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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of
+T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley
+
+Author: Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+Editor: Henrietta A. Huxley
+
+Release Date: March 16, 2011 [EBook #35584]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
+  LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA
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+
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
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+
+  [Illustration: T. H. Huxley]
+
+
+
+  APHORISMS
+  AND
+  REFLECTIONS
+
+  From the Works of
+  T. H. HUXLEY
+
+  Selected by
+  HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY
+
+  MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
+  ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON
+  1908
+
+
+  RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
+  BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND
+  BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
+
+  _First Edition, 1907._
+  _Reprinted, 1908._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Although a man by his works and personality shall have made his mark
+upon the age he lives in, yet when he has passed away and his influence
+with him, the next generation, and still more the succeeding one, will
+know little of this work, of his ideals and of the goal he strove to
+win, although for the student his scientific work may always live.
+
+Thomas Henry Huxley may come to be remembered by the public merely as
+the man who held that we were descended from the ape, or as the apostle
+of Darwinism, or as the man who worsted Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford.
+
+To prevent such limitation, and to afford more intimate and valuable
+reasons for remembrance of this man of science and lover of his
+fellow-men, I have gathered together passages, on widely differing
+themes, from the nine volumes of his "Essays," from his "Scientific
+Memoirs" and his "Letters," to be published in a small volume, complete
+in itself and of a size that can be carried in the pocket.
+
+Some of the passages were picked out for their philosophy, some for
+their moral guidances, some for their scientific exposition of natural
+facts, or for their insight into social questions; others for their
+charms of imagination or genial humour, and many--not the least--for
+their pure beauty of lucid English writing.
+
+In so much wealth of material it was difficult to restrict the
+gathering.
+
+My great wish is that this small book, by the easy method of its
+contents, may attract the attention of those persons who are yet
+unacquainted with my husband's writings; of the men and women of
+leisure, who, although they may have heard of the "Essays," do not care
+to work their way through the nine volumes; of others who would like to
+read them, but who have either no time to do so or coin wherewith to buy
+them. More especially do I hope that these selections may attract the
+attention of the working man, whose cause my husband so ardently
+espoused, and to whom he was the first to reveal, by his free lectures,
+the loveliness of Nature, the many rainbow-coloured rays of science, and
+to show forth to his listeners how all these glorious rays unite in the
+one pure white light of holy truth.
+
+I am most grateful to our son Leonard Huxley for weeding out the
+overgrowth of my extracts, for indexing the text of the book and seeing
+it through the press for me.
+
+    HODESLEA, EASTBOURNE,
+        _June 29th, 1907._
+
+
+
+
+APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS
+
+
+I
+
+There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except veracity of
+thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the world as it is
+when the garment of make-believe by which pious hands have hidden its
+uglier features is stripped off.
+
+
+II
+
+Natural knowledge, seeking to satisfy natural wants, has found the ideas
+which can alone still spiritual cravings. I say that natural knowledge,
+in desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort, has been driven to
+discover those of conduct, and to lay the foundations of a new morality.
+
+
+III
+
+The improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge
+authority, as such. For him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind
+faith the one unpardonable sin.
+
+
+IV
+
+The man of science has learned to believe in justification, not by
+faith, but by verification.
+
+
+V
+
+No delusion is greater than the notion that method and industry can make
+up for lack of motherwit, either in science or in practical life.
+
+
+VI
+
+Nothing great in science has ever been done by men, whatever their
+powers, in whom the divine afflatus of the truth-seeker was wanting.
+
+
+VII
+
+In science, as in art, and, as I believe, in every other sphere of human
+activity, there may be wisdom in a multitude of counsellors, but it is
+only in one or two of them.
+
+
+VIII
+
+Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption one sometimes meets
+with, that physics has one method, chemistry another, and biology a
+third.
+
+
+IX
+
+Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific work is aware that
+those who refuse to go beyond fact, rarely get as far as fact; and
+anyone who has studied the history of science knows that almost every
+great step therein has been made by the "anticipation of Nature."
+
+
+X
+
+There are three great products of our time.... One of these is that
+doctrine concerning the constitution of matter which, for want of a
+better name, I will call "molecular"; the second is the doctrine of the
+conservation of energy; the third is the doctrine of evolution.
+
+
+XI
+
+M. Comte's philosophy, in practice, might be compendiously described as
+Catholicism _minus_ Christianity.
+
+
+XII
+
+Fact I know; and Law I know; but what is this Necessity, save an empty
+shadow of my own mind's throwing?
+
+
+XIII
+
+We live in a world which is full of misery and ignorance, and the plain
+duty of each and all of us is to try to make the little corner he can
+influence somewhat less miserable and somewhat less ignorant than it was
+before he entered it.
+
+
+XIV
+
+The man of science, who, forgetting the limits of philosophical inquiry,
+slides from these formulae and symbols into what is commonly understood
+by materialism, seems to me to place himself on a level with the
+mathematician, who should mistake the _x_'s and _y_'s with which he
+works his problems for real entities--and with this further
+disadvantage, as compared with the mathematician, that the blunders of
+the latter are of no practical consequence, while the errors of
+systematic materialism may paralyse the energies and destroy the beauty
+of a life.
+
+
+XV
+
+There are some men who are counted great because they represent the
+actuality of their own age, and mirror it as it is. Such an one was
+Voltaire, of whom it was epigrammatically said, "he expressed
+everybody's thoughts better than anybody." But there are other men who
+attain greatness because they embody the potentiality of their own day,
+and magically reflect the future. They express the thoughts which will
+be everybody's two or three centuries after them. Such an one was
+Descartes.
+
+
+XVI
+
+"Learn what is true, in order to do what is right," is the summing up of
+the whole duty of man, for all who are unable to satisfy their mental
+hunger with the east wind of authority.
+
+
+XVII
+
+When I say that Descartes consecrated doubt, you must remember that it
+was that sort of doubt which Goethe has called "the active scepticism,
+whose whole aim is to conquer itself"; and not that other sort which is
+born of flippancy and ignorance, and whose aim is only to perpetuate
+itself, as an excuse for idleness and indifference.
+
+
+XVIII
+
+What, then, is certain?... Why, the fact that the thought, the present
+consciousness, exists. Our thoughts may be delusive, but they cannot be
+fictitious. As thoughts, they are real and existent, and the cleverest
+deceiver cannot make them otherwise.
+
+
+XIX
+
+Thought is existence. More than that, so far as we are concerned,
+existence is thought, all our conceptions of existence being some kind
+or other of thought.
+
+
+XX
+
+It is enough for all the practical purposes of human existence if we
+find that our trust in the representations of consciousness is verified
+by results; and that, by their help, we are enabled "to walk
+sure-footedly in this life."
+
+
+XXI
+
+It is because the body is a machine that education is possible.
+Education is the formation of habits, a superinducing of an artificial
+organisation upon the natural organisation of the body; so that acts,
+which at first required a conscious effort, eventually became
+unconscious and mechanical.
+
+
+XXII
+
+I protest that if some great Power would agree to make me always think
+what is true and do what is right, on condition of being turned into a
+sort of clock and wound up every morning before I got out of bed, I
+should instantly close with the offer.
+
+
+XXIII
+
+The only freedom I care about is the freedom to do right; the freedom to
+do wrong I am ready to part with on the cheapest terms to anyone who
+will take it of me.
+
+
+XXIV
+
+Whatever evil voices may rage, Science, secure among the powers that are
+eternal, will do her work and be blessed.
+
+
+XXV
+
+There is assuredly no more effectual method of clearing up one's own
+mind on any subject than by talking it over, so to speak, with men of
+real power and grasp, who have considered it from a totally different
+point of view.
+
+
+XXVI
+
+The parallax of time helps us to the true position of a conception, as
+the parallax of space helps us to that of a star.
+
+
+XXVII
+
+[If animals are conscious automata with souls] the soul stands related
+to the body as the bell of a clock to the works, and consciousness
+answers to the sound which the bell gives out when it is struck.
+
+
+XXVIII
+
+Logical consequences are the scarecrows of fools and the beacons of wise
+men.
+
+
+XXIX
+
+The only question which any wise man can ask himself, and which any
+honest man will ask himself, is whether a doctrine is true or false.
+
+
+XXX
+
+Of all the senseless babble I have ever had occasion to read, the
+demonstrations of these philosophers who undertake to tell us all about
+the nature of God would be the worst, if they were not surpassed by the
+still greater absurdities of the philosophers who try to prove that
+there is no God.
+
+
+XXXI
+
+That which is to be lamented, I fancy, is not that society should do its
+utmost to help capacity to ascend from the lower strata to the higher,
+but that it has no machinery by which to facilitate the descent of
+incapacity from the higher strata to the lower.
+
+
+XXXII
+
+Time, whose tooth gnaws away everything else, is powerless against
+truth.
+
+
+XXXIII
+
+Misery is a match that never goes out.
+
+
+XXXIV
+
+Genius as an explosive power beats gunpowder hollow; and if knowledge,
+which should give that power guidance, is wanting, the chances are not
+small that the rocket will simply run amuck among friends and foes.
+
+
+XXXV
+
+Thoughtfulness for others, generosity, modesty, and self-respect, are
+the qualities which make a real gentleman, or lady, as distinguished
+from the veneered article which commonly goes by that name.
+
+
+XXXVI
+
+The higher the state of civilisation, the more completely do the actions
+of one member of the social body influence all the rest, and the less
+possible is it for any one man to do a wrong thing without interfering,
+more or less, with the freedom of all his fellow-citizens.
+
+
+XXXVII
+
+I take it that the good of mankind means the attainment, by every man,
+of all the happiness which he can enjoy without diminishing the
+happiness of his fellow men.
+
+
+XXXVIII
+
+Education promotes peace by teaching men the realities of life and the
+obligations which are involved in the very existence of society; it
+promotes intellectual development, not only by training the individual
+intellect, but by sifting out from the masses of ordinary or inferior
+capacities, those who are competent to increase the general welfare by
+occupying higher positions; and, lastly, it promotes morality and
+refinement, by teaching men to discipline themselves, and by leading
+them to see that the highest, as it is the only permanent, content is to
+be attained, not by grovelling in the rank and steaming valleys of
+sense, but by continual striving towards those high peaks, where,
+resting in eternal calm, reason discerns the undefined but bright ideal
+of the highest Good--"a cloud by day, a pillar of fire by night."
+
+
+XXXIX
+
+Missionaries, whether of philosophy or of religion, rarely make rapid
+way, unless their preachings fall in with the prepossessions of the
+multitude of shallow thinkers, or can be made to serve as a
+stalking-horse for the promotion of the practical aims of the still
+larger multitude, who do not profess to think much, but are quite
+certain they want a great deal.
+
+
+XL
+
+Proclaim human equality as loudly as you like, Witless will serve his
+brother.
+
+
+XLI
+
+There is no sea more dangerous than the ocean of practical
+politics--none in which there is more need of good pilotage and of a
+single, unfaltering purpose when the waves rise high.
+
+
+XLII
+
+The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time,
+free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction.
+
+
+XLIII
+
+For the welfare of society, as for that of individual men, it is surely
+essential that there should be a statute of limitations in respect of
+the consequences of wrong-doing.
+
+
+XLIV
+
+"Musst immer thun wie neu geboren" is the best of all maxims for the
+guidance of the life of States, no less than of individuals.
+
+
+XLV
+
+The population question is the real riddle of the sphinx, to which no
+political Oedipus has as yet found the answer. In view of the ravages of
+the terrible monster, over-multiplication, all other riddles sink into
+insignificance.
+
+
+XLVI
+
+The "Law of Nature" is not a command to do, or to refrain from doing,
+anything. It contains, in reality, nothing but a statement of that which
+a given being tends to do under the circumstances of its existence; and
+which, in the case of a living and sensitive being, it is necessitated
+to do, if it is to escape certain kinds of disability, pain, and
+ultimate dissolution.
+
+
+XLVII
+
+Probably none of the political delusions which have sprung from the
+"natural rights" doctrine has been more mischievous than the assertion
+that all men have a natural right to freedom, and that those who
+willingly submit to any restriction of this freedom, beyond the point
+determined by the deductions of _a priori_ philosophers, deserve the
+title of slave. But to my mind, this delusion is incomprehensible except
+as the result of the error of confounding natural with moral rights.
+
+
+XLVIII
+
+The very existence of society depends on the fact that every member of
+it tacitly admits that he is not the exclusive possessor of himself, and
+that he admits the claim of the polity of which he forms a part, to act,
+to some extent, as his master.
+
+
+XLIX
+
+Surely there is a time to submit to guidance and a time to take one's
+own way at all hazards.
+
+
+L
+
+Individualism, pushed to anarchy, in the family is as ill-founded
+theoretically and as mischievous practically as it is in the State;
+while extreme regimentation is a certain means of either destroying
+self-reliance or of maddening to rebellion.
+
+
+LI
+
+A man in his development runs for a little while parallel with, though
+never passing through, the form of the meanest worm, then travels for a
+space beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and the reptile
+for his fellow travellers; and only at last, after a brief companionship
+with the highest of the four-footed and four-handed world, rises into
+the dignity of pure manhood.
+
+
+LII
+
+Not only does every animal live at the expense of some other animal or
+plant, but the very plants are at war.... The individuals of a species
+are like the crew of a foundered ship, and none but good swimmers have a
+chance of reaching the land.
+
+
+LIII
+
+When we know that living things are formed of the same elements as the
+inorganic world, that they act and react upon it, bound by a thousand
+ties of natural piety, is it probable, nay is it possible, that they,
+and they alone, should have no order in their seeming disorder, no unity
+in their seeming multiplicity, should suffer no explanation by the
+discovery of some central and sublime law of mutual connection?
+
+
+LIV
+
+The student of Nature wonders the more and is astonished the less, the
+more conversant he becomes with her operations; but of all the perennial
+miracles she offers to his inspection, perhaps the most worthy of
+admiration is the development of a plant or of an animal from its
+embryo.
+
+
+LV
+
+Matter and force are the two names of the one artist who fashions the
+living as well as the lifeless.
+
+
+LVI
+
+There is not throughout Nature a law of wider application than this,
+that a body impelled by two forces takes the direction of their
+resultant.
+
+
+LVII
+
+Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of thought. It learns not, neither
+can it forget.
+
+
+LVIII
+
+Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers after truth, from the
+days of Galileo until now, whose lives have been embittered and their
+good name blasted by the mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters? Who shall count
+the host of weaker men whose sense of truth has been destroyed in the
+effort to harmonise impossibilities--whose life has been wasted in the
+attempt to force the generous new wine of Science into the old bottles
+of Judaism, compelled by the outcry of the same strong party?
+
+
+LIX
+
+When Astronomy was young "the morning stars sang together for joy," and
+the planets were guided in their courses by celestial hands. Now, the
+harmony of the stars has resolved itself into gravitation according to
+the inverse squares of the distances, and the orbits of the planets are
+deducible from the laws of the forces which allow a schoolboy's stone to
+break a window.
+
+
+LX
+
+The lightning was the angel of the Lord; but it has pleased Providence,
+in these modern times, that science should make it the humble messenger
+of man, and we know that every flash that shimmers about the horizon on
+a summer's evening is determined by ascertainable conditions, and that
+its direction and brightness might, if our knowledge of these were great
+enough, have been calculated.
+
+
+LXI
+
+Why should the souls [of philosophers] be deeply vexed? The majesty of
+Fact is on their side, and the elemental forces of Nature are working
+for them. Not a star comes to the meridian at its calculated time but
+testifies to the justice of their methods--their beliefs are "one with
+the falling rain and with the growing corn." By doubt they are
+established, and open inquiry is their bosom friend.
+
+
+LXII
+
+Harmonious order governing eternally continuous progress--the web and
+woof of matter and force interweaving by slow degrees, without a broken
+thread, that veil which lies between us and the Infinite--that universe
+which alone we know or can know; such is the picture which science draws
+of the world, and in proportion as any part of that picture is in unison
+with the rest, so may we feel sure that it is rightly painted.
+
+
+LXIII
+
+Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere
+natural appliances, to separate all the grains of sand from all the
+grains of salt; but a shower of rain will effect the same object in ten
+minutes.
+
+
+LXIV
+
+Elijah's great question, "Will you serve God or Baal? Choose ye," is
+uttered audibly enough in the ears of every one of us as we come to
+manhood. Let every man who tries to answer it seriously ask himself
+whether he can be satisfied with the Baal of authority, and with all the
+good things his worshippers are promised in this world and the next. If
+he can, let him, if he be so inclined, amuse himself with such
+scientific implements as authority tells him are safe and will not cut
+his fingers; but let him not imagine he is, or can be, both a true son
+of the Church and a loyal soldier of science.
+
+
+LXV
+
+Ecclesiasticism in science is only unfaithfulness to truth.
+
+
+LXVI
+
+If the blind acceptance of authority appears to him in its true colours,
+as mere private judgment _in excelsis_, and if he have the courage to
+stand alone, face to face with the abyss of the eternal and unknowable,
+let him be content, once for all, not only to renounce the good things
+promised by "Infallibility," but even to bear the bad things which it
+prophesies; content to follow reason and fact in singleness and honesty
+of purpose, wherever they may lead, in the sure faith that a hell of
+honest men will, to him, be more endurable than a paradise full of
+angelic shams.
+
+
+LXVII
+
+History warns us that it is the customary fate of new truths to begin as
+heresies and to end as superstitions.
+
+
+LXVIII
+
+The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the
+physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to
+exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its
+rivals.
+
+
+LXIX
+
+The scientific spirit is of more value than its products, and
+irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors.
+
+
+LXX
+
+Every belief is the product of two factors: the first is the state of
+the mind to which the evidence in favour of that belief is presented;
+and the second is the logical cogency of the evidence itself.
+
+
+LXXI
+
+Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed.
+
+
+LXXII
+
+The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of
+the necessary mode of working of the human mind. It is simply the mode
+in which all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise and exact.
+
+
+LXXIII
+
+There are men (and I think Priestley was one of them) to whom the
+satisfaction of throwing down a triumphant fallacy is as great as that
+which attends the discovery of a new truth; who feel better satisfied
+with the government of the world, when they have been helping Providence
+by knocking an imposture on the head; and who care even more for freedom
+of thought than for mere advance of knowledge. These men are the Carnots
+who organise victory for truth, and they are, at least, as important as
+the generals who visibly fight her battles in the field.
+
+
+LXXIV
+
+Material advancement has its share in moral and intellectual progress.
+Becky Sharp's acute remark that it is not difficult to be virtuous on
+ten thousand a year, has its application to nations; and it is futile to
+expect a hungry and squalid population to be anything but violent and
+gross.
+
+
+LXXV
+
+If the twentieth century is to be better than the nineteenth, it will be
+because there are among us men who walk in Priestley's footsteps. But
+whether Priestley's lot be theirs, and a future generation, in justice
+and in gratitude, set up their statues; or whether their names and fame
+are blotted out from remembrance, their work will live as long as time
+endures. To all eternity, the sum of truth and right will have been
+increased by their means; to all eternity, falsehood and injustice will
+be the weaker because they have lived.
+
+
+LXXVI
+
+Science is, I believe, nothing but _trained and organised common sense_,
+differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw
+recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only so far
+as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a
+savage wields his club.
+
+
+LXXVII
+
+The vast results obtained by Science are won by no mystical faculties,
+by no mental processes, other than those which are practised by every
+one of us, in the humblest and meanest affairs of life. A detective
+policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made by his shoe, by a
+mental process identical with that by which Cuvier restored the extinct
+animals of Montmartre from fragments of their bones.
+
+
+LXXVIII
+
+There is no side of the human mind which physiological study leaves
+uncultivated. Connected by innumerable ties with abstract science,
+Physiology is yet in the most intimate relation with humanity; and by
+teaching us that law and order, and a definite scheme of development,
+regulate even the strangest and wildest manifestations of individual
+life, she prepares the student to look for a goal even amidst the
+erratic wanderings of mankind, and to believe that history offers
+something more than an entertaining chaos--a journal of a toilsome,
+tragi-comic march nowhither.
+
+
+LXXIX
+
+I cannot but think that he who finds a certain proportion of pain and
+evil inseparably woven up in the life of the very worms, will bear his
+own share with more courage and submission; and will, at any rate, view
+with suspicion those weakly amiable theories of the Divine government,
+which would have us believe pain to be an oversight and a mistake,--to
+be corrected by and by. On the other hand, the predominance of happiness
+among living things--their lavish beauty--the secret and wonderful
+harmony which pervades them all, from the highest to the lowest, are
+equally striking refutations of that modern Manichean doctrine, which
+exhibits the world as a slave-mill, worked with many tears, for mere
+utilitarian ends.
+
+
+LXXX
+
+To a person uninstructed in natural history, his country or sea-side
+stroll is a walk through a gallery filled with wonderful works of art,
+nine-tenths of which have their faces turned to the wall. Teach him
+something of natural history, and you place in his hands a catalogue of
+those which are worth turning round. Surely our innocent pleasures are
+not so abundant in this life that we can afford to despise this or any
+other source of them. We should fear being banished for our neglect to
+that limbo where the great Florentine tells us are those who, during
+this life, "wept when they might be joyful."
+
+
+LXXXI
+
+No slavery can be abolished without a double emancipation, and the
+master will benefit by freedom more than the freed-man.
+
+
+LXXXII
+
+Compare the average artisan and the average country squire, and it may
+be doubted if you will find a pin to choose between the two in point of
+ignorance, class feeling, or prejudice. It is true that the ignorance is
+of a different sort--that the class feeling is in favour of a different
+class--and that the prejudice has a distinct savour of wrong-headedness
+in each case--but it is questionable if the one is either a bit better,
+or a bit worse, than the other. The old protectionist theory is the
+doctrine of trades unions as applied by the squires, and the modern
+trades unionism is the doctrine of the squires applied by the artisans.
+Why should we be worse off under one _regime_ than under the other?
+
+
+LXXXIII
+
+The life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one of us, and, more
+or less, of those who are connected with us, do depend upon our knowing
+something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and
+complicated than chess. It is a game which has been played for untold
+ages, every man and woman of us being one of the two players in a game
+of his or her own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the
+phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the
+laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know
+that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our
+cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance
+for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid,
+with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows
+delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated--without haste,
+but without remorse.
+
+
+LXXXIV
+
+Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of Nature,
+under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men
+and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of the will
+into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws.
+
+
+LXXXV
+
+To every one of us the world was once as fresh and new as to Adam. And
+then, long before we were susceptible of any other mode of instruction,
+Nature took us in hand, and every minute of waking life brought its
+educational influence, shaping our actions into rough accordance with
+Nature's laws, so that we might not be ended untimely by too gross
+disobedience. Nor should I speak of this process of education as past
+for any one, be he as old as he may. For every man the world is as fresh
+as it was at the first day, and as full of untold novelties for him who
+has the eyes to see them. And Nature is still continuing her patient
+education of us in that great university, the universe, of which we are
+all members--Nature having no Test-Acts.
+
+
+LXXXVI
+
+Those who take honours in Nature's university, who learn the laws which
+govern men and things and obey them, are the really great and successful
+men in this world. The great mass of mankind are the "Poll," who pick
+up just enough to get through without much discredit. Those who won't
+learn at all are plucked; and then you can't come up again. Nature's
+pluck means extermination.
+
+
+LXXXVII
+
+Ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience--incapacity meets
+with the same punishment as crime. Nature's discipline is not even a
+word and a blow, and the blow first; but the blow without the word. It
+is left to you to find out why your ears are boxed.
+
+
+LXXXVIII
+
+All artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural
+education.
+
+
+LXXXIX
+
+That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained
+in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with
+ease and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it is capable of;
+whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of
+equal strength and in smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine,
+to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as
+forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is stored with a knowledge of
+the great and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of her
+operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but
+whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the
+servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all beauty,
+whether of Nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and to respect others
+as himself.
+
+
+XC
+
+The only medicine for suffering, crime, and all the other woes of
+mankind, is wisdom.
+
+
+XCI
+
+Next to being right in this world, the best of all things is to be
+clearly and definitely wrong, because you will come out somewhere. If
+you go buzzing about between right and wrong, vibrating and fluctuating,
+you come out nowhere; but if you are absolutely and thoroughly and
+persistently wrong, you must, some of these days, have the extreme good
+fortune of knocking your head against a fact, and that sets you all
+straight again.
+
+
+XCII
+
+No man ever understands Shakespeare until he is old, though the youngest
+may admire him, the reason being that he satisfies the artistic instinct
+of the youngest and harmonises with the ripest and richest experience of
+the oldest.
+
+
+XCIII
+
+It is not a question whether one order of study or another should
+predominate. It is a question of what topics of education you shall
+select which will combine all the needful elements in such due
+proportion as to give the greatest amount of food, support, and
+encouragement to those faculties which enable us to appreciate truth,
+and to profit by those sources of innocent happiness which are open to
+us, and, at the same time, to avoid that which is bad, and coarse, and
+ugly, and keep clear of the multitude of pitfalls and dangers which
+beset those who break through the natural or moral laws.
+
+
+XCIV
+
+Writing is a form of drawing; therefore if you give the same attention
+and trouble to drawing as you do to writing, depend upon it, there is
+nobody who cannot be made to draw, more or less well.... I do not say
+for one moment you would make an artistic draughtsman. Artists are not
+made; they grow.... You can teach simple drawing, and you will find it
+an implement of learning of extreme value. I do not think its value can
+be exaggerated, because it gives you the means of training the young in
+attention and accuracy, which are the two things in which all mankind
+are more deficient than in any other mental quality whatever.
+
+
+XCV
+
+If a man cannot get literary culture of the highest kind out of his
+Bible, and Chaucer, and Shakespeare, and Milton, and Hobbes, and Bishop
+Berkeley, to mention only a few of our illustrious writers--I say, if he
+cannot get it out of those writers, he cannot get it out of anything;
+and I would assuredly devote a very large portion of the time of every
+English child to the careful study of the models of English writing of
+such varied and wonderful kind as we possess, and, what is still more
+important and still more neglected, the habit of using that language
+with precision, with force, and with art.
+
+
+XCVI
+
+I fancy we are almost the only nation in the world who seem to think
+that composition comes by nature. The French attend to their own
+language, the Germans study theirs; but Englishmen do not seem to think
+it is worth their while.
+
+
+XCVII
+
+Many of the faults and mistakes of the ancient philosophers are
+traceable to the fact that they knew no language but their own, and were
+often led into confusing the symbol with the thought which it embodied.
+
+
+XCVIII
+
+If the time given to education permits, add Latin and German. Latin,
+because it is the key to nearly one-half of English and to all the
+Romance languages; and German, because it is the key to almost all the
+remainder of English, and helps you to understand a race from whom most
+of us have sprung, and who have a character and a literature of a
+fateful force in the history of the world, such as probably has been
+allotted to those of no other people, except the Jews, the Greeks, and
+ourselves.
+
+
+XCIX
+
+In an ideal University, ... the force of living example should fire the
+student with a noble ambition to emulate the learning of learned men,
+and to follow in the footsteps of the explorers of new fields of
+knowledge. And the very air he breathes should be charged with that
+enthusiasm for truth, that fanaticism of veracity, which is a greater
+possession than much learning; a nobler gift than the power of
+increasing knowledge; by so much greater and nobler than these, as the
+moral nature of man is greater than the intellectual; for veracity is
+the heart of morality.
+
+
+C
+
+Do what you can to do what you ought, and leave hoping and fearing
+alone.
+
+
+CI
+
+On the face of the matter, it is absurd to ask whether it is more
+important to know the limits of one's powers; or the ends for which they
+ought to be exerted; or the conditions under which they must be exerted.
+One may as well inquire which of the terms of a Rule of Three sum one
+ought to know in order to get a trustworthy result. Practical life is
+such a sum, in which your duty multiplied into your capacity, and
+divided by your circumstances, gives you the fourth term in the
+proportion, which is your deserts, with great accuracy.
+
+
+CII
+
+Books are the money of Literature, but only the counters of Science.
+
+
+CIII
+
+Medicine was the foster-mother of Chemistry, because it has to do with
+the preparation of drugs and the detection of poisons; of Botany,
+because it enabled the physician to recognise medicinal herbs; of
+Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, because the man who studied Human
+Anatomy and Physiology for purely medical purposes was led to extend his
+studies to the rest of the animal world.
+
+
+CIV
+
+A thorough study of Human Physiology is, in itself, an education broader
+and more comprehensive than much that passes under that name. There is
+no side of the intellect which it does not call into play, no region of
+human knowledge into which either its roots, or its branches, do not
+extend; like the Atlantic between the Old and the New Worlds, its waves
+wash the shores of the two worlds of matter and of mind; its tributary
+streams flow from both; through its waters, as yet unfurrowed by the
+keel of any Columbus, lies the road, if such there be, from the one to
+the other; far away from that North-west Passage of mere speculation, in
+which so many brave souls have been hopelessly frozen up.
+
+
+CV
+
+You know that among the Bees, it depends on the kind of cell in which
+the egg is deposited, and the quantity and quality of food which is
+supplied to the grub, whether it shall turn out a busy little worker or
+a big idle queen. And, in the human hive, the cells of the endowed larvae
+are always tending to enlarge, and their food to improve, until we get
+queens, beautiful to behold, but which gather no honey and build no
+comb.
+
+
+CVI
+
+Examination, like fire, is a good servant, but a bad master; and there
+seems to me to be some danger of its becoming our master. I by no means
+stand alone in this opinion. Experienced friends of mine do not hesitate
+to say that students whose career they watch appear to them to become
+deteriorated by the constant effort to pass this or that examination,
+just as we hear of men's brains becoming affected by the daily necessity
+of catching a train. They work to pass, not to know; and outraged
+Science takes her revenge. They do pass, and they don't know.
+
+
+CVII
+
+A man's worst difficulties begin when he is able to do as he likes.
+
+
+CVIII
+
+There is but one right, and the possibilities of wrong are infinite.
+
+
+CIX
+
+It is given to few to add to the store of knowledge, to strike new
+springs of thought, or to shape new forms of beauty. But so sure as it
+is that men live not by bread, but by ideas, so sure is it that the
+future of the world lies in the hands of those who are able to carry the
+interpretation of nature a step further than their predecessors.
+
+
+CX
+
+Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a nation.
+
+
+CXI
+
+Whatever practical people may say, this world is, after all, absolutely
+governed by ideas, and very often by the wildest and most hypothetical
+ideas. It is a matter of the very greatest importance that our theories
+of things, and even of things that seem a long way apart from our daily
+lives, should be as far as possible true, and as far as possible removed
+from error.
+
+
+CXII
+
+All truth, in the long run, is only common sense clarified.
+
+
+CXIII
+
+You may read any quantity of books, and you may be almost as ignorant as
+you were at starting, if you don't have, at the back of your minds, the
+change for words in definite images which can only be acquired through
+the operation of your observing faculties on the phenomena of nature.
+
+
+CXIV
+
+The saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing is, to my mind,
+a very dangerous adage. If knowledge is real and genuine, I do not
+believe that it is other than a very valuable possession, however
+infinitesimal its quantity may be. Indeed, if a little knowledge is
+dangerous, where is the man who has so much as to be out of danger?
+
+
+CXV
+
+Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more than twice their weight
+of cleverness.
+
+
+CXVI
+
+The body is a machine of the nature of an army.... Of this army each
+cell is a soldier, an organ a brigade, the central nervous system
+headquarters and field telegraph, the alimentary and circulatory system
+the commissariat. Losses are made good by recruits born in camp, and the
+life of the individual is a campaign, conducted successfully for a
+number of years, but with certain defeat in the long run.
+
+
+CXVII
+
+So far as the laws of conduct are determined by the intellect, I
+apprehend that they belong to science, and to that part of science which
+is called morality. But the engagement of the affections in favour of
+that particular kind of conduct which we call good, seems to me to be
+something quite beyond mere science. And I cannot but think that it,
+together with the awe and reverence, which have no kinship with base
+fear, but arise whenever one tries to pierce below the surface of
+things, whether they be material or spiritual, constitutes all that has
+any unchangeable reality in religion.
+
+
+CXVIII
+
+Just as I think it would be a mistake to confound the science, morality,
+with the affection, religion; so do I conceive it to be a most
+lamentable and mischievous error, that the science, theology, is so
+confounded in the minds of many--indeed, I might say, of the majority of
+men.
+
+
+CXIX
+
+My belief is, that no human being, and no society composed of human
+beings, ever did, or ever will, come to much, unless their conduct was
+governed and guided by the love of some ethical ideal.
+
+
+CXX
+
+Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make
+yourself do the thing you have to do, when it ought to be done, whether
+you like it or not; it is the first lesson that ought to be learned;
+and, however early a man's training begins, it is probably the last
+lesson that he learns thoroughly.
+
+
+CXXI
+
+The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. What men need is, as
+much knowledge as they can assimilate and organise into a basis for
+action; give them more and it may become injurious. One knows people who
+are as heavy and stupid from undigested learning as others are from
+over-fulness of meat and drink.
+
+
+CXXII
+
+There is no mode of exercising the faculty of observation and the
+faculty of accurate reproduction of that which is observed, no
+discipline which so readily tests error in these matters, as drawing
+properly taught. And by that I do not mean artistic drawing; I mean
+figuring natural objects. I do not wish to exaggerate, but I declare to
+you that, in my judgment, the child who has been taught to make an
+accurate elevation, plan and section of a pint pot has had an admirable
+training in accuracy of eye and hand.
+
+
+CXXIII
+
+Accuracy is the foundation of everything else.
+
+
+CXXIV
+
+Anybody who knows his business in science can make anything subservient
+to that purpose. You know it was said of Dean Swift that he could write
+an admirable poem upon a broomstick, and the man who has a real
+knowledge of science can make the commonest object in the world
+subservient to an introduction to the principles and greater truths of
+natural knowledge.
+
+
+CXXV
+
+My experience of the world is that things left to themselves don't get
+right.
