chrysomela: a Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert + Herrick. Arranged with Notes, by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. By O. W. HOLMES. With + Introduction by Sir LESLIE STEPHEN. + + Tom Brown's School Days. By THOMAS HUGHES. + + Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of Thomas Henry Huxley. + Selected by HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY. + + * The Poetical Works of John Keats. Reprinted from the original + Editions, with Notes by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + * The Christian Year. Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holy + Days throughout the Year. With Introduction by C. M. YONGE. + + * Tales from Shakespeare. By CHARLES and MARY LAMB. Edited by + the Rev. A. AINGER, M.A. + + Walter Savage Landor. Selections from the Writings of. Arranged + and Edited by SIDNEY COLVIN. + + * London Lyrics. By FREDERICK LOCKER-LAMPSON. + + Poetry of Thomas Moore. Selected and arranged by C. LITTON + FALKINER. + + * Select Poems of Christina G. Rossetti. Edited by W. M. + ROSSETTI. + + Songs and Sonnets by William Shakespeare. Edited by F. T. + PALGRAVE. + + * Poems from Shelley. Selected and Arranged by STOPFORD A. + BROOKE, M.A. + + * Poems by Robert Southey. Chosen and arranged by E. DOWDEN. + + Essays of Richard Steele. Selected and Edited by L. EDWARD + STEELE. + + Lyrical Poems. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. Selected and Annotated + by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + * In Memoriam. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * The Princess. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * The Idylls of the King. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * Poems of Wordsworth. Chosen and edited by MATTHEW ARNOLD. + + The Story of the Christians and Moors in Spain. By C. M. YONGE, + Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici: Letter to a Friend, etc., + and Christian Morals. Edited by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon. + + Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus. Edited + by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon. + + The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to Come. + By JOHN BUNYAN. + + The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Edited after the Original + Edition, by J. W. CLARK, M.A. + + Mohammed. The Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet. Chosen and + Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by STANLEY LANE + POOLE. + + The Cavalier and his Lady. Selections from the Works of the + First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle. With an Introductory + Essay by EDWARD JENKINS, Author of "GINX'S BABY," etc. + + The House of Atreus: being the Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, and + Furies of Ćschylus. Translated into English verse by E. D. + A. MORSHEAD, M.A. + + Two Essays on Old Age and Friendship. Translated from the Latin + of Cicero, with Introduction, by E. S. SHUCKBURGH. + + Golden Sayings of Epictetus. Translated and Arranged by HASTINGS + CROSSLEY, M.A., Litt. D. + + * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus to Himself. An English Version of + the Works of Marcus Aurelius. By Rev. Dr. GERALD HENRY + RENDALL, Head Master of Charterhouse. + + * The Republic of Plato. Translated into English, with Notes, by + J. LL. DAVIES, M.A., and D. J. VAUGHAN, M.A. + + The Trial and Death of Socrates. Being the Euthyphron, Apology, + Crito, and Phaedo of Plato. Translated into English by F. J. + CHURCH. + + Phaedrus, Lysis, and Protagoras of Plato. A New and Literal + Translation, by J. WRIGHT. + + Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. Rendered into English Prose by + ANDREW LANG, M.A. + + * * * * * + + MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., LONDON + + 10.11.07 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the +works of T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 35584-8.txt or 35584-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/5/8/35584/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/35584-8.zip b/35584-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..143990d --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-8.zip diff --git a/35584-h.zip b/35584-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d56f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-h.zip diff --git a/35584-h/35584-h.htm b/35584-h/35584-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69e3c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-h/35584-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10893 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley, selected by Henrietta A. Huxley. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + /* font-family: monospace; */ +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} +ul { list-style-type:none; +} + + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.advert { + text-indent: -5%; + padding-left: 10%; +} + +.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + +.br {border-right: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.numeral {text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + font-variant: small-caps;} + +.tablepad { + padding-left: 1em; +} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + .poem span.i10 {display: block; margin-left: 10em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of +T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley + +Author: Thomas Henry Huxley + +Editor: Henrietta A. Huxley + +Release Date: March 16, 2011 [EBook #35584] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_001.jpg" alt=" decoration" width="380" height="100"></img></div> + +<h4 class="center">MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +<small>LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA<br /> +MELBOURNE</small><br /> +<br /> +THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> +<small>NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO<br /> +ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO</small><br /> +<br /> +THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br /> +<small>TORONTO</small></h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt=" Signature: T. H. Huxley" width="400" height="730"></img></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1 class="center">APHORISMS</h1> +<h3 class="center">AND</h3> +<h1 class="center">REFLECTIONS</h1> + +<h3 class="center">From the Works of</h3> +<h2 class="center">T. H. HUXLEY</h2> + +<h3 class="center">Selected by</h3> +<h2 class="center">HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY<br /></h2> + +<p class="center">MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED<br /> +ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON<br /> +1908<br /> +<br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,</span></h3> +<p class="center">BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND<br /> +BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.<br /></p> + +<p class="center"><i>First Edition, 1907.</i><br /> +<i>Reprinted, 1908.</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">PREFACE</h2> + +<p>Although a man by his works and personality +shall have made his mark upon the age he lives in, +yet when he has passed away and his influence +with him, the next generation, and still more the +succeeding one, will know little of this work, of his +ideals and of the goal he strove to win, although for +the student his scientific work may always live.</p> + +<p>Thomas Henry Huxley may come to be remembered +by the public merely as the man who held +that we were descended from the ape, or as the +apostle of Darwinism, or as the man who worsted +Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford.</p> + +<p>To prevent such limitation, and to afford more +intimate and valuable reasons for remembrance of +this man of science and lover of his fellow-men, I +have gathered together passages, on widely differing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +themes, from the nine volumes of his "Essays," +from his "Scientific Memoirs" and his "Letters," +to be published in a small volume, complete in itself +and of a size that can be carried in the pocket.</p> + +<p>Some of the passages were picked out for their +philosophy, some for their moral guidances, some +for their scientific exposition of natural facts, or +for their insight into social questions; others for +their charms of imagination or genial humour, and +many—not the least—for their pure beauty of lucid +English writing.</p> + +<p>In so much wealth of material it was difficult to +restrict the gathering.</p> + +<p>My great wish is that this small book, by the +easy method of its contents, may attract the attention +of those persons who are yet unacquainted +with my husband's writings; of the men and women +of leisure, who, although they may have heard of +the "Essays," do not care to work their way through +the nine volumes; of others who would like to read +them, but who have either no time to do so or coin +wherewith to buy them. More especially do I hope +that these selections may attract the attention of the +working man, whose cause my husband so ardently +espoused, and to whom he was the first to reveal, +by his free lectures, the loveliness of Nature, +the many rainbow-coloured rays of science, and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> +show forth to his listeners how all these glorious +rays unite in the one pure white light of holy +truth.</p> + +<p>I am most grateful to our son Leonard Huxley +for weeding out the overgrowth of my extracts, +for indexing the text of the book and seeing +it through the press for me.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="smcap">Hodeslea, Eastbourne,</span><br /> +<i>June 29th, 1907.</i><br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS</h2> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_I" id="Num_I">I</a></p> + +<p>There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind +except veracity of thought and of action, and +the resolute facing of the world as it is when the +garment of make-believe by which pious hands +have hidden its uglier features is stripped off.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_II" id="Num_II">II</a></p> + +<p>Natural knowledge, seeking to satisfy natural +wants, has found the ideas which can alone still +spiritual cravings. I say that natural knowledge, in +desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort, has been +driven to discover those of conduct, and to lay the +foundations of a new morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_III" id="Num_III">III</a></p> + +<p>The improver of natural knowledge absolutely +refuses to acknowledge authority, as such. For +him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind faith +the one unpardonable sin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_IV" id="Num_IV">IV</a></p> + +<p>The man of science has learned to believe in +justification, not by faith, but by verification.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_V" id="Num_V">V</a></p> + +<p>No delusion is greater than the notion that +method and industry can make up for lack of motherwit, +either in science or in practical life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VI" id="Num_VI">VI</a></p> + +<p>Nothing great in science has ever been done by +men, whatever their powers, in whom the divine +afflatus of the truth-seeker was wanting.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VII" id="Num_VII">VII</a></p> + +<p>In science, as in art, and, as I believe, in every +other sphere of human activity, there may be wisdom +in a multitude of counsellors, but it is only in one or +two of them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VIII" id="Num_VIII">VIII</a></p> + +<p>Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption +one sometimes meets with, that physics has one +method, chemistry another, and biology a third.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_IX" id="Num_IX">IX</a></p> + +<p>Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific +work is aware that those who refuse to go beyond +fact, rarely get as far as fact; and anyone who has +studied the history of science knows that almost +every great step therein has been made by the +"anticipation of Nature."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_X" id="Num_X">X</a></p> + +<p>There are three great products of our time.... One +of these is that doctrine concerning the constitution of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +matter which, for want of a better name, I will call +"molecular"; the second is the doctrine of the conservation +of energy; the third is the doctrine of +evolution.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XI" id="Num_XI">XI</a></p> + +<p>M. Comte's philosophy, in practice, might be +compendiously described as Catholicism <i>minus</i> +Christianity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XII" id="Num_XII">XII</a></p> + +<p>Fact I know; and Law I know; but what is this +Necessity, save an empty shadow of my own mind's +throwing?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIII" id="Num_XIII">XIII</a></p> + +<p>We live in a world which is full of misery and +ignorance, and the plain duty of each and all of us +is to try to make the little corner he can influence +somewhat less miserable and somewhat less ignorant +than it was before he entered it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIV" id="Num_XIV">XIV</a></p> + +<p>The man of science, who, forgetting the limits of +philosophical inquiry, slides from these formulæ and +symbols into what is commonly understood by +materialism, seems to me to place himself on a level +with the mathematician, who should mistake the <i>x</i>'s +and <i>y</i>'s with which he works his problems for real +entities—and with this further disadvantage, as +compared with the mathematician, that the blunders +of the latter are of no practical consequence, while +the errors of systematic materialism may paralyse +the energies and destroy the beauty of a life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XV" id="Num_XV">XV</a></p> + +<p>There are some men who are counted great +because they represent the actuality of their own +age, and mirror it as it is. Such an one was +Voltaire, of whom it was epigrammatically said, +"he expressed everybody's thoughts better than +anybody." But there are other men who attain greatness +because they embody the potentiality of their +own day, and magically reflect the future. They +express the thoughts which will be everybody's two +or three centuries after them. Such an one was +Descartes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVI" id="Num_XVI">XVI</a></p> + +<p>"Learn what is true, in order to do what is +right," is the summing up of the whole duty of man, +for all who are unable to satisfy their mental hunger +with the east wind of authority.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVII" id="Num_XVII">XVII</a></p> + +<p>When I say that Descartes consecrated doubt, you +must remember that it was that sort of doubt which +Goethe has called "the active scepticism, whose +whole aim is to conquer itself"; and not that other +sort which is born of flippancy and ignorance, and +whose aim is only to perpetuate itself, as an excuse +for idleness and indifference.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVIII" id="Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></p> + +<p>What, then, is certain?... Why, the fact that the +thought, the present consciousness, exists. Our +thoughts may be delusive, but they cannot be +fictitious. As thoughts, they are real and existent, +and the cleverest deceiver cannot make them +otherwise.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIX" id="Num_XIX">XIX</a></p> + +<p>Thought is existence. More than that, so far as +we are concerned, existence is thought, all our conceptions +of existence being some kind or other of +thought.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XX" id="Num_XX">XX</a></p> + +<p>It is enough for all the practical purposes of human +existence if we find that our trust in the representations +of consciousness is verified by results; and +that, by their help, we are enabled "to walk sure-footedly +in this life."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXI" id="Num_XXI">XXI</a></p> + +<p>It is because the body is a machine that education +is possible. Education is the formation of habits, a +superinducing of an artificial organisation upon the +natural organisation of the body; so that acts, +which at first required a conscious effort, eventually +became unconscious and mechanical.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXII" id="Num_XXII">XXII</a></p> + +<p>I protest that if some great Power would agree to +make me always think what is true and do what is +right, on condition of being turned into a sort of +clock and wound up every morning before I got +out of bed, I should instantly close with the offer.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIII" id="Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></p> + +<p>The only freedom I care about is the freedom to +do right; the freedom to do wrong I am ready to +part with on the cheapest terms to anyone who will +take it of me.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIV" id="Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></p> + +<p>Whatever evil voices may rage, Science, secure +among the powers that are eternal, will do her work +and be blessed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXV" id="Num_XXV">XXV</a></p> + +<p>There is assuredly no more effectual method of +clearing up one's own mind on any subject than by +talking it over, so to speak, with men of real power +and grasp, who have considered it from a totally +different point of view.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVI" id="Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></p> + +<p>The parallax of time helps us to the true position +of a conception, as the parallax of space helps us to +that of a star.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVII" id="Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></p> + +<p>[If animals are conscious automata with souls] +the soul stands related to the body as the bell of a +clock to the works, and consciousness answers +to the sound which the bell gives out when it is +struck.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVIII" id="Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Logical consequences are the scarecrows of fools +and the beacons of wise men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIX" id="Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></p> + +<p>The only question which any wise man can ask +himself, and which any honest man will ask himself, +is whether a doctrine is true or false.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXX" id="Num_XXX">XXX</a></p> + +<p>Of all the senseless babble I have ever had +occasion to read, the demonstrations of these philosophers +who undertake to tell us all about the +nature of God would be the worst, if they were not +surpassed by the still greater absurdities of the +philosophers who try to prove that there is no +God.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXI" id="Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></p> + +<p>That which is to be lamented, I fancy, is not that +society should do its utmost to help capacity to +ascend from the lower strata to the higher, but that +it has no machinery by which to facilitate the +descent of incapacity from the higher strata to the +lower.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXII" id="Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></p> + +<p>Time, whose tooth gnaws away everything else, +is powerless against truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIII" id="Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Misery is a match that never goes out.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIV" id="Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Genius as an explosive power beats gunpowder +hollow; and if knowledge, which should give that +power guidance, is wanting, the chances are not +small that the rocket will simply run amuck among +friends and foes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXV" id="Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></p> + +<p>Thoughtfulness for others, generosity, modesty, +and self-respect, are the qualities which make a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +real gentleman, or lady, as distinguished from the +veneered article which commonly goes by that +name.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVI" id="Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The higher the state of civilisation, the more +completely do the actions of one member of the +social body influence all the rest, and the less +possible is it for any one man to do a wrong thing +without interfering, more or less, with the freedom +of all his fellow-citizens.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVII" id="Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></p> + +<p>I take it that the good of mankind means the +attainment, by every man, of all the happiness +which he can enjoy without diminishing the happiness +of his fellow men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVIII" id="Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Education promotes peace by teaching men the +realities of life and the obligations which are +involved in the very existence of society; it promotes +intellectual development, not only by training the +individual intellect, but by sifting out from the +masses of ordinary or inferior capacities, those +who are competent to increase the general welfare +by occupying higher positions; and, lastly, +it promotes morality and refinement, by teaching +men to discipline themselves, and by leading them +to see that the highest, as it is the only permanent, +content is to be attained, not by grovelling in the +rank and steaming valleys of sense, but by continual +striving towards those high peaks, where, resting +in eternal calm, reason discerns the undefined but +bright ideal of the highest Good—"a cloud by day, +a pillar of fire by night."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIX" id="Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Missionaries, whether of philosophy or of religion, +rarely make rapid way, unless their preachings fall +in with the prepossessions of the multitude of shallow +thinkers, or can be made to serve as a stalking-horse +for the promotion of the practical aims of the +still larger multitude, who do not profess to think +much, but are quite certain they want a great +deal.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XL" id="Num_XL">XL</a></p> + +<p>Proclaim human equality as loudly as you like, +Witless will serve his brother.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLI" id="Num_XLI">XLI</a></p> + +<p>There is no sea more dangerous than the ocean of +practical politics—none in which there is more need +of good pilotage and of a single, unfaltering purpose +when the waves rise high.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLII" id="Num_XLII">XLII</a></p> + +<p>The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or +have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly +baseless fiction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIII" id="Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></p> + +<p>For the welfare of society, as for that of individual +men, it is surely essential that there should be a +statute of limitations in respect of the consequences +of wrong-doing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIV" id="Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></p> + +<p>"Musst immer thun wie neu geboren" is the best +of all maxims for the guidance of the life of States, +no less than of individuals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLV" id="Num_XLV">XLV</a></p> + +<p>The population question is the real riddle of the +sphinx, to which no political Œdipus has as yet +found the answer. In view of the ravages of the +terrible monster, over-multiplication, all other riddles +sink into insignificance.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVI" id="Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></p> + +<p>The "Law of Nature" is not a command to do, +or to refrain from doing, anything. It contains, in +reality, nothing but a statement of that which a +given being tends to do under the circumstances of +its existence; and which, in the case of a living +and sensitive being, it is necessitated to do, if it is +to escape certain kinds of disability, pain, and +ultimate dissolution.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVII" id="Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></p> + +<p>Probably none of the political delusions which +have sprung from the "natural rights" doctrine has +been more mischievous than the assertion that all +men have a natural right to freedom, and that those +who willingly submit to any restriction of this +freedom, beyond the point determined by the deductions +of <i>a priori</i> philosophers, deserve the title of +slave. But to my mind, this delusion is incomprehensible +except as the result of the error of confounding +natural with moral rights.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVIII" id="Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></p> + +<p>The very existence of society depends on the +fact that every member of it tacitly admits that +he is not the exclusive possessor of himself, and +that he admits the claim of the polity of which +he forms a part, to act, to some extent, as his +master.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIX" id="Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></p> + +<p>Surely there is a time to submit to guidance and a +time to take one's own way at all hazards.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_L" id="Num_L">L</a></p> + +<p>Individualism, pushed to anarchy, in the family is +as ill-founded theoretically and as mischievous practically +as it is in the State; while extreme regimentation +is a certain means of either destroying self-reliance +or of maddening to rebellion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LI" id="Num_LI">LI</a></p> + +<p>A man in his development runs for a little while +parallel with, though never passing through, the +form of the meanest worm, then travels for a space +beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and +the reptile for his fellow travellers; and only at last, +after a brief companionship with the highest of the +four-footed and four-handed world, rises into the +dignity of pure manhood.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LII" id="Num_LII">LII</a></p> + +<p>Not only does every animal live at the expense of +some other animal or plant, but the very plants are at +war.... The individuals of a species are like the +crew of a foundered ship, and none but good swimmers +have a chance of reaching the land.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIII" id="Num_LIII">LIII</a></p> + +<p>When we know that living things are formed +of the same elements as the inorganic world, that +they act and react upon it, bound by a thousand ties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +of natural piety, is it probable, nay is it possible, +that they, and they alone, should have no order in +their seeming disorder, no unity in their seeming +multiplicity, should suffer no explanation by the +discovery of some central and sublime law of mutual +connection?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIV" id="Num_LIV">LIV</a></p> + +<p>The student of Nature wonders the more and is +astonished the less, the more conversant he becomes +with her operations; but of all the perennial miracles +she offers to his inspection, perhaps the most worthy +of admiration is the development of a plant or of an +animal from its embryo.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LV" id="Num_LV">LV</a></p> + +<p>Matter and force are the two names of the one +artist who fashions the living as well as the lifeless.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVI" id="Num_LVI">LVI</a></p> + +<p>There is not throughout Nature a law of wider +application than this, that a body impelled by two +forces takes the direction of their resultant.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVII" id="Num_LVII">LVII</a></p> + +<p>Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of +thought. It learns not, neither can it forget.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVIII" id="Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></p> + +<p>Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers +after truth, from the days of Galileo until now, +whose lives have been embittered and their good +name blasted by the mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +Who shall count the host of weaker men whose +sense of truth has been destroyed in the effort to +harmonise impossibilities—whose life has been +wasted in the attempt to force the generous new +wine of Science into the old bottles of Judaism, +compelled by the outcry of the same strong party?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIX" id="Num_LIX">LIX</a></p> + +<p>When Astronomy was young "the morning stars +sang together for joy," and the planets were guided +in their courses by celestial hands. Now, the +harmony of the stars has resolved itself into +gravitation according to the inverse squares of the +distances, and the orbits of the planets are deducible +from the laws of the forces which allow a schoolboy's +stone to break a window.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LX" id="Num_LX">LX</a></p> + +<p>The lightning was the angel of the Lord; but it +has pleased Providence, in these modern times, that +science should make it the humble messenger of man, +and we know that every flash that shimmers about +the horizon on a summer's evening is determined by +ascertainable conditions, and that its direction and +brightness might, if our knowledge of these were +great enough, have been calculated.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXI" id="Num_LXI">LXI</a></p> + +<p>Why should the souls [of philosophers] be deeply +vexed? The majesty of Fact is on their side, and the +elemental forces of Nature are working for them. +Not a star comes to the meridian at its calculated +time but testifies to the justice of their methods—their +beliefs are "one with the falling rain and with +the growing corn." By doubt they are established, +and open inquiry is their bosom friend.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXII" id="Num_LXII">LXII</a></p> + +<p>Harmonious order governing eternally continuous +progress—the web and woof of matter and force +interweaving by slow degrees, without a broken +thread, that veil which lies between us and the +Infinite—that universe which alone we know or can +know; such is the picture which science draws of +the world, and in proportion as any part of that +picture is in unison with the rest, so may we feel +sure that it is rightly painted.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIII" id="Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></p> + +<p>Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of +men, with his mere natural appliances, to separate all +the grains of sand from all the grains of salt; but a +shower of rain will effect the same object in ten +minutes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIV" id="Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></p> + +<p>Elijah's great question, "Will you serve God or +Baal? Choose ye," is uttered audibly enough in the +ears of every one of us as we come to manhood. +Let every man who tries to answer it seriously ask +himself whether he can be satisfied with the Baal of +authority, and with all the good things his worshippers +are promised in this world and the next. If he can, +let him, if he be so inclined, amuse himself with such +scientific implements as authority tells him are safe +and will not cut his fingers; but let him not imagine +he is, or can be, both a true son of the Church and a +loyal soldier of science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXV" id="Num_LXV">LXV</a></p> + +<p>Ecclesiasticism in science is only unfaithfulness +to truth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVI" id="Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></p> + +<p>If the blind acceptance of authority appears to +him in its true colours, as mere private judgment <i>in +excelsis</i>, and if he have the courage to stand alone, +face to face with the abyss of the eternal and +unknowable, let him be content, once for all, not +only to renounce the good things promised by +"Infallibility," but even to bear the bad things +which it prophesies; content to follow reason and +fact in singleness and honesty of purpose, wherever +they may lead, in the sure faith that a hell of honest +men will, to him, be more endurable than a paradise +full of angelic shams.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVII" id="Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></p> + +<p>History warns us that it is the customary fate +of new truths to begin as heresies and to end as +superstitions.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVIII" id="Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The struggle for existence holds as much in the +intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a +species of thinking, and its right to exist is +coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by +its rivals.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIX" id="Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></p> + +<p>The scientific spirit is of more value than its +products, and irrationally held truths may be more +harmful than reasoned errors.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXX" id="Num_LXX">LXX</a></p> + +<p>Every belief is the product of two factors: the +first is the state of the mind to which the evidence in +favour of that belief is presented; and the second +is the logical cogency of the evidence itself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXI" id="Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></p> + +<p>Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXII" id="Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></p> + +<p>The method of scientific investigation is nothing +but the expression of the necessary mode of working +of the human mind. It is simply the mode in which +all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise +and exact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIII" id="Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></p> + +<p>There are men (and I think Priestley was one of +them) to whom the satisfaction of throwing down a +triumphant fallacy is as great as that which attends +the discovery of a new truth; who feel better +satisfied with the government of the world, when +they have been helping Providence by knocking an +imposture on the head; and who care even more for +freedom of thought than for mere advance of +knowledge. These men are the Carnots who +organise victory for truth, and they are, at least, as +important as the generals who visibly fight her battles +in the field.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIV" id="Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Material advancement has its share in moral and +intellectual progress. Becky Sharp's acute remark +that it is not difficult to be virtuous on ten thousand +a year, has its application to nations; and it is futile +to expect a hungry and squalid population to be +anything but violent and gross.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXV" id="Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></p> + +<p>If the twentieth century is to be better than the +nineteenth, it will be because there are among us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +men who walk in Priestley's footsteps. But whether +Priestley's lot be theirs, and a future generation, in +justice and in gratitude, set up their statues; or +whether their names and fame are blotted out from +remembrance, their work will live as long as time +endures. To all eternity, the sum of truth and right +will have been increased by their means; to all +eternity, falsehood and injustice will be the weaker +because they have lived.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVI" id="Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Science is, I believe, nothing but <i>trained and +organised common sense</i>, differing from the latter only +as a veteran may differ from a raw recruit: and its +methods differ from those of common sense only so +far as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from +the manner in which a savage wields his club.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVII" id="Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The vast results obtained by Science are won by +no mystical faculties, by no mental processes, other +than those which are practised by every one of us, in +the humblest and meanest affairs of life. A detective +policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made +by his shoe, by a mental process identical with that +by which Cuvier restored the extinct animals of +Montmartre from fragments of their bones.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVIII" id="Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>There is no side of the human mind which physiological +study leaves uncultivated. Connected by +innumerable ties with abstract science, Physiology is +yet in the most intimate relation with humanity; and +by teaching us that law and order, and a definite +scheme of development, regulate even the strangest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +and wildest manifestations of individual life, she +prepares the student to look for a goal even amidst +the erratic wanderings of mankind, and to believe +that history offers something more than an entertaining +chaos—a journal of a toilsome, tragi-comic +march nowhither.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIX" id="Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I cannot but think that he who finds a certain +proportion of pain and evil inseparably woven up in +the life of the very worms, will bear his own share +with more courage and submission; and will, at any +rate, view with suspicion those weakly amiable +theories of the Divine government, which would have +us believe pain to be an oversight and a mistake,—to +be corrected by and by. On the other hand, the +predominance of happiness among living things—their +lavish beauty—the secret and wonderful +harmony which pervades them all, from the highest +to the lowest, are equally striking refutations of that +modern Manichean doctrine, which exhibits the world +as a slave-mill, worked with many tears, for mere +utilitarian ends.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXX" id="Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></p> + +<p>To a person uninstructed in natural history, his +country or sea-side stroll is a walk through a gallery +filled with wonderful works of art, nine-tenths of +which have their faces turned to the wall. Teach +him something of natural history, and you place in +his hands a catalogue of those which are worth +turning round. Surely our innocent pleasures are +not so abundant in this life that we can afford to +despise this or any other source of them. We should +fear being banished for our neglect to that limbo +where the great Florentine tells us are those who, +during this life, "wept when they might be joyful."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXI" id="Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></p> + +<p>No slavery can be abolished without a double +emancipation, and the master will benefit by freedom +more than the freed-man.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXII" id="Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Compare the average artisan and the average +country squire, and it may be doubted if you will find +a pin to choose between the two in point of ignorance, +class feeling, or prejudice. It is true that the +ignorance is of a different sort—that the class feeling +is in favour of a different class—and that the prejudice +has a distinct savour of wrong-headedness in each +case—but it is questionable if the one is either a bit +better, or a bit worse, than the other. The old +protectionist theory is the doctrine of trades unions as +applied by the squires, and the modern trades unionism +is the doctrine of the squires applied by the artisans. +Why should we be worse off under one <i>régime</i> than +under the other?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIII" id="Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one +of us, and, more or less, of those who are connected +with us, do depend upon our knowing something +of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and +complicated than chess. It is a game which has been +played for untold ages, every man and woman of us +being one of the two players in a game of his or her +own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the +phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are +what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the +other side is hidden from us. We know that his play +is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to +our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes +the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man +who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +that sort of overflowing generosity with which the +strong shows delight in strength. And one who +plays ill is checkmated—without haste, but without +remorse.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIV" id="Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Education is the instruction of the intellect in the +laws of Nature, under which name I include not +merely things and their forces, but men and their +ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of +the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in +harmony with those laws.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXV" id="Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></p> + +<p>To every one of us the world was once as fresh and +new as to Adam. And then, long before we were +susceptible of any other mode of instruction, Nature +took us in hand, and every minute of waking life +brought its educational influence, shaping our actions +into rough accordance with Nature's laws, so that +we might not be ended untimely by too gross +disobedience. Nor should I speak of this process of +education as past for any one, be he as old as he may. +For every man the world is as fresh as it was at the +first day, and as full of untold novelties for him who +has the eyes to see them. And Nature is still continuing +her patient education of us in that great +university, the universe, of which we are all members—Nature +having no Test-Acts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVI" id="Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Those who take honours in Nature's university, +who learn the laws which govern men and things +and obey them, are the really great and successful +men in this world. The great mass of mankind are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +the "Poll," who pick up just enough to get through +without much discredit. Those who won't learn at +all are plucked; and then you can't come up again. +Nature's pluck means extermination.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVII" id="Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience—incapacity +meets with the same punishment +as crime. Nature's discipline is not even a word and +a blow, and the blow first; but the blow without the +word. It is left to you to find out why your ears +are boxed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVIII" id="Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>All artificial education ought to be an anticipation +of natural education.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIX" id="Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>That man, I think, has had a liberal education +who has been so trained in youth that his body is +the ready servant of his will, and does with ease +and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it +is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic +engine, with all its parts of equal strength and in +smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine, +to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the +gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the mind; +whose mind is stored with a knowledge of the great +and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of +her operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full +of life and fire, but whose passions are trained to +come to heel by a vigorous will, the servant of a +tender conscience; who has learned to love all +beauty, whether of Nature or of art, to hate all +vileness, and to respect others as himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XC" id="Num_XC">XC</a></p> + +<p>The only medicine for suffering, crime, and all the +other woes of mankind, is wisdom.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCI" id="Num_XCI">XCI</a></p> + +<p>Next to being right in this world, the best of all +things is to be clearly and definitely wrong, because +you will come out somewhere. If you go buzzing +about between right and wrong, vibrating and +fluctuating, you come out nowhere; but if you are +absolutely and thoroughly and persistently wrong, +you must, some of these days, have the extreme +good fortune of knocking your head against a fact, +and that sets you all straight again.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCII" id="Num_XCII">XCII</a></p> + +<p>No man ever understands Shakespeare until he is +old, though the youngest may admire him, the +reason being that he satisfies the artistic instinct of +the youngest and harmonises with the ripest and +richest experience of the oldest.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIII" id="Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></p> + +<p>It is not a question whether one order of study +or another should predominate. It is a question +of what topics of education you shall select which +will combine all the needful elements in such due +proportion as to give the greatest amount of food, +support, and encouragement to those faculties which +enable us to appreciate truth, and to profit by +those sources of innocent happiness which are +open to us, and, at the same time, to avoid that +which is bad, and coarse, and ugly, and keep +clear of the multitude of pitfalls and dangers which +beset those who break through the natural or +moral laws.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIV" id="Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></p> + +<p>Writing is a form of drawing; therefore if you +give the same attention and trouble to drawing as you +do to writing, depend upon it, there is nobody who +cannot be made to draw, more or less well.... I do +not say for one moment you would make an artistic +draughtsman. Artists are not made; they grow.... +You can teach simple drawing, and you will +find it an implement of learning of extreme value. I do +not think its value can be exaggerated, because it +gives you the means of training the young in +attention and accuracy, which are the two things in +which all mankind are more deficient than in any +other mental quality whatever.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCV" id="Num_XCV">XCV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot get literary culture of the highest +kind out of his Bible, and Chaucer, and Shakespeare, +and Milton, and Hobbes, and Bishop Berkeley, to +mention only a few of our illustrious writers—I +say, if he cannot get it out of those writers, he +cannot get it out of anything; and I would assuredly +devote a very large portion of the time of every +English child to the careful study of the models of +English writing of such varied and wonderful kind +as we possess, and, what is still more important +and still more neglected, the habit of using that +language with precision, with force, and with +art.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVI" id="Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></p> + +<p>I fancy we are almost the only nation in the world +who seem to think that composition comes by nature. +The French attend to their own language, the +Germans study theirs; but Englishmen do not seem +to think it is worth their while.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVII" id="Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></p> + +<p>Many of the faults and mistakes of the ancient +philosophers are traceable to the fact that they knew +no language but their own, and were often led into +confusing the symbol with the thought which it +embodied.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVIII" id="Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the time given to education permits, add Latin +and German. Latin, because it is the key to nearly +one-half of English and to all the Romance languages; +and German, because it is the key to almost +all the remainder of English, and helps you to +understand a race from whom most of us have +sprung, and who have a character and a literature +of a fateful force in the history of the world, such +as probably has been allotted to those of no other +people, except the Jews, the Greeks, and ourselves.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIX" id="Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></p> + +<p>In an ideal University, ... the force of living +example should fire the student with a noble ambition +to emulate the learning of learned men, and to +follow in the footsteps of the explorers of new fields +of knowledge. And the very air he breathes should +be charged with that enthusiasm for truth, that +fanaticism of veracity, which is a greater possession +than much learning; a nobler gift than the power +of increasing knowledge; by so much greater and +nobler than these, as the moral nature of man is +greater than the intellectual; for veracity is the +heart of morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_C" id="Num_C">C</a></p> + +<p>Do what you can to do what you ought, and leave +hoping and fearing alone.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CI" id="Num_CI">CI</a></p> + +<p>On the face of the matter, it is absurd to ask +whether it is more important to know the limits of +one's powers; or the ends for which they ought to +be exerted; or the conditions under which they +must be exerted. One may as well inquire which of +the terms of a Rule of Three sum one ought to know +in order to get a trustworthy result. Practical life +is such a sum, in which your duty multiplied into +your capacity, and divided by your circumstances, +gives you the fourth term in the proportion, which is +your deserts, with great accuracy.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CII" id="Num_CII">CII</a></p> + +<p>Books are the money of Literature, but only the +counters of Science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIII" id="Num_CIII">CIII</a></p> + +<p>Medicine was the foster-mother of Chemistry, +because it has to do with the preparation of drugs +and the detection of poisons; of Botany, because it +enabled the physician to recognise medicinal herbs; of +Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, because the +man who studied Human Anatomy and Physiology +for purely medical purposes was led to extend his +studies to the rest of the animal world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIV" id="Num_CIV">CIV</a></p> + +<p>A thorough study of Human Physiology is, +in itself, an education broader and more comprehensive +than much that passes under that name. +There is no side of the intellect which it does not call +into play, no region of human knowledge into which +either its roots, or its branches, do not extend; like +the Atlantic between the Old and the New Worlds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +its waves wash the shores of the two worlds of +matter and of mind; its tributary streams flow from +both; through its waters, as yet unfurrowed by the +keel of any Columbus, lies the road, if such there be, +from the one to the other; far away from that +North-west Passage of mere speculation, in which +so many brave souls have been hopelessly frozen +up.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CV" id="Num_CV">CV</a></p> + +<p>You know that among the Bees, it depends on the +kind of cell in which the egg is deposited, and the +quantity and quality of food which is supplied to the +grub, whether it shall turn out a busy little worker +or a big idle queen. And, in the human hive, the +cells of the endowed larvæ are always tending to +enlarge, and their food to improve, until we get +queens, beautiful to behold, but which gather no +honey and build no comb.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVI" id="Num_CVI">CVI</a></p> + +<p>Examination, like fire, is a good servant, but a bad +master; and there seems to me to be some danger of its +becoming our master. I by no means stand alone in +this opinion. Experienced friends of mine do not +hesitate to say that students whose career they +watch appear to them to become deteriorated by the +constant effort to pass this or that examination, just +as we hear of men's brains becoming affected by the +daily necessity of catching a train. They work to +pass, not to know; and outraged Science takes +her revenge. They do pass, and they don't know.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVII" id="Num_CVII">CVII</a></p> + +<p>A man's worst difficulties begin when he is able to +do as he likes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVIII" id="Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></p> + +<p>There is but one right, and the possibilities of +wrong are infinite.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIX" id="Num_CIX">CIX</a></p> + +<p>It is given to few to add to the store of knowledge, +to strike new springs of thought, or to shape new +forms of beauty. But so sure as it is that men live +not by bread, but by ideas, so sure is it that the +future of the world lies in the hands of those who are +able to carry the interpretation of nature a step +further than their predecessors.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CX" id="Num_CX">CX</a></p> + +<p>Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a +nation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXI" id="Num_CXI">CXI</a></p> + +<p>Whatever practical people may say, this world +is, after all, absolutely governed by ideas, and +very often by the wildest and most hypothetical +ideas. It is a matter of the very greatest importance +that our theories of things, and even of things that +seem a long way apart from our daily lives, should +be as far as possible true, and as far as possible +removed from error.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXII" id="Num_CXII">CXII</a></p> + +<p>All truth, in the long run, is only common sense +clarified.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIII" id="Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></p> + +<p>You may read any quantity of books, and you may +be almost as ignorant as you were at starting, if you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +don't have, at the back of your minds, the change for +words in definite images which can only be acquired +through the operation of your observing faculties on +the phenomena of nature.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIV" id="Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></p> + +<p>The saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous +thing is, to my mind, a very dangerous adage. If +knowledge is real and genuine, I do not believe that +it is other than a very valuable possession, however +infinitesimal its quantity may be. Indeed, if a little +knowledge is dangerous, where is the man who has +so much as to be out of danger?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXV" id="Num_CXV">CXV</a></p> + +<p>Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more +than twice their weight of cleverness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVI" id="Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></p> + +<p>The body is a machine of the nature of an army.... +Of this army each cell is a soldier, an organ +a brigade, the central nervous system headquarters +and field telegraph, the alimentary and circulatory +system the commissariat. Losses are made good by +recruits born in camp, and the life of the individual is +a campaign, conducted successfully for a number +of years, but with certain defeat in the long run.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVII" id="Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></p> + +<p>So far as the laws of conduct are determined by +the intellect, I apprehend that they belong to science, +and to that part of science which is called morality. +But the engagement of the affections in favour of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +particular kind of conduct which we call good, seems +to me to be something quite beyond mere science. And +I cannot but think that it, together with the awe and +reverence, which have no kinship with base fear, but +arise whenever one tries to pierce below the surface +of things, whether they be material or spiritual, constitutes +all that has any unchangeable reality in +religion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVIII" id="Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Just as I think it would be a mistake to confound +the science, morality, with the affection, +religion; so do I conceive it to be a most lamentable +and mischievous error, that the science, theology, is +so confounded in the minds of many—indeed, I might +say, of the majority of men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIX" id="Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></p> + +<p>My belief is, that no human being, and no +society composed of human beings, ever did, or ever +will, come to much, unless their conduct was +governed and guided by the love of some ethical +ideal.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXX" id="Num_CXX">CXX</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is +the ability to make yourself do the thing you have to +do, when it ought to be done, whether you like it or +not; it is the first lesson that ought to be learned; +and, however early a man's training begins, it is +probably the last lesson that he learns thoroughly.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXI" id="Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></p> + +<p>The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. +What men need is, as much knowledge as they can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +assimilate and organise into a basis for action; give +them more and it may become injurious. One knows +people who are as heavy and stupid from undigested +learning as others are from over-fulness of meat and +drink.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXII" id="Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></p> + +<p>There is no mode of exercising the faculty of +observation and the faculty of accurate reproduction +of that which is observed, no discipline which so +readily tests error in these matters, as drawing +properly taught. And by that I do not mean artistic +drawing; I mean figuring natural objects. I do not +wish to exaggerate, but I declare to you that, in my +judgment, the child who has been taught to make an +accurate elevation, plan and section of a pint pot has +had an admirable training in accuracy of eye and +hand.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIII" id="Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Accuracy is the foundation of everything else.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIV" id="Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Anybody who knows his business in science can +make anything subservient to that purpose. You +know it was said of Dean Swift that he could write +an admirable poem upon a broomstick, and the man +who has a real knowledge of science can make the +commonest object in the world subservient to an +introduction to the principles and greater truths of +natural knowledge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXV" id="Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></p> + +<p>My experience of the world is that things left to +themselves don't get right.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVI" id="Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I remember somewhere reading of an interview +between the poet Southey and a good Quaker. +Southey was a man of marvellous powers of work. +He had a habit of dividing his time into little parts +each of which was filled up, and he told the Quaker +what he did in this hour and that, and so on through +the day until far into the night. The Quaker listened, +and at the close said, "Well, but, friend Southey, +when dost thee think?"</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVII" id="Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The knowledge which is absolutely requisite in +dealing with young children is the knowledge you +possess, as you would know your own business, +and which you can just turn about as if you were +explaining to a boy a matter of everyday life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVIII" id="Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>You may develop the intellectual side of people as +far as you like, and you may confer upon them all the +skill that training and instruction can give; but, if +there is not, underneath all that outside form and +superficial polish, the firm fibre of healthy manhood +and earnest desire to do well, your labour is absolutely +in vain.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIX" id="Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Our sole chance of succeeding in a competition, +which must constantly become more and more severe, +is that our people shall not only have the knowledge +and the skill which are required, but that they shall +have the will and the energy and the honesty, without +which neither knowledge nor skill can be of any +permanent avail.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXX" id="Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></p> + +<p>It is a great many years since, at the outset of my +career, I had to think seriously what life had to offer +that was worth having. I came to the conclusion +that the chief good, for me, was freedom to learn, +think, and say what I pleased, when I pleased. I +have acted on that conviction, and have availed +myself of the "rara temporum felicitas ubi sentire +quæ velis, et quæ sentias dicere licet," which is now +enjoyable, to the best of my ability; and though +strongly, and perhaps wisely, warned that I should +probably come to grief, I am entirely satisfied with +the results of the line of action I have adopted.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXI" id="Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The scientific imagination always restrains itself +within the limits of probability.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXII" id="Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></p> + +<p>It is a "law of nature," verifiable by everyday +experience, that our already formed convictions, our +strong desires, our intent occupation with particular +ideas, modify our mental operations to a most marvellous +extent, and produce enduring changes in the +direction and in the intensity of our intellectual and +moral activities.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIII" id="Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Men can intoxicate themselves with ideas as +effectually as with alcohol or with bang, and produce, +by dint of intense thinking, mental conditions hardly +distinguishable from monomania.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIV" id="Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Demoniac possession is mythical; but the faculty of +being possessed, more or less completely, by an idea is +probably the fundamental condition of what is called +genius, whether it show itself in the saint, the artist, +or the man of science. One calls it faith, another +calls it inspiration, a third calls it insight; but the +"intending of the mind," to borrow Newton's well-known +phrase, the concentration of all the rays of +intellectual energy on some one point, until it glows +and colours the whole cast of thought with its +peculiar light, is common to all.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXV" id="Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Whatever happens, science may bide her time in +patience and in confidence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVI" id="Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The only people, scientific or other, who never +make mistakes are those who do nothing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVII" id="Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The most considerable difference I note among +men is not in their readiness to fall into error, but +in their readiness to acknowledge these inevitable +lapses.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVIII" id="Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Quite apart from deliberate and conscious fraud +(which is a rarer thing than is often supposed), people +whose mythopœic faculty is once stirred are capable +of saying the thing that is not, and of acting as they +should not, to an extent which is hardly imaginable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +by persons who are not so easily affected by the +contagion of blind faith. There is no falsity so +gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous +women, anxious to promote a good cause, will +not lend themselves to it without any clear consciousness +of the moral bearings of what they are +doing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIX" id="Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>This modern reproduction of the ancient prophet, +with his "Thus saith the Lord," "This is the work +of the Lord," steeped in supernaturalism and glorying +in blind faith, is the mental antipodes of the +philosopher, founded in naturalism and a fanatic for +evidence, to whom these affirmations inevitably suggest +the previous question: "How do you know that +the Lord saith it?" "How do you know that the +Lord doeth it?" and who is compelled to demand +that rational ground for belief, without which, to +the man of science, assent is merely an immoral +pretence.</p> + +<p>And it is this rational ground of belief which +the writers of the Gospels, no less than Paul, and +Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of offering that +they would regard the demand for it as a kind of +blasphemy.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXL" id="Num_CXL">CXL</a></p> + +<p>To quarrel with the uncertainty that besets us in +intellectual affairs would be about as reasonable as +to object to live one's life, with due thought for the +morrow, because no man can be sure he will be alive +an hour hence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLI" id="Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></p> + +<p>I verily believe that the great good which has +been effected in the world by Christianity has been +largely counteracted by the pestilent doctrine on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +which all the Churches have insisted, that honest +disbelief in their more or less astonishing creeds +is a moral offence, indeed a sin of the deepest dye, +deserving and involving the same future retribution +as murder and robbery. If we could only see, in one +view, the torrents of hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, +the slaughter, the violations of every obligation of +humanity, which have flowed from this source along +the course of the history of Christian nations, our +worst imaginations of Hell would pale beside the +vision.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLII" id="Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></p> + +<p>Agnostioism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, +the essence of which lies in the rigorous application +of a single principle. That principle is of great +antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the +writer who said, "Try all things, hold fast by that +which is good"; it is the foundation of the Reformation, +which simply illustrated the axiom that every +man should be able to give a reason for the faith +that is in him; it is the great principle of Descartes; +it is the fundamental axiom of modern science. +Positively the principle may be expressed: In +matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as +it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. +And negatively: In matters of the +intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain +which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. That +I take to be the agnostic faith, which if a man keep +whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look +the universe in the face, whatever the future may +have in store for him.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIII" id="Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></p> + +<p>The best men of the best epochs are simply those +who make the fewest blunders and commit the +fewest sins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIV" id="Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></p> + +<p>That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive +the bad man, and pity and help all men to the best of +one's ability, is surely indisputable. It is the glory +of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed +this truth, through all their aberrations. But the +worship of a God who needs forgiveness and help, +and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is no +better than that of any other voluntarily selected +fetish. The Emperor Julian's project was hopeful +in comparison with the prospects of the Comtist +Anthropolatry.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLV" id="Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></p> + +<p>The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to +believe certain propositions, whatever the results of +a strict scientific investigation of the evidence of +these propositions. He tells us "that religious error +is, in itself, of an immoral nature." He declares +that he has prejudged certain conclusions, and looks +upon those who show cause for arrest of judgment +as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, +for him, the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment +of truth, is the highest aim of mental life. +And, on careful analysis of the nature of this faith, +it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process +of unity with the Divine, understood by the +religious enthusiast; but that which the candid +simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be. +"Faith," said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, +"is the power of saying you believe things +which are incredible."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVI" id="Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></p> + +<p>The science, the art, the jurisprudence, the chief +political and social theories, of the modern world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +have grown out of those of Greece and Rome—not +by favour of, but in the teeth of, the fundamental +teachings of early Christianity, to which science, +art, and any serious occupation with the things of +this world, were alike despicable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVII" id="Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></p> + +<p>All that is best in the ethics of the modern +world, in so far as it has not grown out of Greek +thought, or Barbarian manhood, is the direct development +of the ethics of old Israel. There is no code of +legislation, ancient or modern, at once so just and so +merciful, so tender to the weak and poor, as the +Jewish law; and, if the Gospels are to be trusted, +Jesus of Nazareth himself declared that he taught +nothing but that which lay implicitly, or explicitly, +in the religious and ethical system of his people.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVIII" id="Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>The first-recorded judicial murder of a scientific +thinker was compassed and effected, not by a despot, +nor by priests, but was brought about by eloquent +demagogues, to whom, of all men, thorough searchings +of the intellect are most dangerous and therefore +most hateful.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIX" id="Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></p> + +<p>Platonic philosophy is probably the grandest +example of the unscientific use of the imagination +extant; and it would be hard to estimate the amount +of detriment to clear thinking effected, directly and +indirectly, by the theory of ideas, on the one hand, +and by the unfortunate doctrine of the baseness of +matter, on the other.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CL" id="Num_CL">CL</a></p> + +<p>The development of exact natural knowledge in +all its vast range, from physics to history and +criticism, is the consequence of the working out, +in this province, of the resolution to "take nothing +for truth without clear knowledge that it is such"; +to consider all beliefs open to criticism; to regard +the value of authority as neither greater nor less +than as much as it can prove itself to be worth. +The modern spirit is not the spirit "which always +denies," delighting only in destruction; still less is +it that which builds castles in the air rather than +not construct; it is that spirit which works and +will work "without haste and without rest," gathering +harvest after harvest of truth into its barns +and devouring error with unquenchable fire.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLI" id="Num_CLI">CLI</a></p> + +<p>In truth, the laboratory is the forecourt of the +temple of philosophy; and whoso has not offered +sacrifices and undergone purification there has little +chance of admission into the sanctuary.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLII" id="Num_CLII">CLII</a></p> + +<p>The memorable service rendered to the cause +of sound thinking by Descartes consisted in this: +that he laid the foundation of modern philosophical +criticism by his inquiry into the nature of certainty.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIII" id="Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></p> + +<p>There is no question in the mind of anyone +acquainted with the facts that, so far as observation +and experiment can take us, the structure and the +functions of the nervous system are fundamentally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +the same in an ape, or in a dog, and in a man. And +the suggestion that we must stop at the exact point +at which direct proof fails us, and refuse to believe +that the similarity which extends so far stretches +yet further, is no better than a quibble. Robinson +Crusoe did not feel bound to conclude, from the +single human footprint which he saw in the sand, +that the maker of the impression had only one +leg.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIV" id="Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></p> + +<p>Descartes, as we have seen, illustrates what he +means by an innate idea, by the analogy of hereditary +diseases or hereditary mental peculiarities, such as +generosity. On the other hand, hereditary mental +tendencies may justly be termed instincts; and still +more appropriately might those special proclivities, +which constitute what we call genius, come into the +same category.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLV" id="Num_CLV">CLV</a></p> + +<p>The child who is impelled to draw as soon as it +can hold a pencil; the Mozart who breaks out into +music as early; the boy Bidder who worked out the +most complicated sums without learning arithmetic; +the boy Pascal who evolved Euclid out of his own +consciousness: all these may be said to have been +impelled by instinct, as much as are the beaver and +the bee. And the man of genius is distinct in kind +from the man of cleverness, by reason of the working +within him of strong innate tendencies—which +cultivation may improve, but which it can no +more create than horticulture can make thistles +bear figs. The analogy between a musical instrument<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +and the mind holds good here also. Art and +industry may get much music, of a sort, out of a +penny whistle; but, when all is done, it has no +chance against an organ. The innate musical +potentialities of the two are infinitely different.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVI" id="Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></p> + +<p>It is notorious that, to the unthinking mass of +mankind, nine-tenths of the facts of life do not +suggest the relation of cause and effect; and they +practically deny the existence of any such relation +by attributing them to chance. Few gamblers but +would stare if they were told that the falling of a +die on a particular face is as much the effect of a +definite cause as the fact of its falling; it is a proverb +that "the wind bloweth where it listeth"; and even +thoughtful men usually receive with surprise the +suggestion, that the form of the crest of every wave +that breaks, wind-driven, on the sea-shore, and the +direction of every particle of foam that flies before +the gale, are the exact effects of definite causes; +and, as such, must be capable of being determined, +deductively, from the laws of motion and the properties +of air and water. So again, there are large +numbers of highly intelligent persons who rather +pride themselves on their fixed belief that our +volitions have no cause; or that the will causes +itself, which is either the same thing, or a contradiction +in terms.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVII" id="Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></p> + +<p>To say that an idea is necessary is simply to +affirm that we cannot conceive the contrary; and +the fact that we cannot conceive the contrary of any +belief may be a presumption, but is certainly no +proof, of its truth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVIII" id="Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></p> + +<p>It is remarkable that Hume does not refer to the +sentimental arguments for the immortality of the +soul which are so much in vogue at the present day; +and which are based upon our desire for a longer +conscious existence than that which nature appears +to have allotted to us. Perhaps he did not think +them worth notice. For indeed it is not a little +strange, that our strong desire that a certain occurrence +should happen should be put forward as +evidence that it will happen. If my intense desire +to see the friend, from whom I have parted, does +not bring him from the other side of the world, or +take me thither; if the mother's agonised prayer +that her child should live has not prevented him +from dying; experience certainly affords no presumption +that the strong desire to be alive after +death, which we call the aspiration after immortality, +is any more likely to be gratified. As Hume truly +says, "All doctrines are to be suspected which +are favoured by our passions"; and the doctrine, +that we are immortal because we should extremely +like to be so, contains the quintessence of suspiciousness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIX" id="Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></p> + +<p>If every man possessed everything he wanted, +and no one had the power to interfere with such +possession; or if no man desired that which could +damage his fellow-man, justice would have no part +to play in the universe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLX" id="Num_CLX">CLX</a></p> + +<p>To fail in justice, or in benevolence, is to be +displeased with one's self. But happiness is impossible +without inward self-approval; and, hence, every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +man who has any regard to his own happiness and +welfare, will find his best reward in the practice of +every moral duty.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXI" id="Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></p> + +<p>Virtue is undoubtedly beneficent; but the man is +to be envied to whom her ways seem in anywise +playful. And though she may not talk much about +suffering and self-denial, her silence on that topic +may be accounted for on the principle <i>ça va sans +dire</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXII" id="Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></p> + +<p>If mankind cannot be engaged in practices "full +of austerity and rigour," by the love of righteousness +and the fear of evil, without seeking for other compensation +than that which flows from the gratification +of such love and the consciousness of escape +from debasement, they are in a bad case. For they +will assuredly find that virtue presents no very close +likeness to the sportive leader of the joyous hours in +Hume's rosy picture; but that she is an awful +Goddess, whose ministers are the Furies, and whose +highest reward is peace.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIII" id="Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></p> + +<p>Under its theological aspect, morality is obedience +to the will of God; and the ground for such obedience +is two-fold: either we ought to obey God +because He will punish us if we disobey Him, which +is an argument based on the utility of obedience; or +our obedience ought to flow from our love towards +God, which is an argument based on pure feeling +and for which no reason can be given. For, if any +man should say that he takes no pleasure in the +contemplation of the ideal of perfect holiness, or,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +in other words, that he does not love God, the +attempt to argue him into acquiring that pleasure +would be as hopeless as the endeavour to persuade +Peter Bell of the "witchery of the soft blue sky."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIV" id="Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></p> + +<p>In whichever way we look at the matter, morality +is based on feeling, not on reason; though reason +alone is competent to trace out the effects of our +actions and thereby dictate conduct. Justice is +founded on the love of one's neighbour; and goodness +is a kind of beauty. The moral law, like the +laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon +instinctive intuitions, and is neither more nor less +"innate" and "necessary" than they are. Some +people cannot by any means be got to understand +the first book of Euclid; but the truths of mathematics +are no less necessary and binding on the +great mass of mankind. Some there are who +cannot feel the difference between the "Sonata +Appassionata" and "Cherry Ripe"; or between a +grave-stone-cutter's cherub and the Apollo Belvidere; +but the canons of art are none the less acknowledged. +While some there may be, who, devoid of sympathy, +are incapable of a sense of duty; but neither does +their existence affect the foundations of morality. +Such pathological deviations from true manhood are +merely the halt, the lame, and the blind of the world +of consciousness; and the anatomist of the mind +leaves them aside, as the anatomist of the body +would ignore abnormal specimens.</p> + +<p>And as there are Pascals and Mozarts, Newtons +and Raffaelles, in whom the innate faculty for science +or art seems to need but a touch to spring into full +vigour, and through whom the human race obtains +new possibilities of knowledge and new conceptions +of beauty: so there have been men of moral genius, +to whom we owe ideals of duty and visions of moral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +perfection, which ordinary mankind could never have +attained: though, happily for them, they can feel +the beauty of a vision, which lay beyond the reach +of their dull imaginations, and count life well spent +in shaping some faint image of it in the actual +world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXV" id="Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></p> + +<p>The horror of "Materialism" which weighs upon +the minds of so many excellent people appears to +depend, in part, upon the purely accidental connexion +of some forms of materialistic philosophy with ethical +and religious tenets by which they are repelled; and, +partly, on the survival of a very ancient superstition +concerning the nature of matter.</p> + +<p>This superstition, for the tenacious vitality of +which the idealistic philosophers who are, more or +less, disciples of Plato and the theologians who have +been influenced by them, are responsible, assumes +that matter is something, not merely inert and +perishable, but essentially base and evil-natured, if +not actively antagonistic to, at least a negative dead-weight +upon, the good.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVI" id="Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></p> + +<p>Judging by contemporary literature, there are +numbers of highly cultivated and indeed superior +persons to whom the material world is altogether +contemptible; who can see nothing in a handful of +garden soil, or a rusty nail, but types of the passive +and the corruptible.</p> + +<p>To modern science, these assumptions are as much +out of date as the equally venerable errors, that the +sun goes round the earth every four-and-twenty +hours, or that water is an elementary body. The +handful of soil is a factory thronged with swarms of +busy workers; the rusty nail is an aggregation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +millions of particles, moving with inconceivable +velocity in a dance of infinite complexity yet perfect +measure; harmonic with like performances throughout +the solar system. If there is good ground for +any conclusion, there is such for the belief that the +substance of these particles has existed and will +exist, that the energy which stirs them has persisted +and will persist, without assignable limit, either in +the past or the future. Surely, as Heracleitus said +of his kitchen with its pots and pans, "Here also +are the gods." Little as we have, even yet, learned +of the material universe, that little makes for the +belief that it is a system of unbroken order and +perfect symmetry, of which the form incessantly +changes, while the substance and the energy are +imperishable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVII" id="Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Of all the dangerous mental habits, that which +schoolboys call "cocksureness" is probably the most +perilous; and the inestimable value of metaphysical +discipline is that it furnishes an effectual counterpoise +to this evil proclivity. Whoso has mastered +the elements of philosophy knows that the attribute +of unquestionable certainty appertains only to the +existence of a state of consciousness so long as it +exists; all other beliefs are mere probabilities of a +higher or lower order. Sound metaphysic is an +amulet which renders its possessor proof alike +against the poison of superstition and the counter-poison +of shallow negation; by showing that the +affirmations of the former and the denials of the +latter alike deal with matters about which, for lack +of evidence, nothing can be either affirmed or +denied.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVIII" id="Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the question is asked, What then do we know +about matter and motion? there is but one reply possible. +All that we know about motion is that it is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +name for certain changes in the relations of our visual, +tactile, and muscular sensations; and all that we know +about matter is that it is the hypothetical substance +of physical phenomena, the assumption of the +existence of which is as pure a piece of metaphysical +speculation as is that of the existence of the +substance of mind.</p> + +<p>Our sensations, our pleasures, our pains, and the +relations of these, make up the sum total of the +elements of positive, unquestionable knowledge. +We call a large section of these sensations and their +relations matter and motion; the rest we term mind +and thinking; and experience shows that there is a +certain constant order of succession between some +of the former and some of the latter.</p> + +<p>This is all that just metaphysical criticism leaves +of the idols set up by the spurious metaphysics of +vulgar common sense. It is consistent either with +pure Materialism, or with pure Idealism, but it is +neither. For the Idealist, not content with declaring +the truth that our knowledge is limited to facts of +consciousness, affirms the wholly unprovable proposition +that nothing exists beyond these and the +substance of mind. And, on the other hand, the +Materialist, holding by the truth that, for anything +that appears to the contrary, material phenomena +are the causes of mental phenomena, asserts his +unprovable dogma, that material phenomena and +the substance of matter are the sole primary existences. +Strike out the propositions about which +neither controversialist does or can know anything, +and there is nothing left for them to quarrel about. +Make a desert of the Unknowable, and the divine +Astræa of philosophic peace will commence her +blessed reign.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIX" id="Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></p> + +<p>"Magna est veritas et prævalebit!" Truth is great, +certainly, but, considering her greatness, it is curious +what a long time she is apt to take about prevailing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXX" id="Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></p> + +<p>To my observation, human nature has not sensibly +changed through the last thirty years. I doubt not +that there are truths as plainly obvious and as +generally denied, as those contained in "Man's +Place in Nature," now awaiting enunciation. If +there is a young man of the present generation, who +has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself +that they are truths, let him come out with them, +without troubling his head about the barking of the +dogs of St. Ernulphus, "Veritas prævalebit"—some +day; and, even if she does not prevail in his time, he +himself will be all the better and the wiser for having +tried to help her. And let him recollect that such +great reward is full payment for all his labour and +pains.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXI" id="Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></p> + +<p>Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe +processes of modern investigations, commonly +enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is +singular how often the dream turns out to have been +a half-waking one, presaging a reality. Ovid +foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist: the +Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a +western world: and though the quaint forms of +Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in the +realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly +than they in essential structure, and yet as thoroughly +brutal as the goat's or horse's half of the mythical +compound, are now not only known, but notorious.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXII" id="Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></p> + +<p>It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, +application, that every living creature commences its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +existence under a form different from, and simpler +than, that which it eventually attains.</p> + +<p>The oak is a more complex thing than the little +rudimentary plant contained in the acorn; the +caterpillar is more complex than the egg; the +butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these +beings, in passing from its rudimentary to its perfect +condition, runs through a series of changes, the sum +of which is called its development. In the higher +animals these changes are extremely complicated; +but, within the last half century, the labours of such +men as Von Baer, Rathke, Reichert, Bischoff, and +Remak, have almost completely unravelled them, so +that the successive stages of development which are +exhibited by a dog, for example, are now as well +known to the embryologist as are the steps of the +metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the schoolboy. +It will be useful to consider with attention the +nature and the order of the stages of canine development, +as an example of the process in the higher +animals generally.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIII" id="Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Exactly in those respects in which the developing +Man differs from the Dog, he resembles +the ape, which, like man, has a spheroidal yelk-sac +and a discoidal, sometimes partially lobed, placenta. +So that it is only quite in the later stages of development +that the young human being presents marked +differences from the young ape, while the latter +departs as much from the dog in its development, as +the man does.</p> + +<p>Startling as the last assertion may appear to be, it +is demonstrably true, and it alone appears to me +sufficient to place beyond all doubt the structural +unity of man with the rest of the animal world, and +more particularly and closely with the apes.</p> + +<p>Thus, identical in the physical processes by which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +he originates—identical in the early stages of his +formation—identical in the mode of his nutrition +before and after birth, with the animals which lie +immediately below him in the scale—Man, if his +adult and perfect structure be compared with theirs, +exhibits, as might be expected, a marvellous likeness +of organisation. He resembles them as they resemble +one another—he differs from them as they differ from +one another.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIV" id="Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot see a church, it is preposterous to +take his opinion about its altar-piece or painted +window.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXV" id="Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps no order of mammals presents us with so +extraordinary a series of gradations as this<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—leading +us insensibly from the crown and summit of the +animal creation down to creatures, from which there +is but a step, as it seems, to the lowest, smallest, and +least intelligent of the placental Mammalia. It is as +if nature herself had foreseen the arrogance of man, +and with Roman severity had provided that his +intellect, by its very triumphs, should call into +prominence the slaves, admonishing the conqueror +that he is but dust.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVI" id="Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>If Man be separated by no greater structural +barrier from the brutes than they are from one +another—then it seems to follow that if any process +of physical causation can be discovered by which the +genera and families of ordinary animals have been +produced, that process of causation is amply sufficient +to account for the origin of Man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVII" id="Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The whole analogy of natural operations furnishes +so complete and crushing an argument +against the intervention of any but what are termed +secondary causes, in the production of all the +phenomena of the universe; that, in view of the +intimate relations between Man and the rest of the +living world, and between the forces exerted by the +latter and all other forces, I can see no excuse for +doubting that all are co-ordinated terms of Nature's +great progression, from the formless to the formed—from +the inorganic to the organic—from blind force to +conscious intellect and will.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVIII" id="Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Science has fulfilled her function when she has +ascertained and enunciated truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIX" id="Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Thoughtful men, once escaped from the blinding +influences of traditional prejudice, will find in +the lowly stock whence Man has sprung the best +evidence of the splendour of his capacities; and will +discern in his long progress through the Past a +reasonable ground of faith in his attainment of a +nobler Future....</p> + +<p>And after passion and prejudice have died away, +the same result will attend the teachings of the +naturalist respecting that great Alps and Andes of +the living world—Man. Our reverence for the +nobility of manhood will not be lessened by the +knowledge that Man is, in substance and in structure, +one with the brutes; for he alone possesses the +marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational +speech, whereby, in the secular period of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +existence, he has slowly accumulated and organised +the experience which is almost wholly lost with the +cessation of every individual life in other animals; so +that, now, he stands raised upon it as on a mountain +top, far above the level of his humble fellows, and +transfigured from his grosser nature by reflecting, +here and there, a ray from the infinite source of +truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXX" id="Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></p> + +<p>Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of +Anthropology, the great science which unravels the +complexities of human structure; traces out the +relations of man to other animals; studies all that is +especially human in the mode in which man's complex +functions are performed; and searches after the +conditions which have determined his presence in the +world. And Anthropology is a section of Zoology, +which again is the animal half of Biology—the +science of life and living things.</p> + +<p>Such is the position of ethnology, such are the +objects of the ethnologist. The paths or methods, by +following which he may hope to reach his goal, are +diverse. He may work at man from the point of +view of the pure zoologist, and investigate the +anatomical and physiological peculiarities of Negroes, +Australians, or Mongolians, just as he would inquire +into those of pointers, terriers, and turnspits,—"persistent +modifications" of man's almost universal +companion. Or he may seek aid from researches +into the most human manifestation of humanity—Language; +and assuming that what is true of speech +is true of the speaker—a hypothesis as questionable +in science as it is in ordinary life—he may apply to +mankind themselves the conclusions drawn from a +searching analysis of their words and grammatical +forms.</p> + +<p>Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of the +practical life of men; and relying upon the inherent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +conservatism and small inventiveness of untutored +mankind, he may hope to discover in manners and +customs, or in weapons, dwellings, and other handiwork, +a clue to the origin of the resemblances and +differences of nations. Or, he may resort to that +kind of evidence which is yielded by History proper, +and consists of the beliefs of men concerning past +events, embodied in traditional, or in written, +testimony. Or, when that thread breaks, Archæology, +which is the interpretation of the unrecorded +remains of man's works, belonging to the epoch +since the world has reached its present condition, +may still guide him. And, when even the dim light +of archæology fades, there yet remains Palæontology, +which, in these latter years, has brought to +daylight once more the exuvia of ancient populations, +whose world was not our world, who have been +buried in river beds immemorially dry, or carried by +the rush of waters into caves, inaccessible to inundation +since the dawn of tradition.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXI" id="Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The rapid increase of natural knowledge, which +is the chief characteristic of our age, is effected in +various ways. The main army of science moves to +the conquest of new worlds slowly and surely, +nor ever cedes an inch of the territory gained. But +the advance is covered and facilitated by the ceaseless +activity of clouds of light troops provided with a +weapon—always efficient, if not always an arm of +precision—the scientific imagination. It is the +business of these <i>enfants perdus</i> of science to make +raids into the realm of ignorance wherever they +see, or think they see, a chance; and cheerfully to +accept defeat, or it may be annihilation, as the reward +of error. Unfortunately the public, which watches +the progress of the campaign, too often mistakes a +dashing incursion of the Uhlans for a forward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +movement of the main body; fondly imagining that +the strategic movement to the rear, which occasionally +follows, indicates a battle lost by science. +And it must be confessed that the error is too often +justified by the effects of the irrepressible tendency +which men of science share with all other sorts of +men known to me, to be impatient of that most +wholesome state of mind—suspended judgment; to +assume the objective truth of speculations which, +from the nature of the evidence in their favour, +can have no claim to be more than working hypotheses.</p> + +<p>The history of the "Aryan question" affords a +striking illustration of these general remarks.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXII" id="Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Language is rooted half in the bodily and half in +the mental nature of man. The vocal sounds which +form the raw materials of language could not be +produced without a peculiar conformation of the +organs of speech; the enunciation of duly accented +syllables would be impossible without the nicest co-ordination +of the action of the muscles which move +these organs; and such co-ordination depends on the +mechanism of certain portions of the nervous system. +It is therefore conceivable that the structure of this +highly complex speaking apparatus should determine +a man's linguistic potentiality; that is to say, should +enable him to use a language of one class and not of +another. It is further conceivable that a particular +linguistic potentiality should be inherited and become +as good a race mark as any other. As a matter of +fact, it is not proven that the linguistic potentialities +of all men are the same.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIII" id="Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Community of language is no proof of unity of +race, is not even presumptive evidence of racial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +identity. All that it does prove is that, at some +time or other, free and prolonged intercourse has +taken place between the speakers of the same +language.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIV" id="Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>The capacity of the population of Europe for +independent progress while in the copper and early +bronze stage—the "palæo-metallic" stage, as it +might be called—appears to me to be demonstrated +in a remarkable manner by the remains of their +architecture. From the crannog to the elaborate +pile-dwelling, and from the rudest enclosure to the +complex fortification of the terramare, there is an +advance which is obviously a native product. So +with the sepulchral constructions; the stone cist, with +or without a preservative or memorial cairn, grows +into the chambered graves lodged in tumuli; into +such megalithic edifices as the dromic vaults of +Maes How and New Grange; to culminate in the +finished masonry of the tombs of Mycenæ, constructed +on exactly the same plan. Can anyone look at the +varied series of forms which lie between the +primitive five or six flat stones fitted together into a +mere box, and such a building as Maes How, and +yet imagine that the latter is the result of foreign +tuition? But the men who built Maes How, without +metal tools, could certainly have built the so-called +"treasure-house" of Mycenæ, with them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXV" id="Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Reckoned by centuries, the remoteness of the +quaternary, or pleistocene, age from our own is +immense, and it is difficult to form an adequate +notion of its duration. Undoubtedly there is an +abysmal difference between the Neanderthaloid race +and the comely living specimens of the blond longheads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +with whom we are familiar. But the abyss of +time between the period at which North Europe was +first covered with ice, when savages pursued +mammoths and scratched their portraits with sharp +stones in central France, and the present day, ever +widens as we learn more about the events which +bridge it. And, if the differences between the +Neanderthaloid men and ourselves could be divided +into as many parts as that time contains centuries, +the progress from part to part would probably be +almost imperceptible.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVI" id="Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I have not been one of those fortunate persons +who are able to regard a popular lecture as a +mere <i>hors d'œuvre</i>, unworthy of being ranked among +the serious efforts of a philosopher; and who keep +their fame as scientific hierophants unsullied by +attempts—at least of the successful sort—to be +understanded of the people.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, I found that the task of putting the +truths learned in the field, the laboratory and the +museum, into language which, without bating a jot of +scientific accuracy shall be generally intelligible, taxed +such scientific and literary faculty as I possessed to +the uttermost; indeed my experience has furnished me +with no better corrective of the tendency to scholastic +pedantry which besets all those who are +absorbed in pursuits remote from the common ways +of men, and become habituated to think and speak +in the technical dialect of their own little world, as if +there were no other.</p> + +<p>If the popular lecture thus, as I believe, finds one +moiety of its justification in the self-discipline of the +lecturer, it surely finds the other half in its effect on +the auditory. For though various sadly comical +experiences of the results of my own efforts have +led me to entertain a very moderate estimate of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +purely intellectual value of lectures; though I venture +to doubt if more than one in ten of an average +audience carries away an accurate notion of what +the speaker has been driving at; yet is that not +equally true of the oratory of the hustings, of the +House of Commons, and even of the pulpit?</p> + +<p>Yet the children of this world are wise in their +generation; and both the politician and the priest +are justified by results. The living voice has an +influence over human action altogether independent +of the intellectual worth of that which it utters. +Many years ago, I was a guest at a great City +dinner. A famous orator, endowed with a voice of +rare flexibility and power; a born actor, ranging +with ease through every part, from refined comedy +to tragic unction, was called upon to reply to a +toast. The orator was a very busy man, a charming +conversationalist and by no means despised a good +dinner; and, I imagine, rose without having given +a thought to what he was going to say. The +rhythmic roll of sound was admirable, the gestures +perfect, the earnestness impressive; nothing was +lacking save sense and, occasionally, grammar. +When the speaker sat down the applause was +terrific and one of my neighbours was especially +enthusiastic. So when he had quieted down, I +asked him what the orator had said. And he could +not tell me.</p> + +<p>That sagacious person John Wesley is reported +to have replied to some one who questioned the propriety +of his adaptation of sacred words to extremely +secular airs, that he did not see why the Devil should +be left in possession of all the best tunes. And I +do not see why science should not turn to account +the peculiarities of human nature thus exploited by +other agencies: all the more because science, by the +nature of its being, cannot desire to stir the passions, +or profit by the weaknesses, of human nature. The +most zealous of popular lecturers can aim at nothing +more than the awakening of a sympathy for abstract<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +truth, in those who do not really follow his arguments; +and of a desire to know more and better in +the few who do.</p> + +<p>At the same time it must be admitted that the +popularisation of science, whether by lecture or +essay, has its drawbacks. Success in this department +has its perils for those who succeed. The +"people who fail" take their revenge, as we have +recently had occasion to observe, by ignoring all +the rest of a man's work and glibly labelling him a +mere populariser. If the falsehood were not too +glaring, they would say the same of Faraday and +Helmholtz and Kelvin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVII" id="Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Of the affliction caused by persons who think that +what they have picked up from popular exposition +qualifies them for discussing the great problems of +science, it may be said, as the Radical toast said of +the power of the Crown in bygone days, that it +"has increased, is increasing, and ought to be +diminished." The oddities of "English as she is +spoke" might be abundantly paralleled by those +of "Science as she is misunderstood" in the sermon, +the novel, and the leading article; and a collection +of the grotesque travesties of scientific conceptions, +in the shape of essays on such trifles as "the Nature +of Life" and the "Origin of All Things," which +reach me, from time to time, might well be bound +up with them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVIII" id="Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The essay on Geological Reform unfortunately +brought me, I will not say into collision, but into +a position of critical remonstrance with regard +to some charges of physical heterodoxy, brought +by my distinguished friend Lord Kelvin, against +British Geology. As President of the Geological<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +Society of London at that time (1869), I thought +I might venture to plead that we were not such +heretics as we seemed to be; and that, even if we +were, recantation would not affect the question of +evolution.</p> + +<p>I am glad to see that Lord Kelvin has just +reprinted his reply to my plea, and I refer the +reader to it. I shall not presume to question anything, +that on such ripe consideration, Lord Kelvin +has to say upon the physical problems involved. +But I may remark that no one can have asserted +more strongly than I have done, the necessity +of looking to physics and mathematics, for help +in regard to the earliest history of the globe.</p> + +<p>And I take the opportunity of repeating the +opinion that, whether what we call geological +time has the lower limit assigned to it by Lord +Kelvin, or the higher assumed by other philosophers; +whether the germs of all living things have originated +in the globe itself, or whether they have been +imported on, or in, meteorites from without, the +problem of the origin of those successive Faunæ +and Floræ of the earth, the existence of which is +fully demonstrated by palæontology, remains exactly +where it was.</p> + +<p>For I think it will be admitted, that the germs +brought to us by meteorites, if any, were not ova +of elephants, nor of crocodiles; not cocoa-nuts nor +acorns; not even eggs of shell-fish and corals; +but only those of the lowest forms of animal and +vegetable life. Therefore, since it is proved that, +from a very remote epoch of geological time, the +earth has been peopled by a continual succession +of the higher forms of animals and plants, these +either must have been created, or they have arisen +by evolution. And in respect of certain groups of +animals, the well-established facts of palæontology +leave no rational doubt that they arose by the latter +method.</p> + +<p>In the second place, there are no data whatever,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +which justify the biologist in assigning any, +even approximately definite, period of time, either +long or short, to the evolution of one species from +another by the process of variation and selection. +In the essay on Geological Contemporaneity and +Persistent Types of Life I have taken pains to +prove that the change of animals has gone on +at very different rates in different groups of living +beings; that some types have persisted with little +change from the palæozoic epoch till now, while +others have changed rapidly within the limits +of an epoch. In 1862 (see Coll. Ess. viii. pp. 303, 304) in +1863 (vol. ii., p. 461) and again in 1864 (<i>ibid.</i>, pp. 89-91) +I argued, not as a matter of speculation, but from +palæontological facts, the bearing of which I believe, +up to that time, had not been shown, that any +adequate hypothesis of the causes of evolution must +be consistent with progression, stationariness and +retrogression, of the same type at different epochs; +of different types in the same epoch; and that +Darwin's hypothesis fulfilled these conditions.</p> + +<p>According to that hypothesis, two factors are at +work, variation and selection. Next to nothing is +known of the causes of the former process; nothing +whatever of the time required for the production +of a certain amount of deviation from the existing +type. And, as respects selection, which operates +by extinguishing all but a small minority of +variations, we have not the slightest means of +estimating the rapidity with which it does its work. +All that we are justified in saying is that the rate +at which it takes place may vary almost indefinitely. +If the famous paint-root of Florida, which kills +white pigs but not black ones, were abundant +and certain in its action, black pigs might be +substituted for white in the course of two or +three years. If, on the other hand, it was rare +and uncertain in action, the white pigs might linger +on for centuries.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIX" id="Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>A great chapter of the history of the world is +written in the chalk. Few passages in the history +of man can be supported by such an overwhelming +mass of direct and indirect evidence as that +which testifies to the truth of the fragment of the +history of the globe, which I hope to enable you +to read, with your own eyes, to-night. Let me +add, that few chapters of human history have a +more profound significance for ourselves. I weigh +my words well when I assert, that the man who +should know the true history of the bit of chalk +which every carpenter carries about in his +breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other +history, is likely, if he will think his knowledge +out to its ultimate results, to have a truer, and +therefore a better, conception of this wonderful +universe, and of man's relation to it, than the +most learned student who is deep-read in the +records of humanity and ignorant of those of +Nature.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXC" id="Num_CXC">CXC</a></p> + +<p>The examination of a transparent slice gives a +good notion of the manner in which the components +of the chalk are arranged, and of their relative proportions. +But, by rubbing up some chalk with a +brush in water and then pouring off the milky fluid, +so as to obtain sediments of different degrees of fineness, +the granules and the minute rounded bodies +may be pretty well separated from one another, and +submitted to microscopic examination, either as +opaque or as transparent objects. By combining the +views obtained in these various methods, each of +the rounded bodies may be proved to be a beautifully-constructed +calcareous fabric, made up of a number +of chambers, communicating freely with one another. +The chambered bodies are of various forms. One of +the commonest is something like a badly-grown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +raspberry, being formed of a number of nearly +globular chambers of different sizes congregated +together. It is called <i>Globigerina</i>, and some specimens +of chalk consist of little else than <i>Globigerinæ</i> +and granules. Let us fix our attention upon the +<i>Globigerina</i>. It is the spoor of the game we are +tracking. If we can learn what it is and what are +the conditions of its existence, we shall see our way +to the origin and past history of the chalk.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCI" id="Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></p> + +<p>It so happens that calcareous skeletons, exactly +similar to the <i>Globigerinæ</i> of the chalk, are being +formed, at the present moment, by minute living +creatures, which flourish in multitudes, literally +more numerous than the sands of the sea-shore, over +a large extent of that part of the earth's surface +which is covered by the ocean.</p> + +<p>The history of the discovery of these living +<i>Globigerinæ</i>, and of the part which they play in rock +building, is singular enough. It is a discovery +which, like others of no less scientific importance, +has arisen, incidentally, out of work devoted to very +different and exceedingly practical interests. When +men first took to the sea, they speedily learned to +look out for shoals and rocks; and the more the +burthen of their ships increased, the more imperatively +necessary it became for sailors to ascertain +with precision the depth of the waters they traversed. +Out of this necessity grew the use of the lead and +sounding line; and, ultimately, marine-surveying, +which is the recording of the form of coasts and of +the depth of the sea, as ascertained by the sounding-lead, +upon charts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCII" id="Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></p> + +<p>Lieut. Brooke, of the American Navy, some years +ago invented a most ingenious machine, by which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +a considerable portion of the superficial layer +of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up +from any depth to which the lead descends. In 1853, +Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the bottom of the +North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the +Azores, at a depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two +miles, by the help of this sounding apparatus. The +specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg +of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those +able microscopists found that this deep-sea mud was +almost entirely composed of the skeletons of living +organisms—the greater proportion of these being +just like the <i>Globigerinæ</i> already known to occur in +the chalk.</p> + +<p>Thus far, the work had been carried on simply in +the interests of science, but Lieut. Brooke's method +of sounding acquired a high commercial value, when +the enterprise of laying down the telegraph-cable +between this country and the United States was +undertaken. For it became a matter of immense +importance to know, not only the depth of the sea +over the whole line along which the cable was to be +laid, but the exact nature of the bottom, so as to +guard against chances of cutting or fraying the +strands of that costly rope. The Admiralty consequently +ordered Captain Dayman, an old friend and +shipmate of mine, to ascertain the depth over the +whole line of the cable, and to bring back specimens +of the bottom. In former days, such a command as +this might have sounded very much like one of the +impossible things which the young Prince in the +Fairy Tales is ordered to do before he can obtain +the hand of the Princess. However, in the months +of June and July, 1857, my friend performed the task +assigned to him with great expedition and precision, +without, so far as I know, having met with any +reward of that kind. The specimens of Atlantic mud +which he procured were sent to me to be examined +and reported upon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIII" id="Num_CXCIII">CXCIII</a></p> + +<p>The result of all these operations is, that we know +the contours and the nature of the surface-soil +covered by the North Atlantic for a distance of 1,700 +miles from east to west, as well as we know that of +any part of the dry land. It is a prodigious plain—one +of the widest and most even plains in the world. +If the sea were drained off, you might drive a +waggon all the way from Valentia, on the west +coast of Ireland, to Trinity Bay in Newfoundland. +And, except upon one sharp incline about 200 miles +from Valentia, I am not quite sure that it would +even be necessary to put the skid on, so gentle are +the ascents and descents upon that long route. +From Valentia the road would lie down-hill for +about 200 miles to the point at which the bottom is +now covered by 1,700 fathoms of sea-water. Then +would come the central plain, more than a thousand +miles wide, the inequalities of the surface of which +would be hardly perceptible, though the depth of +water upon it now varies from 10,000 to 15,000 feet; +and there are places in which Mont Blanc might be +sunk without showing its peak above water. Beyond +this, the ascent on the American side commences, +and gradually leads, for about 300 miles, to the +Newfoundland shore.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIV" id="Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></p> + +<p>When we consider that the remains of more than +three thousand distinct species of aquatic animals +have been discovered among the fossils of the chalk, +that the great majority of them are of such forms as +are now met with only in the sea, and that there is +no reason to believe that any one of them inhabited +fresh water—the collateral evidence that the chalk +represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great +force as the proof derived from the nature of the +chalk itself. I think you will now allow that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +did not overstate my case when I asserted that we +have as strong grounds for believing that all the +vast area of dry land, at present occupied by the +chalk, was once at the bottom of the sea, as we have +for any matter of history whatever; while there is +no justification for any other belief.</p> + +<p>No less certain it is that the time during which the +countries we now call south-east England, France, +Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, +were more or less completely covered by a deep sea, +was of considerable duration. We have already +seen that the chalk is, in places, more than a thousand +feet thick. I think you will agree with me +that it must have taken some time for the skeletons +of animalcules of a hundredth of an inch in diameter +to heap up such a mass as that.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCV" id="Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></p> + +<p>If the decay of the soft parts of the sea-urchin; +the attachment, growth to maturity, and decay +of the <i>Crania</i>; and the subsequent attachment and +growth of the coralline, took a year (which is a low +estimate enough), the accumulation of the inch of +chalk must have taken more than a year: and the +deposit of a thousand feet of chalk must, consequently, +have taken more than twelve thousand +years.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVI" id="Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></p> + +<p>There is a writing upon the wall of cliffs at +Cromer, and whoso runs may read it. It tells us, +with an authority which cannot be impeached, that +the ancient sea-bed of the chalk sea was raised up, +and remained dry land, until it was covered with +forest, stocked with the great game the spoils of +which have rejoiced your geologists. How long it +remained in that condition cannot be said; but "the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +whirligig of time brought its revenges" in those +days as in these. That dry land, with the bones +and teeth of generations of long-lived elephants, +hidden away among the gnarled roots and dry +leaves of its ancient trees, sank gradually to the +bottom of the icy sea, which covered it with huge +masses of drift and boulder clay. Sea-beasts, such +as the walrus, now restricted to the extreme north, +paddled about where birds had twittered among the +topmost twigs of the fir-trees. How long this state +of things endured we know not, but at length it +came to an end. The upheaved glacial mud hardened +into the soil of modern Norfolk. Forests grew +once more, the wolf and the beaver replaced the +reindeer and the elephant; and at length what we +call the history of England dawned.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVII" id="Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></p> + +<p>Direct proof may be given that some parts of the +land of the northern hemisphere are at this moment +insensibly rising and others insensibly sinking; and +there is indirect, but perfectly satisfactory, proof, +that an enormous area now covered by the Pacific +has been deepened thousands of feet, since the present +inhabitants of that sea came into existence. +Thus there is not a shadow of a reason for believing +that the physical changes of the globe, in past times, +have been effected by other than natural causes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVIII" id="Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></p> + +<p>A small beginning has led us to a great ending. +If I were to put the bit of chalk with which we +started into the hot but obscure flame of burning +hydrogen, it would presently shine like the sun. It +seems to me that this physical metamorphosis is no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +false image of what has been the result of our +subjecting it to a jet of fervent, though nowise +brilliant, thought to-night. It has become luminous, +and its clear rays, penetrating the abyss of the +remote past, have brought within our ken some +stages of the evolution of the earth. And in the +shifting "without haste, but without rest" of the +land and sea, as in the endless variation of the forms +assumed by living beings, we have observed nothing +but the natural product of the forces originally +possessed by the substance of the universe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIX" id="Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></p> + +<p>In certain parts of the sea bottom in the immediate +vicinity of the British Islands, as in the Clyde +district, among the Hebrides, in the Moray Firth, +and in the German Ocean, there are depressed areæ, +forming a kind of submarine valleys, the centres of +which are from 80 to 100 fathoms, or more, deep. +These depressions are inhabited by assemblages of +marine animals, which differ from those found over +the adjacent and shallower region, and resemble +those which are met with much farther north, on the +Norwegian coast. Forbes called these Scandinavian +detachments "Northern outliers."</p> + +<p>How did these isolated patches of a northern +population get into these deep places? To explain +the mystery, Forbes called to mind the fact that, in +the epoch which immediately preceded the present, +the climate was much colder (whence the name of +"glacial epoch" applied to it); and that the shells +which are found fossil, or sub-fossil, in deposits of +that age are precisely such as are now to be met +with only in the Scandinavian, or still more Arctic, +regions. Undoubtedly, during the glacial epoch, +the general population of our seas had, universally, +the northern aspect which is now presented only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +by the "northern outliers"; just as the vegetation +of the land, down to the sea-level, had the northern +character which is, at present, exhibited only by the +plants which live on the tops of our mountains. +But, as the glacial epoch passed away, and the +present climatal conditions were developed, the +northern plants were able to maintain themselves +only on the bleak heights, on which southern forms +could not compete with them. And, in like manner, +Forbes suggested that, after the glacial epoch, the +northern animals then inhabiting the sea became +restricted to the deeps in which they could hold +their own against invaders from the south, better +fitted than they to flourish in the warmer waters of +the shallows. Thus depth in the sea corresponded +in its effect upon distribution to height on the +land.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CC" id="Num_CC">CC</a></p> + +<p>Among the scientific instructions for the voyage<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +drawn up by a committee of the Royal Society, +there is a remarkable letter from Von Humboldt +to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, +in which, among other things, he dwells upon +the significance of the researches into the microscopic +composition of rocks, and the discovery +of the great share which microscopic organisms +take in the formation of the crust of the earth at +the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years +1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the +extensive beds of "rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" +which occur in various parts of the world, and +notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations +of the silicious cases and skeletons of +<i>Diatomaceæ</i>, sponges, and <i>Radiolaria</i>; he had proved +that similar deposits were being formed by <i>Diatomaceæ</i>, +in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +elsewhere, and had pointed out that, if it were +commercially worth while, rotten-stone might be +manufactured by a process of diatom-culture. Observations +conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had +revealed the existence, at the surface of the waters +of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and <i>Radiolaria</i> +of the same species as those which, in a fossil +state, constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at +Caltanisetta, Zante, and Oran, on the shores of the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p>Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds +of Bilin, Ehrenberg had traced out the metamorphosis, +effected apparently by the action of percolating +water, of the primitively loose and friable +deposit of organized particles, in which the silex +exists in the hydrated or soluble condition. The +silex, in fact, undergoes solution and slow redeposition, +until, in ultimate result, the excessively fine-grained +sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, +becomes converted into a dense opaline stone, with +only here and there an indication of an organism.</p> + +<p>From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, +as early as the year 1839, had arrived at the conclusion +that rocks, altogether similar to those which +constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, +must be forming, at the present day, at the bottom +of the sea; and he threw out the suggestion that +even where no trace of organic structure is to be +found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by +metamorphosis.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCI" id="Num_CCI">CCI</a></p> + +<p>It is highly creditable to the ingenuity of our +ancestors that the peculiar property of fermented +liquids, in virtue of which they "make glad the +heart of man," seems to have been known in the +remotest periods of which we have any record. All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +savages take to alcoholic fluids as if they were to +the manner born. Our Vedic forefathers intoxicated +themselves with the juice of the "soma"; Noah, +by a not unnatural reaction against a superfluity of +water, appears to have taken the earliest practicable +opportunity of qualifying that which he was obliged +to drink; and the ghosts of the ancient Egyptians +were solaced by pictures of banquets in which the +wine-cup passes round, graven on the walls of their +tombs. A knowledge of the process of fermentation, +therefore, was in all probability possessed by the +prehistoric populations of the globe; and it must +have become a matter of great interest even to +primæval wine-bibbers to study the methods by +which fermented liquids could be surely manufactured. +No doubt it was soon discovered that the most +certain, as well as the most expeditious, way of +making a sweet juice ferment was to add to it a +little of the scum, or lees, of another fermenting +juice. And it can hardly be questioned that this +singular excitation of fermentation in one fluid, by a +sort of infection, or inoculation, of a little ferment +taken from some other fluid, together with the +strange swelling, foaming, and hissing of the +fermented substance, must have always attracted +attention from the more thoughtful. Nevertheless, +the commencement of the scientific analysis of the +phenomena dates from a period not earlier than the +first half of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>At this time, Van Helmont made a first step, by +pointing out that the peculiar hissing and bubbling +of a fermented liquid is due, not to the evolution of +common air (which he, as the inventor of the term +"gas," calls "gas ventosum"), but to that of a +peculiar kind of air such as is occasionally met with +in caves, mines, and wells, and which he calls "gas +sylvestre."</p> + +<p>But a century elapsed before the nature of this +"gas sylvestre," or, as it was afterwards called, +"fixed air," was clearly determined, and it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +found to be identical with that deadly "chokedamp" +by which the lives of those who descend into +old wells, or mines, or brewers' vats, are sometimes +suddenly ended; and with the poisonous aëriform +fluid which is produced by the combustion of charcoal, +and now goes by the name of carbonic acid gas.</p> + +<p>During the same time it gradually became evident +that the presence of sugar was essential to the +production of alcohol and the evolution of carbonic +acid gas, which are the two great and conspicuous +products of fermentation. And finally, in 1787, the +Italian chemist, Fabroni, made the capital discovery +that the yeast ferment, the presence of which is +necessary to fermentation, is what he termed a +"vegeto-animal" substance; that is, a body which +gives off ammoniacal salts when it is burned, and is, +in other ways, similar to the gluten of plants and +the albumen and casein of animals.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCII" id="Num_CCII">CCII</a></p> + +<p>The living club-mosses are, for the most part, +insignificant and creeping herbs, which, superficially, +very closely resemble true mosses, and none of them +reach more than two or three feet in height. But, +in their essential structure, they very closely resemble +the earliest Lepidodendroid trees of the coal: their +stems and leaves are similar; so are their cones; +and no less like are the sporangia and spores; while +even in their size, the spores of the <i>Lepidodendron</i> and +those of the existing <i>Lycopodium</i>, or club-moss, very +closely approach one another.</p> + +<p>Thus, the singular conclusion is forced upon us, +that the greater and the smaller sacs of the "Better-Bed" +and other coals, in which the primitive structure +is well preserved, are simply the sporangia and +spores of certain plants, many of which were closely +allied to the existing club-mosses. And if, as I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +believe, it can be demonstrated that ordinary coal is +nothing but "saccular" coal which has undergone +a certain amount of that alteration which, if continued, +would convert it into anthracite; then, the +conclusion is obvious, that the great mass of the coal +we burn is the result of the accumulation of the +spores and spore-cases of plants, other parts of which +have furnished the carbonized stems and the mineral +charcoal, or have left their impressions on the surfaces +of the layer.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIII" id="Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></p> + +<p>The position of the beds which constitute the coal-measures +is infinitely diverse. Sometimes they are +tilted up vertically, sometimes they are horizontal, +sometimes curved into great basins; sometimes they +come to the surface, sometimes they are covered up +by thousands of feet of rock. But, whatever their +present position, there is abundant and conclusive +evidence that every under-clay was once a surface +soil. Not only do carbonized root-fibres frequently +abound in these under-clays; but the stools of trees, +the trunks of which are broken off and confounded +with the bed of coal, have been repeatedly found +passing into radiating roots, still embedded in the +under-clay. On many parts of the coast of England, +what are commonly known as "submarine forests" +are to be seen at low water. They consist, for the +most part, of short stools of oak, beech, and fir-trees, +still fixed by their long roots in the bed of blue clay in +which they originally grew. If one of these submarine +forest beds should be gradually depressed and +covered up by new deposits, it would present just +the same characters as an under-clay of the coal, if +the <i>Sigillaria</i> and <i>Lepidodendron</i> of the ancient world +were substituted for the oak, or the beech, of our +own times.</p> + +<p>In a tropical forest, at the present day, the trunks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +of fallen trees, and the stools of such trees as may +have been broken by the violence of storms, remain +entire for but a short time. Contrary to what might +be expected, the dense wood of the tree decays, and +suffers from the ravages of insects, more swiftly +than the bark. And the traveller, setting his foot on +a prostrate trunk finds that it is a mere shell, which +breaks under his weight, and lands his foot amidst the +insects, or the reptiles, which have sought food or +refuge within.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIV" id="Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></p> + +<p>The coal accumulated upon the area covered by +one of the great forests of the carboniferous epoch +would, in course of time, have been wasted away by +the small, but constant, wear and tear of rain and +streams, had the land which supported it remained at +the same level, or been gradually raised to a greater +elevation. And, no doubt, as much coal as now +exists has been destroyed, after its formation, in this +way.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCV" id="Num_CCV">CCV</a></p> + +<p>Once more, an invariably-recurring lesson of +geological history, at whatever point its study is +taken up: the lesson of the almost infinite slowness +of the modification of living forms. The lines of the +pedigrees of living things break off almost before +they begin to converge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVI" id="Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></p> + +<p>Yet another curious consideration. Let us suppose +that one of the stupid, salamander-like Labyrinthodonts, +which pottered, with much belly and +little leg, like Falstaff in his old age, among the +coal-forests, could have had thinking power enough +in his small brain to reflect upon the showers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +spores which kept on falling through years and +centuries, while perhaps not one in ten million +fulfilled its apparent purpose, and reproduced the +organism which gave it birth: surely he might have +been excused for moralizing upon the thoughtless and +wanton extravagance which Nature displayed in her +operations.</p> + +<p>But we have the advantage over our shovelheaded +predecessor—or possibly ancestor—and can +perceive that a certain vein of thrift runs through this +apparent prodigality. Nature is never in a hurry, +and seems to have had always before her eyes the +adage, "Keep a thing long enough, and you will +find a use for it." She has kept her beds of coal +many millions of years without being able to find +much use for them; she has sent them down beneath +the sea, and the sea-beasts could make nothing of +them; she has raised them up into dry land, and laid +the black veins bare, and still, for ages and ages, +there was no living thing on the face of the earth +that could see any sort of value in them; and it was +only the other day, so to speak, that she turned a +new creature out of her workshop, who by degrees +acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and then +to discover that the black rock would burn.</p> + +<p>I suppose that nineteen hundred years ago, when +Julius Cæsar was good enough to deal with Britain as +we have dealt with New Zealand, the primæval +Briton, blue with cold and woad, may have known +that the strange black stone, of which he found lumps +here and there in his wanderings, would burn, and so +help to warm his body and cook his food. Saxon, +Dane, and Norman swarmed into the land. The +English people grew into a powerful nation, and +Nature still waited for a full return of the capital she +had invested in the ancient club-mosses. The +eighteenth century arrived, and with it James Watt. +The brain of that man was the spore out of which +was developed the modern steam-engine, and all the +prodigious trees and branches of modern industry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +which have grown out of this. But coal is as much +an essential condition of this growth and development +as carbonic acid is for that of a club-moss. Wanting +coal, we could not have smelted the iron needed +to make our engines, nor have worked our engines +when we had got them. But take away the +engines, and the great towns of Yorkshire and +Lancashire vanish like a dream. Manufactures give +place to agriculture and pasture, and not ten men +can live where now ten thousand are amply supported.</p> + +<p>Thus, all this abundant wealth of money and of +vivid life is Nature's interest upon her investment in +club-mosses, and the like, so long ago. But what +becomes of the coal which is burnt in yielding this +interest? Heat comes out of it, light comes out of +it; and if we could gather together all that goes up +the chimney, and all that remains in the grate of a +thoroughly-burnt coal-fire, we should find ourselves +in possession of a quantity of carbonic acid, water, +ammonia, and mineral matters, exactly equal in +weight to the coal. But these are the very matters +with which Nature supplied the club-mosses which +made the coal. She is paid back principal and +interest at the same time; and she straightway +invests the carbonic acid, the water, and the ammonia +in new forms of life, feeding with them the plants +that now live. Thrifty Nature! Surely no prodigal, +but most notable of housekeepers!</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVII" id="Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></p> + +<p>Here, then, is a capital fact. The movements of +the lobster are due to muscular contractility. But +why does a muscle contract at one time and not at +another? Why does one whole group of muscles +contract when the lobster wishes to extend his tail, +and another group when he desires to bend it? +What is it originates, directs, and controls the motive +power?</p> + +<p>Experiment, the great instrument for the ascertainment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +of truth in physical science, answers this +question for us. In the head of the lobster there lies +a small mass of that peculiar tissue which is known +as nervous substance. Cords of similar matter +connect this brain of the lobster, directly or indirectly, +with the muscles. Now, if these communicating +cords are cut, the brain remaining entire, the power +of exerting what we call voluntary motion in the +parts below the section is destroyed; and, on the +other hand, if, the cords remaining entire, the brain +mass be destroyed, the same voluntary mobility is +equally lost. Whence the inevitable conclusion is, +that the power of originating these motions resides +in the brain and is propagated along the nervous +cords.</p> + +<p>In the higher animals the phenomena which attend +this transmission have been investigated, and the +exertion of the peculiar energy which resides in the +nerves has been found to be accompanied by a +disturbance of the electrical state of their molecules.</p> + +<p>If we could exactly estimate the signification of +this disturbance; if we could obtain the value of +a given exertion of nerve force by determining the +quantity of electricity, or of heat, of which it is +the equivalent; if we could ascertain upon what +arrangement, or other condition of the molecules of +matter, the manifestation of the nervous and +muscular energies depends (and doubtless science +will some day or other ascertain these points), +physiologists would have attained their ultimate +goal in this direction; they would have determined +the relation of the motive force of animals to the +other forms of force found in nature; and if the +same process had been successfully performed for +all the operations which are carried on in, and by, +the animal frame, physiology would be perfect, and +the facts of morphology and distribution would be +deducible from the laws which physiologists had +established, combined with those determining the +condition of the surrounding universe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVIII" id="Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></p> + +<p>The object of lectures is, in the first place, to +awaken the attention and excite the enthusiasm +of the student; and this, I am sure, may be effected +to a far greater extent by the oral discourse and +by the personal influence of a respected teacher +than in any other way. Secondly, lectures have +the double use of guiding the student to the salient +points of a subject, and at the same time forcing +him to attend to the whole of it, and not merely +to that part which takes his fancy. And lastly, +lectures afford the student the opportunity of +seeking explanations of those difficulties which +will, and indeed ought to, arise in the course of +his studies.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIX" id="Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></p> + +<p>What books shall I read? is a question constantly +put by the student to the teacher. My +reply usually is, "None: write your notes out +carefully and fully; strive to understand them +thoroughly; come to me for the explanation of +anything you cannot understand; and I would +rather you did not distract your mind by reading." +A properly composed course of lectures ought to +contain fully as much matter as a student can +assimilate in the time occupied by its delivery; +and the teacher should always recollect that his +business is to feed and not to cram the intellect. +Indeed, I believe that a student who gains from +a course of lectures the simple habit of concentrating +his attention upon a definitely limited series +of facts, until they are thoroughly mastered, has +made a step of immeasurable importance.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCX" id="Num_CCX">CCX</a></p> + +<p>However good lectures may be, and however +extensive the course of reading by which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +are followed up, they are but accessories to the +great instrument of scientific teaching—demonstration. +If I insist unweariedly, nay fanatically, +upon the importance of physical science as an +educational agent, it is because the study of any +branch of science, if properly conducted, appears +to me to fill up a void left by all other means of +education. I have the greatest respect and love +for literature; nothing would grieve me more than +to see literary training other than a very prominent +branch of education: indeed, I wish that real literary +discipline were far more attended to than it is; but +I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that there is a +vast difference between men who have had a purely +literary, and those who have had a sound scientific, +training.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXI" id="Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></p> + +<p>In the world of letters, learning and knowledge +are one, and books are the source of both; whereas +in science, as in life, learning and knowledge are +distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is +the source of the latter.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXII" id="Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></p> + +<p>All that literature has to bestow may be obtained +by reading and by practical exercise in writing +and in speaking; but I do not exaggerate when +I say that none of the best gifts of science are to +be won by these means. On the contrary, the +great benefit which a scientific education bestows, +whether as training or as knowledge, is dependent +upon the extent to which the mind of the student +is brought into immediate contact with facts—upon +the degree to which he learns the habit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring through +his senses concrete images of those properties of +things, which are, and always will be, but approximatively +expressed in human language. Our way +of looking at Nature, and of speaking about her, +varies from year to year; but a fact once seen, +a relation of cause and effect, once demonstratively +apprehended, are possessions which neither change +nor pass away, but, on the contrary, form fixed +centres, about which other truths aggregate by +natural affinity.</p> + +<p>Therefore, the great business of the scientific +teacher is, to imprint the fundamental, irrefragable +facts of his science, not only by words upon the +mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, +and ear, and touch of the student, in so complete +a manner, that every term used, or law enunciated, +should afterwards call up vivid images of the +particular structural, or other, facts which furnished +the demonstration of the law, or the illustration +of the term.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIII" id="Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></p> + +<p>What is the purpose of primary intellectual +education? I apprehend that its first object is to +train the young in the use of those tools wherewith +men extract knowledge from the ever-shifting +succession of phenomena which pass before their +eyes; and that its second object is to inform them +of the fundamental laws which have been found +by experience to govern the course of things, so +that they may not be turned out into the world +naked, defenceless, and a prey to the events they +might control.</p> + +<p>A boy is taught to read his own and other +languages, in order that he may have access to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +infinitely wider stores of knowledge than could +ever be opened to him by oral intercourse with his +fellow men; he learns to write, that his means of +communication with the rest of mankind may be +indefinitely enlarged, and that he may record and +store up the knowledge he acquires. He is taught +elementary mathematics, that he may understand +all those relations of number and form, upon which +the transactions of men, associated in complicated +societies, are built, and that he may have some +practice in deductive reasoning.</p> + +<p>All these operations of reading, writing, and +ciphering are intellectual tools, whose use should, +before all things, be learned, and learned thoroughly; +so that the youth may be enabled to +make his life that which it ought to be, a continual +progress in learning and in wisdom.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIV" id="Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></p> + +<p>In addition, primary education endeavours to +fit a boy out with a certain equipment of positive +knowledge. He is taught the great laws of morality; +the religion of his sect; so much history and +geography as will tell him where the great countries +of the world are, what they are, and how they have +become what they are.</p> + +<p>But if I regard it closely, a curious reflection +arises. I suppose that, fifteen hundred years ago, +the child of any well-to-do Roman citizen was +taught just these same things; reading and writing +in his own, and, perhaps, the Greek tongue; the +elements of mathematics; and the religion, morality, +history, and geography current in his time. +Furthermore, I do not think I err in affirming that, +if such a Christian Roman boy, who had finished +his education, could be transplanted into one of our +public schools, and pass through its course of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +instruction, he would not meet with a single +unfamiliar line of thought; amidst all the new facts +he would have to learn, not one would suggest a +different mode of regarding the universe from that +current in his own time.</p> + +<p>And yet surely there is some great difference +between the civilisation of the fourth century and +that of the nineteenth, and still more between the +intellectual habits and tone of thought of that day +and this?</p> + +<p>And what has made this difference? I answer +fearlessly—The prodigious development of physical +science within the last two centuries.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXV" id="Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></p> + +<p>Modern civilisation rests upon physical science; +take away her gifts to our own country, and our +position among the leading nations of the world +is gone to-morrow; for it is physical science only +that makes intelligence and moral energy stronger +than brute force.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVI" id="Num_CCXVI">CCXVI</a></p> + +<p>The whole of modern thought is steeped in +science; it has made its way into the works of +our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, +who affects to ignore and despise science, is unconsciously +impregnated with her spirit, and indebted +for his best products to her methods. I +believe that the greatest intellectual revolution +mankind has yet seen is now slowly taking place +by her agency. She is teaching the world that +the ultimate court of appeal is observation and +experiment, and not authority; she is teaching it +to estimate the value of evidence; she is creating +a firm and living faith in the existence of immutable +moral and physical laws, perfect obedience to +which is the highest possible aim of an intelligent +being.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p>But of all this your old stereotyped system of +education takes no note. Physical science, its +methods, its problems, and its difficulties, will meet +the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate +him in such a manner that he shall enter the world +as ignorant of the existence of the methods and +facts of science as the day he was born. The +modern world is full of artillery; and we turn out +our children to do battle in it, equipped with the +shield and sword of an ancient gladiator.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVII" id="Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></p> + +<p>Posterity will cry shame on us if we do not remedy +this deplorable state of things. Nay, if we live +twenty years longer, our own consciences will cry +shame on us.</p> + +<p>It is my firm conviction that the only way to +remedy it is to make the elements of physical science +an integral part of primary education. I have +endeavoured to show you how that may be done for +that branch of science which it is my business to pursue; +and I can but add, that I should look upon the day +when every schoolmaster throughout this land was a +centre of genuine, however rudimentary, scientific +knowledge as an epoch in the history of the country.</p> + +<p>But let me entreat you to remember my last words. +Addressing myself to you, as teachers, I would say, +mere book learning in physical science is a sham and +a delusion—what you teach, unless you wish to be +impostors, that you must first know; and real +knowledge in science means personal acquaintance +with the facts, be they few or many.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVIII" id="Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis +that all living matter has sprung from pre-existing +living matter came from a contemporary, though a +junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +men great in all departments of human activity, +which was to intellectual Europe, in the sixteenth +and seventeenth centuries, what Germany is in the +nineteenth. It was in Italy, and from Italian +teachers, that Harvey received the most important +part of his scientific education. And it was a student +trained in the same schools, Francesco Redi—a man +of the widest knowledge and most versatile abilities, +distinguished alike as scholar, poet, physician and +naturalist—who, just two hundred and two years ago,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +published his "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione +degl' Insetti," and gave to the world the idea, the +growth of which it is my purpose to trace. Redi's +book went through five editions in twenty years; +and the extreme simplicity of his experiments, and the +clearness of his arguments, gained for his views and +for their consequences, almost universal acceptance.</p> + +<p>Redi did not trouble himself much with speculative +considerations, but attacked particular cases +of what was supposed to be "spontaneous generation" +experimentally. Here are dead animals, or +pieces of meat, says he; I expose them to the air in +hot weather, and in a few days they swarm with +maggots. You tell me that these are generated +in the dead flesh; but if I put similar bodies, while +quite fresh, into a jar, and tie some fine gauze over +the top of the jar, not a maggot makes its appearance, +while the dead substances, nevertheless, putrefy just +in the same way as before. It is obvious, therefore, +that the maggots are not generated by the corruption +of the meat; and that the cause of their formation +must be a something which is kept away by gauze. +But gauze will not keep away aëriform bodies, or +fluids. This something must therefore, exist +in the form of solid particles too big to get +through the gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt +what these solid particles are; for the blow-flies, +attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the +vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +misleading instinct, lay eggs out of which maggots +are immediately hatched, upon the gauze. The +conclusion, therefore, is unavoidable; the maggots +are not generated by the meat, but the eggs which +give rise to them are brought through the air by the +flies.</p> + +<p>These experiments seem almost childishly simple, +and one wonders how it was that no one ever thought +of them before. Simple as they are, however, they are +worthy of the most careful study, for every piece of experimental +work since done, in regard to this subject, +has been shaped upon the model furnished by the +Italian philosopher. As the results of his experiments +were the same, however varied the nature of +the materials he used, it is not wonderful that there +arose in Redi's mind a presumption that, in all such +cases of the seeming production of life from dead +matter, the real explanation was the introduction +of living germs from without into that dead matter. +And thus the hypothesis that living matter always +arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter, +took definite shape; and had, henceforward, a right +to be considered and a claim to be refuted, in each +particular case, before the production of living +matter in any other way could be admitted by careful +reasoners. It will be necessary for me to refer to +this hypothesis so frequently, that, to save circumlocution, +I shall call it the hypothesis of <i>Biogenesis</i>; +and I shall term the contrary doctrine—that living +matter may be produced by not living matter—the +hypothesis of <i>Abiogenesis</i>.</p> + +<p>In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the +latter was the dominant view, sanctioned alike by +antiquity and by authority; and it is interesting to +observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax +upon a discoverer of having to defend himself against +the charge of impugning the authority of the Scriptures; +for his adversaries declared that the generation +of bees from the carcase of a dead lion is affirmed, +in the Book of Judges, to have been the origin of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +the famous riddle with which Samson perplexed the +Philistines:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Out of the eater came forth meat,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And out of the strong came forth sweetness"<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIX" id="Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></p> + +<p>The great tragedy of Science—the slaying of a +beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXX" id="Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></p> + +<p>It remains yet in the order of logic, though not of +history, to show that among these solid destructible +particles there really do exist germs capable of +giving rise to the development of living forms in +suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by +M. Pasteur in those beautiful researches which will +ever render his name famous; and which, in spite of +all attacks upon them, appear to me now, as they +did seven years ago, to be models of accurate +experimentation and logical reasoning. He strained +air through cotton-wool, and found, as Schroeder +and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing competent +to give rise to the development of life in +fluids highly fitted for that purpose. But the +important further links in the chain of evidence +added by Pasteur are three. In the first place he +subjected to microscopic examination the cotton-wool +which had served as strainer, and found that +sundry bodies clearly recognisable as germs were +among the solid particles strained off. Secondly, +he proved that these germs were competent to give +rise to living forms by simply sowing them in a +solution fitted for their development. And, thirdly, +he showed that the incapacity of air strained through +cotton-wool to give rise to life was not due to any +occult change effected in the constituents of the air by +the wool, by proving that the cotton-wool might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +dispensed with altogether, and perfectly free access +left between the exterior air and that in the experimental +flask. If the neck of the flask is drawn out +into a tube and bent downwards; and if, after +the contained fluid has been carefully boiled, the +tube is heated sufficiently to destroy any germs +which may be present in the air which enters +as the fluid cools, the apparatus may be left to itself +for any time and no life will appear in the fluid. +The reason is plain. Although there is free communication +between the atmosphere laden with +germs and the germless air in the flask, contact +between the two takes place only in the tube; and +as the germs cannot fall upwards, and there are no +currents, they never reach the interior of the flask. +But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds +from the flask, and free access be thus given to +germs falling vertically out of the air, the fluid, +which has remained clear and desert for months, +becomes, in a few days, turbid and full of life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXI" id="Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></p> + +<p>In autumn it is not uncommon to see flies +motionless upon a window-pane, with a sort of +magic circle, in white, drawn round them. On +microscopic examination, the magic circle is found +to consist of innumerable spores, which have been +thrown off in all directions by a minute fungus +called <i>Empusa muscæ</i>, the spore-forming filaments +of which stand out like a pile of velvet from the +body of the fly. These spore-forming filaments +are connected with others which fill the interior +of the fly's body like so much fine wool, having +eaten away and destroyed the creature's viscera. +This is the full-grown condition of the <i>Empusa</i>. +If traced back to its earliest stages, in flies which +are still active, and to all appearance healthy, it +is found to exist in the form of minute corpuscles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +which float in the blood of the fly. These multiply +and lengthen into filaments, at the expense of +the fly's substance; and when they have at last +killed the patient, they grow out of its body and +give off spores. Healthy flies shut up with +diseased ones catch this mortal disease, and perish +like the others. A most competent observer, M. +Cohn, who studied the development of the <i>Empusa</i> +very carefully, was utterly unable to discover in +what manner the smallest germs of the <i>Empusa</i> +got into the fly. The spores could not be made +to give rise to such germs by cultivation; nor were +such germs discoverable in the air, or in the food +of the fly. It looked exceedingly like a case of +Abiogenesis, or, at any rate, of Xenogenesis; and +it is only quite recently that the real course of events +has been made out. It has been ascertained that +when one of the spores falls upon the body of a +fly, it begins to germinate, and sends out a process +which bores its way through the fly's skin; this, +having reached the interior cavities of its body, +gives off the minute floating corpuscles which are +the earliest stage of the <i>Empusa</i>. The disease +is "contagious," because a healthy fly coming +in contact with a diseased one, from which the +spore-bearing filaments protrude, is pretty sure +to carry off a spore or two. It is "infectious" +because the spores become scattered about all +sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the slain flies.</p> + +<p>Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and, +even before 1853, a peculiar epizootic, frequently +accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon +the skin (whence the name of "Pébrine" which +it has received), had been noted for its mortality. +But in the years following 1853 this malady broke +out with such extreme violence, that, in 1858, the +silk-crop was reduced to a third of the amount +which it had reached in 1853; and, up till within +the last year or two, it has never attained half the +yield of 1853. This means not only that the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +number of people engaged in silk growing are +some thirty millions sterling poorer than they might +have been; it means not only that high prices have +had to be paid for imported silkworm eggs, and +that, after investing his money in them, in paying +for mulberry-leaves and for attendance, the cultivator +has constantly seen his silkworms perish and +himself plunged in ruin; but it means that the looms +of Lyons have lacked employment, and that, for +years, enforced idleness and misery have been the +portion of a vast population which, in former days, +was industrious and well-to-do.</p> + +<p>In reading the Report made by M. de Quatrefages +in 1859, it is exceedingly interesting to observe that +his elaborate study of the Pébrine forced the conviction +upon his mind that, in its mode of occurrence +and propagation, the disease of the silkworm is, in +every respect, comparable to the cholera among +mankind. But it differs from the cholera, and so +far is a more formidable malady, in being hereditary, +and in being, under some circumstances, contagious +as well as infectious.</p> + +<p>The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the +blood of the silkworms affected by this strange +disorder a multitude of cylindrical corpuscles, each +about 1/6000th of an inch long. These have been +carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him +<i>Panhistophyton</i>; for the reason that in subjects in +which the disease is strongly developed, the corpuscles +swarm in every tissue and organ of the +body, and even pass into the undeveloped eggs of +the female moth. But are these corpuscles causes, +or mere concomitants, of the disease? Some naturalists +took one view and some another; and it was +not until the French Government, alarmed by the +continued ravages of the malady, and the inefficiency +of the remedies which had been suggested, despatched +M. Pasteur to study it, that the question +received its final settlement; at a great sacrifice, +not only of the time and peace of mind of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +eminent philosopher, but, I regret to have to add, +of his health.</p> + +<p>But the sacrifice has not been in vain. It is now +certain that this devastating, cholera-like Pébrine +is the effect of the growth and multiplication of +the <i>Panhistophyton</i> in the silkworm. It is contagious +and infectious, because the corpuscles of the <i>Panhistophyton</i> +pass away from the bodies of the diseased +caterpillars, directly or indirectly, to the alimentary +canal of healthy silkworms in their neighbourhood; +it is hereditary because the corpuscles enter into +the eggs while they are being formed, and consequently +are carried within them when they are +laid; and for this reason, also, it presents the very +singular peculiarity of being inherited only on the +mother's side. There is not a single one of all the +apparently capricious and unaccountable phenomena +presented by the Pébrine, but has received its +explanation from the fact that the disease is the +result of the presence of the microscopic organism, +<i>Panhistophyton</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXII" id="Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></p> + +<p>I commenced this Address by asking you to +follow me in an attempt to trace the path which +has been followed by a scientific idea, in its long +and slow progress from the position of a probable +hypothesis to that of an established law of nature. +Our survey has not taken us into very attractive +regions; it has lain, chiefly, in a land flowing with +the abominable, and peopled with mere grubs and +mouldiness. And it may be imagined with what +smiles and shrugs, practical and serious contemporaries +of Redi and of Spallanzani may have commented +on the waste of their high abilities in toiling at the +solution of problems which, though curious enough +in themselves, could be of no conceivable utility to +mankind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, you will have observed that before +we had travelled very far upon our road, there +appeared, on the right hand and on the left, fields +laden with a harvest of golden grain, immediately +convertible into those things which the most solidly +practical men will admit to have value—viz., money +and life.</p> + +<p>The direct loss to France caused by the Pébrine +in seventeen years cannot be estimated at less than +fifty millions sterling; and if we add to this what +Redi's idea, in Pasteur's hands, has done for the +wine-grower and for the vinegar-maker, and try to +capitalise its value, we shall find that it will go a +long way towards repairing the money losses caused +by the frightful and calamitous war of this autumn +(1870). And as to the equivalent of Redi's thought in +life, how can we overestimate the value of that knowledge +of the nature of epidemic and epizootic diseases, +and consequently of the means of checking, or +eradicating them, the dawn of which has assuredly +commenced?</p> + +<p>Looking back no further than ten years, it is +possible to select three (1863, 1864, and 1869) in +which the total number of deaths from scarlet-fever +alone amounted to ninety thousand. That +is the return of killed, the maimed and disabled +being left out of sight. Why, it is to be hoped +that the list of killed in the present bloodiest of +all wars will not amount to more than this! But +the facts which I have placed before you must +leave the least sanguine without a doubt that the +nature and the causes of this scourge will, one day, +be as well understood as those of the Pébrine are +now; and that the long-suffered massacre of our +innocents will come to an end.</p> + +<p>And thus mankind will have one more admonition +that "the people perish for lack of knowledge"; +and that the alleviation of the miseries, +and the promotion of the welfare, of men must +be sought, by those who will not lose their pains,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +in that diligent, patient, loving study of all the +multitudinous aspects of Nature, the results of which +constitute exact knowledge, or Science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIII" id="Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></p> + +<p>I find three, more or less contradictory, systems +of geological thought, each of which might fairly +enough claim these appellations, standing side by +side in Britain. I shall call one of them Catastrophism, +another Uniformitarianism, the third +Evolutionism; and I shall try briefly to sketch the +characters of each, that you may say whether the +classification is, or is not, exhaustive.</p> + +<p>By Catastrophism I mean any form of geological +speculation which, in order to account for the +phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of +forces different in their nature, or immeasurably +different in power, from those which we at present +see in action in the universe.</p> + +<p>The Mosaic cosmogony is, in this sense, catastrophic, +because it assumes the operation of extranatural +power. The doctrine of violent upheavals, +<i>débâcles</i>, and cataclysms in general, is catastrophic, +so far as it assumes that these were brought about +by causes which have now no parallel. There was +a time when catastrophism might, pre-eminently, +have claimed the title of "British popular geology"; +and assuredly it has yet many adherents, and reckons +among its supporters some of the most honoured +members of this Society.</p> + +<p>By Uniformitarianism I mean especially the +teaching of Hutton and of Lyell.</p> + +<p>That great though incomplete work, "The +Theory of the Earth," seems to me to be one of the +most remarkable contributions to geology which is +recorded in the annals of the science. So far as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +not-living world is concerned, uniformitarianism lies +there, not only in germ, but in blossom and fruit.</p> + +<p>If one asks how it is that Hutton was led to +entertain views so far in advance of those prevalent +in his time, in some respects; while, in others, they +seem almost curiously limited, the answer appears +to me to be plain.</p> + +<p>Hutton was in advance of the geological speculation +of his time, because, in the first place, he had +amassed a vast store of knowledge of the facts +of geology, gathered by personal observation in +travels of considerable extent; and because, in the +second place, he was thoroughly trained in the +physical and chemical science of his day, and thus +possessed, as much as any one in his time could +possess it, the knowledge which is requisite for the +just interpretation of geological phenomena, and the +habit of thought which fits a man for scientific +inquiry.</p> + +<p>It is to this thorough scientific training that I +ascribe Hutton's steady and persistent refusal to +look to other causes than those now in operation +for the explanation of geological phenomena.</p> + +<p>The internal heat of the earth, the elevation and +depression of its crust, its belchings forth of vapours, +ashes, and lava, are its activities, in as strict a sense +as are warmth and the movements and products of +respiration the activities of an animal. The phenomena +of the seasons, of the trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, +are as much the results of the reaction +between these inner activities and outward forces +as are the budding of the leaves in spring and their +falling in autumn the effects of the interaction +between the organisation of a plant and the solar +light and heat. And, as the study of the activities +of the living being is called its physiology, so are +these phenomena the subject-matter of an analogous +telluric physiology, to which we sometimes give the +name of meteorology, sometimes that of physical +geography, sometimes that of geology. Again, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +earth has a place in space and in time, and relations +to other bodies in both these respects, which constitute +its distribution. This subject is usually left +to the astronomer; but a knowledge of its broad +outlines seems to me to be an essential constituent of +the stock of geological ideas.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIV" id="Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></p> + +<p>All that can be ascertained concerning the +structure, succession of conditions, actions, and +position in space of the earth, is the matter of fact +of its natural history. But, as in biology, there +remains the matter of reasoning from these facts to +their causes, which is just as much science as the +other, and indeed more; and this constitutes geological +ætiology.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXV" id="Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></p> + +<p>I suppose that it would be very easy to pick holes +in the details of Kant's speculations, whether cosmological, +or specially telluric, in their application. +But for all that, he seems to me to have been the +first person to frame a complete system of geological +speculation by founding the doctrine of evolution.</p> + +<p>I have said that the three schools of geological +speculation which I have termed Catastrophism, +Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism, are commonly +supposed to be antagonistic to one another; and I +presume it will have become obvious that in my +belief, the last is destined to swallow up the other +two. But it is proper to remark that each of +the latter has kept alive the tradition of precious +truths.</p> + +<p>To my mind there appears to be no sort of +necessary theoretical antagonism between Catastrophism +and Uniformitarianism. On the contrary,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +it is very conceivable that catastrophes may be part +and parcel of uniformity. Let me illustrate my +case by analogy. The working of a clock is a +model of uniform action; good time-keeping means +uniformity of action. But the striking of the clock +is essentially a catastrophe; the hammer might be +made to blow up a barrel of gunpowder, or turn on +a deluge of water; and, by proper arrangement, +the clock, instead of marking the hours, might +strike at all sorts of irregular periods, never twice +alike, in the intervals, force, or number of its blows. +Nevertheless, all these irregular, and apparently +lawless, catastrophes would be the result of an +absolutely uniformitarian action; and we might have +two schools of clock-theorists, one studying the +hammer and the other the pendulum.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVI" id="Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Mathematics may be compared to a mill of +exquisite workmanship, which grinds your stuff of +any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you +get out depends upon what you put in; and as the +grandest mill in the world will not extract wheat-flour +from peascods, so pages of formulæ will not +get a definite result out of loose data.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVII" id="Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The motive of the drama of human life is the necessity, +laid upon every man who comes into the world, +of discovering the mean between self-assertion and +self-restraint suited to his character and his circumstances. +And the eternally tragic aspect of the +drama lies in this: that the problem set before us is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +one the elements of which can be but imperfectly +known, and of which even an approximately right +solution rarely presents itself, until that stern critic, +aged experience, has been furnished with ample +justification for venting his sarcastic humour upon +the irreparable blunders we have already made.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVIII" id="Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>That which endures is not one or another association +of living forms, but the process of which the +cosmos is the product, and of which these are among +the transitory expressions. And in the living world, +one of the most characteristic features of this cosmic +process is the struggle for existence, the competition +of each with all, the result of which is the selection, +that is to say, the survival of those forms which, on +the whole, are best adapted to the conditions which +at any period obtain; and which are therefore, in +that respect, and only in that respect, the fittest. +The acme reached by the cosmic process in the +vegetation of the downs is seen in the turf, with its +weed and gorse. Under the conditions, they have +come out of the struggle victorious; and, by surviving, +have proved that they are the fittest to survive.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIX" id="Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></p> + +<p>As a natural process, of the same character as the +development of a tree from its seed, or of a fowl from +its egg, evolution excludes creation and all other +kinds of supernatural intervention. As the expression +of a fixed order, every stage of which is the +effect of causes operating according to definite rules, +the conception of evolution no less excludes that of +chance. It is very desirable to remember that evolution +is not an explanation of the cosmic process, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +merely a generalized statement of the method and +results of that process. And, further, that, if there +is proof that the cosmic process was set going by any +agent, then that agent will be the creator of it and +of all its products, although, supernatural intervention +may remain strictly excluded from its further +course.