+
+
+CXXVI
+
+I remember somewhere reading of an interview between the poet Southey
+and a good Quaker. Southey was a man of marvellous powers of work. He
+had a habit of dividing his time into little parts each of which was
+filled up, and he told the Quaker what he did in this hour and that, and
+so on through the day until far into the night. The Quaker listened, and
+at the close said, "Well, but, friend Southey, when dost thee think?"
+
+
+CXXVII
+
+The knowledge which is absolutely requisite in dealing with young
+children is the knowledge you possess, as you would know your own
+business, and which you can just turn about as if you were explaining to
+a boy a matter of everyday life.
+
+
+CXXVIII
+
+You may develop the intellectual side of people as far as you like, and
+you may confer upon them all the skill that training and instruction can
+give; but, if there is not, underneath all that outside form and
+superficial polish, the firm fibre of healthy manhood and earnest desire
+to do well, your labour is absolutely in vain.
+
+
+CXXIX
+
+Our sole chance of succeeding in a competition, which must constantly
+become more and more severe, is that our people shall not only have the
+knowledge and the skill which are required, but that they shall have the
+will and the energy and the honesty, without which neither knowledge nor
+skill can be of any permanent avail.
+
+
+CXXX
+
+It is a great many years since, at the outset of my career, I had to
+think seriously what life had to offer that was worth having. I came to
+the conclusion that the chief good, for me, was freedom to learn, think,
+and say what I pleased, when I pleased. I have acted on that conviction,
+and have availed myself of the "rara temporum felicitas ubi sentire quae
+velis, et quae sentias dicere licet," which is now enjoyable, to the best
+of my ability; and though strongly, and perhaps wisely, warned that I
+should probably come to grief, I am entirely satisfied with the results
+of the line of action I have adopted.
+
+
+CXXXI
+
+The scientific imagination always restrains itself within the limits of
+probability.
+
+
+CXXXII
+
+It is a "law of nature," verifiable by everyday experience, that our
+already formed convictions, our strong desires, our intent occupation
+with particular ideas, modify our mental operations to a most marvellous
+extent, and produce enduring changes in the direction and in the
+intensity of our intellectual and moral activities.
+
+
+CXXXIII
+
+Men can intoxicate themselves with ideas as effectually as with alcohol
+or with bang, and produce, by dint of intense thinking, mental
+conditions hardly distinguishable from monomania.
+
+
+CXXXIV
+
+Demoniac possession is mythical; but the faculty of being possessed,
+more or less completely, by an idea is probably the fundamental
+condition of what is called genius, whether it show itself in the saint,
+the artist, or the man of science. One calls it faith, another calls it
+inspiration, a third calls it insight; but the "intending of the mind,"
+to borrow Newton's well-known phrase, the concentration of all the rays
+of intellectual energy on some one point, until it glows and colours the
+whole cast of thought with its peculiar light, is common to all.
+
+
+CXXXV
+
+Whatever happens, science may bide her time in patience and in
+confidence.
+
+
+CXXXVI
+
+The only people, scientific or other, who never make mistakes are those
+who do nothing.
+
+
+CXXXVII
+
+The most considerable difference I note among men is not in their
+readiness to fall into error, but in their readiness to acknowledge
+these inevitable lapses.
+
+
+CXXXVIII
+
+Quite apart from deliberate and conscious fraud (which is a rarer thing
+than is often supposed), people whose mythopoeic faculty is once stirred
+are capable of saying the thing that is not, and of acting as they
+should not, to an extent which is hardly imaginable by persons who are
+not so easily affected by the contagion of blind faith. There is no
+falsity so gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous women,
+anxious to promote a good cause, will not lend themselves to it without
+any clear consciousness of the moral bearings of what they are doing.
+
+
+CXXXIX
+
+This modern reproduction of the ancient prophet, with his "Thus saith
+the Lord," "This is the work of the Lord," steeped in supernaturalism
+and glorying in blind faith, is the mental antipodes of the philosopher,
+founded in naturalism and a fanatic for evidence, to whom these
+affirmations inevitably suggest the previous question: "How do you know
+that the Lord saith it?" "How do you know that the Lord doeth it?" and
+who is compelled to demand that rational ground for belief, without
+which, to the man of science, assent is merely an immoral pretence.
+
+And it is this rational ground of belief which the writers of the
+Gospels, no less than Paul, and Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of
+offering that they would regard the demand for it as a kind of
+blasphemy.
+
+
+CXL
+
+To quarrel with the uncertainty that besets us in intellectual affairs
+would be about as reasonable as to object to live one's life, with due
+thought for the morrow, because no man can be sure he will be alive an
+hour hence.
+
+
+CXLI
+
+I verily believe that the great good which has been effected in the
+world by Christianity has been largely counteracted by the pestilent
+doctrine on which all the Churches have insisted, that honest disbelief
+in their more or less astonishing creeds is a moral offence, indeed a
+sin of the deepest dye, deserving and involving the same future
+retribution as murder and robbery. If we could only see, in one view,
+the torrents of hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, the slaughter, the
+violations of every obligation of humanity, which have flowed from this
+source along the course of the history of Christian nations, our worst
+imaginations of Hell would pale beside the vision.
+
+
+CXLII
+
+Agnostioism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which
+lies in the rigorous application of a single principle. That principle
+is of great antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the writer
+who said, "Try all things, hold fast by that which is good"; it is the
+foundation of the Reformation, which simply illustrated the axiom that
+every man should be able to give a reason for the faith that is in him;
+it is the great principle of Descartes; it is the fundamental axiom of
+modern science. Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of
+the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without
+regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the
+intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not
+demonstrated or demonstrable. That I take to be the agnostic faith,
+which if a man keep whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look
+the universe in the face, whatever the future may have in store for him.
+
+
+CXLIII
+
+The best men of the best epochs are simply those who make the fewest
+blunders and commit the fewest sins.
+
+
+CXLIV
+
+That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive the bad man, and pity
+and help all men to the best of one's ability, is surely indisputable.
+It is the glory of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed this
+truth, through all their aberrations. But the worship of a God who needs
+forgiveness and help, and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is
+no better than that of any other voluntarily selected fetish. The
+Emperor Julian's project was hopeful in comparison with the prospects of
+the Comtist Anthropolatry.
+
+
+CXLV
+
+The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to believe certain
+propositions, whatever the results of a strict scientific investigation
+of the evidence of these propositions. He tells us "that religious error
+is, in itself, of an immoral nature." He declares that he has prejudged
+certain conclusions, and looks upon those who show cause for arrest of
+judgment as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, for him,
+the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment of truth, is the highest
+aim of mental life. And, on careful analysis of the nature of this
+faith, it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process of unity
+with the Divine, understood by the religious enthusiast; but that which
+the candid simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be.
+"Faith," said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, "is the power
+of saying you believe things which are incredible."
+
+
+CXLVI
+
+The science, the art, the jurisprudence, the chief political and social
+theories, of the modern world have grown out of those of Greece and
+Rome--not by favour of, but in the teeth of, the fundamental teachings
+of early Christianity, to which science, art, and any serious occupation
+with the things of this world, were alike despicable.
+
+
+CXLVII
+
+All that is best in the ethics of the modern world, in so far as it has
+not grown out of Greek thought, or Barbarian manhood, is the direct
+development of the ethics of old Israel. There is no code of
+legislation, ancient or modern, at once so just and so merciful, so
+tender to the weak and poor, as the Jewish law; and, if the Gospels are
+to be trusted, Jesus of Nazareth himself declared that he taught nothing
+but that which lay implicitly, or explicitly, in the religious and
+ethical system of his people.
+
+
+CXLVIII
+
+The first-recorded judicial murder of a scientific thinker was compassed
+and effected, not by a despot, nor by priests, but was brought about by
+eloquent demagogues, to whom, of all men, thorough searchings of the
+intellect are most dangerous and therefore most hateful.
+
+
+CXLIX
+
+Platonic philosophy is probably the grandest example of the unscientific
+use of the imagination extant; and it would be hard to estimate the
+amount of detriment to clear thinking effected, directly and indirectly,
+by the theory of ideas, on the one hand, and by the unfortunate doctrine
+of the baseness of matter, on the other.
+
+
+CL
+
+The development of exact natural knowledge in all its vast range, from
+physics to history and criticism, is the consequence of the working out,
+in this province, of the resolution to "take nothing for truth without
+clear knowledge that it is such"; to consider all beliefs open to
+criticism; to regard the value of authority as neither greater nor less
+than as much as it can prove itself to be worth. The modern spirit is
+not the spirit "which always denies," delighting only in destruction;
+still less is it that which builds castles in the air rather than not
+construct; it is that spirit which works and will work "without haste
+and without rest," gathering harvest after harvest of truth into its
+barns and devouring error with unquenchable fire.
+
+
+CLI
+
+In truth, the laboratory is the forecourt of the temple of philosophy;
+and whoso has not offered sacrifices and undergone purification there
+has little chance of admission into the sanctuary.
+
+
+CLII
+
+The memorable service rendered to the cause of sound thinking by
+Descartes consisted in this: that he laid the foundation of modern
+philosophical criticism by his inquiry into the nature of certainty.
+
+
+CLIII
+
+There is no question in the mind of anyone acquainted with the facts
+that, so far as observation and experiment can take us, the structure
+and the functions of the nervous system are fundamentally the same in
+an ape, or in a dog, and in a man. And the suggestion that we must stop
+at the exact point at which direct proof fails us, and refuse to believe
+that the similarity which extends so far stretches yet further, is no
+better than a quibble. Robinson Crusoe did not feel bound to conclude,
+from the single human footprint which he saw in the sand, that the maker
+of the impression had only one leg.
+
+
+CLIV
+
+Descartes, as we have seen, illustrates what he means by an innate idea,
+by the analogy of hereditary diseases or hereditary mental
+peculiarities, such as generosity. On the other hand, hereditary mental
+tendencies may justly be termed instincts; and still more appropriately
+might those special proclivities, which constitute what we call genius,
+come into the same category.
+
+
+CLV
+
+The child who is impelled to draw as soon as it can hold a pencil; the
+Mozart who breaks out into music as early; the boy Bidder who worked out
+the most complicated sums without learning arithmetic; the boy Pascal
+who evolved Euclid out of his own consciousness: all these may be said
+to have been impelled by instinct, as much as are the beaver and the
+bee. And the man of genius is distinct in kind from the man of
+cleverness, by reason of the working within him of strong innate
+tendencies--which cultivation may improve, but which it can no more
+create than horticulture can make thistles bear figs. The analogy
+between a musical instrument and the mind holds good here also. Art and
+industry may get much music, of a sort, out of a penny whistle; but,
+when all is done, it has no chance against an organ. The innate musical
+potentialities of the two are infinitely different.
+
+
+CLVI
+
+It is notorious that, to the unthinking mass of mankind, nine-tenths of
+the facts of life do not suggest the relation of cause and effect; and
+they practically deny the existence of any such relation by attributing
+them to chance. Few gamblers but would stare if they were told that the
+falling of a die on a particular face is as much the effect of a
+definite cause as the fact of its falling; it is a proverb that "the
+wind bloweth where it listeth"; and even thoughtful men usually receive
+with surprise the suggestion, that the form of the crest of every wave
+that breaks, wind-driven, on the sea-shore, and the direction of every
+particle of foam that flies before the gale, are the exact effects of
+definite causes; and, as such, must be capable of being determined,
+deductively, from the laws of motion and the properties of air and
+water. So again, there are large numbers of highly intelligent persons
+who rather pride themselves on their fixed belief that our volitions
+have no cause; or that the will causes itself, which is either the same
+thing, or a contradiction in terms.
+
+
+CLVII
+
+To say that an idea is necessary is simply to affirm that we cannot
+conceive the contrary; and the fact that we cannot conceive the contrary
+of any belief may be a presumption, but is certainly no proof, of its
+truth.
+
+
+CLVIII
+
+It is remarkable that Hume does not refer to the sentimental arguments
+for the immortality of the soul which are so much in vogue at the
+present day; and which are based upon our desire for a longer conscious
+existence than that which nature appears to have allotted to us. Perhaps
+he did not think them worth notice. For indeed it is not a little
+strange, that our strong desire that a certain occurrence should happen
+should be put forward as evidence that it will happen. If my intense
+desire to see the friend, from whom I have parted, does not bring him
+from the other side of the world, or take me thither; if the mother's
+agonised prayer that her child should live has not prevented him from
+dying; experience certainly affords no presumption that the strong
+desire to be alive after death, which we call the aspiration after
+immortality, is any more likely to be gratified. As Hume truly says,
+"All doctrines are to be suspected which are favoured by our passions";
+and the doctrine, that we are immortal because we should extremely like
+to be so, contains the quintessence of suspiciousness.
+
+
+CLIX
+
+If every man possessed everything he wanted, and no one had the power to
+interfere with such possession; or if no man desired that which could
+damage his fellow-man, justice would have no part to play in the
+universe.
+
+
+CLX
+
+To fail in justice, or in benevolence, is to be displeased with one's
+self. But happiness is impossible without inward self-approval; and,
+hence, every man who has any regard to his own happiness and welfare,
+will find his best reward in the practice of every moral duty.
+
+
+CLXI
+
+Virtue is undoubtedly beneficent; but the man is to be envied to whom
+her ways seem in anywise playful. And though she may not talk much about
+suffering and self-denial, her silence on that topic may be accounted
+for on the principle _ca va sans dire_.
+
+
+CLXII
+
+If mankind cannot be engaged in practices "full of austerity and
+rigour," by the love of righteousness and the fear of evil, without
+seeking for other compensation than that which flows from the
+gratification of such love and the consciousness of escape from
+debasement, they are in a bad case. For they will assuredly find that
+virtue presents no very close likeness to the sportive leader of the
+joyous hours in Hume's rosy picture; but that she is an awful Goddess,
+whose ministers are the Furies, and whose highest reward is peace.
+
+
+CLXIII
+
+Under its theological aspect, morality is obedience to the will of God;
+and the ground for such obedience is two-fold: either we ought to obey
+God because He will punish us if we disobey Him, which is an argument
+based on the utility of obedience; or our obedience ought to flow from
+our love towards God, which is an argument based on pure feeling and for
+which no reason can be given. For, if any man should say that he takes
+no pleasure in the contemplation of the ideal of perfect holiness, or,
+in other words, that he does not love God, the attempt to argue him into
+acquiring that pleasure would be as hopeless as the endeavour to
+persuade Peter Bell of the "witchery of the soft blue sky."
+
+
+CLXIV
+
+In whichever way we look at the matter, morality is based on feeling,
+not on reason; though reason alone is competent to trace out the effects
+of our actions and thereby dictate conduct. Justice is founded on the
+love of one's neighbour; and goodness is a kind of beauty. The moral
+law, like the laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon
+instinctive intuitions, and is neither more nor less "innate" and
+"necessary" than they are. Some people cannot by any means be got to
+understand the first book of Euclid; but the truths of mathematics are
+no less necessary and binding on the great mass of mankind. Some there
+are who cannot feel the difference between the "Sonata Appassionata" and
+"Cherry Ripe"; or between a grave-stone-cutter's cherub and the Apollo
+Belvidere; but the canons of art are none the less acknowledged. While
+some there may be, who, devoid of sympathy, are incapable of a sense of
+duty; but neither does their existence affect the foundations of
+morality. Such pathological deviations from true manhood are merely the
+halt, the lame, and the blind of the world of consciousness; and the
+anatomist of the mind leaves them aside, as the anatomist of the body
+would ignore abnormal specimens.
+
+And as there are Pascals and Mozarts, Newtons and Raffaelles, in whom
+the innate faculty for science or art seems to need but a touch to
+spring into full vigour, and through whom the human race obtains new
+possibilities of knowledge and new conceptions of beauty: so there have
+been men of moral genius, to whom we owe ideals of duty and visions of
+moral perfection, which ordinary mankind could never have attained:
+though, happily for them, they can feel the beauty of a vision, which
+lay beyond the reach of their dull imaginations, and count life well
+spent in shaping some faint image of it in the actual world.
+
+
+CLXV
+
+The horror of "Materialism" which weighs upon the minds of so many
+excellent people appears to depend, in part, upon the purely accidental
+connexion of some forms of materialistic philosophy with ethical and
+religious tenets by which they are repelled; and, partly, on the
+survival of a very ancient superstition concerning the nature of matter.
+
+This superstition, for the tenacious vitality of which the idealistic
+philosophers who are, more or less, disciples of Plato and the
+theologians who have been influenced by them, are responsible, assumes
+that matter is something, not merely inert and perishable, but
+essentially base and evil-natured, if not actively antagonistic to, at
+least a negative dead-weight upon, the good.
+
+
+CLXVI
+
+Judging by contemporary literature, there are numbers of highly
+cultivated and indeed superior persons to whom the material world is
+altogether contemptible; who can see nothing in a handful of garden
+soil, or a rusty nail, but types of the passive and the corruptible.
+
+To modern science, these assumptions are as much out of date as the
+equally venerable errors, that the sun goes round the earth every
+four-and-twenty hours, or that water is an elementary body. The handful
+of soil is a factory thronged with swarms of busy workers; the rusty
+nail is an aggregation of millions of particles, moving with
+inconceivable velocity in a dance of infinite complexity yet perfect
+measure; harmonic with like performances throughout the solar system. If
+there is good ground for any conclusion, there is such for the belief
+that the substance of these particles has existed and will exist, that
+the energy which stirs them has persisted and will persist, without
+assignable limit, either in the past or the future. Surely, as
+Heracleitus said of his kitchen with its pots and pans, "Here also are
+the gods." Little as we have, even yet, learned of the material
+universe, that little makes for the belief that it is a system of
+unbroken order and perfect symmetry, of which the form incessantly
+changes, while the substance and the energy are imperishable.
+
+
+CLXVII
+
+Of all the dangerous mental habits, that which schoolboys call
+"cocksureness" is probably the most perilous; and the inestimable value
+of metaphysical discipline is that it furnishes an effectual
+counterpoise to this evil proclivity. Whoso has mastered the elements of
+philosophy knows that the attribute of unquestionable certainty
+appertains only to the existence of a state of consciousness so long as
+it exists; all other beliefs are mere probabilities of a higher or lower
+order. Sound metaphysic is an amulet which renders its possessor proof
+alike against the poison of superstition and the counter-poison of
+shallow negation; by showing that the affirmations of the former and the
+denials of the latter alike deal with matters about which, for lack of
+evidence, nothing can be either affirmed or denied.
+
+
+CLXVIII
+
+If the question is asked, What then do we know about matter and motion?
+there is but one reply possible. All that we know about motion is that
+it is a name for certain changes in the relations of our visual,
+tactile, and muscular sensations; and all that we know about matter is
+that it is the hypothetical substance of physical phenomena, the
+assumption of the existence of which is as pure a piece of metaphysical
+speculation as is that of the existence of the substance of mind.
+
+Our sensations, our pleasures, our pains, and the relations of these,
+make up the sum total of the elements of positive, unquestionable
+knowledge. We call a large section of these sensations and their
+relations matter and motion; the rest we term mind and thinking; and
+experience shows that there is a certain constant order of succession
+between some of the former and some of the latter.
+
+This is all that just metaphysical criticism leaves of the idols set up
+by the spurious metaphysics of vulgar common sense. It is consistent
+either with pure Materialism, or with pure Idealism, but it is neither.
+For the Idealist, not content with declaring the truth that our
+knowledge is limited to facts of consciousness, affirms the wholly
+unprovable proposition that nothing exists beyond these and the
+substance of mind. And, on the other hand, the Materialist, holding by
+the truth that, for anything that appears to the contrary, material
+phenomena are the causes of mental phenomena, asserts his unprovable
+dogma, that material phenomena and the substance of matter are the sole
+primary existences. Strike out the propositions about which neither
+controversialist does or can know anything, and there is nothing left
+for them to quarrel about. Make a desert of the Unknowable, and the
+divine Astraea of philosophic peace will commence her blessed reign.
+
+
+CLXIX
+
+"Magna est veritas et praevalebit!" Truth is great, certainly, but,
+considering her greatness, it is curious what a long time she is apt to
+take about prevailing.
+
+
+CLXX
+
+To my observation, human nature has not sensibly changed through the
+last thirty years. I doubt not that there are truths as plainly obvious
+and as generally denied, as those contained in "Man's Place in Nature,"
+now awaiting enunciation. If there is a young man of the present
+generation, who has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself
+that they are truths, let him come out with them, without troubling his
+head about the barking of the dogs of St. Ernulphus, "Veritas
+praevalebit"--some day; and, even if she does not prevail in his time, he
+himself will be all the better and the wiser for having tried to help
+her. And let him recollect that such great reward is full payment for
+all his labour and pains.
+
+
+CLXXI
+
+Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe processes of modern
+investigations, commonly enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is
+singular how often the dream turns out to have been a half-waking one,
+presaging a reality. Ovid foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist:
+the Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a western world: and
+though the quaint forms of Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in
+the realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly than they in
+essential structure, and yet as thoroughly brutal as the goat's or
+horse's half of the mythical compound, are now not only known, but
+notorious.
+
+
+CLXXII
+
+It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, application, that every
+living creature commences its existence under a form different from,
+and simpler than, that which it eventually attains.
+
+The oak is a more complex thing than the little rudimentary plant
+contained in the acorn; the caterpillar is more complex than the egg;
+the butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these beings, in passing
+from its rudimentary to its perfect condition, runs through a series of
+changes, the sum of which is called its development. In the higher
+animals these changes are extremely complicated; but, within the last
+half century, the labours of such men as Von Baer, Rathke, Reichert,
+Bischoff, and Remak, have almost completely unravelled them, so that the
+successive stages of development which are exhibited by a dog, for
+example, are now as well known to the embryologist as are the steps of
+the metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the schoolboy. It will be
+useful to consider with attention the nature and the order of the stages
+of canine development, as an example of the process in the higher
+animals generally.
+
+
+CLXXIII
+
+Exactly in those respects in which the developing Man differs from the
+Dog, he resembles the ape, which, like man, has a spheroidal yelk-sac
+and a discoidal, sometimes partially lobed, placenta. So that it is only
+quite in the later stages of development that the young human being
+presents marked differences from the young ape, while the latter departs
+as much from the dog in its development, as the man does.
+
+Startling as the last assertion may appear to be, it is demonstrably
+true, and it alone appears to me sufficient to place beyond all doubt
+the structural unity of man with the rest of the animal world, and more
+particularly and closely with the apes.
+
+Thus, identical in the physical processes by which he
+originates--identical in the early stages of his formation--identical in
+the mode of his nutrition before and after birth, with the animals which
+lie immediately below him in the scale--Man, if his adult and perfect
+structure be compared with theirs, exhibits, as might be expected, a
+marvellous likeness of organisation. He resembles them as they resemble
+one another--he differs from them as they differ from one another.
+
+
+CLXXIV
+
+If a man cannot see a church, it is preposterous to take his opinion
+about its altar-piece or painted window.
+
+
+CLXXV
+
+Perhaps no order of mammals presents us with so extraordinary a series
+of gradations as this[1]--leading us insensibly from the crown and
+summit of the animal creation down to creatures, from which there is but
+a step, as it seems, to the lowest, smallest, and least intelligent of
+the placental Mammalia. It is as if nature herself had foreseen the
+arrogance of man, and with Roman severity had provided that his
+intellect, by its very triumphs, should call into prominence the slaves,
+admonishing the conqueror that he is but dust.
+
+  [1] This alludes to a foregoing enumeration of the seven families of
+  PRIMATES headed by the ANTHROPINI containing man alone.
+
+
+CLXXVI
+
+If Man be separated by no greater structural barrier from the brutes
+than they are from one another--then it seems to follow that if any
+process of physical causation can be discovered by which the genera and
+families of ordinary animals have been produced, that process of
+causation is amply sufficient to account for the origin of Man.
+
+
+CLXXVII
+
+The whole analogy of natural operations furnishes so complete and
+crushing an argument against the intervention of any but what are termed
+secondary causes, in the production of all the phenomena of the
+universe; that, in view of the intimate relations between Man and the
+rest of the living world, and between the forces exerted by the latter
+and all other forces, I can see no excuse for doubting that all are
+co-ordinated terms of Nature's great progression, from the formless to
+the formed--from the inorganic to the organic--from blind force to
+conscious intellect and will.
+
+
+CLXXVIII
+
+Science has fulfilled her function when she has ascertained and
+enunciated truth.
+
+
+CLXXIX
+
+Thoughtful men, once escaped from the blinding influences of traditional
+prejudice, will find in the lowly stock whence Man has sprung the best
+evidence of the splendour of his capacities; and will discern in his
+long progress through the Past a reasonable ground of faith in his
+attainment of a nobler Future....
+
+And after passion and prejudice have died away, the same result will
+attend the teachings of the naturalist respecting that great Alps and
+Andes of the living world--Man. Our reverence for the nobility of
+manhood will not be lessened by the knowledge that Man is, in substance
+and in structure, one with the brutes; for he alone possesses the
+marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational speech, whereby, in
+the secular period of his existence, he has slowly accumulated and
+organised the experience which is almost wholly lost with the cessation
+of every individual life in other animals; so that, now, he stands
+raised upon it as on a mountain top, far above the level of his humble
+fellows, and transfigured from his grosser nature by reflecting, here
+and there, a ray from the infinite source of truth.
+
+
+CLXXX
+
+Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of Anthropology, the great
+science which unravels the complexities of human structure; traces out
+the relations of man to other animals; studies all that is especially
+human in the mode in which man's complex functions are performed; and
+searches after the conditions which have determined his presence in the
+world. And Anthropology is a section of Zoology, which again is the
+animal half of Biology--the science of life and living things.
+
+Such is the position of ethnology, such are the objects of the
+ethnologist. The paths or methods, by following which he may hope to
+reach his goal, are diverse. He may work at man from the point of view
+of the pure zoologist, and investigate the anatomical and physiological
+peculiarities of Negroes, Australians, or Mongolians, just as he would
+inquire into those of pointers, terriers, and turnspits,--"persistent
+modifications" of man's almost universal companion. Or he may seek aid
+from researches into the most human manifestation of humanity--Language;
+and assuming that what is true of speech is true of the speaker--a
+hypothesis as questionable in science as it is in ordinary life--he may
+apply to mankind themselves the conclusions drawn from a searching
+analysis of their words and grammatical forms.
+
+Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of the practical life of men;
+and relying upon the inherent conservatism and small inventiveness of
+untutored mankind, he may hope to discover in manners and customs, or in
+weapons, dwellings, and other handiwork, a clue to the origin of the
+resemblances and differences of nations. Or, he may resort to that kind
+of evidence which is yielded by History proper, and consists of the
+beliefs of men concerning past events, embodied in traditional, or in
+written, testimony. Or, when that thread breaks, Archaeology, which is
+the interpretation of the unrecorded remains of man's works, belonging
+to the epoch since the world has reached its present condition, may
+still guide him. And, when even the dim light of archaeology fades, there
+yet remains Palaeontology, which, in these latter years, has brought to
+daylight once more the exuvia of ancient populations, whose world was
+not our world, who have been buried in river beds immemorially dry, or
+carried by the rush of waters into caves, inaccessible to inundation
+since the dawn of tradition.
+
+
+CLXXXI
+
+The rapid increase of natural knowledge, which is the chief
+characteristic of our age, is effected in various ways. The main army of
+science moves to the conquest of new worlds slowly and surely, nor ever
+cedes an inch of the territory gained. But the advance is covered and
+facilitated by the ceaseless activity of clouds of light troops provided
+with a weapon--always efficient, if not always an arm of precision--the
+scientific imagination. It is the business of these _enfants perdus_ of
+science to make raids into the realm of ignorance wherever they see, or
+think they see, a chance; and cheerfully to accept defeat, or it may be
+annihilation, as the reward of error. Unfortunately the public, which
+watches the progress of the campaign, too often mistakes a dashing
+incursion of the Uhlans for a forward movement of the main body; fondly
+imagining that the strategic movement to the rear, which occasionally
+follows, indicates a battle lost by science. And it must be confessed
+that the error is too often justified by the effects of the
+irrepressible tendency which men of science share with all other sorts
+of men known to me, to be impatient of that most wholesome state of
+mind--suspended judgment; to assume the objective truth of speculations
+which, from the nature of the evidence in their favour, can have no
+claim to be more than working hypotheses.
+
+The history of the "Aryan question" affords a striking illustration of
+these general remarks.
+
+
+CLXXXII
+
+Language is rooted half in the bodily and half in the mental nature of
+man. The vocal sounds which form the raw materials of language could not
+be produced without a peculiar conformation of the organs of speech; the
+enunciation of duly accented syllables would be impossible without the
+nicest co-ordination of the action of the muscles which move these
+organs; and such co-ordination depends on the mechanism of certain
+portions of the nervous system. It is therefore conceivable that the
+structure of this highly complex speaking apparatus should determine a
+man's linguistic potentiality; that is to say, should enable him to use
+a language of one class and not of another. It is further conceivable
+that a particular linguistic potentiality should be inherited and become
+as good a race mark as any other. As a matter of fact, it is not proven
+that the linguistic potentialities of all men are the same.
+
+
+CLXXXIII
+
+Community of language is no proof of unity of race, is not even
+presumptive evidence of racial identity. All that it does prove is
+that, at some time or other, free and prolonged intercourse has taken
+place between the speakers of the same language.
+
+
+CLXXXIV
+
+The capacity of the population of Europe for independent progress while
+in the copper and early bronze stage--the "palaeo-metallic" stage, as it
+might be called--appears to me to be demonstrated in a remarkable manner
+by the remains of their architecture. From the crannog to the elaborate
+pile-dwelling, and from the rudest enclosure to the complex
+fortification of the terramare, there is an advance which is obviously a
+native product. So with the sepulchral constructions; the stone cist,
+with or without a preservative or memorial cairn, grows into the
+chambered graves lodged in tumuli; into such megalithic edifices as the
+dromic vaults of Maes How and New Grange; to culminate in the finished
+masonry of the tombs of Mycenae, constructed on exactly the same plan.
+Can anyone look at the varied series of forms which lie between the
+primitive five or six flat stones fitted together into a mere box, and
+such a building as Maes How, and yet imagine that the latter is the
+result of foreign tuition? But the men who built Maes How, without metal
+tools, could certainly have built the so-called "treasure-house" of
+Mycenae, with them.
+
+
+CLXXXV
+
+Reckoned by centuries, the remoteness of the quaternary, or pleistocene,
+age from our own is immense, and it is difficult to form an adequate
+notion of its duration. Undoubtedly there is an abysmal difference
+between the Neanderthaloid race and the comely living specimens of the
+blond longheads with whom we are familiar. But the abyss of time
+between the period at which North Europe was first covered with ice,
+when savages pursued mammoths and scratched their portraits with sharp
+stones in central France, and the present day, ever widens as we learn
+more about the events which bridge it. And, if the differences between
+the Neanderthaloid men and ourselves could be divided into as many parts
+as that time contains centuries, the progress from part to part would
+probably be almost imperceptible.
+
+
+CLXXXVI
+
+I have not been one of those fortunate persons who are able to regard a
+popular lecture as a mere _hors d'oeuvre_, unworthy of being ranked
+among the serious efforts of a philosopher; and who keep their fame as
+scientific hierophants unsullied by attempts--at least of the successful
+sort--to be understanded of the people.
+
+On the contrary, I found that the task of putting the truths learned in
+the field, the laboratory and the museum, into language which, without
+bating a jot of scientific accuracy shall be generally intelligible,
+taxed such scientific and literary faculty as I possessed to the
+uttermost; indeed my experience has furnished me with no better
+corrective of the tendency to scholastic pedantry which besets all those
+who are absorbed in pursuits remote from the common ways of men, and
+become habituated to think and speak in the technical dialect of their
+own little world, as if there were no other.
+
+If the popular lecture thus, as I believe, finds one moiety of its
+justification in the self-discipline of the lecturer, it surely finds
+the other half in its effect on the auditory. For though various sadly
+comical experiences of the results of my own efforts have led me to
+entertain a very moderate estimate of the purely intellectual value of
+lectures; though I venture to doubt if more than one in ten of an
+average audience carries away an accurate notion of what the speaker has
+been driving at; yet is that not equally true of the oratory of the
+hustings, of the House of Commons, and even of the pulpit?
+
+Yet the children of this world are wise in their generation; and both
+the politician and the priest are justified by results. The living voice
+has an influence over human action altogether independent of the
+intellectual worth of that which it utters. Many years ago, I was a
+guest at a great City dinner. A famous orator, endowed with a voice of
+rare flexibility and power; a born actor, ranging with ease through
+every part, from refined comedy to tragic unction, was called upon to
+reply to a toast. The orator was a very busy man, a charming
+conversationalist and by no means despised a good dinner; and, I
+imagine, rose without having given a thought to what he was going to
+say. The rhythmic roll of sound was admirable, the gestures perfect, the
+earnestness impressive; nothing was lacking save sense and,
+occasionally, grammar. When the speaker sat down the applause was
+terrific and one of my neighbours was especially enthusiastic. So when
+he had quieted down, I asked him what the orator had said. And he could
+not tell me.
+
+That sagacious person John Wesley is reported to have replied to some
+one who questioned the propriety of his adaptation of sacred words to
+extremely secular airs, that he did not see why the Devil should be left
+in possession of all the best tunes. And I do not see why science should
+not turn to account the peculiarities of human nature thus exploited by
+other agencies: all the more because science, by the nature of its
+being, cannot desire to stir the passions, or profit by the weaknesses,
+of human nature. The most zealous of popular lecturers can aim at
+nothing more than the awakening of a sympathy for abstract truth, in
+those who do not really follow his arguments; and of a desire to know
+more and better in the few who do.
+
+At the same time it must be admitted that the popularisation of science,
+whether by lecture or essay, has its drawbacks. Success in this
+department has its perils for those who succeed. The "people who fail"
+take their revenge, as we have recently had occasion to observe, by
+ignoring all the rest of a man's work and glibly labelling him a mere
+populariser. If the falsehood were not too glaring, they would say the
+same of Faraday and Helmholtz and Kelvin.
+
+
+CLXXXVII
+
+Of the affliction caused by persons who think that what they have picked
+up from popular exposition qualifies them for discussing the great
+problems of science, it may be said, as the Radical toast said of the
+power of the Crown in bygone days, that it "has increased, is
+increasing, and ought to be diminished." The oddities of "English as she
+is spoke" might be abundantly paralleled by those of "Science as she is
+misunderstood" in the sermon, the novel, and the leading article; and a
+collection of the grotesque travesties of scientific conceptions, in the
+shape of essays on such trifles as "the Nature of Life" and the "Origin
+of All Things," which reach me, from time to time, might well be bound
+up with them.
+
+
+CLXXXVIII
+
+The essay on Geological Reform unfortunately brought me, I will not say
+into collision, but into a position of critical remonstrance with regard
+to some charges of physical heterodoxy, brought by my distinguished
+friend Lord Kelvin, against British Geology. As President of the
+Geological Society of London at that time (1869), I thought I might
+venture to plead that we were not such heretics as we seemed to be; and
+that, even if we were, recantation would not affect the question of
+evolution.
+
+I am glad to see that Lord Kelvin has just reprinted his reply to my
+plea, and I refer the reader to it. I shall not presume to question
+anything, that on such ripe consideration, Lord Kelvin has to say upon
+the physical problems involved. But I may remark that no one can have
+asserted more strongly than I have done, the necessity of looking to
+physics and mathematics, for help in regard to the earliest history of
+the globe.
+
+And I take the opportunity of repeating the opinion that, whether what
+we call geological time has the lower limit assigned to it by Lord
+Kelvin, or the higher assumed by other philosophers; whether the germs
+of all living things have originated in the globe itself, or whether
+they have been imported on, or in, meteorites from without, the problem
+of the origin of those successive Faunae and Florae of the earth, the
+existence of which is fully demonstrated by palaeontology, remains
+exactly where it was.
+
+For I think it will be admitted, that the germs brought to us by
+meteorites, if any, were not ova of elephants, nor of crocodiles; not
+cocoa-nuts nor acorns; not even eggs of shell-fish and corals; but only
+those of the lowest forms of animal and vegetable life. Therefore, since
+it is proved that, from a very remote epoch of geological time, the
+earth has been peopled by a continual succession of the higher forms of
+animals and plants, these either must have been created, or they have
+arisen by evolution. And in respect of certain groups of animals, the
+well-established facts of palaeontology leave no rational doubt that they
+arose by the latter method.
+
+In the second place, there are no data whatever, which justify the
+biologist in assigning any, even approximately definite, period of time,
+either long or short, to the evolution of one species from another by
+the process of variation and selection. In the essay on Geological
+Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life I have taken pains to prove
+that the change of animals has gone on at very different rates in
+different groups of living beings; that some types have persisted with
+little change from the palaeozoic epoch till now, while others have
+changed rapidly within the limits of an epoch. In 1862 (see Coll. Ess.
+viii. pp. 303, 304) in 1863 (vol. ii., p. 461) and again in 1864
+(_ibid._, pp. 89-91) I argued, not as a matter of speculation, but from
+palaeontological facts, the bearing of which I believe, up to that time,
+had not been shown, that any adequate hypothesis of the causes of
+evolution must be consistent with progression, stationariness and
+retrogression, of the same type at different epochs; of different types
+in the same epoch; and that Darwin's hypothesis fulfilled these
+conditions.
+
+According to that hypothesis, two factors are at work, variation and
+selection. Next to nothing is known of the causes of the former process;
+nothing whatever of the time required for the production of a certain
+amount of deviation from the existing type. And, as respects selection,
+which operates by extinguishing all but a small minority of variations,
+we have not the slightest means of estimating the rapidity with which it
+does its work. All that we are justified in saying is that the rate at
+which it takes place may vary almost indefinitely. If the famous
+paint-root of Florida, which kills white pigs but not black ones, were
+abundant and certain in its action, black pigs might be substituted for
+white in the course of two or three years. If, on the other hand, it was
+rare and uncertain in action, the white pigs might linger on for
+centuries.
+
+
+CLXXXIX
+
+A great chapter of the history of the world is written in the chalk. Few
+passages in the history of man can be supported by such an overwhelming
+mass of direct and indirect evidence as that which testifies to the
+truth of the fragment of the history of the globe, which I hope to
+enable you to read, with your own eyes, to-night. Let me add, that few
+chapters of human history have a more profound significance for
+ourselves. I weigh my words well when I assert, that the man who should
+know the true history of the bit of chalk which every carpenter carries
+about in his breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other history, is
+likely, if he will think his knowledge out to its ultimate results, to
+have a truer, and therefore a better, conception of this wonderful
+universe, and of man's relation to it, than the most learned student who
+is deep-read in the records of humanity and ignorant of those of Nature.
+
+
+CXC
+
+The examination of a transparent slice gives a good notion of the manner
+in which the components of the chalk are arranged, and of their relative
+proportions. But, by rubbing up some chalk with a brush in water and
+then pouring off the milky fluid, so as to obtain sediments of different
+degrees of fineness, the granules and the minute rounded bodies may be
+pretty well separated from one another, and submitted to microscopic
+examination, either as opaque or as transparent objects. By combining
+the views obtained in these various methods, each of the rounded bodies
+may be proved to be a beautifully-constructed calcareous fabric, made up
+of a number of chambers, communicating freely with one another. The
+chambered bodies are of various forms. One of the commonest is something
+like a badly-grown raspberry, being formed of a number of nearly
+globular chambers of different sizes congregated together. It is called
+_Globigerina_, and some specimens of chalk consist of little else than
+_Globigerinae_ and granules. Let us fix our attention upon the
+_Globigerina_. It is the spoor of the game we are tracking. If we can
+learn what it is and what are the conditions of its existence, we shall
+see our way to the origin and past history of the chalk.
+
+
+CXCI
+
+It so happens that calcareous skeletons, exactly similar to the
+_Globigerinae_ of the chalk, are being formed, at the present moment, by
+minute living creatures, which flourish in multitudes, literally more
+numerous than the sands of the sea-shore, over a large extent of that
+part of the earth's surface which is covered by the ocean.
+
+The history of the discovery of these living _Globigerinae_, and of the
+part which they play in rock building, is singular enough. It is a
+discovery which, like others of no less scientific importance, has
+arisen, incidentally, out of work devoted to very different and
+exceedingly practical interests. When men first took to the sea, they
+speedily learned to look out for shoals and rocks; and the more the
+burthen of their ships increased, the more imperatively necessary it
+became for sailors to ascertain with precision the depth of the waters
+they traversed. Out of this necessity grew the use of the lead and
+sounding line; and, ultimately, marine-surveying, which is the recording
+of the form of coasts and of the depth of the sea, as ascertained by the
+sounding-lead, upon charts.
+
+
+CXCII
+
+Lieut. Brooke, of the American Navy, some years ago invented a most
+ingenious machine, by which a considerable portion of the superficial
+layer of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up from any depth
+to which the lead descends. In 1853, Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the
+bottom of the North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the Azores, at a
+depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two miles, by the help of this
+sounding apparatus. The specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg
+of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those able microscopists
+found that this deep-sea mud was almost entirely composed of the
+skeletons of living organisms--the greater proportion of these being
+just like the _Globigerinae_ already known to occur in the chalk.
+
+Thus far, the work had been carried on simply in the interests of
+science, but Lieut. Brooke's method of sounding acquired a high
+commercial value, when the enterprise of laying down the telegraph-cable
+between this country and the United States was undertaken. For it became
+a matter of immense importance to know, not only the depth of the sea
+over the whole line along which the cable was to be laid, but the exact
+nature of the bottom, so as to guard against chances of cutting or
+fraying the strands of that costly rope. The Admiralty consequently
+ordered Captain Dayman, an old friend and shipmate of mine, to ascertain
+the depth over the whole line of the cable, and to bring back specimens
+of the bottom. In former days, such a command as this might have sounded
+very much like one of the impossible things which the young Prince in
+the Fairy Tales is ordered to do before he can obtain the hand of the
+Princess. However, in the months of June and July, 1857, my friend
+performed the task assigned to him with great expedition and precision,
+without, so far as I know, having met with any reward of that kind. The
+specimens of Atlantic mud which he procured were sent to me to be
+examined and reported upon.
+
+
+CXCIII
+
+The result of all these operations is, that we know the contours and the
+nature of the surface-soil covered by the North Atlantic for a distance
+of 1,700 miles from east to west, as well as we know that of any part of
+the dry land. It is a prodigious plain--one of the widest and most even
+plains in the world. If the sea were drained off, you might drive a
+waggon all the way from Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland, to
+Trinity Bay in Newfoundland. And, except upon one sharp incline about
+200 miles from Valentia, I am not quite sure that it would even be
+necessary to put the skid on, so gentle are the ascents and descents
+upon that long route. From Valentia the road would lie down-hill for
+about 200 miles to the point at which the bottom is now covered by 1,700
+fathoms of sea-water. Then would come the central plain, more than a
+thousand miles wide, the inequalities of the surface of which would be
+hardly perceptible, though the depth of water upon it now varies from
+10,000 to 15,000 feet; and there are places in which Mont Blanc might be
+sunk without showing its peak above water. Beyond this, the ascent on
+the American side commences, and gradually leads, for about 300 miles,
+to the Newfoundland shore.
+
+
+CXCIV
+
+When we consider that the remains of more than three thousand distinct
+species of aquatic animals have been discovered among the fossils of the
+chalk, that the great majority of them are of such forms as are now met
+with only in the sea, and that there is no reason to believe that any
+one of them inhabited fresh water--the collateral evidence that the
+chalk represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great force as the
+proof derived from the nature of the chalk itself. I think you will now
+allow that I did not overstate my case when I asserted that we have as
+strong grounds for believing that all the vast area of dry land, at
+present occupied by the chalk, was once at the bottom of the sea, as we
+have for any matter of history whatever; while there is no justification
+for any other belief.
+
+No less certain it is that the time during which the countries we now
+call south-east England, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Arabia,
+Syria, were more or less completely covered by a deep sea, was of
+considerable duration. We have already seen that the chalk is, in
+places, more than a thousand feet thick. I think you will agree with me
+that it must have taken some time for the skeletons of animalcules of a
+hundredth of an inch in diameter to heap up such a mass as that.
+
+
+CXCV
+
+If the decay of the soft parts of the sea-urchin; the attachment, growth
+to maturity, and decay of the _Crania_; and the subsequent attachment
+and growth of the coralline, took a year (which is a low estimate
+enough), the accumulation of the inch of chalk must have taken more than
+a year: and the deposit of a thousand feet of chalk must, consequently,
+have taken more than twelve thousand years.
+
+
+CXCVI
+
+There is a writing upon the wall of cliffs at Cromer, and whoso runs may
+read it. It tells us, with an authority which cannot be impeached, that
+the ancient sea-bed of the chalk sea was raised up, and remained dry
+land, until it was covered with forest, stocked with the great game the
+spoils of which have rejoiced your geologists. How long it remained in
+that condition cannot be said; but "the whirligig of time brought its
+revenges" in those days as in these. That dry land, with the bones and
+teeth of generations of long-lived elephants, hidden away among the
+gnarled roots and dry leaves of its ancient trees, sank gradually to the
+bottom of the icy sea, which covered it with huge masses of drift and
+boulder clay. Sea-beasts, such as the walrus, now restricted to the
+extreme north, paddled about where birds had twittered among the topmost
+twigs of the fir-trees. How long this state of things endured we know
+not, but at length it came to an end. The upheaved glacial mud hardened
+into the soil of modern Norfolk. Forests grew once more, the wolf and
+the beaver replaced the reindeer and the elephant; and at length what we
+call the history of England dawned.
+
+
+CXCVII
+
+Direct proof may be given that some parts of the land of the northern
+hemisphere are at this moment insensibly rising and others insensibly
+sinking; and there is indirect, but perfectly satisfactory, proof, that
+an enormous area now covered by the Pacific has been deepened thousands
+of feet, since the present inhabitants of that sea came into existence.
+Thus there is not a shadow of a reason for believing that the physical
+changes of the globe, in past times, have been effected by other than
+natural causes.
+
+
+CXCVIII
+
+A small beginning has led us to a great ending. If I were to put the bit
+of chalk with which we started into the hot but obscure flame of burning
+hydrogen, it would presently shine like the sun. It seems to me that
+this physical metamorphosis is no false image of what has been the
+result of our subjecting it to a jet of fervent, though nowise
+brilliant, thought to-night. It has become luminous, and its clear rays,
+penetrating the abyss of the remote past, have brought within our ken
+some stages of the evolution of the earth. And in the shifting "without
+haste, but without rest" of the land and sea, as in the endless
+variation of the forms assumed by living beings, we have observed
+nothing but the natural product of the forces originally possessed by
+the substance of the universe.
+
+
+CXCIX
+
+In certain parts of the sea bottom in the immediate vicinity of the
+British Islands, as in the Clyde district, among the Hebrides, in the
+Moray Firth, and in the German Ocean, there are depressed areae, forming
+a kind of submarine valleys, the centres of which are from 80 to 100
+fathoms, or more, deep. These depressions are inhabited by assemblages
+of marine animals, which differ from those found over the adjacent and
+shallower region, and resemble those which are met with much farther
+north, on the Norwegian coast. Forbes called these Scandinavian
+detachments "Northern outliers."
+
+How did these isolated patches of a northern population get into these
+deep places? To explain the mystery, Forbes called to mind the fact
+that, in the epoch which immediately preceded the present, the climate
+was much colder (whence the name of "glacial epoch" applied to it); and
+that the shells which are found fossil, or sub-fossil, in deposits of
+that age are precisely such as are now to be met with only in the
+Scandinavian, or still more Arctic, regions. Undoubtedly, during the
+glacial epoch, the general population of our seas had, universally, the
+northern aspect which is now presented only by the "northern outliers";
+just as the vegetation of the land, down to the sea-level, had the
+northern character which is, at present, exhibited only by the plants
+which live on the tops of our mountains. But, as the glacial epoch
+passed away, and the present climatal conditions were developed, the
+northern plants were able to maintain themselves only on the bleak
+heights, on which southern forms could not compete with them. And, in
+like manner, Forbes suggested that, after the glacial epoch, the
+northern animals then inhabiting the sea became restricted to the deeps
+in which they could hold their own against invaders from the south,
+better fitted than they to flourish in the warmer waters of the
+shallows. Thus depth in the sea corresponded in its effect upon
+distribution to height on the land.
+
+
+CC
+
+Among the scientific instructions for the voyage[2] drawn up by a
+committee of the Royal Society, there is a remarkable letter from Von
+Humboldt to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, in which,
+among other things, he dwells upon the significance of the researches
+into the microscopic composition of rocks, and the discovery of the
+great share which microscopic organisms take in the formation of the
+crust of the earth at the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years
+1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the extensive beds of
+"rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" which occur in various parts of the world,
+and notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations of the
+silicious cases and skeletons of _Diatomaceae_, sponges, and
+_Radiolaria_; he had proved that similar deposits were being formed by
+_Diatomaceae_, in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and elsewhere,
+and had pointed out that, if it were commercially worth while,
+rotten-stone might be manufactured by a process of diatom-culture.
+Observations conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had revealed the existence,
+at the surface of the waters of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and
+_Radiolaria_ of the same species as those which, in a fossil state,
+constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at Caltanisetta, Zante, and
+Oran, on the shores of the Mediterranean.
+
+  [2] Of the _Challenger_.
+
+Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds of Bilin, Ehrenberg had
+traced out the metamorphosis, effected apparently by the action of
+percolating water, of the primitively loose and friable deposit of
+organized particles, in which the silex exists in the hydrated or
+soluble condition. The silex, in fact, undergoes solution and slow
+redeposition, until, in ultimate result, the excessively fine-grained
+sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, becomes converted into a
+dense opaline stone, with only here and there an indication of an
+organism.
+
+From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, as early as the year
+1839, had arrived at the conclusion that rocks, altogether similar to
+those which constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, must be
+forming, at the present day, at the bottom of the sea; and he threw out
+the suggestion that even where no trace of organic structure is to be
+found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by metamorphosis.
+
+
+CCI
+
+It is highly creditable to the ingenuity of our ancestors that the
+peculiar property of fermented liquids, in virtue of which they "make
+glad the heart of man," seems to have been known in the remotest periods
+of which we have any record. All savages take to alcoholic fluids as if
+they were to the manner born. Our Vedic forefathers intoxicated
+themselves with the juice of the "soma"; Noah, by a not unnatural
+reaction against a superfluity of water, appears to have taken the
+earliest practicable opportunity of qualifying that which he was obliged
+to drink; and the ghosts of the ancient Egyptians were solaced by
+pictures of banquets in which the wine-cup passes round, graven on the
+walls of their tombs. A knowledge of the process of fermentation,
+therefore, was in all probability possessed by the prehistoric
+populations of the globe; and it must have become a matter of great
+interest even to primaeval wine-bibbers to study the methods by which
+fermented liquids could be surely manufactured. No doubt it was soon
+discovered that the most certain, as well as the most expeditious, way
+of making a sweet juice ferment was to add to it a little of the scum,
+or lees, of another fermenting juice. And it can hardly be questioned
+that this singular excitation of fermentation in one fluid, by a sort of
+infection, or inoculation, of a little ferment taken from some other
+fluid, together with the strange swelling, foaming, and hissing of the
+fermented substance, must have always attracted attention from the more
+thoughtful. Nevertheless, the commencement of the scientific analysis of
+the phenomena dates from a period not earlier than the first half of the
+seventeenth century.
+
+At this time, Van Helmont made a first step, by pointing out that the
+peculiar hissing and bubbling of a fermented liquid is due, not to the
+evolution of common air (which he, as the inventor of the term "gas,"
+calls "gas ventosum"), but to that of a peculiar kind of air such as is
+occasionally met with in caves, mines, and wells, and which he calls
+"gas sylvestre."
+
+But a century elapsed before the nature of this "gas sylvestre," or, as
+it was afterwards called, "fixed air," was clearly determined, and it
+was found to be identical with that deadly "chokedamp" by which the
+lives of those who descend into old wells, or mines, or brewers' vats,
+are sometimes suddenly ended; and with the poisonous aeriform fluid
+which is produced by the combustion of charcoal, and now goes by the
+name of carbonic acid gas.
+
+During the same time it gradually became evident that the presence of
+sugar was essential to the production of alcohol and the evolution of
+carbonic acid gas, which are the two great and conspicuous products of
+fermentation. And finally, in 1787, the Italian chemist, Fabroni, made
+the capital discovery that the yeast ferment, the presence of which is
+necessary to fermentation, is what he termed a "vegeto-animal"
+substance; that is, a body which gives off ammoniacal salts when it is
+burned, and is, in other ways, similar to the gluten of plants and the
+albumen and casein of animals.
+
+
+CCII
+
+The living club-mosses are, for the most part, insignificant and
+creeping herbs, which, superficially, very closely resemble true mosses,
+and none of them reach more than two or three feet in height. But, in
+their essential structure, they very closely resemble the earliest
+Lepidodendroid trees of the coal: their stems and leaves are similar; so
+are their cones; and no less like are the sporangia and spores; while
+even in their size, the spores of the _Lepidodendron_ and those of the
+existing _Lycopodium_, or club-moss, very closely approach one another.
+
+Thus, the singular conclusion is forced upon us, that the greater and
+the smaller sacs of the "Better-Bed" and other coals, in which the
+primitive structure is well preserved, are simply the sporangia and
+spores of certain plants, many of which were closely allied to the
+existing club-mosses. And if, as I believe, it can be demonstrated that
+ordinary coal is nothing but "saccular" coal which has undergone a
+certain amount of that alteration which, if continued, would convert it
+into anthracite; then, the conclusion is obvious, that the great mass of
+the coal we burn is the result of the accumulation of the spores and
+spore-cases of plants, other parts of which have furnished the
+carbonized stems and the mineral charcoal, or have left their
+impressions on the surfaces of the layer.
+
+
+CCIII
+
+The position of the beds which constitute the coal-measures is
+infinitely diverse. Sometimes they are tilted up vertically, sometimes
+they are horizontal, sometimes curved into great basins; sometimes they
+come to the surface, sometimes they are covered up by thousands of feet
+of rock. But, whatever their present position, there is abundant and
+conclusive evidence that every under-clay was once a surface soil. Not
+only do carbonized root-fibres frequently abound in these under-clays;
+but the stools of trees, the trunks of which are broken off and
+confounded with the bed of coal, have been repeatedly found passing into
+radiating roots, still embedded in the under-clay. On many parts of the
+coast of England, what are commonly known as "submarine forests" are to
+be seen at low water. They consist, for the most part, of short stools
+of oak, beech, and fir-trees, still fixed by their long roots in the bed
+of blue clay in which they originally grew. If one of these submarine
+forest beds should be gradually depressed and covered up by new
+deposits, it would present just the same characters as an under-clay of
+the coal, if the _Sigillaria_ and _Lepidodendron_ of the ancient world
+were substituted for the oak, or the beech, of our own times.
+
+In a tropical forest, at the present day, the trunks of fallen trees,
+and the stools of such trees as may have been broken by the violence of
+storms, remain entire for but a short time. Contrary to what might be
+expected, the dense wood of the tree decays, and suffers from the
+ravages of insects, more swiftly than the bark. And the traveller,
+setting his foot on a prostrate trunk finds that it is a mere shell,
+which breaks under his weight, and lands his foot amidst the insects, or
+the reptiles, which have sought food or refuge within.
+
+
+CCIV
+
+The coal accumulated upon the area covered by one of the great forests
+of the carboniferous epoch would, in course of time, have been wasted
+away by the small, but constant, wear and tear of rain and streams, had
+the land which supported it remained at the same level, or been
+gradually raised to a greater elevation. And, no doubt, as much coal as
+now exists has been destroyed, after its formation, in this way.
+
+
+CCV
+
+Once more, an invariably-recurring lesson of geological history, at
+whatever point its study is taken up: the lesson of the almost infinite
+slowness of the modification of living forms. The lines of the pedigrees
+of living things break off almost before they begin to converge.
+
+
+CCVI
+
+Yet another curious consideration. Let us suppose that one of the
+stupid, salamander-like Labyrinthodonts, which pottered, with much belly
+and little leg, like Falstaff in his old age, among the coal-forests,
+could have had thinking power enough in his small brain to reflect upon
+the showers of spores which kept on falling through years and
+centuries, while perhaps not one in ten million fulfilled its apparent
+purpose, and reproduced the organism which gave it birth: surely he
+might have been excused for moralizing upon the thoughtless and wanton
+extravagance which Nature displayed in her operations.
+
+But we have the advantage over our shovelheaded predecessor--or possibly
+ancestor--and can perceive that a certain vein of thrift runs through
+this apparent prodigality. Nature is never in a hurry, and seems to have
+had always before her eyes the adage, "Keep a thing long enough, and you
+will find a use for it." She has kept her beds of coal many millions of
+years without being able to find much use for them; she has sent them
+down beneath the sea, and the sea-beasts could make nothing of them; she
+has raised them up into dry land, and laid the black veins bare, and
+still, for ages and ages, there was no living thing on the face of the
+earth that could see any sort of value in them; and it was only the
+other day, so to speak, that she turned a new creature out of her
+workshop, who by degrees acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and
+then to discover that the black rock would burn.
+
+I suppose that nineteen hundred years ago, when Julius Caesar was good
+enough to deal with Britain as we have dealt with New Zealand, the
+primaeval Briton, blue with cold and woad, may have known that the
+strange black stone, of which he found lumps here and there in his
+wanderings, would burn, and so help to warm his body and cook his food.
+Saxon, Dane, and Norman swarmed into the land. The English people grew
+into a powerful nation, and Nature still waited for a full return of the
+capital she had invested in the ancient club-mosses. The eighteenth
+century arrived, and with it James Watt. The brain of that man was the
+spore out of which was developed the modern steam-engine, and all the
+prodigious trees and branches of modern industry which have grown out
+of this. But coal is as much an essential condition of this growth and
+development as carbonic acid is for that of a club-moss. Wanting coal,
+we could not have smelted the iron needed to make our engines, nor have
+worked our engines when we had got them. But take away the engines, and
+the great towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire vanish like a dream.
+Manufactures give place to agriculture and pasture, and not ten men can
+live where now ten thousand are amply supported.
+
+Thus, all this abundant wealth of money and of vivid life is Nature's
+interest upon her investment in club-mosses, and the like, so long ago.
+But what becomes of the coal which is burnt in yielding this interest?
+Heat comes out of it, light comes out of it; and if we could gather
+together all that goes up the chimney, and all that remains in the grate
+of a thoroughly-burnt coal-fire, we should find ourselves in possession
+of a quantity of carbonic acid, water, ammonia, and mineral matters,
+exactly equal in weight to the coal. But these are the very matters with
+which Nature supplied the club-mosses which made the coal. She is paid
+back principal and interest at the same time; and she straightway
+invests the carbonic acid, the water, and the ammonia in new forms of
+life, feeding with them the plants that now live. Thrifty Nature! Surely
+no prodigal, but most notable of housekeepers!
+
+
+CCVII
+
+Here, then, is a capital fact. The movements of the lobster are due to
+muscular contractility. But why does a muscle contract at one time and
+not at another? Why does one whole group of muscles contract when the
+lobster wishes to extend his tail, and another group when he desires to
+bend it? What is it originates, directs, and controls the motive power?
+
+Experiment, the great instrument for the ascertainment of truth in
+physical science, answers this question for us. In the head of the
+lobster there lies a small mass of that peculiar tissue which is known
+as nervous substance. Cords of similar matter connect this brain of the
+lobster, directly or indirectly, with the muscles. Now, if these
+communicating cords are cut, the brain remaining entire, the power of
+exerting what we call voluntary motion in the parts below the section is
+destroyed; and, on the other hand, if, the cords remaining entire, the
+brain mass be destroyed, the same voluntary mobility is equally lost.
+Whence the inevitable conclusion is, that the power of originating these
+motions resides in the brain and is propagated along the nervous cords.
+
+In the higher animals the phenomena which attend this transmission have
+been investigated, and the exertion of the peculiar energy which resides
+in the nerves has been found to be accompanied by a disturbance of the
+electrical state of their molecules.
+
+If we could exactly estimate the signification of this disturbance; if
+we could obtain the value of a given exertion of nerve force by
+determining the quantity of electricity, or of heat, of which it is the
+equivalent; if we could ascertain upon what arrangement, or other
+condition of the molecules of matter, the manifestation of the nervous
+and muscular energies depends (and doubtless science will some day or
+other ascertain these points), physiologists would have attained their
+ultimate goal in this direction; they would have determined the relation
+of the motive force of animals to the other forms of force found in
+nature; and if the same process had been successfully performed for all
+the operations which are carried on in, and by, the animal frame,
+physiology would be perfect, and the facts of morphology and
+distribution would be deducible from the laws which physiologists had
+established, combined with those determining the condition of the
+surrounding universe.
+
+
+CCVIII
+
+The object of lectures is, in the first place, to awaken the attention
+and excite the enthusiasm of the student; and this, I am sure, may be
+effected to a far greater extent by the oral discourse and by the
+personal influence of a respected teacher than in any other way.
+Secondly, lectures have the double use of guiding the student to the
+salient points of a subject, and at the same time forcing him to attend
+to the whole of it, and not merely to that part which takes his fancy.
+And lastly, lectures afford the student the opportunity of seeking
+explanations of those difficulties which will, and indeed ought to,
+arise in the course of his studies.
+
+
+CCIX
+
+What books shall I read? is a question constantly put by the student to
+the teacher. My reply usually is, "None: write your notes out carefully
+and fully; strive to understand them thoroughly; come to me for the
+explanation of anything you cannot understand; and I would rather you
+did not distract your mind by reading." A properly composed course of
+lectures ought to contain fully as much matter as a student can
+assimilate in the time occupied by its delivery; and the teacher should
+always recollect that his business is to feed and not to cram the
+intellect. Indeed, I believe that a student who gains from a course of
+lectures the simple habit of concentrating his attention upon a
+definitely limited series of facts, until they are thoroughly mastered,
+has made a step of immeasurable importance.
+
+
+CCX
+
+However good lectures may be, and however extensive the course of
+reading by which they are followed up, they are but accessories to the
+great instrument of scientific teaching--demonstration. If I insist
+unweariedly, nay fanatically, upon the importance of physical science as
+an educational agent, it is because the study of any branch of science,
+if properly conducted, appears to me to fill up a void left by all other
+means of education. I have the greatest respect and love for literature;
+nothing would grieve me more than to see literary training other than a
+very prominent branch of education: indeed, I wish that real literary
+discipline were far more attended to than it is; but I cannot shut my
+eyes to the fact that there is a vast difference between men who have
+had a purely literary, and those who have had a sound scientific,
+training.
+
+
+CCXI
+
+In the world of letters, learning and knowledge are one, and books are
+the source of both; whereas in science, as in life, learning and
+knowledge are distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is
+the source of the latter.
+
+
+CCXII
+
+All that literature has to bestow may be obtained by reading and by
+practical exercise in writing and in speaking; but I do not exaggerate
+when I say that none of the best gifts of science are to be won by these
+means. On the contrary, the great benefit which a scientific education
+bestows, whether as training or as knowledge, is dependent upon the
+extent to which the mind of the student is brought into immediate
+contact with facts--upon the degree to which he learns the habit of
+appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring through his senses
+concrete images of those properties of things, which are, and always
+will be, but approximatively expressed in human language. Our way of
+looking at Nature, and of speaking about her, varies from year to year;
+but a fact once seen, a relation of cause and effect, once
+demonstratively apprehended, are possessions which neither change nor
+pass away, but, on the contrary, form fixed centres, about which other
+truths aggregate by natural affinity.
+
+Therefore, the great business of the scientific teacher is, to imprint
+the fundamental, irrefragable facts of his science, not only by words
+upon the mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, and ear, and
+touch of the student, in so complete a manner, that every term used, or
+law enunciated, should afterwards call up vivid images of the particular
+structural, or other, facts which furnished the demonstration of the
+law, or the illustration of the term.
+
+
+CCXIII
+
+What is the purpose of primary intellectual education? I apprehend that
+its first object is to train the young in the use of those tools
+wherewith men extract knowledge from the ever-shifting succession of
+phenomena which pass before their eyes; and that its second object is to
+inform them of the fundamental laws which have been found by experience
+to govern the course of things, so that they may not be turned out into
+the world naked, defenceless, and a prey to the events they might
+control.
+
+A boy is taught to read his own and other languages, in order that he
+may have access to infinitely wider stores of knowledge than could ever
+be opened to him by oral intercourse with his fellow men; he learns to
+write, that his means of communication with the rest of mankind may be
+indefinitely enlarged, and that he may record and store up the knowledge
+he acquires. He is taught elementary mathematics, that he may understand
+all those relations of number and form, upon which the transactions of
+men, associated in complicated societies, are built, and that he may
+have some practice in deductive reasoning.
+
+All these operations of reading, writing, and ciphering are intellectual
+tools, whose use should, before all things, be learned, and learned
+thoroughly; so that the youth may be enabled to make his life that which
+it ought to be, a continual progress in learning and in wisdom.
+
+
+CCXIV
+
+In addition, primary education endeavours to fit a boy out with a
+certain equipment of positive knowledge. He is taught the great laws of
+morality; the religion of his sect; so much history and geography as
+will tell him where the great countries of the world are, what they are,
+and how they have become what they are.
+
+But if I regard it closely, a curious reflection arises. I suppose that,
+fifteen hundred years ago, the child of any well-to-do Roman citizen was
+taught just these same things; reading and writing in his own, and,
+perhaps, the Greek tongue; the elements of mathematics; and the
+religion, morality, history, and geography current in his time.
+Furthermore, I do not think I err in affirming that, if such a Christian
+Roman boy, who had finished his education, could be transplanted into
+one of our public schools, and pass through its course of instruction,
+he would not meet with a single unfamiliar line of thought; amidst all
+the new facts he would have to learn, not one would suggest a different
+mode of regarding the universe from that current in his own time.
+
+And yet surely there is some great difference between the civilisation
+of the fourth century and that of the nineteenth, and still more between
+the intellectual habits and tone of thought of that day and this?
+
+And what has made this difference? I answer fearlessly--The prodigious
+development of physical science within the last two centuries.
+
+
+CCXV
+
+Modern civilisation rests upon physical science; take away her gifts to
+our own country, and our position among the leading nations of the world
+is gone to-morrow; for it is physical science only that makes
+intelligence and moral energy stronger than brute force.
+
+
+CCXVI
+
+The whole of modern thought is steeped in science; it has made its way
+into the works of our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, who
+affects to ignore and despise science, is unconsciously impregnated with
+her spirit, and indebted for his best products to her methods. I believe
+that the greatest intellectual revolution mankind has yet seen is now
+slowly taking place by her agency. She is teaching the world that the
+ultimate court of appeal is observation and experiment, and not
+authority; she is teaching it to estimate the value of evidence; she is
+creating a firm and living faith in the existence of immutable moral and
+physical laws, perfect obedience to which is the highest possible aim of
+an intelligent being.
+
+But of all this your old stereotyped system of education takes no note.
+Physical science, its methods, its problems, and its difficulties, will
+meet the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate him in such a
+manner that he shall enter the world as ignorant of the existence of the
+methods and facts of science as the day he was born. The modern world is
+full of artillery; and we turn out our children to do battle in it,
+equipped with the shield and sword of an ancient gladiator.
+
+
+CCXVII
+
+Posterity will cry shame on us if we do not remedy this deplorable state
+of things. Nay, if we live twenty years longer, our own consciences will
+cry shame on us.
+
+It is my firm conviction that the only way to remedy it is to make the
+elements of physical science an integral part of primary education. I
+have endeavoured to show you how that may be done for that branch of
+science which it is my business to pursue; and I can but add, that I
+should look upon the day when every schoolmaster throughout this land
+was a centre of genuine, however rudimentary, scientific knowledge as an
+epoch in the history of the country.
+
+But let me entreat you to remember my last words. Addressing myself to
+you, as teachers, I would say, mere book learning in physical science is
+a sham and a delusion--what you teach, unless you wish to be impostors,
+that you must first know; and real knowledge in science means personal
+acquaintance with the facts, be they few or many.