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXX" id="Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></p> + +<p>All plants and animals exhibit the tendency to vary, +the causes of which have yet to be ascertained; it +is the tendency of the conditions of life, at any given +time, while favouring the existence of the variations +best adapted to them, to oppose that of the rest and +thus to exercise selection; and all living things tend +to multiply without limit, while the means of support +are limited; the obvious cause of which is the production +of offspring more numerous than their progenitors, +but with equal expectation of life in the +actuarial sense. Without the first tendency there +could be no evolution. Without the second, there +would be no good reason why one variation should +disappear and another take its place; that is to say, +there would be no selection. Without the third, the +struggle for existence, the agent of the selective +process in the state of nature, would vanish.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXI" id="Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The faith which is born of knowledge finds its +object in an eternal order, bringing forth ceaseless +change, through endless time, in endless space; the +manifestations of the cosmic energy alternating +between phases of potentiality and phases of explication.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXII" id="Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></p> + +<p>With all their enormous differences in natural +endowment, men agree in one thing, and that is their +innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and escape the +pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that +which it pleases them to do, without the least reference +to the welfare of the society into which they are +born. That is their inheritance (the reality at the +bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long +series of ancestors, human and semi-human and +brutal, in whom the strength of this innate tendency +to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the +struggle for existence. That is the reason of the +<i>aviditas vitæ</i>—the insatiable hunger for enjoyment—of +all mankind, which is one of the essential conditions +of success in the war with the state of nature +outside; and yet the sure agent of the destruction of +society if allowed free play within.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIII" id="Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The check upon this free play of self-assertion, or +natural liberty, which is the necessary condition for +the origin of human society, is the product of organic +necessities of a different kind from those upon which +the constitution of the hive depends. One of these +is the mutual affection of parent and offspring, intensified +by the long infancy of the human species. +But the most important is the tendency, so strongly +developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and +feelings similar to, or correlated with, those of other +men. Man is the most consummate of all mimics in +the animal world; none but himself can draw or +model; none comes near him in the scope, variety, +and exactness of vocal imitation; none is such a +master of gesture; while he seems to be impelled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is +no such another emotional chameleon. By a purely +reflex operation of the mind, we take the hue of +passion of those who are about us, or, it may be, the +complementary colour. It is not by any conscious +"putting one's self in the place" of a joyful or a suffering +person that the state of mind we call sympathy +usually arises; indeed, it is often contrary to one's +sense of right, and in spite of one's will, that "fellow-feeling +makes us wondrous kind," or the reverse. +However complete may be the indifference to public +opinion, in a cool, intellectual view, of the traditional +sage, it has not yet been my fortune to meet with +any actual sage who took its hostile manifestations +with entire equanimity. Indeed, I doubt if the +philosopher lives, or ever has lived, who could know +himself to be heartily despised by a street boy without +some irritation. And, though one cannot justify +Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on such a very +high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the +Vizier of Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the +gate, that this obscure Jew had no respect for him, +must have been very annoying.</p> + +<p>It is needful only to look around us, to see that +the greatest restrainer of the anti-social tendencies +of men is fear, not of the law, but of the opinion of +their fellows. The conventions of honour bind men +who break legal, moral, and religious bonds; and, +while people endure the extremity of physical pain +rather than part with life, shame drives the weakest +to suicide.</p> + +<p>Every forward step of social progress brings men +into closer relations with their fellows, and increases +the importance of the pleasures and pains derived +from sympathy. We judge the acts of others by +our own sympathies, and we judge our own acts +by the sympathies of others, every day and all +day long, from childhood upwards, until associations, +as indissoluble as those of language, are formed +between certain acts and the feelings of approbation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +or disapprobation. It becomes impossible to imagine +some acts without disapprobation, or others without +approbation of the actor, whether he be one's self +or anyone else. We come to think in the acquired +dialect of morals. An artificial personality, the +"man within," as Adam Smith calls conscience, +is built up beside the natural personality. He is the +watchman of society, charged to restrain the anti-social +tendencies of the natural man within the +limits required by social welfare.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIV" id="Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>I have termed this evolution of the feelings out +of which the primitive bonds of human society are +so largely forged, into the organized and personified +sympathy we call conscience, the ethical process. +So far as it tends to make any human society more +efficient in the struggle for existence with the state +of nature, or with other societies, it works in harmonious +contrast with the cosmic process. But +it is none the less true that, since law and morals +are restraints upon the struggle for existence between +men in society, the ethical process is in opposition +to the principle of the cosmic process, and tends +to the suppression of the qualities best fitted for +success in that struggle.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXV" id="Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Moralists of all ages and of all faiths, attending +only to the relations of men towards one another +in an ideal society, have agreed upon the "golden +rule," "Do as you would be done by." In other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +words, let sympathy be your guide; put yourself +in the place of the man towards whom your action +is directed; and do to him what you would like to +have done to yourself under the circumstances. +However much one may admire the generosity of +such a rule of conduct; however confident one may +be that average men may be thoroughly depended +upon not to carry it out to its full logical consequences; +it is nevertheless desirable to recognise +the fact that these consequences are incompatible +with the existence of a civil state, under any circumstances +of this world which have obtained, or, +so far as one can see, are likely to come to +pass.</p> + +<p>For I imagine there can be no doubt that the +great desire of every wrongdoer is to escape from +the painful consequences of his actions. If I put +myself in the place of the man who has robbed me, +I find that I am possessed by an exceeding desire +not to be fined or imprisoned; if in that of the +man who has smitten me on one cheek, I contemplate +with satisfaction the absence of any worse +result than the turning of the other cheek for like +treatment. Strictly observed, the "golden rule" +involves the negation of law by the refusal to put it +in motion against law-breakers; and, as regards +the external relations of a polity, it is the refusal +to continue the struggle for existence. It can be +obeyed, even partially, only under the protection of +a society which repudiates it. Without such +shelter the followers of the "golden rule" may +indulge in hopes of heaven, but they must reckon +with the certainty that other people will be masters +of the earth.</p> + +<p>What would become of the garden if the gardener +treated all the weeds and slugs and birds +and trespassers as he would like to be treated if +he were in their place?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVI" id="Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>In a large proportion of cases, crime and pauperism +have nothing to do with heredity; but are +the consequence, partly, of circumstances and, +partly, of the possession of qualities, which, under +different conditions of life, might have excited +esteem and even admiration. It was a shrewd +man of the world who, in discussing sewage +problems, remarked that dirt is riches in the wrong +place; and that sound aphorism has moral applications. +The benevolence and open-handed generosity +which adorn a rich man may make a pauper +of a poor one; the energy and courage to which +the successful soldier owes his rise, the cool and +daring subtlety to which the great financier owes +his fortune, may very easily, under unfavourable +conditions, lead their possessors to the gallows, +or to the hulks. Moreover, it is fairly probable +that the children of a "failure" will receive from +their other parent just that little modification of +character which makes all the difference. I sometimes +wonder whether people, who talk so freely +about extirpating the unfit, ever dispassionately +consider their own history. Surely, one must be +very "fit" indeed not to know of an occasion, +or perhaps two, in one's life, when it would have +been only too easy to qualify for a place among +the "unfit."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVII" id="Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>In the struggle for the means of enjoyment, the +qualities which ensure success are energy, industry, +intellectual capacity, tenacity of purpose, and, at +least as much sympathy as is necessary to make a +man understand the feelings of his fellows. Were +there none of those artificial arrangements by which +fools and knaves are kept at the top of society<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +instead of sinking to their natural place at the bottom, +the struggle for the means of enjoyment would +ensure a constant circulation of the human units of +the social compound, from the bottom to the top and +from the top to the bottom. The survivors of the +contest, those who continued to form the great bulk +of the polity, would not be those "fittest" who got +to the very top, but the great body of the moderately +"fit," whose numbers and superior propagative +power enable them always to swamp the exceptionally +endowed minority.</p> + +<p>I think it must be obvious to every one that, +whether we consider the internal or the external +interests of society, it is desirable they should be in +the hands of those who are endowed with the +largest share of energy, of industry, of intellectual +capacity, of tenacity of purpose, while they are not +devoid of sympathetic humanity; and, in so far as +the struggle for the means of enjoyment tends to +place such men in possession of wealth and influence, +it is a process which tends to the good of +society. But the process, as we have seen, has +no real resemblance to that which adapts living +beings to current conditions in the state of nature; +nor any to the artificial selection of the horticulturist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVIII" id="Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Even should the whole human race be absorbed in +one vast polity, within which "absolute political justice" +reigns, the struggle for existence with the state +of nature outside it, and the tendency to the return of the +struggle within, in consequence of over-multiplication, +will remain; and, unless men's inheritance from the +ancestors who fought a good fight in the state of +nature, their dose of original sin, is rooted out by +some method at present unrevealed, at any rate to +disbelievers in supernaturalism, every child born into +the world will still bring with him the instinct of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +unlimited self-assertion. He will have to learn the +lesson of self-restraint and renunciation. But the +practice of self-restraint and renunciation is not +happiness, though it may be something much +better.</p> + +<p>That man, as a "political animal," is susceptible of +a vast amount of improvement, by education, by +instruction, and by the application of his intelligence +to the adaptation of the conditions of life to his +higher needs, I entertain not the slightest doubt. +But, so long as he remains liable to error, intellectual +or moral; so long as he is compelled to be +perpetually on guard against the cosmic forces, +whose ends are not his ends, without and within +himself; so long as he is haunted by inexpugnable +memories and hopeless aspirations; so long as the +recognition of his intellectual limitations forces him +to acknowledge his incapacity to penetrate the +mystery of existence; the prospect of attaining +untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even +remotely, deserve the title of perfection, appears to +me to be as misleading an illusion as ever was +dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And +there have been many of them.</p> + +<p>That which lies before the human race is a constant +struggle to maintain and improve, in opposition +to the State of Nature, the State of Art of an +organized polity; in which, and by which, man +may develop a worthy civilization, capable of maintaining +and constantly improving itself, until the +evolution of our globe shall have entered so far upon +its downward course that the cosmic process resumes +its sway; and, once more, the State of Nature +prevails over the surface of our planet.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIX" id="Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>From very low forms up to the highest—in the +animal no less than in the vegetable kingdom—the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +process of life presents the same appearance of +cyclical evolution. Nay, we have but to cast our +eyes over the rest of the world and cyclical change +presents itself on all sides. It meets us in the water +that flows to the sea and returns to the springs; in +the heavenly bodies that wax and wane, go and +return to their places; in the inexorable sequence of +the ages of man's life; in that successive rise, +apogee, and fall of dynasties and of states which +is the most prominent topic of civil history.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXL" id="Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></p> + +<p>As no man fording a swift stream can dip his foot +twice into the same water, so no man can, with +exactness, affirm of anything in the sensible world +that it is. As he utters the words, nay, as he thinks +them, the predicate ceases to be applicable; the +present has become the past; the "is" should be +"was." And the more we learn of the nature of +things, the more evident is it that what we call rest +is only unperceived activity; that seeming peace is +silent but strenuous battle. In every part, at every +moment, the state of the cosmos is the expression of +a transitory adjustment of contending forces; a +scene of strife, in which all the combatants fall in +turn. What is true of each part is true of the +whole. Natural knowledge tends more and more to +the conclusion that "all the choir of heaven and +furniture of the earth" are the transitory forms of +parcels of cosmic substance wending along the road of +evolution, from nebulous potentiality, through endless +growths of sun and planet and satellite; +through all varieties of matter; through infinite +diversities of life and thought; possibly, through +modes of being of which we neither have a conception, +nor are competent to form any, back to the +indefinable latency from which they arose. Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +the most obvious attribute of the cosmos is its +impermanence. It assumes the aspect not so much +of a permanent entity as of a changeful process, in +which naught endures save the flow of energy and +the rational order which pervades it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLI" id="Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></p> + +<p>Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to +the headship of the sentient world, and has become +the superb animal which he is in virtue of his +success in the struggle for existence. The conditions +having been of a certain order, man's organization +has adjusted itself to them better than that of his +competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of +mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing +upon all that can be grasped, the tenacious holding +of all that can be kept, which constitute the essence +of the struggle for existence, have answered. For +his successful progress, throughout the savage state, +man has been largely indebted to those qualities +which he shares with the ape and the tiger; his +exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his +sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; +his ruthless and ferocious destructiveness when +his anger is roused by opposition.</p> + +<p>But, in proportion as men have passed from +anarchy to social organization, and in proportion +as civilization has grown in worth, these deeply +ingrained serviceable qualities have become defects. +After the manner of successful persons, civilized +man would gladly kick down the ladder by which +he has climbed. He would be only too pleased to +see "the ape and tiger die." But they decline to +suit his convenience; and the unwelcome intrusion +of these boon companions of his hot youth into the +ranged existence of civil life adds pains and griefs, +innumerable and immeasurably great, to those which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +the cosmic process necessarily brings on the mere +animal. In fact, civilized man brands all these ape +and tiger promptings with the name of sins; he +punishes many of the acts which flow from them as +crimes; and, in extreme cases, he does his best to +put an end to the survival of the fittest of former +days by axe and rope.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLII" id="Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></p> + +<p>In Hindostan, as in Ionia, a period of relatively +high and tolerably stable civilization had succeeded +long ages of semi-barbarism and struggle. Out of +wealth and security had come leisure and refinement, +and, close at their heels, had followed the malady of +thought. To the struggle for bare existence, which +never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially +disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle +to make existence intelligible and to bring the order +of things into harmony with the moral sense of man, +which also never ends, but, for the thinking few, +becomes keener with every increase of knowledge +and with every step towards the realization of a +worthy ideal of life.</p> + +<p>Two thousand five hundred years ago the value +of civilization was as apparent as it is now; then, +as now, it was obvious that only in the garden of an +orderly polity can the finest fruits humanity is +capable of bearing be produced. But it had also +become evident that the blessings of culture were +not unmixed. The garden was apt to turn into +a hothouse. The stimulation of the senses, the +pampering of the emotions, endlessly multiplied the +sources of pleasure. The constant widening of +the intellectual field indefinitely extended the range +of that especially human faculty of looking before +and after, which adds to the fleeting present those +old and new worlds of the past and the future,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +wherein men dwell the more the higher their culture. +But that very sharpening of the sense and that +subtle refinement of emotion, which brought such a +wealth of pleasures, were fatally attended by a +proportional enlargement of the capacity for suffering; +and the divine faculty of imagination, while +it created new heavens and new earths, provided +them with the corresponding hells of futile regret +for the past and morbid anxiety for the future.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIII" id="Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></p> + +<p>One of the oldest and most important elements +in such systems is the conception of justice. Society +is impossible unless those who are associated agree +to observe certain rules of conduct towards one +another; its stability depends on the steadiness +with which they abide by that agreement; and, so +far as they waver, that mutual trust which is the +bond of society is weakened or destroyed. Wolves +could not hunt in packs except for the real, though +unexpressed, understanding that they should not +attack one another during the chase. The most +rudimentary polity is a pack of men living under the +like tacit, or expressed, understanding; and having +made the very important advance upon wolf society, +that they agree to use the force of the whole body +against individuals who violate it and in favour of +those who observe it. This observance of a common +understanding, with the consequent distribution of +punishments and rewards according to accepted +rules, received the name of justice, while the contrary +was called injustice. Early ethics did not take +much note of the animus of the violator of the rules. +But civilization could not advance far without the +establishment of a capital distinction between the +case of involuntary and that of wilful misdeed; +between a merely wrong action and a guilty one.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>And, with increasing refinement of moral appreciation, +the problem of desert, which arises out of this +distinction, acquired more and more theoretical and +practical importance. If life must be given for life, +yet it was recognized that the unintentional slayer +did not altogether deserve death; and, by a sort of +compromise between the public and the private +conception of justice, a sanctuary was provided in +which he might take refuge from the avenger of +blood.</p> + +<p>The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual +sublimation from punishment and reward according +to acts, to punishment and reward according to +desert; or, in other words, according to motive. +Righteousness, that is, action from right motive, +not only became synonymous with justice, but the +positive constituent of innocence and the very heart +of goodness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIV" id="Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></p> + +<p>Everyday experience familiarizes us with the facts +which are grouped under the name of heredity. +Every one of us bears upon him obvious marks of his +parentage, perhaps of remoter relationships. More +particularly, the sum of tendencies to act in a certain +way, which we call "character," is often to be +traced through a long series of progenitors and +collaterals. So we may justly say that this +"character"—this moral and intellectual essence of a +man—does veritably pass over from one fleshy tabernacle +to another, and does really transmigrate from +generation to generation. In the new-born infant +the character of the stock lies latent, and the Ego is +little more than a bundle of potentialities. But, very +early, these become actualities; from childhood to age +they manifest themselves in dullness or brightness, +weakness or strength, viciousness or uprightness;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +and with each feature modified by confluence with +another character, if by nothing else, the character +passes on to its incarnation in new bodies.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLV" id="Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></p> + +<p>Only one rule of conduct could be based upon the +remarkable theory of which I have endeavoured to +give a reasoned outline. It was folly to continue to +exist when an overplus of pain was certain; and the +probabilities in favour of the increase of misery with +the prolongation of existence, were so overwhelming. +Slaying the body only made matters worse; there +was nothing for it but to slay the soul by the voluntary +arrest of all its activities. Property, social ties, +family affections, common companionship, must be +abandoned; the most natural appetites, even that for +food, must be suppressed, or at least minimized; +until all that remained of a man was the impassive, +extenuated, mendicant monk, self-hypnotised into +cataleptic trances, which the deluded mystic took for +foretastes of the final union with Brahma.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVI" id="Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></p> + +<p>If the cosmos is the effect of an immanent, +omnipotent, and infinitely beneficent cause, the existence +in it of real evil, still less of necessarily +inherent evil, is plainly inadmissible. Yet the +universal experience of mankind testified then, as +now, that, whether we look within us or without us, +evil stares us in the face on all sides; that if anything +is real, pain and sorrow and wrong are realities.</p> + +<p>It would be a new thing in history if <i>a priori</i> philosophers +were daunted by the factious opposition of +experience; and the Stoics were the last men to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +allow themselves to be beaten by mere facts. "Give +me a doctrine and I will find the reasons for it," said +Chrysippus. So they perfected, if they did not invent, +that ingenious and plausible form of pleading, the +Theodicy; for the purpose of showing firstly, that +there is no such thing as evil; secondly, that if there +is, it is the necessary correlate of good; and, moreover, +that it is either due to our own fault, or inflicted +for our benefit.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVII" id="Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></p> + +<p>Unfortunately, it is much easier to shut one's eyes +to good than to evil. Pain and sorrow knock at our +doors more loudly than pleasure and happiness; and +the prints of their heavy footsteps are less easily +effaced.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVIII" id="Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>In the language of the Stoa, "Nature" was a word +of many meanings. There was the "Nature" of the +cosmos, and the "Nature" of man. In the latter, the +animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of +the living part of the cosmos, was distinguished from +a higher "nature." Even in this higher nature there +were grades of rank. The logical faculty is an +instrument which may be turned to account for any +purpose. The passions and the emotions are so +closely tied to the lower nature that they may be +considered to be pathological, rather than normal, +phenomena. The one supreme, hegemonic, faculty, +which constitutes the essential "nature" of man, is +most nearly represented by that which, in the +language of a later philosophy, has been called the +pure reason. It is this "nature" which holds up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +ideal of the supreme good and demands absolute submission +of the will to its behests. It is this which +commands all men to love one another, to return good +for evil, to regard one another as fellow-citizens of +one great state. Indeed, seeing that the progress +towards perfection of a civilised state, or polity, +depends on the obedience of its members to these +commands, the Stoics sometimes termed the pure +reason the "political" nature. Unfortunately, the +sense of the adjective has undergone so much modification +that the application of it to that which commands +the sacrifice of self to the common good would +now sound almost grotesque.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIX" id="Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></p> + +<p>The majority of us, I apprehend, profess neither +pessimism nor optimism. We hold that the world +is neither so good, nor so bad, as it conceivably +might be; and, as most of us have reason, now and +again, to discover that it can be. Those who have +failed to experience the joys that make life worth +living are, probably, in as small a minority as those +who have never known the griefs that rob existence +of its savour and turn its richest fruits into mere +dust and ashes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCL" id="Num_CCL">CCL</a></p> + +<p>There is another fallacy which appears to me to +pervade the so-called "ethics of evolution." It is +the notion that because, on the whole, animals and +plants have advanced in perfection of organization by +means of the struggle for existence and the consequent +"survival of the fittest"; therefore men in +society, men as ethical beings, must look to the same +process to help them towards perfection. I suspect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +that this fallacy has arisen out of the unfortunate +ambiguity of the phrase "survival of the fittest." +"Fittest" has a connotation of "best"; and about +"best" there hangs a moral flavour. In cosmic +nature, however, what is "fittest" depends upon the +conditions. Long since, I ventured to point out that +if our hemisphere were to cool again, the survival of +the fittest might bring about, in the vegetable kingdom, +a population of more and more stunted and +humbler and humbler organisms, until the "fittest" +that survived might be nothing but lichens, diatoms, +and such microscopic organisms as those which give +red snow its colour; while, if it became hotter, the +pleasant valleys of the Thames and Isis might be +uninhabitable by any animated beings save those +that flourish in a tropical jungle. They, as the fittest, +the best adapted to the changed conditions, would +survive.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLI" id="Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></p> + +<p>The practice of that which is ethically best—what +we call goodness or virtue—involves a course of +conduct which, in all respects, is opposed to that +which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for +existence. In place of ruthless self-assertion it +demands self-restraint; in place of thrusting aside, +or treading down, all competitors, it requires that +the individual shall not merely respect, but shall +help his fellows; its influence is directed, not so +much to the survival of the fittest, as to the fitting +of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates +the gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands +that each man who enters into the enjoyment of the +advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his debt +to those who have laboriously constructed it; and +shall take heed that no act of his weakens the fabric +in which he has been permitted to live. Laws and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the +cosmic process and reminding the individual of his +duty to the community, to the protection and +influence of which he owes, if not existence itself, +at least the life of something better than a brutal +savage.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLII" id="Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></p> + +<p>The theory of evolution encourages no millennial +anticipations. If, for millions of years, our globe +has taken the upward road, yet, some time, the +summit will be reached and the downward route +will be commenced. The most daring imagination +will hardly venture upon the suggestion that the +power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest +the procession of the great year.</p> + +<p>Moreover, the cosmic nature born with us and, +to a large extent, necessary for our maintenance, +is the outcome of millions of years of severe training, +and it would be folly to imagine that a few +centuries will suffice to subdue its masterfulness +to purely ethical ends. Ethical nature may count +upon having to reckon with a tenacious and powerful +enemy as long as the world lasts. But, on the +other hand, I see no limit to the extent to which +intelligence and will, guided by sound principles +of investigation, and organized in common effort, +may modify the conditions of existence, for a period +longer than that now covered by history. And +much may be done to change the nature of man +himself. The intelligence which has converted the +brother of the wolf into the faithful guardian of +the flock ought to be able to do something towards +curbing the instincts of savagery in civilized +men.</p> + +<p>But if we may permit ourselves a larger hope of +abatement of the essential evil of the world than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +was possible to those who, in the infancy of exact +knowledge, faced the problem of existence more +than a score of centuries ago, I deem it an essential +condition of the realization of that hope that +we should cast aside the notion that the escape +from pain and sorrow is the proper object of life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIII" id="Num_CCLIII">CCLIII</a></p> + +<p>We have long since emerged from the heroic +childhood of our race, when good and evil could +be met with the same "frolic welcome"; the +attempts to escape from evil, whether Indian or +Greek, have ended in flight from the battle-field; +it remains to us to throw aside the youthful over-confidence +and the no less youthful discouragement +of nonage. We are grown men, and must +play the man</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">strong in will<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>cherishing the good that falls in our way, and +bearing the evil, in and around us, with stout +hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may +strive in one faith towards one hope:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> <br /></span> +<span class="i0">... but something ere the end,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some work of noble note may yet be done.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIV" id="Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></p> + +<p>I do not suppose that I am exceptionally endowed +because I have all my life enjoyed a keen perception +of the beauty offered us by nature and by art. Now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +physical science may and probably will, some day, +enable our posterity to set forth the exact physical +concomitants and conditions of the strange rapture +of beauty. But if ever that day arrives, the rapture +will remain, just as it is now, outside and beyond +the physical world; and, even in the mental world, +something superadded to mere sensation. I do +not wish to crow unduly over my humble cousin +the orang, but in the æsthetic province, as in +that of the intellect, I am afraid he is nowhere. +I doubt not he would detect a fruit amidst a wilderness +of leaves where I could see nothing; but I +am tolerably confident that he has never been +awestruck, as I have been, by the dim religious +gloom, as of a temple devoted to the earthgods, +of the tropical forests which he inhabits. Yet +I doubt not that our poor long-armed and short-legged +friend, as he sits meditatively munching +his durian fruit, has something behind that sad +Socratic face of his which is utterly "beyond the +bounds of physical science." Physical science may +know all about his clutching the fruit and munching +it and digesting it, and how the physical titillation +of his palate is transmitted to some microscopic +cells of the gray matter of his brain. But the +feelings of sweetness and of satisfaction which, +for a moment, hang out their signal lights in his +melancholy eyes, are as utterly outside the bounds +of physics as is the "fine frenzy" of a human +rhapsodist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLV" id="Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></p> + +<p>When I was a mere boy, with a perverse +tendency to think when I ought to have been +playing, my mind was greatly exercised by this +formidable problem, What would become of things +if they lost their qualities? As the qualities had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +no objective existence, and the thing without +qualities was nothing, the solid world seemed +whittled away—to my great horror. As I grew +older, and learned to use the terms "matter" and +"force," the boyish problem was revived, <i>mutato +nomine</i>. On the one hand, the notion of matter +without force seemed to resolve the world into a +set of geometrical ghosts, too dead even to jabber. +On the other hand, Boscovich's hypothesis, by +which matter was resolved into centres of force, +was very attractive. But when one tried to think +it out, what in the world became of force considered +as an objective entity? Force, even the +most materialistic of philosophers will agree with +the most idealistic, is nothing but a name for the +cause of motion. And if, with Boscovich, I resolved +things into centres of force, then matter vanished +altogether and left immaterial entities in its place. +One might as well frankly accept Idealism and have +done with it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVI" id="Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></p> + +<p>Tolerably early in life I discovered that one of +the unpardonable sins, in the eyes of most people, +is for a man to presume to go about unlabelled. +The world regards such a person as the police do +an unmuzzled dog, not under proper control. I +could find no label that would suit me, so, in my +desire to range myself and be respectable, I invented +one; and, as the chief thing I was sure of +was that I did not know a great many things that +the-ists and the-ites about me professed to be +familiar with, I called myself an Agnostic. Surely +no denomination could be more modest or more +appropriate; and I cannot imagine why I should +be every now and then haled out of my refuge +and declared sometimes to be a Materialist, sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +an Atheist, sometimes a Positivist, and +sometimes, alas and alack, a cowardly or reactionary +Obscurantist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVII" id="Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></p> + +<p>Lastly, with respect to the old riddle of the freedom +of the will. In the only sense in which the +word freedom is intelligible to me—that is to say, +the absence of any restraint upon doing what one +likes within certain limits—physical science certainly +gives no more ground for doubting it than the +common sense of mankind does. And if physical +science, in strengthening our belief in the universality +of causation and abolishing chance as an absurdity, +leads to the conclusion of determinism, it does no +more than follow the track of consistent and logical +thinkers in philosophy and in theology, before it +existed or was thought of. Whoever accepts the +universality of the law of causation as a dogma of +philosophy, denies the existence of uncaused phenomena. +And the essence of that which is improperly +called the freewill doctrine is that occasionally, at +any rate, human volition is self-caused, that is to say, +not caused at all; for to cause oneself one must +have anteceded oneself—which is, to say the least of +it, difficult to imagine.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVIII" id="Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the diseases of society consist in the weakness +of its faith in the existence of the God of the +theologians, in a future state, and in uncaused +volitions, the indication, as the doctors say, is +to suppress Theology and Philosophy, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +bickerings about things of which they know +nothing have been the prime cause and continual +sustenance of that evil scepticism which is the +Nemesis of meddling with the unknowable.</p> + +<p>Cinderella is modestly conscious of her ignorance +of these high matters. She lights the fire, sweeps +the house, and provides the dinner; and is rewarded +by being told that she is a base creature, devoted to +low and material interests. But in her garret she has +fairy visions out of the ken of the pair of shrews +who are quarrelling downstairs. She sees the order +which pervades the seeming disorder of the world; +the great drama of evolution, with its full share of +pity and terror, but also with abundant goodness +and beauty, unrolls itself before her eyes; and she +learns, in her heart of hearts, the lesson, that the +foundation of morality is to have done, once and for +all, with lying; to give up pretending to believe that +for which there is no evidence, and repeating unintelligible +propositions about things beyond the +possibilities of knowledge.</p> + +<p>She knows that the safety of morality lies neither +in the adoption of this or that philosophical speculation, +or this or that theological creed, but in a real +and living belief in that fixed order of nature which +sends social disorganisation upon the track of +immorality, as surely as it sends physical disease +after physical trespasses. And of that firm and +lively faith it is her high mission to be the +priestess.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIX" id="Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></p> + +<p>The first act of a new-born child is to draw a deep +breath. In fact, it will never draw a deeper, inasmuch +as the passages and chambers of the lungs, +once distended with air, do not empty themselves +again; it is only a fraction of their contents which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +passes in and out with the flow and the ebb of the +respiratory tide. Mechanically, this act of drawing +breath, or inspiration, is of the same nature as that +by which the handles of a bellows are separated, +in order to fill the bellows with air; and, in like +manner, it involves that expenditure of energy +which we call exertion, or work, or labour. It is, +therefore, no mere metaphor to say that man is +destined to a life of toil: the work of respiration +which began with his first breath ends only with his +last; nor does one born in the purple get off with a +lighter task than the child who first sees light under +a hedge.</p> + +<p>How is it that the new-born infant is enabled to +perform this first instalment of the sentence of life-long +labour which no man may escape? Whatever +else a child may be, in respect of this particular +question, it is a complicated piece of mechanism, +built up out of materials supplied by its mother; and +in the course of such building-up, provided with a set +of motors—the muscles. Each of these muscles +contains a stock of substance capable of yielding +energy under certain conditions, one of which is a +change of state in the nerve-fibres connected with it. +The powder in a loaded gun is such another stock of +substance capable of yielding energy in consequence +of a change of state in the mechanism of the lock, +which intervenes between the finger of the man who +pulls the trigger and the cartridge. If that change +is brought about, the potential energy of the powder +passes suddenly into actual energy, and does the +work of propelling the bullet. The powder, therefore, +may be appropriately called <i>work-stuff</i>, not only +because it is stuff which is easily made to yield work +in the physical sense, but because a good deal of +work in the economical sense has contributed to its +production. Labour was necessary to collect, +transport, and purify the raw sulphur and saltpetre; +to cut wood and convert it into powdered charcoal; +to mix these ingredients in the right proportions; to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +give the mixture the proper grain, and so on. The +powder once formed part of the stock, or capital, of +a powder-maker: and it is not only certain natural +bodies which are collected and stored in the gunpowder, +but the labour bestowed on the operations +mentioned may be figuratively said to be incorporated +in it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLX" id="Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></p> + +<p>In principle, the work-stuff stored in the muscles +of the new-born child is comparable to that stored +in the gun-barrel. The infant is launched into +altogether new surroundings; and these operate +through the mechanism of the nervous machinery, +with the result that the potential energy of some +of the work-stuff in the muscles which bring about +inspiration is suddenly converted into actual energy; +and this, operating through the mechanism of the +respiratory apparatus, gives rise to an act of inspiration. +As the bullet is propelled by the "going off" +of the powder, as it might be said that the ribs are +raised and the midriff depressed by the "going off" +of certain portions of muscular work-stuff. This +work-stuff is part of a stock or capital of that +commodity stored up in the child's organism +before birth, at the expense of the mother; and the +mother has made good her expenditure by drawing +upon the capital of food-stuffs which furnished her +daily maintenance.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, it does not appear to +me to be open to doubt that the primary act of +outward labour in the series which necessarily +accompany the life of man is dependent upon the +pre-existence of a stock of material which is not +only of use to him, but which is disposed in such a +manner as to be utilisable with facility. And I +further imagine that the propriety of the application +of the term "capital" to this stock of useful substance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +cannot be justly called in question; inasmuch +as it is easy to prove that the essential constituents +of the work-stuff accumulated in the child's +muscles have merely been transferred from the store +of food-stuffs, which everybody admits to be capital, +by means of the maternal organism to that of the +child, in which they are again deposited to await +use. Every subsequent act of labour, in like manner, +involves an equivalent consumption of the child's +store of work-stuff—its vital capital; and one of the +main objects of the process of breathing is to get rid +of some of the effects of that consumption. It follows, +then, that, even if no other than the respiratory +work were going on in the organism, the capital of +work-stuff, which the child brought with it into the +world, must sooner or later be used up, and the +movements of breathing must come to an end; +just as the see-saw of the piston of a steam-engine +stops when the coal in the fireplace has burnt away.</p> + +<p>Milk, however, is a stock of materials which +essentially consists of savings from the food-stuffs +supplied to the mother. And these savings are in +such a physical and chemical condition that the +organism of the child can easily convert them into +work-stuff. That is to say, by borrowing directly +from the vital capital of the mother, indirectly from +the store in the natural bodies accessible to her, it +can make good the loss of its own. The operation +of borrowing, however, involves further work; +that is, the labour of sucking, which is a mechanical +operation of much the same nature as breathing. +The child thus pays for the capital it borrows in +labour; but as the value in work-stuff of the milk +obtained is very far greater than the value of that +labour, estimated by the consumption of work-stuff +it involves, the operation yields a large profit to the +infant. The overplus of food-stuff suffices to +increase the child's capital of work-stuff; and to +supply not only the materials for the enlargement of +the "buildings and machinery" which is expressed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +by the child's growth, but also the energy required +to put all these materials together, and to carry them +to their proper places. Thus, throughout the years +of infancy, and so long thereafter as the youth or +man is not thrown upon his own resources, he lives +by consuming the vital capital provided by others.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXI" id="Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></p> + +<p>Let us now suppose the child come to man's estate +in the condition of a wandering savage, dependent +for his food upon what he can pick up or catch, after +the fashion of the Australian aborigines. It is plain +that the place of mother, as the supplier of vital +capital, is now taken by the fruits, seeds, and roots +of plants and by various kinds of animals.... +The savage, like the child, borrows the capital he +needs, and, at any rate, intentionally, does nothing +towards repayment; it would plainly be an improper +use of the word "produce" to say that his labour +in hunting for the roots, or the fruits, or the eggs, +or the grubs and snakes, which he finds and eats, +"produces" or contributes to "produce" them. +The same thing is true of more advanced tribes, +who are still merely hunters, such as the Esquimaux. +They may expend more labour and skill; but it is +spent in destruction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXII" id="Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></p> + +<p>When we find set forth as an "absolute" truth +the statement that the essential factors in economic +production are land, capital and labour—when this +is offered as an axiom whence all sorts of other +important truths may be deduced—it is needful +to remember that the assertion is true only with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +a qualification. Undoubtedly "vital capital" is +essential; for, as we have seen, no human work +can be done unless it exists, not even that internal +work of the body which is necessary to passive +life. But, with respect to labour (that is, human +labour) I hope to have left no doubt on the reader's +mind that, in regard to production, the importance +of human labour may be so small as to be almost a +vanishing quantity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIII" id="Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></p> + +<p>The one thing needful for economic production +is the green plant, as the sole producer of vital +capital from natural inorganic bodies. Men might +exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and +without land; without plants they must inevitably +perish.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIV" id="Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></p> + +<p>Since no amount of labour can produce an ounce +of food-stuff beyond the maximum producible by a +limited number of plants, under the most favourable +circumstances in regard to those conditions which +are not affected by labour, it follows that, if the +number of men to be fed increases indefinitely, a +time must come when some will have to starve. +That is the essence of the so-called Malthusian +doctrine; and it is a truth which, to my mind, is +as plain as the general proposition that a quantity +which constantly increases will, some time or other, +exceed any greater quantity the amount of which +is fixed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXV" id="Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></p> + +<p>"Virtually" is apt to cover more intellectual sins +than "charity" does moral delicts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVI" id="Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></p> + +<p>The notion that the value of a thing bears any +necessary relation to the amount of labour (average +or otherwise) bestowed upon it, is a fallacy which +needs no further refutation than it has already +received. The average amount of labour bestowed +upon warming-pans confers no value upon them +in the eyes of a Gold-Coast negro; nor would an +Esquimaux give a slice of blubber for the most +elaborate of ice-machines.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVII" id="Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Who has ever imagined that wealth which, in the +hands of an employer, is capital, ceases to be capital +if it is in the hands of a labourer? Suppose a workman +to be paid thirty shillings on Saturday evening +for six days' labour, that thirty shillings comes out +of the employer's capital, and receives the name of +"wages" simply because it is exchanged for labour. +In the workman's pocket, as he goes home, it is a +part of his capital, in exactly the same sense as, half +an hour before, it was part of the employer's capital; +he is a capitalist just as much as if he were a +Rothschild.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVIII" id="Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>I think it may be not too much to say that, of all +the political delusions which are current in this queer +world, the very stupidest are those which assume<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +that labour and capital are necessarily antagonistic; +that all capital is produced by labour and therefore, +by natural right, is the property of the labourer; that +the possessor of capital is a robber who preys on the +workman and appropriates to himself that which he +has had no share in producing.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, capital and labour are necessarily, +close allies; capital is never a product of human +labour alone; it exists apart from human labour; it +is the necessary antecedent of labour; and it furnishes +the materials on which labour is employed. The +only indispensable form of capital—vital capital—cannot +be produced by human labour. All that man +can do is to favour its formation by the real producers. +There is no intrinsic relation between the amount of +labour bestowed on an article and its value in exchange. +The claim of labour to the total result of +operations which are rendered possible only by capital +is simply an <i>a priori</i> iniquity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIX" id="Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></p> + +<p>The vast and varied procession of events, which we +call Nature, affords a sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible +wealth of attractive problems to the +speculative observer. If we confine our attention +to that aspect which engages the attention of +the intellect, nature appears a beautiful and +harmonious whole, the incarnation of a faultless +logical process, from certain premisses in the past +to an inevitable conclusion in the future. But if it be +regarded from a less elevated, though more human, +point of view; if our moral sympathies are allowed +to influence our judgment, and we permit ourselves +to criticize our great mother as we criticize one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +another; then our verdict, at least so far as +sentient nature is concerned, can hardly be so +favourable.</p> + +<p>In sober truth, to those who have made a study of +the phenomena of life as they are exhibited by the +higher forms of the animal world, the optimistic +dogma, that this is the best of all possible worlds, +will seem little better than a libel upon possibility. +It is really only another instance to be added to the +many extant, of the audacity of <i>a priori</i> speculators +who, having created God in their own image, find +no difficulty in assuming that the Almighty must +have been actuated by the same motives as themselves. +They are quite sure that, had any other +course been practicable, He would no more have +made infinite suffering a necessary ingredient of His +handiwork than a respectable philosopher would have +done the like.</p> + +<p>But even the modified optimism of the time-honoured +thesis of physico-theology, that the sentient +world is, on the whole, regulated by principles of +benevolence, does but ill stand the test of impartial +confrontation with the facts of the case. No doubt +it is quite true that sentient nature affords hosts of +examples of subtle contrivances directed towards the +production of pleasure or the avoidance of pain; and +it may be proper to say that these are evidences of +benevolence. But if so, why is it not equally proper +to say of the equally numerous arrangements, the no +less necessary result of which is the production of +pain, that they are evidences of malevolence?</p> + +<p>If a vast amount of that which, in a piece of human +workmanship, we should call skill, is visible in those +parts of the organization of a deer to which it owes +its ability to escape from beasts of prey, there is at +least equal skill displayed in that bodily mechanism +of the wolf which enables him to track, and sooner +or later to bring down, the deer. Viewed under the +dry light of science, deer and wolf are alike admirable; +and, if both were non-sentient automata, there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +would be nothing to qualify our admiration of the +action of the one on the other. But the fact that the +deer suffers, while the wolf inflicts suffering, engages +our moral sympathies. We should call men like the +deer innocent and good, men such as the wolf +malignant and bad; we should call those who +defended the deer and aided him to escape brave and +compassionate, and those who helped the wolf in his +bloody work base and cruel. Surely, if we transfer +these judgments to nature outside the world of man +at all, we must do so impartially. In that case, the +goodness of the right hand which helps the deer, +and wickedness of the left hand which eggs on the +wolf, will neutralize one another: and the course of +nature will appear to be neither moral nor immoral, +but non-moral.</p> + +<p>This conclusion is thrust upon us by analogous +facts in every part of the sentient world; yet, inasmuch +as it not only jars upon prevalent prejudices, +but arouses the natural dislike to that which is +painful, much ingenuity has been exercised in devising +an escape from it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXX" id="Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></p> + +<p>From the point of view of the moralist the animal +world is on about the same level as a gladiator's +show. The creatures are fairly well treated, and +set to fight—whereby the strongest, the swiftest, +and the cunningest live to fight another day. The +spectator has no need to turn his thumbs down, as +no quarter is given. He must admit that the skill +and training displayed are wonderful. But he must +shut his eyes if he would not see that more or less +enduring suffering is the meed of both vanquished +and victor. And since the great game is going on +in every corner of the world, thousands of times a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +minute; since, were our ears sharp enough, we need +not descend to the gates of hell to hear—</p> + +<p class="center">sospiri, pianti, ed alti guai.</p> + +<p class="center">· · · · ·</p> + +<p class="center">Voci alte e fioche, e suon di man con elle</p> + +<p>—it seems to follow that, if this world is governed +by benevolence, it must be a different sort of benevolence +from that of John Howard.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXI" id="Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></p> + +<p>This may not be the best of all possible worlds, +but to say that it is the worst is mere petulant nonsense. +A worn-out voluptuary may find nothing +good under the sun, or a vain and inexperienced youth, +who cannot get the moon he cries for, may vent his +irritation in pessimistic moanings; but there can be +no doubt in the mind of any reasonable person that +mankind could, would, and in fact do, get on fairly +well with vastly less happiness and far more misery +than find their way into the lives of nine people out +of ten. If each and all of us had been visited by an +attack of neuralgia, or of extreme mental depression, +for one hour in every twenty-four—a supposition +which many tolerably vigorous people know, to their +cost, is not extravagant—the burden of life would have +been immensely increased without much practical +hindrance to its general course. Men with any +manhood in them find life quite worth living under +worse conditions than these.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXII" id="Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></p> + +<p>There is another sufficiently obvious fact, which +renders the hypothesis that the course of sentient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +nature is dictated by malevolence quite untenable. +A vast multitude of pleasures, and these among the +purest and the best, are superfluities, bits of good +which are to all appearance unnecessary as inducements +to live, and are, so to speak, thrown into the +bargain of life. To those who experience them, few +delights can be more entrancing than such as are +afforded by natural beauty, or by the arts, and +especially by music; but they are products of, rather +than factors in, evolution, and it is probable that +they are known, in any considerable degree, to but +a very small proportion of mankind.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIII" id="Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The conclusion of the whole matter seems to be +that, if Ormuzd has not had his way in this +world, neither has Ahriman. Pessimism is as little +consonant with the facts of sentient existence as +optimism. If we desire to represent the course of +nature in terms of human thought, and assume that +it was intended to be that which it is, we must say +that its governing principle is intellectual and not +moral; that it is a materialized logical process, +accompanied by pleasures and pains, the incidence +of which, in the majority of cases, has not the +slightest reference to moral desert. That the rain +falls alike upon the just and the unjust, and that +those upon whom the Tower of Siloam fell were no +worse than their neighbours, seem to be Oriental +modes of expressing the same conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIV" id="Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>In the strict sense of the word "nature," it denotes +the sum of the phenomenal world, of that which has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +been, and is, and will be; and society, like art, is +therefore a part of nature. But it is convenient to +distinguish those parts of nature in which man plays +the part of immediate cause, as something apart; +and therefore, society, like art, is usefully to be +considered as distinct from nature. It is the more +desirable, and even necessary, to make this distinction, +since society differs from nature in having a +definite moral object; whence it comes about that +the course shaped by the ethical man—the member +of society or citizen—necessarily runs counter to that +which the non-ethical man—the primitive savage, +or man as a mere member of the animal kingdom—tends +to adopt. The latter fights out the struggle +for existence to the bitter end, like any other animal; +the former devotes his best energies to the object of +setting limits to the struggle.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXV" id="Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></p> + +<p>The first men who substituted the state of +mutual peace for that of mutual war, whatever the +motive which impelled them to take that step, +created society. But, in establishing peace, they +obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. +Between the members of that society, at any rate, +it was not to be pursued <i>ŕ outrance</i>. And of all the +successive shapes which society has taken, that +most nearly approaches perfection in which the war +of individual against individual is most strictly +limited. The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, +appropriated whatever took his fancy, and killed +whosoever opposed him, if he could. On the +contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his +freedom of action to a sphere in which he does not +interfere with the freedom of others; he seeks the +common weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as +an essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +end and means with him; and he founds his life on +a more or less complete self-restraint, which is the +negation of the unlimited struggle for existence. +He tries to escape from his place in the animal +kingdom, founded on the free development of the +principle of non-moral evolution, and to establish a +kingdom of Man, governed upon the principle of +moral evolution. For society not only has a moral +end, but in its perfection, social life, is embodied +morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVI" id="Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I was once talking with a very eminent physician<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +about the <i>vis medicatrix naturæ</i>. "Stuff!" said he; +"nine times out of ten nature does not want to +cure the man: she wants to put him in his coffin."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVII" id="Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Let us look at home. For seventy years peace +and industry have had their way among us with +less interruption and under more favourable conditions +than in any other country on the face +of the earth. The wealth of Crœsus was nothing +to that which we have accumulated, and our +prosperity has filled the world with envy. But +Nemesis did not forget Crœsus: has she forgotten +us?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVIII" id="Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Judged by an ethical standard, nothing can be +less satisfactory than the position in which we find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +ourselves. In a real, though incomplete, degree +we have attained the condition of peace which is +the main object of social organization; and, for +argument's sake, it may be assumed that we desire +nothing but that which is in itself innocent and +praiseworthy—namely, the enjoyment of the fruits +of honest industry. And lo! in spite of ourselves, +we are in reality engaged in an internecine struggle +for existence with our presumably no less peaceful +and well-meaning neighbours. We seek peace and +we do not ensue it. The moral nature in us asks +for no more than is compatible with the general +good; the non-moral nature proclaims and acts upon +that fine old Scottish family motto, "Thou shalt +starve ere I want." Let us be under no illusions, +then. So long as unlimited multiplication goes on, +no social organization which has ever been devised, +or is likely to be devised, no fiddle-faddling with +the distribution of wealth, will deliver society from +the tendency to be destroyed by the reproduction +within itself, in its intensest form, of that struggle +for existence the limitation of which is the object +of society. And however shocking to the moral +sense this eternal competition of man against man +and of nation against nation may be; however +revolting may be the accumulation of misery at +the negative pole of society, in contrast with that +of monstrous wealth at the positive pole; this state +of things must abide, and grow continually worse, +so long as Istar holds her way unchecked. It is +the true riddle of the Sphinx; and every nation +which does not solve it will sooner or later be +devoured by the monster itself has generated.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIX" id="Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>It would be folly to entertain any ill-feeling +towards those neighbours and rivals who, like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +ourselves, are slaves of Istar; but if somebody is +to be starved, the modern world has no Oracle of +Delphi to which the nations can appeal for an +indication of the victim. It is open to us to try +our fortune; and, if we avoid impending fate, +there will be a certain ground for believing that +we are the right people to escape. <i>Securus judicat +orbis.</i></p> + +<p>To this end, it is well to look into the necessary +conditions of our salvation by works. They are +two, one plain to all the world and hardly needing +insistence; the other seemingly not so plain, since +too often it has been theoretically and practically +left out of sight. The obvious condition is that +our produce shall be better than that of others. +There is only one reason why our goods should be +preferred to those of our rivals—our customers must +find them better at the price. That means that +we must use more knowledge, skill, and industry +in producing them, without a proportionate increase +in the cost of production; and, as the price of +labour constitutes a large element in that cost, +the rate of wages must be restricted within certain +limits. It is perfectly true that cheap production +and cheap labour are by no means synonymous; +but it is also true that wages cannot increase +beyond a certain proportion without destroying +cheapness. Cheapness, then, with, as part and +parcel of cheapness, a moderate price of labour, +is essential to our success as competitors in the +markets of the world.</p> + +<p>The second condition is really quite as plainly +indispensable as the first, if one thinks seriously +about the matter. It is social stability. Society +is stable when the wants of its members obtain +as much satisfaction as, life being what it is, +common sense and experience show may be reasonably +expected. Mankind, in general, care very +little for forms of government or ideal considerations +of any sort; and nothing really stirs the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +multitude to break with custom and incur the +manifest perils of revolt except the belief that +misery in this world, or damnation in the next, or +both, are threatened by the continuance of the +state of things in which they have been brought +up. But when they do attain that conviction, +society becomes as unstable as a package of dynamite, +and a very small matter will produce the +explosion which sends it back to the chaos of +savagery.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXX" id="Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></p> + +<p>Intelligence, knowledge, and skill are undoubtedly +conditions of success; but of what avail are they +likely to be unless they are backed up by honesty, +energy, goodwill, and all the physical and moral +faculties that go to the making of manhood, and +unless they are stimulated by hope of such reward +as men may fairly look to? And what dweller in +the slough of want, dwarfed in body and soul, +demoralized, hopeless, can reasonably be expected +to possess these qualities?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXI" id="Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>I am as strongly convinced as the most pronounced +individualist can be, that it is desirable that every +man should be free to act in every way which does +not limit the corresponding freedom of his fellow-man. +But I fail to connect that great induction of +political science with the practical corollary which is +frequently drawn from it: that the State—that is, +the people in their corporate capacity—has no +business to meddle with anything but the administration +of justice and external defence. It appears to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +me that the amount of freedom which incorporate +society may fitly leave to its members is not a fixed +quantity, to be determined <i>a priori</i> by deduction from +the fiction called "natural rights"; but that it must +be determined by and vary with, circumstances. I +conceive it to be demonstrable that the higher and +the more complex the organization of the social +body, the more closely is the life of each member +bound up with that of the whole; and the larger +becomes the category of acts which cease to be +merely self-regarding, and which interfere with the +freedom of others more or less seriously.</p> + +<p>If a squatter, living ten miles away from any +neighbour, chooses to burn his house down to get +rid of vermin, there may be no necessity (in the +absence of insurance offices) that the law should +interfere with his freedom of action; his act can +hurt nobody but himself. But, if the dweller in a +street chooses to do the same thing, the State very +properly makes such a proceeding a crime, and +punishes it as such. He does meddle with his +neighbour's freedom, and that seriously. So it +might, perhaps, be a tenable doctrine, that it would +be needless, and even tyrannous, to make education +compulsory in a sparse agricultural population, living +in abundance on the produce of its own soil; but, +in a densely populated manufacturing country, +struggling for existence with competitors, every +ignorant person tends to become a burden upon, and, +so far, an infringer of the liberty of, his fellows, and +an obstacle to their success. Under such circumstances +an education rate is, in fact, a war tax, +levied for purposes of defence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXII" id="Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>That State action always has been more or less +misdirected, and always will be so, is, I believe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +perfectly true. But I am not aware that it is more +true of the action of men in their corporate capacity +than it is of the doings of individuals. The wisest +and most dispassionate man in existence, merely +wishing to go from one stile in a field to the opposite, +will not walk quite straight—he is always going a +little wrong, and always correcting himself; and I +can only congratulate the individualist who is able +to say that his general course of life has been of a +less undulatory character. To abolish State action, +because its direction is never more than approximately +correct, appears to me to be much the same +thing as abolishing the man at the wheel altogether, +because, do what he will, the ship yaws more or +less. "Why should I be robbed of my property to +pay for teaching another man's children?" is an +individualist question, which is not unfrequently put +as if it settled the whole business. Perhaps it does, +but I find difficulties in seeing why it should. The +parish in which I live makes me pay my share for +the paving and lighting of a great many streets that +I never pass through; and I might plead that I am +robbed to smooth the way and lighten the darkness +of other people. But I am afraid the parochial +authorities would not let me off on this plea; and I +must confess I do not see why they should.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIII" id="Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>I cannot speak of my own knowledge, but I have +every reason to believe that I came into this world a +small reddish person, certainly without a gold spoon +in my mouth, and in fact with no discernible abstract +or concrete "rights" or property of any description. +If a foot was not set upon me at once, as a squalling +nuisance, it was either the natural affection of those +about me, which I certainly had done nothing to +deserve, or the fear of the law which, ages before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +my birth, was painfully built up by the society into +which I intruded, that prevented that catastrophe. +If I was nourished, cared for, taught, saved from +the vagabondage of a wastrel, I certainly am +not aware that I did anything to deserve those +advantages. And, if I possess anything now, it +strikes me that, though I may have fairly earned +my day's wages for my day's work, and may justly +call them my property—yet, without that organization +of society, created out of the toil and blood of +long generations before my time, I should probably +have had nothing but a flint axe and an indifferent +hut to call my own; and even those would be mine +only so long as no stronger savage came my way.</p> + +<p>So that if society, having, quite gratuitously, done +all these things for me, asks me in turn to do +something towards its preservation—even if that +something is to contribute to the teaching of other +men's children—I really, in spite of all my individualist +learnings, feel rather ashamed to say no. And, +if I were not ashamed, I cannot say that I think +that society would be dealing unjustly with me in +converting the moral obligation into a legal one. +There is a manifest unfairness in letting all the +burden be borne by the willing horse.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIV" id="Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>It is impossible to insist too strongly upon the +fact that efficient teachers of science and of technology +are not to be made by the processes in vogue +at ordinary training colleges. The memory loaded +with mere bookwork is not the thing wanted—is, in +fact, rather worse than useless—in the teacher of +scientific subjects. It is absolutely essential that his +mind should be full of knowledge and not of mere +learning, and that what he knows should have +been learned in the laboratory rather than in the +library.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXV" id="Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>The attempt to form a just conception of the value +of work done in any department of human knowledge, +and of its significance as an indication of the intellectual +and moral qualities of which it was the product, +is an undertaking which must always be beset +with difficulties, and may easily end in making the +limitations of the appraiser more obvious than the true +worth of that which he appraises. For the judgment +of a contemporary is liable to be obscured by intellectual +incompatibilities and warped by personal +antagonisms; while the critic of a later generation, +though he may escape the influence of these sources of +error, is often ignorant, or forgetful, of the conditions +under which the labours of his predecessors have been +carried on. He is prone to lose sight of the fact that +without their clearing of the ground and rough-hewing +of the foundation-stones, the stately edifice +of later builders could not have been erected.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVI" id="Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The vulgar antithesis of fact and theory is founded +on a misconception of the nature of scientific theory, +which is, or ought to be, no more than the expression +of fact in a general form. Whatever goes beyond +such expression is hypothesis; and hypotheses are +not ends, but means. They should be regarded as +instruments by which new lines of inquiry are +indicated; or by the aid of which a provisional +coherency and intelligibility may be given to +seemingly disconnected groups of phenomena. The +most useful of servants to the man of science, they +are the worst of masters. And when the establishment +of the hypothesis becomes the end, and fact is +alluded to only so far as it suits the "Idee," science +has no longer anything to do with the business.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVII" id="Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Scientific observation tell us that living birds form +a group or class of animals, through which a certain +form of skeleton runs; and that this kind of skeleton +differs in certain well-defined characters from that of +mammals. On the other hand, if anyone utterly +ignorant of osteology, but endowed with the artistic +sense of form, were set before a bird skeleton and a +mammalian skeleton, he would at once see that the +two were similar and yet different. Very likely he +would be unable to give clear expression to his just +sense of the differences and resemblances; perhaps +he would make great mistakes in detail if he tried. +Nevertheless, he would be able to draw from memory +a couple of sketches, in which all the salient points of +likeness and unlikeness would be reproduced with +sufficient accuracy. The mere osteologist, however +accurately he might put the resemblances and +differences into words, if he lacked the artistic +visualising faculty, might be hopelessly incompetent +to perform any such feat; lost in details, it might not +even occur to him that it was possible; or, still more +probably, the habit of looking for differences might +impair the perception of resemblances.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, the artist might be +led to higher and broader views, and thus be more +useful to the progress of science than the osteological +expert. Not that the former attains the +higher truth by a different method; for the way of +reaching truth is one and indivisible. Whether he +knows it or not, the artist has made a generalization +from two sets of facts, which is perfectly scientific +in form; and trustworthy so far as it rests upon the +direct perception of similarities and dissimilarities. +The only peculiarity of the artistic application of +scientific method lies in the artist's power of visualizing +the result of his mental processes, of embodying +the facts of resemblance in a visible "type," and of +showing the manner in which the differences may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +be represented as modifications of that type; he +does, in fact, instinctively, what an architect, who +desires to demonstrate the community of plan in +certain ancient temples, does by the methodical +construction of plans, sections, and elevations, the +comparison of which will furnish him with the +"type" of such temples.</p> + +<p>Thus, what I may term the artistic fashion of +dealing with anatomy is not only perfectly legitimate, +but has been of great utility. The harm of it does +not begin until the attempt is made to get more out +of this visual projection of thought than it contains; +until the origin of the notion of "type" is forgotten +and the speculative philosopher deludes himself with +the supposition that the generalization suggested by +fact is an "Idea" of the Pure Reason, with which +fact must, somehow or other, be made to agree.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVIII" id="Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Flowers are the primers of the morphologist; those +who run may read in them uniformity of type amidst +endless diversity, singleness of plan with complex +multiplicity of detail. As a musician might say, +every natural group of flowering plants is a sort +of visible fugue, wandering about a central theme +which is never forsaken, however it may, momentarily, +cease to be apparent.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIX" id="Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Like all the really great men of literature, Goethe +added some of the qualities of the man of science to +those of the artist, especially the habit of careful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +and patient observation of Nature. The great poet +was no mere book-learned speculator. His acquaintance +with mineralogy, geology, botany and osteology, +the fruit of long and wide studies, would have +sufficed to satisfy the requirements of a professoriate +in those days, if only he could have pleaded ignorance +of everything else. Unfortunately for Goethe's +credit with his scientific contemporaries, and, consequently, +for the attention attracted by his work, +he did not come forward as a man of science until +the public had ranged him among the men of literature. +And when the little men have thus classified +a big man, they consider that the last word has +been said about him; it appears to the thought +hardly decent on his part if he venture to stray +beyond the speciality they have assigned to him. +It does not seem to occur to them that a clear +intellect is an engine capable of supplying power +to all sorts of mental factories; nor to admit that, +as Goethe somewhere pathetically remarks, a man +may have a right to live for himself as well as +for the public; to follow the line of work that +happens to interest him, rather than that which +interests them.</p> + +<p>On the face of the matter it is not obvious that +the brilliant poet had less chance of doing good +service in natural science than the dullest of dissectors +and nomenclators. Indeed, as I have endeavoured +to indicate, there was considerable reason, a hundred +years ago, for thinking that an infusion of the +artistic way of looking at things might tend to +revivify the somewhat mummified body of technical +zoology and botany. Great ideas were floating +about; the artistic apprehension was needed to give +these airy nothings a local habitation and a name; to +convert vague suppositions into definite hypotheses. +And I apprehend that it was just this service which +Goethe rendered by writing his essays on the intermaxillary +bone, on osteology generally, and on the +metamorphoses of plants.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXC" id="Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></p> + +<p>All this is mere justice to Goethe; but, as it is the +unpleasant duty of the historian to do justice upon, +as well as to, great men, it behoves me to add that +the germs of the worst faults of later speculative +morphologists are no less visible in his writings than +their great merits. In the artist-philosopher there +was, at best, a good deal more artist than philosopher; +and when Goethe ventured into the regions +which belong to pure science, this excess of a virtue +had all the consequences of a vice. "Trennen und +zahlen lag nicht in meiner Natur," says he; but the +mental operations of which "analysis and numeration" +are partial expressions are indispensable for +every step of progress beyond happy glimpses, even +in morphology; while, in physiology and in physics, +failure in the most exact performance of these +operations involves sheer disaster, as indeed Goethe +was afforded abundant opportunity of learning. Yet +he never understood the sharp lessons he received, +and put down to malice, or prejudice, the ill-reception +of his unfortunate attempts to deal with purely +physical problems.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCI" id="Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></p> + +<p>There was never any lack of the scientific +imagination about the great anatomist; and the +charge of indifference to general ideas, sometimes +brought against him, is stupidly unjust. But Cuvier +was one of those happily endowed persons in whom +genius never parts company with common-sense; +and whose perception of the importance of sound +method is so great that they look at even a truth, +hit upon by those who pursue an essentially vicious +method, with the sort of feeling with which an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +honest trader regards the winnings of a gambler. +They hold it better to remain poor than obtain riches +by the road that, as a rule, leads to ruin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCII" id="Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></p> + +<p>The irony of history is nowhere more apparent +than in science. Here we see the men, over whose +minds the coming events of the world of biology +cast their shadows, doing their best to spoil their +case in stating it; while the man who represented +sound scientific method is doing his best to stay +the inevitable progress of thought and bolster up +antiquated traditions. The progress of knowledge +during the last seventy years enables us to see that +neither Geoffroy, nor Cuvier, was altogether right +nor altogether wrong; and that they were meant +to hunt in couples instead of pulling against one +another. Science has need of servants of very +different qualifications; of artistic constructors no +less than of men of business; of people to design +her palaces and of others to see that the materials +are sound and well-fitted together; of some to spur +investigators, and of others to keep their heads cool. +The only would-be servants, who are entirely +unprofitable, are those who do not take the trouble +to interrogate Nature, but imagine vain things about +her; and spin, from their inner consciousness, webs, +as exquisitely symmetrical as those of the most +geometrical of spiders, but alas! as easily torn to +pieces by some inconsidered bluebottle of a fact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIII" id="Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></p> + +<p>There is always a Cape Horn in one's life that one +either weathers or wrecks one's self on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIV" id="Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></p> + +<p>A Local Museum should be exactly what its name +implies, viz., "Local"—illustrating local Geology, +local Botany, local Zoology, and local Archæology.</p> + +<p>Such a museum, if residents who are interested in +these sciences take proper pains, may be brought to +a great degree of perfection and be unique of its +kind. It will tell both natives and strangers exactly +what they want to know, and possess great +scientific interest and importance. Whereas the +ordinary lumber-room of clubs from New Zealand, +Hindoo idols, sharks' teeth, mangy monkeys, +scorpions, and conch shells—who shall describe the +weary inutility of it? It is really worse than nothing, +because it leads the unwary to look for the objects of +science elsewhere than under their noses. What +they want to know is that their "America is here," +as Wilhelm Meister has it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCV" id="Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></p> + +<p>A man who speaks out honestly and fearlessly +that which he knows, and that which he believes, +will always enlist the goodwill and the respect, +however much he may fail in winning the assent, of +his fellow men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVI" id="Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></p> + +<p>Science and literature are not two things, but two +sides of one thing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVII" id="Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></p> + +<p>I neither deny nor affirm the immortality of man. +I see no reason for believing in it, but, on the other +hand, I have no means of disproving it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + +<p>I have no <i>a priori</i> objections to the doctrine. No +man who has to deal daily and hourly with nature +can trouble himself about <i>a priori</i> difficulties. Give +me such evidence as would justify me in believing +anything else, and I will believe that. Why should +I not? It is not half so wonderful as the conservation +of force, or the indestructibility of matter.</p> + +<p>Whoso clearly appreciates all that is implied in +the falling of a stone can have no difficulty about +any doctrine simply on account of its marvellousness. +But the longer I live, the more obvious it is to me +that the most sacred act of a man's life is to say and +to feel, "I believe such and such to be true." All +the greatest rewards and all the heaviest penalties of +existence cling about that act. The universe is +one and the same throughout; and if the condition +of my success in unravelling some little difficulty of +anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously +refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on +sufficient evidence, I cannot believe that the great +mysteries of existence will be laid open to me on +other terms.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVIII" id="Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></p> + +<p>I cannot conceive of my personality as a thing +apart from the phenomena of my life. When I try +to form such a conception I discover that, as +Coleridge would have said, I only hypostatize a +word, and it alters nothing if, with Fichte, I suppose +the universe to be nothing but a manifestation of my +personality. I am neither more nor less eternal than +I was before.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIX" id="Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></p> + +<p>I do not know whether the animals persist after +they disappear or not. I do not even know whether +the infinite difference between us and them may not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +be compensated by <i>their</i> persistence and <i>my</i> cessation +after apparent death, just as the humble bulb of an +annual lives, whilst the glorious flowers it has put +forth die away.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCC" id="Num_CCC">CCC</a></p> + +<p>My business is to teach my aspirations to confirm +themselves to fact, not to try and make facts +harmonize with my aspirations.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCI" id="Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></p> + +<p>Science seems to me to teach in the highest and +strongest manner the great truth which is embodied in +the Christian conception of entire surrender to the will +of God. Sit down before fact as a little child, be +prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow +humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature +leads, or you shall learn nothing. I have only begun +to learn content and peace of mind since I have +resolved at all risks to do this.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCII" id="Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></p> + +<p>There are, however, other arguments commonly +brought forward in favour of the immortality of man, +which are to my mind not only delusive but mischievous. +The one is the notion that the moral government +of the world is imperfect without a system of +future rewards and punishments. The other is: +that such a system is indispensable to practical +morality. I believe that both these dogmas are very +mischievous lies.</p> + +<p>With respect to the first, I am no optimist, but I +have the firmest belief that the Divine Government +(if we may use such a phrase to express the sum of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +the "customs of matter") is wholly just. The more +I know intimately of the lives of other men (to say +nothing of my own), the more obvious it is to me +that the wicked does <i>not</i> flourish nor is the righteous +punished. But for this to be clear we must bear in +mind what almost all forget, that the rewards of life +are contingent upon obedience to the <i>whole</i> law—physical +as well as moral—and that moral obedience +will not atone for physical sin, or <i>vice versa</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIII" id="Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></p> + +<p>The ledger of the Almighty is strictly kept, and +every one of us has the balance of his operations +paid over to him at the end of every minute of his +existence.</p> + +<p>Life cannot exist without a certain conformity to +the surrounding universe—that conformity involves a +certain amount of happiness in excess of pain. In +short, as we live we are paid for living.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIV" id="Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></p> + +<p>It is to be recollected in view of the apparent discrepancy +between men's acts and their rewards that +Nature is juster than we. She takes into account +what a man brings with him into the world, which +human justice cannot do. If I, born a bloodthirsty +and savage brute, inheriting these qualities from +others, kill you, my fellow-men will very justly hang +me, but I shall not be visited with the horrible +remorse which would be my real punishment if, my +nature being higher, I had done the same thing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCV" id="Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></p> + +<p>The absolute justice of the system of things is as +clear to me as any scientific fact. The gravitation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +sin to sorrow is as certain as that of the earth to the +sun, and more so—for experimental proof of the fact +is within reach of us all—nay, is before us all in our +own lives, if we had but the eyes to see it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVI" id="Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></p> + +<p>Not only do I disbelieve in the need for compensation, +but I believe that the seeking for rewards and +punishments out of this life leads men to a ruinous +ignorance of the fact that their inevitable rewards +and punishments are here.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVII" id="Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></p> + +<p>If the expectation of hell hereafter can keep me +from evil-doing, surely <i>a fortiori</i> the certainty of hell +now will do so? If a man could be firmly impressed +with the belief that stealing damaged him as much as +swallowing arsenic would do (and it does), would not +the dissuasive force of that belief be greater than that +of any based on mere future expectations?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVIII" id="Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></p> + +<p>As I stood behind the coffin of my little son the +other day, with my mind bent on anything but disputation, +the officiating minister read, as a part of his +duty, the words, "If the dead rise not again, let us +eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." I cannot tell +you how inexpressibly they shocked me. Paul had +neither wife nor child, or he must have known that +his alternative involved a blasphemy against all that +was best and noblest in human nature. I could have +laughed with scorn. What! because I am face to +face with irreparable loss, because I have given back +to the source from whence it came, the cause of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +great happiness, still retaining through all my life the +blessings which have sprung and will spring from +that cause, I am to renounce my manhood, and, +howling, grovel in bestiality? Why, the very apes +know better, and if you shoot their young the poor +brutes grieve their grief out and do not immediately +seek distraction in a gorge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIX" id="Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></p> + +<p>He had intellect to comprehend his highest duty +distinctly, and force of character to do it; which of +us dare ask for a higher summary of his life than that? +For such a man there can be no fear in facing the +great unknown, his life has been one long experience +of the substantial justice of the laws by which this +world is governed, and he will calmly trust to them +still as he lays his head down for his long sleep.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCX" id="Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></p> + +<p>Whether astronomy and geology can or cannot be +made to agree with the statements as to the matters +of fact laid down in Genesis—whether the Gospels +are historically true or not—are matters of comparatively +small moment in the face of the impassable +gulf between the anthropomorphism (however refined) +of theology and the passionless impersonality of the +unknown and unknowable which science shows +everywhere underlying the thin veil of phenomena.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXI" id="Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></p> + +<p>I am too much a believer in Butler and in the great +principle of the "Analogy" that "there is no +absurdity in theology so great that you cannot parallel +it by a greater absurdity of Nature" (it is not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +commonly stated in this way), to have any difficulties +about miracles. I have never had the least sympathy +with the <i>a priori</i> reasons against orthodoxy, and I +have by nature and disposition the greatest possible +antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXII" id="Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></p> + +<p>This universe is, I conceive, like to a great game +being played out, and we poor mortals are allowed +to take a hand. By great good fortune the wiser +among us have made out some few of the rules of the +game, as at present played. We call them "Laws +of Nature," and honour them because we find that if +we obey them we win something for our pains. The +cards are our theories and hypotheses, the tricks our +experimental verifications. But what sane man +would endeavour to solve this problem: given the +rules of a game and the winnings, to find whether +the cards are made of pasteboard or gold-leaf? Yet +the problem of the metaphysicians is to my mind no +saner.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIII" id="Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></p> + +<p>I have not the smallest sentimental sympathy with +the negro; don't believe in him at all, in short. But +it is clear to me that slavery means, for the white +man, bad political economy; bad social morality; +bad internal political organisation, and a bad influence +upon free labour and freedom all over the world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIV" id="Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></p> + +<p>At the present time the important question for +England is not the duration of her coal, but the due +comprehension of the truths of science, and the labours +of her scientific men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXV" id="Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></p> + +<p>It is better for a man to go wrong in freedom than +to go right in chains.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVI" id="Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></p> + +<p>A good book is comparable to a piece of meat, and +fools are as flies who swarm to it, each for the +purpose of depositing and hatching his own particular +maggot of an idea.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVII" id="Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></p> + +<p>Children work a greater metamorphosis in men +than any other condition of life. They ripen one +wonderfully and make life ten times better worth +having than it was.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVIII" id="Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Teach a child what is wise, that is <i>morality</i>. +Teach him what is wise and beautiful, that is +<i>religion</i>!</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIX" id="Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></p> + +<p>People may talk about intellectual teaching, but +what we principally want is the moral teaching.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXX" id="Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></p> + +<p>We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater +than that which preceded and produced the Reformation, +and really only the continuation of that movement. +But there is nothing new in the ideas which +lie at the bottom of the movement, nor is any reconcilement +possible between free thought and traditional +authority. One or other will have to succumb after +a struggle of unknown duration, which will have as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +side issues vast political and social troubles. I have +no more doubt that free thought will win in the long +run than I have that I sit here writing to you, or that +this free thought will organize itself into a coherent +system, embracing human life and the world as one +harmonious whole. But this organization will be the +work of generations of men, and those who further +it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, +and to rest in no verbal delusions.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXI" id="Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></p> + +<p>Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the +consequences. No good is ever done in this world +by hesitation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXII" id="Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></p> + +<p>The world is neither wise nor just, but it makes up +for all its folly and injustice by being damnably +sentimental.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIII" id="Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Without seeing any reason to believe that women +are, on the average, so strong physically, intellectually, +or morally, as men, I cannot shut my eyes to +the fact that many women are much better endowed +in all these respects than many men, and I am at a +loss to understand on what grounds of justice or +public policy a career which is open to the weakest +and most foolish of the male sex should be forcibly +closed to women of vigour and capacity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIV" id="Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></p> + +<p>We have heard a great deal lately about the +physical disabilities of women. Some of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +alleged impediments, no doubt, are really inherent +in their organization, but nine-tenths of them are +artificial—the products of their modes of life. I +believe that nothing would tend so effectually to +get rid of these creations of idleness, weariness, +and that "over stimulation of the emotions" which, +in plainer-spoken days, used to be called wantonness, +than a fair share of healthy work, directed towards +a definite object, combined with an equally fair share +of healthy play, during the years of adolescence; +and those who are best acquainted with the acquirements +of an average medical practitioner will find +it hardest to believe that the attempt to reach that +standard is like to prove exhausting to an ordinarily +intelligent and well-educated young woman.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXV" id="Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></p> + +<p>The only good that I can see in the demonstration +of the truth of "Spiritualism" is to furnish an +additional argument against suicide. Better live a +crossing-sweeper than die and be made to talk +twaddle by a "medium" hired at a guinea a +<i>séance</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVI" id="Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I ask myself—suppose you knew that by inflicting +prolonged pain on 100 rabbits you could discover a +way to the extirpation of leprosy, or consumption, +or locomotor ataxy, or of suicidal melancholia among +human beings, dare you refuse to inflict that pain? +Now I am quite unable to say that I dare. That +sort of daring would seem to me to be extreme moral +cowardice, to involve gross inconsistency.</p> + +<p>For the advantage and protection of society, we +all agree to inflict pain upon man—pain of the most +prolonged and acute character—in our prisons, and +on our battlefields. If England were invaded, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +should have no hesitation about inflicting the maximum +of suffering upon our invaders for no other +object than our own good.</p> + +<p>But if the good of society and of a nation is a +sufficient plea for inflicting pain on men, I think it +may suffice us for experimenting on rabbits or dogs.</p> + +<p>At the same time, I think that a heavy moral +responsibility rests on those who perform experiments +of the second kind.</p> + +<p>The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is +a crime; pity is that so many of those who (as I +think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget that +the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in +the act of inflicting pain <i>per se</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVII" id="Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, +is the moral worth and intellectual clearness of the +individual citizen. Education cannot give these, but +it can cherish them and bring them to the front in +whatever station of society they are to be found, +and the universities ought to be and may be, the +fortresses of the higher life of the nation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVIII" id="Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences +of their sins affect endless generations of their progeny. +Men are tempted, men are punished for the +sins of others without merit or demerit of their own; +and they are tormented for their evil deeds as long +as their consciousness lasts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIX" id="Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous +beliefs are punished, and right beliefs are rewarded—though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +very often the erroneous belief is based +upon a more conscientious study of the facts than +the right belief.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXX" id="Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></p> + +<p>If we are to assume that anybody has designedly +set this wonderful universe going, it is perfectly +clear to me that he is no more entirely benevolent +and just in any intelligible sense of the words, than +that he is malevolent and unjust. Infinite benevolence +need not have invented pain and sorrow at all—infinite +malevolence would very easily have deprived +us of the large measure of content and happiness +that falls to our lot. After all, Butler's "Analogy" +is unassailable, and there is nothing in theological +dogmas more contradictory to our moral sense, than +is to be found in the facts of nature. From which, +however, the Bishop's conclusion that the dogmas +are true doesn't follow.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXI" id="Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></p> + +<p>It appears to me that if every person who is +engaged in an industry had access to instruction in +the scientific principles on which that industry is +based; in the mode of applying these principles to +practice; in the actual use of the means and appliances +employed; in the language of the people who +know as much about the matter as we do ourselves; +and lastly, in the art of keeping accounts, Technical +Education would have done all that can be required +of it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXII" id="Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Though under-instruction is a bad thing, it is not +impossible that over-instruction may be worse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIII" id="Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>There are two things I really care about—one is +the progress of scientific thought, and the other is +the bettering of the condition of the masses of the +people by bettering them in the way of lifting themselves +out of the misery which has hitherto been the +lot of the majority of them. Posthumous fame is +not particularly attractive to me, but, if I am to be +remembered at all, I would rather it should be as +"a man who did his best to help the people" than +by other title.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIV" id="Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>I am of opinion that our Indian Empire is a curse +to us. But so long as we make up our minds to +hold it, we must also make up our minds to do those +things which are needful to hold it effectually, and +in the long-run it will be found that so doing is real +justice both for ourselves, our subject population, +and the Afghans themselves.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXV" id="Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></p> + +<p>The great thing in the world is not so much to +seek happiness as to earn peace and self-respect.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVI" id="Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The more rapidly truth is spread among mankind +the better it will be for them. Only let us be sure +that it is truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVII" id="Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Your astonishment at the tenacity of life of fallacies, +permit me to say, is shockingly unphysiological. +They, like other low organisms, are independent of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +brains, and only wriggle the more, the more they are +smitten on the place where the brains ought to be.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVIII" id="Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>I don't know what you think about anniversaries. +I like them, being always minded to drink my cup +of life to the bottom, and take my chance of the +sweets and bitters.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIX" id="Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Of the few innocent pleasures left to men past +middle life—the jamming common-sense down the +throats of fools is perhaps the keenest.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXL" id="Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></p> + +<p>Life is like walking along a crowded street—there +always seem to be fewer obstacles to getting along +on the opposite pavement—and yet, if one crosses +over, matters are rarely mended.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLI" id="Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></p> + +<p>The great thing one has to wish for as time goes +on is vigour as long as one lives, and death as soon +as vigour flags.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLII" id="Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></p> + +<p>Whether motion disintegrates or integrates is, I +apprehend, a question of conditions. A whirlpool in +a stream may remain in the same spot for any +imaginable time. Yet it is the effect of the motion +of the particles of the water in that spot which +continually integrate themselves into the whirlpool +and disintegrate themselves from it. The whirlpool<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +is permanent while the conditions last, though its +constituents incessantly change. Living bodies are +just such whirlpools. Matter sets into them in the +shape of food,—sets out of them in the shape of +waste products. Their individuality lies in the +constant maintenance of a characteristic form, not +in the preservation of material identity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIII" id="Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></p> + +<p>Most of us are idolators, and ascribe divine +powers to the abstractions "Force," "Gravity," +"Vitality," which our own brains have created. I +do not know anything about "inert" things in +nature. If we reduce the world to matter and +motion, the matter is not "inert," inasmuch as the +same amount of motion affects different kinds of +matter in different ways. To go back to my own +illustration. The fabric of the watch is not inert, +every particle of it is in violent and rapid motion, +and the winding-up simply perturbs the whole +infinitely complicated system in a particular fashion. +Equilibrium means death, because life is a succession +of changes, while a changing equilibrium is a contradiction +in terms. I am not at all clear that a +living being is comparable to a machine running +down. On this side of the question the whirlpool +affords a better parallel than the watch. If you dam +the stream above or below, the whirlpool dies; just +as the living being does if you cut off its food, or +choke it with its own waste products. And if you +alter the sides or bottom of the stream you may kill +the whirlpool, just as you kill the animal by interfering +with its structure. Heat and oxidation as a +source of heat appear to supply energy to the living +machine, the molecular structure of the germ furnishing +the "sides and bottom of the stream," that is, +determining the results which the energy supplied +shall produce.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIV" id="Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></p> + +<p>I believe that history might be, and ought to be, +taught in a new fashion so as to make the meaning +of it as a process of evolution—intelligible to the +young.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLV" id="Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></p> + +<p>Government by average opinion is merely a +circuitous method of going to the devil; those +who profess to lead but in fact slavishly follow this +average opinion are simply the fastest runners and +the loudest squeakers of the herd which is rushing +blindly down to its destruction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVI" id="Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></p> + +<p>It's very sad to lose your child just when he was +beginning to bind himself to you, and I don't know +that it is much consolation to reflect that the longer +he had wound himself up in your heart-strings the +worse the tear would have been, which seems to +have been inevitable sooner or later. One does not +weigh and measure these things while grief is fresh, +and in my experience a deep plunge into the waters +of sorrow is the hopefullest way of getting through +them on to one's daily road of life again. No one +can help another very much in these crises of life; +but love and sympathy count for something.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVII" id="Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></p> + +<p>There is amazingly little evidence of "reverential +care for unoffending creation" in the arrangements +of nature, that I can discover. If our ears were +sharp enough to hear all the cries of pain that are +uttered in the earth by men and beasts, we should be +deafened by one continuous scream!</p> + +<p>And yet the wealth of superfluous loveliness in the +world condemns pessimism. It is a hopeless riddle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVIII" id="Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>A man who has only half as much food as he +needs is indubitably starved, even though his short +rations consist of ortolans and are served upon gold +plate.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIX" id="Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></p> + +<p>Economy does not lie in sparing money, but in +spending it wisely.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCL" id="Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></p> + +<p>We men of science, at any rate, hold ourselves +morally bound to "try all things and hold fast to +that which is good"; and among public benefactors, +we reckon him who explodes old error, as next in +rank to him who discovers new truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLI" id="Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></p> + +<p>Whatever Linnæus may say, man is not a rational +animal—especially in his parental capacity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLII" id="Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></p> + +<p>The inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter +of history is just as much a question of pure science +as the inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter +of geology, and the value of evidence in the two +cases must be tested in the same way. If anyone +tells me that the evidence of the existence of man in +the miocene epoch is as good as that upon which I +frequently act every day of my life, I reply that this +is quite true, but that it is no sort of reason for +believing in the existence of miocene man.</p> + +<p>Surely no one but a born fool can fail to be aware +that we constantly, and in very grave conjunctions, +are obliged to act upon extremely bad evidence, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +that very often we suffer all sorts of penalties in +consequence. And surely one must be something +worse than a born fool to pretend that such decision +under the pressure of the enigmas of life ought to +have the smallest influence in those judgments +which are made with due and sufficient deliberation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIII" id="Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></p> + +<p>1. The Church founded by Jesus has <i>not</i> made its +way; has <i>not</i> permeated the world—but <i>did</i> become +extinct in the country of its birth—as Nazarenism +and Ebionism.</p> + +<p>2. The Church that did make its way and coalesced +with the State in the 4th century had no more +to do with the Church founded by Jesus than Ultramontanism +has with Quakerism. It is Alexandrian +Judaism and Neoplatonistic mystagogy, and as +much of the old idolatry and demonology as could +be got in under new or old names.</p> + +<p>3. Paul has said that the Law was schoolmaster +to Christ with more truth than he knew. Throughout +the Empire the synagogues had their cloud of +Gentile hangers-on—those who "feared God"—and +who were fully prepared to accept a Christianity, +which was merely an expurgated Judaism and the +belief in Jesus as the Messiah.</p> + +<p>4. The Christian "Sodalitia" were not merely +religious bodies, but friendly societies, burial +societies, and guilds. They hung together for all +purposes—the mob hated them as it now hates the +Jews in Eastern Europe, because they were more +frugal, more industrious, and lived better lives than +their neighbours, while they stuck together like +Scotchmen.</p> + +<p>If these things are so—and I appeal to your +knowledge of history that they are so—what has +the success of Christianity to do with the truth or +falsehood of the story of Jesus?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIV" id="Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></p> + +<p>It is Baur's great merit to have seen that the key +to the problem of Christianity lies in the Epistle to +the Galatians. No doubt he and his followers rather +overdid the thing, but that is always the way with +those who take up a new idea.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLV" id="Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot do brain work without stimulants +of any kind, he had better turn to hand work—it is +an indication on Nature's part that she did not mean +him to be a head worker.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVI" id="Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></p> + +<p>It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational +grounds for our beliefs are often extremely irrational +attempts to justify our instincts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVII" id="Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></p> + +<p>Even the best of modern civilisations appears to +me to exhibit a condition of mankind which neither +embodies any worthy ideal nor even possesses the +merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express my +opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement +of the condition of the greater part of the +human family; if it is true that the increase of +knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over +Nature which is its consequence, and the wealth +which follows upon that dominion, are to make no +difference in the extent and the intensity of Want, +with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, +among the masses of the people, I should hail the +advent of some kindly comet, which would sweep +the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +What profits it to the human Prometheus that he +has stolen the fire of heaven to be his servant, and +that the spirits of the earth and of the air obey him, +if the vulture of pauperism is eternally to tear his +very vitals and keep him on the brink of destruction?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVIII" id="Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></p> + +<p>No induction, however broad its basis, can confer +certainty—in the strict sense of the word. The +experience of the whole human race through innumerable +years has shown that stones unsupported +fall to the ground, but that does not make it certain +that any day next week unsupported stones will not +move the other way. All that it does justify is the +very strong expectation, which hitherto has been invariably +verified, that they will do just the contrary.</p> + +<p>Only one absolute certainty is possible to man—namely, +that at any given moment the feeling which +he has exists.</p> + +<p>All other so-called certainties are beliefs of greater +or less intensity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIX" id="Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></p> + +<p>Of moral purpose I see no trace in Nature. That +is an article of exclusively human manufacture—and +very much to our credit.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLX" id="Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></p> + +<p>There is nothing of permanent value (putting aside +a few human affections), nothing that satisfies quiet +reflection—except the sense of having worked according +to one's capacity and light, to make things clear +and get rid of cant and shams of all sorts. That +was the lesson I learned from Carlyle's books when +I was a boy, and it has stuck by me all my life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + +<p>You may make more of failing to get money, and +of succeeding in getting abuse—until such time in +your life (if you are teachable) you have ceased to +care much about either.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXI" id="Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></p> + +<p>The doctrine of the conservation of energy tells +neither one way nor the other [on the doctrine of +immortality]. Energy is the cause of movement of +body, <i>i.e.</i> things having mass. States of consciousness +have no mass, even if they can be conceded to +be movable. Therefore even if they are caused by +molecular movements, they would not in any way +affect the store of energy.</p> + +<p>Physical causation need not be the only kind of +causation, and when Cabanis said that thought was +a function of the brain, in the same way as bile +secretion is a <i>function</i> of the liver, he blundered +philosophically. Bile is a product of the transformation +of material energy. But in the mathematical +sense of the word "function," thought may be a +function of the brain. That is to say, it may arise +only when certain physical particles take on a certain +order.</p> + +<p>By way of a coarse analogy, consider a parallel-sided +piece of glass through which light passes. It +forms no picture. Shape it so as to be a bi-convex, +and a picture appears in its focus.</p> + +<p>Is not the formation of the picture a "function" +of the piece of glass thus shaped?</p> + +<p>So, from your own point of view, suppose a mind-stuff—λὀγος—a +noumenal cosmic light such as is +shadowed in the fourth gospel. The brain of a dog +will convert it into one set of phenomenal pictures, +and the brain of a man into another. But in both +cases the result is the consequence of the way in +which the respective brains perform their "function."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXII" id="Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></p> + +<p>The actions we call sinful are as much the consequence +of the order of nature as those we call +virtuous. They are part and parcel of the struggle +for existence through which all living things have +passed, and they have become sins because man +alone seeks a higher life in voluntary association.</p> + +<p>Therefore the instrument has never been marred; +on the contrary, we are trying to get music out of +harps, sacbuts, and psalteries, which never were in +tune and seemingly never will be.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIII" id="Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></p> + +<p>I have always been, am, and propose to remain a +mere scholar. All that I have ever proposed to myself +is to say, this and this I have learned; thus and +thus have I learned it: go thou and learn better; but +do not thrust on my shoulders the responsibility for +your own laziness if you elect to take, on my +authority, conclusions, the value of which you ought +to have tested for yourself.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIV" id="Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></p> + +<p>There is endless backwoodsman's work yet to be +done. If "those also serve who only stand and +wait," still more do those who sweep and cleanse; +and if any man elect to give his strength to the +weeder's and scavenger's occupation, I remain of the +opinion that his service should be counted acceptable, +and that no one has a right to ask more of him than +faithful performance of the duties he has undertaken. +I venture to count it an improbable suggestion that +any such person—a man, let us say, who has well-nigh +reached his threescore years and ten, and has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +graduated in all the faculties of human relationships; +who has taken his share in all the deep joys and +deeper anxieties which cling about them; who has +felt the burden of young lives entrusted to his care, +and has stood alone with his dead before the abyss +of the eternal—has never had a thought beyond +negative criticism. It seems to me incredible that +such an one can have done his day's work, always +with a light heart, with no sense of responsibility, +no terror of that which may appear when the +factitious veil of Isis—the thick web of fiction man +has woven round nature—is stripped off.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXV" id="Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></p> + +<p>If the doctrine of a Providence is to be taken as +the expression, in a way "to be understanded of the +people," of the total exclusion of chance from a place +even in the most insignificant corner of Nature, if it +means the strong conviction that the cosmic process +is rational, and the faith that, throughout all duration, +unbroken order has reigned in the universe, I +not only accept it, but I am disposed to think it the +most important of all truths. As it is of more consequence +for a citizen to know the law than to be +personally acquainted with the features of those who +will surely carry it into effect, so this very positive +doctrine of Providence, in the sense defined, seems to +me far more important than all the theorems of +speculative theology. If, further, the doctrine is +held to imply that, in some indefinitely remote past +aeon, the cosmic process was set going by some +entity possessed of intelligence and foresight, similar +to our own in kind, however superior in degree, +if, consequently, it is held that every event, not +merely in our planetary speck, but in untold millions +of other worlds, was foreknown before these worlds +were, scientific thought, so far as I know anything +about it, has nothing to say about that hypothesis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +It is, in fact, an anthropomorphic rendering of the +doctrine of evolution.</p> + +<p>It may be so, but the evidence accessible to us is, +to my mind, wholly insufficient to warrant either +a positive or a negative conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVI" id="Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></p> + +<p>It may be well to remember that the highest +level of moral aspiration recorded in history was +reached by a few ancient Jews—Micah, Isaiah, +and the rest—who took no count whatever of what +might or what might not happen to them after death. +It is not obvious to me why the same point should +not by and by be reached by the Gentiles.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVII" id="Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Belief in majorities is not rooted in my breast, and +if all the world were against me the fact might warn +me to revise and criticise my opinions, but would not +in itself supply a ghost of a reason for forsaking them. +For myself I say deliberately, it is better to have a +millstone tied round the neck and be thrown into the +sea than to share the enterprises of those to whom +the world has turned, and will turn, because they +minister to its weaknesses and cover up the awful +realities which it shudders to look at.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVIII" id="Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Moral duty consists in the observance of those rules +of conduct which contribute to the welfare of society, +and by implication, of the individuals who compose it.</p> + +<p>The end of society is peace and mutual protection, +so that the individual may reach the fullest and +highest life attainable by man. The rules of conduct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +by which this end is to be attained are discoverable—like +the other so-called laws of Nature—by observation +and experiment, and only in that way.</p> + +<p>Some thousands of years of such experience have +led to the generalisations, that stealing and murder, +for example, are inconsistent with the ends of society. +There is no more doubt that they are so than that +unsupported stones tend to fall. The man who +steals or murders, breaks his implied contract with +society, and forfeits all protection. He becomes an +outlaw, to be dealt with as any other feral creature. +Criminal law indicates the ways which have proved +most convenient for dealing with him.</p> + +<p>All this would be true if men had no "moral sense" +at all, just as there are rules of perspective which +must be strictly observed by a draughtsman, and are +quite independent of his having any artistic sense.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIX" id="Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></p> + +<p>The moral sense is a very complex affair—dependent +in part upon associations of pleasure and +pain, approbation and disapprobation formed by +education in early youth, but in part also on an +innate sense of moral beauty and ugliness (how +originated need not be discussed), which is possessed +by some people in great strength, while some are +totally devoid of it—just as some children draw, or +are enchanted by music while mere infants, while +others do not know "Cherry Ripe" from "Rule +Britannia," nor can represent the form of the simplest +thing to the end of their lives.</p> + +<p>Now for this last sort of people there is no reason +why they should discharge any moral duty, except +from fear of punishment in all its grades, from mere +disapprobation to hanging, and the duty of society is +to see that they live under wholesome fear of such +punishment short, sharp, and decisive.</p> + +<p>For the people with a keen innate sense of moral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +beauty there is no need of any other motive. What +they want is knowledge of the things they may do +and must leave undone, if the welfare of society is to +be attained. Good people so often forget this that +some of them occasionally require hanging almost as +much as the bad.</p> + +<p>If you ask why the moral inner sense is to be +(under due limitations) obeyed; why the few who +are steered by it move the mass in whom it is weak? +I can only reply by putting another question—Why +do the few in whom the sense of beauty is strong—Shakespeare, +Raffaele, Beethoven, carry the less +endowed multitude away? But they do, and always +will. People who overlook that fact attend neither +to history nor to what goes on about them.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Franklin was a shrewd, excellent, +kindly man. I have great respect for him. The +force of genial common-sense respectability could no +further go. George Fox was the very antipodes of +all this, and yet one understands how he came to +move the world of his day, and Franklin did not.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXX" id="Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></p> + +<p>As to whether we can fulfil the moral law, I +should say hardly any of us. Some of us are utterly +incapable of fulfilling its plainest dictates. As there +are men born physically cripples, and intellectually +idiots, so there are some who are moral cripples and +idiots, and can be kept straight not even by punishment. +For these people there is nothing but shutting +up, or extirpation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXI" id="Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></p> + +<p>The cardinal fact in the University questions +appears to me to be this: that the student to whose +wants the mediæval University was adjusted, +looked to the past and sought book-learning, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +the modern looks to the future and seeks the knowledge +of things.</p> + +<p>The mediæval view was that all knowledge worth +having was explicitly or implicitly contained in +various ancient writings; in the Scriptures, in the +writings of the greater Greeks, and those of the +Christian Fathers. Whatever apparent novelty +they put forward, was professedly obtained by +deduction from ancient data.</p> + +<p>The modern knows that the only source of real +knowledge lies in the application of scientific methods +of enquiry to the ascertainment of the facts of existence; +that the ascertainable is infinitely greater than the +ascertained, and that the chief business of the +teacher is not so much to make scholars as to train +pioneers.</p> + +<p>From this point of view, the University occupies a +position altogether independent of that of the copingstone +of schools for general education, combined +with technical schools of Theology, Law, and +Medicine. It is not primarily an institution for +testing the work of schoolmasters, or for ascertaining +the fitness of young men to be curates, lawyers, +or doctors.</p> + +<p>It is an institution in which a man who claims to +devote himself to Science or Art, should be able to +find some one who can teach him what is already +known, and train him in the methods of knowing +more.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXII" id="Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></p> + +<p>The besetting sin of able men is impatience +of contradiction and of criticism. Even those who +do their best to resist the temptation, yield to it +almost unconsciously and become the tools of +toadies and flatterers. "Authorities," "disciples," +and "schools" are the curse of science; and do +more to interfere with the work of the scientific +spirit than all its enemies.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIII" id="Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>People never will recollect, that mere learning and +mere cleverness are of next to no value in life, while +energy and intellectual grip, the things that are +inborn and cannot be taught, are everything.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIV" id="Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way +of supporting himself, thereby relieving other people +of the necessity of supporting him. Moreover, the +learning to do work of practical value in the world, +in an exact and careful manner, is of itself a very +important education, the effects of which make themselves +felt in all other pursuits. The habit of doing +that which you do not care about when you would +much rather be doing something else, is invaluable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXV" id="Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></p> + +<p>Success in any scientific career requires an +unusual equipment of capacity, industry and energy. +If you possess that equipment you will find leisure +enough after your daily commercial work is over, +to make an opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. +If you do not, you had better stick to commerce.</p> + +<p>Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a +young man, who, as the Scotch proverb says, in +'trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,' and becomes +a mere hanger-on in literature or in science, when he +might have been a useful and a valuable member of +Society in other occupations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVI" id="Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Playing Providence is a game at which one is very +apt to burn one's fingers.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVII" id="Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>I conceive that the leading characteristic of the +nineteenth century has been the rapid growth of the +scientific spirit, the consequent application of scientific +methods of investigation to all the problems with +which the human mind is occupied, and the correlative +rejection of traditional beliefs which have +proved their incompetence to bear such investigation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVIII" id="Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Science reckons many prophets, but there is not +even a promise of a Messiah.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIX" id="Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I have not the slightest doubt about the magnitude +of the evils which accrue from the steady +increase of European armaments; but I think +that this regrettable fact is merely the superficial +expression of social forces, the operation of which +cannot be sensibly affected by agreements between +Governments.</p> + +<p>In my opinion it is a delusion to attribute the +growth of armaments to the "exactions of militarism." +The "exactions of industrialism," generated +by international commercial competition, +may, I believe, claim a much larger share in +prompting that growth. Add to this the French +thirst for revenge, the most just determination of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +German and Italian peoples to assert their national +unity; the Russian Panslavonic fanaticism and +desire for free access to the western seas; the +Papacy steadily fishing in the troubled waters for +the means of recovering its lost (I hope for ever +lost) temporal possessions and spiritual supremacy; +the "sick man," kept alive only because each of his +doctors is afraid of the other becoming his heir.</p> + +<p>When I think of the intensity of the perturbing +agencies which arise out of these and other conditions +of modern European society, I confess that the +attempt to counteract them by asking Governments +to agree to a maximum military expenditure, does +not appear to me to be worth making; indeed I think +it might do harm by leading people to suppose that +the desires of Governments are the chief agents in +determining whether peace or war shall obtain in +Europe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXX" id="Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></p> + +<p>I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. +Scientific method is the white ant which will slowly +but surely destroy their fortifications. And the importance +of scientific method in modern practical life—always +growing and increasing—is the guarantee +for the gradual emancipation of the ignorant upper +and lower classes, the former of whom especially are +the strength of the priests.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXI" id="Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>There is such a thing as a science of social life, +for which, if the term had not been so helplessly +degraded, Politics is the proper name.</p> + +<p>Men are beings of a certain constitution, who, +under certain conditions, will as surely tend to act in +certain ways as stones will tend to fall if you leave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +them unsupported. The laws of their nature are as +invariable as the laws of gravitation, only the +applications to particular cases offer worse problems +than the case of the three bodies.</p> + +<p>The Political Economists have gone the right +way to work—the way that the physical philosopher +follows in all complex affairs—by tracing out the +effects of one great cause of human action, the +desire of wealth, supposing it to be unchecked.</p> + +<p>If they, or other people, have forgotten that there +are other potent causes of action which may interfere +with this, it is no fault of scientific method but only +their own stupidity.</p> + +<p>Hydrostatics is not a "dismal science," because +water does not always seek the lowest level—<i>e.g.</i> +from a bottle turned upside down, if there is a cork +in the neck!</p> + +<p>There is much need that somebody should do for +what is vaguely called "Ethics" just what the +Political Economists have done. Settle the question +of what will be done under the unchecked action of +certain motives, and leave the problem of "ought" +for subsequent consideration.</p> + +<p>For, whatever they ought to do, it is quite certain +the majority of men will act as if the attainment of +certain positive and negative pleasures were the end +of action.</p> + +<p>We want a science of "Eubiotics" to tell us +exactly what will happen if human beings are +exclusively actuated by the desire of well-being in +the ordinary sense. Of course the utilitarians have +laid the foundations of such a science, with the +result that the nicknamer of genius called this +branch of science "pig philosophy," making just +the same blunder as when he called political economy +"dismal science."</p> + +<p>"Moderate well-being" may be no more the +worthiest end of life than wealth. But if it is the +best to be had in this queer world—it may be worth +trying for.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXII" id="Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Those who wish to attain to some clear and +definite solution of the great problems which Mr. +Darwin was the first person to set before us in later +times must base themselves upon the facts which are +stated in his great work, and, still more, must +pursue their inquiries by the methods of which he +was so brilliant an exemplar throughout the whole +of his life. You must have his sagacity, his untiring +search after the knowledge of fact, his readiness +always to give up a preconceived opinion to that +which was demonstrably true, before you can hope +to carry his doctrines to their ultimate issue; and +whether the particular form in which he has put +them before us may be such as is finally destined to +survive or not is more, I venture to think, than anybody +is capable at this present moment of saying. +But this one thing is perfectly certain—that it is only +by pursuing his methods, by that wonderful single-mindedness, +devotion to truth, readiness to sacrifice +all things for the advance of definite knowledge, +that we can hope to come any nearer than we are at +present to the truths which he struggled to attain.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXIII" id="Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Dean Stanley told me he thought being made a +bishop destroyed a man's moral courage. I am +inclined to think that the practice of the methods of +political leaders destroys their intellect for all serious +purposes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXIV" id="Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>It is one of the most saddening things in life +that, try as we may, we can never be certain of +making people happy, whereas we can almost +always be certain of making them unhappy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXV" id="Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Men, my dear, are very queer animals, a mixture +of horse-nervousness, ass-stubbornness and camel-malice—with +an angel bobbing about unexpectedly +like the apple in the posset, and when they can +do exactly as they please, they are very hard to +drive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4 class="center">FOOTNOTES</h4> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This alludes to a foregoing enumeration of the seven families of +<span class="smcap">Primates</span> headed by the <span class="smcap">Anthropini</span> containing man alone.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Of the <i>Challenger</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> These words were written in 1870.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The late Sir W. Gull.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEXES</h2> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEX I</h2> + +<h4 class="center">REFERENCES OF QUOTATIONS TO THEIR SOURCES</h4> + +<p>C. E. = Collected Essays.</p> +<p style="font-family: monospace"> +<span style="margin-left: 16em;">I. Method and Results.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">II. Darwiniana.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;">III. Science and Education.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">IV. Science and Hebrew Tradition.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 16em;">V. Science and Christian Tradition.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">VI. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;">VII. Man's Place in Nature.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">VIII. Discourses, Biological and Geological.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">IX. Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>S. M. = Scientific Memoirs.</p> +<p>L. L. = Life and Letters, three volume edition.</p> + +<table summary="" border="0" cellpadding="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><small>NO. IN TEXT.</small></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><small>VOL.</small></td> <td class="right"><small>PAGE</small></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_I">I</a></small></td><td class="right">C. E.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_II">II</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">31</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">46</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VI">VI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VII">VII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_X">X</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XII">XII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">161</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">163</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">165</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">167</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVI">XVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">170</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">178</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">188</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">192</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">193</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXV">XXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXX">XXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">255</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">256</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">256</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">281</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">289</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">309</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLI">XLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLII">XLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">328</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">349</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">355</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">368</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">426</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">426</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">5<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVII">LVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LX">LX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXII">LXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">76</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXV">LXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">150</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXX">LXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">252</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">363</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">63</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">82</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">84</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">91</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">174</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCII">XCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">183</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">188</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">204</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">208</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">213</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">220</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">228</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVII">CVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">236</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">236</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">260</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXI">CXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">273</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">282</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">283</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">299</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXV">CXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">306</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">369</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">393</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">393</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">396</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXX">CXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">414</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">422</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">431</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">432</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">432</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">439</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">443</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">443</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">446</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">447</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">124</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">125</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">191</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">206</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">241</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">61<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">132</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">132</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">231</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">235</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">284</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">308</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">p. xi</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">81</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">138</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">154</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">210</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">271</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">278</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">280</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">328</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. v</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXC">CXC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIII">CXCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">114</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCII">CCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">159</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">213</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCX">CCX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">219</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">224</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVI">CCXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">227</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">233</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">249</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">262</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">269</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">306</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">323</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">333</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">30</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">31</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">43</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">54</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">61</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">64</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">81<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIII">CCLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">134</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">141</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">159</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">195</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">199</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">201</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">201</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">204</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">211</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">212</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">227</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">233</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">S. M.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">658</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">663</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">664</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">666</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">666</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">668</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">669</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">670</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">L. L.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">196</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">310</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">314</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">326</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">345</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">347</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">350</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">363</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">400</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">407</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">433</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">441</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">42</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">111</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">166</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">219</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">220</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">222</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">266</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">275</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">283</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">292</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">305</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">351</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">358</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">358</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">401</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">440</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">444</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">453</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">115</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">121</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">191</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">192</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">221</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">222</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">223</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">223</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">224</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">238</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">243</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">311</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">322</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">322</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">323</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">330</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">337</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">345</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">356</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">395</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">401</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEX II</h2> + +<h4 class="center">SUBJECT INDEX</h4> + + +<ul><li>Abiogenesis, defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Able men, besetting sin of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Abstractions, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Accuracy, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Agnosticism defined, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— origin of the term, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Aim of life, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Alcohol and brain work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Analogies, scope of, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Analogy, Butler's, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Animals, mind in, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Anniversaries, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ant, white, scientific method compared to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Anthropomorphism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></small></li> + +<li>Antiquity of man, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Architecture, prehistoric, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Armaments, cause of modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Arrogance, a check to, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Art: the teaching of drawing, <small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Aryan question, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ascent of man, <small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Aspiration and immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and fact, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> + +<li>Atheism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Atlantic Ocean, comparison with physiology, <small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— bed of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Authority, <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a worthless, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></small>;<br /> its struggle with freethought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> Scepticism)</li> + +<li>Automata and the soul, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Automatic virtue, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>Average opinion, government by, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Backwoodsman's work in science is acceptable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Baur, merits of as a critic, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Beauty, the sense of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Becky Sharp, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Bees, comparison with, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Being, impermanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the ultimate, <small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Belief, the bases of, <small><a href="#Num_LXX">LXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and rational grounds for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— consequences of right and wrong, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Benevolence in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Best men, the, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Biblical criticism, the key to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Biogenesis, defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Bishops and moral courage, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Body, compared to an Army, <small><a href="#Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— to a loaded gun, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Book-learning, <small><a href="#Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— sought by the ancient University, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Books, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— good, and fools, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Brahma and the rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Brain work and stimulants, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Brutes, mental analogies with, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Butler's Analogy, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Cabanis, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cant and shams, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Capacity and incapacity, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cape Horn of life, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Capital, vital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— lately wages, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— supposed antagonism to labour, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Capitalist nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Carlyle, the lesson of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Catholicism <i>minus</i> Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small></li> + +<li>Causation, its universality, <small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Causes, natural, vast effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— secondary, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Certainty lies in thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— absolute, the only, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small>;<br /> not given by induction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Chalk, the significance of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— antiquity of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deep sea origin of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— parentage of, <small><a href="#Num_CXC">CXC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— present day formation of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rate of formation, <small><a href="#Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the lesson of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></li> +<li>Chance, <small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Character and heredity, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Chessplayer, the hidden, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Game</li> + +<li>Child, death of a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Children, influence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Christianity and Creeds, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the intellectual world, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its success alleged as proof of the story of Jesus, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— primitive and later, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Church, the primitive and later, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Cinderella, the role of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Civilisation and suffering, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Class-feeling, high and low, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Classical education, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Clearness of thought, <small><a href="#Num_XXV">XXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Clericalism and science, <small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Cleverness, <small><a href="#Num_CXV">CXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is of small intrinsic value, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Coal and club-mosses, <small><a href="#Num_CCII">CCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— less important than education, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the preservation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cocksureness, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Comet, a kindly, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Commerce and science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Common facts and great principles, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Common sense and science, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small>;<br /> and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Comte, <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Conduct, laws of, how discoverable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Conscience and sympathy, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Consequences, logical, <small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Conservation of energy and immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cosmic process and ethical process, <small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Creation and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Creeds, <small><a href="#Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— disbelief in as a sin, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Crime and heredity, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Crowded street, life is like a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Culture and English literature, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Cultured idleness, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Cuvier and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cyclical evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Dante, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Darwin, his work and methods, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Death of a child, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Deep sea soundings, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— glacial survivors in, <small><a href="#Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Demagogues caused Socrates' death, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Demonstration, the essence of modern teaching, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>Descartes, <small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— his chief service, <small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Determinants of mental and moral activities, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Development, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Disciples not sought for, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the curse of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Dismal science, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Do as you would be done by, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Dogmatism, the nemesis of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Doubt (<i>cf.</i> scepticism), <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Unbelief and Creeds</li> + +<li>Drawing, the teaching of, <small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a discipline, <small><a href="#Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Duty, <small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVI">XVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and happiness, <small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a man's first, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Economical Problem, in physiological terms, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Economy, true, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Education, mechanical basis of, <small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a liberal, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ancient and modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small>)</li> + +<li>—— and conflict of studies, <small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and examinations, <small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and fine buildings, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— by nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small>;<br /> compared with artificial education, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— classical, the same for ancient Rome and modern England, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defined, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effects of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— English, and culture, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— English untaught, <small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— foreign languages in, <small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— Latin and German in, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— more important than coal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of the young, knowledge requisite for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— technical, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the, of practical work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the purpose of primary, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Eginhard, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Emotional chameleon (man), <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Empusa muscæ, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>End of life, the great, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>English literature and culture, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— untaught, <small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Equality, <small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XLII">XLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Error (<i>cf.</i> Mistakes), <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— advantage of consistent, <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— acknowledgment of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and faith, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— old, the explosion of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></li> +<li>—— religious, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Eternal order, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethical ideals necessary, <small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethical process, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— and cosmic process, <small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— and the survival of the fittest, <small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethics, modern, and old Israel, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethnology, methods and results of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Eubiotics, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Evidence, judgment, and action, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Evil, the existence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the insistence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Evolution and man, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the millennium, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— cyclical, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— described, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— formulated by Kant, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— in history, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— slowness of, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— variation and selection are the bases of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Examinations, <small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Existence and thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Expectation and verification, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Fact and hypothesis, <small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and theory, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Faith, blind, effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral aspect of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— which is born of knowledge, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Fall, doctrine of the, baseless, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fallacies, the destruction of, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— their tenacity of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fame, posthumous, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Feeling and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Ferments, the first knowledge of, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Florida paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fly and silkworm disease, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Fools and common-sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Force, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Foreign languages, value of, <small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Forests, records of ancient, <small><a href="#Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Forms, the permanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fox, George, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Frankness, reception of honest, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Fraud, unconscious, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Freedom, <small><a href="#Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CVII">CVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its struggle with tradition, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of the will, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>—— of thought, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— to go wrong in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Fugue, Nature's great, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Function of the brain, thought as a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Future of the world, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— retribution, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— dangers of the doctrine, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Galatians, Epistle to, the key to Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Game, life compared to a, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Genius, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a faculty for "possession," <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as motherwit, <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></li> + +<li>Gentleman, qualities of a, <small><a href="#Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Geological theories, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small>;<br /> reconciliation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— fact and theory, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— time, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Glacial survivors in the deep sea, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>God and no God, <small><a href="#Num_XXX">XXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the love of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Goethe and science, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defects of his scientific qualities, <small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></li> + +<li>Golden rule, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Good of mankind, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Graduates in all the faculties of human relationships have thoughts beyond negative criticism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Greatness, <small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— national, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Guide to life, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Habit, an invaluable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Haman and Modecai, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Happiness and moral duty, <small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is in excess of pain, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— we are never certain of conferring it on others, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Henslow, character of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Heredity and crime, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and character, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Heresies (<i>cf.