+
+
+CCXVIII
+
+The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis that all living matter
+has sprung from pre-existing living matter came from a contemporary,
+though a junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in men
+great in all departments of human activity, which was to intellectual
+Europe, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, what Germany is in
+the nineteenth. It was in Italy, and from Italian teachers, that Harvey
+received the most important part of his scientific education. And it was
+a student trained in the same schools, Francesco Redi--a man of the
+widest knowledge and most versatile abilities, distinguished alike as
+scholar, poet, physician and naturalist--who, just two hundred and two
+years ago,[3] published his "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione degl'
+Insetti," and gave to the world the idea, the growth of which it is my
+purpose to trace. Redi's book went through five editions in twenty
+years; and the extreme simplicity of his experiments, and the clearness
+of his arguments, gained for his views and for their consequences,
+almost universal acceptance.
+
+  [3] These words were written in 1870.
+
+Redi did not trouble himself much with speculative considerations, but
+attacked particular cases of what was supposed to be "spontaneous
+generation" experimentally. Here are dead animals, or pieces of meat,
+says he; I expose them to the air in hot weather, and in a few days they
+swarm with maggots. You tell me that these are generated in the dead
+flesh; but if I put similar bodies, while quite fresh, into a jar, and
+tie some fine gauze over the top of the jar, not a maggot makes its
+appearance, while the dead substances, nevertheless, putrefy just in the
+same way as before. It is obvious, therefore, that the maggots are not
+generated by the corruption of the meat; and that the cause of their
+formation must be a something which is kept away by gauze. But gauze
+will not keep away aeriform bodies, or fluids. This something must
+therefore, exist in the form of solid particles too big to get through
+the gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt what these solid particles are;
+for the blow-flies, attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the
+vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case misleading instinct,
+lay eggs out of which maggots are immediately hatched, upon the gauze.
+The conclusion, therefore, is unavoidable; the maggots are not generated
+by the meat, but the eggs which give rise to them are brought through
+the air by the flies.
+
+These experiments seem almost childishly simple, and one wonders how it
+was that no one ever thought of them before. Simple as they are,
+however, they are worthy of the most careful study, for every piece of
+experimental work since done, in regard to this subject, has been shaped
+upon the model furnished by the Italian philosopher. As the results of
+his experiments were the same, however varied the nature of the
+materials he used, it is not wonderful that there arose in Redi's mind a
+presumption that, in all such cases of the seeming production of life
+from dead matter, the real explanation was the introduction of living
+germs from without into that dead matter. And thus the hypothesis that
+living matter always arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter,
+took definite shape; and had, henceforward, a right to be considered and
+a claim to be refuted, in each particular case, before the production of
+living matter in any other way could be admitted by careful reasoners.
+It will be necessary for me to refer to this hypothesis so frequently,
+that, to save circumlocution, I shall call it the hypothesis of
+_Biogenesis_; and I shall term the contrary doctrine--that living matter
+may be produced by not living matter--the hypothesis of _Abiogenesis_.
+
+In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the latter was the dominant
+view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and by authority; and it is
+interesting to observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax upon a
+discoverer of having to defend himself against the charge of impugning
+the authority of the Scriptures; for his adversaries declared that the
+generation of bees from the carcase of a dead lion is affirmed, in the
+Book of Judges, to have been the origin of the famous riddle with which
+Samson perplexed the Philistines:--
+
+    "Out of the eater came forth meat,
+    And out of the strong came forth sweetness"
+
+
+CCXIX
+
+The great tragedy of Science--the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by
+an ugly fact.
+
+
+CCXX
+
+It remains yet in the order of logic, though not of history, to show
+that among these solid destructible particles there really do exist
+germs capable of giving rise to the development of living forms in
+suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by M. Pasteur in those
+beautiful researches which will ever render his name famous; and which,
+in spite of all attacks upon them, appear to me now, as they did seven
+years ago, to be models of accurate experimentation and logical
+reasoning. He strained air through cotton-wool, and found, as Schroeder
+and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing competent to give rise to
+the development of life in fluids highly fitted for that purpose. But
+the important further links in the chain of evidence added by Pasteur
+are three. In the first place he subjected to microscopic examination
+the cotton-wool which had served as strainer, and found that sundry
+bodies clearly recognisable as germs were among the solid particles
+strained off. Secondly, he proved that these germs were competent to
+give rise to living forms by simply sowing them in a solution fitted for
+their development. And, thirdly, he showed that the incapacity of air
+strained through cotton-wool to give rise to life was not due to any
+occult change effected in the constituents of the air by the wool, by
+proving that the cotton-wool might be dispensed with altogether, and
+perfectly free access left between the exterior air and that in the
+experimental flask. If the neck of the flask is drawn out into a tube
+and bent downwards; and if, after the contained fluid has been carefully
+boiled, the tube is heated sufficiently to destroy any germs which may
+be present in the air which enters as the fluid cools, the apparatus may
+be left to itself for any time and no life will appear in the fluid. The
+reason is plain. Although there is free communication between the
+atmosphere laden with germs and the germless air in the flask, contact
+between the two takes place only in the tube; and as the germs cannot
+fall upwards, and there are no currents, they never reach the interior
+of the flask. But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds from
+the flask, and free access be thus given to germs falling vertically out
+of the air, the fluid, which has remained clear and desert for months,
+becomes, in a few days, turbid and full of life.
+
+
+CCXXI
+
+In autumn it is not uncommon to see flies motionless upon a window-pane,
+with a sort of magic circle, in white, drawn round them. On microscopic
+examination, the magic circle is found to consist of innumerable spores,
+which have been thrown off in all directions by a minute fungus called
+_Empusa muscae_, the spore-forming filaments of which stand out like a
+pile of velvet from the body of the fly. These spore-forming filaments
+are connected with others which fill the interior of the fly's body like
+so much fine wool, having eaten away and destroyed the creature's
+viscera. This is the full-grown condition of the _Empusa_. If traced
+back to its earliest stages, in flies which are still active, and to all
+appearance healthy, it is found to exist in the form of minute
+corpuscles which float in the blood of the fly. These multiply and
+lengthen into filaments, at the expense of the fly's substance; and when
+they have at last killed the patient, they grow out of its body and give
+off spores. Healthy flies shut up with diseased ones catch this mortal
+disease, and perish like the others. A most competent observer, M. Cohn,
+who studied the development of the _Empusa_ very carefully, was utterly
+unable to discover in what manner the smallest germs of the _Empusa_ got
+into the fly. The spores could not be made to give rise to such germs by
+cultivation; nor were such germs discoverable in the air, or in the food
+of the fly. It looked exceedingly like a case of Abiogenesis, or, at any
+rate, of Xenogenesis; and it is only quite recently that the real course
+of events has been made out. It has been ascertained that when one of
+the spores falls upon the body of a fly, it begins to germinate, and
+sends out a process which bores its way through the fly's skin; this,
+having reached the interior cavities of its body, gives off the minute
+floating corpuscles which are the earliest stage of the _Empusa_. The
+disease is "contagious," because a healthy fly coming in contact with a
+diseased one, from which the spore-bearing filaments protrude, is pretty
+sure to carry off a spore or two. It is "infectious" because the spores
+become scattered about all sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the
+slain flies.
+
+Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and, even before 1853, a peculiar
+epizootic, frequently accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon
+the skin (whence the name of "Pebrine" which it has received), had been
+noted for its mortality. But in the years following 1853 this malady
+broke out with such extreme violence, that, in 1858, the silk-crop was
+reduced to a third of the amount which it had reached in 1853; and, up
+till within the last year or two, it has never attained half the yield
+of 1853. This means not only that the great number of people engaged in
+silk growing are some thirty millions sterling poorer than they might
+have been; it means not only that high prices have had to be paid for
+imported silkworm eggs, and that, after investing his money in them, in
+paying for mulberry-leaves and for attendance, the cultivator has
+constantly seen his silkworms perish and himself plunged in ruin; but it
+means that the looms of Lyons have lacked employment, and that, for
+years, enforced idleness and misery have been the portion of a vast
+population which, in former days, was industrious and well-to-do.
+
+In reading the Report made by M. de Quatrefages in 1859, it is
+exceedingly interesting to observe that his elaborate study of the
+Pebrine forced the conviction upon his mind that, in its mode of
+occurrence and propagation, the disease of the silkworm is, in every
+respect, comparable to the cholera among mankind. But it differs from
+the cholera, and so far is a more formidable malady, in being
+hereditary, and in being, under some circumstances, contagious as well
+as infectious.
+
+The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the blood of the
+silkworms affected by this strange disorder a multitude of cylindrical
+corpuscles, each about 1/6000th of an inch long. These have been
+carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him _Panhistophyton_; for the
+reason that in subjects in which the disease is strongly developed, the
+corpuscles swarm in every tissue and organ of the body, and even pass
+into the undeveloped eggs of the female moth. But are these corpuscles
+causes, or mere concomitants, of the disease? Some naturalists took one
+view and some another; and it was not until the French Government,
+alarmed by the continued ravages of the malady, and the inefficiency of
+the remedies which had been suggested, despatched M. Pasteur to study
+it, that the question received its final settlement; at a great
+sacrifice, not only of the time and peace of mind of that eminent
+philosopher, but, I regret to have to add, of his health.
+
+But the sacrifice has not been in vain. It is now certain that this
+devastating, cholera-like Pebrine is the effect of the growth and
+multiplication of the _Panhistophyton_ in the silkworm. It is contagious
+and infectious, because the corpuscles of the _Panhistophyton_ pass away
+from the bodies of the diseased caterpillars, directly or indirectly, to
+the alimentary canal of healthy silkworms in their neighbourhood; it is
+hereditary because the corpuscles enter into the eggs while they are
+being formed, and consequently are carried within them when they are
+laid; and for this reason, also, it presents the very singular
+peculiarity of being inherited only on the mother's side. There is not a
+single one of all the apparently capricious and unaccountable phenomena
+presented by the Pebrine, but has received its explanation from the fact
+that the disease is the result of the presence of the microscopic
+organism, _Panhistophyton_.
+
+
+CCXXII
+
+I commenced this Address by asking you to follow me in an attempt to
+trace the path which has been followed by a scientific idea, in its long
+and slow progress from the position of a probable hypothesis to that of
+an established law of nature. Our survey has not taken us into very
+attractive regions; it has lain, chiefly, in a land flowing with the
+abominable, and peopled with mere grubs and mouldiness. And it may be
+imagined with what smiles and shrugs, practical and serious
+contemporaries of Redi and of Spallanzani may have commented on the
+waste of their high abilities in toiling at the solution of problems
+which, though curious enough in themselves, could be of no conceivable
+utility to mankind.
+
+Nevertheless, you will have observed that before we had travelled very
+far upon our road, there appeared, on the right hand and on the left,
+fields laden with a harvest of golden grain, immediately convertible
+into those things which the most solidly practical men will admit to
+have value--viz., money and life.
+
+The direct loss to France caused by the Pebrine in seventeen years
+cannot be estimated at less than fifty millions sterling; and if we add
+to this what Redi's idea, in Pasteur's hands, has done for the
+wine-grower and for the vinegar-maker, and try to capitalise its value,
+we shall find that it will go a long way towards repairing the money
+losses caused by the frightful and calamitous war of this autumn (1870).
+And as to the equivalent of Redi's thought in life, how can we
+overestimate the value of that knowledge of the nature of epidemic and
+epizootic diseases, and consequently of the means of checking, or
+eradicating them, the dawn of which has assuredly commenced?
+
+Looking back no further than ten years, it is possible to select three
+(1863, 1864, and 1869) in which the total number of deaths from
+scarlet-fever alone amounted to ninety thousand. That is the return of
+killed, the maimed and disabled being left out of sight. Why, it is to
+be hoped that the list of killed in the present bloodiest of all wars
+will not amount to more than this! But the facts which I have placed
+before you must leave the least sanguine without a doubt that the nature
+and the causes of this scourge will, one day, be as well understood as
+those of the Pebrine are now; and that the long-suffered massacre of our
+innocents will come to an end.
+
+And thus mankind will have one more admonition that "the people perish
+for lack of knowledge"; and that the alleviation of the miseries, and
+the promotion of the welfare, of men must be sought, by those who will
+not lose their pains, in that diligent, patient, loving study of all
+the multitudinous aspects of Nature, the results of which constitute
+exact knowledge, or Science.
+
+
+CCXXIII
+
+I find three, more or less contradictory, systems of geological thought,
+each of which might fairly enough claim these appellations, standing
+side by side in Britain. I shall call one of them Catastrophism, another
+Uniformitarianism, the third Evolutionism; and I shall try briefly to
+sketch the characters of each, that you may say whether the
+classification is, or is not, exhaustive.
+
+By Catastrophism I mean any form of geological speculation which, in
+order to account for the phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of
+forces different in their nature, or immeasurably different in power,
+from those which we at present see in action in the universe.
+
+The Mosaic cosmogony is, in this sense, catastrophic, because it assumes
+the operation of extranatural power. The doctrine of violent upheavals,
+_debacles_, and cataclysms in general, is catastrophic, so far as it
+assumes that these were brought about by causes which have now no
+parallel. There was a time when catastrophism might, pre-eminently, have
+claimed the title of "British popular geology"; and assuredly it has yet
+many adherents, and reckons among its supporters some of the most
+honoured members of this Society.
+
+By Uniformitarianism I mean especially the teaching of Hutton and of
+Lyell.
+
+That great though incomplete work, "The Theory of the Earth," seems to
+me to be one of the most remarkable contributions to geology which is
+recorded in the annals of the science. So far as the not-living world
+is concerned, uniformitarianism lies there, not only in germ, but in
+blossom and fruit.
+
+If one asks how it is that Hutton was led to entertain views so far in
+advance of those prevalent in his time, in some respects; while, in
+others, they seem almost curiously limited, the answer appears to me to
+be plain.
+
+Hutton was in advance of the geological speculation of his time,
+because, in the first place, he had amassed a vast store of knowledge of
+the facts of geology, gathered by personal observation in travels of
+considerable extent; and because, in the second place, he was thoroughly
+trained in the physical and chemical science of his day, and thus
+possessed, as much as any one in his time could possess it, the
+knowledge which is requisite for the just interpretation of geological
+phenomena, and the habit of thought which fits a man for scientific
+inquiry.
+
+It is to this thorough scientific training that I ascribe Hutton's
+steady and persistent refusal to look to other causes than those now in
+operation for the explanation of geological phenomena.
+
+The internal heat of the earth, the elevation and depression of its
+crust, its belchings forth of vapours, ashes, and lava, are its
+activities, in as strict a sense as are warmth and the movements and
+products of respiration the activities of an animal. The phenomena of
+the seasons, of the trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, are as much the
+results of the reaction between these inner activities and outward
+forces as are the budding of the leaves in spring and their falling in
+autumn the effects of the interaction between the organisation of a
+plant and the solar light and heat. And, as the study of the activities
+of the living being is called its physiology, so are these phenomena the
+subject-matter of an analogous telluric physiology, to which we
+sometimes give the name of meteorology, sometimes that of physical
+geography, sometimes that of geology. Again, the earth has a place in
+space and in time, and relations to other bodies in both these respects,
+which constitute its distribution. This subject is usually left to the
+astronomer; but a knowledge of its broad outlines seems to me to be an
+essential constituent of the stock of geological ideas.
+
+
+CCXXIV
+
+All that can be ascertained concerning the structure, succession of
+conditions, actions, and position in space of the earth, is the matter
+of fact of its natural history. But, as in biology, there remains the
+matter of reasoning from these facts to their causes, which is just as
+much science as the other, and indeed more; and this constitutes
+geological aetiology.
+
+
+CCXXV
+
+I suppose that it would be very easy to pick holes in the details of
+Kant's speculations, whether cosmological, or specially telluric, in
+their application. But for all that, he seems to me to have been the
+first person to frame a complete system of geological speculation by
+founding the doctrine of evolution.
+
+I have said that the three schools of geological speculation which I
+have termed Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism, are
+commonly supposed to be antagonistic to one another; and I presume it
+will have become obvious that in my belief, the last is destined to
+swallow up the other two. But it is proper to remark that each of the
+latter has kept alive the tradition of precious truths.
+
+To my mind there appears to be no sort of necessary theoretical
+antagonism between Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism. On the
+contrary, it is very conceivable that catastrophes may be part and
+parcel of uniformity. Let me illustrate my case by analogy. The working
+of a clock is a model of uniform action; good time-keeping means
+uniformity of action. But the striking of the clock is essentially a
+catastrophe; the hammer might be made to blow up a barrel of gunpowder,
+or turn on a deluge of water; and, by proper arrangement, the clock,
+instead of marking the hours, might strike at all sorts of irregular
+periods, never twice alike, in the intervals, force, or number of its
+blows. Nevertheless, all these irregular, and apparently lawless,
+catastrophes would be the result of an absolutely uniformitarian action;
+and we might have two schools of clock-theorists, one studying the
+hammer and the other the pendulum.
+
+
+CCXXVI
+
+Mathematics may be compared to a mill of exquisite workmanship, which
+grinds your stuff of any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you
+get out depends upon what you put in; and as the grandest mill in the
+world will not extract wheat-flour from peascods, so pages of formulae
+will not get a definite result out of loose data.
+
+
+CCXXVII
+
+The motive of the drama of human life is the necessity, laid upon every
+man who comes into the world, of discovering the mean between
+self-assertion and self-restraint suited to his character and his
+circumstances. And the eternally tragic aspect of the drama lies in
+this: that the problem set before us is one the elements of which can
+be but imperfectly known, and of which even an approximately right
+solution rarely presents itself, until that stern critic, aged
+experience, has been furnished with ample justification for venting his
+sarcastic humour upon the irreparable blunders we have already made.
+
+
+CCXXVIII
+
+That which endures is not one or another association of living forms,
+but the process of which the cosmos is the product, and of which these
+are among the transitory expressions. And in the living world, one of
+the most characteristic features of this cosmic process is the struggle
+for existence, the competition of each with all, the result of which is
+the selection, that is to say, the survival of those forms which, on the
+whole, are best adapted to the conditions which at any period obtain;
+and which are therefore, in that respect, and only in that respect, the
+fittest. The acme reached by the cosmic process in the vegetation of the
+downs is seen in the turf, with its weed and gorse. Under the
+conditions, they have come out of the struggle victorious; and, by
+surviving, have proved that they are the fittest to survive.
+
+
+CCXXIX
+
+As a natural process, of the same character as the development of a tree
+from its seed, or of a fowl from its egg, evolution excludes creation
+and all other kinds of supernatural intervention. As the expression of a
+fixed order, every stage of which is the effect of causes operating
+according to definite rules, the conception of evolution no less
+excludes that of chance. It is very desirable to remember that evolution
+is not an explanation of the cosmic process, but merely a generalized
+statement of the method and results of that process. And, further, that,
+if there is proof that the cosmic process was set going by any agent,
+then that agent will be the creator of it and of all its products,
+although, supernatural intervention may remain strictly excluded from
+its further course.
+
+
+CCXXX
+
+All plants and animals exhibit the tendency to vary, the causes of which
+have yet to be ascertained; it is the tendency of the conditions of
+life, at any given time, while favouring the existence of the variations
+best adapted to them, to oppose that of the rest and thus to exercise
+selection; and all living things tend to multiply without limit, while
+the means of support are limited; the obvious cause of which is the
+production of offspring more numerous than their progenitors, but with
+equal expectation of life in the actuarial sense. Without the first
+tendency there could be no evolution. Without the second, there would be
+no good reason why one variation should disappear and another take its
+place; that is to say, there would be no selection. Without the third,
+the struggle for existence, the agent of the selective process in the
+state of nature, would vanish.
+
+
+CCXXXI
+
+The faith which is born of knowledge finds its object in an eternal
+order, bringing forth ceaseless change, through endless time, in endless
+space; the manifestations of the cosmic energy alternating between
+phases of potentiality and phases of explication.
+
+
+CCXXXII
+
+With all their enormous differences in natural endowment, men agree in
+one thing, and that is their innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and
+escape the pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that which it
+pleases them to do, without the least reference to the welfare of the
+society into which they are born. That is their inheritance (the reality
+at the bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long series of
+ancestors, human and semi-human and brutal, in whom the strength of this
+innate tendency to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the
+struggle for existence. That is the reason of the _aviditas vitae_--the
+insatiable hunger for enjoyment--of all mankind, which is one of the
+essential conditions of success in the war with the state of nature
+outside; and yet the sure agent of the destruction of society if allowed
+free play within.
+
+
+CCXXXIII
+
+The check upon this free play of self-assertion, or natural liberty,
+which is the necessary condition for the origin of human society, is the
+product of organic necessities of a different kind from those upon which
+the constitution of the hive depends. One of these is the mutual
+affection of parent and offspring, intensified by the long infancy of
+the human species. But the most important is the tendency, so strongly
+developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and feelings similar
+to, or correlated with, those of other men. Man is the most consummate
+of all mimics in the animal world; none but himself can draw or model;
+none comes near him in the scope, variety, and exactness of vocal
+imitation; none is such a master of gesture; while he seems to be
+impelled thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is no
+such another emotional chameleon. By a purely reflex operation of the
+mind, we take the hue of passion of those who are about us, or, it may
+be, the complementary colour. It is not by any conscious "putting one's
+self in the place" of a joyful or a suffering person that the state of
+mind we call sympathy usually arises; indeed, it is often contrary to
+one's sense of right, and in spite of one's will, that "fellow-feeling
+makes us wondrous kind," or the reverse. However complete may be the
+indifference to public opinion, in a cool, intellectual view, of the
+traditional sage, it has not yet been my fortune to meet with any actual
+sage who took its hostile manifestations with entire equanimity. Indeed,
+I doubt if the philosopher lives, or ever has lived, who could know
+himself to be heartily despised by a street boy without some irritation.
+And, though one cannot justify Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on
+such a very high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the Vizier of
+Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the gate, that this obscure Jew had
+no respect for him, must have been very annoying.
+
+It is needful only to look around us, to see that the greatest
+restrainer of the anti-social tendencies of men is fear, not of the law,
+but of the opinion of their fellows. The conventions of honour bind men
+who break legal, moral, and religious bonds; and, while people endure
+the extremity of physical pain rather than part with life, shame drives
+the weakest to suicide.
+
+Every forward step of social progress brings men into closer relations
+with their fellows, and increases the importance of the pleasures and
+pains derived from sympathy. We judge the acts of others by our own
+sympathies, and we judge our own acts by the sympathies of others, every
+day and all day long, from childhood upwards, until associations, as
+indissoluble as those of language, are formed between certain acts and
+the feelings of approbation or disapprobation. It becomes impossible to
+imagine some acts without disapprobation, or others without approbation
+of the actor, whether he be one's self or anyone else. We come to think
+in the acquired dialect of morals. An artificial personality, the "man
+within," as Adam Smith calls conscience, is built up beside the natural
+personality. He is the watchman of society, charged to restrain the
+anti-social tendencies of the natural man within the limits required by
+social welfare.
+
+
+CCXXXIV
+
+I have termed this evolution of the feelings out of which the primitive
+bonds of human society are so largely forged, into the organized and
+personified sympathy we call conscience, the ethical process. So far as
+it tends to make any human society more efficient in the struggle for
+existence with the state of nature, or with other societies, it works in
+harmonious contrast with the cosmic process. But it is none the less
+true that, since law and morals are restraints upon the struggle for
+existence between men in society, the ethical process is in opposition
+to the principle of the cosmic process, and tends to the suppression of
+the qualities best fitted for success in that struggle.
+
+
+CCXXXV
+
+Moralists of all ages and of all faiths, attending only to the relations
+of men towards one another in an ideal society, have agreed upon the
+"golden rule," "Do as you would be done by." In other words, let
+sympathy be your guide; put yourself in the place of the man towards
+whom your action is directed; and do to him what you would like to have
+done to yourself under the circumstances. However much one may admire
+the generosity of such a rule of conduct; however confident one may be
+that average men may be thoroughly depended upon not to carry it out to
+its full logical consequences; it is nevertheless desirable to recognise
+the fact that these consequences are incompatible with the existence of
+a civil state, under any circumstances of this world which have
+obtained, or, so far as one can see, are likely to come to pass.
+
+For I imagine there can be no doubt that the great desire of every
+wrongdoer is to escape from the painful consequences of his actions. If
+I put myself in the place of the man who has robbed me, I find that I am
+possessed by an exceeding desire not to be fined or imprisoned; if in
+that of the man who has smitten me on one cheek, I contemplate with
+satisfaction the absence of any worse result than the turning of the
+other cheek for like treatment. Strictly observed, the "golden rule"
+involves the negation of law by the refusal to put it in motion against
+law-breakers; and, as regards the external relations of a polity, it is
+the refusal to continue the struggle for existence. It can be obeyed,
+even partially, only under the protection of a society which repudiates
+it. Without such shelter the followers of the "golden rule" may indulge
+in hopes of heaven, but they must reckon with the certainty that other
+people will be masters of the earth.
+
+What would become of the garden if the gardener treated all the weeds
+and slugs and birds and trespassers as he would like to be treated if he
+were in their place?
+
+
+CCXXXVI
+
+In a large proportion of cases, crime and pauperism have nothing to do
+with heredity; but are the consequence, partly, of circumstances and,
+partly, of the possession of qualities, which, under different
+conditions of life, might have excited esteem and even admiration. It
+was a shrewd man of the world who, in discussing sewage problems,
+remarked that dirt is riches in the wrong place; and that sound aphorism
+has moral applications. The benevolence and open-handed generosity which
+adorn a rich man may make a pauper of a poor one; the energy and courage
+to which the successful soldier owes his rise, the cool and daring
+subtlety to which the great financier owes his fortune, may very easily,
+under unfavourable conditions, lead their possessors to the gallows, or
+to the hulks. Moreover, it is fairly probable that the children of a
+"failure" will receive from their other parent just that little
+modification of character which makes all the difference. I sometimes
+wonder whether people, who talk so freely about extirpating the unfit,
+ever dispassionately consider their own history. Surely, one must be
+very "fit" indeed not to know of an occasion, or perhaps two, in one's
+life, when it would have been only too easy to qualify for a place among
+the "unfit."
+
+
+CCXXXVII
+
+In the struggle for the means of enjoyment, the qualities which ensure
+success are energy, industry, intellectual capacity, tenacity of
+purpose, and, at least as much sympathy as is necessary to make a man
+understand the feelings of his fellows. Were there none of those
+artificial arrangements by which fools and knaves are kept at the top of
+society instead of sinking to their natural place at the bottom, the
+struggle for the means of enjoyment would ensure a constant circulation
+of the human units of the social compound, from the bottom to the top
+and from the top to the bottom. The survivors of the contest, those who
+continued to form the great bulk of the polity, would not be those
+"fittest" who got to the very top, but the great body of the moderately
+"fit," whose numbers and superior propagative power enable them always
+to swamp the exceptionally endowed minority.
+
+I think it must be obvious to every one that, whether we consider the
+internal or the external interests of society, it is desirable they
+should be in the hands of those who are endowed with the largest share
+of energy, of industry, of intellectual capacity, of tenacity of
+purpose, while they are not devoid of sympathetic humanity; and, in so
+far as the struggle for the means of enjoyment tends to place such men
+in possession of wealth and influence, it is a process which tends to
+the good of society. But the process, as we have seen, has no real
+resemblance to that which adapts living beings to current conditions in
+the state of nature; nor any to the artificial selection of the
+horticulturist.
+
+
+CCXXXVIII
+
+Even should the whole human race be absorbed in one vast polity, within
+which "absolute political justice" reigns, the struggle for existence
+with the state of nature outside it, and the tendency to the return of
+the struggle within, in consequence of over-multiplication, will remain;
+and, unless men's inheritance from the ancestors who fought a good fight
+in the state of nature, their dose of original sin, is rooted out by
+some method at present unrevealed, at any rate to disbelievers in
+supernaturalism, every child born into the world will still bring with
+him the instinct of unlimited self-assertion. He will have to learn the
+lesson of self-restraint and renunciation. But the practice of
+self-restraint and renunciation is not happiness, though it may be
+something much better.
+
+That man, as a "political animal," is susceptible of a vast amount of
+improvement, by education, by instruction, and by the application of his
+intelligence to the adaptation of the conditions of life to his higher
+needs, I entertain not the slightest doubt. But, so long as he remains
+liable to error, intellectual or moral; so long as he is compelled to be
+perpetually on guard against the cosmic forces, whose ends are not his
+ends, without and within himself; so long as he is haunted by
+inexpugnable memories and hopeless aspirations; so long as the
+recognition of his intellectual limitations forces him to acknowledge
+his incapacity to penetrate the mystery of existence; the prospect of
+attaining untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even remotely,
+deserve the title of perfection, appears to me to be as misleading an
+illusion as ever was dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And there
+have been many of them.
+
+That which lies before the human race is a constant struggle to maintain
+and improve, in opposition to the State of Nature, the State of Art of
+an organized polity; in which, and by which, man may develop a worthy
+civilization, capable of maintaining and constantly improving itself,
+until the evolution of our globe shall have entered so far upon its
+downward course that the cosmic process resumes its sway; and, once
+more, the State of Nature prevails over the surface of our planet.
+
+
+CCXXXIX
+
+From very low forms up to the highest--in the animal no less than in the
+vegetable kingdom--the process of life presents the same appearance of
+cyclical evolution. Nay, we have but to cast our eyes over the rest of
+the world and cyclical change presents itself on all sides. It meets us
+in the water that flows to the sea and returns to the springs; in the
+heavenly bodies that wax and wane, go and return to their places; in the
+inexorable sequence of the ages of man's life; in that successive rise,
+apogee, and fall of dynasties and of states which is the most prominent
+topic of civil history.
+
+
+CCXL
+
+As no man fording a swift stream can dip his foot twice into the same
+water, so no man can, with exactness, affirm of anything in the sensible
+world that it is. As he utters the words, nay, as he thinks them, the
+predicate ceases to be applicable; the present has become the past; the
+"is" should be "was." And the more we learn of the nature of things, the
+more evident is it that what we call rest is only unperceived activity;
+that seeming peace is silent but strenuous battle. In every part, at
+every moment, the state of the cosmos is the expression of a transitory
+adjustment of contending forces; a scene of strife, in which all the
+combatants fall in turn. What is true of each part is true of the whole.
+Natural knowledge tends more and more to the conclusion that "all the
+choir of heaven and furniture of the earth" are the transitory forms of
+parcels of cosmic substance wending along the road of evolution, from
+nebulous potentiality, through endless growths of sun and planet and
+satellite; through all varieties of matter; through infinite diversities
+of life and thought; possibly, through modes of being of which we
+neither have a conception, nor are competent to form any, back to the
+indefinable latency from which they arose. Thus the most obvious
+attribute of the cosmos is its impermanence. It assumes the aspect not
+so much of a permanent entity as of a changeful process, in which naught
+endures save the flow of energy and the rational order which pervades
+it.
+
+
+CCXLI
+
+Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to the headship of the
+sentient world, and has become the superb animal which he is in virtue
+of his success in the struggle for existence. The conditions having been
+of a certain order, man's organization has adjusted itself to them
+better than that of his competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of
+mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing upon all that can
+be grasped, the tenacious holding of all that can be kept, which
+constitute the essence of the struggle for existence, have answered. For
+his successful progress, throughout the savage state, man has been
+largely indebted to those qualities which he shares with the ape and the
+tiger; his exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his
+sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; his ruthless and
+ferocious destructiveness when his anger is roused by opposition.
+
+But, in proportion as men have passed from anarchy to social
+organization, and in proportion as civilization has grown in worth,
+these deeply ingrained serviceable qualities have become defects. After
+the manner of successful persons, civilized man would gladly kick down
+the ladder by which he has climbed. He would be only too pleased to see
+"the ape and tiger die." But they decline to suit his convenience; and
+the unwelcome intrusion of these boon companions of his hot youth into
+the ranged existence of civil life adds pains and griefs, innumerable
+and immeasurably great, to those which the cosmic process necessarily
+brings on the mere animal. In fact, civilized man brands all these ape
+and tiger promptings with the name of sins; he punishes many of the acts
+which flow from them as crimes; and, in extreme cases, he does his best
+to put an end to the survival of the fittest of former days by axe and
+rope.
+
+
+CCXLII
+
+In Hindostan, as in Ionia, a period of relatively high and tolerably
+stable civilization had succeeded long ages of semi-barbarism and
+struggle. Out of wealth and security had come leisure and refinement,
+and, close at their heels, had followed the malady of thought. To the
+struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be
+alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the
+struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things
+into harmony with the moral sense of man, which also never ends, but,
+for the thinking few, becomes keener with every increase of knowledge
+and with every step towards the realization of a worthy ideal of life.
+
+Two thousand five hundred years ago the value of civilization was as
+apparent as it is now; then, as now, it was obvious that only in the
+garden of an orderly polity can the finest fruits humanity is capable of
+bearing be produced. But it had also become evident that the blessings
+of culture were not unmixed. The garden was apt to turn into a hothouse.
+The stimulation of the senses, the pampering of the emotions, endlessly
+multiplied the sources of pleasure. The constant widening of the
+intellectual field indefinitely extended the range of that especially
+human faculty of looking before and after, which adds to the fleeting
+present those old and new worlds of the past and the future, wherein
+men dwell the more the higher their culture. But that very sharpening of
+the sense and that subtle refinement of emotion, which brought such a
+wealth of pleasures, were fatally attended by a proportional enlargement
+of the capacity for suffering; and the divine faculty of imagination,
+while it created new heavens and new earths, provided them with the
+corresponding hells of futile regret for the past and morbid anxiety for
+the future.