</i> Authority), <small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hesitation, no good done by, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Historical truth a matter of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>History and physiology, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— possible new teaching of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Human nature, no recent change in, <small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Humanity, religion of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Hume, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hutton, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hypothesis and fact, <small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Ideal, necessity of ethical, <small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Idealism and materialism, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ideas, men live by, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXI">CXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— innate, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— necessary, <small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— struggle for existence among, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Idleness, cultured, in society, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Idolatry, intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ignorance, how treated by nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Imagination, scientific, <small>CXXXI</small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— unscientific, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Immortality, aspirations after, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and conservation of energy, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and grief, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and probability, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— disregarded by the highest ancient moral aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Impermanence of being, <small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Incapacity, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Indian Empire, a curse, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— how to hold it, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>Individual and society, <small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— his debt to society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not infallible, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— worth, the safeguard of society, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Individualism, <small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Induction, does not confer absolute certainty, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Industrialism and militarism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Inert matter, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Innate ideas, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Innocent pleasure of advancing years, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Instinct, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Intellectual instruction, merely, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></small>;<br /> less needful than moral, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— matters, reason the guide in, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— uncertainty, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— world and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Intoxication, mental, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Irony of history in science, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Israel and modern ethics, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Italy, intellectual position of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Jesus, the story of;<br /> its truth or falsehood as based on the success of Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Jews, persecution of, in Eastern Europe, compared to that of early Christians, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Judaism, old and modern ethics of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Julian, the Emperor, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Justice satisfied, <small><a href="#Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and desert, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Kant and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Kelvin, Lord, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Knowledge, a little, <small><a href="#Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and faith, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of teachers, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the people perish for want of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Laboratory, the forecourt to the temple of philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Labour, vital, dependent on vital capital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and value, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— savage, a borrowing from nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— supposed antagonism to capital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Language and racemarks, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Latin, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Law of nature, <small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the, as schoolmaster to Christ, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Learning inferior to character, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Leaving things to themselves, <small><a href="#Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Lectures, value of, <small><a href="#Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCX">CCX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— popular, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ledger of the Almighty, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Lessons, the first and last of, <small><a href="#Num_CXX">CXX</a></small></li> + +<li>"Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die," <small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Life guided by verification, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a rule of, <small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a game of chess, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a rule of three sum, <small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is worth living, even on hard terms, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its great end, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its uncertainty, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— like a crowded street, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— like a whirlpool, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small>;<br /> less like a machine running down, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— the best thing it offers, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the Cape Horn of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the cup of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the mother of the rocks, <small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the tragic thread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— one of the most saddening things in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Literature and science, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small>;<br /> hangers on in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the money of, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>Literatures, the four great, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Lobster, <small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Logical consequences, <small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Majorities and opinion, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Malevolence in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Malthusian doctrine, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>Man, structural unity of, with animals, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Man, a queer animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— antiquity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ascent of, <small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not a rational animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the mimic, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the common process of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Man's arrogance, a check to, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mankind, the good of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Material prosperity, value of, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— world, dignity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Materialism, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and idealism, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the horror of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mathematical mill, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Matter and force, <small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dignity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— inert, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its existence a metaphysical assumption, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Means and ends, political, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mechanism and education, <small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Medicine the foster-mother of the sciences, <small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Mental and moral activities, determinants of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— analogies with the brutes, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— intoxication, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Messiah, science has none, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Metaphysics and matter, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the limits of certainty, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the problem of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Method of science, <small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— spread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Middle-age, chief pleasure of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Militarism and industrialism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Millennium, the, and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ministers to the world's weaknesses, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Miracle of nature, <small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Miracles, no <i>a priori</i> objection to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Misery, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Missionaries, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Mistakes, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Error</li> + +<li>—— and acknowledgment of them, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Modern teaching, essence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Moral activities, determinants of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— aspects of faith, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— cripples and idiots, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— conditions of success, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— duty defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— law, how far it can be fulfilled, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— laws true, even if moral sense non-existent, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— purpose, no sign of, in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></small>;<br /> of human origin, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— sanction, how far based on pure feeling, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>—— teaching more needful than intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Morality and religion, <small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small>;<br /> distinguished, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is embodied in society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mordecai and Haman, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Mother wit (<i>cf.</i> Genius), <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Motion, integrating or disintegrating, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Museums, local, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Myth and science, <small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Names, idolatry of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>National greatness, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Native talent, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Natural causes, great effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— History and Life's Picture Gallery, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— knowledge and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>;<br /> a forecourt to philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rights, <small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Nature, laws of, <small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as opposed to society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— benevolence and malevolence in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deafening cries of pain in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— gladiatorial aspect of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— her great Fugue, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— her vis medicatrix, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is non-moral, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— justice of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— justifies neither optimism nor pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— matter and force, <small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— no reverential care for unoffending creation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— perennial miracle of, <small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— selection by, <small><a href="#Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— self-surrender to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the bonus in her account, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the capitalist, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the educator, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the unity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— treatment of ignorance by, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— war of, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>Necessity, <small><a href="#Num_XII">XII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Negative criticism is not all after a full life, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Negro, no sentimental sympathy with, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effect of slavery, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>Nerve force, the equivalent of, <small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Nineteenth century, leading characteristic of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Old age, the best hope for, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Optimism and pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Oratory, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Order, the eternal, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>Original sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Orthodoxy, <small><a href="#Num_LVII">LVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Creeds, Clericalism, Ecclesiasticism</li> + +<li>Over-instruction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Pain, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and wisdom, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— inevitable, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is less than happiness, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Palace, substituted for a University, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>Papacy, temporal claims of, a disturbing force, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Parallax of time, <small><a href="#Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Parents not always rational animals, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Pasteur, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Paul, St., <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pauperism, the vulture of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Peace, the state of, breeds a new state of strife, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not dependent on governments, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pébrine, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>"Pecca Fortiter," <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>People, the, perish for want of knowledge, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— to better their condition, a chief aim, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Permanence of forms, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Personal aims, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Personality, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Optimism</li> + +<li>Philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Science</li> + +<li>—— the laboratory is the forecourt to, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— political, <small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Physiology, its interest in human life, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— compared to the Atlantic, <small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— applied to Political Economy, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Picture Gallery of Life, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>"Pig philosophy," <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Pigs, "selected" by the paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Plants, green, the real producers, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Plato and the unscientific imagination, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pleasure of middle age, the chief, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Political philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— economists, their method, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Politicians, intellect of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Politics, the sea of, <small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— proper name for Social Science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Popular Lectures and Popular Science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Population question, <small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Positivism (<i>cf.</i> Comte), <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>"Possession" and genius, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Practical work, educative value of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Prehistoric architecture, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Present day formation of chalk, <small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small>;<br /> of rocks, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Priestley, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></li> +<li>Priests and scientific method, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Primary education, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Principles, great, can be illustrated by the commonest facts, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Producer, the sole, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Production, the chief factor in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Prometheus, the human, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Prophets and rational belief, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Prosperity (material) and morals, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Protection and Trades Unions, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Providence, doctrine of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— playing at, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Public opinion, influence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Punishment, future, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Quantity and quality, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Queen bees in the human hive, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Rational animal, man is not, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— grounds for belief, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>;<br /> are often irrational attempts to justify instincts, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Reason the guide in intellectual matters, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Redi, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Religion and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small>;<br /> distinguished, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and theology, <small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Religious error, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Remorse, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Renascence, the new, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Resolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Retribution, future, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral and physical, <i>ib.</i>, <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is here, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— certainty of present, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of beliefs, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Right and wrong, <small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small>;<br /> to go right in chains, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Rights, natural, <small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Robinson Crusoe, his inferences, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Rocks, the offspring of life, <small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— present day formation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of three sum, and life, <small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Sanction, the moral, and feeling, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Scepticism (<i>cf.</i> Doubt and Authority), <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>Schools of thought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a curse to science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Science, <small><a href="#Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_I">I</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and belief, <small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>—— and clericalism, <small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and commerce, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and investigation, <small><a href="#Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and literature, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and myth, <small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LX">LX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the priests, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as Cinderella, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— can afford to wait, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— counters of, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— fostered by medicine, <small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— function of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— Goethe's work in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— growth of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— hangers on in, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— has many prophets but no Messiah, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— irony of history in, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— method of, <small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— motto of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— picture it draws of the world, <small><a href="#Num_LXII">LXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— popularisation of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— spirit of, <small><a href="#Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— success in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— tragedy of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Scientific imagination, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small>;<br /> and the Aryan question, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— idea, growth and efficacy of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Secondary causes, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Selection, social, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>;<br /> the basis of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small>;<br /> may be rapid, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Self-surrender to nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Shakespeare, <small><a href="#Num_XCII">XCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Shams, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Silkworm disease, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Sin gravitates to sorrow, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— lasting punishment of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— origin of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Size and greatness, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Skill, a greater than, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Slavery, the double emancipation, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Slowness of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Social selection, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— life is embodied morality, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small>;<br /> nicknamed "Dismal," <i>ib.</i>;<br /> value of its method, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— tendency, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Socially unfit, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Society, complexity of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a limitation of the struggle for existence, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></li> +<li>—— and individualism, <small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the individual, <small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as opposed to nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— conditions of its stability, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— internal struggle, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small>;<br /> permanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral conditions of success, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— population question, <small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— statute of limitations needed in, <small><a href="#Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the end of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the individual's debt to, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Socrates put to death by the demagogues, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Sorrow, inevitable, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deep plunge into, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Soul in automata, <small><a href="#Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Soundings, deep sea, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Southey and the Quaker, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Spallanzani, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Sphinx, the true riddle of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Spiritualism, its only use if true, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Stanley, Dean, on being made a bishop, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Starvation on ortolans, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Starve, who shall first? <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>State not infallible, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Stimulants and brain work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Structural unity of men and animals, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Struggle for existence, among ideas, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small>;<br /> modified within society, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small>;<br /> but permanent, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small>;<br /> limited by society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and original sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the serious, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— two-fold, in civilisation, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Studies, the conflict of, <small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Success, moral conditions of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Suffering and wisdom, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and civilisation, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and virtue, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Survival of the fittest, and ethical process, <small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Sweepers and cleansers, the work of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Sympathy and conscience, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Teachers, knowledge of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— training of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Teaching, essence of modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> Education)</li> + +<li>—— and the things that are inborn, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Technical education, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Theology and religion, <small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Theories, three great modern, <small><a href="#Num_X">X</a></small></li> + +<li>Theory and fact, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Things in themselves, <small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>Thinking, time for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a function of the brain, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— freedom of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— struggle for existence in, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Time and truth, <small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Trades Unions and Protection, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Traditional authority, its struggle with free thought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Traditions and realities, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rejection of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Tragic thread of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Truth (<i>cp.</i> Authority, Veracity), <small><a href="#Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXV">LXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and error, <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and its reward, <small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the function of science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and types, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— seeker, <small><a href="#Num_VI">VI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the search for, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the spread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Try all things and hold fast to that which is good, the motto of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Types and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Unbelief in creeds, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Uncertainty, intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Under-instruction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Unfit, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Unhappiness, too easy to confer, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Universe compared to a great game, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>University of Nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— an ideal, <small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a palace substituted for, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ancient and modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Utilitarians, founders of the science of Eubiotics, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— their nickname, <i>ib.</i></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Value and labour, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Variation, the basis of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Veracity, I, <small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Error, Mistakes, <i>esp.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Verification the guide of life, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and expectation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>"Virtually," <small><a href="#Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Virtue, automatic, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and austerity, <small><a href="#Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— on Ł10,000 a year, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the ways of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Vis medicatrix naturæ, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Vitality, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Vivisection, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>Voice, power of the human, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Wages received are capital possessed, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Want, <i>see</i> Wealth</li> + +<li>War of Nature, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wealth and Nemesis, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a want, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wesley, John, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Whirlpool, life compared to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Will, freedom of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wisdom in many counsellors, <small><a href="#Num_VII">VII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and suffering, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>Women, their powers compared to those of men, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— medical education of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— physical disabilities and occupation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Work, valuation of a man's, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effect on women, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>World, future of the, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— judgments of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ministers to the weaknesses of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wrong, infinite possibilities of, <small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C.,<br /> +AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.<br /></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2 class="center">Macmillan's Golden Treasury Series.</h2> + + +<p>Uniformly printed in Pott 8vo., with Vignette Titles +by Sir <span class="smcap">Noel Patton</span>, <span class="smcap">T. Woolner</span>, <span class="smcap">W. Holman Hunt</span>, +Sir <span class="smcap">J. E. Millais</span>, <span class="smcap">Arthur Hughes</span>, etc. Engraved on +steel. Bound in extra cloth. Pott 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net each.</p> + + +<h4 class="center"><i>PRESENTATION EDITIONS.</i></h4> + +<p><i>The volumes marked with an asterisk (*) are also issued in +the following special bindings:—</i></p> + +<p> +<i>(1) Cloth elegant, full gilt backs and gilt tops. 2s. 6d. net.</i><br /> +<i>(2) Limp Leather, full gilt backs and gilt edges. 3s. 6d. net.</i><br /> +</p> + +<div class="advert"><p>* The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in +the English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by +<span class="smcap">Francis Turner Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in +the English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by +<span class="smcap">Francis Turner Palgrave</span>. Second Series.<br /> + ⁂ The Two Series, in cloth box. 5<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p>Lyric Love. An Anthology. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Watson</span>.</p> + +<p>* Poet's Walk. An Introduction to English Poetry. Chosen and +arranged by <span class="smcap">Mowbray Morris</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Children's Garland from the best Poets. Selected and +arranged by <span class="smcap">Coventry Patmore</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Children's Treasury of Lyrical Poetry. Selected and +arranged by <span class="smcap">F. T. Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>The Ballad Book. A Selection of the choicest British Ballads. +Edited by <span class="smcap">William Allingham</span>.</p> + +<p>The Song Book. Words and Tunes from the best Poets and +Musicians. Selected and arranged by <span class="smcap">John Hullah</span>.</p> + +<p>The Jest Book. The choicest Anecdotes and Sayings. Selected +and arranged by <span class="smcap">Mark Lemon</span>.</p> + +<p>The Fairy Book; the best Popular Fairy Stories. Selected +and rendered anew by the Author of "<span class="smcap">John Halifax, Gentleman</span>."</p> + +<p>A Book of Golden Thoughts. By Sir <span class="smcap">Henry Attwell</span>, "Knight +of the Order of the Oak Crown."</p> + +<p>A Book of Golden Deeds of All Times and All Lands. +Gathered and narrated. By the Author of "<span class="smcap">The Heir Of +Redclyffe</span>."</p> + +<p>A Book of Worthies. Gathered from the Old Histories and now +written anew by the Author of "<span class="smcap">The Heir of Redclyffe</span>."</p> + +<p>The Sunday Book of Poetry. Selected and arranged by +<span class="smcap">C. F. Alexander</span>.</p> + +<p>Golden Treasury Psalter. Being an Edition with Briefer Notes +of the Psalms Chronologically arranged. By <span class="smcap">Four Friends</span>.</p> + +<p>The Book of Praise. From the best English Hymn Writers. +Selected and arranged by the <span class="smcap">Earl of Selborne</span>.</p> + +<p>La Lyre Francaise. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by +<span class="smcap">Gustave Masson</span>.</p> + +<p>Theologia Germanica. Translated from the German by +<span class="smcap">Susanna Winkworth</span>. With a Preface by <span class="smcap">Charles Kingsley</span>.</p> + +<p>Balladen und Romanzen. The Golden Treasury of the Best +German Ballads and Romances. Selected and arranged by Dr. +<span class="smcap">Buchheim</span>.</p> + +<p>Deutsche Lyrik. The Golden Treasury of the Best German +Lyrical Poems. Selected and arranged, with Notes and Literary +Introduction, by Dr. <span class="smcap">Buchheim</span>.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="advert"><p>* Essays of Joseph Addison. Chosen and Edited by <span class="smcap">J. R. Green</span>, +M.A., LL.D.</p> + +<p>* Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold.</p> + +<p>* Bacon's Essays and Colours of Good and Evil. With Notes +and Glossarial Index. By <span class="smcap">W. Aldis Wright</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>Lyrical Poems of T. E. Brown. Selected by <span class="smcap">H. F. Brown</span> and +<span class="smcap">H. G. Dakyns</span>.</p> + +<p>* Poetry of Byron. Chosen and arranged by <span class="smcap">Matthew Arnold</span>.</p> + +<p>* Poems of Thomas Campbell. Selected and arranged by <span class="smcap">Lewis +Campbell</span>.</p> + +<p>Selections from the Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough.</p> + +<p>* Selections from Cowper's Poems. With Introduction, by +Mrs. <span class="smcap">Oliphant</span>.</p> + +<p>Letters of William Cowper. Edited with Introduction, by +Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Benham</span>, B.D., F.S.A.</p> + +<p>* Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, the Astronomer-Poet of Persia. +Rendered into English Verse.</p> + +<p>Euphranor, and other Miscellanies. By <span class="smcap">Edward Fitzgerald</span>.</p> + +<p>Balthazar Gracian's Art of Worldly Wisdom. Translated by +<span class="smcap">Joseph Jacobs</span>.</p> + +<p>Heine's Lieder und Gedichte. Selected and Edited, with an +Introduction and Notes, by Dr. <span class="smcap">C. A. Buchheim</span>.</p> + +<p>Chrysomela: a Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert +Herrick. Arranged with Notes, by <span class="smcap">F. T. Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. By <span class="smcap">O. W. Holmes</span>. +With Introduction by Sir <span class="smcap">Leslie Stephen</span>.</p> + +<p>Tom Brown's School Days. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Hughes</span>.</p> + +<p>Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of Thomas Henry +Huxley. Selected by <span class="smcap">Henrietta A. Huxley</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Poetical Works of John Keats. Reprinted from the original +Editions, with Notes by <span class="smcap">F. T. Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Christian Year. Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and +Holy Days throughout the Year. With Introduction by <span class="smcap">C. M. +Yonge</span>.</p> + +<p>* Tales from Shakespeare. By <span class="smcap">Charles</span> and <span class="smcap">Mary Lamb</span>. +Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">A. Ainger</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>Walter Savage Landor. Selections from the Writings of. +Arranged and Edited by <span class="smcap">Sidney Colvin</span>.</p> + +<p>* London Lyrics. By <span class="smcap">Frederick Locker-Lampson</span>.</p> + +<p>Poetry of Thomas Moore. Selected and arranged by <span class="smcap">C. Litton +Falkiner</span>.</p> + +<p>* Select Poems of Christina G. Rossetti. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. M. +Rossetti</span>.</p> + +<p>Songs and Sonnets by William Shakespeare. Edited by <span class="smcap">F. T. +Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>* Poems from Shelley. Selected and Arranged by <span class="smcap">Stopford A. +Brooke</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>* Poems by Robert Southey. Chosen and arranged by <span class="smcap">E. +Dowden</span>.</p> + +<p>Essays of Richard Steele. Selected and Edited by <span class="smcap">L. Edward +Steele</span>.</p> + +<p>Lyrical Poems. By <span class="smcap">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</span>. Selected and +Annotated by <span class="smcap">F. T. Palgrave</span>.</p> + +<p>* In Memoriam. By <span class="smcap">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Princess. By <span class="smcap">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</span>.</p> + +<p>* The Idylls of the King. By <span class="smcap">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</span>.</p> + +<p>* Poems of Wordsworth. Chosen and edited by <span class="smcap">Matthew +Arnold</span>.</p> + +<p>The Story of the Christians and Moors in Spain. By +<span class="smcap">C. M. Yonge</span>, Author of "<span class="smcap">The Heir of Redclyffe</span>."</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici: Letter to a Friend, etc., +and Christian Morals. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. A. Greenhill</span>, M.D., Oxon.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus. +Edited by <span class="smcap">W. A. Greenhill</span>, M.D., Oxon.</p> + +<p>The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to +Come. By <span class="smcap">John Bunyan</span>.</p> + +<p>The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Edited after the Original +Edition, by <span class="smcap">J. W. Clark</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>Mohammed. The Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet. +Chosen and Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">Stanley +Lane Poole</span>.</p> + +<p>The Cavalier and his Lady. Selections from the Works of +the First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle. With an Introductory +Essay by <span class="smcap">Edward Jenkins</span>, Author of "<span class="smcap">Ginx's Baby</span>," etc.</p> + +<p>The House of Atreus: being the Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, +and Furies of Æschylus. Translated into English verse by <span class="smcap">E. D. A. +Morshead</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>Two Essays on Old Age and Friendship. Translated from the +Latin of Cicero, with Introduction, by <span class="smcap">E. S. Shuckburgh</span>.</p> + +<p>Golden Sayings of Epictetus. Translated and Arranged by +<span class="smcap">Hastings Crossley</span>, M.A., Litt. D.</p> + +<p>* Marcus Aurelius Antoninus to Himself. An English Version of +the Works of Marcus Aurelius. By Rev. Dr. <span class="smcap">Gerald Henry +Rendall</span>, Head Master of Charterhouse.</p> + +<p>* The Republic of Plato. Translated into English, with Notes, +by <span class="smcap">J. Ll. Davies</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">D. J. Vaughan</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>The Trial and Death of Socrates. Being the Euthyphron, +Apology, Crito, and Phaedo of Plato. Translated into English by +<span class="smcap">F. J. Church</span>.</p> + +<p>Phaedrus, Lysis, and Protagoras of Plato. A New and Literal +Translation, by <span class="smcap">J. Wright</span>.</p> + +<p>Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. Rendered into English Prose +by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, M.A.</p></div> + +<p class="center">MACMILLAN & CO., <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span>, LONDON</p> + +<p class="right"> +10.11.07<br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the +works of T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 35584-h.htm or 35584-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/5/8/35584/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/35584-h/images/deco_001.jpg b/35584-h/images/deco_001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c57474 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-h/images/deco_001.jpg diff --git a/35584-h/images/frontispiece.jpg b/35584-h/images/frontispiece.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..532a375 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-h/images/frontispiece.jpg diff --git a/35584.txt b/35584.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d27b9e --- /dev/null +++ b/35584.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8474 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of +T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley + +Author: Thomas Henry Huxley + +Editor: Henrietta A. Huxley + +Release Date: March 16, 2011 [EBook #35584] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + [Illustration] + + MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED + LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA + MELBOURNE + + THE MACMILLAN COMPANY + NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO + ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO + + THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. + TORONTO + + + + [Illustration: T. H. Huxley] + + + + APHORISMS + AND + REFLECTIONS + + From the Works of + T. H. HUXLEY + + Selected by + HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY + + MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED + ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON + 1908 + + + RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, + BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND + BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + _First Edition, 1907._ + _Reprinted, 1908._ + + + + +PREFACE + + +Although a man by his works and personality shall have made his mark +upon the age he lives in, yet when he has passed away and his influence +with him, the next generation, and still more the succeeding one, will +know little of this work, of his ideals and of the goal he strove to +win, although for the student his scientific work may always live. + +Thomas Henry Huxley may come to be remembered by the public merely as +the man who held that we were descended from the ape, or as the apostle +of Darwinism, or as the man who worsted Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford. + +To prevent such limitation, and to afford more intimate and valuable +reasons for remembrance of this man of science and lover of his +fellow-men, I have gathered together passages, on widely differing +themes, from the nine volumes of his "Essays," from his "Scientific +Memoirs" and his "Letters," to be published in a small volume, complete +in itself and of a size that can be carried in the pocket. + +Some of the passages were picked out for their philosophy, some for +their moral guidances, some for their scientific exposition of natural +facts, or for their insight into social questions; others for their +charms of imagination or genial humour, and many--not the least--for +their pure beauty of lucid English writing. + +In so much wealth of material it was difficult to restrict the +gathering. + +My great wish is that this small book, by the easy method of its +contents, may attract the attention of those persons who are yet +unacquainted with my husband's writings; of the men and women of +leisure, who, although they may have heard of the "Essays," do not care +to work their way through the nine volumes; of others who would like to +read them, but who have either no time to do so or coin wherewith to buy +them. More especially do I hope that these selections may attract the +attention of the working man, whose cause my husband so ardently +espoused, and to whom he was the first to reveal, by his free lectures, +the loveliness of Nature, the many rainbow-coloured rays of science, and +to show forth to his listeners how all these glorious rays unite in the +one pure white light of holy truth. + +I am most grateful to our son Leonard Huxley for weeding out the +overgrowth of my extracts, for indexing the text of the book and seeing +it through the press for me. + + HODESLEA, EASTBOURNE, + _June 29th, 1907._ + + + + +APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS + + +I + +There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except veracity of +thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the world as it is +when the garment of make-believe by which pious hands have hidden its +uglier features is stripped off. + + +II + +Natural knowledge, seeking to satisfy natural wants, has found the ideas +which can alone still spiritual cravings. I say that natural knowledge, +in desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort, has been driven to +discover those of conduct, and to lay the foundations of a new morality. + + +III + +The improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge +authority, as such. For him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind +faith the one unpardonable sin. + + +IV + +The man of science has learned to believe in justification, not by +faith, but by verification. + + +V + +No delusion is greater than the notion that method and industry can make +up for lack of motherwit, either in science or in practical life. + + +VI + +Nothing great in science has ever been done by men, whatever their +powers, in whom the divine afflatus of the truth-seeker was wanting. + + +VII + +In science, as in art, and, as I believe, in every other sphere of human +activity, there may be wisdom in a multitude of counsellors, but it is +only in one or two of them. + + +VIII + +Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption one sometimes meets +with, that physics has one method, chemistry another, and biology a +third. + + +IX + +Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific work is aware that +those who refuse to go beyond fact, rarely get as far as fact; and +anyone who has studied the history of science knows that almost every +great step therein has been made by the "anticipation of Nature." + + +X + +There are three great products of our time.... One of these is that +doctrine concerning the constitution of matter which, for want of a +better name, I will call "molecular"; the second is the doctrine of the +conservation of energy; the third is the doctrine of evolution. + + +XI + +M. Comte's philosophy, in practice, might be compendiously described as +Catholicism _minus_ Christianity. + + +XII + +Fact I know; and Law I know; but what is this Necessity, save an empty +shadow of my own mind's throwing? + + +XIII + +We live in a world which is full of misery and ignorance, and the plain +duty of each and all of us is to try to make the little corner he can +influence somewhat less miserable and somewhat less ignorant than it was +before he entered it. + + +XIV + +The man of science, who, forgetting the limits of philosophical inquiry, +slides from these formulae and symbols into what is commonly understood +by materialism, seems to me to place himself on a level with the +mathematician, who should mistake the _x_'s and _y_'s with which he +works his problems for real entities--and with this further +disadvantage, as compared with the mathematician, that the blunders of +the latter are of no practical consequence, while the errors of +systematic materialism may paralyse the energies and destroy the beauty +of a life. + + +XV + +There are some men who are counted great because they represent the +actuality of their own age, and mirror it as it is. Such an one was +Voltaire, of whom it was epigrammatically said, "he expressed +everybody's thoughts better than anybody." But there are other men who +attain greatness because they embody the potentiality of their own day, +and magically reflect the future. They express the thoughts which will +be everybody's two or three centuries after them. Such an one was +Descartes. + + +XVI + +"Learn what is true, in order to do what is right," is the summing up of +the whole duty of man, for all who are unable to satisfy their mental +hunger with the east wind of authority. + + +XVII + +When I say that Descartes consecrated doubt, you must remember that it +was that sort of doubt which Goethe has called "the active scepticism, +whose whole aim is to conquer itself"; and not that other sort which is +born of flippancy and ignorance, and whose aim is only to perpetuate +itself, as an excuse for idleness and indifference. + + +XVIII + +What, then, is certain?... Why, the fact that the thought, the present +consciousness, exists. Our thoughts may be delusive, but they cannot be +fictitious. As thoughts, they are real and existent, and the cleverest +deceiver cannot make them otherwise. + + +XIX + +Thought is existence. More than that, so far as we are concerned, +existence is thought, all our conceptions of existence being some kind +or other of thought. + + +XX + +It is enough for all the practical purposes of human existence if we +find that our trust in the representations of consciousness is verified +by results; and that, by their help, we are enabled "to walk +sure-footedly in this life." + + +XXI + +It is because the body is a machine that education is possible. +Education is the formation of habits, a superinducing of an artificial +organisation upon the natural organisation of the body; so that acts, +which at first required a conscious effort, eventually became +unconscious and mechanical. + + +XXII + +I protest that if some great Power would agree to make me always think +what is true and do what is right, on condition of being turned into a +sort of clock and wound up every morning before I got out of bed, I +should instantly close with the offer. + + +XXIII + +The only freedom I care about is the freedom to do right; the freedom to +do wrong I am ready to part with on the cheapest terms to anyone who +will take it of me. + + +XXIV + +Whatever evil voices may rage, Science, secure among the powers that are +eternal, will do her work and be blessed. + + +XXV + +There is assuredly no more effectual method of clearing up one's own +mind on any subject than by talking it over, so to speak, with men of +real power and grasp, who have considered it from a totally different +point of view. + + +XXVI + +The parallax of time helps us to the true position of a conception, as +the parallax of space helps us to that of a star. + + +XXVII + +[If animals are conscious automata with souls] the soul stands related +to the body as the bell of a clock to the works, and consciousness +answers to the sound which the bell gives out when it is struck. + + +XXVIII + +Logical consequences are the scarecrows of fools and the beacons of wise +men. + + +XXIX + +The only question which any wise man can ask himself, and which any +honest man will ask himself, is whether a doctrine is true or false. + + +XXX + +Of all the senseless babble I have ever had occasion to read, the +demonstrations of these philosophers who undertake to tell us all about +the nature of God would be the worst, if they were not surpassed by the +still greater absurdities of the philosophers who try to prove that +there is no God. + + +XXXI + +That which is to be lamented, I fancy, is not that society should do its +utmost to help capacity to ascend from the lower strata to the higher, +but that it has no machinery by which to facilitate the descent of +incapacity from the higher strata to the lower. + + +XXXII + +Time, whose tooth gnaws away everything else, is powerless against +truth. + + +XXXIII + +Misery is a match that never goes out. + + +XXXIV + +Genius as an explosive power beats gunpowder hollow; and if knowledge, +which should give that power guidance, is wanting, the chances are not +small that the rocket will simply run amuck among friends and foes. + + +XXXV + +Thoughtfulness for others, generosity, modesty, and self-respect, are +the qualities which make a real gentleman, or lady, as distinguished +from the veneered article which commonly goes by that name. + + +XXXVI + +The higher the state of civilisation, the more completely do the actions +of one member of the social body influence all the rest, and the less +possible is it for any one man to do a wrong thing without interfering, +more or less, with the freedom of all his fellow-citizens. + + +XXXVII + +I take it that the good of mankind means the attainment, by every man, +of all the happiness which he can enjoy without diminishing the +happiness of his fellow men. + + +XXXVIII + +Education promotes peace by teaching men the realities of life and the +obligations which are involved in the very existence of society; it +promotes intellectual development, not only by training the individual +intellect, but by sifting out from the masses of ordinary or inferior +capacities, those who are competent to increase the general welfare by +occupying higher positions; and, lastly, it promotes morality and +refinement, by teaching men to discipline themselves, and by leading +them to see that the highest, as it is the only permanent, content is to +be attained, not by grovelling in the rank and steaming valleys of +sense, but by continual striving towards those high peaks, where, +resting in eternal calm, reason discerns the undefined but bright ideal +of the highest Good--"a cloud by day, a pillar of fire by night." + + +XXXIX + +Missionaries, whether of philosophy or of religion, rarely make rapid +way, unless their preachings fall in with the prepossessions of the +multitude of shallow thinkers, or can be made to serve as a +stalking-horse for the promotion of the practical aims of the still +larger multitude, who do not profess to think much, but are quite +certain they want a great deal. + + +XL + +Proclaim human equality as loudly as you like, Witless will serve his +brother. + + +XLI + +There is no sea more dangerous than the ocean of practical +politics--none in which there is more need of good pilotage and of a +single, unfaltering purpose when the waves rise high. + + +XLII + +The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, +free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction. + + +XLIII + +For the welfare of society, as for that of individual men, it is surely +essential that there should be a statute of limitations in respect of +the consequences of wrong-doing. + + +XLIV + +"Musst immer thun wie neu geboren" is the best of all maxims for the +guidance of the life of States, no less than of individuals. + + +XLV + +The population question is the real riddle of the sphinx, to which no +political Oedipus has as yet found the answer. In view of the ravages of +the terrible monster, over-multiplication, all other riddles sink into +insignificance. + + +XLVI + +The "Law of Nature" is not a command to do, or to refrain from doing, +anything. It contains, in reality, nothing but a statement of that which +a given being tends to do under the circumstances of its existence; and +which, in the case of a living and sensitive being, it is necessitated +to do, if it is to escape certain kinds of disability, pain, and +ultimate dissolution. + + +XLVII + +Probably none of the political delusions which have sprung from the +"natural rights" doctrine has been more mischievous than the assertion +that all men have a natural right to freedom, and that those who +willingly submit to any restriction of this freedom, beyond the point +determined by the deductions of _a priori_ philosophers, deserve the +title of slave. But to my mind, this delusion is incomprehensible except +as the result of the error of confounding natural with moral rights. + + +XLVIII + +The very existence of society depends on the fact that every member of +it tacitly admits that he is not the exclusive possessor of himself, and +that he admits the claim of the polity of which he forms a part, to act, +to some extent, as his master. + + +XLIX + +Surely there is a time to submit to guidance and a time to take one's +own way at all hazards. + + +L + +Individualism, pushed to anarchy, in the family is as ill-founded +theoretically and as mischievous practically as it is in the State; +while extreme regimentation is a certain means of either destroying +self-reliance or of maddening to rebellion. + + +LI + +A man in his development runs for a little while parallel with, though +never passing through, the form of the meanest worm, then travels for a +space beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and the reptile +for his fellow travellers; and only at last, after a brief companionship +with the highest of the four-footed and four-handed world, rises into +the dignity of pure manhood. + + +LII + +Not only does every animal live at the expense of some other animal or +plant, but the very plants are at war.... The individuals of a species +are like the crew of a foundered ship, and none but good swimmers have a +chance of reaching the land. + + +LIII + +When we know that living things are formed of the same elements as the +inorganic world, that they act and react upon it, bound by a thousand +ties of natural piety, is it probable, nay is it possible, that they, +and they alone, should have no order in their seeming disorder, no unity +in their seeming multiplicity, should suffer no explanation by the +discovery of some central and sublime law of mutual connection? + + +LIV + +The student of Nature wonders the more and is astonished the less, the +more conversant he becomes with her operations; but of all the perennial +miracles she offers to his inspection, perhaps the most worthy of +admiration is the development of a plant or of an animal from its +embryo. + + +LV + +Matter and force are the two names of the one artist who fashions the +living as well as the lifeless. + + +LVI + +There is not throughout Nature a law of wider application than this, +that a body impelled by two forces takes the direction of their +resultant. + + +LVII + +Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of thought. It learns not, neither +can it forget. + + +LVIII + +Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers after truth, from the +days of Galileo until now, whose lives have been embittered and their +good name blasted by the mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters? Who shall count +the host of weaker men whose sense of truth has been destroyed in the +effort to harmonise impossibilities--whose life has been wasted in the +attempt to force the generous new wine of Science into the old bottles +of Judaism, compelled by the outcry of the same strong party? + + +LIX + +When Astronomy was young "the morning stars sang together for joy," and +the planets were guided in their courses by celestial hands. Now, the +harmony of the stars has resolved itself into gravitation according to +the inverse squares of the distances, and the orbits of the planets are +deducible from the laws of the forces which allow a schoolboy's stone to +break a window. + + +LX + +The lightning was the angel of the Lord; but it has pleased Providence, +in these modern times, that science should make it the humble messenger +of man, and we know that every flash that shimmers about the horizon on +a summer's evening is determined by ascertainable conditions, and that +its direction and brightness might, if our knowledge of these were great +enough, have been calculated. + + +LXI + +Why should the souls [of philosophers] be deeply vexed? The majesty of +Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working +for them. Not a star comes to the meridian at its calculated time but +testifies to the justice of their methods--their beliefs are "one with +the falling rain and with the growing corn." By doubt they are +established, and open inquiry is their bosom friend. + + +LXII + +Harmonious order governing eternally continuous progress--the web and +woof of matter and force interweaving by slow degrees, without a broken +thread, that veil which lies between us and the Infinite--that universe +which alone we know or can know; such is the picture which science draws +of the world, and in proportion as any part of that picture is in unison +with the rest, so may we feel sure that it is rightly painted. + + +LXIII + +Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere +natural appliances, to separate all the grains of sand from all the +grains of salt; but a shower of rain will effect the same object in ten +minutes. + + +LXIV + +Elijah's great question, "Will you serve God or Baal? Choose ye," is +uttered audibly enough in the ears of every one of us as we come to +manhood. Let every man who tries to answer it seriously ask himself +whether he can be satisfied with the Baal of authority, and with all the +good things his worshippers are promised in this world and the next. If +he can, let him, if he be so inclined, amuse himself with such +scientific implements as authority tells him are safe and will not cut +his fingers; but let him not imagine he is, or can be, both a true son +of the Church and a loyal soldier of science. + + +LXV + +Ecclesiasticism in science is only unfaithfulness to truth. + + +LXVI + +If the blind acceptance of authority appears to him in its true colours, +as mere private judgment _in excelsis_, and if he have the courage to +stand alone, face to face with the abyss of the eternal and unknowable, +let him be content, once for all, not only to renounce the good things +promised by "Infallibility," but even to bear the bad things which it +prophesies; content to follow reason and fact in singleness and honesty +of purpose, wherever they may lead, in the sure faith that a hell of +honest men will, to him, be more endurable than a paradise full of +angelic shams. + + +LXVII + +History warns us that it is the customary fate of new truths to begin as +heresies and to end as superstitions. + + +LXVIII + +The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the +physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to +exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its +rivals. + + +LXIX + +The scientific spirit is of more value than its products, and +irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. + + +LXX + +Every belief is the product of two factors: the first is the state of +the mind to which the evidence in favour of that belief is presented; +and the second is the logical cogency of the evidence itself. + + +LXXI + +Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed. + + +LXXII + +The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of +the necessary mode of working of the human mind. It is simply the mode +in which all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise and exact. + + +LXXIII + +There are men (and I think Priestley was one of them) to whom the +satisfaction of throwing down a triumphant fallacy is as great as that +which attends the discovery of a new truth; who feel better satisfied +with the government of the world, when they have been helping Providence +by knocking an imposture on the head; and who care even more for freedom +of thought than for mere advance of knowledge. These men are the Carnots +who organise victory for truth, and they are, at least, as important as +the generals who visibly fight her battles in the field. + + +LXXIV + +Material advancement has its share in moral and intellectual progress. +Becky Sharp's acute remark that it is not difficult to be virtuous on +ten thousand a year, has its application to nations; and it is futile to +expect a hungry and squalid population to be anything but violent and +gross. + + +LXXV + +If the twentieth century is to be better than the nineteenth, it will be +because there are among us men who walk in Priestley's footsteps. But +whether Priestley's lot be theirs, and a future generation, in justice +and in gratitude, set up their statues; or whether their names and fame +are blotted out from remembrance, their work will live as long as time +endures. To all eternity, the sum of truth and right will have been +increased by their means; to all eternity, falsehood and injustice will +be the weaker because they have lived. + + +LXXVI + +Science is, I believe, nothing but _trained and organised common sense_, +differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw +recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only so far +as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a +savage wields his club. + + +LXXVII + +The vast results obtained by Science are won by no mystical faculties, +by no mental processes, other than those which are practised by every +one of us, in the humblest and meanest affairs of life. A detective +policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made by his shoe, by a +mental process identical with that by which Cuvier restored the extinct +animals of Montmartre from fragments of their bones. + + +LXXVIII + +There is no side of the human mind which physiological study leaves +uncultivated. Connected by innumerable ties with abstract science, +Physiology is yet in the most intimate relation with humanity; and by +teaching us that law and order, and a definite scheme of development, +regulate even the strangest and wildest manifestations of individual +life, she prepares the student to look for a goal even amidst the +erratic wanderings of mankind, and to believe that history offers +something more than an entertaining chaos--a journal of a toilsome, +tragi-comic march nowhither. + + +LXXIX + +I cannot but think that he who finds a certain proportion of pain and +evil inseparably woven up in the life of the very worms, will bear his +own share with more courage and submission; and will, at any rate, view +with suspicion those weakly amiable theories of the Divine government, +which would have us believe pain to be an oversight and a mistake,--to +be corrected by and by. On the other hand, the predominance of happiness +among living things--their lavish beauty--the secret and wonderful +harmony which pervades them all, from the highest to the lowest, are +equally striking refutations of that modern Manichean doctrine, which +exhibits the world as a slave-mill, worked with many tears, for mere +utilitarian ends. + + +LXXX + +To a person uninstructed in natural history, his country or sea-side +stroll is a walk through a gallery filled with wonderful works of art, +nine-tenths of which have their faces turned to the wall. Teach him +something of natural history, and you place in his hands a catalogue of +those which are worth turning round. Surely our innocent pleasures are +not so abundant in this life that we can afford to despise this or any +other source of them. We should fear being banished for our neglect to +that limbo where the great Florentine tells us are those who, during +this life, "wept when they might be joyful." + + +LXXXI + +No slavery can be abolished without a double emancipation, and the +master will benefit by freedom more than the freed-man. + + +LXXXII + +Compare the average artisan and the average country squire, and it may +be doubted if you will find a pin to choose between the two in point of +ignorance, class feeling, or prejudice. It is true that the ignorance is +of a different sort--that the class feeling is in favour of a different +class--and that the prejudice has a distinct savour of wrong-headedness +in each case--but it is questionable if the one is either a bit better, +or a bit worse, than the other. The old protectionist theory is the +doctrine of trades unions as applied by the squires, and the modern +trades unionism is the doctrine of the squires applied by the artisans. +Why should we be worse off under one _regime_ than under the other? + + +LXXXIII + +The life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one of us, and, more +or less, of those who are connected with us, do depend upon our knowing +something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and +complicated than chess. It is a game which has been played for untold +ages, every man and woman of us being one of the two players in a game +of his or her own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the +phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the +laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know +that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our +cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance +for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, +with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows +delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated--without haste, +but without remorse. + + +LXXXIV + +Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of Nature, +under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men +and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of the will +into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. + + +LXXXV + +To every one of us the world was once as fresh and new as to Adam. And +then, long before we were susceptible of any other mode of instruction, +Nature took us in hand, and every minute of waking life brought its +educational influence, shaping our actions into rough accordance with +Nature's laws, so that we might not be ended untimely by too gross +disobedience. Nor should I speak of this process of education as past +for any one, be he as old as he may. For every man the world is as fresh +as it was at the first day, and as full of untold novelties for him who +has the eyes to see them. And Nature is still continuing her patient +education of us in that great university, the universe, of which we are +all members--Nature having no Test-Acts. + + +LXXXVI + +Those who take honours in Nature's university, who learn the laws which +govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful +men in this world. The great mass of mankind are the "Poll," who pick +up just enough to get through without much discredit. Those who won't +learn at all are plucked; and then you can't come up again. Nature's +pluck means extermination. + + +LXXXVII + +Ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience--incapacity meets +with the same punishment as crime. Nature's discipline is not even a +word and a blow, and the blow first; but the blow without the word. It +is left to you to find out why your ears are boxed. + + +LXXXVIII + +All artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural +education. + + +LXXXIX + +That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained +in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with +ease and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it is capable of; +whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of +equal strength and in smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine, +to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as +forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is stored with a knowledge of +the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her +operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but +whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the +servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all beauty, +whether of Nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and to respect others +as himself. + + +XC + +The only medicine for suffering, crime, and all the other woes of +mankind, is wisdom. + + +XCI + +Next to being right in this world, the best of all things is to be +clearly and definitely wrong, because you will come out somewhere. If +you go buzzing about between right and wrong, vibrating and fluctuating, +you come out nowhere; but if you are absolutely and thoroughly and +persistently wrong, you must, some of these days, have the extreme good +fortune of knocking your head against a fact, and that sets you all +straight again. + + +XCII + +No man ever understands Shakespeare until he is old, though the youngest +may admire him, the reason being that he satisfies the artistic instinct +of the youngest and harmonises with the ripest and richest experience of +the oldest. + + +XCIII + +It is not a question whether one order of study or another should +predominate. It is a question of what topics of education you shall +select which will combine all the needful elements in such due +proportion as to give the greatest amount of food, support, and +encouragement to those faculties which enable us to appreciate truth, +and to profit by those sources of innocent happiness which are open to +us, and, at the same time, to avoid that which is bad, and coarse, and +ugly, and keep clear of the multitude of pitfalls and dangers which +beset those who break through the natural or moral laws. + + +XCIV + +Writing is a form of drawing; therefore if you give the same attention +and trouble to drawing as you do to writing, depend upon it, there is +nobody who cannot be made to draw, more or less well.... I do not say +for one moment you would make an artistic draughtsman. Artists are not +made; they grow.... You can teach simple drawing, and you will find it +an implement of learning of extreme value. I do not think its value can +be exaggerated, because it gives you the means of training the young in +attention and accuracy, which are the two things in which all mankind +are more deficient than in any other mental quality whatever. + + +XCV + +If a man cannot get literary culture of the highest kind out of his +Bible, and Chaucer, and Shakespeare, and Milton, and Hobbes, and Bishop +Berkeley, to mention only a few of our illustrious writers--I say, if he +cannot get it out of those writers, he cannot get it out of anything; +and I would assuredly devote a very large portion of the time of every +English child to the careful study of the models of English writing of +such varied and wonderful kind as we possess, and, what is still more +important and still more neglected, the habit of using that language +with precision, with force, and with art. + + +XCVI + +I fancy we are almost the only nation in the world who seem to think +that composition comes by nature. The French attend to their own +language, the Germans study theirs; but Englishmen do not seem to think +it is worth their while. + + +XCVII + +Many of the faults and mistakes of the ancient philosophers are +traceable to the fact that they knew no language but their own, and were +often led into confusing the symbol with the thought which it embodied. + + +XCVIII + +If the time given to education permits, add Latin and German. Latin, +because it is the key to nearly one-half of English and to all the +Romance languages; and German, because it is the key to almost all the +remainder of English, and helps you to understand a race from whom most +of us have sprung, and who have a character and a literature of a +fateful force in the history of the world, such as probably has been +allotted to those of no other people, except the Jews, the Greeks, and +ourselves. + + +XCIX + +In an ideal University, ... the force of living example should fire the +student with a noble ambition to emulate the learning of learned men, +and to follow in the footsteps of the explorers of new fields of +knowledge. And the very air he breathes should be charged with that +enthusiasm for truth, that fanaticism of veracity, which is a greater +possession than much learning; a nobler gift than the power of +increasing knowledge; by so much greater and nobler than these, as the +moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is +the heart of morality. + + +C + +Do what you can to do what you ought, and leave hoping and fearing +alone. + + +CI + +On the face of the matter, it is absurd to ask whether it is more +important to know the limits of one's powers; or the ends for which they +ought to be exerted; or the conditions under which they must be exerted. +One may as well inquire which of the terms of a Rule of Three sum one +ought to know in order to get a trustworthy result. Practical life is +such a sum, in which your duty multiplied into your capacity, and +divided by your circumstances, gives you the fourth term in the +proportion, which is your deserts, with great accuracy. + + +CII + +Books are the money of Literature, but only the counters of Science. + + +CIII + +Medicine was the foster-mother of Chemistry, because it has to do with +the preparation of drugs and the detection of poisons; of Botany, +because it enabled the physician to recognise medicinal herbs; of +Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, because the man who studied Human +Anatomy and Physiology for purely medical purposes was led to extend his +studies to the rest of the animal world. + + +CIV + +A thorough study of Human Physiology is, in itself, an education broader +and more comprehensive than much that passes under that name. There is +no side of the intellect which it does not call into play, no region of +human knowledge into which either its roots, or its branches, do not +extend; like the Atlantic between the Old and the New Worlds, its waves +wash the shores of the two worlds of matter and of mind; its tributary +streams flow from both; through its waters, as yet unfurrowed by the +keel of any Columbus, lies the road, if such there be, from the one to +the other; far away from that North-west Passage of mere speculation, in +which so many brave souls have been hopelessly frozen up. + + +CV + +You know that among the Bees, it depends on the kind of cell in which +the egg is deposited, and the quantity and quality of food which is +supplied to the grub, whether it shall turn out a busy little worker or +a big idle queen. And, in the human hive, the cells of the endowed larvae +are always tending to enlarge, and their food to improve, until we get +queens, beautiful to behold, but which gather no honey and build no +comb. + + +CVI + +Examination, like fire, is a good servant, but a bad master; and there +seems to me to be some danger of its becoming our master. I by no means +stand alone in this opinion. Experienced friends of mine do not hesitate +to say that students whose career they watch appear to them to become +deteriorated by the constant effort to pass this or that examination, +just as we hear of men's brains becoming affected by the daily necessity +of catching a train. They work to pass, not to know; and outraged +Science takes her revenge. They do pass, and they don't know. + + +CVII + +A man's worst difficulties begin when he is able to do as he likes. + + +CVIII + +There is but one right, and the possibilities of wrong are infinite. + + +CIX + +It is given to few to add to the store of knowledge, to strike new +springs of thought, or to shape new forms of beauty. But so sure as it +is that men live not by bread, but by ideas, so sure is it that the +future of the world lies in the hands of those who are able to carry the +interpretation of nature a step further than their predecessors. + + +CX + +Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a nation. + + +CXI + +Whatever practical people may say, this world is, after all, absolutely +governed by ideas, and very often by the wildest and most hypothetical +ideas. It is a matter of the very greatest importance that our theories +of things, and even of things that seem a long way apart from our daily +lives, should be as far as possible true, and as far as possible removed +from error. + + +CXII + +All truth, in the long run, is only common sense clarified. + + +CXIII + +You may read any quantity of books, and you may be almost as ignorant as +you were at starting, if you don't have, at the back of your minds, the +change for words in definite images which can only be acquired through +the operation of your observing faculties on the phenomena of nature. + + +CXIV + +The saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing is, to my mind, +a very dangerous adage. If knowledge is real and genuine, I do not +believe that it is other than a very valuable possession, however +infinitesimal its quantity may be. Indeed, if a little knowledge is +dangerous, where is the man who has so much as to be out of danger? + + +CXV + +Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more than twice their weight +of cleverness. + + +CXVI + +The body is a machine of the nature of an army.... Of this army each +cell is a soldier, an organ a brigade, the central nervous system +headquarters and field telegraph, the alimentary and circulatory system +the commissariat. Losses are made good by recruits born in camp, and the +life of the individual is a campaign, conducted successfully for a +number of years, but with certain defeat in the long run. + + +CXVII + +So far as the laws of conduct are determined by the intellect, I +apprehend that they belong to science, and to that part of science which +is called morality. But the engagement of the affections in favour of +that particular kind of conduct which we call good, seems to me to be +something quite beyond mere science. And I cannot but think that it, +together with the awe and reverence, which have no kinship with base +fear, but arise whenever one tries to pierce below the surface of +things, whether they be material or spiritual, constitutes all that has +any unchangeable reality in religion. + + +CXVIII + +Just as I think it would be a mistake to confound the science, morality, +with the affection, religion; so do I conceive it to be a most +lamentable and mischievous error, that the science, theology, is so +confounded in the minds of many--indeed, I might say, of the majority of +men. + + +CXIX + +My belief is, that no human being, and no society composed of human +beings, ever did, or ever will, come to much, unless their conduct was +governed and guided by the love of some ethical ideal. + + +CXX + +Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make +yourself do the thing you have to do, when it ought to be done, whether +you like it or not; it is the first lesson that ought to be learned; +and, however early a man's training begins, it is probably the last +lesson that he learns thoroughly. + + +CXXI + +The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. What men need is, as +much knowledge as they can assimilate and organise into a basis for +action; give them more and it may become injurious. One knows people who +are as heavy and stupid from undigested learning as others are from +over-fulness of meat and drink. + + +CXXII + +There is no mode of exercising the faculty of observation and the +faculty of accurate reproduction of that which is observed, no +discipline which so readily tests error in these matters, as drawing +properly taught. And by that I do not mean artistic drawing; I mean +figuring natural objects. I do not wish to exaggerate, but I declare to +you that, in my judgment, the child who has been taught to make an +accurate elevation, plan and section of a pint pot has had an admirable +training in accuracy of eye and hand. + + +CXXIII + +Accuracy is the foundation of everything else. + + +CXXIV + +Anybody who knows his business in science can make anything subservient +to that purpose. You know it was said of Dean Swift that he could write +an admirable poem upon a broomstick, and the man who has a real +knowledge of science can make the commonest object in the world +subservient to an introduction to the principles and greater truths of +natural knowledge. + + +CXXV + +My experience of the world is that things left to themselves don't get +right. + + +CXXVI + +I remember somewhere reading of an interview between the poet Southey +and a good Quaker. Southey was a man of marvellous powers of work. He +had a habit of dividing his time into little parts each of which was +filled up, and he told the Quaker what he did in this hour and that, and +so on through the day until far into the night. The Quaker listened, and +at the close said, "Well, but, friend Southey, when dost thee think?" + + +CXXVII + +The knowledge which is absolutely requisite in dealing with young +children is the knowledge you possess, as you would know your own +business, and which you can just turn about as if you were explaining to +a boy a matter of everyday life. + + +CXXVIII + +You may develop the intellectual side of people as far as you like, and +you may confer upon them all the skill that training and instruction can +give; but, if there is not, underneath all that outside form and +superficial polish, the firm fibre of healthy manhood and earnest desire +to do well, your labour is absolutely in vain. + + +CXXIX + +Our sole chance of succeeding in a competition, which must constantly +become more and more severe, is that our people shall not only have the +knowledge and the skill which are required, but that they shall have the +will and the energy and the honesty, without which neither knowledge nor +skill can be of any permanent avail. + + +CXXX + +It is a great many years since, at the outset of my career, I had to +think seriously what life had to offer that was worth having. I came to +the conclusion that the chief good, for me, was freedom to learn, think, +and say what I pleased, when I pleased. I have acted on that conviction, +and have availed myself of the "rara temporum felicitas ubi sentire quae +velis, et quae sentias dicere licet," which is now enjoyable, to the best +of my ability; and though strongly, and perhaps wisely, warned that I +should probably come to grief, I am entirely satisfied with the results +of the line of action I have adopted. + + +CXXXI + +The scientific imagination always restrains itself within the limits of +probability. + + +CXXXII + +It is a "law of nature," verifiable by everyday experience, that our +already formed convictions, our strong desires, our intent occupation +with particular ideas, modify our mental operations to a most marvellous +extent, and produce enduring changes in the direction and in the +intensity of our intellectual and moral activities. + + +CXXXIII + +Men can intoxicate themselves with ideas as effectually as with alcohol +or with bang, and produce, by dint of intense thinking, mental +conditions hardly distinguishable from monomania. + + +CXXXIV + +Demoniac possession is mythical; but the faculty of being possessed, +more or less completely, by an idea is probably the fundamental +condition of what is called genius, whether it show itself in the saint, +the artist, or the man of science. One calls it faith, another calls it +inspiration, a third calls it insight; but the "intending of the mind," +to borrow Newton's well-known phrase, the concentration of all the rays +of intellectual energy on some one point, until it glows and colours the +whole cast of thought with its peculiar light, is common to all. + + +CXXXV + +Whatever happens, science may bide her time in patience and in +confidence. + + +CXXXVI + +The only people, scientific or other, who never make mistakes are those +who do nothing. + + +CXXXVII + +The most considerable difference I note among men is not in their +readiness to fall into error, but in their readiness to acknowledge +these inevitable lapses. + + +CXXXVIII + +Quite apart from deliberate and conscious fraud (which is a rarer thing +than is often supposed), people whose mythopoeic faculty is once stirred +are capable of saying the thing that is not, and of acting as they +should not, to an extent which is hardly imaginable by persons who are +not so easily affected by the contagion of blind faith. There is no +falsity so gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous women, +anxious to promote a good cause, will not lend themselves to it without +any clear consciousness of the moral bearings of what they are doing. + + +CXXXIX + +This modern reproduction of the ancient prophet, with his "Thus saith +the Lord," "This is the work of the Lord," steeped in supernaturalism +and glorying in blind faith, is the mental antipodes of the philosopher, +founded in naturalism and a fanatic for evidence, to whom these +affirmations inevitably suggest the previous question: "How do you know +that the Lord saith it?" "How do you know that the Lord doeth it?" and +who is compelled to demand that rational ground for belief, without +which, to the man of science, assent is merely an immoral pretence. + +And it is this rational ground of belief which the writers of the +Gospels, no less than Paul, and Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of +offering that they would regard the demand for it as a kind of +blasphemy. + + +CXL + +To quarrel with the uncertainty that besets us in intellectual affairs +would be about as reasonable as to object to live one's life, with due +thought for the morrow, because no man can be sure he will be alive an +hour hence. + + +CXLI + +I verily believe that the great good which has been effected in the +world by Christianity has been largely counteracted by the pestilent +doctrine on which all the Churches have insisted, that honest disbelief +in their more or less astonishing creeds is a moral offence, indeed a +sin of the deepest dye, deserving and involving the same future +retribution as murder and robbery. If we could only see, in one view, +the torrents of hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, the slaughter, the +violations of every obligation of humanity, which have flowed from this +source along the course of the history of Christian nations, our worst +imaginations of Hell would pale beside the vision. + + +CXLII + +Agnostioism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which +lies in the rigorous application of a single principle. That principle +is of great antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the writer +who said, "Try all things, hold fast by that which is good"; it is the +foundation of the Reformation, which simply illustrated the axiom that +every man should be able to give a reason for the faith that is in him; +it is the great principle of Descartes; it is the fundamental axiom of +modern science. Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of +the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without +regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the +intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not +demonstrated or demonstrable. That I take to be the agnostic faith, +which if a man keep whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look +the universe in the face, whatever the future may have in store for him. + + +CXLIII + +The best men of the best epochs are simply those who make the fewest +blunders and commit the fewest sins. + + +CXLIV + +That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive the bad man, and pity +and help all men to the best of one's ability, is surely indisputable. +It is the glory of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed this +truth, through all their aberrations. But the worship of a God who needs +forgiveness and help, and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is +no better than that of any other voluntarily selected fetish. The +Emperor Julian's project was hopeful in comparison with the prospects of +the Comtist Anthropolatry. + + +CXLV + +The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to believe certain +propositions, whatever the results of a strict scientific investigation +of the evidence of these propositions. He tells us "that religious error +is, in itself, of an immoral nature." He declares that he has prejudged +certain conclusions, and looks upon those who show cause for arrest of +judgment as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, for him, +the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment of truth, is the highest +aim of mental life. And, on careful analysis of the nature of this +faith, it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process of unity +with the Divine, understood by the religious enthusiast; but that which +the candid simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be. +"Faith," said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, "is the power +of saying you believe things which are incredible." + + +CXLVI + +The science, the art, the jurisprudence, the chief political and social +theories, of the modern world have grown out of those of Greece and +Rome--not by favour of, but in the teeth of, the fundamental teachings +of early Christianity, to which science, art, and any serious occupation +with the things of this world, were alike despicable. + + +CXLVII + +All that is best in the ethics of the modern world, in so far as it has +not grown out of Greek thought, or Barbarian manhood, is the direct +development of the ethics of old Israel. There is no code of +legislation, ancient or modern, at once so just and so merciful, so +tender to the weak and poor, as the Jewish law; and, if the Gospels are +to be trusted, Jesus of Nazareth himself declared that he taught nothing +but that which lay implicitly, or explicitly, in the religious and +ethical system of his people. + + +CXLVIII + +The first-recorded judicial murder of a scientific thinker was compassed +and effected, not by a despot, nor by priests, but was brought about by +eloquent demagogues, to whom, of all men, thorough searchings of the +intellect are most dangerous and therefore most hateful. + + +CXLIX + +Platonic philosophy is probably the grandest example of the unscientific +use of the imagination extant; and it would be hard to estimate the +amount of detriment to clear thinking effected, directly and indirectly, +by the theory of ideas, on the one hand, and by the unfortunate doctrine +of the baseness of matter, on the other. + + +CL + +The development of exact natural knowledge in all its vast range, from +physics to history and criticism, is the consequence of the working out, +in this province, of the resolution to "take nothing for truth without +clear knowledge that it is such"; to consider all beliefs open to +criticism; to regard the value of authority as neither greater nor less +than as much as it can prove itself to be worth. The modern spirit is +not the spirit "which always denies," delighting only in destruction; +still less is it that which builds castles in the air rather than not +construct; it is that spirit which works and will work "without haste +and without rest," gathering harvest after harvest of truth into its +barns and devouring error with unquenchable fire. + + +CLI + +In truth, the laboratory is the forecourt of the temple of philosophy; +and whoso has not offered sacrifices and undergone purification there +has little chance of admission into the sanctuary. + + +CLII + +The memorable service rendered to the cause of sound thinking by +Descartes consisted in this: that he laid the foundation of modern +philosophical criticism by his inquiry into the nature of certainty. + + +CLIII + +There is no question in the mind of anyone acquainted with the facts +that, so far as observation and experiment can take us, the structure +and the functions of the nervous system are fundamentally the same in +an ape, or in a dog, and in a man. And the suggestion that we must stop +at the exact point at which direct proof fails us, and refuse to believe +that the similarity which extends so far stretches yet further, is no +better than a quibble. Robinson Crusoe did not feel bound to conclude, +from the single human footprint which he saw in the sand, that the maker +of the impression had only one leg. + + +CLIV + +Descartes, as we have seen, illustrates what he means by an innate idea, +by the analogy of hereditary diseases or hereditary mental +peculiarities, such as generosity. On the other hand, hereditary mental +tendencies may justly be termed instincts; and still more appropriately +might those special proclivities, which constitute what we call genius, +come into the same category. + + +CLV + +The child who is impelled to draw as soon as it can hold a pencil; the +Mozart who breaks out into music as early; the boy Bidder who worked out +the most complicated sums without learning arithmetic; the boy Pascal +who evolved Euclid out of his own consciousness: all these may be said +to have been impelled by instinct, as much as are the beaver and the +bee. And the man of genius is distinct in kind from the man of +cleverness, by reason of the working within him of strong innate +tendencies--which cultivation may improve, but which it can no more +create than horticulture can make thistles bear figs. The analogy +between a musical instrument and the mind holds good here also. Art and +industry may get much music, of a sort, out of a penny whistle; but, +when all is done, it has no chance against an organ. The innate musical +potentialities of the two are infinitely different. + + +CLVI + +It is notorious that, to the unthinking mass of mankind, nine-tenths of +the facts of life do not suggest the relation of cause and effect; and +they practically deny the existence of any such relation by attributing +them to chance. Few gamblers but would stare if they were told that the +falling of a die on a particular face is as much the effect of a +definite cause as the fact of its falling; it is a proverb that "the +wind bloweth where it listeth"; and even thoughtful men usually receive +with surprise the suggestion, that the form of the crest of every wave +that breaks, wind-driven, on the sea-shore, and the direction of every +particle of foam that flies before the gale, are the exact effects of +definite causes; and, as such, must be capable of being determined, +deductively, from the laws of motion and the properties of air and +water. So again, there are large numbers of highly intelligent persons +who rather pride themselves on their fixed belief that our volitions +have no cause; or that the will causes itself, which is either the same +thing, or a contradiction in terms. + + +CLVII + +To say that an idea is necessary is simply to affirm that we cannot +conceive the contrary; and the fact that we cannot conceive the contrary +of any belief may be a presumption, but is certainly no proof, of its +truth. + + +CLVIII + +It is remarkable that Hume does not refer to the sentimental arguments +for the immortality of the soul which are so much in vogue at the +present day; and which are based upon our desire for a longer conscious +existence than that which nature appears to have allotted to us. Perhaps +he did not think them worth notice. For indeed it is not a little +strange, that our strong desire that a certain occurrence should happen +should be put forward as evidence that it will happen. If my intense +desire to see the friend, from whom I have parted, does not bring him +from the other side of the world, or take me thither; if the mother's +agonised prayer that her child should live has not prevented him from +dying; experience certainly affords no presumption that the strong +desire to be alive after death, which we call the aspiration after +immortality, is any more likely to be gratified. As Hume truly says, +"All doctrines are to be suspected which are favoured by our passions"; +and the doctrine, that we are immortal because we should extremely like +to be so, contains the quintessence of suspiciousness. + + +CLIX + +If every man possessed everything he wanted, and no one had the power to +interfere with such possession; or if no man desired that which could +damage his fellow-man, justice would have no part to play in the +universe. + + +CLX + +To fail in justice, or in benevolence, is to be displeased with one's +self. But happiness is impossible without inward self-approval; and, +hence, every man who has any regard to his own happiness and welfare, +will find his best reward in the practice of every moral duty. + + +CLXI + +Virtue is undoubtedly beneficent; but the man is to be envied to whom +her ways seem in anywise playful. And though she may not talk much about +suffering and self-denial, her silence on that topic may be accounted +for on the principle _ca va sans dire_. + + +CLXII + +If mankind cannot be engaged in practices "full of austerity and +rigour," by the love of righteousness and the fear of evil, without +seeking for other compensation than that which flows from the +gratification of such love and the consciousness of escape from +debasement, they are in a bad case. For they will assuredly find that +virtue presents no very close likeness to the sportive leader of the +joyous hours in Hume's rosy picture; but that she is an awful Goddess, +whose ministers are the Furies, and whose highest reward is peace. + + +CLXIII + +Under its theological aspect, morality is obedience to the will of God; +and the ground for such obedience is two-fold: either we ought to obey +God because He will punish us if we disobey Him, which is an argument +based on the utility of obedience; or our obedience ought to flow from +our love towards God, which is an argument based on pure feeling and for +which no reason can be given. For, if any man should say that he takes +no pleasure in the contemplation of the ideal of perfect holiness, or, +in other words, that he does not love God, the attempt to argue him into +acquiring that pleasure would be as hopeless as the endeavour to +persuade Peter Bell of the "witchery of the soft blue sky." + + +CLXIV + +In whichever way we look at the matter, morality is based on feeling, +not on reason; though reason alone is competent to trace out the effects +of our actions and thereby dictate conduct. Justice is founded on the +love of one's neighbour; and goodness is a kind of beauty. The moral +law, like the laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon +instinctive intuitions, and is neither more nor less "innate" and +"necessary" than they are. Some people cannot by any means be got to +understand the first book of Euclid; but the truths of mathematics are +no less necessary and binding on the great mass of mankind. Some there +are who cannot feel the difference between the "Sonata Appassionata" and +"Cherry Ripe"; or between a grave-stone-cutter's cherub and the Apollo +Belvidere; but the canons of art are none the less acknowledged. While +some there may be, who, devoid of sympathy, are incapable of a sense of +duty; but neither does their existence affect the foundations of +morality. Such pathological deviations from true manhood are merely the +halt, the lame, and the blind of the world of consciousness; and the +anatomist of the mind leaves them aside, as the anatomist of the body +would ignore abnormal specimens. + +And as there are Pascals and Mozarts, Newtons and Raffaelles, in whom +the innate faculty for science or art seems to need but a touch to +spring into full vigour, and through whom the human race obtains new +possibilities of knowledge and new conceptions of beauty: so there have +been men of moral genius, to whom we owe ideals of duty and visions of +moral perfection, which ordinary mankind could never have attained: +though, happily for them, they can feel the beauty of a vision, which +lay beyond the reach of their dull imaginations, and count life well +spent in shaping some faint image of it in the actual world. + + +CLXV + +The horror of "Materialism" which weighs upon the minds of so many +excellent people appears to depend, in part, upon the purely accidental +connexion of some forms of materialistic philosophy with ethical and +religious tenets by which they are repelled; and, partly, on the +survival of a very ancient superstition concerning the nature of matter. + +This superstition, for the tenacious vitality of which the idealistic +philosophers who are, more or less, disciples of Plato and the +theologians who have been influenced by them, are responsible, assumes +that matter is something, not merely inert and perishable, but +essentially base and evil-natured, if not actively antagonistic to, at +least a negative dead-weight upon, the good. + + +CLXVI + +Judging by contemporary literature, there are numbers of highly +cultivated and indeed superior persons to whom the material world is +altogether contemptible; who can see nothing in a handful of garden +soil, or a rusty nail, but types of the passive and the corruptible. + +To modern science, these assumptions are as much out of date as the +equally venerable errors, that the sun goes round the earth every +four-and-twenty hours, or that water is an elementary body. The handful +of soil is a factory thronged with swarms of busy workers; the rusty +nail is an aggregation of millions of particles, moving with +inconceivable velocity in a dance of infinite complexity yet perfect +measure; harmonic with like performances throughout the solar system. If +there is good ground for any conclusion, there is such for the belief +that the substance of these particles has existed and will exist, that +the energy which stirs them has persisted and will persist, without +assignable limit, either in the past or the future. Surely, as +Heracleitus said of his kitchen with its pots and pans, "Here also are +the gods." Little as we have, even yet, learned of the material +universe, that little makes for the belief that it is a system of +unbroken order and perfect symmetry, of which the form incessantly +changes, while the substance and the energy are imperishable. + + +CLXVII + +Of all the dangerous mental habits, that which schoolboys call +"cocksureness" is probably the most perilous; and the inestimable value +of metaphysical discipline is that it furnishes an effectual +counterpoise to this evil proclivity. Whoso has mastered the elements of +philosophy knows that the attribute of unquestionable certainty +appertains only to the existence of a state of consciousness so long as +it exists; all other beliefs are mere probabilities of a higher or lower +order. Sound metaphysic is an amulet which renders its possessor proof +alike against the poison of superstition and the counter-poison of +shallow negation; by showing that the affirmations of the former and the +denials of the latter alike deal with matters about which, for lack of +evidence, nothing can be either affirmed or denied. + + +CLXVIII + +If the question is asked, What then do we know about matter and motion? +there is but one reply possible. All that we know about motion is that +it is a name for certain changes in the relations of our visual, +tactile, and muscular sensations; and all that we know about matter is +that it is the hypothetical substance of physical phenomena, the +assumption of the existence of which is as pure a piece of metaphysical +speculation as is that of the existence of the substance of mind. + +Our sensations, our pleasures, our pains, and the relations of these, +make up the sum total of the elements of positive, unquestionable +knowledge. We call a large section of these sensations and their +relations matter and motion; the rest we term mind and thinking; and +experience shows that there is a certain constant order of succession +between some of the former and some of the latter. + +This is all that just metaphysical criticism leaves of the idols set up +by the spurious metaphysics of vulgar common sense. It is consistent +either with pure Materialism, or with pure Idealism, but it is neither. +For the Idealist, not content with declaring the truth that our +knowledge is limited to facts of consciousness, affirms the wholly +unprovable proposition that nothing exists beyond these and the +substance of mind. And, on the other hand, the Materialist, holding by +the truth that, for anything that appears to the contrary, material +phenomena are the causes of mental phenomena, asserts his unprovable +dogma, that material phenomena and the substance of matter are the sole +primary existences. Strike out the propositions about which neither +controversialist does or can know anything, and there is nothing left +for them to quarrel about. Make a desert of the Unknowable, and the +divine Astraea of philosophic peace will commence her blessed reign. + + +CLXIX + +"Magna est veritas et praevalebit!" Truth is great, certainly, but, +considering her greatness, it is curious what a long time she is apt to +take about prevailing. + + +CLXX + +To my observation, human nature has not sensibly changed through the +last thirty years. I doubt not that there are truths as plainly obvious +and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man's Place in Nature," +now awaiting enunciation. If there is a young man of the present +generation, who has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself +that they are truths, let him come out with them, without troubling his +head about the barking of the dogs of St. Ernulphus, "Veritas +praevalebit"--some day; and, even if she does not prevail in his time, he +himself will be all the better and the wiser for having tried to help +her. And let him recollect that such great reward is full payment for +all his labour and pains. + + +CLXXI + +Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe processes of modern +investigations, commonly enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is +singular how often the dream turns out to have been a half-waking one, +presaging a reality. Ovid foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist: +the Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a western world: and +though the quaint forms of Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in +the realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly than they in +essential structure, and yet as thoroughly brutal as the goat's or +horse's half of the mythical compound, are now not only known, but +notorious. + + +CLXXII + +It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, application, that every +living creature commences its existence under a form different from, +and simpler than, that which it eventually attains. + +The oak is a more complex thing than the little rudimentary plant +contained in the acorn; the caterpillar is more complex than the egg; +the butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these beings, in passing +from its rudimentary to its perfect condition, runs through a series of +changes, the sum of which is called its development. In the higher +animals these changes are extremely complicated; but, within the last +half century, the labours of such men as Von Baer, Rathke, Reichert, +Bischoff, and Remak, have almost completely unravelled them, so that the +successive stages of development which are exhibited by a dog, for +example, are now as well known to the embryologist as are the steps of +the metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the schoolboy. It will be +useful to consider with attention the nature and the order of the stages +of canine development, as an example of the process in the higher +animals generally. + + +CLXXIII + +Exactly in those respects in which the developing Man differs from the +Dog, he resembles the ape, which, like man, has a spheroidal yelk-sac +and a discoidal, sometimes partially lobed, placenta. So that it is only +quite in the later stages of development that the young human being +presents marked differences from the young ape, while the latter departs +as much from the dog in its development, as the man does. + +Startling as the last assertion may appear to be, it is demonstrably +true, and it alone appears to me sufficient to place beyond all doubt +the structural unity of man with the rest of the animal world, and more +particularly and closely with the apes. + +Thus, identical in the physical processes by which he +originates--identical in the early stages of his formation--identical in +the mode of his nutrition before and after birth, with the animals which +lie immediately below him in the scale--Man, if his adult and perfect +structure be compared with theirs, exhibits, as might be expected, a +marvellous likeness of organisation. He resembles them as they resemble +one another--he differs from them as they differ from one another. + + +CLXXIV + +If a man cannot see a church, it is preposterous to take his opinion +about its altar-piece or painted window. + + +CLXXV + +Perhaps no order of mammals presents us with so extraordinary a series +of gradations as this[1]--leading us insensibly from the crown and +summit of the animal creation down to creatures, from which there is but +a step, as it seems, to the lowest, smallest, and least intelligent of +the placental Mammalia. It is as if nature herself had foreseen the +arrogance of man, and with Roman severity had provided that his +intellect, by its very triumphs, should call into prominence the slaves, +admonishing the conqueror that he is but dust. + + [1] This alludes to a foregoing enumeration of the seven families of + PRIMATES headed by the ANTHROPINI containing man alone. + + +CLXXVI + +If Man be separated by no greater structural barrier from the brutes +than they are from one another--then it seems to follow that if any +process of physical causation can be discovered by which the genera and +families of ordinary animals have been produced, that process of +causation is amply sufficient to account for the origin of Man. + + +CLXXVII + +The whole analogy of natural operations furnishes so complete and +crushing an argument against the intervention of any but what are termed +secondary causes, in the production of all the phenomena of the +universe; that, in view of the intimate relations between Man and the +rest of the living world, and between the forces exerted by the latter +and all other forces, I can see no excuse for doubting that all are +co-ordinated terms of Nature's great progression, from the formless to +the formed--from the inorganic to the organic--from blind force to +conscious intellect and will. + + +CLXXVIII + +Science has fulfilled her function when she has ascertained and +enunciated truth. + + +CLXXIX + +Thoughtful men, once escaped from the blinding influences of traditional +prejudice, will find in the lowly stock whence Man has sprung the best +evidence of the splendour of his capacities; and will discern in his +long progress through the Past a reasonable ground of faith in his +attainment of a nobler Future.... + +And after passion and prejudice have died away, the same result will +attend the teachings of the naturalist respecting that great Alps and +Andes of the living world--Man. Our reverence for the nobility of +manhood will not be lessened by the knowledge that Man is, in substance +and in structure, one with the brutes; for he alone possesses the +marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational speech, whereby, in +the secular period of his existence, he has slowly accumulated and +organised the experience which is almost wholly lost with the cessation +of every individual life in other animals; so that, now, he stands +raised upon it as on a mountain top, far above the level of his humble +fellows, and transfigured from his grosser nature by reflecting, here +and there, a ray from the infinite source of truth. + + +CLXXX + +Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of Anthropology, the great +science which unravels the complexities of human structure; traces out +the relations of man to other animals; studies all that is especially +human in the mode in which man's complex functions are performed; and +searches after the conditions which have determined his presence in the +world. And Anthropology is a section of Zoology, which again is the +animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things. + +Such is the position of ethnology, such are the objects of the +ethnologist. The paths or methods, by following which he may hope to +reach his goal, are diverse. He may work at man from the point of view +of the pure zoologist, and investigate the anatomical and physiological +peculiarities of Negroes, Australians, or Mongolians, just as he would +inquire into those of pointers, terriers, and turnspits,--"persistent +modifications" of man's almost universal companion. Or he may seek aid +from researches into the most human manifestation of humanity--Language; +and assuming that what is true of speech is true of the speaker--a +hypothesis as questionable in science as it is in ordinary life--he may +apply to mankind themselves the conclusions drawn from a searching +analysis of their words and grammatical forms. + +Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of the practical life of men; +and relying upon the inherent conservatism and small inventiveness of +untutored mankind, he may hope to discover in manners and customs, or in +weapons, dwellings, and other handiwork, a clue to the origin of the +resemblances and differences of nations. Or, he may resort to that kind +of evidence which is yielded by History proper, and consists of the +beliefs of men concerning past events, embodied in traditional, or in +written, testimony. Or, when that thread breaks, Archaeology, which is +the interpretation of the unrecorded remains of man's works, belonging +to the epoch since the world has reached its present condition, may +still guide him. And, when even the dim light of archaeology fades, there +yet remains Palaeontology, which, in these latter years, has brought to +daylight once more the exuvia of ancient populations, whose world was +not our world, who have been buried in river beds immemorially dry, or +carried by the rush of waters into caves, inaccessible to inundation +since the dawn of tradition. + + +CLXXXI + +The rapid increase of natural knowledge, which is the chief +characteristic of our age, is effected in various ways. The main army of +science moves to the conquest of new worlds slowly and surely, nor ever +cedes an inch of the territory gained. But the advance is covered and +facilitated by the ceaseless activity of clouds of light troops provided +with a weapon--always efficient, if not always an arm of precision--the +scientific imagination. It is the business of these _enfants perdus_ of +science to make raids into the realm of ignorance wherever they see, or +think they see, a chance; and cheerfully to accept defeat, or it may be +annihilation, as the reward of error. Unfortunately the public, which +watches the progress of the campaign, too often mistakes a dashing +incursion of the Uhlans for a forward movement of the main body; fondly +imagining that the strategic movement to the rear, which occasionally +follows, indicates a battle lost by science. And it must be confessed +that the error is too often justified by the effects of the +irrepressible tendency which men of science share with all other sorts +of men known to me, to be impatient of that most wholesome state of +mind--suspended judgment; to assume the objective truth of speculations +which, from the nature of the evidence in their favour, can have no +claim to be more than working hypotheses. + +The history of the "Aryan question" affords a striking illustration of +these general remarks. + + +CLXXXII + +Language is rooted half in the bodily and half in the mental nature of +man. The vocal sounds which form the raw materials of language could not +be produced without a peculiar conformation of the organs of speech; the +enunciation of duly accented syllables would be impossible without the +nicest co-ordination of the action of the muscles which move these +organs; and such co-ordination depends on the mechanism of certain +portions of the nervous system. It is therefore conceivable that the +structure of this highly complex speaking apparatus should determine a +man's linguistic potentiality; that is to say, should enable him to use +a language of one class and not of another. It is further conceivable +that a particular linguistic potentiality should be inherited and become +as good a race mark as any other. As a matter of fact, it is not proven +that the linguistic potentialities of all men are the same. + + +CLXXXIII + +Community of language is no proof of unity of race, is not even +presumptive evidence of racial identity. All that it does prove is +that, at some time or other, free and prolonged intercourse has taken +place between the speakers of the same language. + + +CLXXXIV + +The capacity of the population of Europe for independent progress while +in the copper and early bronze stage--the "palaeo-metallic" stage, as it +might be called--appears to me to be demonstrated in a remarkable manner +by the remains of their architecture. From the crannog to the elaborate +pile-dwelling, and from the rudest enclosure to the complex +fortification of the terramare, there is an advance which is obviously a +native product. So with the sepulchral constructions; the stone cist, +with or without a preservative or memorial cairn, grows into the +chambered graves lodged in tumuli; into such megalithic edifices as the +dromic vaults of Maes How and New Grange; to culminate in the finished +masonry of the tombs of Mycenae, constructed on exactly the same plan. +Can anyone look at the varied series of forms which lie between the +primitive five or six flat stones fitted together into a mere box, and +such a building as Maes How, and yet imagine that the latter is the +result of foreign tuition? But the men who built Maes How, without metal +tools, could certainly have built the so-called "treasure-house" of +Mycenae, with them. + + +CLXXXV + +Reckoned by centuries, the remoteness of the quaternary, or pleistocene, +age from our own is immense, and it is difficult to form an adequate +notion of its duration. Undoubtedly there is an abysmal difference +between the Neanderthaloid race and the comely living specimens of the +blond longheads with whom we are familiar. But the abyss of time +between the period at which North Europe was first covered with ice, +when savages pursued mammoths and scratched their portraits with sharp +stones in central France, and the present day, ever widens as we learn +more about the events which bridge it. And, if the differences between +the Neanderthaloid men and ourselves could be divided into as many parts +as that time contains centuries, the progress from part to part would +probably be almost imperceptible. + + +CLXXXVI + +I have not been one of those fortunate persons who are able to regard a +popular lecture as a mere _hors d'oeuvre_, unworthy of being ranked +among the serious efforts of a philosopher; and who keep their fame as +scientific hierophants unsullied by attempts--at least of the successful +sort--to be understanded of the people. + +On the contrary, I found that the task of putting the truths learned in +the field, the laboratory and the museum, into language which, without +bating a jot of scientific accuracy shall be generally intelligible, +taxed such scientific and literary faculty as I possessed to the +uttermost; indeed my experience has furnished me with no better +corrective of the tendency to scholastic pedantry which besets all those +who are absorbed in pursuits remote from the common ways of men, and +become habituated to think and speak in the technical dialect of their +own little world, as if there were no other. + +If the popular lecture thus, as I believe, finds one moiety of its +justification in the self-discipline of the lecturer, it surely finds +the other half in its effect on the auditory. For though various sadly +comical experiences of the results of my own efforts have led me to +entertain a very moderate estimate of the purely intellectual value of +lectures; though I venture to doubt if more than one in ten of an +average audience carries away an accurate notion of what the speaker has +been driving at; yet is that not equally true of the oratory of the +hustings, of the House of Commons, and even of the pulpit? + +Yet the children of this world are wise in their generation; and both +the politician and the priest are justified by results. The living voice +has an influence over human action altogether independent of the +intellectual worth of that which it utters. Many years ago, I was a +guest at a great City dinner. A famous orator, endowed with a voice of +rare flexibility and power; a born actor, ranging with ease through +every part, from refined comedy to tragic unction, was called upon to +reply to a toast. The orator was a very busy man, a charming +conversationalist and by no means despised a good dinner; and, I +imagine, rose without having given a thought to what he was going to +say. The rhythmic roll of sound was admirable, the gestures perfect, the +earnestness impressive; nothing was lacking save sense and, +occasionally, grammar. When the speaker sat down the applause was +terrific and one of my neighbours was especially enthusiastic. So when +he had quieted down, I asked him what the orator had said. And he could +not tell me. + +That sagacious person John Wesley is reported to have replied to some +one who questioned the propriety of his adaptation of sacred words to +extremely secular airs, that he did not see why the Devil should be left +in possession of all the best tunes. And I do not see why science should +not turn to account the peculiarities of human nature thus exploited by +other agencies: all the more because science, by the nature of its +being, cannot desire to stir the passions, or profit by the weaknesses, +of human nature. The most zealous of popular lecturers can aim at +nothing more than the awakening of a sympathy for abstract truth, in +those who do not really follow his arguments; and of a desire to know +more and better in the few who do. + +At the same time it must be admitted that the popularisation of science, +whether by lecture or essay, has its drawbacks. Success in this +department has its perils for those who succeed. The "people who fail" +take their revenge, as we have recently had occasion to observe, by +ignoring all the rest of a man's work and glibly labelling him a mere +populariser. If the falsehood were not too glaring, they would say the +same of Faraday and Helmholtz and Kelvin. + + +CLXXXVII + +Of the affliction caused by persons who think that what they have picked +up from popular exposition qualifies them for discussing the great +problems of science, it may be said, as the Radical toast said of the +power of the Crown in bygone days, that it "has increased, is +increasing, and ought to be diminished." The oddities of "English as she +is spoke" might be abundantly paralleled by those of "Science as she is +misunderstood" in the sermon, the novel, and the leading article; and a +collection of the grotesque travesties of scientific conceptions, in the +shape of essays on such trifles as "the Nature of Life" and the "Origin +of All Things," which reach me, from time to time, might well be bound +up with them. + + +CLXXXVIII + +The essay on Geological Reform unfortunately brought me, I will not say +into collision, but into a position of critical remonstrance with regard +to some charges of physical heterodoxy, brought by my distinguished +friend Lord Kelvin, against British Geology. As President of the +Geological Society of London at that time (1869), I thought I might +venture to plead that we were not such heretics as we seemed to be; and +that, even if we were, recantation would not affect the question of +evolution. + +I am glad to see that Lord Kelvin has just reprinted his reply to my +plea, and I refer the reader to it. I shall not presume to question +anything, that on such ripe consideration, Lord Kelvin has to say upon +the physical problems involved. But I may remark that no one can have +asserted more strongly than I have done, the necessity of looking to +physics and mathematics, for help in regard to the earliest history of +the globe. + +And I take the opportunity of repeating the opinion that, whether what +we call geological time has the lower limit assigned to it by Lord +Kelvin, or the higher assumed by other philosophers; whether the germs +of all living things have originated in the globe itself, or whether +they have been imported on, or in, meteorites from without, the problem +of the origin of those successive Faunae and Florae of the earth, the +existence of which is fully demonstrated by palaeontology, remains +exactly where it was. + +For I think it will be admitted, that the germs brought to us by +meteorites, if any, were not ova of elephants, nor of crocodiles; not +cocoa-nuts nor acorns; not even eggs of shell-fish and corals; but only +those of the lowest forms of animal and vegetable life. Therefore, since +it is proved that, from a very remote epoch of geological time, the +earth has been peopled by a continual succession of the higher forms of +animals and plants, these either must have been created, or they have +arisen by evolution. And in respect of certain groups of animals, the +well-established facts of palaeontology leave no rational doubt that they +arose by the latter method. + +In the second place, there are no data whatever, which justify the +biologist in assigning any, even approximately definite, period of time, +either long or short, to the evolution of one species from another by +the process of variation and selection. In the essay on Geological +Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life I have taken pains to prove +that the change of animals has gone on at very different rates in +different groups of living beings; that some types have persisted with +little change from the palaeozoic epoch till now, while others have +changed rapidly within the limits of an epoch. In 1862 (see Coll. Ess. +viii. pp. 303, 304) in 1863 (vol. ii., p. 461) and again in 1864 +(_ibid._, pp. 89-91) I argued, not as a matter of speculation, but from +palaeontological facts, the bearing of which I believe, up to that time, +had not been shown, that any adequate hypothesis of the causes of +evolution must be consistent with progression, stationariness and +retrogression, of the same type at different epochs; of different types +in the same epoch; and that Darwin's hypothesis fulfilled these +conditions. + +According to that hypothesis, two factors are at work, variation and +selection. Next to nothing is known of the causes of the former process; +nothing whatever of the time required for the production of a certain +amount of deviation from the existing type. And, as respects selection, +which operates by extinguishing all but a small minority of variations, +we have not the slightest means of estimating the rapidity with which it +does its work. All that we are justified in saying is that the rate at +which it takes place may vary almost indefinitely. If the famous +paint-root of Florida, which kills white pigs but not black ones, were +abundant and certain in its action, black pigs might be substituted for +white in the course of two or three years. If, on the other hand, it was +rare and uncertain in action, the white pigs might linger on for +centuries. + + +CLXXXIX + +A great chapter of the history of the world is written in the chalk. Few +passages in the history of man can be supported by such an overwhelming +mass of direct and indirect evidence as that which testifies to the +truth of the fragment of the history of the globe, which I hope to +enable you to read, with your own eyes, to-night. Let me add, that few +chapters of human history have a more profound significance for +ourselves. I weigh my words well when I assert, that the man who should +know the true history of the bit of chalk which every carpenter carries +about in his breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other history, is +likely, if he will think his knowledge out to its ultimate results, to +have a truer, and therefore a better, conception of this wonderful +universe, and of man's relation to it, than the most learned student who +is deep-read in the records of humanity and ignorant of those of Nature. + + +CXC + +The examination of a transparent slice gives a good notion of the manner +in which the components of the chalk are arranged, and of their relative +proportions. But, by rubbing up some chalk with a brush in water and +then pouring off the milky fluid, so as to obtain sediments of different +degrees of fineness, the granules and the minute rounded bodies may be +pretty well separated from one another, and submitted to microscopic +examination, either as opaque or as transparent objects. By combining +the views obtained in these various methods, each of the rounded bodies +may be proved to be a beautifully-constructed calcareous fabric, made up +of a number of chambers, communicating freely with one another. The +chambered bodies are of various forms. One of the commonest is something +like a badly-grown raspberry, being formed of a number of nearly +globular chambers of different sizes congregated together. It is called +_Globigerina_, and some specimens of chalk consist of little else than +_Globigerinae_ and granules. Let us fix our attention upon the +_Globigerina_. It is the spoor of the game we are tracking. If we can +learn what it is and what are the conditions of its existence, we shall +see our way to the origin and past history of the chalk. + + +CXCI + +It so happens that calcareous skeletons, exactly similar to the +_Globigerinae_ of the chalk, are being formed, at the present moment, by +minute living creatures, which flourish in multitudes, literally more +numerous than the sands of the sea-shore, over a large extent of that +part of the earth's surface which is covered by the ocean. + +The history of the discovery of these living _Globigerinae_, and of the +part which they play in rock building, is singular enough. It is a +discovery which, like others of no less scientific importance, has +arisen, incidentally, out of work devoted to very different and +exceedingly practical interests. When men first took to the sea, they +speedily learned to look out for shoals and rocks; and the more the +burthen of their ships increased, the more imperatively necessary it +became for sailors to ascertain with precision the depth of the waters +they traversed. Out of this necessity grew the use of the lead and +sounding line; and, ultimately, marine-surveying, which is the recording +of the form of coasts and of the depth of the sea, as ascertained by the +sounding-lead, upon charts. + + +CXCII + +Lieut. Brooke, of the American Navy, some years ago invented a most +ingenious machine, by which a considerable portion of the superficial +layer of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up from any depth +to which the lead descends. In 1853, Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the +bottom of the North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the Azores, at a +depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two miles, by the help of this +sounding apparatus. The specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg +of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those able microscopists +found that this deep-sea mud was almost entirely composed of the +skeletons of living organisms--the greater proportion of these being +just like the _Globigerinae_ already known to occur in the chalk. + +Thus far, the work had been carried on simply in the interests of +science, but Lieut. Brooke's method of sounding acquired a high +commercial value, when the enterprise of laying down the telegraph-cable +between this country and the United States was undertaken. For it became +a matter of immense importance to know, not only the depth of the sea +over the whole line along which the cable was to be laid, but the exact +nature of the bottom, so as to guard against chances of cutting or +fraying the strands of that costly rope. The Admiralty consequently +ordered Captain Dayman, an old friend and shipmate of mine, to ascertain +the depth over the whole line of the cable, and to bring back specimens +of the bottom. In former days, such a command as this might have sounded +very much like one of the impossible things which the young Prince in +the Fairy Tales is ordered to do before he can obtain the hand of the +Princess. However, in the months of June and July, 1857, my friend +performed the task assigned to him with great expedition and precision, +without, so far as I know, having met with any reward of that kind. The +specimens of Atlantic mud which he procured were sent to me to be +examined and reported upon. + + +CXCIII + +The result of all these operations is, that we know the contours and the +nature of the surface-soil covered by the North Atlantic for a distance +of 1,700 miles from east to west, as well as we know that of any part of +the dry land. It is a prodigious plain--one of the widest and most even +plains in the world. If the sea were drained off, you might drive a +waggon all the way from Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland, to +Trinity Bay in Newfoundland. And, except upon one sharp incline about +200 miles from Valentia, I am not quite sure that it would even be +necessary to put the skid on, so gentle are the ascents and descents +upon that long route. From Valentia the road would lie down-hill for +about 200 miles to the point at which the bottom is now covered by 1,700 +fathoms of sea-water. Then would come the central plain, more than a +thousand miles wide, the inequalities of the surface of which would be +hardly perceptible, though the depth of water upon it now varies from +10,000 to 15,000 feet; and there are places in which Mont Blanc might be +sunk without showing its peak above water. Beyond this, the ascent on +the American side commences, and gradually leads, for about 300 miles, +to the Newfoundland shore. + + +CXCIV + +When we consider that the remains of more than three thousand distinct +species of aquatic animals have been discovered among the fossils of the +chalk, that the great majority of them are of such forms as are now met +with only in the sea, and that there is no reason to believe that any +one of them inhabited fresh water--the collateral evidence that the +chalk represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great force as the +proof derived from the nature of the chalk itself. I think you will now +allow that I did not overstate my case when I asserted that we have as +strong grounds for believing that all the vast area of dry land, at +present occupied by the chalk, was once at the bottom of the sea, as we +have for any matter of history whatever; while there is no justification +for any other belief. + +No less certain it is that the time during which the countries we now +call south-east England, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Arabia, +Syria, were more or less completely covered by a deep sea, was of +considerable duration. We have already seen that the chalk is, in +places, more than a thousand feet thick. I think you will agree with me +that it must have taken some time for the skeletons of animalcules of a +hundredth of an inch in diameter to heap up such a mass as that. + + +CXCV + +If the decay of the soft parts of the sea-urchin; the attachment, growth +to maturity, and decay of the _Crania_; and the subsequent attachment +and growth of the coralline, took a year (which is a low estimate +enough), the accumulation of the inch of chalk must have taken more than +a year: and the deposit of a thousand feet of chalk must, consequently, +have taken more than twelve thousand years. + + +CXCVI + +There is a writing upon the wall of cliffs at Cromer, and whoso runs may +read it. It tells us, with an authority which cannot be impeached, that +the ancient sea-bed of the chalk sea was raised up, and remained dry +land, until it was covered with forest, stocked with the great game the +spoils of which have rejoiced your geologists. How long it remained in +that condition cannot be said; but "the whirligig of time brought its +revenges" in those days as in these. That dry land, with the bones and +teeth of generations of long-lived elephants, hidden away among the +gnarled roots and dry leaves of its ancient trees, sank gradually to the +bottom of the icy sea, which covered it with huge masses of drift and +boulder clay. Sea-beasts, such as the walrus, now restricted to the +extreme north, paddled about where birds had twittered among the topmost +twigs of the fir-trees. How long this state of things endured we know +not, but at length it came to an end. The upheaved glacial mud hardened +into the soil of modern Norfolk. Forests grew once more, the wolf and +the beaver replaced the reindeer and the elephant; and at length what we +call the history of England dawned. + + +CXCVII + +Direct proof may be given that some parts of the land of the northern +hemisphere are at this moment insensibly rising and others insensibly +sinking; and there is indirect, but perfectly satisfactory, proof, that +an enormous area now covered by the Pacific has been deepened thousands +of feet, since the present inhabitants of that sea came into existence. +Thus there is not a shadow of a reason for believing that the physical +changes of the globe, in past times, have been effected by other than +natural causes. + + +CXCVIII + +A small beginning has led us to a great ending. If I were to put the bit +of chalk with which we started into the hot but obscure flame of burning +hydrogen, it would presently shine like the sun. It seems to me that +this physical metamorphosis is no false image of what has been the +result of our subjecting it to a jet of fervent, though nowise +brilliant, thought to-night. It has become luminous, and its clear rays, +penetrating the abyss of the remote past, have brought within our ken +some stages of the evolution of the earth. And in the shifting "without +haste, but without rest" of the land and sea, as in the endless +variation of the forms assumed by living beings, we have observed +nothing but the natural product of the forces originally possessed by +the substance of the universe. + + +CXCIX + +In certain parts of the sea bottom in the immediate vicinity of the +British Islands, as in the Clyde district, among the Hebrides, in the +Moray Firth, and in the German Ocean, there are depressed areae, forming +a kind of submarine valleys, the centres of which are from 80 to 100 +fathoms, or more, deep. These depressions are inhabited by assemblages +of marine animals, which differ from those found over the adjacent and +shallower region, and resemble those which are met with much farther +north, on the Norwegian coast. Forbes called these Scandinavian +detachments "Northern outliers." + +How did these isolated patches of a northern population get into these +deep places? To explain the mystery, Forbes called to mind the fact +that, in the epoch which immediately preceded the present, the climate +was much colder (whence the name of "glacial epoch" applied to it); and +that the shells which are found fossil, or sub-fossil, in deposits of +that age are precisely such as are now to be met with only in the +Scandinavian, or still more Arctic, regions. Undoubtedly, during the +glacial epoch, the general population of our seas had, universally, the +northern aspect which is now presented only by the "northern outliers"; +just as the vegetation of the land, down to the sea-level, had the +northern character which is, at present, exhibited only by the plants +which live on the tops of our mountains. But, as the glacial epoch +passed away, and the present climatal conditions were developed, the +northern plants were able to maintain themselves only on the bleak +heights, on which southern forms could not compete with them. And, in +like manner, Forbes suggested that, after the glacial epoch, the +northern animals then inhabiting the sea became restricted to the deeps +in which they could hold their own against invaders from the south, +better fitted than they to flourish in the warmer waters of the +shallows. Thus depth in the sea corresponded in its effect upon +distribution to height on the land. + + +CC + +Among the scientific instructions for the voyage[2] drawn up by a +committee of the Royal Society, there is a remarkable letter from Von +Humboldt to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, in which, +among other things, he dwells upon the significance of the researches +into the microscopic composition of rocks, and the discovery of the +great share which microscopic organisms take in the formation of the +crust of the earth at the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years +1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the extensive beds of +"rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" which occur in various parts of the world, +and notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations of the +silicious cases and skeletons of _Diatomaceae_, sponges, and +_Radiolaria_; he had proved that similar deposits were being formed by +_Diatomaceae_, in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and elsewhere, +and had pointed out that, if it were commercially worth while, +rotten-stone might be manufactured by a process of diatom-culture. +Observations conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had revealed the existence, +at the surface of the waters of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and +_Radiolaria_ of the same species as those which, in a fossil state, +constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at Caltanisetta, Zante, and +Oran, on the shores of the Mediterranean. + + [2] Of the _Challenger_. + +Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds of Bilin, Ehrenberg had +traced out the metamorphosis, effected apparently by the action of +percolating water, of the primitively loose and friable deposit of +organized particles, in which the silex exists in the hydrated or +soluble condition. The silex, in fact, undergoes solution and slow +redeposition, until, in ultimate result, the excessively fine-grained +sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, becomes converted into a +dense opaline stone, with only here and there an indication of an +organism. + +From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, as early as the year +1839, had arrived at the conclusion that rocks, altogether similar to +those which constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, must be +forming, at the present day, at the bottom of the sea; and he threw out +the suggestion that even where no trace of organic structure is to be +found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by metamorphosis. + + +CCI + +It is highly creditable to the ingenuity of our ancestors that the +peculiar property of fermented liquids, in virtue of which they "make +glad the heart of man," seems to have been known in the remotest periods +of which we have any record. All savages take to alcoholic fluids as if +they were to the manner born. Our Vedic forefathers intoxicated +themselves with the juice of the "soma"; Noah, by a not unnatural +reaction against a superfluity of water, appears to have taken the +earliest practicable opportunity of qualifying that which he was obliged +to drink; and the ghosts of the ancient Egyptians were solaced by +pictures of banquets in which the wine-cup passes round, graven on the +walls of their tombs. A knowledge of the process of fermentation, +therefore, was in all probability possessed by the prehistoric +populations of the globe; and it must have become a matter of great +interest even to primaeval wine-bibbers to study the methods by which +fermented liquids could be surely manufactured. No doubt it was soon +discovered that the most certain, as well as the most expeditious, way +of making a sweet juice ferment was to add to it a little of the scum, +or lees, of another fermenting juice. And it can hardly be questioned +that this singular excitation of fermentation in one fluid, by a sort of +infection, or inoculation, of a little ferment taken from some other +fluid, together with the strange swelling, foaming, and hissing of the +fermented substance, must have always attracted attention from the more +thoughtful. Nevertheless, the commencement of the scientific analysis of +the phenomena dates from a period not earlier than the first half of the +seventeenth century. + +At this time, Van Helmont made a first step, by pointing out that the +peculiar hissing and bubbling of a fermented liquid is due, not to the +evolution of common air (which he, as the inventor of the term "gas," +calls "gas ventosum"), but to that of a peculiar kind of air such as is +occasionally met with in caves, mines, and wells, and which he calls +"gas sylvestre." + +But a century elapsed before the nature of this "gas sylvestre," or, as +it was afterwards called, "fixed air," was clearly determined, and it +was found to be identical with that deadly "chokedamp" by which the +lives of those who descend into old wells, or mines, or brewers' vats, +are sometimes suddenly ended; and with the poisonous aeriform fluid +which is produced by the combustion of charcoal, and now goes by the +name of carbonic acid gas. + +During the same time it gradually became evident that the presence of +sugar was essential to the production of alcohol and the evolution of +carbonic acid gas, which are the two great and conspicuous products of +fermentation. And finally, in 1787, the Italian chemist, Fabroni, made +the capital discovery that the yeast ferment, the presence of which is +necessary to fermentation, is what he termed a "vegeto-animal" +substance; that is, a body which gives off ammoniacal salts when it is +burned, and is, in other ways, similar to the gluten of plants and the +albumen and casein of animals. + + +CCII + +The living club-mosses are, for the most part, insignificant and +creeping herbs, which, superficially, very closely resemble true mosses, +and none of them reach more than two or three feet in height. But, in +their essential structure, they very closely resemble the earliest +Lepidodendroid trees of the coal: their stems and leaves are similar; so +are their cones; and no less like are the sporangia and spores; while +even in their size, the spores of the _Lepidodendron_ and those of the +existing _Lycopodium_, or club-moss, very closely approach one another. + +Thus, the singular conclusion is forced upon us, that the greater and +the smaller sacs of the "Better-Bed" and other coals, in which the +primitive structure is well preserved, are simply the sporangia and +spores of certain plants, many of which were closely allied to the +existing club-mosses. And if, as I believe, it can be demonstrated that +ordinary coal is nothing but "saccular" coal which has undergone a +certain amount of that alteration which, if continued, would convert it +into anthracite; then, the conclusion is obvious, that the great mass of +the coal we burn is the result of the accumulation of the spores and +spore-cases of plants, other parts of which have furnished the +carbonized stems and the mineral charcoal, or have left their +impressions on the surfaces of the layer. + + +CCIII + +The position of the beds which constitute the coal-measures is +infinitely diverse. Sometimes they are tilted up vertically, sometimes +they are horizontal, sometimes curved into great basins; sometimes they +come to the surface, sometimes they are covered up by thousands of feet +of rock. But, whatever their present position, there is abundant and +conclusive evidence that every under-clay was once a surface soil. Not +only do carbonized root-fibres frequently abound in these under-clays; +but the stools of trees, the trunks of which are broken off and +confounded with the bed of coal, have been repeatedly found passing into +radiating roots, still embedded in the under-clay. On many parts of the +coast of England, what are commonly known as "submarine forests" are to +be seen at low water. They consist, for the most part, of short stools +of oak, beech, and fir-trees, still fixed by their long roots in the bed +of blue clay in which they originally grew. If one of these submarine +forest beds should be gradually depressed and covered up by new +deposits, it would present just the same characters as an under-clay of +the coal, if the _Sigillaria_ and _Lepidodendron_ of the ancient world +were substituted for the oak, or the beech, of our own times. + +In a tropical forest, at the present day, the trunks of fallen trees, +and the stools of such trees as may have been broken by the violence of +storms, remain entire for but a short time. Contrary to what might be +expected, the dense wood of the tree decays, and suffers from the +ravages of insects, more swiftly than the bark. And the traveller, +setting his foot on a prostrate trunk finds that it is a mere shell, +which breaks under his weight, and lands his foot amidst the insects, or +the reptiles, which have sought food or refuge within. + + +CCIV + +The coal accumulated upon the area covered by one of the great forests +of the carboniferous epoch would, in course of time, have been wasted +away by the small, but constant, wear and tear of rain and streams, had +the land which supported it remained at the same level, or been +gradually raised to a greater elevation. And, no doubt, as much coal as +now exists has been destroyed, after its formation, in this way. + + +CCV + +Once more, an invariably-recurring lesson of geological history, at +whatever point its study is taken up: the lesson of the almost infinite +slowness of the modification of living forms. The lines of the pedigrees +of living things break off almost before they begin to converge. + + +CCVI + +Yet another curious consideration. Let us suppose that one of the +stupid, salamander-like Labyrinthodonts, which pottered, with much belly +and little leg, like Falstaff in his old age, among the coal-forests, +could have had thinking power enough in his small brain to reflect upon +the showers of spores which kept on falling through years and +centuries, while perhaps not one in ten million fulfilled its apparent +purpose, and reproduced the organism which gave it birth: surely he +might have been excused for moralizing upon the thoughtless and wanton +extravagance which Nature displayed in her operations. + +But we have the advantage over our shovelheaded predecessor--or possibly +ancestor--and can perceive that a certain vein of thrift runs through +this apparent prodigality. Nature is never in a hurry, and seems to have +had always before her eyes the adage, "Keep a thing long enough, and you +will find a use for it." She has kept her beds of coal many millions of +years without being able to find much use for them; she has sent them +down beneath the sea, and the sea-beasts could make nothing of them; she +has raised them up into dry land, and laid the black veins bare, and +still, for ages and ages, there was no living thing on the face of the +earth that could see any sort of value in them; and it was only the +other day, so to speak, that she turned a new creature out of her +workshop, who by degrees acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and +then to discover that the black rock would burn. + +I suppose that nineteen hundred years ago, when Julius Caesar was good +enough to deal with Britain as we have dealt with New Zealand, the +primaeval Briton, blue with cold and woad, may have known that the +strange black stone, of which he found lumps here and there in his +wanderings, would burn, and so help to warm his body and cook his food. +Saxon, Dane, and Norman swarmed into the land. The English people grew +into a powerful nation, and Nature still waited for a full return of the +capital she had invested in the ancient club-mosses. The eighteenth +century arrived, and with it James Watt. The brain of that man was the +spore out of which was developed the modern steam-engine, and all the +prodigious trees and branches of modern industry which have grown out +of this. But coal is as much an essential condition of this growth and +development as carbonic acid is for that of a club-moss. Wanting coal, +we could not have smelted the iron needed to make our engines, nor have +worked our engines when we had got them. But take away the engines, and +the great towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire vanish like a dream. +Manufactures give place to agriculture and pasture, and not ten men can +live where now ten thousand are amply supported. + +Thus, all this abundant wealth of money and of vivid life is Nature's +interest upon her investment in club-mosses, and the like, so long ago. +But what becomes of the coal which is burnt in yielding this interest? +Heat comes out of it, light comes out of it; and if we could gather +together all that goes up the chimney, and all that remains in the grate +of a thoroughly-burnt coal-fire, we should find ourselves in possession +of a quantity of carbonic acid, water, ammonia, and mineral matters, +exactly equal in weight to the coal. But these are the very matters with +which Nature supplied the club-mosses which made the coal. She is paid +back principal and interest at the same time; and she straightway +invests the carbonic acid, the water, and the ammonia in new forms of +life, feeding with them the plants that now live. Thrifty Nature! Surely +no prodigal, but most notable of housekeepers! + + +CCVII + +Here, then, is a capital fact. The movements of the lobster are due to +muscular contractility. But why does a muscle contract at one time and +not at another? Why does one whole group of muscles contract when the +lobster wishes to extend his tail, and another group when he desires to +bend it? What is it originates, directs, and controls the motive power? + +Experiment, the great instrument for the ascertainment of truth in +physical science, answers this question for us. In the head of the +lobster there lies a small mass of that peculiar tissue which is known +as nervous substance. Cords of similar matter connect this brain of the +lobster, directly or indirectly, with the muscles. Now, if these +communicating cords are cut, the brain remaining entire, the power of +exerting what we call voluntary motion in the parts below the section is +destroyed; and, on the other hand, if, the cords remaining entire, the +brain mass be destroyed, the same voluntary mobility is equally lost. +Whence the inevitable conclusion is, that the power of originating these +motions resides in the brain and is propagated along the nervous cords. + +In the higher animals the phenomena which attend this transmission have +been investigated, and the exertion of the peculiar energy which resides +in the nerves has been found to be accompanied by a disturbance of the +electrical state of their molecules. + +If we could exactly estimate the signification of this disturbance; if +we could obtain the value of a given exertion of nerve force by +determining the quantity of electricity, or of heat, of which it is the +equivalent; if we could ascertain upon what arrangement, or other +condition of the molecules of matter, the manifestation of the nervous +and muscular energies depends (and doubtless science will some day or +other ascertain these points), physiologists would have attained their +ultimate goal in this direction; they would have determined the relation +of the motive force of animals to the other forms of force found in +nature; and if the same process had been successfully performed for all +the operations which are carried on in, and by, the animal frame, +physiology would be perfect, and the facts of morphology and +distribution would be deducible from the laws which physiologists had +established, combined with those determining the condition of the +surrounding universe. + + +CCVIII + +The object of lectures is, in the first place, to awaken the attention +and excite the enthusiasm of the student; and this, I am sure, may be +effected to a far greater extent by the oral discourse and by the +personal influence of a respected teacher than in any other way. +Secondly, lectures have the double use of guiding the student to the +salient points of a subject, and at the same time forcing him to attend +to the whole of it, and not merely to that part which takes his fancy. +And lastly, lectures afford the student the opportunity of seeking +explanations of those difficulties which will, and indeed ought to, +arise in the course of his studies. + + +CCIX + +What books shall I read? is a question constantly put by the student to +the teacher. My reply usually is, "None: write your notes out carefully +and fully; strive to understand them thoroughly; come to me for the +explanation of anything you cannot understand; and I would rather you +did not distract your mind by reading." A properly composed course of +lectures ought to contain fully as much matter as a student can +assimilate in the time occupied by its delivery; and the teacher should +always recollect that his business is to feed and not to cram the +intellect. Indeed, I believe that a student who gains from a course of +lectures the simple habit of concentrating his attention upon a +definitely limited series of facts, until they are thoroughly mastered, +has made a step of immeasurable importance. + + +CCX + +However good lectures may be, and however extensive the course of +reading by which they are followed up, they are but accessories to the +great instrument of scientific teaching--demonstration. If I insist +unweariedly, nay fanatically, upon the importance of physical science as +an educational agent, it is because the study of any branch of science, +if properly conducted, appears to me to fill up a void left by all other +means of education. I have the greatest respect and love for literature; +nothing would grieve me more than to see literary training other than a +very prominent branch of education: indeed, I wish that real literary +discipline were far more attended to than it is; but I cannot shut my +eyes to the fact that there is a vast difference between men who have +had a purely literary, and those who have had a sound scientific, +training. + + +CCXI + +In the world of letters, learning and knowledge are one, and books are +the source of both; whereas in science, as in life, learning and +knowledge are distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is +the source of the latter. + + +CCXII + +All that literature has to bestow may be obtained by reading and by +practical exercise in writing and in speaking; but I do not exaggerate +when I say that none of the best gifts of science are to be won by these +means. On the contrary, the great benefit which a scientific education +bestows, whether as training or as knowledge, is dependent upon the +extent to which the mind of the student is brought into immediate +contact with facts--upon the degree to which he learns the habit of +appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring through his senses +concrete images of those properties of things, which are, and always +will be, but approximatively expressed in human language. Our way of +looking at Nature, and of speaking about her, varies from year to year; +but a fact once seen, a relation of cause and effect, once +demonstratively apprehended, are possessions which neither change nor +pass away, but, on the contrary, form fixed centres, about which other +truths aggregate by natural affinity. + +Therefore, the great business of the scientific teacher is, to imprint +the fundamental, irrefragable facts of his science, not only by words +upon the mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, and ear, and +touch of the student, in so complete a manner, that every term used, or +law enunciated, should afterwards call up vivid images of the particular +structural, or other, facts which furnished the demonstration of the +law, or the illustration of the term. + + +CCXIII + +What is the purpose of primary intellectual education? I apprehend that +its first object is to train the young in the use of those tools +wherewith men extract knowledge from the ever-shifting succession of +phenomena which pass before their eyes; and that its second object is to +inform them of the fundamental laws which have been found by experience +to govern the course of things, so that they may not be turned out into +the world naked, defenceless, and a prey to the events they might +control. + +A boy is taught to read his own and other languages, in order that he +may have access to infinitely wider stores of knowledge than could ever +be opened to him by oral intercourse with his fellow men; he learns to +write, that his means of communication with the rest of mankind may be +indefinitely enlarged, and that he may record and store up the knowledge +he acquires. He is taught elementary mathematics, that he may understand +all those relations of number and form, upon which the transactions of +men, associated in complicated societies, are built, and that he may +have some practice in deductive reasoning. + +All these operations of reading, writing, and ciphering are intellectual +tools, whose use should, before all things, be learned, and learned +thoroughly; so that the youth may be enabled to make his life that which +it ought to be, a continual progress in learning and in wisdom. + + +CCXIV + +In addition, primary education endeavours to fit a boy out with a +certain equipment of positive knowledge. He is taught the great laws of +morality; the religion of his sect; so much history and geography as +will tell him where the great countries of the world are, what they are, +and how they have become what they are. + +But if I regard it closely, a curious reflection arises. I suppose that, +fifteen hundred years ago, the child of any well-to-do Roman citizen was +taught just these same things; reading and writing in his own, and, +perhaps, the Greek tongue; the elements of mathematics; and the +religion, morality, history, and geography current in his time. +Furthermore, I do not think I err in affirming that, if such a Christian +Roman boy, who had finished his education, could be transplanted into +one of our public schools, and pass through its course of instruction, +he would not meet with a single unfamiliar line of thought; amidst all +the new facts he would have to learn, not one would suggest a different +mode of regarding the universe from that current in his own time. + +And yet surely there is some great difference between the civilisation +of the fourth century and that of the nineteenth, and still more between +the intellectual habits and tone of thought of that day and this? + +And what has made this difference? I answer fearlessly--The prodigious +development of physical science within the last two centuries. + + +CCXV + +Modern civilisation rests upon physical science; take away her gifts to +our own country, and our position among the leading nations of the world +is gone to-morrow; for it is physical science only that makes +intelligence and moral energy stronger than brute force. + + +CCXVI + +The whole of modern thought is steeped in science; it has made its way +into the works of our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, who +affects to ignore and despise science, is unconsciously impregnated with +her spirit, and indebted for his best products to her methods. I believe +that the greatest intellectual revolution mankind has yet seen is now +slowly taking place by her agency. She is teaching the world that the +ultimate court of appeal is observation and experiment, and not +authority; she is teaching it to estimate the value of evidence; she is +creating a firm and living faith in the existence of immutable moral and +physical laws, perfect obedience to which is the highest possible aim of +an intelligent being. + +But of all this your old stereotyped system of education takes no note. +Physical science, its methods, its problems, and its difficulties, will +meet the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate him in such a +manner that he shall enter the world as ignorant of the existence of the +methods and facts of science as the day he was born. The modern world is +full of artillery; and we turn out our children to do battle in it, +equipped with the shield and sword of an ancient gladiator. + + +CCXVII + +Posterity will cry shame on us if we do not remedy this deplorable state +of things. Nay, if we live twenty years longer, our own consciences will +cry shame on us. + +It is my firm conviction that the only way to remedy it is to make the +elements of physical science an integral part of primary education. I +have endeavoured to show you how that may be done for that branch of +science which it is my business to pursue; and I can but add, that I +should look upon the day when every schoolmaster throughout this land +was a centre of genuine, however rudimentary, scientific knowledge as an +epoch in the history of the country. + +But let me entreat you to remember my last words. Addressing myself to +you, as teachers, I would say, mere book learning in physical science is +a sham and a delusion--what you teach, unless you wish to be impostors, +that you must first know; and real knowledge in science means personal +acquaintance with the facts, be they few or many. + + +CCXVIII + +The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis that all living matter +has sprung from pre-existing living matter came from a contemporary, +though a junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in men +great in all departments of human activity, which was to intellectual +Europe, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, what Germany is in +the nineteenth. It was in Italy, and from Italian teachers, that Harvey +received the most important part of his scientific education. And it was +a student trained in the same schools, Francesco Redi--a man of the +widest knowledge and most versatile abilities, distinguished alike as +scholar, poet, physician and naturalist--who, just two hundred and two +years ago,[3] published his "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione degl' +Insetti," and gave to the world the idea, the growth of which it is my +purpose to trace. Redi's book went through five editions in twenty +years; and the extreme simplicity of his experiments, and the clearness +of his arguments, gained for his views and for their consequences, +almost universal acceptance. + + [3] These words were written in 1870. + +Redi did not trouble himself much with speculative considerations, but +attacked particular cases of what was supposed to be "spontaneous +generation" experimentally. Here are dead animals, or pieces of meat, +says he; I expose them to the air in hot weather, and in a few days they +swarm with maggots. You tell me that these are generated in the dead +flesh; but if I put similar bodies, while quite fresh, into a jar, and +tie some fine gauze over the top of the jar, not a maggot makes its +appearance, while the dead substances, nevertheless, putrefy just in the +same way as before. It is obvious, therefore, that the maggots are not +generated by the corruption of the meat; and that the cause of their +formation must be a something which is kept away by gauze. But gauze +will not keep away aeriform bodies, or fluids. This something must +therefore, exist in the form of solid particles too big to get through +the gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt what these solid particles are; +for the blow-flies, attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the +vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case misleading instinct, +lay eggs out of which maggots are immediately hatched, upon the gauze. +The conclusion, therefore, is unavoidable; the maggots are not generated +by the meat, but the eggs which give rise to them are brought through +the air by the flies. + +These experiments seem almost childishly simple, and one wonders how it +was that no one ever thought of them before. Simple as they are, +however, they are worthy of the most careful study, for every piece of +experimental work since done, in regard to this subject, has been shaped +upon the model furnished by the Italian philosopher. As the results of +his experiments were the same, however varied the nature of the +materials he used, it is not wonderful that there arose in Redi's mind a +presumption that, in all such cases of the seeming production of life +from dead matter, the real explanation was the introduction of living +germs from without into that dead matter. And thus the hypothesis that +living matter always arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter, +took definite shape; and had, henceforward, a right to be considered and +a claim to be refuted, in each particular case, before the production of +living matter in any other way could be admitted by careful reasoners. +It will be necessary for me to refer to this hypothesis so frequently, +that, to save circumlocution, I shall call it the hypothesis of +_Biogenesis_; and I shall term the contrary doctrine--that living matter +may be produced by not living matter--the hypothesis of _Abiogenesis_. + +In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the latter was the dominant +view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and by authority; and it is +interesting to observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax upon a +discoverer of having to defend himself against the charge of impugning +the authority of the Scriptures; for his adversaries declared that the +generation of bees from the carcase of a dead lion is affirmed, in the +Book of Judges, to have been the origin of the famous riddle with which +Samson perplexed the Philistines:-- + + "Out of the eater came forth meat, + And out of the strong came forth sweetness" + + +CCXIX + +The great tragedy of Science--the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by +an ugly fact. + + +CCXX + +It remains yet in the order of logic, though not of history, to show +that among these solid destructible particles there really do exist +germs capable of giving rise to the development of living forms in +suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by M. Pasteur in those +beautiful researches which will ever render his name famous; and which, +in spite of all attacks upon them, appear to me now, as they did seven +years ago, to be models of accurate experimentation and logical +reasoning. He strained air through cotton-wool, and found, as Schroeder +and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing competent to give rise to +the development of life in fluids highly fitted for that purpose. But +the important further links in the chain of evidence added by Pasteur +are three. In the first place he subjected to microscopic examination +the cotton-wool which had served as strainer, and found that sundry +bodies clearly recognisable as germs were among the solid particles +strained off. Secondly, he proved that these germs were competent to +give rise to living forms by simply sowing them in a solution fitted for +their development. And, thirdly, he showed that the incapacity of air +strained through cotton-wool to give rise to life was not due to any +occult change effected in the constituents of the air by the wool, by +proving that the cotton-wool might be dispensed with altogether, and +perfectly free access left between the exterior air and that in the +experimental flask. If the neck of the flask is drawn out into a tube +and bent downwards; and if, after the contained fluid has been carefully +boiled, the tube is heated sufficiently to destroy any germs which may +be present in the air which enters as the fluid cools, the apparatus may +be left to itself for any time and no life will appear in the fluid. The +reason is plain. Although there is free communication between the +atmosphere laden with germs and the germless air in the flask, contact +between the two takes place only in the tube; and as the germs cannot +fall upwards, and there are no currents, they never reach the interior +of the flask. But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds from +the flask, and free access be thus given to germs falling vertically out +of the air, the fluid, which has remained clear and desert for months, +becomes, in a few days, turbid and full of life. + + +CCXXI + +In autumn it is not uncommon to see flies motionless upon a window-pane, +with a sort of magic circle, in white, drawn round them. On microscopic +examination, the magic circle is found to consist of innumerable spores, +which have been thrown off in all directions by a minute fungus called +_Empusa muscae_, the spore-forming filaments of which stand out like a +pile of velvet from the body of the fly. These spore-forming filaments +are connected with others which fill the interior of the fly's body like +so much fine wool, having eaten away and destroyed the creature's +viscera. This is the full-grown condition of the _Empusa_. If traced +back to its earliest stages, in flies which are still active, and to all +appearance healthy, it is found to exist in the form of minute +corpuscles which float in the blood of the fly. These multiply and +lengthen into filaments, at the expense of the fly's substance; and when +they have at last killed the patient, they grow out of its body and give +off spores. Healthy flies shut up with diseased ones catch this mortal +disease, and perish like the others. A most competent observer, M. Cohn, +who studied the development of the _Empusa_ very carefully, was utterly +unable to discover in what manner the smallest germs of the _Empusa_ got +into the fly. The spores could not be made to give rise to such germs by +cultivation; nor were such germs discoverable in the air, or in the food +of the fly. It looked exceedingly like a case of Abiogenesis, or, at any +rate, of Xenogenesis; and it is only quite recently that the real course +of events has been made out. It has been ascertained that when one of +the spores falls upon the body of a fly, it begins to germinate, and +sends out a process which bores its way through the fly's skin; this, +having reached the interior cavities of its body, gives off the minute +floating corpuscles which are the earliest stage of the _Empusa_. The +disease is "contagious," because a healthy fly coming in contact with a +diseased one, from which the spore-bearing filaments protrude, is pretty +sure to carry off a spore or two. It is "infectious" because the spores +become scattered about all sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the +slain flies. + +Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and, even before 1853, a peculiar +epizootic, frequently accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon +the skin (whence the name of "Pebrine" which it has received), had been +noted for its mortality. But in the years following 1853 this malady +broke out with such extreme violence, that, in 1858, the silk-crop was +reduced to a third of the amount which it had reached in 1853; and, up +till within the last year or two, it has never attained half the yield +of 1853. This means not only that the great number of people engaged in +silk growing are some thirty millions sterling poorer than they might +have been; it means not only that high prices have had to be paid for +imported silkworm eggs, and that, after investing his money in them, in +paying for mulberry-leaves and for attendance, the cultivator has +constantly seen his silkworms perish and himself plunged in ruin; but it +means that the looms of Lyons have lacked employment, and that, for +years, enforced idleness and misery have been the portion of a vast +population which, in former days, was industrious and well-to-do. + +In reading the Report made by M. de Quatrefages in 1859, it is +exceedingly interesting to observe that his elaborate study of the +Pebrine forced the conviction upon his mind that, in its mode of +occurrence and propagation, the disease of the silkworm is, in every +respect, comparable to the cholera among mankind. But it differs from +the cholera, and so far is a more formidable malady, in being +hereditary, and in being, under some circumstances, contagious as well +as infectious. + +The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the blood of the +silkworms affected by this strange disorder a multitude of cylindrical +corpuscles, each about 1/6000th of an inch long. These have been +carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him _Panhistophyton_; for the +reason that in subjects in which the disease is strongly developed, the +corpuscles swarm in every tissue and organ of the body, and even pass +into the undeveloped eggs of the female moth. But are these corpuscles +causes, or mere concomitants, of the disease? Some naturalists took one +view and some another; and it was not until the French Government, +alarmed by the continued ravages of the malady, and the inefficiency of +the remedies which had been suggested, despatched M. Pasteur to study +it, that the question received its final settlement; at a great +sacrifice, not only of the time and peace of mind of that eminent +philosopher, but, I regret to have to add, of his health. + +But the sacrifice has not been in vain. It is now certain that this +devastating, cholera-like Pebrine is the effect of the growth and +multiplication of the _Panhistophyton_ in the silkworm. It is