+
+
+CCXLIII
+
+One of the oldest and most important elements in such systems is the
+conception of justice. Society is impossible unless those who are
+associated agree to observe certain rules of conduct towards one
+another; its stability depends on the steadiness with which they abide
+by that agreement; and, so far as they waver, that mutual trust which is
+the bond of society is weakened or destroyed. Wolves could not hunt in
+packs except for the real, though unexpressed, understanding that they
+should not attack one another during the chase. The most rudimentary
+polity is a pack of men living under the like tacit, or expressed,
+understanding; and having made the very important advance upon wolf
+society, that they agree to use the force of the whole body against
+individuals who violate it and in favour of those who observe it. This
+observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution
+of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the
+name of justice, while the contrary was called injustice. Early ethics
+did not take much note of the animus of the violator of the rules. But
+civilization could not advance far without the establishment of a
+capital distinction between the case of involuntary and that of wilful
+misdeed; between a merely wrong action and a guilty one.
+
+And, with increasing refinement of moral appreciation, the problem of
+desert, which arises out of this distinction, acquired more and more
+theoretical and practical importance. If life must be given for life,
+yet it was recognized that the unintentional slayer did not altogether
+deserve death; and, by a sort of compromise between the public and the
+private conception of justice, a sanctuary was provided in which he
+might take refuge from the avenger of blood.
+
+The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment
+and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to
+desert; or, in other words, according to motive. Righteousness, that is,
+action from right motive, not only became synonymous with justice, but
+the positive constituent of innocence and the very heart of goodness.
+
+
+CCXLIV
+
+Everyday experience familiarizes us with the facts which are grouped
+under the name of heredity. Every one of us bears upon him obvious marks
+of his parentage, perhaps of remoter relationships. More particularly,
+the sum of tendencies to act in a certain way, which we call
+"character," is often to be traced through a long series of progenitors
+and collaterals. So we may justly say that this "character"--this moral
+and intellectual essence of a man--does veritably pass over from one
+fleshy tabernacle to another, and does really transmigrate from
+generation to generation. In the new-born infant the character of the
+stock lies latent, and the Ego is little more than a bundle of
+potentialities. But, very early, these become actualities; from
+childhood to age they manifest themselves in dullness or brightness,
+weakness or strength, viciousness or uprightness; and with each feature
+modified by confluence with another character, if by nothing else, the
+character passes on to its incarnation in new bodies.
+
+
+CCXLV
+
+Only one rule of conduct could be based upon the remarkable theory of
+which I have endeavoured to give a reasoned outline. It was folly to
+continue to exist when an overplus of pain was certain; and the
+probabilities in favour of the increase of misery with the prolongation
+of existence, were so overwhelming. Slaying the body only made matters
+worse; there was nothing for it but to slay the soul by the voluntary
+arrest of all its activities. Property, social ties, family affections,
+common companionship, must be abandoned; the most natural appetites,
+even that for food, must be suppressed, or at least minimized; until all
+that remained of a man was the impassive, extenuated, mendicant monk,
+self-hypnotised into cataleptic trances, which the deluded mystic took
+for foretastes of the final union with Brahma.
+
+
+CCXLVI
+
+If the cosmos is the effect of an immanent, omnipotent, and infinitely
+beneficent cause, the existence in it of real evil, still less of
+necessarily inherent evil, is plainly inadmissible. Yet the universal
+experience of mankind testified then, as now, that, whether we look
+within us or without us, evil stares us in the face on all sides; that
+if anything is real, pain and sorrow and wrong are realities.
+
+It would be a new thing in history if _a priori_ philosophers were
+daunted by the factious opposition of experience; and the Stoics were
+the last men to allow themselves to be beaten by mere facts. "Give me a
+doctrine and I will find the reasons for it," said Chrysippus. So they
+perfected, if they did not invent, that ingenious and plausible form of
+pleading, the Theodicy; for the purpose of showing firstly, that there
+is no such thing as evil; secondly, that if there is, it is the
+necessary correlate of good; and, moreover, that it is either due to our
+own fault, or inflicted for our benefit.
+
+
+CCXLVII
+
+Unfortunately, it is much easier to shut one's eyes to good than to
+evil. Pain and sorrow knock at our doors more loudly than pleasure and
+happiness; and the prints of their heavy footsteps are less easily
+effaced.
+
+
+CCXLVIII
+
+In the language of the Stoa, "Nature" was a word of many meanings. There
+was the "Nature" of the cosmos, and the "Nature" of man. In the latter,
+the animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of the living part
+of the cosmos, was distinguished from a higher "nature." Even in this
+higher nature there were grades of rank. The logical faculty is an
+instrument which may be turned to account for any purpose. The passions
+and the emotions are so closely tied to the lower nature that they may
+be considered to be pathological, rather than normal, phenomena. The one
+supreme, hegemonic, faculty, which constitutes the essential "nature" of
+man, is most nearly represented by that which, in the language of a
+later philosophy, has been called the pure reason. It is this "nature"
+which holds up the ideal of the supreme good and demands absolute
+submission of the will to its behests. It is this which commands all men
+to love one another, to return good for evil, to regard one another as
+fellow-citizens of one great state. Indeed, seeing that the progress
+towards perfection of a civilised state, or polity, depends on the
+obedience of its members to these commands, the Stoics sometimes termed
+the pure reason the "political" nature. Unfortunately, the sense of the
+adjective has undergone so much modification that the application of it
+to that which commands the sacrifice of self to the common good would
+now sound almost grotesque.
+
+
+CCXLIX
+
+The majority of us, I apprehend, profess neither pessimism nor optimism.
+We hold that the world is neither so good, nor so bad, as it conceivably
+might be; and, as most of us have reason, now and again, to discover
+that it can be. Those who have failed to experience the joys that make
+life worth living are, probably, in as small a minority as those who
+have never known the griefs that rob existence of its savour and turn
+its richest fruits into mere dust and ashes.
+
+
+CCL
+
+There is another fallacy which appears to me to pervade the so-called
+"ethics of evolution." It is the notion that because, on the whole,
+animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organization by means
+of the struggle for existence and the consequent "survival of the
+fittest"; therefore men in society, men as ethical beings, must look to
+the same process to help them towards perfection. I suspect that this
+fallacy has arisen out of the unfortunate ambiguity of the phrase
+"survival of the fittest." "Fittest" has a connotation of "best"; and
+about "best" there hangs a moral flavour. In cosmic nature, however,
+what is "fittest" depends upon the conditions. Long since, I ventured to
+point out that if our hemisphere were to cool again, the survival of the
+fittest might bring about, in the vegetable kingdom, a population of
+more and more stunted and humbler and humbler organisms, until the
+"fittest" that survived might be nothing but lichens, diatoms, and such
+microscopic organisms as those which give red snow its colour; while, if
+it became hotter, the pleasant valleys of the Thames and Isis might be
+uninhabitable by any animated beings save those that flourish in a
+tropical jungle. They, as the fittest, the best adapted to the changed
+conditions, would survive.
+
+
+CCLI
+
+The practice of that which is ethically best--what we call goodness or
+virtue--involves a course of conduct which, in all respects, is opposed
+to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In
+place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of
+thrusting aside, or treading down, all competitors, it requires that the
+individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows; its
+influence is directed, not so much to the survival of the fittest, as to
+the fitting of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates the
+gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands that each man who enters
+into the enjoyment of the advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his
+debt to those who have laboriously constructed it; and shall take heed
+that no act of his weakens the fabric in which he has been permitted to
+live. Laws and moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the
+cosmic process and reminding the individual of his duty to the
+community, to the protection and influence of which he owes, if not
+existence itself, at least the life of something better than a brutal
+savage.
+
+
+CCLII
+
+The theory of evolution encourages no millennial anticipations. If, for
+millions of years, our globe has taken the upward road, yet, some time,
+the summit will be reached and the downward route will be commenced. The
+most daring imagination will hardly venture upon the suggestion that the
+power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest the procession of the
+great year.
+
+Moreover, the cosmic nature born with us and, to a large extent,
+necessary for our maintenance, is the outcome of millions of years of
+severe training, and it would be folly to imagine that a few centuries
+will suffice to subdue its masterfulness to purely ethical ends. Ethical
+nature may count upon having to reckon with a tenacious and powerful
+enemy as long as the world lasts. But, on the other hand, I see no limit
+to the extent to which intelligence and will, guided by sound principles
+of investigation, and organized in common effort, may modify the
+conditions of existence, for a period longer than that now covered by
+history. And much may be done to change the nature of man himself. The
+intelligence which has converted the brother of the wolf into the
+faithful guardian of the flock ought to be able to do something towards
+curbing the instincts of savagery in civilized men.
+
+But if we may permit ourselves a larger hope of abatement of the
+essential evil of the world than was possible to those who, in the
+infancy of exact knowledge, faced the problem of existence more than a
+score of centuries ago, I deem it an essential condition of the
+realization of that hope that we should cast aside the notion that the
+escape from pain and sorrow is the proper object of life.
+
+
+CCLIII
+
+We have long since emerged from the heroic childhood of our race, when
+good and evil could be met with the same "frolic welcome"; the attempts
+to escape from evil, whether Indian or Greek, have ended in flight from
+the battle-field; it remains to us to throw aside the youthful
+over-confidence and the no less youthful discouragement of nonage. We
+are grown men, and must play the man
+
+                                strong in will
+    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield,
+
+cherishing the good that falls in our way, and bearing the evil, in and
+around us, with stout hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may
+strive in one faith towards one hope:
+
+    It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,
+    It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
+
+    ... but something ere the end,
+    Some work of noble note may yet be done.
+
+
+CCLIV
+
+I do not suppose that I am exceptionally endowed because I have all my
+life enjoyed a keen perception of the beauty offered us by nature and by
+art. Now physical science may and probably will, some day, enable our
+posterity to set forth the exact physical concomitants and conditions of
+the strange rapture of beauty. But if ever that day arrives, the rapture
+will remain, just as it is now, outside and beyond the physical world;
+and, even in the mental world, something superadded to mere sensation. I
+do not wish to crow unduly over my humble cousin the orang, but in the
+aesthetic province, as in that of the intellect, I am afraid he is
+nowhere. I doubt not he would detect a fruit amidst a wilderness of
+leaves where I could see nothing; but I am tolerably confident that he
+has never been awestruck, as I have been, by the dim religious gloom, as
+of a temple devoted to the earthgods, of the tropical forests which he
+inhabits. Yet I doubt not that our poor long-armed and short-legged
+friend, as he sits meditatively munching his durian fruit, has something
+behind that sad Socratic face of his which is utterly "beyond the bounds
+of physical science." Physical science may know all about his clutching
+the fruit and munching it and digesting it, and how the physical
+titillation of his palate is transmitted to some microscopic cells of
+the gray matter of his brain. But the feelings of sweetness and of
+satisfaction which, for a moment, hang out their signal lights in his
+melancholy eyes, are as utterly outside the bounds of physics as is the
+"fine frenzy" of a human rhapsodist.
+
+
+CCLV
+
+When I was a mere boy, with a perverse tendency to think when I ought to
+have been playing, my mind was greatly exercised by this formidable
+problem, What would become of things if they lost their qualities? As
+the qualities had no objective existence, and the thing without
+qualities was nothing, the solid world seemed whittled away--to my great
+horror. As I grew older, and learned to use the terms "matter" and
+"force," the boyish problem was revived, _mutato nomine_. On the one
+hand, the notion of matter without force seemed to resolve the world
+into a set of geometrical ghosts, too dead even to jabber. On the other
+hand, Boscovich's hypothesis, by which matter was resolved into centres
+of force, was very attractive. But when one tried to think it out, what
+in the world became of force considered as an objective entity? Force,
+even the most materialistic of philosophers will agree with the most
+idealistic, is nothing but a name for the cause of motion. And if, with
+Boscovich, I resolved things into centres of force, then matter vanished
+altogether and left immaterial entities in its place. One might as well
+frankly accept Idealism and have done with it.
+
+
+CCLVI
+
+Tolerably early in life I discovered that one of the unpardonable sins,
+in the eyes of most people, is for a man to presume to go about
+unlabelled. The world regards such a person as the police do an
+unmuzzled dog, not under proper control. I could find no label that
+would suit me, so, in my desire to range myself and be respectable, I
+invented one; and, as the chief thing I was sure of was that I did not
+know a great many things that the-ists and the-ites about me professed
+to be familiar with, I called myself an Agnostic. Surely no denomination
+could be more modest or more appropriate; and I cannot imagine why I
+should be every now and then haled out of my refuge and declared
+sometimes to be a Materialist, sometimes an Atheist, sometimes a
+Positivist, and sometimes, alas and alack, a cowardly or reactionary
+Obscurantist.
+
+
+CCLVII
+
+Lastly, with respect to the old riddle of the freedom of the will. In
+the only sense in which the word freedom is intelligible to me--that is
+to say, the absence of any restraint upon doing what one likes within
+certain limits--physical science certainly gives no more ground for
+doubting it than the common sense of mankind does. And if physical
+science, in strengthening our belief in the universality of causation
+and abolishing chance as an absurdity, leads to the conclusion of
+determinism, it does no more than follow the track of consistent and
+logical thinkers in philosophy and in theology, before it existed or was
+thought of. Whoever accepts the universality of the law of causation as
+a dogma of philosophy, denies the existence of uncaused phenomena. And
+the essence of that which is improperly called the freewill doctrine is
+that occasionally, at any rate, human volition is self-caused, that is
+to say, not caused at all; for to cause oneself one must have anteceded
+oneself--which is, to say the least of it, difficult to imagine.
+
+
+CCLVIII
+
+If the diseases of society consist in the weakness of its faith in the
+existence of the God of the theologians, in a future state, and in
+uncaused volitions, the indication, as the doctors say, is to suppress
+Theology and Philosophy, whose bickerings about things of which they
+know nothing have been the prime cause and continual sustenance of that
+evil scepticism which is the Nemesis of meddling with the unknowable.
+
+Cinderella is modestly conscious of her ignorance of these high matters.
+She lights the fire, sweeps the house, and provides the dinner; and is
+rewarded by being told that she is a base creature, devoted to low and
+material interests. But in her garret she has fairy visions out of the
+ken of the pair of shrews who are quarrelling downstairs. She sees the
+order which pervades the seeming disorder of the world; the great drama
+of evolution, with its full share of pity and terror, but also with
+abundant goodness and beauty, unrolls itself before her eyes; and she
+learns, in her heart of hearts, the lesson, that the foundation of
+morality is to have done, once and for all, with lying; to give up
+pretending to believe that for which there is no evidence, and repeating
+unintelligible propositions about things beyond the possibilities of
+knowledge.
+
+She knows that the safety of morality lies neither in the adoption of
+this or that philosophical speculation, or this or that theological
+creed, but in a real and living belief in that fixed order of nature
+which sends social disorganisation upon the track of immorality, as
+surely as it sends physical disease after physical trespasses. And of
+that firm and lively faith it is her high mission to be the priestess.
+
+
+CCLIX
+
+The first act of a new-born child is to draw a deep breath. In fact, it
+will never draw a deeper, inasmuch as the passages and chambers of the
+lungs, once distended with air, do not empty themselves again; it is
+only a fraction of their contents which passes in and out with the flow
+and the ebb of the respiratory tide. Mechanically, this act of drawing
+breath, or inspiration, is of the same nature as that by which the
+handles of a bellows are separated, in order to fill the bellows with
+air; and, in like manner, it involves that expenditure of energy which
+we call exertion, or work, or labour. It is, therefore, no mere metaphor
+to say that man is destined to a life of toil: the work of respiration
+which began with his first breath ends only with his last; nor does one
+born in the purple get off with a lighter task than the child who first
+sees light under a hedge.
+
+How is it that the new-born infant is enabled to perform this first
+instalment of the sentence of life-long labour which no man may escape?
+Whatever else a child may be, in respect of this particular question, it
+is a complicated piece of mechanism, built up out of materials supplied
+by its mother; and in the course of such building-up, provided with a
+set of motors--the muscles. Each of these muscles contains a stock of
+substance capable of yielding energy under certain conditions, one of
+which is a change of state in the nerve-fibres connected with it. The
+powder in a loaded gun is such another stock of substance capable of
+yielding energy in consequence of a change of state in the mechanism of
+the lock, which intervenes between the finger of the man who pulls the
+trigger and the cartridge. If that change is brought about, the
+potential energy of the powder passes suddenly into actual energy, and
+does the work of propelling the bullet. The powder, therefore, may be
+appropriately called _work-stuff_, not only because it is stuff which is
+easily made to yield work in the physical sense, but because a good deal
+of work in the economical sense has contributed to its production.
+Labour was necessary to collect, transport, and purify the raw sulphur
+and saltpetre; to cut wood and convert it into powdered charcoal; to mix
+these ingredients in the right proportions; to give the mixture the
+proper grain, and so on. The powder once formed part of the stock, or
+capital, of a powder-maker: and it is not only certain natural bodies
+which are collected and stored in the gunpowder, but the labour bestowed
+on the operations mentioned may be figuratively said to be incorporated
+in it.
+
+
+CCLX
+
+In principle, the work-stuff stored in the muscles of the new-born child
+is comparable to that stored in the gun-barrel. The infant is launched
+into altogether new surroundings; and these operate through the
+mechanism of the nervous machinery, with the result that the potential
+energy of some of the work-stuff in the muscles which bring about
+inspiration is suddenly converted into actual energy; and this,
+operating through the mechanism of the respiratory apparatus, gives rise
+to an act of inspiration. As the bullet is propelled by the "going off"
+of the powder, as it might be said that the ribs are raised and the
+midriff depressed by the "going off" of certain portions of muscular
+work-stuff. This work-stuff is part of a stock or capital of that
+commodity stored up in the child's organism before birth, at the expense
+of the mother; and the mother has made good her expenditure by drawing
+upon the capital of food-stuffs which furnished her daily maintenance.
+
+Under these circumstances, it does not appear to me to be open to doubt
+that the primary act of outward labour in the series which necessarily
+accompany the life of man is dependent upon the pre-existence of a stock
+of material which is not only of use to him, but which is disposed in
+such a manner as to be utilisable with facility. And I further imagine
+that the propriety of the application of the term "capital" to this
+stock of useful substance cannot be justly called in question; inasmuch
+as it is easy to prove that the essential constituents of the work-stuff
+accumulated in the child's muscles have merely been transferred from the
+store of food-stuffs, which everybody admits to be capital, by means of
+the maternal organism to that of the child, in which they are again
+deposited to await use. Every subsequent act of labour, in like manner,
+involves an equivalent consumption of the child's store of
+work-stuff--its vital capital; and one of the main objects of the
+process of breathing is to get rid of some of the effects of that
+consumption. It follows, then, that, even if no other than the
+respiratory work were going on in the organism, the capital of
+work-stuff, which the child brought with it into the world, must sooner
+or later be used up, and the movements of breathing must come to an end;
+just as the see-saw of the piston of a steam-engine stops when the coal
+in the fireplace has burnt away.
+
+Milk, however, is a stock of materials which essentially consists of
+savings from the food-stuffs supplied to the mother. And these savings
+are in such a physical and chemical condition that the organism of the
+child can easily convert them into work-stuff. That is to say, by
+borrowing directly from the vital capital of the mother, indirectly from
+the store in the natural bodies accessible to her, it can make good the
+loss of its own. The operation of borrowing, however, involves further
+work; that is, the labour of sucking, which is a mechanical operation of
+much the same nature as breathing. The child thus pays for the capital
+it borrows in labour; but as the value in work-stuff of the milk
+obtained is very far greater than the value of that labour, estimated by
+the consumption of work-stuff it involves, the operation yields a large
+profit to the infant. The overplus of food-stuff suffices to increase
+the child's capital of work-stuff; and to supply not only the materials
+for the enlargement of the "buildings and machinery" which is
+expressed by the child's growth, but also the energy required to put
+all these materials together, and to carry them to their proper places.
+Thus, throughout the years of infancy, and so long thereafter as the
+youth or man is not thrown upon his own resources, he lives by consuming
+the vital capital provided by others.
+
+
+CCLXI
+
+Let us now suppose the child come to man's estate in the condition of a
+wandering savage, dependent for his food upon what he can pick up or
+catch, after the fashion of the Australian aborigines. It is plain that
+the place of mother, as the supplier of vital capital, is now taken by
+the fruits, seeds, and roots of plants and by various kinds of
+animals.... The savage, like the child, borrows the capital he needs,
+and, at any rate, intentionally, does nothing towards repayment; it
+would plainly be an improper use of the word "produce" to say that his
+labour in hunting for the roots, or the fruits, or the eggs, or the
+grubs and snakes, which he finds and eats, "produces" or contributes to
+"produce" them. The same thing is true of more advanced tribes, who are
+still merely hunters, such as the Esquimaux. They may expend more labour
+and skill; but it is spent in destruction.
+
+
+CCLXII
+
+When we find set forth as an "absolute" truth the statement that the
+essential factors in economic production are land, capital and
+labour--when this is offered as an axiom whence all sorts of other
+important truths may be deduced--it is needful to remember that the
+assertion is true only with a qualification. Undoubtedly "vital
+capital" is essential; for, as we have seen, no human work can be done
+unless it exists, not even that internal work of the body which is
+necessary to passive life. But, with respect to labour (that is, human
+labour) I hope to have left no doubt on the reader's mind that, in
+regard to production, the importance of human labour may be so small as
+to be almost a vanishing quantity.
+
+
+CCLXIII
+
+The one thing needful for economic production is the green plant, as the
+sole producer of vital capital from natural inorganic bodies. Men might
+exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and without land; without
+plants they must inevitably perish.
+
+
+CCLXIV
+
+Since no amount of labour can produce an ounce of food-stuff beyond the
+maximum producible by a limited number of plants, under the most
+favourable circumstances in regard to those conditions which are not
+affected by labour, it follows that, if the number of men to be fed
+increases indefinitely, a time must come when some will have to starve.
+That is the essence of the so-called Malthusian doctrine; and it is a
+truth which, to my mind, is as plain as the general proposition that a
+quantity which constantly increases will, some time or other, exceed any
+greater quantity the amount of which is fixed.
+
+
+CCLXV
+
+"Virtually" is apt to cover more intellectual sins than "charity" does
+moral delicts.
+
+
+CCLXVI
+
+The notion that the value of a thing bears any necessary relation to the
+amount of labour (average or otherwise) bestowed upon it, is a fallacy
+which needs no further refutation than it has already received. The
+average amount of labour bestowed upon warming-pans confers no value
+upon them in the eyes of a Gold-Coast negro; nor would an Esquimaux give
+a slice of blubber for the most elaborate of ice-machines.
+
+
+CCLXVII
+
+Who has ever imagined that wealth which, in the hands of an employer, is
+capital, ceases to be capital if it is in the hands of a labourer?
+Suppose a workman to be paid thirty shillings on Saturday evening for
+six days' labour, that thirty shillings comes out of the employer's
+capital, and receives the name of "wages" simply because it is exchanged
+for labour. In the workman's pocket, as he goes home, it is a part of
+his capital, in exactly the same sense as, half an hour before, it was
+part of the employer's capital; he is a capitalist just as much as if he
+were a Rothschild.
+
+
+CCLXVIII
+
+I think it may be not too much to say that, of all the political
+delusions which are current in this queer world, the very stupidest are
+those which assume that labour and capital are necessarily
+antagonistic; that all capital is produced by labour and therefore, by
+natural right, is the property of the labourer; that the possessor of
+capital is a robber who preys on the workman and appropriates to himself
+that which he has had no share in producing.
+
+On the contrary, capital and labour are necessarily, close allies;
+capital is never a product of human labour alone; it exists apart from
+human labour; it is the necessary antecedent of labour; and it furnishes
+the materials on which labour is employed. The only indispensable form
+of capital--vital capital--cannot be produced by human labour. All that
+man can do is to favour its formation by the real producers. There is no
+intrinsic relation between the amount of labour bestowed on an article
+and its value in exchange. The claim of labour to the total result of
+operations which are rendered possible only by capital is simply an _a
+priori_ iniquity.
+
+
+CCLXIX
+
+The vast and varied procession of events, which we call Nature, affords
+a sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible wealth of attractive problems
+to the speculative observer. If we confine our attention to that aspect
+which engages the attention of the intellect, nature appears a beautiful
+and harmonious whole, the incarnation of a faultless logical process,
+from certain premisses in the past to an inevitable conclusion in the
+future. But if it be regarded from a less elevated, though more human,
+point of view; if our moral sympathies are allowed to influence our
+judgment, and we permit ourselves to criticize our great mother as we
+criticize one another; then our verdict, at least so far as sentient
+nature is concerned, can hardly be so favourable.
+
+In sober truth, to those who have made a study of the phenomena of life
+as they are exhibited by the higher forms of the animal world, the
+optimistic dogma, that this is the best of all possible worlds, will
+seem little better than a libel upon possibility. It is really only
+another instance to be added to the many extant, of the audacity of _a
+priori_ speculators who, having created God in their own image, find no
+difficulty in assuming that the Almighty must have been actuated by the
+same motives as themselves. They are quite sure that, had any other
+course been practicable, He would no more have made infinite suffering a
+necessary ingredient of His handiwork than a respectable philosopher
+would have done the like.
+
+But even the modified optimism of the time-honoured thesis of
+physico-theology, that the sentient world is, on the whole, regulated by
+principles of benevolence, does but ill stand the test of impartial
+confrontation with the facts of the case. No doubt it is quite true that
+sentient nature affords hosts of examples of subtle contrivances
+directed towards the production of pleasure or the avoidance of pain;
+and it may be proper to say that these are evidences of benevolence. But
+if so, why is it not equally proper to say of the equally numerous
+arrangements, the no less necessary result of which is the production of
+pain, that they are evidences of malevolence?
+
+If a vast amount of that which, in a piece of human workmanship, we
+should call skill, is visible in those parts of the organization of a
+deer to which it owes its ability to escape from beasts of prey, there
+is at least equal skill displayed in that bodily mechanism of the wolf
+which enables him to track, and sooner or later to bring down, the deer.
+Viewed under the dry light of science, deer and wolf are alike
+admirable; and, if both were non-sentient automata, there would be
+nothing to qualify our admiration of the action of the one on the other.
+But the fact that the deer suffers, while the wolf inflicts suffering,
+engages our moral sympathies. We should call men like the deer innocent
+and good, men such as the wolf malignant and bad; we should call those
+who defended the deer and aided him to escape brave and compassionate,
+and those who helped the wolf in his bloody work base and cruel. Surely,
+if we transfer these judgments to nature outside the world of man at
+all, we must do so impartially. In that case, the goodness of the right
+hand which helps the deer, and wickedness of the left hand which eggs on
+the wolf, will neutralize one another: and the course of nature will
+appear to be neither moral nor immoral, but non-moral.
+
+This conclusion is thrust upon us by analogous facts in every part of
+the sentient world; yet, inasmuch as it not only jars upon prevalent
+prejudices, but arouses the natural dislike to that which is painful,
+much ingenuity has been exercised in devising an escape from it.
+
+
+CCLXX
+
+From the point of view of the moralist the animal world is on about the
+same level as a gladiator's show. The creatures are fairly well treated,
+and set to fight--whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the
+cunningest live to fight another day. The spectator has no need to turn
+his thumbs down, as no quarter is given. He must admit that the skill
+and training displayed are wonderful. But he must shut his eyes if he
+would not see that more or less enduring suffering is the meed of both
+vanquished and victor. And since the great game is going on in every
+corner of the world, thousands of times a minute; since, were our ears
+sharp enough, we need not descend to the gates of hell to hear--
+
+        sospiri, pianti, ed alti guai.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Voci alte e fioche, e suon di man con elle
+
+--it seems to follow that, if this world is governed by benevolence, it
+must be a different sort of benevolence from that of John Howard.
+
+
+CCLXXI
+
+This may not be the best of all possible worlds, but to say that it is
+the worst is mere petulant nonsense. A worn-out voluptuary may find
+nothing good under the sun, or a vain and inexperienced youth, who
+cannot get the moon he cries for, may vent his irritation in pessimistic
+moanings; but there can be no doubt in the mind of any reasonable person
+that mankind could, would, and in fact do, get on fairly well with
+vastly less happiness and far more misery than find their way into the
+lives of nine people out of ten. If each and all of us had been visited
+by an attack of neuralgia, or of extreme mental depression, for one hour
+in every twenty-four--a supposition which many tolerably vigorous people
+know, to their cost, is not extravagant--the burden of life would have
+been immensely increased without much practical hindrance to its general
+course. Men with any manhood in them find life quite worth living under
+worse conditions than these.
+
+
+CCLXXII
+
+There is another sufficiently obvious fact, which renders the hypothesis
+that the course of sentient nature is dictated by malevolence quite
+untenable. A vast multitude of pleasures, and these among the purest and
+the best, are superfluities, bits of good which are to all appearance
+unnecessary as inducements to live, and are, so to speak, thrown into
+the bargain of life. To those who experience them, few delights can be
+more entrancing than such as are afforded by natural beauty, or by the
+arts, and especially by music; but they are products of, rather than
+factors in, evolution, and it is probable that they are known, in any
+considerable degree, to but a very small proportion of mankind.
+
+
+CCLXXIII
+
+The conclusion of the whole matter seems to be that, if Ormuzd has not
+had his way in this world, neither has Ahriman. Pessimism is as little
+consonant with the facts of sentient existence as optimism. If we desire
+to represent the course of nature in terms of human thought, and assume
+that it was intended to be that which it is, we must say that its
+governing principle is intellectual and not moral; that it is a
+materialized logical process, accompanied by pleasures and pains, the
+incidence of which, in the majority of cases, has not the slightest
+reference to moral desert. That the rain falls alike upon the just and
+the unjust, and that those upon whom the Tower of Siloam fell were no
+worse than their neighbours, seem to be Oriental modes of expressing the
+same conclusion.
+
+
+CCLXXIV
+
+In the strict sense of the word "nature," it denotes the sum of the
+phenomenal world, of that which has been, and is, and will be; and
+society, like art, is therefore a part of nature. But it is convenient
+to distinguish those parts of nature in which man plays the part of
+immediate cause, as something apart; and therefore, society, like art,
+is usefully to be considered as distinct from nature. It is the more
+desirable, and even necessary, to make this distinction, since society
+differs from nature in having a definite moral object; whence it comes
+about that the course shaped by the ethical man--the member of society
+or citizen--necessarily runs counter to that which the non-ethical
+man--the primitive savage, or man as a mere member of the animal
+kingdom--tends to adopt. The latter fights out the struggle for
+existence to the bitter end, like any other animal; the former devotes
+his best energies to the object of setting limits to the struggle.
+
+
+CCLXXV
+
+The first men who substituted the state of mutual peace for that of
+mutual war, whatever the motive which impelled them to take that step,
+created society. But, in establishing peace, they obviously put a limit
+upon the struggle for existence. Between the members of that society, at
+any rate, it was not to be pursued _a outrance_. And of all the
+successive shapes which society has taken, that most nearly approaches
+perfection in which the war of individual against individual is most
+strictly limited. The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appropriated
+whatever took his fancy, and killed whosoever opposed him, if he could.
+On the contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his freedom of
+action to a sphere in which he does not interfere with the freedom of
+others; he seeks the common weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as an
+essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both end and means with
+him; and he founds his life on a more or less complete self-restraint,
+which is the negation of the unlimited struggle for existence. He tries
+to escape from his place in the animal kingdom, founded on the free
+development of the principle of non-moral evolution, and to establish a
+kingdom of Man, governed upon the principle of moral evolution. For
+society not only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social life, is
+embodied morality.
+
+
+CCLXXVI
+
+I was once talking with a very eminent physician[4] about the _vis
+medicatrix naturae_. "Stuff!" said he; "nine times out of ten nature does
+not want to cure the man: she wants to put him in his coffin."
+
+  [4] The late Sir W. Gull.
+
+
+CCLXXVII
+
+Let us look at home. For seventy years peace and industry have had their
+way among us with less interruption and under more favourable conditions
+than in any other country on the face of the earth. The wealth of
+Croesus was nothing to that which we have accumulated, and our
+prosperity has filled the world with envy. But Nemesis did not forget
+Croes: has she forgotten us?
+
+
+CCLXXVIII
+
+Judged by an ethical standard, nothing can be less satisfactory than the
+position in which we find ourselves. In a real, though incomplete,
+degree we have attained the condition of peace which is the main object
+of social organization; and, for argument's sake, it may be assumed that
+we desire nothing but that which is in itself innocent and
+praiseworthy--namely, the enjoyment of the fruits of honest industry.
+And lo! in spite of ourselves, we are in reality engaged in an
+internecine struggle for existence with our presumably no less peaceful
+and well-meaning neighbours. We seek peace and we do not ensue it. The
+moral nature in us asks for no more than is compatible with the general
+good; the non-moral nature proclaims and acts upon that fine old
+Scottish family motto, "Thou shalt starve ere I want." Let us be under
+no illusions, then. So long as unlimited multiplication goes on, no
+social organization which has ever been devised, or is likely to be
+devised, no fiddle-faddling with the distribution of wealth, will
+deliver society from the tendency to be destroyed by the reproduction
+within itself, in its intensest form, of that struggle for existence the
+limitation of which is the object of society. And however shocking to
+the moral sense this eternal competition of man against man and of
+nation against nation may be; however revolting may be the accumulation
+of misery at the negative pole of society, in contrast with that of
+monstrous wealth at the positive pole; this state of things must abide,
+and grow continually worse, so long as Istar holds her way unchecked. It
+is the true riddle of the Sphinx; and every nation which does not solve
+it will sooner or later be devoured by the monster itself has generated.
+
+
+CCLXXIX
+
+It would be folly to entertain any ill-feeling towards those neighbours
+and rivals who, like ourselves, are slaves of Istar; but if somebody
+is to be starved, the modern world has no Oracle of Delphi to which the
+nations can appeal for an indication of the victim. It is open to us to
+try our fortune; and, if we avoid impending fate, there will be a
+certain ground for believing that we are the right people to escape.
+_Securus judicat orbis._
+
+To this end, it is well to look into the necessary conditions of our
+salvation by works. They are two, one plain to all the world and hardly
+needing insistence; the other seemingly not so plain, since too often it
+has been theoretically and practically left out of sight. The obvious
+condition is that our produce shall be better than that of others. There
+is only one reason why our goods should be preferred to those of our
+rivals--our customers must find them better at the price. That means
+that we must use more knowledge, skill, and industry in producing them,
+without a proportionate increase in the cost of production; and, as the
+price of labour constitutes a large element in that cost, the rate of
+wages must be restricted within certain limits. It is perfectly true
+that cheap production and cheap labour are by no means synonymous; but
+it is also true that wages cannot increase beyond a certain proportion
+without destroying cheapness. Cheapness, then, with, as part and parcel
+of cheapness, a moderate price of labour, is essential to our success as
+competitors in the markets of the world.