contagious +and infectious, because the corpuscles of the _Panhistophyton_ pass away +from the bodies of the diseased caterpillars, directly or indirectly, to +the alimentary canal of healthy silkworms in their neighbourhood; it is +hereditary because the corpuscles enter into the eggs while they are +being formed, and consequently are carried within them when they are +laid; and for this reason, also, it presents the very singular +peculiarity of being inherited only on the mother's side. There is not a +single one of all the apparently capricious and unaccountable phenomena +presented by the Pebrine, but has received its explanation from the fact +that the disease is the result of the presence of the microscopic +organism, _Panhistophyton_. + + +CCXXII + +I commenced this Address by asking you to follow me in an attempt to +trace the path which has been followed by a scientific idea, in its long +and slow progress from the position of a probable hypothesis to that of +an established law of nature. Our survey has not taken us into very +attractive regions; it has lain, chiefly, in a land flowing with the +abominable, and peopled with mere grubs and mouldiness. And it may be +imagined with what smiles and shrugs, practical and serious +contemporaries of Redi and of Spallanzani may have commented on the +waste of their high abilities in toiling at the solution of problems +which, though curious enough in themselves, could be of no conceivable +utility to mankind. + +Nevertheless, you will have observed that before we had travelled very +far upon our road, there appeared, on the right hand and on the left, +fields laden with a harvest of golden grain, immediately convertible +into those things which the most solidly practical men will admit to +have value--viz., money and life. + +The direct loss to France caused by the Pebrine in seventeen years +cannot be estimated at less than fifty millions sterling; and if we add +to this what Redi's idea, in Pasteur's hands, has done for the +wine-grower and for the vinegar-maker, and try to capitalise its value, +we shall find that it will go a long way towards repairing the money +losses caused by the frightful and calamitous war of this autumn (1870). +And as to the equivalent of Redi's thought in life, how can we +overestimate the value of that knowledge of the nature of epidemic and +epizootic diseases, and consequently of the means of checking, or +eradicating them, the dawn of which has assuredly commenced? + +Looking back no further than ten years, it is possible to select three +(1863, 1864, and 1869) in which the total number of deaths from +scarlet-fever alone amounted to ninety thousand. That is the return of +killed, the maimed and disabled being left out of sight. Why, it is to +be hoped that the list of killed in the present bloodiest of all wars +will not amount to more than this! But the facts which I have placed +before you must leave the least sanguine without a doubt that the nature +and the causes of this scourge will, one day, be as well understood as +those of the Pebrine are now; and that the long-suffered massacre of our +innocents will come to an end. + +And thus mankind will have one more admonition that "the people perish +for lack of knowledge"; and that the alleviation of the miseries, and +the promotion of the welfare, of men must be sought, by those who will +not lose their pains, in that diligent, patient, loving study of all +the multitudinous aspects of Nature, the results of which constitute +exact knowledge, or Science. + + +CCXXIII + +I find three, more or less contradictory, systems of geological thought, +each of which might fairly enough claim these appellations, standing +side by side in Britain. I shall call one of them Catastrophism, another +Uniformitarianism, the third Evolutionism; and I shall try briefly to +sketch the characters of each, that you may say whether the +classification is, or is not, exhaustive. + +By Catastrophism I mean any form of geological speculation which, in +order to account for the phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of +forces different in their nature, or immeasurably different in power, +from those which we at present see in action in the universe. + +The Mosaic cosmogony is, in this sense, catastrophic, because it assumes +the operation of extranatural power. The doctrine of violent upheavals, +_debacles_, and cataclysms in general, is catastrophic, so far as it +assumes that these were brought about by causes which have now no +parallel. There was a time when catastrophism might, pre-eminently, have +claimed the title of "British popular geology"; and assuredly it has yet +many adherents, and reckons among its supporters some of the most +honoured members of this Society. + +By Uniformitarianism I mean especially the teaching of Hutton and of +Lyell. + +That great though incomplete work, "The Theory of the Earth," seems to +me to be one of the most remarkable contributions to geology which is +recorded in the annals of the science. So far as the not-living world +is concerned, uniformitarianism lies there, not only in germ, but in +blossom and fruit. + +If one asks how it is that Hutton was led to entertain views so far in +advance of those prevalent in his time, in some respects; while, in +others, they seem almost curiously limited, the answer appears to me to +be plain. + +Hutton was in advance of the geological speculation of his time, +because, in the first place, he had amassed a vast store of knowledge of +the facts of geology, gathered by personal observation in travels of +considerable extent; and because, in the second place, he was thoroughly +trained in the physical and chemical science of his day, and thus +possessed, as much as any one in his time could possess it, the +knowledge which is requisite for the just interpretation of geological +phenomena, and the habit of thought which fits a man for scientific +inquiry. + +It is to this thorough scientific training that I ascribe Hutton's +steady and persistent refusal to look to other causes than those now in +operation for the explanation of geological phenomena. + +The internal heat of the earth, the elevation and depression of its +crust, its belchings forth of vapours, ashes, and lava, are its +activities, in as strict a sense as are warmth and the movements and +products of respiration the activities of an animal. The phenomena of +the seasons, of the trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, are as much the +results of the reaction between these inner activities and outward +forces as are the budding of the leaves in spring and their falling in +autumn the effects of the interaction between the organisation of a +plant and the solar light and heat. And, as the study of the activities +of the living being is called its physiology, so are these phenomena the +subject-matter of an analogous telluric physiology, to which we +sometimes give the name of meteorology, sometimes that of physical +geography, sometimes that of geology. Again, the earth has a place in +space and in time, and relations to other bodies in both these respects, +which constitute its distribution. This subject is usually left to the +astronomer; but a knowledge of its broad outlines seems to me to be an +essential constituent of the stock of geological ideas. + + +CCXXIV + +All that can be ascertained concerning the structure, succession of +conditions, actions, and position in space of the earth, is the matter +of fact of its natural history. But, as in biology, there remains the +matter of reasoning from these facts to their causes, which is just as +much science as the other, and indeed more; and this constitutes +geological aetiology. + + +CCXXV + +I suppose that it would be very easy to pick holes in the details of +Kant's speculations, whether cosmological, or specially telluric, in +their application. But for all that, he seems to me to have been the +first person to frame a complete system of geological speculation by +founding the doctrine of evolution. + +I have said that the three schools of geological speculation which I +have termed Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism, are +commonly supposed to be antagonistic to one another; and I presume it +will have become obvious that in my belief, the last is destined to +swallow up the other two. But it is proper to remark that each of the +latter has kept alive the tradition of precious truths. + +To my mind there appears to be no sort of necessary theoretical +antagonism between Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism. On the +contrary, it is very conceivable that catastrophes may be part and +parcel of uniformity. Let me illustrate my case by analogy. The working +of a clock is a model of uniform action; good time-keeping means +uniformity of action. But the striking of the clock is essentially a +catastrophe; the hammer might be made to blow up a barrel of gunpowder, +or turn on a deluge of water; and, by proper arrangement, the clock, +instead of marking the hours, might strike at all sorts of irregular +periods, never twice alike, in the intervals, force, or number of its +blows. Nevertheless, all these irregular, and apparently lawless, +catastrophes would be the result of an absolutely uniformitarian action; +and we might have two schools of clock-theorists, one studying the +hammer and the other the pendulum. + + +CCXXVI + +Mathematics may be compared to a mill of exquisite workmanship, which +grinds your stuff of any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you +get out depends upon what you put in; and as the grandest mill in the +world will not extract wheat-flour from peascods, so pages of formulae +will not get a definite result out of loose data. + + +CCXXVII + +The motive of the drama of human life is the necessity, laid upon every +man who comes into the world, of discovering the mean between +self-assertion and self-restraint suited to his character and his +circumstances. And the eternally tragic aspect of the drama lies in +this: that the problem set before us is one the elements of which can +be but imperfectly known, and of which even an approximately right +solution rarely presents itself, until that stern critic, aged +experience, has been furnished with ample justification for venting his +sarcastic humour upon the irreparable blunders we have already made. + + +CCXXVIII + +That which endures is not one or another association of living forms, +but the process of which the cosmos is the product, and of which these +are among the transitory expressions. And in the living world, one of +the most characteristic features of this cosmic process is the struggle +for existence, the competition of each with all, the result of which is +the selection, that is to say, the survival of those forms which, on the +whole, are best adapted to the conditions which at any period obtain; +and which are therefore, in that respect, and only in that respect, the +fittest. The acme reached by the cosmic process in the vegetation of the +downs is seen in the turf, with its weed and gorse. Under the +conditions, they have come out of the struggle victorious; and, by +surviving, have proved that they are the fittest to survive. + + +CCXXIX + +As a natural process, of the same character as the development of a tree +from its seed, or of a fowl from its egg, evolution excludes creation +and all other kinds of supernatural intervention. As the expression of a +fixed order, every stage of which is the effect of causes operating +according to definite rules, the conception of evolution no less +excludes that of chance. It is very desirable to remember that evolution +is not an explanation of the cosmic process, but merely a generalized +statement of the method and results of that process. And, further, that, +if there is proof that the cosmic process was set going by any agent, +then that agent will be the creator of it and of all its products, +although, supernatural intervention may remain strictly excluded from +its further course. + + +CCXXX + +All plants and animals exhibit the tendency to vary, the causes of which +have yet to be ascertained; it is the tendency of the conditions of +life, at any given time, while favouring the existence of the variations +best adapted to them, to oppose that of the rest and thus to exercise +selection; and all living things tend to multiply without limit, while +the means of support are limited; the obvious cause of which is the +production of offspring more numerous than their progenitors, but with +equal expectation of life in the actuarial sense. Without the first +tendency there could be no evolution. Without the second, there would be +no good reason why one variation should disappear and another take its +place; that is to say, there would be no selection. Without the third, +the struggle for existence, the agent of the selective process in the +state of nature, would vanish. + + +CCXXXI + +The faith which is born of knowledge finds its object in an eternal +order, bringing forth ceaseless change, through endless time, in endless +space; the manifestations of the cosmic energy alternating between +phases of potentiality and phases of explication. + + +CCXXXII + +With all their enormous differences in natural endowment, men agree in +one thing, and that is their innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and +escape the pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that which it +pleases them to do, without the least reference to the welfare of the +society into which they are born. That is their inheritance (the reality +at the bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long series of +ancestors, human and semi-human and brutal, in whom the strength of this +innate tendency to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the +struggle for existence. That is the reason of the _aviditas vitae_--the +insatiable hunger for enjoyment--of all mankind, which is one of the +essential conditions of success in the war with the state of nature +outside; and yet the sure agent of the destruction of society if allowed +free play within. + + +CCXXXIII + +The check upon this free play of self-assertion, or natural liberty, +which is the necessary condition for the origin of human society, is the +product of organic necessities of a different kind from those upon which +the constitution of the hive depends. One of these is the mutual +affection of parent and offspring, intensified by the long infancy of +the human species. But the most important is the tendency, so strongly +developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and feelings similar +to, or correlated with, those of other men. Man is the most consummate +of all mimics in the animal world; none but himself can draw or model; +none comes near him in the scope, variety, and exactness of vocal +imitation; none is such a master of gesture; while he seems to be +impelled thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is no +such another emotional chameleon. By a purely reflex operation of the +mind, we take the hue of passion of those who are about us, or, it may +be, the complementary colour. It is not by any conscious "putting one's +self in the place" of a joyful or a suffering person that the state of +mind we call sympathy usually arises; indeed, it is often contrary to +one's sense of right, and in spite of one's will, that "fellow-feeling +makes us wondrous kind," or the reverse. However complete may be the +indifference to public opinion, in a cool, intellectual view, of the +traditional sage, it has not yet been my fortune to meet with any actual +sage who took its hostile manifestations with entire equanimity. Indeed, +I doubt if the philosopher lives, or ever has lived, who could know +himself to be heartily despised by a street boy without some irritation. +And, though one cannot justify Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on +such a very high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the Vizier of +Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the gate, that this obscure Jew had +no respect for him, must have been very annoying. + +It is needful only to look around us, to see that the greatest +restrainer of the anti-social tendencies of men is fear, not of the law, +but of the opinion of their fellows. The conventions of honour bind men +who break legal, moral, and religious bonds; and, while people endure +the extremity of physical pain rather than part with life, shame drives +the weakest to suicide. + +Every forward step of social progress brings men into closer relations +with their fellows, and increases the importance of the pleasures and +pains derived from sympathy. We judge the acts of others by our own +sympathies, and we judge our own acts by the sympathies of others, every +day and all day long, from childhood upwards, until associations, as +indissoluble as those of language, are formed between certain acts and +the feelings of approbation or disapprobation. It becomes impossible to +imagine some acts without disapprobation, or others without approbation +of the actor, whether he be one's self or anyone else. We come to think +in the acquired dialect of morals. An artificial personality, the "man +within," as Adam Smith calls conscience, is built up beside the natural +personality. He is the watchman of society, charged to restrain the +anti-social tendencies of the natural man within the limits required by +social welfare. + + +CCXXXIV + +I have termed this evolution of the feelings out of which the primitive +bonds of human society are so largely forged, into the organized and +personified sympathy we call conscience, the ethical process. So far as +it tends to make any human society more efficient in the struggle for +existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works in +harmonious contrast with the cosmic process. But it is none the less +true that, since law and morals are restraints upon the struggle for +existence between men in society, the ethical process is in opposition +to the principle of the cosmic process, and tends to the suppression of +the qualities best fitted for success in that struggle. + + +CCXXXV + +Moralists of all ages and of all faiths, attending only to the relations +of men towards one another in an ideal society, have agreed upon the +"golden rule," "Do as you would be done by." In other words, let +sympathy be your guide; put yourself in the place of the man towards +whom your action is directed; and do to him what you would like to have +done to yourself under the circumstances. However much one may admire +the generosity of such a rule of conduct; however confident one may be +that average men may be thoroughly depended upon not to carry it out to +its full logical consequences; it is nevertheless desirable to recognise +the fact that these consequences are incompatible with the existence of +a civil state, under any circumstances of this world which have +obtained, or, so far as one can see, are likely to come to pass. + +For I imagine there can be no doubt that the great desire of every +wrongdoer is to escape from the painful consequences of his actions. If +I put myself in the place of the man who has robbed me, I find that I am +possessed by an exceeding desire not to be fined or imprisoned; if in +that of the man who has smitten me on one cheek, I contemplate with +satisfaction the absence of any worse result than the turning of the +other cheek for like treatment. Strictly observed, the "golden rule" +involves the negation of law by the refusal to put it in motion against +law-breakers; and, as regards the external relations of a polity, it is +the refusal to continue the struggle for existence. It can be obeyed, +even partially, only under the protection of a society which repudiates +it. Without such shelter the followers of the "golden rule" may indulge +in hopes of heaven, but they must reckon with the certainty that other +people will be masters of the earth. + +What would become of the garden if the gardener treated all the weeds +and slugs and birds and trespassers as he would like to be treated if he +were in their place? + + +CCXXXVI + +In a large proportion of cases, crime and pauperism have nothing to do +with heredity; but are the consequence, partly, of circumstances and, +partly, of the possession of qualities, which, under different +conditions of life, might have excited esteem and even admiration. It +was a shrewd man of the world who, in discussing sewage problems, +remarked that dirt is riches in the wrong place; and that sound aphorism +has moral applications. The benevolence and open-handed generosity which +adorn a rich man may make a pauper of a poor one; the energy and courage +to which the successful soldier owes his rise, the cool and daring +subtlety to which the great financier owes his fortune, may very easily, +under unfavourable conditions, lead their possessors to the gallows, or +to the hulks. Moreover, it is fairly probable that the children of a +"failure" will receive from their other parent just that little +modification of character which makes all the difference. I sometimes +wonder whether people, who talk so freely about extirpating the unfit, +ever dispassionately consider their own history. Surely, one must be +very "fit" indeed not to know of an occasion, or perhaps two, in one's +life, when it would have been only too easy to qualify for a place among +the "unfit." + + +CCXXXVII + +In the struggle for the means of enjoyment, the qualities which ensure +success are energy, industry, intellectual capacity, tenacity of +purpose, and, at least as much sympathy as is necessary to make a man +understand the feelings of his fellows. Were there none of those +artificial arrangements by which fools and knaves are kept at the top of +society instead of sinking to their natural place at the bottom, the +struggle for the means of enjoyment would ensure a constant circulation +of the human units of the social compound, from the bottom to the top +and from the top to the bottom. The survivors of the contest, those who +continued to form the great bulk of the polity, would not be those +"fittest" who got to the very top, but the great body of the moderately +"fit," whose numbers and superior propagative power enable them always +to swamp the exceptionally endowed minority. + +I think it must be obvious to every one that, whether we consider the +internal or the external interests of society, it is desirable they +should be in the hands of those who are endowed with the largest share +of energy, of industry, of intellectual capacity, of tenacity of +purpose, while they are not devoid of sympathetic humanity; and, in so +far as the struggle for the means of enjoyment tends to place such men +in possession of wealth and influence, it is a process which tends to +the good of society. But the process, as we have seen, has no real +resemblance to that which adapts living beings to current conditions in +the state of nature; nor any to the artificial selection of the +horticulturist. + + +CCXXXVIII + +Even should the whole human race be absorbed in one vast polity, within +which "absolute political justice" reigns, the struggle for existence +with the state of nature outside it, and the tendency to the return of +the struggle within, in consequence of over-multiplication, will remain; +and, unless men's inheritance from the ancestors who fought a good fight +in the state of nature, their dose of original sin, is rooted out by +some method at present unrevealed, at any rate to disbelievers in +supernaturalism, every child born into the world will still bring with +him the instinct of unlimited self-assertion. He will have to learn the +lesson of self-restraint and renunciation. But the practice of +self-restraint and renunciation is not happiness, though it may be +something much better. + +That man, as a "political animal," is susceptible of a vast amount of +improvement, by education, by instruction, and by the application of his +intelligence to the adaptation of the conditions of life to his higher +needs, I entertain not the slightest doubt. But, so long as he remains +liable to error, intellectual or moral; so long as he is compelled to be +perpetually on guard against the cosmic forces, whose ends are not his +ends, without and within himself; so long as he is haunted by +inexpugnable memories and hopeless aspirations; so long as the +recognition of his intellectual limitations forces him to acknowledge +his incapacity to penetrate the mystery of existence; the prospect of +attaining untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even remotely, +deserve the title of perfection, appears to me to be as misleading an +illusion as ever was dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And there +have been many of them. + +That which lies before the human race is a constant struggle to maintain +and improve, in opposition to the State of Nature, the State of Art of +an organized polity; in which, and by which, man may develop a worthy +civilization, capable of maintaining and constantly improving itself, +until the evolution of our globe shall have entered so far upon its +downward course that the cosmic process resumes its sway; and, once +more, the State of Nature prevails over the surface of our planet. + + +CCXXXIX + +From very low forms up to the highest--in the animal no less than in the +vegetable kingdom--the process of life presents the same appearance of +cyclical evolution. Nay, we have but to cast our eyes over the rest of +the world and cyclical change presents itself on all sides. It meets us +in the water that flows to the sea and returns to the springs; in the +heavenly bodies that wax and wane, go and return to their places; in the +inexorable sequence of the ages of man's life; in that successive rise, +apogee, and fall of dynasties and of states which is the most prominent +topic of civil history. + + +CCXL + +As no man fording a swift stream can dip his foot twice into the same +water, so no man can, with exactness, affirm of anything in the sensible +world that it is. As he utters the words, nay, as he thinks them, the +predicate ceases to be applicable; the present has become the past; the +"is" should be "was." And the more we learn of the nature of things, the +more evident is it that what we call rest is only unperceived activity; +that seeming peace is silent but strenuous battle. In every part, at +every moment, the state of the cosmos is the expression of a transitory +adjustment of contending forces; a scene of strife, in which all the +combatants fall in turn. What is true of each part is true of the whole. +Natural knowledge tends more and more to the conclusion that "all the +choir of heaven and furniture of the earth" are the transitory forms of +parcels of cosmic substance wending along the road of evolution, from +nebulous potentiality, through endless growths of sun and planet and +satellite; through all varieties of matter; through infinite diversities +of life and thought; possibly, through modes of being of which we +neither have a conception, nor are competent to form any, back to the +indefinable latency from which they arose. Thus the most obvious +attribute of the cosmos is its impermanence. It assumes the aspect not +so much of a permanent entity as of a changeful process, in which naught +endures save the flow of energy and the rational order which pervades +it. + + +CCXLI + +Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the +sentient world, and has become the superb animal which he is in virtue +of his success in the struggle for existence. The conditions having been +of a certain order, man's organization has adjusted itself to them +better than that of his competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of +mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing upon all that can +be grasped, the tenacious holding of all that can be kept, which +constitute the essence of the struggle for existence, have answered. For +his successful progress, throughout the savage state, man has been +largely indebted to those qualities which he shares with the ape and the +tiger; his exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his +sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; his ruthless and +ferocious destructiveness when his anger is roused by opposition. + +But, in proportion as men have passed from anarchy to social +organization, and in proportion as civilization has grown in worth, +these deeply ingrained serviceable qualities have become defects. After +the manner of successful persons, civilized man would gladly kick down +the ladder by which he has climbed. He would be only too pleased to see +"the ape and tiger die." But they decline to suit his convenience; and +the unwelcome intrusion of these boon companions of his hot youth into +the ranged existence of civil life adds pains and griefs, innumerable +and immeasurably great, to those which the cosmic process necessarily +brings on the mere animal. In fact, civilized man brands all these ape +and tiger promptings with the name of sins; he punishes many of the acts +which flow from them as crimes; and, in extreme cases, he does his best +to put an end to the survival of the fittest of former days by axe and +rope. + + +CCXLII + +In Hindostan, as in Ionia, a period of relatively high and tolerably +stable civilization had succeeded long ages of semi-barbarism and +struggle. Out of wealth and security had come leisure and refinement, +and, close at their heels, had followed the malady of thought. To the +struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be +alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the +struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things +into harmony with the moral sense of man, which also never ends, but, +for the thinking few, becomes keener with every increase of knowledge +and with every step towards the realization of a worthy ideal of life. + +Two thousand five hundred years ago the value of civilization was as +apparent as it is now; then, as now, it was obvious that only in the +garden of an orderly polity can the finest fruits humanity is capable of +bearing be produced. But it had also become evident that the blessings +of culture were not unmixed. The garden was apt to turn into a hothouse. +The stimulation of the senses, the pampering of the emotions, endlessly +multiplied the sources of pleasure. The constant widening of the +intellectual field indefinitely extended the range of that especially +human faculty of looking before and after, which adds to the fleeting +present those old and new worlds of the past and the future, wherein +men dwell the more the higher their culture. But that very sharpening of +the sense and that subtle refinement of emotion, which brought such a +wealth of pleasures, were fatally attended by a proportional enlargement +of the capacity for suffering; and the divine faculty of imagination, +while it created new heavens and new earths, provided them with the +corresponding hells of futile regret for the past and morbid anxiety for +the future. + + +CCXLIII + +One of the oldest and most important elements in such systems is the +conception of justice. Society is impossible unless those who are +associated agree to observe certain rules of conduct towards one +another; its stability depends on the steadiness with which they abide +by that agreement; and, so far as they waver, that mutual trust which is +the bond of society is weakened or destroyed. Wolves could not hunt in +packs except for the real, though unexpressed, understanding that they +should not attack one another during the chase. The most rudimentary +polity is a pack of men living under the like tacit, or expressed, +understanding; and having made the very important advance upon wolf +society, that they agree to use the force of the whole body against +individuals who violate it and in favour of those who observe it. This +observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution +of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the +name of justice, while the contrary was called injustice. Early ethics +did not take much note of the animus of the violator of the rules. But +civilization could not advance far without the establishment of a +capital distinction between the case of involuntary and that of wilful +misdeed; between a merely wrong action and a guilty one. + +And, with increasing refinement of moral appreciation, the problem of +desert, which arises out of this distinction, acquired more and more +theoretical and practical importance. If life must be given for life, +yet it was recognized that the unintentional slayer did not altogether +deserve death; and, by a sort of compromise between the public and the +private conception of justice, a sanctuary was provided in which he +might take refuge from the avenger of blood. + +The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment +and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to +desert; or, in other words, according to motive. Righteousness, that is, +action from right motive, not only became synonymous with justice, but +the positive constituent of innocence and the very heart of goodness. + + +CCXLIV + +Everyday experience familiarizes us with the facts which are grouped +under the name of heredity. Every one of us bears upon him obvious marks +of his parentage, perhaps of remoter relationships. More particularly, +the sum of tendencies to act in a certain way, which we call +"character," is often to be traced through a long series of progenitors +and collaterals. So we may justly say that this "character"--this moral +and intellectual essence of a man--does veritably pass over from one +fleshy tabernacle to another, and does really transmigrate from +generation to generation. In the new-born infant the character of the +stock lies latent, and the Ego is little more than a bundle of +potentialities. But, very early, these become actualities; from +childhood to age they manifest themselves in dullness or brightness, +weakness or strength, viciousness or uprightness; and with each feature +modified by confluence with another character, if by nothing else, the +character passes on to its incarnation in new bodies. + + +CCXLV + +Only one rule of conduct could be based upon the remarkable theory of +which I have endeavoured to give a reasoned outline. It was folly to +continue to exist when an overplus of pain was certain; and the +probabilities in favour of the increase of misery with the prolongation +of existence, were so overwhelming. Slaying the body only made matters +worse; there was nothing for it but to slay the soul by the voluntary +arrest of all its activities. Property, social ties, family affections, +common companionship, must be abandoned; the most natural appetites, +even that for food, must be suppressed, or at least minimized; until all +that remained of a man was the impassive, extenuated, mendicant monk, +self-hypnotised into cataleptic trances, which the deluded mystic took +for foretastes of the final union with Brahma. + + +CCXLVI + +If the cosmos is the effect of an immanent, omnipotent, and infinitely +beneficent cause, the existence in it of real evil, still less of +necessarily inherent evil, is plainly inadmissible. Yet the universal +experience of mankind testified then, as now, that, whether we look +within us or without us, evil stares us in the face on all sides; that +if anything is real, pain and sorrow and wrong are realities. + +It would be a new thing in history if _a priori_ philosophers were +daunted by the factious opposition of experience; and the Stoics were +the last men to allow themselves to be beaten by mere facts. "Give me a +doctrine and I will find the reasons for it," said Chrysippus. So they +perfected, if they did not invent, that ingenious and plausible form of +pleading, the Theodicy; for the purpose of showing firstly, that there +is no such thing as evil; secondly, that if there is, it is the +necessary correlate of good; and, moreover, that it is either due to our +own fault, or inflicted for our benefit. + + +CCXLVII + +Unfortunately, it is much easier to shut one's eyes to good than to +evil. Pain and sorrow knock at our doors more loudly than pleasure and +happiness; and the prints of their heavy footsteps are less easily +effaced. + + +CCXLVIII + +In the language of the Stoa, "Nature" was a word of many meanings. There +was the "Nature" of the cosmos, and the "Nature" of man. In the latter, +the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part +of the cosmos, was distinguished from a higher "nature." Even in this +higher nature there were grades of rank. The logical faculty is an +instrument which may be turned to account for any purpose. The passions +and the emotions are so closely tied to the lower nature that they may +be considered to be pathological, rather than normal, phenomena. The one +supreme, hegemonic, faculty, which constitutes the essential "nature" of +man, is most nearly represented by that which, in the language of a +later philosophy, has been called the pure reason. It is this "nature" +which holds up the ideal of the supreme good and demands absolute +submission of the will to its behests. It is this which commands all men +to love one another, to return good for evil, to regard one another as +fellow-citizens of one great state. Indeed, seeing that the progress +towards perfection of a civilised state, or polity, depends on the +obedience of its members to these commands, the Stoics sometimes termed +the pure reason the "political" nature. Unfortunately, the sense of the +adjective has undergone so much modification that the application of it +to that which commands the sacrifice of self to the common good would +now sound almost grotesque. + + +CCXLIX + +The majority of us, I apprehend, profess neither pessimism nor optimism. +We hold that the world is neither so good, nor so bad, as it conceivably +might be; and, as most of us have reason, now and again, to discover +that it can be. Those who have failed to experience the joys that make +life worth living are, probably, in as small a minority as those who +have never known the griefs that rob existence of its savour and turn +its richest fruits into mere dust and ashes. + + +CCL + +There is another fallacy which appears to me to pervade the so-called +"ethics of evolution." It is the notion that because, on the whole, +animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organization by means +of the struggle for existence and the consequent "survival of the +fittest"; therefore men in society, men as ethical beings, must look to +the same process to help them towards perfection. I suspect that this +fallacy has arisen out of the unfortunate ambiguity of the phrase +"survival of the fittest." "Fittest" has a connotation of "best"; and +about "best" there hangs a moral flavour. In cosmic nature, however, +what is "fittest" depends upon the conditions. Long since, I ventured to +point out that if our hemisphere were to cool again, the survival of the +fittest might bring about, in the vegetable kingdom, a population of +more and more stunted and humbler and humbler organisms, until the +"fittest" that survived might be nothing but lichens, diatoms, and such +microscopic organisms as those which give red snow its colour; while, if +it became hotter, the pleasant valleys of the Thames and Isis might be +uninhabitable by any animated beings save those that flourish in a +tropical jungle. They, as the fittest, the best adapted to the changed +conditions, would survive. + + +CCLI + +The practice of that which is ethically best--what we call goodness or +virtue--involves a course of conduct which, in all respects, is opposed +to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In +place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of +thrusting aside, or treading down, all competitors, it requires that the +individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows; its +influence is directed, not so much to the survival of the fittest, as to +the fitting of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates the +gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands that each man who enters +into the enjoyment of the advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his +debt to those who have laboriously constructed it; and shall take heed +that no act of his weakens the fabric in which he has been permitted to +live. Laws and moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the +cosmic process and reminding the individual of his duty to the +community, to the protection and influence of which he owes, if not +existence itself, at least the life of something better than a brutal +savage. + + +CCLII + +The theory of evolution encourages no millennial anticipations. If, for +millions of years, our globe has taken the upward road, yet, some time, +the summit will be reached and the downward route will be commenced. The +most daring imagination will hardly venture upon the suggestion that the +power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest the procession of the +great year. + +Moreover, the cosmic nature born with us and, to a large extent, +necessary for our maintenance, is the outcome of millions of years of +severe training, and it would be folly to imagine that a few centuries +will suffice to subdue its masterfulness to purely ethical ends. Ethical +nature may count upon having to reckon with a tenacious and powerful +enemy as long as the world lasts. But, on the other hand, I see no limit +to the extent to which intelligence and will, guided by sound principles +of investigation, and organized in common effort, may modify the +conditions of existence, for a period longer than that now covered by +history. And much may be done to change the nature of man himself. The +intelligence which has converted the brother of the wolf into the +faithful guardian of the flock ought to be able to do something towards +curbing the instincts of savagery in civilized men. + +But if we may permit ourselves a larger hope of abatement of the +essential evil of the world than was possible to those who, in the +infancy of exact knowledge, faced the problem of existence more than a +score of centuries ago, I deem it an essential condition of the +realization of that hope that we should cast aside the notion that the +escape from pain and sorrow is the proper object of life. + + +CCLIII + +We have long since emerged from the heroic childhood of our race, when +good and evil could be met with the same "frolic welcome"; the attempts +to escape from evil, whether Indian or Greek, have ended in flight from +the battle-field; it remains to us to throw aside the youthful +over-confidence and the no less youthful discouragement of nonage. We +are grown men, and must play the man + + strong in will + To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield, + +cherishing the good that falls in our way, and bearing the evil, in and +around us, with stout hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may +strive in one faith towards one hope: + + It may be that the gulfs will wash us down, + It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, + + ... but something ere the end, + Some work of noble note may yet be done. + + +CCLIV + +I do not suppose that I am exceptionally endowed because I have all my +life enjoyed a keen perception of the beauty offered us by nature and by +art. Now physical science may and probably will, some day, enable our +posterity to set forth the exact physical concomitants and conditions of +the strange rapture of beauty. But if ever that day arrives, the rapture +will remain, just as it is now, outside and beyond the physical world; +and, even in the mental world, something superadded to mere sensation. I +do not wish to crow unduly over my humble cousin the orang, but in the +aesthetic province, as in that of the intellect, I am afraid he is +nowhere. I doubt not he would detect a fruit amidst a wilderness of +leaves where I could see nothing; but I am tolerably confident that he +has never been awestruck, as I have been, by the dim religious gloom, as +of a temple devoted to the earthgods, of the tropical forests which he +inhabits. Yet I doubt not that our poor long-armed and short-legged +friend, as he sits meditatively munching his durian fruit, has something +behind that sad Socratic face of his which is utterly "beyond the bounds +of physical science." Physical science may know all about his clutching +the fruit and munching it and digesting it, and how the physical +titillation of his palate is transmitted to some microscopic cells of +the gray matter of his brain. But the feelings of sweetness and of +satisfaction which, for a moment, hang out their signal lights in his +melancholy eyes, are as utterly outside the bounds of physics as is the +"fine frenzy" of a human rhapsodist. + + +CCLV + +When I was a mere boy, with a perverse tendency to think when I ought to +have been playing, my mind was greatly exercised by this formidable +problem, What would become of things if they lost their qualities? As +the qualities had no objective existence, and the thing without +qualities was nothing, the solid world seemed whittled away--to my great +horror. As I grew older, and learned to use the terms "matter" and +"force," the boyish problem was revived, _mutato nomine_. On the one +hand, the notion of matter without force seemed to resolve the world +into a set of geometrical ghosts, too dead even to jabber. On the other +hand, Boscovich's hypothesis, by which matter was resolved into centres +of force, was very attractive. But when one tried to think it out, what +in the world became of force considered as an objective entity? Force, +even the most materialistic of philosophers will agree with the most +idealistic, is nothing but a name for the cause of motion. And if, with +Boscovich, I resolved things into centres of force, then matter vanished +altogether and left immaterial entities in its place. One might as well +frankly accept Idealism and have done with it. + + +CCLVI + +Tolerably early in life I discovered that one of the unpardonable sins, +in the eyes of most people, is for a man to presume to go about +unlabelled. The world regards such a person as the police do an +unmuzzled dog, not under proper control. I could find no label that +would suit me, so, in my desire to range myself and be respectable, I +invented one; and, as the chief thing I was sure of was that I did not +know a great many things that the-ists and the-ites about me professed +to be familiar with, I called myself an Agnostic. Surely no denomination +could be more modest or more appropriate; and I cannot imagine why I +should be every now and then haled out of my refuge and declared +sometimes to be a Materialist, sometimes an Atheist, sometimes a +Positivist, and sometimes, alas and alack, a cowardly or reactionary +Obscurantist. + + +CCLVII + +Lastly, with respect to the old riddle of the freedom of the will. In +the only sense in which the word freedom is intelligible to me--that is +to say, the absence of any restraint upon doing what one likes within +certain limits--physical science certainly gives no more ground for +doubting it than the common sense of mankind does. And if physical +science, in strengthening our belief in the universality of causation +and abolishing chance as an absurdity, leads to the conclusion of +determinism, it does no more than follow the track of consistent and +logical thinkers in philosophy and in theology, before it existed or was +thought of. Whoever accepts the universality of the law of causation as +a dogma of philosophy, denies the existence of uncaused phenomena. And +the essence of that which is improperly called the freewill doctrine is +that occasionally, at any rate, human volition is self-caused, that is +to say, not caused at all; for to cause oneself one must have anteceded +oneself--which is, to say the least of it, difficult to imagine. + + +CCLVIII + +If the diseases of society consist in the weakness of its faith in the +existence of the God of the theologians, in a future state, and in +uncaused volitions, the indication, as the doctors say, is to suppress +Theology and Philosophy, whose bickerings about things of which they +know nothing have been the prime cause and continual sustenance of that +evil scepticism which is the Nemesis of meddling with the unknowable. + +Cinderella is modestly conscious of her ignorance of these high matters. +She lights the fire, sweeps the house, and provides the dinner; and is +rewarded by being told that she is a base creature, devoted to low and +material interests. But in her garret she has fairy visions out of the +ken of the pair of shrews who are quarrelling downstairs. She sees the +order which pervades the seeming disorder of the world; the great drama +of evolution, with its full share of pity and terror, but also with +abundant goodness and beauty, unrolls itself before her eyes; and she +learns, in her heart of hearts, the lesson, that the foundation of +morality is to have done, once and for all, with lying; to give up +pretending to believe that for which there is no evidence, and repeating +unintelligible propositions about things beyond the possibilities of +knowledge. + +She knows that the safety of morality lies neither in the adoption of +this or that philosophical speculation, or this or that theological +creed, but in a real and living belief in that fixed order of nature +which sends social disorganisation upon the track of immorality, as +surely as it sends physical disease after physical trespasses. And of +that firm and lively faith it is her high mission to be the priestess. + + +CCLIX + +The first act of a new-born child is to draw a deep breath. In fact, it +will never draw a deeper, inasmuch as the passages and chambers of the +lungs, once distended with air, do not empty themselves again; it is +only a fraction of their contents which passes in and out with the flow +and the ebb of the respiratory tide. Mechanically, this act of drawing +breath, or inspiration, is of the same nature as that by which the +handles of a bellows are separated, in order to fill the bellows with +air; and, in like manner, it involves that expenditure of energy which +we call exertion, or work, or labour. It is, therefore, no mere metaphor +to say that man is destined to a life of toil: the work of respiration +which began with his first breath ends only with his last; nor does one +born in the purple get off with a lighter task than the child who first +sees light under a hedge. + +How is it that the new-born infant is enabled to perform this first +instalment of the sentence of life-long labour which no man may escape? +Whatever else a child may be, in respect of this particular question, it +is a complicated piece of mechanism, built up out of materials supplied +by its mother; and in the course of such building-up, provided with a +set of motors--the muscles. Each of these muscles contains a stock of +substance capable of yielding energy under certain conditions, one of +which is a change of state in the nerve-fibres connected with it. The +powder in a loaded gun is such another stock of substance capable of +yielding energy in consequence of a change of state in the mechanism of +the lock, which intervenes between the finger of the man who pulls the +trigger and the cartridge. If that change is brought about, the +potential energy of the powder passes suddenly into actual energy, and +does the work of propelling the bullet. The powder, therefore, may be +appropriately called _work-stuff_, not only because it is stuff which is +easily made to yield work in the physical sense, but because a good deal +of work in the economical sense has contributed to its production. +Labour was necessary to collect, transport, and purify the raw sulphur +and saltpetre; to cut wood and convert it into powdered charcoal; to mix +these ingredients in the right proportions; to give the mixture the +proper grain, and so on. The powder once formed part of the stock, or +capital, of a powder-maker: and it is not only certain natural bodies +which are collected and stored in the gunpowder, but the labour bestowed +on the operations mentioned may be figuratively said to be incorporated +in it. + + +CCLX + +In principle, the work-stuff stored in the muscles of the new-born child +is comparable to that stored in the gun-barrel. The infant is launched +into altogether new surroundings; and these operate through the +mechanism of the nervous machinery, with the result that the potential +energy of some of the work-stuff in the muscles which bring about +inspiration is suddenly converted into actual energy; and this, +operating through the mechanism of the respiratory apparatus, gives rise +to an act of inspiration. As the bullet is propelled by the "going off" +of the powder, as it might be said that the ribs are raised and the +midriff depressed by the "going off" of certain portions of muscular +work-stuff. This work-stuff is part of a stock or capital of that +commodity stored up in the child's organism before birth, at the expense +of the mother; and the mother has made good her expenditure by drawing +upon the capital of food-stuffs which furnished her daily maintenance. + +Under these circumstances, it does not appear to me to be open to doubt +that the primary act of outward labour in the series which necessarily +accompany the life of man is dependent upon the pre-existence of a stock +of material which is not only of use to him, but which is disposed in +such a manner as to be utilisable with facility. And I further imagine +that the propriety of the application of the term "capital" to this +stock of useful substance cannot be justly called in question; inasmuch +as it is easy to prove that the essential constituents of the work-stuff +accumulated in the child's muscles have merely been transferred from the +store of food-stuffs, which everybody admits to be capital, by means of +the maternal organism to that of the child, in which they are again +deposited to await use. Every subsequent act of labour, in like manner, +involves an equivalent consumption of the child's store of +work-stuff--its vital capital; and one of the main objects of the +process of breathing is to get rid of some of the effects of that +consumption. It follows, then, that, even if no other than the +respiratory work were going on in the organism, the capital of +work-stuff, which the child brought with it into the world, must sooner +or later be used up, and the movements of breathing must come to an end; +just as the see-saw of the piston of a steam-engine stops when the coal +in the fireplace has burnt away. + +Milk, however, is a stock of materials which essentially consists of +savings from the food-stuffs supplied to the mother. And these savings +are in such a physical and chemical condition that the organism of the +child can easily convert them into work-stuff. That is to say, by +borrowing directly from the vital capital of the mother, indirectly from +the store in the natural bodies accessible to her, it can make good the +loss of its own. The operation of borrowing, however, involves further +work; that is, the labour of sucking, which is a mechanical operation of +much the same nature as breathing. The child thus pays for the capital +it borrows in labour; but as the value in work-stuff of the milk +obtained is very far greater than the value of that labour, estimated by +the consumption of work-stuff it involves, the operation yields a large +profit to the infant. The overplus of food-stuff suffices to increase +the child's capital of work-stuff; and to supply not only the materials +for the enlargement of the "buildings and machinery" which is +expressed by the child's growth, but also the energy required to put +all these materials together, and to carry them to their proper places. +Thus, throughout the years of infancy, and so long thereafter as the +youth or man is not thrown upon his own resources, he lives by consuming +the vital capital provided by others. + + +CCLXI + +Let us now suppose the child come to man's estate in the condition of a +wandering savage, dependent for his food upon what he can pick up or +catch, after the fashion of the Australian aborigines. It is plain that +the place of mother, as the supplier of vital capital, is now taken by +the fruits, seeds, and roots of plants and by various kinds of +animals.... The savage, like the child, borrows the capital he needs, +and, at any rate, intentionally, does nothing towards repayment; it +would plainly be an improper use of the word "produce" to say that his +labour in hunting for the roots, or the fruits, or the eggs, or the +grubs and snakes, which he finds and eats, "produces" or contributes to +"produce" them. The same thing is true of more advanced tribes, who are +still merely hunters, such as the Esquimaux. They may expend more labour +and skill; but it is spent in destruction. + + +CCLXII + +When we find set forth as an "absolute" truth the statement that the +essential factors in economic production are land, capital and +labour--when this is offered as an axiom whence all sorts of other +important truths may be deduced--it is needful to remember that the +assertion is true only with a qualification. Undoubtedly "vital +capital" is essential; for, as we have seen, no human work can be done +unless it exists, not even that internal work of the body which is +necessary to passive life. But, with respect to labour (that is, human +labour) I hope to have left no doubt on the reader's mind that, in +regard to production, the importance of human labour may be so small as +to be almost a vanishing quantity. + + +CCLXIII + +The one thing needful for economic production is the green plant, as the +sole producer of vital capital from natural inorganic bodies. Men might +exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and without land; without +plants they must inevitably perish. + + +CCLXIV + +Since no amount of labour can produce an ounce of food-stuff beyond the +maximum producible by a limited number of plants, under the most +favourable circumstances in regard to those conditions which are not +affected by labour, it follows that, if the number of men to be fed +increases indefinitely, a time must come when some will have to starve. +That is the essence of the so-called Malthusian doctrine; and it is a +truth which, to my mind, is as plain as the general proposition that a +quantity which constantly increases will, some time or other, exceed any +greater quantity the amount of which is fixed. + + +CCLXV + +"Virtually" is apt to cover more intellectual sins than "charity" does +moral delicts. + + +CCLXVI + +The notion that the value of a thing bears any necessary relation to the +amount of labour (average or otherwise) bestowed upon it, is a fallacy +which needs no further refutation than it has already received. The +average amount of labour bestowed upon warming-pans confers no value +upon them in the eyes of a Gold-Coast negro; nor would an Esquimaux give +a slice of blubber for the most elaborate of ice-machines. + + +CCLXVII + +Who has ever imagined that wealth which, in the hands of an employer, is +capital, ceases to be capital if it is in the hands of a labourer? +Suppose a workman to be paid thirty shillings on Saturday evening for +six days' labour, that thirty shillings comes out of the employer's +capital, and receives the name of "wages" simply because it is exchanged +for labour. In the workman's pocket, as he goes home, it is a part of +his capital, in exactly the same sense as, half an hour before, it was +part of the employer's capital; he is a capitalist just as much as if he +were a Rothschild. + + +CCLXVIII + +I think it may be not too much to say that, of all the political +delusions which are current in this queer world, the very stupidest are +those which assume that labour and capital are necessarily +antagonistic; that all capital is produced by labour and therefore, by +natural right, is the property of the labourer; that the possessor of +capital is a robber who preys on the workman and appropriates to himself +that which he has had no share in producing. + +On the contrary, capital and labour are necessarily, close allies; +capital is never a product of human labour alone; it exists apart from +human labour; it is the necessary antecedent of labour; and it furnishes +the materials on which labour is employed. The only indispensable form +of capital--vital capital--cannot be produced by human labour. All that +man can do is to favour its formation by the real producers. There is no +intrinsic relation between the amount of labour bestowed on an article +and its value in exchange. The claim of labour to the total result of +operations which are rendered possible only by capital is simply an _a +priori_ iniquity. + + +CCLXIX + +The vast and varied procession of events, which we call Nature, affords +a sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible wealth of attractive problems +to the speculative observer. If we confine our attention to that aspect +which engages the attention of the intellect, nature appears a beautiful +and harmonious whole, the incarnation of a faultless logical process, +from certain premisses in the past to an inevitable conclusion in the +future. But if it be regarded from a less elevated, though more human, +point of view; if our moral sympathies are allowed to influence our +judgment, and we permit ourselves to criticize our great mother as we +criticize one another; then our verdict, at least so far as sentient +nature is concerned, can hardly be so favourable. + +In sober truth, to those who have made a study of the phenomena of life +as they are exhibited by the higher forms of the animal world, the +optimistic dogma, that this is the best of all possible worlds, will +seem little better than a libel upon possibility. It is really only +another instance to be added to the many extant, of the audacity of _a +priori_ speculators who, having created God in their own image, find no +difficulty in assuming that the Almighty must have been actuated by the +same motives as themselves. They are quite sure that, had any other +course been practicable, He would no more have made infinite suffering a +necessary ingredient of His handiwork than a respectable philosopher +would have done the like. + +But even the modified optimism of the time-honoured thesis of +physico-theology, that the sentient world is, on the whole, regulated by +principles of benevolence, does but ill stand the test of impartial +confrontation with the facts of the case. No doubt it is quite true that +sentient nature affords hosts of examples of subtle contrivances +directed towards the production of pleasure or the avoidance of pain; +and it may be proper to say that these are evidences of benevolence. But +if so, why is it not equally proper to say of the equally numerous +arrangements, the no less necessary result of which is the production of +pain, that they are evidences of malevolence? + +If a vast amount of that which, in a piece of human workmanship, we +should call skill, is visible in those parts of the organization of a +deer to which it owes its ability to escape from beasts of prey, there +is at least equal skill displayed in that bodily mechanism of the wolf +which enables him to track, and sooner or later to bring down, the deer. +Viewed under the dry light of science, deer and wolf are alike +admirable; and, if both were non-sentient automata, there would be +nothing to qualify our admiration of the action of the one on the other. +But the fact that the deer suffers, while the wolf inflicts suffering, +engages our moral sympathies. We should call men like the deer innocent +and good, men such as the wolf malignant and bad; we should call those +who defended the deer and aided him to escape brave and compassionate, +and those who helped the wolf in his bloody work base and cruel. Surely, +if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at +all, we must do so impartially. In that case, the goodness of the right +hand which helps the deer, and wickedness of the left hand which eggs on +the wolf, will neutralize one another: and the course of nature will +appear to be neither moral nor immoral, but non-moral. + +This conclusion is thrust upon us by analogous facts in every part of +the sentient world; yet, inasmuch as it not only jars upon prevalent +prejudices, but arouses the natural dislike to that which is painful, +much ingenuity has been exercised in devising an escape from it. + + +CCLXX + +From the point of view of the moralist the animal world is on about the +same level as a gladiator's show. The creatures are fairly well treated, +and set to fight--whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the +cunningest live to fight another day. The spectator has no need to turn +his thumbs down, as no quarter is given. He must admit that the skill +and training displayed are wonderful. But he must shut his eyes if he +would not see that more or less enduring suffering is the meed of both +vanquished and victor. And since the great game is going on in every +corner of the world, thousands of times a minute; since, were our ears +sharp enough, we need not descend to the gates of hell to hear-- + + sospiri, pianti, ed alti guai. + + * * * * * + + Voci alte e fioche, e suon di man con elle + +--it seems to follow that, if this world is governed by benevolence, it +must be a different sort of benevolence from that of John Howard. + + +CCLXXI + +This may not be the best of all possible worlds, but to say that it is +the worst is mere petulant nonsense. A worn-out voluptuary may find +nothing good under the sun, or a vain and inexperienced youth, who +cannot get the moon he cries for, may vent his irritation in pessimistic +moanings; but there can be no doubt in the mind of any reasonable person +that mankind could, would, and in fact do, get on fairly well with +vastly less happiness and far more misery than find their way into the +lives of nine people out of ten. If each and all of us had been visited +by an attack of neuralgia, or of extreme mental depression, for one hour +in every twenty-four--a supposition which many tolerably vigorous people +know, to their cost, is not extravagant--the burden of life would have +been immensely increased without much practical hindrance to its general +course. Men with any manhood in them find life quite worth living under +worse conditions than these. + + +CCLXXII + +There is another sufficiently obvious fact, which renders the hypothesis +that the course of sentient nature is dictated by malevolence quite +untenable. A vast multitude of pleasures, and these among the purest and +the best, are superfluities, bits of good which are to all appearance +unnecessary as inducements to live, and are, so to speak, thrown into +the bargain of life. To those who experience them, few delights can be +more entrancing than such as are afforded by natural beauty, or by the +arts, and especially by music; but they are products of, rather than +factors in, evolution, and it is probable that they are known, in any +considerable degree, to but a very small proportion of mankind. + + +CCLXXIII + +The conclusion of the whole matter seems to be that, if Ormuzd has not +had his way in this world, neither has Ahriman. Pessimism is as little +consonant with the facts of sentient existence as optimism. If we desire +to represent the course of nature in terms of human thought, and assume +that it was intended to be that which it is, we must say that its +governing principle is intellectual and not moral; that it is a +materialized logical process, accompanied by pleasures and pains, the +incidence of which, in the majority of cases, has not the slightest +reference to moral desert. That the rain falls alike upon the just and +the unjust, and that those upon whom the Tower of Siloam fell were no +worse than their neighbours, seem to be Oriental modes of expressing the +same conclusion. + + +CCLXXIV + +In the strict sense of the word "nature," it denotes the sum of the +phenomenal world, of that which has been, and is, and will be; and +society, like art, is therefore a part of nature. But it is convenient +to distinguish those parts of nature in which man plays the part of +immediate cause, as something apart; and therefore, society, like art, +is usefully to be considered as distinct from nature. It is the more +desirable, and even necessary, to make this distinction, since society +differs from nature in having a definite moral object; whence it comes +about that the course shaped by the ethical man--the member of society +or citizen--necessarily runs counter to that which the non-ethical +man--the primitive savage, or man as a mere member of the animal +kingdom--tends to adopt. The latter fights out the struggle for +existence to the bitter end, like any other animal; the former devotes +his best energies to the object of setting limits to the struggle. + + +CCLXXV + +The first men who substituted the state of mutual peace for that of +mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them to take that step, +created society. But, in establishing peace, they obviously put a limit +upon the struggle for existence. Between the members of that society, at +any rate, it was not to be pursued _a outrance_. And of all the +successive shapes which society has taken, that most nearly approaches +perfection in which the war of individual against individual is most +strictly limited. The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appropriated +whatever took his fancy, and killed whosoever opposed him, if he could. +On the contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his freedom of +action to a sphere in which he does not interfere with the freedom of +others; he seeks the common weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as an +essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both end and means with +him; and he founds his life on a more or less complete self-restraint, +which is the negation of the unlimited struggle for existence. He tries +to escape from his place in the animal kingdom, founded on the free +development of the principle of non-moral evolution, and to establish a +kingdom of Man, governed upon the principle of moral evolution. For +society not only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social life, is +embodied morality. + + +CCLXXVI + +I was once talking with a very eminent physician[4] about the _vis +medicatrix naturae_. "Stuff!" said he; "nine times out of ten nature does +not want to cure the man: she wants to put him in his coffin." + + [4] The late Sir W. Gull. + + +CCLXXVII + +Let us look at home. For seventy years peace and industry have had their +way among us with less interruption and under more favourable conditions +than in any other country on the face of the earth. The wealth of +Croesus was nothing to that which we have accumulated, and our +prosperity has filled the world with envy. But Nemesis did not forget +Croes: has she forgotten us? + + +CCLXXVIII + +Judged by an ethical standard, nothing can be less satisfactory than the +position in which we find ourselves. In a real, though incomplete, +degree we have attained the condition of peace which is the main object +of social organization; and, for argument's sake, it may be assumed that +we desire nothing but that which is in itself innocent and +praiseworthy--namely, the enjoyment of the fruits of honest industry. +And lo! in spite of ourselves, we are in reality engaged in an +internecine struggle for existence with our presumably no less peaceful +and well-meaning neighbours. We seek peace and we do not ensue it. The +moral nature in us asks for no more than is compatible with the general +good; the non-moral nature proclaims and acts upon that fine old +Scottish family motto, "Thou shalt starve ere I want." Let us be under +no illusions, then. So long as unlimited multiplication goes on, no +social organization which has ever been devised, or is likely to be +devised, no fiddle-faddling with the distribution of wealth, will +deliver society from the tendency to be destroyed by the reproduction +within itself, in its intensest form, of that struggle for existence the +limitation of which is the object of society. And however shocking to +the moral sense this eternal competition of man against man and of +nation against nation may be; however revolting may be the accumulation +of misery at the negative pole of society, in contrast with that of +monstrous wealth at the positive pole; this state of things must abide, +and grow continually worse, so long as Istar holds her way unchecked. It +is the true riddle of the Sphinx; and every nation which does not solve +it will sooner or later be devoured by the monster itself has generated. + + +CCLXXIX + +It would be folly to entertain any ill-feeling towards those neighbours +and rivals who, like ourselves, are slaves of Istar; but if somebody +is to be starved, the modern world has no Oracle of Delphi to which the +nations can appeal for an indication of the victim. It is open to us to +try our fortune; and, if we avoid impending fate, there will be a +certain ground for believing that we are the right people to escape. +_Securus judicat orbis._ + +To this end, it is well to look into the necessary conditions of our +salvation by works. They are two, one plain to all the world and hardly +needing insistence; the other seemingly not so plain, since too often it +has been theoretically and practically left out of sight. The obvious +condition is that our produce shall be better than that of others. There +is only one reason why our goods should be preferred to those of our +rivals--our customers must find them better at the price. That means +that we must use more knowledge, skill, and industry in producing them, +without a proportionate increase in the cost of production; and, as the +price of labour constitutes a large element in that cost, the rate of +wages must be restricted within certain limits. It is perfectly true +that cheap production and cheap labour are by no means synonymous; but +it is also true that wages cannot increase beyond a certain proportion +without destroying cheapness. Cheapness, then, with, as part and parcel +of cheapness, a moderate price of labour, is essential to our success as +competitors in the markets of the world. + +The second condition is really quite as plainly indispensable as the +first, if one thinks seriously about the matter. It is social stability. +Society is stable when the wants of its members obtain as much +satisfaction as, life being what it is, common sense and experience show +may be reasonably expected. Mankind, in general, care very little for +forms of government or ideal considerations of any sort; and nothing +really stirs the great multitude to break with custom and incur the +manifest perils of revolt except the belief that misery in this world, +or damnation in the next, or both, are threatened by the continuance of +the state of things in which they have been brought up. But when they do +attain that conviction, society becomes as unstable as a package of +dynamite, and a very small matter will produce the explosion which sends +it back to the chaos of savagery. + + +CCLXXX + +Intelligence, knowledge, and skill are undoubtedly conditions of +success; but of what avail are they likely to be unless they are backed +up by honesty, energy, goodwill, and all the physical and moral +faculties that go to the making of manhood, and unless they are +stimulated by hope of such reward as men may fairly look to? And what +dweller in the slough of want, dwarfed in body and soul, demoralized, +hopeless, can reasonably be expected to possess these qualities? + + +CCLXXXI + +I am as strongly convinced as the most pronounced individualist can be, +that it is desirable that every man should be free to act in every way +which does not limit the corresponding freedom of his fellow-man. But I +fail to connect that great induction of political science with the +practical corollary which is frequently drawn from it: that the +State--that is, the people in their corporate capacity--has no business +to meddle with anything but the administration of justice and external +defence. It appears to me that the amount of freedom which incorporate +society may fitly leave to its members is not a fixed quantity, to be +determined _a priori_ by deduction from the fiction called "natural +rights"; but that it must be determined by and vary with, circumstances. +I conceive it to be demonstrable that the higher and the more complex +the organization of the social body, the more closely is the life of +each member bound up with that of the whole; and the larger becomes the +category of acts which cease to be merely self-regarding, and which +interfere with the freedom of others more or less seriously. + +If a squatter, living ten miles away from any neighbour, chooses to burn +his house down to get rid of vermin, there may be no necessity (in the +absence of insurance offices) that the law should interfere with his +freedom of action; his act can hurt nobody but himself. But, if the +dweller in a street chooses to do the same thing, the State very +properly makes such a proceeding a crime, and punishes it as such. He +does meddle with his neighbour's freedom, and that seriously. So it +might, perhaps, be a tenable doctrine, that it would be needless, and +even tyrannous, to make education compulsory in a sparse agricultural +population, living in abundance on the produce of its own soil; but, in +a densely populated manufacturing country, struggling for existence with +competitors, every ignorant person tends to become a burden upon, and, +so far, an infringer of the liberty of, his fellows, and an obstacle to +their success. Under such circumstances an education rate is, in fact, a +war tax, levied for purposes of defence. + + +CCLXXXII + +That State action always has been more or less misdirected, and always +will be so, is, I believe, perfectly true. But I am not aware that it +is more true of the action of men in their corporate capacity than it is +of the doings of individuals. The wisest and most dispassionate man in +existence, merely wishing to go from one stile in a field to the +opposite, will not walk quite straight--he is always going a little +wrong, and always correcting himself; and I can only congratulate the +individualist who is able to say that his general course of life has +been of a less undulatory character. To abolish State action, because +its direction is never more than approximately correct, appears to me to +be much the same thing as abolishing the man at the wheel altogether, +because, do what he will, the ship yaws more or less. "Why should I be +robbed of my property to pay for teaching another man's children?" is an +individualist question, which is not unfrequently put as if it settled +the whole business. Perhaps it does, but I find difficulties in seeing +why it should. The parish in which I live makes me pay my share for the +paving and lighting of a great many streets that I never pass through; +and I might plead that I am robbed to smooth the way and lighten the +darkness of other people. But I am afraid the parochial authorities +would not let me off on this plea; and I must confess I do not see why +they should. + + +CCLXXXIII + +I cannot speak of my own knowledge, but I have every reason to believe +that I came into this world a small reddish person, certainly without a +gold spoon in my mouth, and in fact with no discernible abstract or +concrete "rights" or property of any description. If a foot was not set +upon me at once, as a squalling nuisance, it was either the natural +affection of those about me, which I certainly had done nothing to +deserve, or the fear of the law which, ages before my birth, was +painfully built up by the society into which I intruded, that prevented +that catastrophe. If I was nourished, cared for, taught, saved from the +vagabondage of a wastrel, I certainly am not aware that I did anything +to deserve those advantages. And, if I possess anything now, it strikes +me that, though I may have fairly earned my day's wages for my day's +work, and may justly call them my property--yet, without that +organization of society, created out of the toil and blood of long +generations before my time, I should probably have had nothing but a +flint axe and an indifferent hut to call my own; and even those would be +mine only so long as no stronger savage came my way. + +So that if society, having, quite gratuitously, done all these things +for me, asks me in turn to do something towards its preservation--even +if that something is to contribute to the teaching of other men's +children--I really, in spite of all my individualist learnings, feel +rather ashamed to say no. And, if I were not ashamed, I cannot say that +I think that society would be dealing unjustly with me in converting the +moral obligation into a legal one. There is a manifest unfairness in +letting all the burden be borne by the willing horse. + + +CCLXXXIV + +It is impossible to insist too strongly upon the fact that efficient +teachers of science and of technology are not to be made by the +processes in vogue at ordinary training colleges. The memory loaded with +mere bookwork is not the thing wanted--is, in fact, rather worse than +useless--in the teacher of scientific subjects. It is absolutely +essential that his mind should be full of knowledge and not of mere +learning, and that what he knows should have been learned in the +laboratory rather than in the library. + + +CCLXXXV + +The attempt to form a just conception of the value of work done in any +department of human knowledge, and of its significance as an indication +of the intellectual and moral qualities of which it was the product, is +an undertaking which must always be beset with difficulties, and may +easily end in making the limitations of the appraiser more obvious than +the true worth of that which he appraises. For the judgment of a +contemporary is liable to be obscured by intellectual incompatibilities +and warped by personal antagonisms; while the critic of a later +generation, though he may escape the influence of these sources of +error, is often ignorant, or forgetful, of the conditions under which +the labours of his predecessors have been carried on. He is prone to +lose sight of the fact that without their clearing of the ground and +rough-hewing of the foundation-stones, the stately edifice of later +builders could not have been erected. + + +CCLXXXVI + +The vulgar antithesis of fact and theory is founded on a misconception +of the nature of scientific theory, which is, or ought to be, no more +than the expression of fact in a general form. Whatever goes beyond such +expression is hypothesis; and hypotheses are not ends, but means. They +should be regarded as instruments by which new lines of inquiry are +indicated; or by the aid of which a provisional coherency and +intelligibility may be given to seemingly disconnected groups of +phenomena. The most useful of servants to the man of science, they are +the worst of masters. And when the establishment of the hypothesis +becomes the end, and fact is alluded to only so far as it suits the +"Idee," science has no longer anything to do with the business. + + +CCLXXXVII + +Scientific observation tell us that living birds form a group or class +of animals, through which a certain form of skeleton runs; and that this +kind of skeleton differs in certain well-defined characters from that of +mammals. On the other hand, if anyone utterly ignorant of osteology, but +endowed with the artistic sense of form, were set before a bird skeleton +and a mammalian skeleton, he would at once see that the two were similar +and yet different. Very likely he would be unable to give clear +expression to his just sense of the differences and resemblances; +perhaps he would make great mistakes in detail if he tried. +Nevertheless, he would be able to draw from memory a couple of sketches, +in which all the salient points of likeness and unlikeness would be +reproduced with sufficient accuracy. The mere osteologist, however +accurately he might put the resemblances and differences into words, if +he lacked the artistic visualising faculty, might be hopelessly +incompetent to perform any such feat; lost in details, it might not even +occur to him that it was possible; or, still more probably, the habit of +looking for differences might impair the perception of resemblances. + +Under these circumstances, the artist might be led to higher and broader +views, and thus be more useful to the progress of science than the +osteological expert. Not that the former attains the higher truth by a +different method; for the way of reaching truth is one and indivisible. +Whether he knows it or not, the artist has made a generalization from +two sets of facts, which is perfectly scientific in form; and +trustworthy so far as it rests upon the direct perception of +similarities and dissimilarities. The only peculiarity of the artistic +application of scientific method lies in the artist's power of +visualizing the result of his mental processes, of embodying the facts +of resemblance in a visible "type," and of showing the manner in which +the differences may be represented as modifications of that type; he +does, in fact, instinctively, what an architect, who desires to +demonstrate the community of plan in certain ancient temples, does by +the methodical construction of plans, sections, and elevations, the +comparison of which will furnish him with the "type" of such temples. + +Thus, what I may term the artistic fashion of dealing with anatomy is +not only perfectly legitimate, but has been of great utility. The harm +of it does not begin until the attempt is made to get more out of this +visual projection of thought than it contains; until the origin of the +notion of "type" is forgotten and the speculative philosopher deludes +himself with the supposition that the generalization suggested by fact +is an "Idea" of the Pure Reason, with which fact must, somehow or other, +be made to agree. + + +CCLXXXVIII + +Flowers are the primers of the morphologist; those who run may read in +them uniformity of type amidst endless diversity, singleness of plan +with complex multiplicity of detail. As a musician might say, every +natural group of flowering plants is a sort of visible fugue, wandering +about a central theme which is never forsaken, however it may, +momentarily, cease to be apparent. + + +CCLXXXIX + +Like all the really great men of literature, Goethe added some of the +qualities of the man of science to those of the artist, especially the +habit of careful and patient observation of Nature. The great poet was +no mere book-learned speculator. His acquaintance with mineralogy, +geology, botany and osteology, the fruit of long and wide studies, would +have sufficed to satisfy the requirements of a professoriate in those +days, if only he could have pleaded ignorance of everything else. +Unfortunately for Goethe's credit with his scientific contemporaries, +and, consequently, for the attention attracted by his work, he did not +come forward as a man of science until the public had ranged him among +the men of literature. And when the little men have thus classified a +big man, they consider that the last word has been said about him; it +appears to the thought hardly decent on his part if he venture to stray +beyond the speciality they have assigned to him. It does not seem to +occur to them that a clear intellect is an engine capable of supplying +power to all sorts of mental factories; nor to admit that, as Goethe +somewhere pathetically remarks, a man may have a right to live for +himself as well as for the public; to follow the line of work that +happens to interest him, rather than that which interests them. + +On the face of the matter it is not obvious that the brilliant poet had +less chance of doing good service in natural science than the dullest of +dissectors and nomenclators. Indeed, as I have endeavoured to indicate, +there was considerable reason, a hundred years ago, for thinking that an +infusion of the artistic way of looking at things might tend to revivify +the somewhat mummified body of technical zoology and botany. Great ideas +were floating about; the artistic apprehension was needed to give these +airy nothings a local habitation and a name; to convert vague +suppositions into definite hypotheses. And I apprehend that it was just +this service which Goethe rendered by writing his essays on the +intermaxillary bone, on osteology generally, and on the metamorphoses of +plants. + + +CCXC + +All this is mere justice to Goethe; but, as it is the unpleasant duty of +the historian to do justice upon, as well as to, great men, it behoves +me to add that the germs of the worst faults of later speculative +morphologists are no less visible in his writings than their great +merits. In the artist-philosopher there was, at best, a good deal more +artist than philosopher; and when Goethe ventured into the regions which +belong to pure science, this excess of a virtue had all the consequences +of a vice. "Trennen und zahlen lag nicht in meiner Natur," says he; but +the mental operations of which "analysis and numeration" are partial +expressions are indispensable for every step of progress beyond happy +glimpses, even in morphology; while, in physiology and in physics, +failure in the most exact performance of these operations involves sheer +disaster, as indeed Goethe was afforded abundant opportunity of +learning. Yet he never understood the sharp lessons he received, and put +down to malice, or prejudice, the ill-reception of his unfortunate +attempts to deal with purely physical problems. + + +CCXCI + +There was never any lack of the scientific imagination about the great +anatomist; and the charge of indifference to general ideas, sometimes +brought against him, is stupidly unjust. But Cuvier was one of those +happily endowed persons in whom genius never parts company with +common-sense; and whose perception of the importance of sound method is +so great that they look at even a truth, hit upon by those who pursue an +essentially vicious method, with the sort of feeling with which an +honest trader regards the winnings of a gambler. They hold it better to +remain poor than obtain riches by the road that, as a rule, leads to +ruin. + + +CCXCII + +The irony of history is nowhere more apparent than in science. Here we +see the men, over whose minds the coming events of the world of biology +cast their shadows, doing their best to spoil their case in stating it; +while the man who represented sound scientific method is doing his best +to stay the inevitable progress of thought and bolster up antiquated +traditions. The progress of knowledge during the last seventy years +enables us to see that neither Geoffroy, nor Cuvier, was altogether +right nor altogether wrong; and that they were meant to hunt in couples +instead of pulling against one another. Science has need of servants of +very different qualifications; of artistic constructors no less than of +men of business; of people to design her palaces and of others to see +that the materials are sound and well-fitted together; of some to spur +investigators, and of others to keep their heads cool. The only would-be +servants, who are entirely unprofitable, are those who do not take the +trouble to interrogate Nature, but imagine vain things about her; and +spin, from their inner consciousness, webs, as exquisitely symmetrical +as those of the most geometrical of spiders, but alas! as easily torn to +pieces by some inconsidered bluebottle of a fact. + + +CCXCIII + +There is always a Cape Horn in one's life that one either weathers or +wrecks one's self on. + + +CCXCIV + +A Local Museum should be exactly what its name implies, viz., +"Local"--illustrating local Geology, local Botany, local Zoology, and +local Archaeology. + +Such a museum, if residents who are interested in these sciences take +proper pains, may be brought to a great degree of perfection and be +unique of its kind. It will tell both natives and strangers exactly what +they want to know, and possess great scientific interest and importance. +Whereas the ordinary lumber-room of clubs from New Zealand, Hindoo +idols, sharks' teeth, mangy