+
+The second condition is really quite as plainly indispensable as the
+first, if one thinks seriously about the matter. It is social stability.
+Society is stable when the wants of its members obtain as much
+satisfaction as, life being what it is, common sense and experience show
+may be reasonably expected. Mankind, in general, care very little for
+forms of government or ideal considerations of any sort; and nothing
+really stirs the great multitude to break with custom and incur the
+manifest perils of revolt except the belief that misery in this world,
+or damnation in the next, or both, are threatened by the continuance of
+the state of things in which they have been brought up. But when they do
+attain that conviction, society becomes as unstable as a package of
+dynamite, and a very small matter will produce the explosion which sends
+it back to the chaos of savagery.
+
+
+CCLXXX
+
+Intelligence, knowledge, and skill are undoubtedly conditions of
+success; but of what avail are they likely to be unless they are backed
+up by honesty, energy, goodwill, and all the physical and moral
+faculties that go to the making of manhood, and unless they are
+stimulated by hope of such reward as men may fairly look to? And what
+dweller in the slough of want, dwarfed in body and soul, demoralized,
+hopeless, can reasonably be expected to possess these qualities?
+
+
+CCLXXXI
+
+I am as strongly convinced as the most pronounced individualist can be,
+that it is desirable that every man should be free to act in every way
+which does not limit the corresponding freedom of his fellow-man. But I
+fail to connect that great induction of political science with the
+practical corollary which is frequently drawn from it: that the
+State--that is, the people in their corporate capacity--has no business
+to meddle with anything but the administration of justice and external
+defence. It appears to me that the amount of freedom which incorporate
+society may fitly leave to its members is not a fixed quantity, to be
+determined _a priori_ by deduction from the fiction called "natural
+rights"; but that it must be determined by and vary with, circumstances.
+I conceive it to be demonstrable that the higher and the more complex
+the organization of the social body, the more closely is the life of
+each member bound up with that of the whole; and the larger becomes the
+category of acts which cease to be merely self-regarding, and which
+interfere with the freedom of others more or less seriously.
+
+If a squatter, living ten miles away from any neighbour, chooses to burn
+his house down to get rid of vermin, there may be no necessity (in the
+absence of insurance offices) that the law should interfere with his
+freedom of action; his act can hurt nobody but himself. But, if the
+dweller in a street chooses to do the same thing, the State very
+properly makes such a proceeding a crime, and punishes it as such. He
+does meddle with his neighbour's freedom, and that seriously. So it
+might, perhaps, be a tenable doctrine, that it would be needless, and
+even tyrannous, to make education compulsory in a sparse agricultural
+population, living in abundance on the produce of its own soil; but, in
+a densely populated manufacturing country, struggling for existence with
+competitors, every ignorant person tends to become a burden upon, and,
+so far, an infringer of the liberty of, his fellows, and an obstacle to
+their success. Under such circumstances an education rate is, in fact, a
+war tax, levied for purposes of defence.
+
+
+CCLXXXII
+
+That State action always has been more or less misdirected, and always
+will be so, is, I believe, perfectly true. But I am not aware that it
+is more true of the action of men in their corporate capacity than it is
+of the doings of individuals. The wisest and most dispassionate man in
+existence, merely wishing to go from one stile in a field to the
+opposite, will not walk quite straight--he is always going a little
+wrong, and always correcting himself; and I can only congratulate the
+individualist who is able to say that his general course of life has
+been of a less undulatory character. To abolish State action, because
+its direction is never more than approximately correct, appears to me to
+be much the same thing as abolishing the man at the wheel altogether,
+because, do what he will, the ship yaws more or less. "Why should I be
+robbed of my property to pay for teaching another man's children?" is an
+individualist question, which is not unfrequently put as if it settled
+the whole business. Perhaps it does, but I find difficulties in seeing
+why it should. The parish in which I live makes me pay my share for the
+paving and lighting of a great many streets that I never pass through;
+and I might plead that I am robbed to smooth the way and lighten the
+darkness of other people. But I am afraid the parochial authorities
+would not let me off on this plea; and I must confess I do not see why
+they should.
+
+
+CCLXXXIII
+
+I cannot speak of my own knowledge, but I have every reason to believe
+that I came into this world a small reddish person, certainly without a
+gold spoon in my mouth, and in fact with no discernible abstract or
+concrete "rights" or property of any description. If a foot was not set
+upon me at once, as a squalling nuisance, it was either the natural
+affection of those about me, which I certainly had done nothing to
+deserve, or the fear of the law which, ages before my birth, was
+painfully built up by the society into which I intruded, that prevented
+that catastrophe. If I was nourished, cared for, taught, saved from the
+vagabondage of a wastrel, I certainly am not aware that I did anything
+to deserve those advantages. And, if I possess anything now, it strikes
+me that, though I may have fairly earned my day's wages for my day's
+work, and may justly call them my property--yet, without that
+organization of society, created out of the toil and blood of long
+generations before my time, I should probably have had nothing but a
+flint axe and an indifferent hut to call my own; and even those would be
+mine only so long as no stronger savage came my way.
+
+So that if society, having, quite gratuitously, done all these things
+for me, asks me in turn to do something towards its preservation--even
+if that something is to contribute to the teaching of other men's
+children--I really, in spite of all my individualist learnings, feel
+rather ashamed to say no. And, if I were not ashamed, I cannot say that
+I think that society would be dealing unjustly with me in converting the
+moral obligation into a legal one. There is a manifest unfairness in
+letting all the burden be borne by the willing horse.
+
+
+CCLXXXIV
+
+It is impossible to insist too strongly upon the fact that efficient
+teachers of science and of technology are not to be made by the
+processes in vogue at ordinary training colleges. The memory loaded with
+mere bookwork is not the thing wanted--is, in fact, rather worse than
+useless--in the teacher of scientific subjects. It is absolutely
+essential that his mind should be full of knowledge and not of mere
+learning, and that what he knows should have been learned in the
+laboratory rather than in the library.
+
+
+CCLXXXV
+
+The attempt to form a just conception of the value of work done in any
+department of human knowledge, and of its significance as an indication
+of the intellectual and moral qualities of which it was the product, is
+an undertaking which must always be beset with difficulties, and may
+easily end in making the limitations of the appraiser more obvious than
+the true worth of that which he appraises. For the judgment of a
+contemporary is liable to be obscured by intellectual incompatibilities
+and warped by personal antagonisms; while the critic of a later
+generation, though he may escape the influence of these sources of
+error, is often ignorant, or forgetful, of the conditions under which
+the labours of his predecessors have been carried on. He is prone to
+lose sight of the fact that without their clearing of the ground and
+rough-hewing of the foundation-stones, the stately edifice of later
+builders could not have been erected.
+
+
+CCLXXXVI
+
+The vulgar antithesis of fact and theory is founded on a misconception
+of the nature of scientific theory, which is, or ought to be, no more
+than the expression of fact in a general form. Whatever goes beyond such
+expression is hypothesis; and hypotheses are not ends, but means. They
+should be regarded as instruments by which new lines of inquiry are
+indicated; or by the aid of which a provisional coherency and
+intelligibility may be given to seemingly disconnected groups of
+phenomena. The most useful of servants to the man of science, they are
+the worst of masters. And when the establishment of the hypothesis
+becomes the end, and fact is alluded to only so far as it suits the
+"Idee," science has no longer anything to do with the business.
+
+
+CCLXXXVII
+
+Scientific observation tell us that living birds form a group or class
+of animals, through which a certain form of skeleton runs; and that this
+kind of skeleton differs in certain well-defined characters from that of
+mammals. On the other hand, if anyone utterly ignorant of osteology, but
+endowed with the artistic sense of form, were set before a bird skeleton
+and a mammalian skeleton, he would at once see that the two were similar
+and yet different. Very likely he would be unable to give clear
+expression to his just sense of the differences and resemblances;
+perhaps he would make great mistakes in detail if he tried.
+Nevertheless, he would be able to draw from memory a couple of sketches,
+in which all the salient points of likeness and unlikeness would be
+reproduced with sufficient accuracy. The mere osteologist, however
+accurately he might put the resemblances and differences into words, if
+he lacked the artistic visualising faculty, might be hopelessly
+incompetent to perform any such feat; lost in details, it might not even
+occur to him that it was possible; or, still more probably, the habit of
+looking for differences might impair the perception of resemblances.
+
+Under these circumstances, the artist might be led to higher and broader
+views, and thus be more useful to the progress of science than the
+osteological expert. Not that the former attains the higher truth by a
+different method; for the way of reaching truth is one and indivisible.
+Whether he knows it or not, the artist has made a generalization from
+two sets of facts, which is perfectly scientific in form; and
+trustworthy so far as it rests upon the direct perception of
+similarities and dissimilarities. The only peculiarity of the artistic
+application of scientific method lies in the artist's power of
+visualizing the result of his mental processes, of embodying the facts
+of resemblance in a visible "type," and of showing the manner in which
+the differences may be represented as modifications of that type; he
+does, in fact, instinctively, what an architect, who desires to
+demonstrate the community of plan in certain ancient temples, does by
+the methodical construction of plans, sections, and elevations, the
+comparison of which will furnish him with the "type" of such temples.
+
+Thus, what I may term the artistic fashion of dealing with anatomy is
+not only perfectly legitimate, but has been of great utility. The harm
+of it does not begin until the attempt is made to get more out of this
+visual projection of thought than it contains; until the origin of the
+notion of "type" is forgotten and the speculative philosopher deludes
+himself with the supposition that the generalization suggested by fact
+is an "Idea" of the Pure Reason, with which fact must, somehow or other,
+be made to agree.
+
+
+CCLXXXVIII
+
+Flowers are the primers of the morphologist; those who run may read in
+them uniformity of type amidst endless diversity, singleness of plan
+with complex multiplicity of detail. As a musician might say, every
+natural group of flowering plants is a sort of visible fugue, wandering
+about a central theme which is never forsaken, however it may,
+momentarily, cease to be apparent.
+
+
+CCLXXXIX
+
+Like all the really great men of literature, Goethe added some of the
+qualities of the man of science to those of the artist, especially the
+habit of careful and patient observation of Nature. The great poet was
+no mere book-learned speculator. His acquaintance with mineralogy,
+geology, botany and osteology, the fruit of long and wide studies, would
+have sufficed to satisfy the requirements of a professoriate in those
+days, if only he could have pleaded ignorance of everything else.
+Unfortunately for Goethe's credit with his scientific contemporaries,
+and, consequently, for the attention attracted by his work, he did not
+come forward as a man of science until the public had ranged him among
+the men of literature. And when the little men have thus classified a
+big man, they consider that the last word has been said about him; it
+appears to the thought hardly decent on his part if he venture to stray
+beyond the speciality they have assigned to him. It does not seem to
+occur to them that a clear intellect is an engine capable of supplying
+power to all sorts of mental factories; nor to admit that, as Goethe
+somewhere pathetically remarks, a man may have a right to live for
+himself as well as for the public; to follow the line of work that
+happens to interest him, rather than that which interests them.
+
+On the face of the matter it is not obvious that the brilliant poet had
+less chance of doing good service in natural science than the dullest of
+dissectors and nomenclators. Indeed, as I have endeavoured to indicate,
+there was considerable reason, a hundred years ago, for thinking that an
+infusion of the artistic way of looking at things might tend to revivify
+the somewhat mummified body of technical zoology and botany. Great ideas
+were floating about; the artistic apprehension was needed to give these
+airy nothings a local habitation and a name; to convert vague
+suppositions into definite hypotheses. And I apprehend that it was just
+this service which Goethe rendered by writing his essays on the
+intermaxillary bone, on osteology generally, and on the metamorphoses of
+plants.
+
+
+CCXC
+
+All this is mere justice to Goethe; but, as it is the unpleasant duty of
+the historian to do justice upon, as well as to, great men, it behoves
+me to add that the germs of the worst faults of later speculative
+morphologists are no less visible in his writings than their great
+merits. In the artist-philosopher there was, at best, a good deal more
+artist than philosopher; and when Goethe ventured into the regions which
+belong to pure science, this excess of a virtue had all the consequences
+of a vice. "Trennen und zahlen lag nicht in meiner Natur," says he; but
+the mental operations of which "analysis and numeration" are partial
+expressions are indispensable for every step of progress beyond happy
+glimpses, even in morphology; while, in physiology and in physics,
+failure in the most exact performance of these operations involves sheer
+disaster, as indeed Goethe was afforded abundant opportunity of
+learning. Yet he never understood the sharp lessons he received, and put
+down to malice, or prejudice, the ill-reception of his unfortunate
+attempts to deal with purely physical problems.
+
+
+CCXCI
+
+There was never any lack of the scientific imagination about the great
+anatomist; and the charge of indifference to general ideas, sometimes
+brought against him, is stupidly unjust. But Cuvier was one of those
+happily endowed persons in whom genius never parts company with
+common-sense; and whose perception of the importance of sound method is
+so great that they look at even a truth, hit upon by those who pursue an
+essentially vicious method, with the sort of feeling with which an
+honest trader regards the winnings of a gambler. They hold it better to
+remain poor than obtain riches by the road that, as a rule, leads to
+ruin.
+
+
+CCXCII
+
+The irony of history is nowhere more apparent than in science. Here we
+see the men, over whose minds the coming events of the world of biology
+cast their shadows, doing their best to spoil their case in stating it;
+while the man who represented sound scientific method is doing his best
+to stay the inevitable progress of thought and bolster up antiquated
+traditions. The progress of knowledge during the last seventy years
+enables us to see that neither Geoffroy, nor Cuvier, was altogether
+right nor altogether wrong; and that they were meant to hunt in couples
+instead of pulling against one another. Science has need of servants of
+very different qualifications; of artistic constructors no less than of
+men of business; of people to design her palaces and of others to see
+that the materials are sound and well-fitted together; of some to spur
+investigators, and of others to keep their heads cool. The only would-be
+servants, who are entirely unprofitable, are those who do not take the
+trouble to interrogate Nature, but imagine vain things about her; and
+spin, from their inner consciousness, webs, as exquisitely symmetrical
+as those of the most geometrical of spiders, but alas! as easily torn to
+pieces by some inconsidered bluebottle of a fact.
+
+
+CCXCIII
+
+There is always a Cape Horn in one's life that one either weathers or
+wrecks one's self on.
+
+
+CCXCIV
+
+A Local Museum should be exactly what its name implies, viz.,
+"Local"--illustrating local Geology, local Botany, local Zoology, and
+local Archaeology.
+
+Such a museum, if residents who are interested in these sciences take
+proper pains, may be brought to a great degree of perfection and be
+unique of its kind. It will tell both natives and strangers exactly what
+they want to know, and possess great scientific interest and importance.
+Whereas the ordinary lumber-room of clubs from New Zealand, Hindoo
+idols, sharks' teeth, mangy monkeys, scorpions, and conch shells--who
+shall describe the weary inutility of it? It is really worse than
+nothing, because it leads the unwary to look for the objects of science
+elsewhere than under their noses. What they want to know is that their
+"America is here," as Wilhelm Meister has it.
+
+
+CCXCV
+
+A man who speaks out honestly and fearlessly that which he knows, and
+that which he believes, will always enlist the goodwill and the respect,
+however much he may fail in winning the assent, of his fellow men.
+
+
+CCXCVI
+
+Science and literature are not two things, but two sides of one thing.
+
+
+CCXCVII
+
+I neither deny nor affirm the immortality of man. I see no reason for
+believing in it, but, on the other hand, I have no means of disproving
+it.
+
+I have no _a priori_ objections to the doctrine. No man who has to deal
+daily and hourly with nature can trouble himself about _a priori_
+difficulties. Give me such evidence as would justify me in believing
+anything else, and I will believe that. Why should I not? It is not half
+so wonderful as the conservation of force, or the indestructibility of
+matter.
+
+Whoso clearly appreciates all that is implied in the falling of a stone
+can have no difficulty about any doctrine simply on account of its
+marvellousness. But the longer I live, the more obvious it is to me that
+the most sacred act of a man's life is to say and to feel, "I believe
+such and such to be true." All the greatest rewards and all the heaviest
+penalties of existence cling about that act. The universe is one and the
+same throughout; and if the condition of my success in unravelling some
+little difficulty of anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously
+refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on sufficient evidence,
+I cannot believe that the great mysteries of existence will be laid open
+to me on other terms.
+
+
+CCXCVIII
+
+I cannot conceive of my personality as a thing apart from the phenomena
+of my life. When I try to form such a conception I discover that, as
+Coleridge would have said, I only hypostatize a word, and it alters
+nothing if, with Fichte, I suppose the universe to be nothing but a
+manifestation of my personality. I am neither more nor less eternal than
+I was before.
+
+
+CCXCIX
+
+I do not know whether the animals persist after they disappear or not. I
+do not even know whether the infinite difference between us and them may
+not be compensated by _their_ persistence and _my_ cessation after
+apparent death, just as the humble bulb of an annual lives, whilst the
+glorious flowers it has put forth die away.
+
+
+CCC
+
+My business is to teach my aspirations to confirm themselves to fact,
+not to try and make facts harmonize with my aspirations.
+
+
+CCCI
+
+Science seems to me to teach in the highest and strongest manner the
+great truth which is embodied in the Christian conception of entire
+surrender to the will of God. Sit down before fact as a little child, be
+prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever
+and to whatever abysses nature leads, or you shall learn nothing. I have
+only begun to learn content and peace of mind since I have resolved at
+all risks to do this.
+
+
+CCCII
+
+There are, however, other arguments commonly brought forward in favour
+of the immortality of man, which are to my mind not only delusive but
+mischievous. The one is the notion that the moral government of the
+world is imperfect without a system of future rewards and punishments.
+The other is: that such a system is indispensable to practical morality.
+I believe that both these dogmas are very mischievous lies.
+
+With respect to the first, I am no optimist, but I have the firmest
+belief that the Divine Government (if we may use such a phrase to
+express the sum of the "customs of matter") is wholly just. The more I
+know intimately of the lives of other men (to say nothing of my own),
+the more obvious it is to me that the wicked does _not_ flourish nor is
+the righteous punished. But for this to be clear we must bear in mind
+what almost all forget, that the rewards of life are contingent upon
+obedience to the _whole_ law--physical as well as moral--and that moral
+obedience will not atone for physical sin, or _vice versa_.
+
+
+CCCIII
+
+The ledger of the Almighty is strictly kept, and every one of us has the
+balance of his operations paid over to him at the end of every minute of
+his existence.
+
+Life cannot exist without a certain conformity to the surrounding
+universe--that conformity involves a certain amount of happiness in
+excess of pain. In short, as we live we are paid for living.
+
+
+CCCIV
+
+It is to be recollected in view of the apparent discrepancy between
+men's acts and their rewards that Nature is juster than we. She takes
+into account what a man brings with him into the world, which human
+justice cannot do. If I, born a bloodthirsty and savage brute,
+inheriting these qualities from others, kill you, my fellow-men will
+very justly hang me, but I shall not be visited with the horrible
+remorse which would be my real punishment if, my nature being higher, I
+had done the same thing.
+
+
+CCCV
+
+The absolute justice of the system of things is as clear to me as any
+scientific fact. The gravitation of sin to sorrow is as certain as that
+of the earth to the sun, and more so--for experimental proof of the fact
+is within reach of us all--nay, is before us all in our own lives, if we
+had but the eyes to see it.
+
+
+CCCVI
+
+Not only do I disbelieve in the need for compensation, but I believe
+that the seeking for rewards and punishments out of this life leads men
+to a ruinous ignorance of the fact that their inevitable rewards and
+punishments are here.
+
+
+CCCVII
+
+If the expectation of hell hereafter can keep me from evil-doing, surely
+_a fortiori_ the certainty of hell now will do so? If a man could be
+firmly impressed with the belief that stealing damaged him as much as
+swallowing arsenic would do (and it does), would not the dissuasive
+force of that belief be greater than that of any based on mere future
+expectations?
+
+
+CCCVIII
+
+As I stood behind the coffin of my little son the other day, with my
+mind bent on anything but disputation, the officiating minister read, as
+a part of his duty, the words, "If the dead rise not again, let us eat
+and drink, for to-morrow we die." I cannot tell you how inexpressibly
+they shocked me. Paul had neither wife nor child, or he must have known
+that his alternative involved a blasphemy against all that was best and
+noblest in human nature. I could have laughed with scorn. What! because
+I am face to face with irreparable loss, because I have given back to
+the source from whence it came, the cause of a great happiness, still
+retaining through all my life the blessings which have sprung and will
+spring from that cause, I am to renounce my manhood, and, howling,
+grovel in bestiality? Why, the very apes know better, and if you shoot
+their young the poor brutes grieve their grief out and do not
+immediately seek distraction in a gorge.
+
+
+CCCIX
+
+He had intellect to comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of
+character to do it; which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his
+life than that? For such a man there can be no fear in facing the great
+unknown, his life has been one long experience of the substantial
+justice of the laws by which this world is governed, and he will calmly
+trust to them still as he lays his head down for his long sleep.
+
+
+CCCX
+
+Whether astronomy and geology can or cannot be made to agree with the
+statements as to the matters of fact laid down in Genesis--whether the
+Gospels are historically true or not--are matters of comparatively small
+moment in the face of the impassable gulf between the anthropomorphism
+(however refined) of theology and the passionless impersonality of the
+unknown and unknowable which science shows everywhere underlying the
+thin veil of phenomena.
+
+
+CCCXI
+
+I am too much a believer in Butler and in the great principle of the
+"Analogy" that "there is no absurdity in theology so great that you
+cannot parallel it by a greater absurdity of Nature" (it is not
+commonly stated in this way), to have any difficulties about miracles. I
+have never had the least sympathy with the _a priori_ reasons against
+orthodoxy, and I have by nature and disposition the greatest possible
+antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school.
+
+
+CCCXII
+
+This universe is, I conceive, like to a great game being played out, and
+we poor mortals are allowed to take a hand. By great good fortune the
+wiser among us have made out some few of the rules of the game, as at
+present played. We call them "Laws of Nature," and honour them because
+we find that if we obey them we win something for our pains. The cards
+are our theories and hypotheses, the tricks our experimental
+verifications. But what sane man would endeavour to solve this problem:
+given the rules of a game and the winnings, to find whether the cards
+are made of pasteboard or gold-leaf? Yet the problem of the
+metaphysicians is to my mind no saner.
+
+
+CCCXIII
+
+I have not the smallest sentimental sympathy with the negro; don't
+believe in him at all, in short. But it is clear to me that slavery
+means, for the white man, bad political economy; bad social morality;
+bad internal political organisation, and a bad influence upon free
+labour and freedom all over the world.
+
+
+CCCXIV
+
+At the present time the important question for England is not the
+duration of her coal, but the due comprehension of the truths of
+science, and the labours of her scientific men.
+
+
+CCCXV
+
+It is better for a man to go wrong in freedom than to go right in
+chains.
+
+
+CCCXVI
+
+A good book is comparable to a piece of meat, and fools are as flies who
+swarm to it, each for the purpose of depositing and hatching his own
+particular maggot of an idea.
+
+
+CCCXVII
+
+Children work a greater metamorphosis in men than any other condition of
+life. They ripen one wonderfully and make life ten times better worth
+having than it was.
+
+
+CCCXVIII
+
+Teach a child what is wise, that is _morality_. Teach him what is wise
+and beautiful, that is _religion_!
+
+
+CCCXIX
+
+People may talk about intellectual teaching, but what we principally
+want is the moral teaching.
+
+
+CCCXX
+
+We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater than that which
+preceded and produced the Reformation, and really only the continuation
+of that movement. But there is nothing new in the ideas which lie at the
+bottom of the movement, nor is any reconcilement possible between free
+thought and traditional authority. One or other will have to succumb
+after a struggle of unknown duration, which will have as side issues
+vast political and social troubles. I have no more doubt that free
+thought will win in the long run than I have that I sit here writing to
+you, or that this free thought will organize itself into a coherent
+system, embracing human life and the world as one harmonious whole. But
+this organization will be the work of generations of men, and those who
+further it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, and to
+rest in no verbal delusions.
+
+
+CCCXXI
+
+Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the consequences. No good is
+ever done in this world by hesitation.
+
+
+CCCXXII
+
+The world is neither wise nor just, but it makes up for all its folly
+and injustice by being damnably sentimental.
+
+
+CCCXXIII
+
+Without seeing any reason to believe that women are, on the average, so
+strong physically, intellectually, or morally, as men, I cannot shut my
+eyes to the fact that many women are much better endowed in all these
+respects than many men, and I am at a loss to understand on what grounds
+of justice or public policy a career which is open to the weakest and
+most foolish of the male sex should be forcibly closed to women of
+vigour and capacity.
+
+
+CCCXXIV
+
+We have heard a great deal lately about the physical disabilities of
+women. Some of these alleged impediments, no doubt, are really inherent
+in their organization, but nine-tenths of them are artificial--the
+products of their modes of life. I believe that nothing would tend so
+effectually to get rid of these creations of idleness, weariness, and
+that "over stimulation of the emotions" which, in plainer-spoken days,
+used to be called wantonness, than a fair share of healthy work,
+directed towards a definite object, combined with an equally fair share
+of healthy play, during the years of adolescence; and those who are best
+acquainted with the acquirements of an average medical practitioner will
+find it hardest to believe that the attempt to reach that standard is
+like to prove exhausting to an ordinarily intelligent and well-educated
+young woman.
+
+
+CCCXXV
+
+The only good that I can see in the demonstration of the truth of
+"Spiritualism" is to furnish an additional argument against suicide.
+Better live a crossing-sweeper than die and be made to talk twaddle by a
+"medium" hired at a guinea a _seance_.
+
+
+CCCXXVI
+
+I ask myself--suppose you knew that by inflicting prolonged pain on 100
+rabbits you could discover a way to the extirpation of leprosy, or
+consumption, or locomotor ataxy, or of suicidal melancholia among human
+beings, dare you refuse to inflict that pain? Now I am quite unable to
+say that I dare. That sort of daring would seem to me to be extreme
+moral cowardice, to involve gross inconsistency.
+
+For the advantage and protection of society, we all agree to inflict
+pain upon man--pain of the most prolonged and acute character--in our
+prisons, and on our battlefields. If England were invaded, we should
+have no hesitation about inflicting the maximum of suffering upon our
+invaders for no other object than our own good.
+
+But if the good of society and of a nation is a sufficient plea for
+inflicting pain on men, I think it may suffice us for experimenting on
+rabbits or dogs.
+
+At the same time, I think that a heavy moral responsibility rests on
+those who perform experiments of the second kind.
+
+The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is a crime; pity is that
+so many of those who (as I think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget
+that the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in the act of
+inflicting pain _per se_.
+
+
+CCCXXVII
+
+The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, is the moral worth
+and intellectual clearness of the individual citizen. Education cannot
+give these, but it can cherish them and bring them to the front in
+whatever station of society they are to be found, and the universities
+ought to be and may be, the fortresses of the higher life of the nation.
+
+
+CCCXXVIII
+
+As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences of their sins affect
+endless generations of their progeny. Men are tempted, men are punished
+for the sins of others without merit or demerit of their own; and they
+are tormented for their evil deeds as long as their consciousness lasts.
+
+
+CCCXXIX
+
+I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous beliefs are punished,
+and right beliefs are rewarded--though very often the erroneous belief
+is based upon a more conscientious study of the facts than the right
+belief.
+
+
+CCCXXX
+
+If we are to assume that anybody has designedly set this wonderful
+universe going, it is perfectly clear to me that he is no more entirely
+benevolent and just in any intelligible sense of the words, than that he
+is malevolent and unjust. Infinite benevolence need not have invented
+pain and sorrow at all--infinite malevolence would very easily have
+deprived us of the large measure of content and happiness that falls to
+our lot. After all, Butler's "Analogy" is unassailable, and there is
+nothing in theological dogmas more contradictory to our moral sense,
+than is to be found in the facts of nature. From which, however, the
+Bishop's conclusion that the dogmas are true doesn't follow.
+
+
+CCCXXXI
+
+It appears to me that if every person who is engaged in an industry had
+access to instruction in the scientific principles on which that
+industry is based; in the mode of applying these principles to practice;
+in the actual use of the means and appliances employed; in the language
+of the people who know as much about the matter as we do ourselves; and
+lastly, in the art of keeping accounts, Technical Education would have
+done all that can be required of it.
+
+
+CCCXXXII
+
+Though under-instruction is a bad thing, it is not impossible that
+over-instruction may be worse.
+
+
+CCCXXXIII
+
+There are two things I really care about--one is the progress of
+scientific thought, and the other is the bettering of the condition of
+the masses of the people by bettering them in the way of lifting
+themselves out of the misery which has hitherto been the lot of the
+majority of them. Posthumous fame is not particularly attractive to me,
+but, if I am to be remembered at all, I would rather it should be as "a
+man who did his best to help the people" than by other title.
+
+
+CCCXXXIV
+
+I am of opinion that our Indian Empire is a curse to us. But so long as
+we make up our minds to hold it, we must also make up our minds to do
+those things which are needful to hold it effectually, and in the
+long-run it will be found that so doing is real justice both for
+ourselves, our subject population, and the Afghans themselves.
+
+
+CCCXXXV
+
+The great thing in the world is not so much to seek happiness as to earn
+peace and self-respect.
+
+
+CCCXXXVI
+
+The more rapidly truth is spread among mankind the better it will be for
+them. Only let us be sure that it is truth.
+
+
+CCCXXXVII
+
+Your astonishment at the tenacity of life of fallacies, permit me to
+say, is shockingly unphysiological. They, like other low organisms, are
+independent of brains, and only wriggle the more, the more they are
+smitten on the place where the brains ought to be.
+
+
+CCCXXXVIII
+
+I don't know what you think about anniversaries. I like them, being
+always minded to drink my cup of life to the bottom, and take my chance
+of the sweets and bitters.
+
+
+CCCXXXIX
+
+Of the few innocent pleasures left to men past middle life--the jamming
+common-sense down the throats of fools is perhaps the keenest.
+
+
+CCCXL
+
+Life is like walking along a crowded street--there always seem to be
+fewer obstacles to getting along on the opposite pavement--and yet, if
+one crosses over, matters are rarely mended.
+
+
+CCCXLI
+
+The great thing one has to wish for as time goes on is vigour as long as
+one lives, and death as soon as vigour flags.
+
+
+CCCXLII
+
+Whether motion disintegrates or integrates is, I apprehend, a question
+of conditions. A whirlpool in a stream may remain in the same spot for
+any imaginable time. Yet it is the effect of the motion of the particles
+of the water in that spot which continually integrate themselves into
+the whirlpool and disintegrate themselves from it. The whirlpool is
+permanent while the conditions last, though its constituents incessantly
+change. Living bodies are just such whirlpools. Matter sets into them in
+the shape of food,--sets out of them in the shape of waste products.
+Their individuality lies in the constant maintenance of a characteristic
+form, not in the preservation of material identity.
+
+
+CCCXLIII
+
+Most of us are idolators, and ascribe divine powers to the abstractions
+"Force," "Gravity," "Vitality," which our own brains have created. I do
+not know anything about "inert" things in nature. If we reduce the world
+to matter and motion, the matter is not "inert," inasmuch as the same
+amount of motion affects different kinds of matter in different ways. To
+go back to my own illustration. The fabric of the watch is not inert,
+every particle of it is in violent and rapid motion, and the winding-up
+simply perturbs the whole infinitely complicated system in a particular
+fashion. Equilibrium means death, because life is a succession of
+changes, while a changing equilibrium is a contradiction in terms. I am
+not at all clear that a living being is comparable to a machine running
+down. On this side of the question the whirlpool affords a better
+parallel than the watch. If you dam the stream above or below, the
+whirlpool dies; just as the living being does if you cut off its food,
+or choke it with its own waste products. And if you alter the sides or
+bottom of the stream you may kill the whirlpool, just as you kill the
+animal by interfering with its structure. Heat and oxidation as a source
+of heat appear to supply energy to the living machine, the molecular
+structure of the germ furnishing the "sides and bottom of the stream,"
+that is, determining the results which the energy supplied shall
+produce.
+
+
+CCCXLIV
+
+I believe that history might be, and ought to be, taught in a new
+fashion so as to make the meaning of it as a process of
+evolution--intelligible to the young.
+
+
+CCCXLV
+
+Government by average opinion is merely a circuitous method of going to
+the devil; those who profess to lead but in fact slavishly follow this
+average opinion are simply the fastest runners and the loudest squeakers
+of the herd which is rushing blindly down to its destruction.
+
+
+CCCXLVI
+
+It's very sad to lose your child just when he was beginning to bind
+himself to you, and I don't know that it is much consolation to reflect
+that the longer he had wound himself up in your heart-strings the worse
+the tear would have been, which seems to have been inevitable sooner or
+later. One does not weigh and measure these things while grief is fresh,
+and in my experience a deep plunge into the waters of sorrow is the
+hopefullest way of getting through them on to one's daily road of life
+again. No one can help another very much in these crises of life; but
+love and sympathy count for something.
+
+
+CCCXLVII
+
+There is amazingly little evidence of "reverential care for unoffending
+creation" in the arrangements of nature, that I can discover. If our
+ears were sharp enough to hear all the cries of pain that are uttered in
+the earth by men and beasts, we should be deafened by one continuous
+scream!
+
+And yet the wealth of superfluous loveliness in the world condemns
+pessimism. It is a hopeless riddle.
+
+
+CCCXLVIII
+
+A man who has only half as much food as he needs is indubitably starved,
+even though his short rations consist of ortolans and are served upon
+gold plate.
+
+
+CCCXLIX
+
+Economy does not lie in sparing money, but in spending it wisely.