monkeys, scorpions, and conch shells--who +shall describe the weary inutility of it? It is really worse than +nothing, because it leads the unwary to look for the objects of science +elsewhere than under their noses. What they want to know is that their +"America is here," as Wilhelm Meister has it. + + +CCXCV + +A man who speaks out honestly and fearlessly that which he knows, and +that which he believes, will always enlist the goodwill and the respect, +however much he may fail in winning the assent, of his fellow men. + + +CCXCVI + +Science and literature are not two things, but two sides of one thing. + + +CCXCVII + +I neither deny nor affirm the immortality of man. I see no reason for +believing in it, but, on the other hand, I have no means of disproving +it. + +I have no _a priori_ objections to the doctrine. No man who has to deal +daily and hourly with nature can trouble himself about _a priori_ +difficulties. Give me such evidence as would justify me in believing +anything else, and I will believe that. Why should I not? It is not half +so wonderful as the conservation of force, or the indestructibility of +matter. + +Whoso clearly appreciates all that is implied in the falling of a stone +can have no difficulty about any doctrine simply on account of its +marvellousness. But the longer I live, the more obvious it is to me that +the most sacred act of a man's life is to say and to feel, "I believe +such and such to be true." All the greatest rewards and all the heaviest +penalties of existence cling about that act. The universe is one and the +same throughout; and if the condition of my success in unravelling some +little difficulty of anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously +refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on sufficient evidence, +I cannot believe that the great mysteries of existence will be laid open +to me on other terms. + + +CCXCVIII + +I cannot conceive of my personality as a thing apart from the phenomena +of my life. When I try to form such a conception I discover that, as +Coleridge would have said, I only hypostatize a word, and it alters +nothing if, with Fichte, I suppose the universe to be nothing but a +manifestation of my personality. I am neither more nor less eternal than +I was before. + + +CCXCIX + +I do not know whether the animals persist after they disappear or not. I +do not even know whether the infinite difference between us and them may +not be compensated by _their_ persistence and _my_ cessation after +apparent death, just as the humble bulb of an annual lives, whilst the +glorious flowers it has put forth die away. + + +CCC + +My business is to teach my aspirations to confirm themselves to fact, +not to try and make facts harmonize with my aspirations. + + +CCCI + +Science seems to me to teach in the highest and strongest manner the +great truth which is embodied in the Christian conception of entire +surrender to the will of God. Sit down before fact as a little child, be +prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever +and to whatever abysses nature leads, or you shall learn nothing. I have +only begun to learn content and peace of mind since I have resolved at +all risks to do this. + + +CCCII + +There are, however, other arguments commonly brought forward in favour +of the immortality of man, which are to my mind not only delusive but +mischievous. The one is the notion that the moral government of the +world is imperfect without a system of future rewards and punishments. +The other is: that such a system is indispensable to practical morality. +I believe that both these dogmas are very mischievous lies. + +With respect to the first, I am no optimist, but I have the firmest +belief that the Divine Government (if we may use such a phrase to +express the sum of the "customs of matter") is wholly just. The more I +know intimately of the lives of other men (to say nothing of my own), +the more obvious it is to me that the wicked does _not_ flourish nor is +the righteous punished. But for this to be clear we must bear in mind +what almost all forget, that the rewards of life are contingent upon +obedience to the _whole_ law--physical as well as moral--and that moral +obedience will not atone for physical sin, or _vice versa_. + + +CCCIII + +The ledger of the Almighty is strictly kept, and every one of us has the +balance of his operations paid over to him at the end of every minute of +his existence. + +Life cannot exist without a certain conformity to the surrounding +universe--that conformity involves a certain amount of happiness in +excess of pain. In short, as we live we are paid for living. + + +CCCIV + +It is to be recollected in view of the apparent discrepancy between +men's acts and their rewards that Nature is juster than we. She takes +into account what a man brings with him into the world, which human +justice cannot do. If I, born a bloodthirsty and savage brute, +inheriting these qualities from others, kill you, my fellow-men will +very justly hang me, but I shall not be visited with the horrible +remorse which would be my real punishment if, my nature being higher, I +had done the same thing. + + +CCCV + +The absolute justice of the system of things is as clear to me as any +scientific fact. The gravitation of sin to sorrow is as certain as that +of the earth to the sun, and more so--for experimental proof of the fact +is within reach of us all--nay, is before us all in our own lives, if we +had but the eyes to see it. + + +CCCVI + +Not only do I disbelieve in the need for compensation, but I believe +that the seeking for rewards and punishments out of this life leads men +to a ruinous ignorance of the fact that their inevitable rewards and +punishments are here. + + +CCCVII + +If the expectation of hell hereafter can keep me from evil-doing, surely +_a fortiori_ the certainty of hell now will do so? If a man could be +firmly impressed with the belief that stealing damaged him as much as +swallowing arsenic would do (and it does), would not the dissuasive +force of that belief be greater than that of any based on mere future +expectations? + + +CCCVIII + +As I stood behind the coffin of my little son the other day, with my +mind bent on anything but disputation, the officiating minister read, as +a part of his duty, the words, "If the dead rise not again, let us eat +and drink, for to-morrow we die." I cannot tell you how inexpressibly +they shocked me. Paul had neither wife nor child, or he must have known +that his alternative involved a blasphemy against all that was best and +noblest in human nature. I could have laughed with scorn. What! because +I am face to face with irreparable loss, because I have given back to +the source from whence it came, the cause of a great happiness, still +retaining through all my life the blessings which have sprung and will +spring from that cause, I am to renounce my manhood, and, howling, +grovel in bestiality? Why, the very apes know better, and if you shoot +their young the poor brutes grieve their grief out and do not +immediately seek distraction in a gorge. + + +CCCIX + +He had intellect to comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of +character to do it; which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his +life than that? For such a man there can be no fear in facing the great +unknown, his life has been one long experience of the substantial +justice of the laws by which this world is governed, and he will calmly +trust to them still as he lays his head down for his long sleep. + + +CCCX + +Whether astronomy and geology can or cannot be made to agree with the +statements as to the matters of fact laid down in Genesis--whether the +Gospels are historically true or not--are matters of comparatively small +moment in the face of the impassable gulf between the anthropomorphism +(however refined) of theology and the passionless impersonality of the +unknown and unknowable which science shows everywhere underlying the +thin veil of phenomena. + + +CCCXI + +I am too much a believer in Butler and in the great principle of the +"Analogy" that "there is no absurdity in theology so great that you +cannot parallel it by a greater absurdity of Nature" (it is not +commonly stated in this way), to have any difficulties about miracles. I +have never had the least sympathy with the _a priori_ reasons against +orthodoxy, and I have by nature and disposition the greatest possible +antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school. + + +CCCXII + +This universe is, I conceive, like to a great game being played out, and +we poor mortals are allowed to take a hand. By great good fortune the +wiser among us have made out some few of the rules of the game, as at +present played. We call them "Laws of Nature," and honour them because +we find that if we obey them we win something for our pains. The cards +are our theories and hypotheses, the tricks our experimental +verifications. But what sane man would endeavour to solve this problem: +given the rules of a game and the winnings, to find whether the cards +are made of pasteboard or gold-leaf? Yet the problem of the +metaphysicians is to my mind no saner. + + +CCCXIII + +I have not the smallest sentimental sympathy with the negro; don't +believe in him at all, in short. But it is clear to me that slavery +means, for the white man, bad political economy; bad social morality; +bad internal political organisation, and a bad influence upon free +labour and freedom all over the world. + + +CCCXIV + +At the present time the important question for England is not the +duration of her coal, but the due comprehension of the truths of +science, and the labours of her scientific men. + + +CCCXV + +It is better for a man to go wrong in freedom than to go right in +chains. + + +CCCXVI + +A good book is comparable to a piece of meat, and fools are as flies who +swarm to it, each for the purpose of depositing and hatching his own +particular maggot of an idea. + + +CCCXVII + +Children work a greater metamorphosis in men than any other condition of +life. They ripen one wonderfully and make life ten times better worth +having than it was. + + +CCCXVIII + +Teach a child what is wise, that is _morality_. Teach him what is wise +and beautiful, that is _religion_! + + +CCCXIX + +People may talk about intellectual teaching, but what we principally +want is the moral teaching. + + +CCCXX + +We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater than that which +preceded and produced the Reformation, and really only the continuation +of that movement. But there is nothing new in the ideas which lie at the +bottom of the movement, nor is any reconcilement possible between free +thought and traditional authority. One or other will have to succumb +after a struggle of unknown duration, which will have as side issues +vast political and social troubles. I have no more doubt that free +thought will win in the long run than I have that I sit here writing to +you, or that this free thought will organize itself into a coherent +system, embracing human life and the world as one harmonious whole. But +this organization will be the work of generations of men, and those who +further it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, and to +rest in no verbal delusions. + + +CCCXXI + +Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the consequences. No good is +ever done in this world by hesitation. + + +CCCXXII + +The world is neither wise nor just, but it makes up for all its folly +and injustice by being damnably sentimental. + + +CCCXXIII + +Without seeing any reason to believe that women are, on the average, so +strong physically, intellectually, or morally, as men, I cannot shut my +eyes to the fact that many women are much better endowed in all these +respects than many men, and I am at a loss to understand on what grounds +of justice or public policy a career which is open to the weakest and +most foolish of the male sex should be forcibly closed to women of +vigour and capacity. + + +CCCXXIV + +We have heard a great deal lately about the physical disabilities of +women. Some of these alleged impediments, no doubt, are really inherent +in their organization, but nine-tenths of them are artificial--the +products of their modes of life. I believe that nothing would tend so +effectually to get rid of these creations of idleness, weariness, and +that "over stimulation of the emotions" which, in plainer-spoken days, +used to be called wantonness, than a fair share of healthy work, +directed towards a definite object, combined with an equally fair share +of healthy play, during the years of adolescence; and those who are best +acquainted with the acquirements of an average medical practitioner will +find it hardest to believe that the attempt to reach that standard is +like to prove exhausting to an ordinarily intelligent and well-educated +young woman. + + +CCCXXV + +The only good that I can see in the demonstration of the truth of +"Spiritualism" is to furnish an additional argument against suicide. +Better live a crossing-sweeper than die and be made to talk twaddle by a +"medium" hired at a guinea a _seance_. + + +CCCXXVI + +I ask myself--suppose you knew that by inflicting prolonged pain on 100 +rabbits you could discover a way to the extirpation of leprosy, or +consumption, or locomotor ataxy, or of suicidal melancholia among human +beings, dare you refuse to inflict that pain? Now I am quite unable to +say that I dare. That sort of daring would seem to me to be extreme +moral cowardice, to involve gross inconsistency. + +For the advantage and protection of society, we all agree to inflict +pain upon man--pain of the most prolonged and acute character--in our +prisons, and on our battlefields. If England were invaded, we should +have no hesitation about inflicting the maximum of suffering upon our +invaders for no other object than our own good. + +But if the good of society and of a nation is a sufficient plea for +inflicting pain on men, I think it may suffice us for experimenting on +rabbits or dogs. + +At the same time, I think that a heavy moral responsibility rests on +those who perform experiments of the second kind. + +The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is a crime; pity is that +so many of those who (as I think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget +that the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in the act of +inflicting pain _per se_. + + +CCCXXVII + +The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, is the moral worth +and intellectual clearness of the individual citizen. Education cannot +give these, but it can cherish them and bring them to the front in +whatever station of society they are to be found, and the universities +ought to be and may be, the fortresses of the higher life of the nation. + + +CCCXXVIII + +As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences of their sins affect +endless generations of their progeny. Men are tempted, men are punished +for the sins of others without merit or demerit of their own; and they +are tormented for their evil deeds as long as their consciousness lasts. + + +CCCXXIX + +I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous beliefs are punished, +and right beliefs are rewarded--though very often the erroneous belief +is based upon a more conscientious study of the facts than the right +belief. + + +CCCXXX + +If we are to assume that anybody has designedly set this wonderful +universe going, it is perfectly clear to me that he is no more entirely +benevolent and just in any intelligible sense of the words, than that he +is malevolent and unjust. Infinite benevolence need not have invented +pain and sorrow at all--infinite malevolence would very easily have +deprived us of the large measure of content and happiness that falls to +our lot. After all, Butler's "Analogy" is unassailable, and there is +nothing in theological dogmas more contradictory to our moral sense, +than is to be found in the facts of nature. From which, however, the +Bishop's conclusion that the dogmas are true doesn't follow. + + +CCCXXXI + +It appears to me that if every person who is engaged in an industry had +access to instruction in the scientific principles on which that +industry is based; in the mode of applying these principles to practice; +in the actual use of the means and appliances employed; in the language +of the people who know as much about the matter as we do ourselves; and +lastly, in the art of keeping accounts, Technical Education would have +done all that can be required of it. + + +CCCXXXII + +Though under-instruction is a bad thing, it is not impossible that +over-instruction may be worse. + + +CCCXXXIII + +There are two things I really care about--one is the progress of +scientific thought, and the other is the bettering of the condition of +the masses of the people by bettering them in the way of lifting +themselves out of the misery which has hitherto been the lot of the +majority of them. Posthumous fame is not particularly attractive to me, +but, if I am to be remembered at all, I would rather it should be as "a +man who did his best to help the people" than by other title. + + +CCCXXXIV + +I am of opinion that our Indian Empire is a curse to us. But so long as +we make up our minds to hold it, we must also make up our minds to do +those things which are needful to hold it effectually, and in the +long-run it will be found that so doing is real justice both for +ourselves, our subject population, and the Afghans themselves. + + +CCCXXXV + +The great thing in the world is not so much to seek happiness as to earn +peace and self-respect. + + +CCCXXXVI + +The more rapidly truth is spread among mankind the better it will be for +them. Only let us be sure that it is truth. + + +CCCXXXVII + +Your astonishment at the tenacity of life of fallacies, permit me to +say, is shockingly unphysiological. They, like other low organisms, are +independent of brains, and only wriggle the more, the more they are +smitten on the place where the brains ought to be. + + +CCCXXXVIII + +I don't know what you think about anniversaries. I like them, being +always minded to drink my cup of life to the bottom, and take my chance +of the sweets and bitters. + + +CCCXXXIX + +Of the few innocent pleasures left to men past middle life--the jamming +common-sense down the throats of fools is perhaps the keenest. + + +CCCXL + +Life is like walking along a crowded street--there always seem to be +fewer obstacles to getting along on the opposite pavement--and yet, if +one crosses over, matters are rarely mended. + + +CCCXLI + +The great thing one has to wish for as time goes on is vigour as long as +one lives, and death as soon as vigour flags. + + +CCCXLII + +Whether motion disintegrates or integrates is, I apprehend, a question +of conditions. A whirlpool in a stream may remain in the same spot for +any imaginable time. Yet it is the effect of the motion of the particles +of the water in that spot which continually integrate themselves into +the whirlpool and disintegrate themselves from it. The whirlpool is +permanent while the conditions last, though its constituents incessantly +change. Living bodies are just such whirlpools. Matter sets into them in +the shape of food,--sets out of them in the shape of waste products. +Their individuality lies in the constant maintenance of a characteristic +form, not in the preservation of material identity. + + +CCCXLIII + +Most of us are idolators, and ascribe divine powers to the abstractions +"Force," "Gravity," "Vitality," which our own brains have created. I do +not know anything about "inert" things in nature. If we reduce the world +to matter and motion, the matter is not "inert," inasmuch as the same +amount of motion affects different kinds of matter in different ways. To +go back to my own illustration. The fabric of the watch is not inert, +every particle of it is in violent and rapid motion, and the winding-up +simply perturbs the whole infinitely complicated system in a particular +fashion. Equilibrium means death, because life is a succession of +changes, while a changing equilibrium is a contradiction in terms. I am +not at all clear that a living being is comparable to a machine running +down. On this side of the question the whirlpool affords a better +parallel than the watch. If you dam the stream above or below, the +whirlpool dies; just as the living being does if you cut off its food, +or choke it with its own waste products. And if you alter the sides or +bottom of the stream you may kill the whirlpool, just as you kill the +animal by interfering with its structure. Heat and oxidation as a source +of heat appear to supply energy to the living machine, the molecular +structure of the germ furnishing the "sides and bottom of the stream," +that is, determining the results which the energy supplied shall +produce. + + +CCCXLIV + +I believe that history might be, and ought to be, taught in a new +fashion so as to make the meaning of it as a process of +evolution--intelligible to the young. + + +CCCXLV + +Government by average opinion is merely a circuitous method of going to +the devil; those who profess to lead but in fact slavishly follow this +average opinion are simply the fastest runners and the loudest squeakers +of the herd which is rushing blindly down to its destruction. + + +CCCXLVI + +It's very sad to lose your child just when he was beginning to bind +himself to you, and I don't know that it is much consolation to reflect +that the longer he had wound himself up in your heart-strings the worse +the tear would have been, which seems to have been inevitable sooner or +later. One does not weigh and measure these things while grief is fresh, +and in my experience a deep plunge into the waters of sorrow is the +hopefullest way of getting through them on to one's daily road of life +again. No one can help another very much in these crises of life; but +love and sympathy count for something. + + +CCCXLVII + +There is amazingly little evidence of "reverential care for unoffending +creation" in the arrangements of nature, that I can discover. If our +ears were sharp enough to hear all the cries of pain that are uttered in +the earth by men and beasts, we should be deafened by one continuous +scream! + +And yet the wealth of superfluous loveliness in the world condemns +pessimism. It is a hopeless riddle. + + +CCCXLVIII + +A man who has only half as much food as he needs is indubitably starved, +even though his short rations consist of ortolans and are served upon +gold plate. + + +CCCXLIX + +Economy does not lie in sparing money, but in spending it wisely. + + +CCCL + +We men of science, at any rate, hold ourselves morally bound to "try all +things and hold fast to that which is good"; and among public +benefactors, we reckon him who explodes old error, as next in rank to +him who discovers new truth. + + +CCCLI + +Whatever Linnaeus may say, man is not a rational animal--especially in +his parental capacity. + + +CCCLII + +The inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter of history is just +as much a question of pure science as the inquiry into the truth or +falsehood of a matter of geology, and the value of evidence in the two +cases must be tested in the same way. If anyone tells me that the +evidence of the existence of man in the miocene epoch is as good as that +upon which I frequently act every day of my life, I reply that this is +quite true, but that it is no sort of reason for believing in the +existence of miocene man. + +Surely no one but a born fool can fail to be aware that we constantly, +and in very grave conjunctions, are obliged to act upon extremely bad +evidence, and that very often we suffer all sorts of penalties in +consequence. And surely one must be something worse than a born fool to +pretend that such decision under the pressure of the enigmas of life +ought to have the smallest influence in those judgments which are made +with due and sufficient deliberation. + + +CCCLIII + +1. The Church founded by Jesus has _not_ made its way; has _not_ +permeated the world--but _did_ become extinct in the country of its +birth--as Nazarenism and Ebionism. + +2. The Church that did make its way and coalesced with the State in the +4th century had no more to do with the Church founded by Jesus than +Ultramontanism has with Quakerism. It is Alexandrian Judaism and +Neoplatonistic mystagogy, and as much of the old idolatry and demonology +as could be got in under new or old names. + +3. Paul has said that the Law was schoolmaster to Christ with more truth +than he knew. Throughout the Empire the synagogues had their cloud of +Gentile hangers-on--those who "feared God"--and who were fully prepared +to accept a Christianity, which was merely an expurgated Judaism and the +belief in Jesus as the Messiah. + +4. The Christian "Sodalitia" were not merely religious bodies, but +friendly societies, burial societies, and guilds. They hung together for +all purposes--the mob hated them as it now hates the Jews in Eastern +Europe, because they were more frugal, more industrious, and lived +better lives than their neighbours, while they stuck together like +Scotchmen. + +If these things are so--and I appeal to your knowledge of history that +they are so--what has the success of Christianity to do with the truth +or falsehood of the story of Jesus? + + +CCCLIV + +It is Baur's great merit to have seen that the key to the problem of +Christianity lies in the Epistle to the Galatians. No doubt he and his +followers rather overdid the thing, but that is always the way with +those who take up a new idea. + + +CCCLV + +If a man cannot do brain work without stimulants of any kind, he had +better turn to hand work--it is an indication on Nature's part that she +did not mean him to be a head worker. + + +CCCLVI + +It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational grounds for our +beliefs are often extremely irrational attempts to justify our +instincts. + + +CCCLVII + +Even the best of modern civilisations appears to me to exhibit a +condition of mankind which neither embodies any worthy ideal nor even +possesses the merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express my +opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement of the +condition of the greater part of the human family; if it is true that +the increase of knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over Nature +which is its consequence, and the wealth which follows upon that +dominion, are to make no difference in the extent and the intensity of +Want, with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, among the +masses of the people, I should hail the advent of some kindly comet, +which would sweep the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation. +What profits it to the human Prometheus that he has stolen the fire of +heaven to be his servant, and that the spirits of the earth and of the +air obey him, if the vulture of pauperism is eternally to tear his very +vitals and keep him on the brink of destruction? + + +CCCLVIII + +No induction, however broad its basis, can confer certainty--in the +strict sense of the word. The experience of the whole human race through +innumerable years has shown that stones unsupported fall to the ground, +but that does not make it certain that any day next week unsupported +stones will not move the other way. All that it does justify is the very +strong expectation, which hitherto has been invariably verified, that +they will do just the contrary. + +Only one absolute certainty is possible to man--namely, that at any +given moment the feeling which he has exists. + +All other so-called certainties are beliefs of greater or less +intensity. + + +CCCLIX + +Of moral purpose I see no trace in Nature. That is an article of +exclusively human manufacture--and very much to our credit. + + +CCCLX + +There is nothing of permanent value (putting aside a few human +affections), nothing that satisfies quiet reflection--except the sense +of having worked according to one's capacity and light, to make things +clear and get rid of cant and shams of all sorts. That was the lesson I +learned from Carlyle's books when I was a boy, and it has stuck by me +all my life. + +You may make more of failing to get money, and of succeeding in getting +abuse--until such time in your life (if you are teachable) you have +ceased to care much about either. + + +CCCLXI + +The doctrine of the conservation of energy tells neither one way nor the +other [on the doctrine of immortality]. Energy is the cause of movement +of body, _i.e._ things having mass. States of consciousness have no +mass, even if they can be conceded to be movable. Therefore even if they +are caused by molecular movements, they would not in any way affect the +store of energy. + +Physical causation need not be the only kind of causation, and when +Cabanis said that thought was a function of the brain, in the same way +as bile secretion is a _function_ of the liver, he blundered +philosophically. Bile is a product of the transformation of material +energy. But in the mathematical sense of the word "function," thought +may be a function of the brain. That is to say, it may arise only when +certain physical particles take on a certain order. + +By way of a coarse analogy, consider a parallel-sided piece of glass +through which light passes. It forms no picture. Shape it so as to be a +bi-convex, and a picture appears in its focus. + +Is not the formation of the picture a "function" of the piece of glass +thus shaped? + +So, from your own point of view, suppose a mind-stuff--[Greek: +logos]--a noumenal cosmic light such as is shadowed in the fourth +gospel. The brain of a dog will convert it into one set of phenomenal +pictures, and the brain of a man into another. But in both cases the +result is the consequence of the way in which the respective brains +perform their "function." + + +CCCLXII + +The actions we call sinful are as much the consequence of the order of +nature as those we call virtuous. They are part and parcel of the +struggle for existence through which all living things have passed, and +they have become sins because man alone seeks a higher life in voluntary +association. + +Therefore the instrument has never been marred; on the contrary, we are +trying to get music out of harps, sacbuts, and psalteries, which never +were in tune and seemingly never will be. + + +CCCLXIII + +I have always been, am, and propose to remain a mere scholar. All that I +have ever proposed to myself is to say, this and this I have learned; +thus and thus have I learned it: go thou and learn better; but do not +thrust on my shoulders the responsibility for your own laziness if you +elect to take, on my authority, conclusions, the value of which you +ought to have tested for yourself. + + +CCCLXIV + +There is endless backwoodsman's work yet to be done. If "those also +serve who only stand and wait," still more do those who sweep and +cleanse; and if any man elect to give his strength to the weeder's and +scavenger's occupation, I remain of the opinion that his service should +be counted acceptable, and that no one has a right to ask more of him +than faithful performance of the duties he has undertaken. I venture to +count it an improbable suggestion that any such person--a man, let us +say, who has well-nigh reached his threescore years and ten, and has +graduated in all the faculties of human relationships; who has taken his +share in all the deep joys and deeper anxieties which cling about them; +who has felt the burden of young lives entrusted to his care, and has +stood alone with his dead before the abyss of the eternal--has never had +a thought beyond negative criticism. It seems to me incredible that such +an one can have done his day's work, always with a light heart, with no +sense of responsibility, no terror of that which may appear when the +factitious veil of Isis--the thick web of fiction man has woven round +nature--is stripped off. + + +CCCLXV + +If the doctrine of a Providence is to be taken as the expression, in a +way "to be understanded of the people," of the total exclusion of chance +from a place even in the most insignificant corner of Nature, if it +means the strong conviction that the cosmic process is rational, and the +faith that, throughout all duration, unbroken order has reigned in the +universe, I not only accept it, but I am disposed to think it the most +important of all truths. As it is of more consequence for a citizen to +know the law than to be personally acquainted with the features of those +who will surely carry it into effect, so this very positive doctrine of +Providence, in the sense defined, seems to me far more important than +all the theorems of speculative theology. If, further, the doctrine is +held to imply that, in some indefinitely remote past aeon, the cosmic +process was set going by some entity possessed of intelligence and +foresight, similar to our own in kind, however superior in degree, if, +consequently, it is held that every event, not merely in our planetary +speck, but in untold millions of other worlds, was foreknown before +these worlds were, scientific thought, so far as I know anything about +it, has nothing to say about that hypothesis. It is, in fact, an +anthropomorphic rendering of the doctrine of evolution. + +It may be so, but the evidence accessible to us is, to my mind, wholly +insufficient to warrant either a positive or a negative conclusion. + + +CCCLXVI + +It may be well to remember that the highest level of moral aspiration +recorded in history was reached by a few ancient Jews--Micah, Isaiah, +and the rest--who took no count whatever of what might or what might not +happen to them after death. It is not obvious to me why the same point +should not by and by be reached by the Gentiles. + + +CCCLXVII + +Belief in majorities is not rooted in my breast, and if all the world +were against me the fact might warn me to revise and criticise my +opinions, but would not in itself supply a ghost of a reason for +forsaking them. For myself I say deliberately, it is better to have a +millstone tied round the neck and be thrown into the sea than to share +the enterprises of those to whom the world has turned, and will turn, +because they minister to its weaknesses and cover up the awful realities +which it shudders to look at. + + +CCCLXVIII + +Moral duty consists in the observance of those rules of conduct which +contribute to the welfare of society, and by implication, of the +individuals who compose it. + +The end of society is peace and mutual protection, so that the +individual may reach the fullest and highest life attainable by man. The +rules of conduct by which this end is to be attained are +discoverable--like the other so-called laws of Nature--by observation +and experiment, and only in that way. + +Some thousands of years of such experience have led to the +generalisations, that stealing and murder, for example, are inconsistent +with the ends of society. There is no more doubt that they are so than +that unsupported stones tend to fall. The man who steals or murders, +breaks his implied contract with society, and forfeits all protection. +He becomes an outlaw, to be dealt with as any other feral creature. +Criminal law indicates the ways which have proved most convenient for +dealing with him. + +All this would be true if men had no "moral sense" at all, just as there +are rules of perspective which must be strictly observed by a +draughtsman, and are quite independent of his having any artistic sense. + + +CCCLXIX + +The moral sense is a very complex affair--dependent in part upon +associations of pleasure and pain, approbation and disapprobation formed +by education in early youth, but in part also on an innate sense of +moral beauty and ugliness (how originated need not be discussed), which +is possessed by some people in great strength, while some are totally +devoid of it--just as some children draw, or are enchanted by music +while mere infants, while others do not know "Cherry Ripe" from "Rule +Britannia," nor can represent the form of the simplest thing to the end +of their lives. + +Now for this last sort of people there is no reason why they should +discharge any moral duty, except from fear of punishment in all its +grades, from mere disapprobation to hanging, and the duty of society is +to see that they live under wholesome fear of such punishment short, +sharp, and decisive. + +For the people with a keen innate sense of moral beauty there is no +need of any other motive. What they want is knowledge of the things they +may do and must leave undone, if the welfare of society is to be +attained. Good people so often forget this that some of them +occasionally require hanging almost as much as the bad. + +If you ask why the moral inner sense is to be (under due limitations) +obeyed; why the few who are steered by it move the mass in whom it is +weak? I can only reply by putting another question--Why do the few in +whom the sense of beauty is strong--Shakespeare, Raffaele, Beethoven, +carry the less endowed multitude away? But they do, and always will. +People who overlook that fact attend neither to history nor to what goes +on about them. + +Benjamin Franklin was a shrewd, excellent, kindly man. I have great +respect for him. The force of genial common-sense respectability could +no further go. George Fox was the very antipodes of all this, and yet +one understands how he came to move the world of his day, and Franklin +did not. + + +CCCLXX + +As to whether we can fulfil the moral law, I should say hardly any of +us. Some of us are utterly incapable of fulfilling its plainest +dictates. As there are men born physically cripples, and intellectually +idiots, so there are some who are moral cripples and idiots, and can be +kept straight not even by punishment. For these people there is nothing +but shutting up, or extirpation. + + +CCCLXXI + +The cardinal fact in the University questions appears to me to be this: +that the student to whose wants the mediaeval University was adjusted, +looked to the past and sought book-learning, while the modern looks to +the future and seeks the knowledge of things. + +The mediaeval view was that all knowledge worth having was explicitly or +implicitly contained in various ancient writings; in the Scriptures, in +the writings of the greater Greeks, and those of the Christian Fathers. +Whatever apparent novelty they put forward, was professedly obtained by +deduction from ancient data. + +The modern knows that the only source of real knowledge lies in the +application of scientific methods of enquiry to the ascertainment of the +facts of existence; that the ascertainable is infinitely greater than +the ascertained, and that the chief business of the teacher is not so +much to make scholars as to train pioneers. + +From this point of view, the University occupies a position altogether +independent of that of the copingstone of schools for general education, +combined with technical schools of Theology, Law, and Medicine. It is +not primarily an institution for testing the work of schoolmasters, or +for ascertaining the fitness of young men to be curates, lawyers, or +doctors. + +It is an institution in which a man who claims to devote himself to +Science or Art, should be able to find some one who can teach him what +is already known, and train him in the methods of knowing more. + + +CCCLXXII + +The besetting sin of able men is impatience of contradiction and of +criticism. Even those who do their best to resist the temptation, yield +to it almost unconsciously and become the tools of toadies and +flatterers. "Authorities," "disciples," and "schools" are the curse of +science; and do more to interfere with the work of the scientific spirit +than all its enemies. + + +CCCLXXIII + +People never will recollect, that mere learning and mere cleverness are +of next to no value in life, while energy and intellectual grip, the +things that are inborn and cannot be taught, are everything. + + +CCCLXXIV + +In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way of supporting himself, +thereby relieving other people of the necessity of supporting him. +Moreover, the learning to do work of practical value in the world, in an +exact and careful manner, is of itself a very important education, the +effects of which make themselves felt in all other pursuits. The habit +of doing that which you do not care about when you would much rather be +doing something else, is invaluable. + + +CCCLXXV + +Success in any scientific career requires an unusual equipment of +capacity, industry and energy. If you possess that equipment you will +find leisure enough after your daily commercial work is over, to make an +opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. If you do not, you had +better stick to commerce. + +Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a young man, who, as the +Scotch proverb says, in 'trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,' and +becomes a mere hanger-on in literature or in science, when he might have +been a useful and a valuable member of Society in other occupations. + + +CCCLXXVI + +Playing Providence is a game at which one is very apt to burn one's +fingers. + + +CCCLXXVII + +I conceive that the leading characteristic of the nineteenth century has +been the rapid growth of the scientific spirit, the consequent +application of scientific methods of investigation to all the problems +with which the human mind is occupied, and the correlative rejection of +traditional beliefs which have proved their incompetence to bear such +investigation. + + +CCCLXXVIII + +Science reckons many prophets, but there is not even a promise of a +Messiah. + + +CCCLXXIX + +I have not the slightest doubt about the magnitude of the evils which +accrue from the steady increase of European armaments; but I think that +this regrettable fact is merely the superficial expression of social +forces, the operation of which cannot be sensibly affected by agreements +between Governments. + +In my opinion it is a delusion to attribute the growth of armaments to +the "exactions of militarism." The "exactions of industrialism," +generated by international commercial competition, may, I believe, claim +a much larger share in prompting that growth. Add to this the French +thirst for revenge, the most just determination of the German and +Italian peoples to assert their national unity; the Russian Panslavonic +fanaticism and desire for free access to the western seas; the Papacy +steadily fishing in the troubled waters for the means of recovering its +lost (I hope for ever lost) temporal possessions and spiritual +supremacy; the "sick man," kept alive only because each of his doctors +is afraid of the other becoming his heir. + +When I think of the intensity of the perturbing agencies which arise out +of these and other conditions of modern European society, I confess that +the attempt to counteract them by asking Governments to agree to a +maximum military expenditure, does not appear to me to be worth making; +indeed I think it might do harm by leading people to suppose that the +desires of Governments are the chief agents in determining whether peace +or war shall obtain in Europe. + + +CCCLXXX + +I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. Scientific method is the +white ant which will slowly but surely destroy their fortifications. And +the importance of scientific method in modern practical life--always +growing and increasing--is the guarantee for the gradual emancipation of +the ignorant upper and lower classes, the former of whom especially are +the strength of the priests. + + +CCCLXXXI + +There is such a thing as a science of social life, for which, if the +term had not been so helplessly degraded, Politics is the proper name. + +Men are beings of a certain constitution, who, under certain conditions, +will as surely tend to act in certain ways as stones will tend to fall +if you leave them unsupported. The laws of their nature are as +invariable as the laws of gravitation, only the applications to +particular cases offer worse problems than the case of the three bodies. + +The Political Economists have gone the right way to work--the way that +the physical philosopher follows in all complex affairs--by tracing out +the effects of one great cause of human action, the desire of wealth, +supposing it to be unchecked. + +If they, or other people, have forgotten that there are other potent +causes of action which may interfere with this, it is no fault of +scientific method but only their own stupidity. + +Hydrostatics is not a "dismal science," because water does not always +seek the lowest level--_e.g._ from a bottle turned upside down, if there +is a cork in the neck! + +There is much need that somebody should do for what is vaguely called +"Ethics" just what the Political Economists have done. Settle the +question of what will be done under the unchecked action of certain +motives, and leave the problem of "ought" for subsequent consideration. + +For, whatever they ought to do, it is quite certain the majority of men +will act as if the attainment of certain positive and negative pleasures +were the end of action. + +We want a science of "Eubiotics" to tell us exactly what will happen if +human beings are exclusively actuated by the desire of well-being in the +ordinary sense. Of course the utilitarians have laid the foundations of +such a science, with the result that the nicknamer of genius called this +branch of science "pig philosophy," making just the same blunder as when +he called political economy "dismal science." + +"Moderate well-being" may be no more the worthiest end of life than +wealth. But if it is the best to be had in this queer world--it may be +worth trying for. + + +CCCLXXXII + +Those who wish to attain to some clear and definite solution of the +great problems which Mr. Darwin was the first person to set before us in +later times must base themselves upon the facts which are stated in his +great work, and, still more, must pursue their inquiries by the methods +of which he was so brilliant an exemplar throughout the whole of his +life. You must have his sagacity, his untiring search after the +knowledge of fact, his readiness always to give up a preconceived +opinion to that which was demonstrably true, before you can hope to +carry his doctrines to their ultimate issue; and whether the particular +form in which he has put them before us may be such as is finally +destined to survive or not is more, I venture to think, than anybody is +capable at this present moment of saying. But this one thing is +perfectly certain--that it is only by pursuing his methods, by that +wonderful single-mindedness, devotion to truth, readiness to sacrifice +all things for the advance of definite knowledge, that we can hope to +come any nearer than we are at present to the truths which he struggled +to attain. + + +CCCLXXXIII + +Dean Stanley told me he thought being made a bishop destroyed a man's +moral courage. I am inclined to think that the practice of the methods +of political leaders destroys their intellect for all serious purposes. + + +CCCLXXXIV + +It is one of the most saddening things in life that, try as we may, we +can never be certain of making people happy, whereas we can almost +always be certain of making them unhappy. + + +CCCLXXXV + +Men, my dear, are very queer animals, a mixture of horse-nervousness, +ass-stubbornness and camel-malice--with an angel bobbing about +unexpectedly like the apple in the posset, and when they can do exactly +as they please, they are very hard to drive. + + + + +INDEXES + + + + +INDEX I + +REFERENCES OF QUOTATIONS TO THEIR SOURCES + + + C. E. = Collected Essays. + I. Method and Results. + II. Darwiniana. + III. Science and Education. + IV. Science and Hebrew Tradition. + V. Science and Christian Tradition. + VI. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley. + VII. Man's Place in Nature. + VIII. Discourses, Biological and Geological. + IX. Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays. + + S. M. = Scientific Memoirs. + + L. L. = Life and Letters, three volume edition. + + + NO. IN TEXT. VOL. PAGE + + I C. E. i. 16 + II " i. 31 + III " i. 40 + IV " i. 41 + V " i. 46 + VI " i. 56 + VII " i. 57 + VIII " i. 60 + IX " i. 62 + X " i. 66 + XI " i. 156 + XII " i. 161 + XIII " i. 163 + XIV " i. 165 + XV " i. 167 + XVI " i. 168 + XVII " i. 170 + XVIII " i. 172 + XIX " i. 172 + XX " i. 178 + XXI " i. 188 + XXII " i. 192 + XXIII " i. 193 + XXIV " i. 198 + XXV " i. 202 + XXVI " i. 202 + XXVII " i. 242 + XXVIII " i. 244 + XXIX " i. 244 + XXX " i. 245 + XXXI " i. 254 + XXXII " i. 255 + XXXIII " i. 256 + XXXIV " i. 256 + XXXV " i. 257 + XXXVI " i. 261 + XXXVII " i. 281 + XXXVIII " i. 289 + XXXIX " i. 291 + XL " i. 309 + XLI " i. 313 + XLII " i. 313 + XLIII " i. 319 + XLIV " i. 319 + XLV " i. 328 + XLVI " i. 349 + XLVII " i. 355 + XLVIII " i. 368 + XLIX " i. 426 + L " i. 426 + LI " ii. 5 + LII " ii. 18 + LIII " ii. 13 + LIV " ii. 29 + LV " ii. 32 + LVI " ii. 32 + LVII " ii. 52 + LVIII " ii. 52 + LIX " ii. 58 + LX " ii. 59 + LXI " ii. 53 + LXII " ii. 59 + LXIII " ii. 76 + LXIV " ii. 149 + LXV " ii. 149 + LXVI " ii. 150 + LXVII " ii. 229 + LXVIII " ii. 229 + LXIX " ii. 229 + LXX " ii. 230 + LXXI " ii. 252 + LXXII " ii. 363 + LXXIII " iii. 13 + LXXIV " iii. 33 + LXXV " iii. 36 + LXXVI " iii. 45 + LXXVII " iii. 45 + LXXVIII " iii. 59 + LXXIX " iii. 62 + LXXX " iii. 63 + LXXXI " iii. 67 + LXXXII " iii. 78 + LXXXIII " iii. 82 + LXXXIV " iii. 83 + LXXXV " iii. 84 + LXXXVI " iii. 85 + LXXXVII " iii. 85 + LXXXVIII " iii. 85 + LXXXIX " iii. 86 + XC " iii. 91 + XCI " iii. 174 + XCII " iii. 179 + XCIII " iii. 179 + XCIV " iii. 183 + XCV " iii. 185 + XCVI " iii. 185 + XCVII " iii. 187 + XCVIII " iii. 188 + XCIX " iii. 204 + C " iii. 207 + CI " iii. 208 + CII " iii. 213 + CIII " iii. 215 + CIV " iii. 220 + CV " iii. 225 + CVI " iii. 228 + CVII " iii. 236 + CVIII " iii. 236 + CIX " iii. 254 + CX " iii. 260 + CXI " iii. 273 + CXII " iii. 282 + CXIII " iii. 283 + CXIV " iii. 299 + CXV " iii. 306 + CXVI " iii. 369 + CXVII " iii. 393 + CXVIII " iii. 393 + CXIX " iii. 396 + CXX " iii. 414 + CXXI " iii. 422 + CXXII " iii. 431 + CXXIII " iii. 432 + CXXIV " iii. 432 + CXXV " iii. 439 + CXXVI " iii. 443 + CXXVII " iii. 443 + CXXVIII " iii. 446 + CXXIX " iii. 447 + CXXX " v. 124 + CXXXI " v. 125 + CXXXII " v. 136 + CXXXIII " v. 136 + CXXXIV " v. 136 + CXXXV " v. 143 + CXXXVI " v. 156 + CXXXVII " v. 157 + CXXXVIII " v. 182 + CXXXIX " v. 191 + CXL " v. 206 + CXLI " v. 241 + CXLII " v. 245 + CXLIII " v. 257 + CXLIV " v. 257 + CXLV " v. 313 + CXLVI " v. 315 + CXLVII " v. 315 + CXLVIII " vi. p. viii + CXLIX " vi. p. viii + CL " vi. p. ix + CLI " vi. 61 + CLII " vi. 65 + CLIII " vi. 123 + CLIV " vi. 132 + CLV " vi. 132 + CLVI " vi. 143 + CLVII " vi. 144 + CLVIII " vi. 207 + CLIX " vi. 231 + CLX " vi. 235 + CLXI " vi. 237 + CLXII " vi. 237 + CLXIII " vi. 239 + CLXIV " vi. 239 + CLXV " vi. 284 + CLXVI " vi. 285 + CLXVII " vi. 308 + CLXVIII " vi. 318 + CLXIX " vii. p. ix + CLXX " vii. p. xi + CLXXI " vii. 1 + CLXXII " vii. 81 + CLXXIII " vii. 92 + CLXXIV " vii. 138 + CLXXV " vii. 146 + CLXXVI " vii. 146 + CLXXVII " vii. 151 + CLXXVIII " vii. 151 + CLXXIX " vii. 154 + CLXXX " vii. 210 + CLXXXI " vii. 271 + CLXXXII " vii. 278 + CLXXXIII " vii. 280 + CLXXXIV " vii. 313 + CLXXXV " vii. 328 + CLXXXVI " viii. p. v + CLXXXVII " viii. p. viii + CLXXXVIII " viii. p. viii + CLXXXIX " viii. 4 + CXC " viii. 7 + CXCI " viii. 9 + CXCII " viii. 10 + CXCIII " viii. 12 + CXCIV " viii. 19 + CXCV " viii. 23 + CXCVI " viii. 27 + CXCVII " viii. 34 + CXCVIII " viii. 36 + CXCIX " viii. 53 + CC " viii. 73 + CCI " viii. 114 + CCII " viii. 143 + CCIII " viii. 147 + CCIV " viii. 153 + CCV " viii. 158 + CCVI " viii. 159 + CCVII " viii. 213 + CCVIII " viii. 217 + CCIX " viii. 218 + CCX " viii. 218 + CCXI " viii. 218 + CCXII " viii. 219 + CCXIII " viii. 224 + CCXIV " viii. 225 + CCXV " viii. 226 + CCXVI " viii. 226 + CCXVII " viii. 227 + CCXVIII " viii. 233 + CCXIX " viii. 244 + CCXX " viii. 249 + CCXXI " viii. 262 + CCXXII " viii. 269 + CCXXIII " viii. 306 + CCXXIV " viii. 318 + CCXXV " viii. 323 + CCXXVI " viii. 333 + CCXXVII " ix. p. ix + CCXXVIII " ix. 4 + CCXXIX " ix. 6 + CCXXX " ix. 7 + CCXXXI " ix. 8 + CCXXXII " ix. 27 + CCXXXIII " ix. 28 + CCXXXIV " ix. 30 + CCXXXV " ix. 31 + CCXXXVI " ix. 39 + CCXXXVII " ix. 41 + CCXXXVIII " ix. 43 + CCXXXIX " ix. 49 + CCXL " ix. 49 + CCXLI " ix. 51 + CCXLII " ix. 54 + CCXLIII " ix. 56 + CCXLIV " ix. 61 + CCXLV " ix. 64 + CCXLVI " ix. 71 + CCXLVII " ix. 73 + CCXLVIII " ix. 74 + CCXLIX " ix. 78 + CCL " ix. 80 + CCLI " ix. 81 + CCLII " ix. 85 + CCLIII " ix. 86 + CCLIV " ix. 123 + CCLV " ix. 130 + CCLVI " ix. 134 + CCLVII " ix. 141 + CCLVIII " ix. 145 + CCLIX " ix. 147 + CCLX " ix. 149 + CCLXI " ix. 152 + CCLXII " ix. 158 + CCLXIII " ix. 159 + CCLXIV " ix. 162 + CCLXV " ix. 168 + CCLXVI " ix. 171 + CCLXVII " ix. 182 + CCLXVIII " ix. 186 + CCLXIX " ix. 195 + CCLXX " ix. 199 + CCLXXI " ix. 201 + CCLXXII " ix. 201 + CCLXXIII " ix. 202 + CCLXXIV " ix. 202 + CCLXXV " ix. 204 + CCLXXVI " ix. 207 + CCLXXVII " ix. 209 + CCLXXVIII " ix. 211 + CCLXXIX " ix. 212 + CCLXXX " ix. 216 + CCLXXXI " ix. 227 + CCLXXXII " ix. 229 + CCLXXXIII " ix. 230 + CCLXXXIV " ix. 233 + CCLXXXV S. M. iv. 658 + CCLXXXVI " iv. 663 + CCLXXXVII " iv. 664 + CCLXXXVIII " iv. 666 + CCLXXXIX " iv. 666 + CCXC " iv. 668 + CCXCI " iv. 669 + CCXCII " iv. 670 + CCXCIII L. L. i. 171 + CCXCIV " i. 196 + CCXCV " i. 285 + CCXCVI " i. 310 + CCXCVII " i. 314 + CCXCVIII " i. 315 + CCXCIX " i. 315 + CCC " i. 316 + CCCI " i. 316 + CCCII " i. 316 + CCCIII " i. 317 + CCCIV " i. 317 + CCCV " i. 317 + CCCVI " i. 317 + CCCVII " i. 317 + CCCVIII " i. 318 + CCCIX " i. 326 + CCCX " i. 345 + CCCXI " i. 347 + CCCXII " i. 350 + CCCXIII " i. 363 + CCCXIV " i. 400 + CCCXV " i. 407 + CCCXVI " i. 433 + CCCXVII " i. 441 + CCCXVIII " ii. 32 + CCCXIX " ii. 42 + CCCXX " ii. 111 + CCCXXI " ii. 116 + CCCXXII " ii. 128 + CCCXXIII " ii. 140 + CCCXXIV " ii. 140 + CCCXXV " ii. 144 + CCCXXVI " ii. 166 + CCCXXVII " ii. 209 + CCCXXVIII " ii. 215 + CCCXXIX " ii. 216 + CCCXXX " ii. 216 + CCCXXXI " ii. 219 + CCCXXXII " ii. 220 + CCCXXXIII " ii. 222 + CCCXXXIV " ii. 242 + CCCXXXV " ii. 261 + CCCXXXVI " ii. 266 + CCCXXXVII " ii. 275 + CCCXXXVIII " ii. 283 + CCCXXXIX " ii. 292 + CCCXL " ii. 305 + CCCXLI " ii. 351 + CCCXLII " ii. 358 + CCCXLIII " ii. 358 + CCCXLIV " ii. 401 + CCCXLV " ii. 440 + CCCXLVI " ii. 444 + CCCXLVII " ii. 453 + CCCXLVIII " iii. 4 + CCCXLIX " iii. 7 + CCCL " iii. 18 + CCCLI " iii. 45 + CCCLII " iii. 92 + CCCLIII " iii. 115 + CCCLIV " iii. 118 + CCCLV " iii. 121 + CCCLVI " iii. 142 + CCCLVII " iii. 145 + CCCLVIII " iii. 162 + CCCLIX " iii. 172 + CCCLX " iii. 172 + CCCLXI " iii. 191 + CCCLXII " iii. 192 + CCCLXIII " iii. 216 + CCCLXIV " iii. 217 + CCCLXV " iii. 218 + CCCLXVI " iii. 221 + CCCLXVII " iii. 222 + CCCLXVIII " iii. 223 + CCCLXIX " iii. 223 + CCCLXX " iii. 224 + CCCLXXI " iii. 230 + CCCLXXII " iii. 238 + CCCLXXIII " iii. 243 + CCCLXXIV " iii. 245 + CCCLXXV " iii. 245 + CCCLXXVI " iii. 311 + CCCLXXVII " iii. 322 + CCCLXXVIII " iii. 322 + CCCLXXIX " iii. 323 + CCCLXXX " iii. 330 + CCCLXXXI " iii. 337 + CCCLXXXII " iii. 345 + CCCLXXXIII " iii. 356 + CCCLXXXIV " iii. 395 + CCCLXXXV " iii. 401 + + + + +INDEX II + +SUBJECT INDEX + + + Abiogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI + + Able men, besetting sin of, CCCLXXII + + Abstractions, CCCXLIII + + Accuracy, CXXIII + + Agnosticism defined, CXLII; + _cf._ CL + + ---- origin of the term, CCLVI + + Aim of life, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + Alcohol and brain work, CCCLV + + Analogies, scope of, CLIII + + Analogy, Butler's, CCCXI, CCCXXX + + Animals, mind in, CLIII + + ---- immortality, CCXCIX + + Anniversaries, CCCXXXVIII + + Ant, white, scientific method compared to, CCCLXXX + + Anthropomorphism, CCCX + + Antiquity of man, CLXXXII + + Architecture, prehistoric, CLXXXIII + + Armaments, cause of modern, CCCLXXIX + + Arrogance, a check to, CLXXV + + Art: the teaching of drawing, XCIV + + ---- and Christianity, CXLVI + + Aryan question, CLXXXI + + Ascent of man, LI, CLXXIX + + Aspiration and immortality, CLVIII + + ---- and fact, CCC + + Atheism, CCCXI + + Atlantic Ocean, comparison with physiology, CIV + + ---- bed of, CLXXII + + Authority, III, XIII, XIV, LXIV, LXVI, LXVII, CL + + ---- a worthless, CLXXIV; + its struggle with freethought, CCCXX, CCCLXXII + (_cf._ Scepticism) + + Automata and the soul, XXII + + Automatic virtue, XXII + + Average opinion, government by, CCCXLV + + + Backwoodsman's work in science is acceptable, CCCLXIV + + Baur, merits of as a critic, CCCLIV + + Beauty, the sense of, CCLIV + + Becky Sharp, LXXIV + + Bees, comparison with, CV + + Being, impermanence of, CCXL + + ---- the ultimate, CCLV + + Belief, the bases of, LXX + + ---- and morality, CLXI, CXLV, CCXCVII + + ---- and rational grounds for, CXXXIX; + _cf._ CCCLVI + + ---- consequences of right and wrong, CCCXXIX + + Benevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX + + Best men, the, CXLIII + + Biblical criticism, the key to, CCCLIV + + Biogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI + + Bishops and moral courage, CCCLXXXIII + + Body, compared to an Army, CXVI + + ---- ---- to a loaded gun, CCLIX + + Book-learning, CXIII, CCXVII + + ---- sought by the ancient University, CCCLXXI + + Books, CII + + ---- good, and fools, CCCXVI + + Brahma and the rule of life, CCXLV + + Brain work and stimulants, CCCLV + + Brutes, mental analogies with, CLIII + + Butler's Analogy, CCCXI, CCCXXX + + + Cabanis, CCCLXI + + Cant and shams, CCCLX + + Capacity and incapacity, XXXI + + Cape Horn of life, the, CCXCIII + + Capital, vital, CCLIX, CCLXII + + ---- lately wages, CCLXVII + + ---- supposed antagonism to labour, CCLXVIII + + Capitalist nature, CCVI + + Carlyle, the lesson of, CCCLX + + Catholicism _minus_ Christianity, XI + + Causation, its universality, CLVI + + Causes, natural, vast effects of, CXCVII + + ---- secondary, CLXXXVII + + Certainty lies in thought, XVIII, XIX, CLII + + ---- absolute, the only, CCCLVIII; + not given by induction, CCCLVIII + + ---- limits of, CLXVII + + Chalk, the significance of, CLXXXIX + + ---- antiquity of, CXCVI + + ---- deep sea origin of, CXCIV + + ---- parentage of, CXC + + ---- present day formation of, CXCI + + ---- rate of formation, CXCV + + ---- the lesson of, CXCVIII + + Chance, CLVI + + Character and heredity, CCXLIV + + Chessplayer, the hidden, LXXXIII; + _cf._ Game + + Child, death of a, CCCXLVI; + _cf._ CCCLXIV + + Children, influence of, CCCXVII, CCCLI + + Christianity and Creeds, CXLI, CXLIV + + ---- and the intellectual world, CXLVI + + ---- its success alleged as proof of the story of Jesus, + CCCLIII + + ---- primitive and later, CCCLIII + + Church, the primitive and later, CCCLIII + + Cinderella, the role of science, CCLVIII + + Civilisation and suffering, CCXLII, CCCLVII + + Class-feeling, high and low, LXXXII + + Classical education, CCXIV + + Clearness of thought, XXV + + Clericalism and science, LVIII + + Cleverness, CXV + + ---- is of small intrinsic value, CCCLXXIII + + Coal and club-mosses, CCII + + ---- less important than education, CCCXIV + + ---- the preservation of, CCIV, CCVI + + Cocksureness, CLXVII + + Comet, a kindly, CCCLVII + + Commerce and science, CLXXIII + + Common facts and great principles, CXXIV + + Common sense and science, LXXVI; + and truth, CXII + + Comte, XI, CXLIV + + Conduct, laws of, how discoverable, CCCLXVIII + + Conscience and sympathy, CCXXXIII + + Consequences, logical, XXVIII + + Conservation of energy and immortality, CCCLXI + + Cosmic process and ethical process, CCLI + + Creation and evolution, CCXXIX + + Creeds, LXXI + + ---- disbelief in as a sin, CXLI, CXLV + + Crime and heredity, CCXXXVI + + Crowded street, life is like a, CCCXL + + Culture and English literature, XCV + + Cultured idleness, CV + + Cuvier and common sense, CCXCI + + Cyclical evolution, CCXXXIX + + + Dante, LXXX + + Darwin, his work and methods, CCCLXXXII + + Death of a child, CCCXLVI; + _cf._ CCCLXIV + + Deep sea soundings, CXCII + + ---- ---- glacial survivors in, CXCIX + + Demagogues caused Socrates' death, CXLVIII + + Demonstration, the essence of modern teaching, CCIX + + Descartes, XV, XVII + + ---- his chief service, CLII, CLIV + + Determinants of mental and moral activities, CXXXII + + Development, CLXXII + + Disciples not sought for, CCCLXIII + + ---- the curse of science, CCCLXXII + + Dismal science, the, CCCLXXXI + + Do as you would be done by, CCXXXV + + Dogmatism, the nemesis of, CCLVIII + + Doubt (_cf._ scepticism), XVII; + _cf._ Unbelief and Creeds + + Drawing, the teaching of, XCIV + + ---- as a discipline, CXXII + + Duty, XIII, XVI + + ---- and happiness, CLX, CLXI + + ---- a man's first, CCCLXXIV + + + Economical Problem, in physiological terms, CCLIX + + Economy, true, CCCXLIX + + Education, mechanical basis of, XXI + + ---- a liberal, LXXXIX + + ---- ancient and modern, CCXV (_cf._ CCXII) + + ---- and conflict of studies, XCIII + + ---- and examinations, CVI + + ---- and fine buildings, L + + ---- by nature, LXXXV, LXXXVI; + compared with artificial education, LXXXVIII + + ---- classical, the same for ancient Rome and modern England, + CCXIV + + ---- defined, LXXXIV + + ---- effects of, XXXVIII + + ---- English, and culture, XCV + + ---- English untaught, XCVI + + ---- foreign languages in, XCVII + + ---- Latin and German in, XCVIII + + ---- more important than coal, CCCXIII + + ---- of the young, knowledge requisite for, CXXVI + + ---- technical, CCCXXXI + + ---- the, of practical work, CCCLXXIV + + ---- the purpose of primary, CCXIII + + Eginhard, CXXXIX + + Emotional chameleon (man), CCXXXIII + + Empusa muscae, CCXXI + + End of life, the great, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + English literature and culture, XCV + + ---- untaught, XCVI + + Equality, XL, XLII + + Error (_cf._ Mistakes), CXXXVI + + ---- advantage of consistent, XCI + + ---- acknowledgment of, CXXXVII + + ---- and faith, CXXXVIII + + ---- old, the explosion of, CCCL + + ---- religious, CXLI, CXLV + + Eternal order, the, CCXXXI + + Ethical ideals necessary, CXIX + + Ethical process, the, CCXXXIV + + ---- ---- and cosmic process, CCLI + + ---- ---- and the survival of the fittest, CCL + + Ethics, modern, and old Israel, CXLVII + + Ethnology, methods and results of, CLXXX + + Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI + + Evidence, judgment, and action, CCCLII + + Evil, the existence of, CCXLVI + + ---- the insistence of, CCXLVII + + Evolution and man, CLXXVI + + ---- and the millennium, CCLII + + ---- cyclical, CCXXXIX + + ---- described, CCXXIX + + ---- formulated by Kant, CCXXV + + ---- in history, CCCXLIV + + ---- slowness of, CCV + + ---- variation and selection are the bases of, CCXXX + + Examinations, CVI + + Existence and thought, XVIII, XIX + + Expectation and verification, CCCLVIII + + + Fact and hypothesis, IX, CCXIX + + ---- and aspiration, CCC + + ---- and theory, CCLXXXVI + + Faith, blind, effects of, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX + + ---- moral aspect of, CXLI, CXLV + + ---- which is born of knowledge, CCXXXI + + Fall, doctrine of the, baseless, CCCLXII + + Fallacies, the destruction of, LXXIII + + ---- their tenacity of life, CCCXXXVII + + Fame, posthumous, CCCXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCLXIII + + Feeling and morality, CLXIII, CLXIV + + Ferments, the first knowledge of, CCI + + Florida paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Fly and silkworm disease, CCXXI + + Fools and common-sense, CCCXXXIX + + Force, CCCXLIII + + Foreign languages, value of, XCVII + + Forests, records of ancient, CCIII + + Forms, the permanence of, CCXXVIII + + Fox, George, CXXXIX + + Frankness, reception of honest, CCXCV + + Fraud, unconscious, CXXXVIII + + Freedom, XXIII + + ---- dangers of, CVII + + ---- its struggle with tradition, CCCXX + + ---- of the will, CCLVII + + ---- of thought, CXXX + + ---- to go wrong in, CCCXV + + Fugue, Nature's great, CCLXXXVIII + + Function of the brain, thought as a, CCCLXI + + Future of the world, CIX + + ---- retribution, CCCII, CCCIII, CCCIV, CCCV + + ---- ---- dangers of the doctrine, CCCVI, CCCVII + + + Galatians, Epistle to, the key to Christianity, CCCLIV + + Game, life compared to a, LXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCXII + + Genius, XXXIV, CLIV, CLV + + ---- a faculty for "possession," CXXXIV + + ---- as motherwit, V + + Gentleman, qualities of a, XXXV + + Geological theories, CCXXIII; + reconciliation of, CCXXV + + ---- fact and theory, CCXXIV + + ---- time, CLXXXVIII + + Glacial survivors in the deep sea, CLXXVII + + God and no God, XXX + + ---- the love of, CLXIII + + Goethe and science, CCLXXXIX + + ---- defects of his scientific qualities, CCXC + + Golden rule, the, CCXXXV + + Good of mankind, XXXVII + + Graduates in all the faculties of human relationships have + thoughts beyond negative criticism, CCCLXIV + + Greatness, XV + + ---- national, CX + + Guide to life, XX + + + Habit, an invaluable, CCCLXXIV + + Haman and Modecai, CCXXXIII + + Happiness and moral duty, CLX + + ---- is in excess of pain, CCCIII + + ---- we are never certain of conferring it on others, CCCLXXXIV + + Henslow, character of, CCCIX + + Heredity and crime, CCXXXVI + + ---- and character, CCXLIV + + Heresies (_cf._ Authority), LXVII + + Hesitation, no good done by, CCCXXI + + Historical truth a matter of science, CCCLII + + History and physiology, LXXVIII + + ---- possible new teaching of, CCCXLIV + + Human nature, no recent change in, CLXX + + Humanity, religion of, CXLIV + + Hume, CLVIII + + Hutton, CCXXIII + + Hypothesis and fact, IX, CCXIX + + + Ideal, necessity of ethical, CXIX + + Idealism and materialism, CLXVIII + + Ideas, men live by, CIX, CXI + + ---- innate, CLIV + + ---- necessary, CLVII + + ---- struggle for existence among, LXVIII + + Idleness, cultured, in society, CV + + Idolatry, intellectual, CCCXLIII + + Ignorance, how treated by nature, LXXXVII + + Imagination, scientific, CXXXI, CLXXXI + + ---- unscientific, CXLIX + + Immortality, aspirations after, CLVIII + + ---- and conservation of energy, CCCLXI + + ---- and grief, CCCVIII + + ---- and probability, CCXCVII + + ---- animal, CCXCIX + + ---- disregarded by the highest ancient moral aspiration, + CCCLXVI + + Impermanence of being, CCXL + + Incapacity, XXXI, LXXXVII + + Indian Empire, a curse, CCCXXXIV + + ---- how to hold it, _ib._ + + Individual and society, XLVIII, LII + + ---- his debt to society, CCLXXXIII + + ---- not infallible, CCLXXXII + + ---- worth, the safeguard of society, CCCXXVII + + Individualism, XLIX, L + + ---- limits of, CCLXXXI + + Induction, does not confer absolute certainty, CCCLVIII + + Industrialism and militarism, CCCLXXIX + + Inert matter, CCCLXIII + + Innate ideas, CLIV, CLV + + Innocent pleasure of advancing years, CCCXXXIX + + Instinct, CLIV, CLV + + Intellectual instruction, merely, CXXVIII; + less needful than moral, CCCXIX + + ---- matters, reason the guide in, CXLII + + ---- uncertainty, CXL + + ---- world and Christianity, CXLVI + + Intoxication, mental, CXXXIII + + Irony of history in science, CCXCII + + Israel and modern ethics, CXLVII + + Italy, intellectual position of, CCXVIII + + + Jesus, the story of; + its truth or falsehood as based on the success of + Christianity, CCCLIII + + Jews, persecution of, in Eastern Europe, compared to that of + early Christians, CCCLIII + + Judaism, old and modern ethics of, CXLVII + + Julian, the Emperor, CXLIV + + Justice satisfied, CLIX + + ---- and desert, CCXLIII + + ---- of nature, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV + + + Kant and evolution, CCXXV + + Kelvin, Lord, CLXXXVIII + + Knowledge, a little, CXIV + + ---- and faith, CCXXXI + + ---- of teachers, CXXVII + + ---- the people perish for want of, CCXXII + + + Laboratory, the forecourt to the temple of philosophy, CLI + + Labour, vital, dependent on vital capital, CCLIX + + ---- and value, CCLXVI + + ---- savage, a borrowing from nature, CCLXI + + ---- supposed antagonism to capital, CCLXVIII + + Language and racemarks, CLXXXII, CLXXXIII + + Latin, XCVIII + + Law of nature, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII + + ---- the, as schoolmaster to Christ, CCCLIII + + Learning inferior to character, CCCLXXIII + + Leaving things to themselves, CXXV + + Lectures, value of, CCVIII, CCIX, CCX + + ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII + + ---- popular, CLXXXVI + + Ledger of the Almighty, CCCIII + + Lessons, the first and last of, CXX + + "Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die," CCCVIII + + Life guided by verification, XX + + ---- a rule of, C + + ---- as a game of chess, LXXXIII; + _cf._ CCCXII + + ---- as a rule of three sum, CI + + ---- is worth living, even on hard terms, CCLXXI + + ---- its great end, CXXI, CCCXXXV + + ---- its uncertainty, CXL + + ---- like a crowded street, CCCXL + + ---- like a whirlpool, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII; + less like a machine running down, _ib._ + + ---- the best thing it offers, CXXX, CCCLX + + ---- the Cape Horn of, CCXCIII + + ---- the cup of, CCCXXXVIII + + ---- the mother of the rocks, CC + + ---- the tragic thread of, CCXXVII + + ---- one of the most saddening things in, CCCLXXXIV + + Literature and science, CCXCVI; + hangers on in, CCCLXXV + + ---- the money of, CII + + Literatures, the four great, XCVIII + + Lobster, CCVII + + Logical consequences, XXVIII + + + Majorities and opinion, CCCLXVII + + Malevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX + + Malthusian doctrine, the, CCLXIV + + Man, structural unity of, with animals, CLXXIII + + ---- a queer animal, CCCLXXXV + + ---- antiquity of, CLXXXV + + ---- ascent of, LI, CLXXIX + + ---- not a rational animal, CCCLI + + ---- the mimic, CCXXXIII + + ---- and the common process of evolution, CLXXVI + + Man's arrogance, a check to, CLXXV + + Mankind, the good of, XXXVII + + Material prosperity, value of, LXXIV + + ---- world, dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI + + Materialism, XIV + + ---- and idealism, CLXVIII + + ---- the horror of, CLXV + + Mathematical mill, the, CCXXVI + + Matter and force, LV + + ---- dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI + + ---- inert, CCCXLIII + + ---- its existence a metaphysical assumption, CXLVIII + + Means and ends, political, CCCXXXIV + + Mechanism and education, XXI + + Medicine the foster-mother of the sciences, CIII + + Mental and moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII + + ---- analogies with the brutes, CLIII + + ---- intoxication, CXXXIII + + Messiah, science has none, CCCLXXVIII + + Metaphysics and matter, CLXVIII + + ---- and the limits of certainty, CLXVII + + ---- the problem of, CCCXII + + Method of science, VIII + + ---- ---- spread of, CCCLXXVII + + Middle-age, chief pleasure of, CCCXXXIX + + Militarism and industrialism, CCCLXXIX + + Millennium, the, and evolution, CCLII + + Ministers to the world's weaknesses, CCCLXVII + + Miracle of nature, LIV + + Miracles, no _a priori_ objection to, CCCXI + + Misery, XXXIII + + Missionaries, XXXIX + + Mistakes, CXXXVI; + _cf._ Error + + ---- and acknowledgment of them, CXXXVII, CXLI + + Modern teaching, essence of, CCIX + + Moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII + + ---- aspects of faith, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX, CXLI, CXLV + + ---- cripples and idiots, CCCLXX + + ---- conditions of success, CCLXXX + + ---- duty defined, CCCLXVIII + + ---- law, how far it can be fulfilled, CCCLXX + + ---- laws true, even if moral sense non-existent, CCCLXVIII + + ---- purpose, no sign of, in nature, CCCLIX; + of human origin, _ib._ + + ---- sanction, how far based on pure feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV + + ---- sense, CCCLXIX + + ---- teaching more needful than intellectual, CCCXIX + + Morality and religion, CXVII; + _cf._ CLXIII, CLXIV; + distinguished, CCCXVIII + + ---- is embodied in society, CCLXXV + + Mordecai and Haman, CCXXXIII + + Mother wit (_cf._ Genius), V; + _cf._ CLIV, CLV + + Motion, integrating or disintegrating, CCCXLII + + Museums, local, CCXCIV + + Myth and science, LIX + + + Names, idolatry of, CCCXLIII + + National greatness, CX + + Native talent, CLV + + Natural causes, great effects of, CXCVII + + ---- History and Life's Picture Gallery, LXXX + + ---- knowledge and truth, CL; + a forecourt to philosophy, CLI + + ---- rights, XLVII + + Nature, laws of, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII + + ---- as opposed to society, CCLXXIV + + ---- benevolence and malevolence in, CCLXIX, CCLXXII, CCCXLVII + + ---- deafening cries of pain in, CCCXLVII + + ---- defined, CCXLVIII + + ---- gladiatorial aspect of, CCLXX + + ---- her great Fugue, CCLXXXVIII + + ---- her vis medicatrix, CCLXXVI + + ---- is non-moral, CCLXXIII, CCCLVIII + + ---- justice of, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV + + ---- justifies neither optimism nor pessimism, CCLXXIII, CCCXXX + + ---- matter and force, LV + + ---- no reverential care for unoffending creation, CCCXLVII + + ---- perennial miracle of, LIV + + ---- selection by, LXIII + + ---- self-surrender to, CCCI + + ---- the bonus in her account, CCLXXII, CCCXLVIII + + ---- the capitalist, CCV + + ---- the educator, LXXXV, LXXXVI, LXXXVII + + ---- the unity of, CLXXVII + + ---- treatment of ignorance by, LXXXVII + + ---- war of, LII + + Necessity, XII, CLVII + + Negative criticism is not all after a full life, CCCLXIV + + Negro, no sentimental sympathy with, CCCXIII + + ---- effect of slavery, _ib._ + + Nerve force, the equivalent of, CCVII + + Nineteenth century, leading characteristic of, CCCLXXVII + + + Old age, the best hope for, CCCXLI + + Optimism and pessimism, CCXLIX, CCLXIX, CCLXXI, CCLXXII, + CCLXXIII, CCCXXX + + Oratory, CCLXXXVI + + Order, the eternal, CCXXXI + + Original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI + + Orthodoxy, LVII; + _cf._ Creeds, Clericalism, Ecclesiasticism + + Over-instruction, CCCXXXII + + + Pain, LXXIX + + ---- and wisdom, XC + + ---- inevitable, CCLII + + ---- is less than happiness, CCCIII + + Paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Palace, substituted for a University, L + + Papacy, temporal claims of, a disturbing force, CCCLXXIX + + Parallax of time, XXVI + + Parents not always rational animals, CCCLI + + Pasteur, CCXX, CCXXI, CCXXII + + Paul, St., CXXXIX + + Pauperism, the vulture of, CCCLVII + + Peace, the state of, breeds a new state of strife, CCLXXVIII + + ---- not dependent on governments, CCCLXXIX + + Pebrine, CCXXI, CCXXII + + "Pecca Fortiter," XCI + + People, the, perish for want of knowledge, CCXXII + + ---- to better their condition, a chief aim, CCCXXXIII + + Permanence of forms, the, CCXXVIII + + Personal aims, CCCLXIII + + Personality, CCXCVIII + + Pessimism, CCXLIX; + _cf._ Optimism + + Philosophy, XIV, LXI; + _cf._ Science + + ---- the laboratory is the forecourt to, CLI + + ---- political, XLIV + + Physiology, its interest in human life, LXXVIII + + ---- compared to the Atlantic, CIV + + ---- applied to Political Economy, CCLIX, CCLX + + Picture Gallery of Life, LXXX + + "Pig philosophy," CCCLXXXI + + Pigs, "selected" by the paint-root, CLXXXVIII + + Plants, green, the real producers, CCLXIII, CCLXIV + + Plato and the unscientific imagination, CXLIX + + Pleasure of middle age, the chief, CCCXXXIX + + Political philosophy, XLIV + + ---- economists, their method, CCCLXXXI + + Politicians, intellect of, CCCLXXXIII + + Politics, the sea of, XL + + ---- proper name for Social Science, CCCLXXXI + + Popular Lectures and Popular Science, CLXXXVI + + ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII + + Population question, XLV + + Positivism (_cf._ Comte), XI, CXLIV + + "Possession" and genius, CXXXIV + + Practical work, educative value of, CCCLXXIV + + Prehistoric architecture, CLXXXIV + + Present day formation of chalk, CXCI; + of rocks, CCI + + Priestley, LXXIII, LXXV + + Priests and scientific method, CCCLXXX + + Primary education, CCXIII + + Principles, great, can be illustrated by the commonest facts, + CXXIV + + Producer, the sole, CCLXIII + + Production, the chief factor in, CCLXII + + Prometheus, the human, CCCLVII + + Prophets and rational belief, CXXXIX + + Prosperity (material) and morals, LXXIV + + Protection and Trades Unions, LXXXII + + Providence, doctrine of, CCCLXV + + ---- playing at, CCCLXXVI + + Public opinion, influence of, CCXXXIII + + Punishment, future, CCC + + + Quantity and quality, CX + + Queen bees in the human hive, CV + + + Rational animal, man is not, CCCLI + + ---- grounds for belief, CXXXIX; + are often irrational attempts to justify instincts, CCCLVI + + Reason the guide in intellectual matters, CXLII + + Redi, CCXVIII + + Religion and morality, CXVII; + distinguished, CCCXVIII + + ---- and theology, CXVIII + + Religious error, CXLI, CXLV + + Remorse, CCCIV + + Renascence, the new, CCCXX + + Resolution, CCCXXI + + Retribution, future, CCCII + + ---- moral and physical, _ib._, III, IV, V + + ---- is here, CCCVI + + ---- certainty of present, CCCVII + + ---- of sin, CCCXXVIII + + ---- of beliefs, CCCXXIX + + Right and wrong, CVIII; + to go right in chains, CCCXV + + Rights, natural, XLVII + + Robinson Crusoe, his inferences, CLIII + + Rocks, the offspring of life, CC + + ---- present day formation of, CCI + + Rule of life, C + + ---- of three sum, and life, CI + + + Sanction, the moral, and feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV + + Scepticism (_cf._ Doubt and Authority), III, XVII, CL + + Schools of thought, CCCLXIII + + ---- a curse to science, CCCLXXII + + Science, XXIV + + ---- and aspiration, I + + ---- and belief, IV + + ---- and Christianity, CXLVI + + ---- and clericalism, LVIII + + ---- and commerce, CXCII + + ---- and common sense, LXXVI, CXII + + ---- and investigation, LXXII + + ---- and literature, CCXCVI + + ---- and myth, LIX, LX + + ---- and philosophy, LXI + + ---- and the priests, CCCLXXX + + ---- as Cinderella, CCLVIII + + ---- can afford to wait, CXXXV + + ---- counters of, CII + + ---- fostered by medicine, CIII + + ---- function of, CLXXVIII + + ---- Goethe's work in, CCLXXXIX, CCXC + + ---- growth of, CCCLXXVII + + ---- hangers on in, _ib._ + + ---- has many prophets but no Messiah, CCCLXXVIII + + ---- irony of history in, CCXCII + + ---- limits of, XIV + + ---- method of, VIII, LXXVII + + ---- motto of, CCCL + + ---- picture it draws of the world, LXII + + ---- popularisation of, CLXXXVI + + ---- spirit of, LXIX, CL, CCCLXXVII + + ---- success in, CCCLXXV + + ---- tragedy of, CCXIX + + Scientific imagination, CXXXI, CXLIX; + and the Aryan question, CLXXXI + + ---- idea, growth and efficacy of, CCXXII + + Secondary causes, CLXXXVII + + Selection, social, XXXI; + the basis of evolution, CCXXX; + may be rapid, CLXXXVIII + + Self-surrender to nature, CCCI + + Shakespeare, XCII + + Shams, CCCLX + + Silkworm disease, CCXXI + + Sin gravitates to sorrow, CCCV + + ---- lasting punishment of, CCCXXVIII + + ---- origin of, CCCLXII + + Size and greatness, CX + + Skill, a greater than, CXXIX + + Slavery, the double emancipation, LXXXI + + ---- effects of, CCCXIII + + Slowness of evolution, CCV + + Social selection, XXXI; + _cf._ CCXXXV + + ---- life is embodied morality, CCLXXV + + ---- science, CCCLXXXI; + nicknamed "Dismal," _ib._; + value of its method, _ib._ + + ---- tendency, the, CCXXXIII + + Socially unfit, the, CCXXXVI + + Society, complexity of, XXXVI + + ---- a limitation of the struggle for existence, CCLXXV + + ---- and individualism, XLIX, L, CCCLXVIII + + ---- and the individual, XLVIII + + ---- as opposed to nature, CCLXXIV + + ---- conditions of its stability, CCLXXIX + + ---- internal struggle, CCXXXVII; + permanence of, CCXXXVIII + + ---- moral conditions of success, CCLXXX + + ---- population question, XLV + + ---- statute of limitations needed in, XLIII + + ---- the end of, CCCLXVIII + + ---- the individual's debt to, CCLXXXIII + + Socrates put to death by the demagogues, CXLVIII + + Sorrow, inevitable, CCLII + + ---- deep plunge into, CCCXLVI + + Soul in automata, XXVII + + Soundings, deep sea, CXCII + + Southey and the Quaker, CXXVI + + Spallanzani, CCXXII + + Sphinx, the true riddle of the, CCLXXVIII + + Spiritualism, its only use if true, CCCXXV + + Stanley, Dean, on being made a bishop, CCCLXXXIII + + Starvation on ortolans, CCCXLVIII + + Starve, who shall first? CCLXXIX + + State not infallible, CCLXXXII + + Stimulants and brain work, CCCLV + + Structural unity of men and animals, CLXXII + + Struggle for existence, among ideas, LXVIII; + modified within society, CCXXXVII; + but permanent, CCXXXVIII; + limited by society, CCLXXV + + ---- and original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI + + ---- the serious, CCLII + + ---- two-fold, in civilisation, CCXLII + + Studies, the conflict of, XCIII + + Success, moral conditions of, CCLXXXI, CCCXXVII + + Suffering and wisdom, XC + + ---- and civilisation, CCXLII + + ---- and virtue, CLXI + + Survival of the fittest, and ethical process, CCL + + Sweepers and cleansers, the work of, CCCLXIV + + Sympathy and conscience, CCXXXIII + + ---- as a rule of life, CCXXXV + + + Teachers, knowledge of, CXXVII + + ---- training of, CCLXXXIV + + Teaching, essence of modern, CCXI, CCXII, CCXV + (_cf._ Education) + + ---- and the things that are inborn, CCCLXXIII + + Technical education, CCCXXXI + + Theology and religion, CXVIII + + Theories, three great modern, X + + Theory and fact, CCLXXXVI + + Things in themselves, CCLV + + Thinking, time for, CXXVI + + Thought, XVIII, XIX + + ---- as a function of the brain, CCCLXI + + ---- freedom of, CXXX + + ---- struggle for existence in, LXVIII + + Time and truth, XXXII + + Trades Unions and Protection, LXXXII + + Traditional authority, its struggle with free thought, CCCXX + + Traditions and realities, CLXXI + + ---- rejection of, CCCLXXVII + + Tragic thread of life, CCXXVII + + Truth (_cp._ Authority, Veracity), XXIX, XXXII, LXV, CCCXX + + ---- and common sense, CXII + + ---- and error, XCI + + ---- and its reward, CLXX + + ---- and the function of science, CLXXVIII + + ---- and types, CCLXXXVII + + ---- seeker, VI + + ---- the search for, CL, CLXIX + + ---- the spread of, CCCXXXVI + + Try all things and hold fast to that which is good, the + motto of science, CCCL + + Types and truth, CCLXXXVII + + + Unbelief in creeds, CXLI, CXLV + + Uncertainty, intellectual, CXL + + Under-instruction, CCCXXXII + + Unfit, the, CCXXXVI + + Unhappiness, too easy to confer, CCCLXXXIV + + Universe compared to a great game, CCCXII + + University of Nature, LXXXVI + + ---- an ideal, XCIX + + ---- a palace substituted for, L + + ---- ancient and modern, CCCLXXI + + Utilitarians, founders of the science of Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI + + ---- their nickname, _ib._ + + + Value and labour, CCLXVI + + Variation, the basis of evolution, CLXXXVIII, CCXXX + + Veracity, I, XCIX; + _cf._ Error, Mistakes, _esp._ CXXXVII + + Verification the guide of life, XX + + ---- and expectation, CCCLVIII + + "Virtually," CCLXV + + Virtue, automatic, XXII + + ---- and austerity, CLXII + + ---- on L10,000 a year, LXXIV + + ---- the ways of, CLXI + + Vis medicatrix naturae, CCLXXVI + + Vitality, CCCXLIII + + Vivisection, CCCXXVI + + Voice, power of the human, CLXXXVI + + + Wages received are capital possessed, CCLXVII + + Want, _see_ Wealth + + War of Nature, LII + + Wealth and Nemesis, CCLXXVII + + ---- a want, CCCLVII + + Wesley, John, CLXXXVI + + Whirlpool, life compared to, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII + + Will, freedom of the, CCLVII + + Wisdom in many counsellors, VII + + ---- and suffering, XC + + Women, their powers compared to those of men, CCCXXIII + + ---- medical education of, CCCXXIV + + ---- physical disabilities and occupation, CCCXXIV + + Work, valuation of a man's, CCLXXXV + + ---- effect on women, CCCXXIV + + World, future of the, CIX + + ---- judgments of the, CCCXXII + + ---- ministers to the weaknesses of the, CCCLXXVII + + Wrong, infinite possibilities of, CVIII + + + R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., + AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + + + +Macmillan's Golden Treasury Series. + + +Uniformly printed in Pott 8vo., with Vignette Titles by Sir NOEL PATTON, +T. WOOLNER, W. HOLMAN HUNT, Sir J. E. MILLAIS, ARTHUR HUGHES, etc. +Engraved on steel. Bound in extra cloth. Pott 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ net each. + + + _PRESENTATION EDITIONS._ + + _The volumes marked with an asterisk (*) are also issued in the + following special bindings_:-- + + _(1) Cloth elegant, full gilt backs and gilt tops. 2s. 6d. net._ + _(2) Limp Leather, full gilt backs and gilt edges. 3s. 6d. net._ + + * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the + English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by + FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. + + * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the + English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by + FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. Second Series. The Two Series, in + cloth box. 5_s._ net. + + Lyric Love. An Anthology. Edited by W. WATSON. + + * Poet's Walk. An Introduction to English Poetry. Chosen and + arranged by MOWBRAY MORRIS. + + * The Children's Garland from the best Poets. Selected and + arranged by COVENTRY PATMORE. + + * The Children's Treasury of Lyrical Poetry. Selected and + arranged by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + The Ballad Book. A Selection of the choicest British Ballads. + Edited by WILLIAM ALLINGHAM. + + The Song Book. Words and Tunes from the best Poets and + Musicians. Selected and arranged by JOHN HULLAH. + + The Jest Book. The choicest Anecdotes and Sayings. Selected and + arranged by MARK LEMON. + + The Fairy Book; the best Popular Fairy Stories. Selected and + rendered anew by the Author of "JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." + + A Book of Golden Thoughts. By Sir HENRY ATTWELL, "Knight of the + Order of the Oak Crown." + + A Book of Golden Deeds of All Times and All Lands. Gathered and + narrated. By the Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + A Book of Worthies. Gathered from the Old Histories and now + written anew by the Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + The Sunday Book of Poetry. Selected and arranged by C. F. + ALEXANDER. + + Golden Treasury Psalter. Being an Edition with Briefer Notes of + the Psalms Chronologically arranged. By FOUR FRIENDS. + + The Book of Praise. From the best English Hymn Writers. Selected + and arranged by the EARL OF SELBORNE. + + La Lyre Francaise. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by GUSTAVE + MASSON. + + Theologia Germanica. Translated from the German by SUSANNA + WINKWORTH. With a Preface by CHARLES KINGSLEY. + + Balladen und Romanzen. The Golden Treasury of the Best German + Ballads and Romances. Selected and arranged by Dr. BUCHHEIM. + + Deutsche Lyrik. The Golden Treasury of the Best German Lyrical + Poems. Selected and arranged, with Notes and Literary + Introduction, by Dr. BUCHHEIM. + + * * * * * + + * Essays of Joseph Addison. Chosen and Edited by J. R. GREEN, + M.A., LL.D. + + * Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold. + + * Bacon's Essays and Colours of Good and Evil. With Notes and + Glossarial Index. By W. ALDIS WRIGHT, M.A. + + Lyrical Poems of T. E. Brown. Selected by H. F. BROWN and H. G. + DAKYNS. + + * Poetry of Byron. Chosen and arranged by MATTHEW ARNOLD. + + * Poems of Thomas Campbell. Selected and arranged by LEWIS + CAMPBELL. + + Selections from the Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough. + + * Selections from Cowper's Poems. With Introduction, by Mrs. + OLIPHANT. + + Letters of William Cowper. Edited with Introduction, by Rev. W. + BENHAM, B.D., F.S.A. + + * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Astronomer-Poet of Persia. + Rendered into English Verse. + + Euphranor, and other Miscellanies. By EDWARD FITZGERALD. + + Balthazar Gracian's Art of Worldly Wisdom. Translated by JOSEPH + JACOBS. + + Heine's Lieder und Gedichte. Selected and Edited, with an + Introduction and Notes, by Dr. C. A. BUCHHEIM. + + Chrysomela: a Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert + Herrick. Arranged with Notes, by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. By O. W. HOLMES. With + Introduction by Sir LESLIE STEPHEN. + + Tom Brown's School Days. By THOMAS HUGHES. + + Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of Thomas Henry Huxley. + Selected by HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY. + + * The Poetical Works of John Keats. Reprinted from the original + Editions, with Notes by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + * The Christian Year. Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holy + Days throughout the Year. With Introduction by C. M. YONGE. + + * Tales from Shakespeare. By CHARLES and MARY LAMB. Edited by + the Rev. A. AINGER, M.A. + + Walter Savage Landor. Selections from the Writings of. Arranged + and Edited by SIDNEY COLVIN. + + * London Lyrics. By FREDERICK LOCKER-LAMPSON. + + Poetry of Thomas Moore. Selected and arranged by C. LITTON + FALKINER. + + * Select Poems of Christina G. Rossetti. Edited by W. M. + ROSSETTI. + + Songs and Sonnets by William Shakespeare. Edited by F. T. + PALGRAVE. + + * Poems from Shelley. Selected and Arranged by STOPFORD A. + BROOKE, M.A. + + * Poems by Robert Southey. Chosen and arranged by E. DOWDEN. + + Essays of Richard Steele. Selected and Edited by L. EDWARD + STEELE. + + Lyrical Poems. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. Selected and Annotated + by F. T. PALGRAVE. + + * In Memoriam. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * The Princess. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * The Idylls of the King. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. + + * Poems of Wordsworth. Chosen and edited by MATTHEW ARNOLD. + + The Story of the Christians and Moors in Spain. By C. M. YONGE, + Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE." + + Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici: Letter to a Friend, etc., + and Christian Morals. Edited by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon. + + Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus. Edited + by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon. + + The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to Come. + By JOHN BUNYAN. + + The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Edited after the Original + Edition, by J. W. CLARK, M.A. + + Mohammed. The Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet. Chosen and + Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by STANLEY LANE + POOLE. + + The Cavalier and his Lady. Selections from the Works of the + First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle. With an Introductory + Essay by EDWARD JENKINS, Author of "GINX'S BABY," etc. + + The House of Atreus: being the Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, and + Furies of AEschylus. Translated into English verse by E. D. + A. MORSHEAD, M.A. + + Two Essays on Old Age and Friendship. Translated from the Latin + of Cicero, with Introduction, by E. S. SHUCKBURGH. + + Golden Sayings of Epictetus. Translated and Arranged by HASTINGS + CROSSLEY, M.A., Litt. D. + + * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus to Himself. An English Version of + the Works of Marcus Aurelius. By Rev. Dr. GERALD HENRY + RENDALL, Head Master of Charterhouse. + + * The Republic of Plato. Translated into English, with Notes, by + J. LL. DAVIES, M.A., and D. J. VAUGHAN, M.A. + + The Trial and Death of Socrates. Being the Euthyphron, Apology, + Crito, and Phaedo of Plato. Translated into English by F. J. + CHURCH. + + Phaedrus, Lysis, and Protagoras of Plato. A New and Literal + Translation, by J. WRIGHT. + + Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. Rendered into English Prose by + ANDREW LANG, M.A. + + * * * * * + + MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., LONDON + + 10.11.07 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the +works of T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 35584.txt or 35584.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/5/8/35584/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/35584.zip b/35584.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2b15ee --- /dev/null +++ b/35584.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c0110a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #35584 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35584) |