+
+
+CCCL
+
+We men of science, at any rate, hold ourselves morally bound to "try all
+things and hold fast to that which is good"; and among public
+benefactors, we reckon him who explodes old error, as next in rank to
+him who discovers new truth.
+
+
+CCCLI
+
+Whatever Linnaeus may say, man is not a rational animal--especially in
+his parental capacity.
+
+
+CCCLII
+
+The inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter of history is just
+as much a question of pure science as the inquiry into the truth or
+falsehood of a matter of geology, and the value of evidence in the two
+cases must be tested in the same way. If anyone tells me that the
+evidence of the existence of man in the miocene epoch is as good as that
+upon which I frequently act every day of my life, I reply that this is
+quite true, but that it is no sort of reason for believing in the
+existence of miocene man.
+
+Surely no one but a born fool can fail to be aware that we constantly,
+and in very grave conjunctions, are obliged to act upon extremely bad
+evidence, and that very often we suffer all sorts of penalties in
+consequence. And surely one must be something worse than a born fool to
+pretend that such decision under the pressure of the enigmas of life
+ought to have the smallest influence in those judgments which are made
+with due and sufficient deliberation.
+
+
+CCCLIII
+
+1. The Church founded by Jesus has _not_ made its way; has _not_
+permeated the world--but _did_ become extinct in the country of its
+birth--as Nazarenism and Ebionism.
+
+2. The Church that did make its way and coalesced with the State in the
+4th century had no more to do with the Church founded by Jesus than
+Ultramontanism has with Quakerism. It is Alexandrian Judaism and
+Neoplatonistic mystagogy, and as much of the old idolatry and demonology
+as could be got in under new or old names.
+
+3. Paul has said that the Law was schoolmaster to Christ with more truth
+than he knew. Throughout the Empire the synagogues had their cloud of
+Gentile hangers-on--those who "feared God"--and who were fully prepared
+to accept a Christianity, which was merely an expurgated Judaism and the
+belief in Jesus as the Messiah.
+
+4. The Christian "Sodalitia" were not merely religious bodies, but
+friendly societies, burial societies, and guilds. They hung together for
+all purposes--the mob hated them as it now hates the Jews in Eastern
+Europe, because they were more frugal, more industrious, and lived
+better lives than their neighbours, while they stuck together like
+Scotchmen.
+
+If these things are so--and I appeal to your knowledge of history that
+they are so--what has the success of Christianity to do with the truth
+or falsehood of the story of Jesus?
+
+
+CCCLIV
+
+It is Baur's great merit to have seen that the key to the problem of
+Christianity lies in the Epistle to the Galatians. No doubt he and his
+followers rather overdid the thing, but that is always the way with
+those who take up a new idea.
+
+
+CCCLV
+
+If a man cannot do brain work without stimulants of any kind, he had
+better turn to hand work--it is an indication on Nature's part that she
+did not mean him to be a head worker.
+
+
+CCCLVI
+
+It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational grounds for our
+beliefs are often extremely irrational attempts to justify our
+instincts.
+
+
+CCCLVII
+
+Even the best of modern civilisations appears to me to exhibit a
+condition of mankind which neither embodies any worthy ideal nor even
+possesses the merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express my
+opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement of the
+condition of the greater part of the human family; if it is true that
+the increase of knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over Nature
+which is its consequence, and the wealth which follows upon that
+dominion, are to make no difference in the extent and the intensity of
+Want, with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, among the
+masses of the people, I should hail the advent of some kindly comet,
+which would sweep the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation.
+What profits it to the human Prometheus that he has stolen the fire of
+heaven to be his servant, and that the spirits of the earth and of the
+air obey him, if the vulture of pauperism is eternally to tear his very
+vitals and keep him on the brink of destruction?
+
+
+CCCLVIII
+
+No induction, however broad its basis, can confer certainty--in the
+strict sense of the word. The experience of the whole human race through
+innumerable years has shown that stones unsupported fall to the ground,
+but that does not make it certain that any day next week unsupported
+stones will not move the other way. All that it does justify is the very
+strong expectation, which hitherto has been invariably verified, that
+they will do just the contrary.
+
+Only one absolute certainty is possible to man--namely, that at any
+given moment the feeling which he has exists.
+
+All other so-called certainties are beliefs of greater or less
+intensity.
+
+
+CCCLIX
+
+Of moral purpose I see no trace in Nature. That is an article of
+exclusively human manufacture--and very much to our credit.
+
+
+CCCLX
+
+There is nothing of permanent value (putting aside a few human
+affections), nothing that satisfies quiet reflection--except the sense
+of having worked according to one's capacity and light, to make things
+clear and get rid of cant and shams of all sorts. That was the lesson I
+learned from Carlyle's books when I was a boy, and it has stuck by me
+all my life.
+
+You may make more of failing to get money, and of succeeding in getting
+abuse--until such time in your life (if you are teachable) you have
+ceased to care much about either.
+
+
+CCCLXI
+
+The doctrine of the conservation of energy tells neither one way nor the
+other [on the doctrine of immortality]. Energy is the cause of movement
+of body, _i.e._ things having mass. States of consciousness have no
+mass, even if they can be conceded to be movable. Therefore even if they
+are caused by molecular movements, they would not in any way affect the
+store of energy.
+
+Physical causation need not be the only kind of causation, and when
+Cabanis said that thought was a function of the brain, in the same way
+as bile secretion is a _function_ of the liver, he blundered
+philosophically. Bile is a product of the transformation of material
+energy. But in the mathematical sense of the word "function," thought
+may be a function of the brain. That is to say, it may arise only when
+certain physical particles take on a certain order.
+
+By way of a coarse analogy, consider a parallel-sided piece of glass
+through which light passes. It forms no picture. Shape it so as to be a
+bi-convex, and a picture appears in its focus.
+
+Is not the formation of the picture a "function" of the piece of glass
+thus shaped?
+
+So, from your own point of view, suppose a mind-stuff--[Greek:
+logos]--a noumenal cosmic light such as is shadowed in the fourth
+gospel. The brain of a dog will convert it into one set of phenomenal
+pictures, and the brain of a man into another. But in both cases the
+result is the consequence of the way in which the respective brains
+perform their "function."
+
+
+CCCLXII
+
+The actions we call sinful are as much the consequence of the order of
+nature as those we call virtuous. They are part and parcel of the
+struggle for existence through which all living things have passed, and
+they have become sins because man alone seeks a higher life in voluntary
+association.
+
+Therefore the instrument has never been marred; on the contrary, we are
+trying to get music out of harps, sacbuts, and psalteries, which never
+were in tune and seemingly never will be.
+
+
+CCCLXIII
+
+I have always been, am, and propose to remain a mere scholar. All that I
+have ever proposed to myself is to say, this and this I have learned;
+thus and thus have I learned it: go thou and learn better; but do not
+thrust on my shoulders the responsibility for your own laziness if you
+elect to take, on my authority, conclusions, the value of which you
+ought to have tested for yourself.
+
+
+CCCLXIV
+
+There is endless backwoodsman's work yet to be done. If "those also
+serve who only stand and wait," still more do those who sweep and
+cleanse; and if any man elect to give his strength to the weeder's and
+scavenger's occupation, I remain of the opinion that his service should
+be counted acceptable, and that no one has a right to ask more of him
+than faithful performance of the duties he has undertaken. I venture to
+count it an improbable suggestion that any such person--a man, let us
+say, who has well-nigh reached his threescore years and ten, and has
+graduated in all the faculties of human relationships; who has taken his
+share in all the deep joys and deeper anxieties which cling about them;
+who has felt the burden of young lives entrusted to his care, and has
+stood alone with his dead before the abyss of the eternal--has never had
+a thought beyond negative criticism. It seems to me incredible that such
+an one can have done his day's work, always with a light heart, with no
+sense of responsibility, no terror of that which may appear when the
+factitious veil of Isis--the thick web of fiction man has woven round
+nature--is stripped off.
+
+
+CCCLXV
+
+If the doctrine of a Providence is to be taken as the expression, in a
+way "to be understanded of the people," of the total exclusion of chance
+from a place even in the most insignificant corner of Nature, if it
+means the strong conviction that the cosmic process is rational, and the
+faith that, throughout all duration, unbroken order has reigned in the
+universe, I not only accept it, but I am disposed to think it the most
+important of all truths. As it is of more consequence for a citizen to
+know the law than to be personally acquainted with the features of those
+who will surely carry it into effect, so this very positive doctrine of
+Providence, in the sense defined, seems to me far more important than
+all the theorems of speculative theology. If, further, the doctrine is
+held to imply that, in some indefinitely remote past aeon, the cosmic
+process was set going by some entity possessed of intelligence and
+foresight, similar to our own in kind, however superior in degree, if,
+consequently, it is held that every event, not merely in our planetary
+speck, but in untold millions of other worlds, was foreknown before
+these worlds were, scientific thought, so far as I know anything about
+it, has nothing to say about that hypothesis. It is, in fact, an
+anthropomorphic rendering of the doctrine of evolution.
+
+It may be so, but the evidence accessible to us is, to my mind, wholly
+insufficient to warrant either a positive or a negative conclusion.
+
+
+CCCLXVI
+
+It may be well to remember that the highest level of moral aspiration
+recorded in history was reached by a few ancient Jews--Micah, Isaiah,
+and the rest--who took no count whatever of what might or what might not
+happen to them after death. It is not obvious to me why the same point
+should not by and by be reached by the Gentiles.
+
+
+CCCLXVII
+
+Belief in majorities is not rooted in my breast, and if all the world
+were against me the fact might warn me to revise and criticise my
+opinions, but would not in itself supply a ghost of a reason for
+forsaking them. For myself I say deliberately, it is better to have a
+millstone tied round the neck and be thrown into the sea than to share
+the enterprises of those to whom the world has turned, and will turn,
+because they minister to its weaknesses and cover up the awful realities
+which it shudders to look at.
+
+
+CCCLXVIII
+
+Moral duty consists in the observance of those rules of conduct which
+contribute to the welfare of society, and by implication, of the
+individuals who compose it.
+
+The end of society is peace and mutual protection, so that the
+individual may reach the fullest and highest life attainable by man. The
+rules of conduct by which this end is to be attained are
+discoverable--like the other so-called laws of Nature--by observation
+and experiment, and only in that way.
+
+Some thousands of years of such experience have led to the
+generalisations, that stealing and murder, for example, are inconsistent
+with the ends of society. There is no more doubt that they are so than
+that unsupported stones tend to fall. The man who steals or murders,
+breaks his implied contract with society, and forfeits all protection.
+He becomes an outlaw, to be dealt with as any other feral creature.
+Criminal law indicates the ways which have proved most convenient for
+dealing with him.
+
+All this would be true if men had no "moral sense" at all, just as there
+are rules of perspective which must be strictly observed by a
+draughtsman, and are quite independent of his having any artistic sense.
+
+
+CCCLXIX
+
+The moral sense is a very complex affair--dependent in part upon
+associations of pleasure and pain, approbation and disapprobation formed
+by education in early youth, but in part also on an innate sense of
+moral beauty and ugliness (how originated need not be discussed), which
+is possessed by some people in great strength, while some are totally
+devoid of it--just as some children draw, or are enchanted by music
+while mere infants, while others do not know "Cherry Ripe" from "Rule
+Britannia," nor can represent the form of the simplest thing to the end
+of their lives.
+
+Now for this last sort of people there is no reason why they should
+discharge any moral duty, except from fear of punishment in all its
+grades, from mere disapprobation to hanging, and the duty of society is
+to see that they live under wholesome fear of such punishment short,
+sharp, and decisive.
+
+For the people with a keen innate sense of moral beauty there is no
+need of any other motive. What they want is knowledge of the things they
+may do and must leave undone, if the welfare of society is to be
+attained. Good people so often forget this that some of them
+occasionally require hanging almost as much as the bad.
+
+If you ask why the moral inner sense is to be (under due limitations)
+obeyed; why the few who are steered by it move the mass in whom it is
+weak? I can only reply by putting another question--Why do the few in
+whom the sense of beauty is strong--Shakespeare, Raffaele, Beethoven,
+carry the less endowed multitude away? But they do, and always will.
+People who overlook that fact attend neither to history nor to what goes
+on about them.
+
+Benjamin Franklin was a shrewd, excellent, kindly man. I have great
+respect for him. The force of genial common-sense respectability could
+no further go. George Fox was the very antipodes of all this, and yet
+one understands how he came to move the world of his day, and Franklin
+did not.
+
+
+CCCLXX
+
+As to whether we can fulfil the moral law, I should say hardly any of
+us. Some of us are utterly incapable of fulfilling its plainest
+dictates. As there are men born physically cripples, and intellectually
+idiots, so there are some who are moral cripples and idiots, and can be
+kept straight not even by punishment. For these people there is nothing
+but shutting up, or extirpation.
+
+
+CCCLXXI
+
+The cardinal fact in the University questions appears to me to be this:
+that the student to whose wants the mediaeval University was adjusted,
+looked to the past and sought book-learning, while the modern looks to
+the future and seeks the knowledge of things.
+
+The mediaeval view was that all knowledge worth having was explicitly or
+implicitly contained in various ancient writings; in the Scriptures, in
+the writings of the greater Greeks, and those of the Christian Fathers.
+Whatever apparent novelty they put forward, was professedly obtained by
+deduction from ancient data.
+
+The modern knows that the only source of real knowledge lies in the
+application of scientific methods of enquiry to the ascertainment of the
+facts of existence; that the ascertainable is infinitely greater than
+the ascertained, and that the chief business of the teacher is not so
+much to make scholars as to train pioneers.
+
+From this point of view, the University occupies a position altogether
+independent of that of the copingstone of schools for general education,
+combined with technical schools of Theology, Law, and Medicine. It is
+not primarily an institution for testing the work of schoolmasters, or
+for ascertaining the fitness of young men to be curates, lawyers, or
+doctors.
+
+It is an institution in which a man who claims to devote himself to
+Science or Art, should be able to find some one who can teach him what
+is already known, and train him in the methods of knowing more.
+
+
+CCCLXXII
+
+The besetting sin of able men is impatience of contradiction and of
+criticism. Even those who do their best to resist the temptation, yield
+to it almost unconsciously and become the tools of toadies and
+flatterers. "Authorities," "disciples," and "schools" are the curse of
+science; and do more to interfere with the work of the scientific spirit
+than all its enemies.
+
+
+CCCLXXIII
+
+People never will recollect, that mere learning and mere cleverness are
+of next to no value in life, while energy and intellectual grip, the
+things that are inborn and cannot be taught, are everything.
+
+
+CCCLXXIV
+
+In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way of supporting himself,
+thereby relieving other people of the necessity of supporting him.
+Moreover, the learning to do work of practical value in the world, in an
+exact and careful manner, is of itself a very important education, the
+effects of which make themselves felt in all other pursuits. The habit
+of doing that which you do not care about when you would much rather be
+doing something else, is invaluable.
+
+
+CCCLXXV
+
+Success in any scientific career requires an unusual equipment of
+capacity, industry and energy. If you possess that equipment you will
+find leisure enough after your daily commercial work is over, to make an
+opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. If you do not, you had
+better stick to commerce.
+
+Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a young man, who, as the
+Scotch proverb says, in 'trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,' and
+becomes a mere hanger-on in literature or in science, when he might have
+been a useful and a valuable member of Society in other occupations.
+
+
+CCCLXXVI
+
+Playing Providence is a game at which one is very apt to burn one's
+fingers.
+
+
+CCCLXXVII
+
+I conceive that the leading characteristic of the nineteenth century has
+been the rapid growth of the scientific spirit, the consequent
+application of scientific methods of investigation to all the problems
+with which the human mind is occupied, and the correlative rejection of
+traditional beliefs which have proved their incompetence to bear such
+investigation.
+
+
+CCCLXXVIII
+
+Science reckons many prophets, but there is not even a promise of a
+Messiah.
+
+
+CCCLXXIX
+
+I have not the slightest doubt about the magnitude of the evils which
+accrue from the steady increase of European armaments; but I think that
+this regrettable fact is merely the superficial expression of social
+forces, the operation of which cannot be sensibly affected by agreements
+between Governments.
+
+In my opinion it is a delusion to attribute the growth of armaments to
+the "exactions of militarism." The "exactions of industrialism,"
+generated by international commercial competition, may, I believe, claim
+a much larger share in prompting that growth. Add to this the French
+thirst for revenge, the most just determination of the German and
+Italian peoples to assert their national unity; the Russian Panslavonic
+fanaticism and desire for free access to the western seas; the Papacy
+steadily fishing in the troubled waters for the means of recovering its
+lost (I hope for ever lost) temporal possessions and spiritual
+supremacy; the "sick man," kept alive only because each of his doctors
+is afraid of the other becoming his heir.
+
+When I think of the intensity of the perturbing agencies which arise out
+of these and other conditions of modern European society, I confess that
+the attempt to counteract them by asking Governments to agree to a
+maximum military expenditure, does not appear to me to be worth making;
+indeed I think it might do harm by leading people to suppose that the
+desires of Governments are the chief agents in determining whether peace
+or war shall obtain in Europe.
+
+
+CCCLXXX
+
+I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. Scientific method is the
+white ant which will slowly but surely destroy their fortifications. And
+the importance of scientific method in modern practical life--always
+growing and increasing--is the guarantee for the gradual emancipation of
+the ignorant upper and lower classes, the former of whom especially are
+the strength of the priests.
+
+
+CCCLXXXI
+
+There is such a thing as a science of social life, for which, if the
+term had not been so helplessly degraded, Politics is the proper name.
+
+Men are beings of a certain constitution, who, under certain conditions,
+will as surely tend to act in certain ways as stones will tend to fall
+if you leave them unsupported. The laws of their nature are as
+invariable as the laws of gravitation, only the applications to
+particular cases offer worse problems than the case of the three bodies.
+
+The Political Economists have gone the right way to work--the way that
+the physical philosopher follows in all complex affairs--by tracing out
+the effects of one great cause of human action, the desire of wealth,
+supposing it to be unchecked.
+
+If they, or other people, have forgotten that there are other potent
+causes of action which may interfere with this, it is no fault of
+scientific method but only their own stupidity.
+
+Hydrostatics is not a "dismal science," because water does not always
+seek the lowest level--_e.g._ from a bottle turned upside down, if there
+is a cork in the neck!
+
+There is much need that somebody should do for what is vaguely called
+"Ethics" just what the Political Economists have done. Settle the
+question of what will be done under the unchecked action of certain
+motives, and leave the problem of "ought" for subsequent consideration.
+
+For, whatever they ought to do, it is quite certain the majority of men
+will act as if the attainment of certain positive and negative pleasures
+were the end of action.
+
+We want a science of "Eubiotics" to tell us exactly what will happen if
+human beings are exclusively actuated by the desire of well-being in the
+ordinary sense. Of course the utilitarians have laid the foundations of
+such a science, with the result that the nicknamer of genius called this
+branch of science "pig philosophy," making just the same blunder as when
+he called political economy "dismal science."
+
+"Moderate well-being" may be no more the worthiest end of life than
+wealth. But if it is the best to be had in this queer world--it may be
+worth trying for.
+
+
+CCCLXXXII
+
+Those who wish to attain to some clear and definite solution of the
+great problems which Mr. Darwin was the first person to set before us in
+later times must base themselves upon the facts which are stated in his
+great work, and, still more, must pursue their inquiries by the methods
+of which he was so brilliant an exemplar throughout the whole of his
+life. You must have his sagacity, his untiring search after the
+knowledge of fact, his readiness always to give up a preconceived
+opinion to that which was demonstrably true, before you can hope to
+carry his doctrines to their ultimate issue; and whether the particular
+form in which he has put them before us may be such as is finally
+destined to survive or not is more, I venture to think, than anybody is
+capable at this present moment of saying. But this one thing is
+perfectly certain--that it is only by pursuing his methods, by that
+wonderful single-mindedness, devotion to truth, readiness to sacrifice
+all things for the advance of definite knowledge, that we can hope to
+come any nearer than we are at present to the truths which he struggled
+to attain.
+
+
+CCCLXXXIII
+
+Dean Stanley told me he thought being made a bishop destroyed a man's
+moral courage. I am inclined to think that the practice of the methods
+of political leaders destroys their intellect for all serious purposes.
+
+
+CCCLXXXIV
+
+It is one of the most saddening things in life that, try as we may, we
+can never be certain of making people happy, whereas we can almost
+always be certain of making them unhappy.
+
+
+CCCLXXXV
+
+Men, my dear, are very queer animals, a mixture of horse-nervousness,
+ass-stubbornness and camel-malice--with an angel bobbing about
+unexpectedly like the apple in the posset, and when they can do exactly
+as they please, they are very hard to drive.
+
+
+
+
+INDEXES
+
+
+
+
+INDEX I
+
+REFERENCES OF QUOTATIONS TO THEIR SOURCES
+
+
+  C. E. = Collected Essays.
+                           I. Method and Results.
+                          II. Darwiniana.
+                         III. Science and Education.
+                          IV. Science and Hebrew Tradition.
+                           V. Science and Christian Tradition.
+                          VI. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley.
+                         VII. Man's Place in Nature.
+                        VIII. Discourses, Biological and Geological.
+                          IX. Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays.
+
+  S. M. = Scientific Memoirs.
+
+  L. L. = Life and Letters, three volume edition.
+
+
+    NO. IN TEXT.     VOL.    PAGE
+
+    I           C. E.     i.   16
+    II              "     i.   31
+    III             "     i.   40
+    IV              "     i.   41
+    V               "     i.   46
+    VI              "     i.   56
+    VII             "     i.   57
+    VIII            "     i.   60
+    IX              "     i.   62
+    X               "     i.   66
+    XI              "     i.  156
+    XII             "     i.  161
+    XIII            "     i.  163
+    XIV             "     i.  165
+    XV              "     i.  167
+    XVI             "     i.  168
+    XVII            "     i.  170
+    XVIII           "     i.  172
+    XIX             "     i.  172
+    XX              "     i.  178
+    XXI             "     i.  188
+    XXII            "     i.  192
+    XXIII           "     i.  193
+    XXIV            "     i.  198
+    XXV             "     i.  202
+    XXVI            "     i.  202
+    XXVII           "     i.  242
+    XXVIII          "     i.  244
+    XXIX            "     i.  244
+    XXX             "     i.  245
+    XXXI            "     i.  254
+    XXXII           "     i.  255
+    XXXIII          "     i.  256
+    XXXIV           "     i.  256
+    XXXV            "     i.  257
+    XXXVI           "     i.  261
+    XXXVII          "     i.  281
+    XXXVIII         "     i.  289
+    XXXIX           "     i.  291
+    XL              "     i.  309
+    XLI             "     i.  313
+    XLII            "     i.  313
+    XLIII           "     i.  319
+    XLIV            "     i.  319
+    XLV             "     i.  328
+    XLVI            "     i.  349
+    XLVII           "     i.  355
+    XLVIII          "     i.  368
+    XLIX            "     i.  426
+    L               "     i.  426
+    LI              "    ii.    5
+    LII             "    ii.   18
+    LIII            "    ii.   13
+    LIV             "    ii.   29
+    LV              "    ii.   32
+    LVI             "    ii.   32
+    LVII            "    ii.   52
+    LVIII           "    ii.   52
+    LIX             "    ii.   58
+    LX              "    ii.   59
+    LXI             "    ii.   53
+    LXII            "    ii.   59
+    LXIII           "    ii.   76
+    LXIV            "    ii.  149
+    LXV             "    ii.  149
+    LXVI            "    ii.  150
+    LXVII           "    ii.  229
+    LXVIII          "    ii.  229
+    LXIX            "    ii.  229
+    LXX             "    ii.  230
+    LXXI            "    ii.  252
+    LXXII           "    ii.  363
+    LXXIII          "   iii.   13
+    LXXIV           "   iii.   33
+    LXXV            "   iii.   36
+    LXXVI           "   iii.   45
+    LXXVII          "   iii.   45
+    LXXVIII         "   iii.   59
+    LXXIX           "   iii.   62
+    LXXX            "   iii.   63
+    LXXXI           "   iii.   67
+    LXXXII          "   iii.   78
+    LXXXIII         "   iii.   82
+    LXXXIV          "   iii.   83
+    LXXXV           "   iii.   84
+    LXXXVI          "   iii.   85
+    LXXXVII         "   iii.   85
+    LXXXVIII        "   iii.   85
+    LXXXIX          "   iii.   86
+    XC              "   iii.   91
+    XCI             "   iii.  174
+    XCII            "   iii.  179
+    XCIII           "   iii.  179
+    XCIV            "   iii.  183
+    XCV             "   iii.  185
+    XCVI            "   iii.  185
+    XCVII           "   iii.  187
+    XCVIII          "   iii.  188
+    XCIX            "   iii.  204
+    C               "   iii.  207
+    CI              "   iii.  208
+    CII             "   iii.  213
+    CIII            "   iii.  215
+    CIV             "   iii.  220
+    CV              "   iii.  225
+    CVI             "   iii.  228
+    CVII            "   iii.  236
+    CVIII           "   iii.  236
+    CIX             "   iii.  254
+    CX              "   iii.  260
+    CXI             "   iii.  273
+    CXII            "   iii.  282
+    CXIII           "   iii.  283
+    CXIV            "   iii.  299
+    CXV             "   iii.  306
+    CXVI            "   iii.  369
+    CXVII           "   iii.  393
+    CXVIII          "   iii.  393
+    CXIX            "   iii.  396
+    CXX             "   iii.  414
+    CXXI            "   iii.  422
+    CXXII           "   iii.  431
+    CXXIII          "   iii.  432
+    CXXIV           "   iii.  432
+    CXXV            "   iii.  439
+    CXXVI           "   iii.  443
+    CXXVII          "   iii.  443
+    CXXVIII         "   iii.  446
+    CXXIX           "   iii.  447
+    CXXX            "     v.  124
+    CXXXI           "     v.  125
+    CXXXII          "     v.  136
+    CXXXIII         "     v.  136
+    CXXXIV          "     v.  136
+    CXXXV           "     v.  143
+    CXXXVI          "     v.  156
+    CXXXVII         "     v.  157
+    CXXXVIII        "     v.  182
+    CXXXIX          "     v.  191
+    CXL             "     v.  206
+    CXLI            "     v.  241
+    CXLII           "     v.  245
+    CXLIII          "     v.  257
+    CXLIV           "     v.  257
+    CXLV            "     v.  313
+    CXLVI           "     v.  315
+    CXLVII          "     v.  315
+    CXLVIII         "   vi. p. viii
+    CXLIX           "   vi. p. viii
+    CL              "   vi. p. ix
+    CLI             "    vi.   61
+    CLII            "    vi.   65
+    CLIII           "    vi.  123
+    CLIV            "    vi.  132
+    CLV             "    vi.  132
+    CLVI            "    vi.  143
+    CLVII           "    vi.  144
+    CLVIII          "    vi.  207
+    CLIX            "    vi.  231
+    CLX             "    vi.  235
+    CLXI            "    vi.  237
+    CLXII           "    vi.  237
+    CLXIII          "    vi.  239
+    CLXIV           "    vi.  239
+    CLXV            "    vi.  284
+    CLXVI           "    vi.  285
+    CLXVII          "    vi.  308
+    CLXVIII         "    vi.  318
+    CLXIX           "   vii. p. ix
+    CLXX            "   vii. p. xi
+    CLXXI           "   vii.    1
+    CLXXII          "   vii.   81
+    CLXXIII         "   vii.   92
+    CLXXIV          "   vii.  138
+    CLXXV           "   vii.  146
+    CLXXVI          "   vii.  146
+    CLXXVII         "   vii.  151
+    CLXXVIII        "   vii.  151
+    CLXXIX          "   vii.  154
+    CLXXX           "   vii.  210
+    CLXXXI          "   vii.  271
+    CLXXXII         "   vii.  278
+    CLXXXIII        "   vii.  280
+    CLXXXIV         "   vii.  313
+    CLXXXV          "   vii.  328
+    CLXXXVI         "  viii. p. v
+    CLXXXVII        "  viii. p. viii
+    CLXXXVIII       "  viii. p. viii
+    CLXXXIX         "  viii.    4
+    CXC             "  viii.    7
+    CXCI            "  viii.    9
+    CXCII           "  viii.   10
+    CXCIII          "  viii.   12
+    CXCIV           "  viii.   19
+    CXCV            "  viii.   23
+    CXCVI           "  viii.   27
+    CXCVII          "  viii.   34
+    CXCVIII         "  viii.   36
+    CXCIX           "  viii.   53
+    CC              "  viii.   73
+    CCI             "  viii.  114
+    CCII            "  viii.  143
+    CCIII           "  viii.  147
+    CCIV            "  viii.  153
+    CCV             "  viii.  158
+    CCVI            "  viii.  159
+    CCVII           "  viii.  213
+    CCVIII          "  viii.  217
+    CCIX            "  viii.  218
+    CCX             "  viii.  218
+    CCXI            "  viii.  218
+    CCXII           "  viii.  219
+    CCXIII          "  viii.  224
+    CCXIV           "  viii.  225
+    CCXV            "  viii.  226
+    CCXVI           "  viii.  226
+    CCXVII          "  viii.  227
+    CCXVIII         "  viii.  233
+    CCXIX           "  viii.  244
+    CCXX            "  viii.  249
+    CCXXI           "  viii.  262
+    CCXXII          "  viii.  269
+    CCXXIII         "  viii.  306
+    CCXXIV          "  viii.  318
+    CCXXV           "  viii.  323
+    CCXXVI          "  viii.  333
+    CCXXVII         "    ix. p. ix
+    CCXXVIII        "    ix.    4
+    CCXXIX          "    ix.    6
+    CCXXX           "    ix.    7
+    CCXXXI          "    ix.    8
+    CCXXXII         "    ix.   27
+    CCXXXIII        "    ix.   28
+    CCXXXIV         "    ix.   30
+    CCXXXV          "    ix.   31
+    CCXXXVI         "    ix.   39
+    CCXXXVII        "    ix.   41
+    CCXXXVIII       "    ix.   43
+    CCXXXIX         "    ix.   49
+    CCXL            "    ix.   49
+    CCXLI           "    ix.   51
+    CCXLII          "    ix.   54
+    CCXLIII         "    ix.   56
+    CCXLIV          "    ix.   61
+    CCXLV           "    ix.   64
+    CCXLVI          "    ix.   71
+    CCXLVII         "    ix.   73
+    CCXLVIII        "    ix.   74
+    CCXLIX          "    ix.   78
+    CCL             "    ix.   80
+    CCLI            "    ix.   81
+    CCLII           "    ix.   85
+    CCLIII          "    ix.   86
+    CCLIV           "    ix.  123
+    CCLV            "    ix.  130
+    CCLVI           "    ix.  134
+    CCLVII          "    ix.  141
+    CCLVIII         "    ix.  145
+    CCLIX           "    ix.  147
+    CCLX            "    ix.  149
+    CCLXI           "    ix.  152
+    CCLXII          "    ix.  158
+    CCLXIII         "    ix.  159
+    CCLXIV          "    ix.  162
+    CCLXV           "    ix.  168
+    CCLXVI          "    ix.  171
+    CCLXVII         "    ix.  182
+    CCLXVIII        "    ix.  186
+    CCLXIX          "    ix.  195
+    CCLXX           "    ix.  199
+    CCLXXI          "    ix.  201
+    CCLXXII         "    ix.  201
+    CCLXXIII        "    ix.  202
+    CCLXXIV         "    ix.  202
+    CCLXXV          "    ix.  204
+    CCLXXVI         "    ix.  207
+    CCLXXVII        "    ix.  209
+    CCLXXVIII       "    ix.  211
+    CCLXXIX         "    ix.  212
+    CCLXXX          "    ix.  216
+    CCLXXXI         "    ix.  227
+    CCLXXXII        "    ix.  229
+    CCLXXXIII       "    ix.  230
+    CCLXXXIV        "    ix.  233
+    CCLXXXV      S. M.   iv.  658
+    CCLXXXVI        "    iv.  663
+    CCLXXXVII       "    iv.  664
+    CCLXXXVIII      "    iv.  666
+    CCLXXXIX        "    iv.  666
+    CCXC            "    iv.  668
+    CCXCI           "    iv.  669
+    CCXCII          "    iv.  670
+    CCXCIII      L. L.    i.  171
+    CCXCIV          "     i.  196
+    CCXCV           "     i.  285
+    CCXCVI          "     i.  310
+    CCXCVII         "     i.  314
+    CCXCVIII        "     i.  315
+    CCXCIX          "     i.  315
+    CCC             "     i.  316
+    CCCI            "     i.  316
+    CCCII           "     i.  316
+    CCCIII          "     i.  317
+    CCCIV           "     i.  317
+    CCCV            "     i.  317
+    CCCVI           "     i.  317
+    CCCVII          "     i.  317
+    CCCVIII         "     i.  318
+    CCCIX           "     i.  326
+    CCCX            "     i.  345
+    CCCXI           "     i.  347
+    CCCXII          "     i.  350
+    CCCXIII         "     i.  363
+    CCCXIV          "     i.  400
+    CCCXV           "     i.  407
+    CCCXVI          "     i.  433
+    CCCXVII         "     i.  441
+    CCCXVIII        "    ii.   32
+    CCCXIX          "    ii.   42
+    CCCXX           "    ii.  111
+    CCCXXI          "    ii.  116
+    CCCXXII         "    ii.  128
+    CCCXXIII        "    ii.  140
+    CCCXXIV         "    ii.  140
+    CCCXXV          "    ii.  144
+    CCCXXVI         "    ii.  166
+    CCCXXVII        "    ii.  209
+    CCCXXVIII       "    ii.  215
+    CCCXXIX         "    ii.  216
+    CCCXXX          "    ii.  216
+    CCCXXXI         "    ii.  219
+    CCCXXXII        "    ii.  220
+    CCCXXXIII       "    ii.  222
+    CCCXXXIV        "    ii.  242
+    CCCXXXV         "    ii.  261
+    CCCXXXVI        "    ii.  266
+    CCCXXXVII       "    ii.  275
+    CCCXXXVIII      "    ii.  283
+    CCCXXXIX        "    ii.  292
+    CCCXL           "    ii.  305
+    CCCXLI          "    ii.  351
+    CCCXLII         "    ii.  358
+    CCCXLIII        "    ii.  358
+    CCCXLIV         "    ii.  401
+    CCCXLV          "    ii.  440
+    CCCXLVI         "    ii.  444
+    CCCXLVII        "    ii.  453
+    CCCXLVIII       "   iii.    4
+    CCCXLIX         "   iii.    7
+    CCCL            "   iii.   18
+    CCCLI           "   iii.   45
+    CCCLII          "   iii.   92
+    CCCLIII         "   iii.  115
+    CCCLIV          "   iii.  118
+    CCCLV           "   iii.  121
+    CCCLVI          "   iii.  142
+    CCCLVII         "   iii.  145
+    CCCLVIII        "   iii.  162
+    CCCLIX          "   iii.  172
+    CCCLX           "   iii.  172
+    CCCLXI          "   iii.  191
+    CCCLXII         "   iii.  192
+    CCCLXIII        "   iii.  216
+    CCCLXIV         "   iii.  217
+    CCCLXV          "   iii.  218
+    CCCLXVI         "   iii.  221
+    CCCLXVII        "   iii.  222
+    CCCLXVIII       "   iii.  223
+    CCCLXIX         "   iii.  223
+    CCCLXX          "   iii.  224
+    CCCLXXI         "   iii.  230
+    CCCLXXII        "   iii.  238
+    CCCLXXIII       "   iii.  243
+    CCCLXXIV        "   iii.  245
+    CCCLXXV         "   iii.  245
+    CCCLXXVI        "   iii.  311
+    CCCLXXVII       "   iii.  322
+    CCCLXXVIII      "   iii.  322
+    CCCLXXIX        "   iii.  323
+    CCCLXXX         "   iii.  330
+    CCCLXXXI        "   iii.  337
+    CCCLXXXII       "   iii.  345
+    CCCLXXXIII      "   iii.  356
+    CCCLXXXIV       "   iii.  395
+    CCCLXXXV        "   iii.  401
+
+
+
+
+INDEX II
+
+SUBJECT INDEX
+
+
+        Abiogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI
+
+        Able men, besetting sin of, CCCLXXII
+
+        Abstractions, CCCXLIII
+
+        Accuracy, CXXIII
+
+        Agnosticism defined, CXLII;
+           _cf._ CL
+
+        ---- origin of the term, CCLVI
+
+        Aim of life, CXXI, CCCXXXV
+
+        Alcohol and brain work, CCCLV
+
+        Analogies, scope of, CLIII
+
+        Analogy, Butler's, CCCXI, CCCXXX
+
+        Animals, mind in, CLIII
+
+        ---- immortality, CCXCIX
+
+        Anniversaries, CCCXXXVIII
+
+        Ant, white, scientific method compared to, CCCLXXX
+
+        Anthropomorphism, CCCX
+
+        Antiquity of man, CLXXXII
+
+        Architecture, prehistoric, CLXXXIII
+
+        Armaments, cause of modern, CCCLXXIX
+
+        Arrogance, a check to, CLXXV
+
+        Art: the teaching of drawing, XCIV
+
+        ---- and Christianity, CXLVI
+
+        Aryan question, CLXXXI
+
+        Ascent of man, LI, CLXXIX
+
+        Aspiration and immortality, CLVIII
+
+        ---- and fact, CCC
+
+        Atheism, CCCXI
+
+        Atlantic Ocean, comparison with physiology, CIV
+
+        ---- bed of, CLXXII
+
+        Authority, III, XIII, XIV, LXIV, LXVI, LXVII, CL
+
+        ---- a worthless, CLXXIV;
+          its struggle with freethought, CCCXX, CCCLXXII
+          (_cf._ Scepticism)
+
+        Automata and the soul, XXII
+
+        Automatic virtue, XXII
+
+        Average opinion, government by, CCCXLV
+
+
+        Backwoodsman's work in science is acceptable, CCCLXIV
+
+        Baur, merits of as a critic, CCCLIV
+
+        Beauty, the sense of, CCLIV
+
+        Becky Sharp, LXXIV
+
+        Bees, comparison with, CV
+
+        Being, impermanence of, CCXL
+
+        ---- the ultimate, CCLV
+
+        Belief, the bases of, LXX
+
+        ---- and morality, CLXI, CXLV, CCXCVII
+
+        ---- and rational grounds for, CXXXIX;
+          _cf._ CCCLVI
+
+        ---- consequences of right and wrong, CCCXXIX
+
+        Benevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX
+
+        Best men, the, CXLIII
+
+        Biblical criticism, the key to, CCCLIV
+
+        Biogenesis, defined, CCXVIII, CCXX, CCXXI
+
+        Bishops and moral courage, CCCLXXXIII
+
+        Body, compared to an Army, CXVI
+
+        ---- ---- to a loaded gun, CCLIX
+
+        Book-learning, CXIII, CCXVII
+
+        ---- sought by the ancient University, CCCLXXI
+
+        Books, CII
+
+        ---- good, and fools, CCCXVI
+
+        Brahma and the rule of life, CCXLV
+
+        Brain work and stimulants, CCCLV
+
+        Brutes, mental analogies with, CLIII
+
+        Butler's Analogy, CCCXI, CCCXXX
+
+
+        Cabanis, CCCLXI
+
+        Cant and shams, CCCLX
+
+        Capacity and incapacity, XXXI
+
+        Cape Horn of life, the, CCXCIII
+
+        Capital, vital, CCLIX, CCLXII
+
+        ---- lately wages, CCLXVII
+
+        ---- supposed antagonism to labour, CCLXVIII
+
+        Capitalist nature, CCVI
+
+        Carlyle, the lesson of, CCCLX
+
+        Catholicism _minus_ Christianity, XI
+
+        Causation, its universality, CLVI
+
+        Causes, natural, vast effects of, CXCVII
+
+        ---- secondary, CLXXXVII
+
+        Certainty lies in thought, XVIII, XIX, CLII
+
+        ---- absolute, the only, CCCLVIII;
+          not given by induction, CCCLVIII
+
+        ---- limits of, CLXVII
+
+        Chalk, the significance of, CLXXXIX
+
+        ---- antiquity of, CXCVI
+
+        ---- deep sea origin of, CXCIV
+
+        ---- parentage of, CXC
+
+        ---- present day formation of, CXCI
+
+        ---- rate of formation, CXCV
+
+        ---- the lesson of, CXCVIII
+
+        Chance, CLVI
+
+        Character and heredity, CCXLIV
+
+        Chessplayer, the hidden, LXXXIII;
+          _cf._ Game
+
+        Child, death of a, CCCXLVI;
+          _cf._ CCCLXIV
+
+        Children, influence of, CCCXVII, CCCLI
+
+        Christianity and Creeds, CXLI, CXLIV
+
+        ---- and the intellectual world, CXLVI
+
+        ---- its success alleged as proof of the story of Jesus,
+          CCCLIII
+
+        ---- primitive and later, CCCLIII
+
+        Church, the primitive and later, CCCLIII
+
+        Cinderella, the role of science, CCLVIII
+
+        Civilisation and suffering, CCXLII, CCCLVII
+
+        Class-feeling, high and low, LXXXII
+
+        Classical education, CCXIV
+
+        Clearness of thought, XXV
+
+        Clericalism and science, LVIII
+
+        Cleverness, CXV
+
+        ---- is of small intrinsic value, CCCLXXIII
+
+        Coal and club-mosses, CCII
+
+        ---- less important than education, CCCXIV
+
+        ---- the preservation of, CCIV, CCVI
+
+        Cocksureness, CLXVII
+
+        Comet, a kindly, CCCLVII
+
+        Commerce and science, CLXXIII
+
+        Common facts and great principles, CXXIV
+
+        Common sense and science, LXXVI;
+          and truth, CXII
+
+        Comte, XI, CXLIV
+
+        Conduct, laws of, how discoverable, CCCLXVIII
+
+        Conscience and sympathy, CCXXXIII
+
+        Consequences, logical, XXVIII
+
+        Conservation of energy and immortality, CCCLXI
+
+        Cosmic process and ethical process, CCLI
+
+        Creation and evolution, CCXXIX
+
+        Creeds, LXXI
+
+        ---- disbelief in as a sin, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        Crime and heredity, CCXXXVI
+
+        Crowded street, life is like a, CCCXL
+
+        Culture and English literature, XCV
+
+        Cultured idleness, CV
+
+        Cuvier and common sense, CCXCI
+
+        Cyclical evolution, CCXXXIX
+
+
+        Dante, LXXX
+
+        Darwin, his work and methods, CCCLXXXII
+
+        Death of a child, CCCXLVI;
+          _cf._ CCCLXIV
+
+        Deep sea soundings, CXCII
+
+        ---- ---- glacial survivors in, CXCIX
+
+        Demagogues caused Socrates' death, CXLVIII
+
+        Demonstration, the essence of modern teaching, CCIX
+
+        Descartes, XV, XVII
+
+        ---- his chief service, CLII, CLIV
+
+        Determinants of mental and moral activities, CXXXII
+
+        Development, CLXXII
+
+        Disciples not sought for, CCCLXIII
+
+        ---- the curse of science, CCCLXXII
+
+        Dismal science, the, CCCLXXXI
+
+        Do as you would be done by, CCXXXV
+
+        Dogmatism, the nemesis of, CCLVIII
+
+        Doubt (_cf._ scepticism), XVII;
+          _cf._ Unbelief and Creeds
+
+        Drawing, the teaching of, XCIV
+
+        ---- as a discipline, CXXII
+
+        Duty, XIII, XVI
+
+        ---- and happiness, CLX, CLXI
+
+        ---- a man's first, CCCLXXIV
+
+
+        Economical Problem, in physiological terms, CCLIX
+
+        Economy, true, CCCXLIX
+
+        Education, mechanical basis of, XXI
+
+        ---- a liberal, LXXXIX
+
+        ---- ancient and modern, CCXV (_cf._ CCXII)
+
+        ---- and conflict of studies, XCIII
+
+        ---- and examinations, CVI
+
+        ---- and fine buildings, L
+
+        ---- by nature, LXXXV, LXXXVI;
+          compared with artificial education, LXXXVIII
+
+        ---- classical, the same for ancient Rome and modern England,
+          CCXIV
+
+        ---- defined, LXXXIV
+
+        ---- effects of, XXXVIII
+
+        ---- English, and culture, XCV
+
+        ---- English untaught, XCVI
+
+        ---- foreign languages in, XCVII
+
+        ---- Latin and German in, XCVIII
+
+        ---- more important than coal, CCCXIII
+
+        ---- of the young, knowledge requisite for, CXXVI
+
+        ---- technical, CCCXXXI
+
+        ---- the, of practical work, CCCLXXIV
+
+        ---- the purpose of primary, CCXIII
+
+        Eginhard, CXXXIX
+
+        Emotional chameleon (man), CCXXXIII
+
+        Empusa muscae, CCXXI
+
+        End of life, the great, CXXI, CCCXXXV
+
+        English literature and culture, XCV
+
+        ---- untaught, XCVI
+
+        Equality, XL, XLII
+
+        Error (_cf._ Mistakes), CXXXVI
+
+        ---- advantage of consistent, XCI
+
+        ---- acknowledgment of, CXXXVII
+
+        ---- and faith, CXXXVIII
+
+        ---- old, the explosion of, CCCL
+
+        ---- religious, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        Eternal order, the, CCXXXI
+
+        Ethical ideals necessary, CXIX
+
+        Ethical process, the, CCXXXIV
+
+        ---- ---- and cosmic process, CCLI
+
+        ---- ---- and the survival of the fittest, CCL
+
+        Ethics, modern, and old Israel, CXLVII
+
+        Ethnology, methods and results of, CLXXX
+
+        Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI
+
+        Evidence, judgment, and action, CCCLII
+
+        Evil, the existence of, CCXLVI
+
+        ---- the insistence of, CCXLVII
+
+        Evolution and man, CLXXVI
+
+        ---- and the millennium, CCLII
+
+        ---- cyclical, CCXXXIX
+
+        ---- described, CCXXIX
+
+        ---- formulated by Kant, CCXXV
+
+        ---- in history, CCCXLIV
+
+        ---- slowness of, CCV
+
+        ---- variation and selection are the bases of, CCXXX
+
+        Examinations, CVI
+
+        Existence and thought, XVIII, XIX
+
+        Expectation and verification, CCCLVIII
+
+
+        Fact and hypothesis, IX, CCXIX
+
+        ---- and aspiration, CCC
+
+        ---- and theory, CCLXXXVI
+
+        Faith, blind, effects of, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX
+
+        ---- moral aspect of, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        ---- which is born of knowledge, CCXXXI
+
+        Fall, doctrine of the, baseless, CCCLXII
+
+        Fallacies, the destruction of, LXXIII
+
+        ---- their tenacity of life, CCCXXXVII
+
+        Fame, posthumous, CCCXXXIII;
+          _cf._ CCCLXIII
+
+        Feeling and morality, CLXIII, CLXIV
+
+        Ferments, the first knowledge of, CCI
+
+        Florida paint-root, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Fly and silkworm disease, CCXXI
+
+        Fools and common-sense, CCCXXXIX
+
+        Force, CCCXLIII
+
+        Foreign languages, value of, XCVII
+
+        Forests, records of ancient, CCIII
+
+        Forms, the permanence of, CCXXVIII
+
+        Fox, George, CXXXIX
+
+        Frankness, reception of honest, CCXCV
+
+        Fraud, unconscious, CXXXVIII
+
+        Freedom, XXIII
+
+        ---- dangers of, CVII
+
+        ---- its struggle with tradition, CCCXX
+
+        ---- of the will, CCLVII
+
+        ---- of thought, CXXX
+
+        ---- to go wrong in, CCCXV
+
+        Fugue, Nature's great, CCLXXXVIII
+
+        Function of the brain, thought as a, CCCLXI
+
+        Future of the world, CIX
+
+        ---- retribution, CCCII, CCCIII, CCCIV, CCCV
+
+        ---- ---- dangers of the doctrine, CCCVI, CCCVII
+
+
+        Galatians, Epistle to, the key to Christianity, CCCLIV
+
+        Game, life compared to a, LXXXIII;
+          _cf._ CCCXII
+
+        Genius, XXXIV, CLIV, CLV
+
+        ---- a faculty for "possession," CXXXIV
+
+        ---- as motherwit, V
+
+        Gentleman, qualities of a, XXXV
+
+        Geological theories, CCXXIII;
+          reconciliation of, CCXXV
+
+        ---- fact and theory, CCXXIV
+
+        ---- time, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Glacial survivors in the deep sea, CLXXVII
+
+        God and no God, XXX
+
+        ---- the love of, CLXIII
+
+        Goethe and science, CCLXXXIX
+
+        ---- defects of his scientific qualities, CCXC
+
+        Golden rule, the, CCXXXV
+
+        Good of mankind, XXXVII
+
+        Graduates in all the faculties of human relationships have
+        thoughts beyond negative criticism, CCCLXIV
+
+        Greatness, XV
+
+        ---- national, CX
+
+        Guide to life, XX
+
+
+        Habit, an invaluable, CCCLXXIV
+
+        Haman and Modecai, CCXXXIII
+
+        Happiness and moral duty, CLX
+
+        ---- is in excess of pain, CCCIII
+
+        ---- we are never certain of conferring it on others, CCCLXXXIV
+
+        Henslow, character of, CCCIX
+
+        Heredity and crime, CCXXXVI
+
+        ---- and character, CCXLIV
+
+        Heresies (_cf._ Authority), LXVII
+
+        Hesitation, no good done by, CCCXXI
+
+        Historical truth a matter of science, CCCLII
+
+        History and physiology, LXXVIII
+
+        ---- possible new teaching of, CCCXLIV
+
+        Human nature, no recent change in, CLXX
+
+        Humanity, religion of, CXLIV
+
+        Hume, CLVIII
+
+        Hutton, CCXXIII
+
+        Hypothesis and fact, IX, CCXIX
+
+
+        Ideal, necessity of ethical, CXIX
+
+        Idealism and materialism, CLXVIII
+
+        Ideas, men live by, CIX, CXI
+
+        ---- innate, CLIV
+
+        ---- necessary, CLVII
+
+        ---- struggle for existence among, LXVIII
+
+        Idleness, cultured, in society, CV
+
+        Idolatry, intellectual, CCCXLIII
+
+        Ignorance, how treated by nature, LXXXVII
+
+        Imagination, scientific, CXXXI, CLXXXI
+
+        ---- unscientific, CXLIX
+
+        Immortality, aspirations after, CLVIII
+
+        ---- and conservation of energy, CCCLXI
+
+        ---- and grief, CCCVIII
+
+        ---- and probability, CCXCVII
+
+        ---- animal, CCXCIX
+
+        ---- disregarded by the highest ancient moral aspiration,
+          CCCLXVI
+
+        Impermanence of being, CCXL
+
+        Incapacity, XXXI, LXXXVII
+
+        Indian Empire, a curse, CCCXXXIV
+
+        ---- how to hold it, _ib._
+
+        Individual and society, XLVIII, LII
+
+        ---- his debt to society, CCLXXXIII
+
+        ---- not infallible, CCLXXXII
+
+        ---- worth, the safeguard of society, CCCXXVII
+
+        Individualism, XLIX, L
+
+        ---- limits of, CCLXXXI
+
+        Induction, does not confer absolute certainty, CCCLVIII
+
+        Industrialism and militarism, CCCLXXIX
+
+        Inert matter, CCCLXIII
+
+        Innate ideas, CLIV, CLV
+
+        Innocent pleasure of advancing years, CCCXXXIX
+
+        Instinct, CLIV, CLV
+
+        Intellectual instruction, merely, CXXVIII;
+          less needful than moral, CCCXIX
+
+        ---- matters, reason the guide in, CXLII
+
+        ---- uncertainty, CXL
+
+        ---- world and Christianity, CXLVI
+
+        Intoxication, mental, CXXXIII
+
+        Irony of history in science, CCXCII
+
+        Israel and modern ethics, CXLVII
+
+        Italy, intellectual position of, CCXVIII
+
+
+        Jesus, the story of;
+          its truth or falsehood as based on the success of
+          Christianity, CCCLIII
+
+        Jews, persecution of, in Eastern Europe, compared to that of
+        early Christians, CCCLIII
+
+        Judaism, old and modern ethics of, CXLVII
+
+        Julian, the Emperor, CXLIV
+
+        Justice satisfied, CLIX
+
+        ---- and desert, CCXLIII
+
+        ---- of nature, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV
+
+
+        Kant and evolution, CCXXV
+
+        Kelvin, Lord, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Knowledge, a little, CXIV
+
+        ---- and faith, CCXXXI
+
+        ---- of teachers, CXXVII
+
+        ---- the people perish for want of, CCXXII
+
+
+        Laboratory, the forecourt to the temple of philosophy, CLI
+
+        Labour, vital, dependent on vital capital, CCLIX
+
+        ---- and value, CCLXVI
+
+        ---- savage, a borrowing from nature, CCLXI
+
+        ---- supposed antagonism to capital, CCLXVIII
+
+        Language and racemarks, CLXXXII, CLXXXIII
+
+        Latin, XCVIII
+
+        Law of nature, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII
+
+        ---- the, as schoolmaster to Christ, CCCLIII
+
+        Learning inferior to character, CCCLXXIII
+
+        Leaving things to themselves, CXXV
+
+        Lectures, value of, CCVIII, CCIX, CCX
+
+        ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII
+
+        ---- popular, CLXXXVI
+
+        Ledger of the Almighty, CCCIII
+
+        Lessons, the first and last of, CXX
+
+        "Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die," CCCVIII
+
+        Life guided by verification, XX
+
+        ---- a rule of, C
+
+        ---- as a game of chess, LXXXIII;
+          _cf._ CCCXII
+
+        ---- as a rule of three sum, CI
+
+        ---- is worth living, even on hard terms, CCLXXI
+
+        ---- its great end, CXXI, CCCXXXV
+
+        ---- its uncertainty, CXL
+
+        ---- like a crowded street, CCCXL
+
+        ---- like a whirlpool, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII;
+          less like a machine running down, _ib._
+
+        ---- the best thing it offers, CXXX, CCCLX
+
+        ---- the Cape Horn of, CCXCIII
+
+        ---- the cup of, CCCXXXVIII
+
+        ---- the mother of the rocks, CC
+
+        ---- the tragic thread of, CCXXVII
+
+        ---- one of the most saddening things in, CCCLXXXIV
+
+        Literature and science, CCXCVI;
+          hangers on in, CCCLXXV
+
+        ---- the money of, CII
+
+        Literatures, the four great, XCVIII
+
+        Lobster, CCVII
+
+        Logical consequences, XXVIII
+
+
+        Majorities and opinion, CCCLXVII
+
+        Malevolence in nature, CCLXIX, CCCXXX
+
+        Malthusian doctrine, the, CCLXIV
+
+        Man, structural unity of, with animals, CLXXIII
+
+        ---- a queer animal, CCCLXXXV
+
+        ---- antiquity of, CLXXXV
+
+        ---- ascent of, LI, CLXXIX
+
+        ---- not a rational animal, CCCLI
+
+        ---- the mimic, CCXXXIII
+
+        ---- and the common process of evolution, CLXXVI
+
+        Man's arrogance, a check to, CLXXV
+
+        Mankind, the good of, XXXVII
+
+        Material prosperity, value of, LXXIV
+
+        ---- world, dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI
+
+        Materialism, XIV
+
+        ---- and idealism, CLXVIII
+
+        ---- the horror of, CLXV
+
+        Mathematical mill, the, CCXXVI
+
+        Matter and force, LV
+
+        ---- dignity of, CLXV, CLXVI
+
+        ---- inert, CCCXLIII
+
+        ---- its existence a metaphysical assumption, CXLVIII
+
+        Means and ends, political, CCCXXXIV
+
+        Mechanism and education, XXI
+
+        Medicine the foster-mother of the sciences, CIII
+
+        Mental and moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII
+
+        ---- analogies with the brutes, CLIII
+
+        ---- intoxication, CXXXIII
+
+        Messiah, science has none, CCCLXXVIII
+
+        Metaphysics and matter, CLXVIII
+
+        ---- and the limits of certainty, CLXVII
+
+        ---- the problem of, CCCXII
+
+        Method of science, VIII
+
+        ---- ---- spread of, CCCLXXVII
+
+        Middle-age, chief pleasure of, CCCXXXIX
+
+        Militarism and industrialism, CCCLXXIX
+
+        Millennium, the, and evolution, CCLII
+
+        Ministers to the world's weaknesses, CCCLXVII
+
+        Miracle of nature, LIV
+
+        Miracles, no _a priori_ objection to, CCCXI
+
+        Misery, XXXIII
+
+        Missionaries, XXXIX
+
+        Mistakes, CXXXVI;
+          _cf._ Error
+
+        ---- and acknowledgment of them, CXXXVII, CXLI
+
+        Modern teaching, essence of, CCIX
+
+        Moral activities, determinants of, CXXXII
+
+        ---- aspects of faith, CXXXVIII, CXXXIX, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        ---- cripples and idiots, CCCLXX
+
+        ---- conditions of success, CCLXXX
+
+        ---- duty defined, CCCLXVIII
+
+        ---- law, how far it can be fulfilled, CCCLXX
+
+        ---- laws true, even if moral sense non-existent, CCCLXVIII
+
+        ---- purpose, no sign of, in nature, CCCLIX;
+           of human origin, _ib._
+
+        ---- sanction, how far based on pure feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV
+
+        ---- sense, CCCLXIX
+
+        ---- teaching more needful than intellectual, CCCXIX
+
+        Morality and religion, CXVII;
+          _cf._ CLXIII, CLXIV;
+          distinguished, CCCXVIII
+
+        ---- is embodied in society, CCLXXV
+
+        Mordecai and Haman, CCXXXIII
+
+        Mother wit (_cf._ Genius), V;
+          _cf._ CLIV, CLV
+
+        Motion, integrating or disintegrating, CCCXLII
+
+        Museums, local, CCXCIV
+
+        Myth and science, LIX
+
+
+        Names, idolatry of, CCCXLIII
+
+        National greatness, CX
+
+        Native talent, CLV
+
+        Natural causes, great effects of, CXCVII
+
+        ---- History and Life's Picture Gallery, LXXX
+
+        ---- knowledge and truth, CL;
+          a forecourt to philosophy, CLI
+
+        ---- rights, XLVII
+
+        Nature, laws of, XLVI, LIII, LVI, CCCXII
+
+        ---- as opposed to society, CCLXXIV
+
+        ---- benevolence and malevolence in, CCLXIX, CCLXXII, CCCXLVII
+
+        ---- deafening cries of pain in, CCCXLVII
+
+        ---- defined, CCXLVIII
+
+        ---- gladiatorial aspect of, CCLXX
+
+        ---- her great Fugue, CCLXXXVIII
+
+        ---- her vis medicatrix, CCLXXVI
+
+        ---- is non-moral, CCLXXIII, CCCLVIII
+
+        ---- justice of, CCCII, CCCIV, CCCV
+
+        ---- justifies neither optimism nor pessimism, CCLXXIII, CCCXXX
+
+        ---- matter and force, LV
+
+        ---- no reverential care for unoffending creation, CCCXLVII
+
+        ---- perennial miracle of, LIV
+
+        ---- selection by, LXIII
+
+        ---- self-surrender to, CCCI
+
+        ---- the bonus in her account, CCLXXII, CCCXLVIII
+
+        ---- the capitalist, CCV
+
+        ---- the educator, LXXXV, LXXXVI, LXXXVII
+
+        ---- the unity of, CLXXVII
+
+        ---- treatment of ignorance by, LXXXVII
+
+        ---- war of, LII
+
+        Necessity, XII, CLVII
+
+        Negative criticism is not all after a full life, CCCLXIV
+
+        Negro, no sentimental sympathy with, CCCXIII
+
+        ---- effect of slavery, _ib._
+
+        Nerve force, the equivalent of, CCVII
+
+        Nineteenth century, leading characteristic of, CCCLXXVII
+
+
+        Old age, the best hope for, CCCXLI
+
+        Optimism and pessimism, CCXLIX, CCLXIX, CCLXXI, CCLXXII,
+        CCLXXIII, CCCXXX
+
+        Oratory, CCLXXXVI
+
+        Order, the eternal, CCXXXI
+
+        Original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI
+
+        Orthodoxy, LVII;
+          _cf._ Creeds, Clericalism, Ecclesiasticism
+
+        Over-instruction, CCCXXXII
+
+
+        Pain, LXXIX
+
+        ---- and wisdom, XC
+
+        ---- inevitable, CCLII
+
+        ---- is less than happiness, CCCIII
+
+        Paint-root, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Palace, substituted for a University, L
+
+        Papacy, temporal claims of, a disturbing force, CCCLXXIX
+
+        Parallax of time, XXVI
+
+        Parents not always rational animals, CCCLI
+
+        Pasteur, CCXX, CCXXI, CCXXII
+
+        Paul, St., CXXXIX
+
+        Pauperism, the vulture of, CCCLVII
+
+        Peace, the state of, breeds a new state of strife, CCLXXVIII
+
+        ---- not dependent on governments, CCCLXXIX
+
+        Pebrine, CCXXI, CCXXII
+
+        "Pecca Fortiter," XCI
+
+        People, the, perish for want of knowledge, CCXXII
+
+        ---- to better their condition, a chief aim, CCCXXXIII
+
+        Permanence of forms, the, CCXXVIII
+
+        Personal aims, CCCLXIII
+
+        Personality, CCXCVIII
+
+        Pessimism, CCXLIX;
+          _cf._ Optimism
+
+        Philosophy, XIV, LXI;
+          _cf._ Science
+
+        ---- the laboratory is the forecourt to, CLI
+
+        ---- political, XLIV
+
+        Physiology, its interest in human life, LXXVIII
+
+        ---- compared to the Atlantic, CIV
+
+        ---- applied to Political Economy, CCLIX, CCLX
+
+        Picture Gallery of Life, LXXX
+
+        "Pig philosophy," CCCLXXXI
+
+        Pigs, "selected" by the paint-root, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Plants, green, the real producers, CCLXIII, CCLXIV
+
+        Plato and the unscientific imagination, CXLIX
+
+        Pleasure of middle age, the chief, CCCXXXIX
+
+        Political philosophy, XLIV
+
+        ---- economists, their method, CCCLXXXI
+
+        Politicians, intellect of, CCCLXXXIII
+
+        Politics, the sea of, XL
+
+        ---- proper name for Social Science, CCCLXXXI
+
+        Popular Lectures and Popular Science, CLXXXVI
+
+        ---- dangers of, CLXXXVII
+
+        Population question, XLV
+
+        Positivism (_cf._ Comte), XI, CXLIV
+
+        "Possession" and genius, CXXXIV
+
+        Practical work, educative value of, CCCLXXIV
+
+        Prehistoric architecture, CLXXXIV
+
+        Present day formation of chalk, CXCI;
+          of rocks, CCI
+
+        Priestley, LXXIII, LXXV
+
+        Priests and scientific method, CCCLXXX
+
+        Primary education, CCXIII
+
+        Principles, great, can be illustrated by the commonest facts,
+        CXXIV
+
+        Producer, the sole, CCLXIII
+
+        Production, the chief factor in, CCLXII
+
+        Prometheus, the human, CCCLVII
+
+        Prophets and rational belief, CXXXIX
+
+        Prosperity (material) and morals, LXXIV
+
+        Protection and Trades Unions, LXXXII
+
+        Providence, doctrine of, CCCLXV
+
+        ---- playing at, CCCLXXVI
+
+        Public opinion, influence of, CCXXXIII
+
+        Punishment, future, CCC
+
+
+        Quantity and quality, CX
+
+        Queen bees in the human hive, CV
+
+
+        Rational animal, man is not, CCCLI
+
+        ---- grounds for belief, CXXXIX;
+          are often irrational attempts to justify instincts, CCCLVI
+
+        Reason the guide in intellectual matters, CXLII
+
+        Redi, CCXVIII
+
+        Religion and morality, CXVII;
+          distinguished, CCCXVIII
+
+        ---- and theology, CXVIII
+
+        Religious error, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        Remorse, CCCIV
+
+        Renascence, the new, CCCXX
+
+        Resolution, CCCXXI
+
+        Retribution, future, CCCII
+
+        ---- moral and physical, _ib._, III, IV, V
+
+        ---- is here, CCCVI
+
+        ---- certainty of present, CCCVII
+
+        ---- of sin, CCCXXVIII
+
+        ---- of beliefs, CCCXXIX
+
+        Right and wrong, CVIII;
+          to go right in chains, CCCXV
+
+        Rights, natural, XLVII
+
+        Robinson Crusoe, his inferences, CLIII
+
+        Rocks, the offspring of life, CC
+
+        ---- present day formation of, CCI
+
+        Rule of life, C
+
+        ---- of three sum, and life, CI
+
+
+        Sanction, the moral, and feeling, CLXIII, CLXIV
+
+        Scepticism (_cf._ Doubt and Authority), III, XVII, CL
+
+        Schools of thought, CCCLXIII
+
+        ---- a curse to science, CCCLXXII
+
+        Science, XXIV
+
+        ---- and aspiration, I
+
+        ---- and belief, IV
+
+        ---- and Christianity, CXLVI
+
+        ---- and clericalism, LVIII
+
+        ---- and commerce, CXCII
+
+        ---- and common sense, LXXVI, CXII
+
+        ---- and investigation, LXXII
+
+        ---- and literature, CCXCVI
+
+        ---- and myth, LIX, LX
+
+        ---- and philosophy, LXI
+
+        ---- and the priests, CCCLXXX
+
+        ---- as Cinderella, CCLVIII
+
+        ---- can afford to wait, CXXXV
+
+        ---- counters of, CII
+
+        ---- fostered by medicine, CIII
+
+        ---- function of, CLXXVIII
+
+        ---- Goethe's work in, CCLXXXIX, CCXC
+
+        ---- growth of, CCCLXXVII
+
+        ---- hangers on in, _ib._
+
+        ---- has many prophets but no Messiah, CCCLXXVIII
+
+        ---- irony of history in, CCXCII
+
+        ---- limits of, XIV
+
+        ---- method of, VIII, LXXVII
+
+        ---- motto of, CCCL
+
+        ---- picture it draws of the world, LXII
+
+        ---- popularisation of, CLXXXVI
+
+        ---- spirit of, LXIX, CL, CCCLXXVII
+
+        ---- success in, CCCLXXV
+
+        ---- tragedy of, CCXIX
+
+        Scientific imagination, CXXXI, CXLIX;
+           and the Aryan question, CLXXXI
+
+        ---- idea, growth and efficacy of, CCXXII
+
+        Secondary causes, CLXXXVII
+
+        Selection, social, XXXI;
+          the basis of evolution, CCXXX;
+          may be rapid, CLXXXVIII
+
+        Self-surrender to nature, CCCI
+
+        Shakespeare, XCII
+
+        Shams, CCCLX
+
+        Silkworm disease, CCXXI
+
+        Sin gravitates to sorrow, CCCV
+
+        ---- lasting punishment of, CCCXXVIII
+
+        ---- origin of, CCCLXII
+
+        Size and greatness, CX
+
+        Skill, a greater than, CXXIX
+
+        Slavery, the double emancipation, LXXXI
+
+        ---- effects of, CCCXIII
+
+        Slowness of evolution, CCV
+
+        Social selection, XXXI;
+          _cf._ CCXXXV
+
+        ---- life is embodied morality, CCLXXV
+
+        ---- science, CCCLXXXI;
+          nicknamed "Dismal," _ib._;
+          value of its method, _ib._
+
+        ---- tendency, the, CCXXXIII
+
+        Socially unfit, the, CCXXXVI
+
+        Society, complexity of, XXXVI
+
+        ---- a limitation of the struggle for existence, CCLXXV
+
+        ---- and individualism, XLIX, L, CCCLXVIII
+
+        ---- and the individual, XLVIII
+
+        ---- as opposed to nature, CCLXXIV
+
+        ---- conditions of its stability, CCLXXIX
+
+        ---- internal struggle, CCXXXVII;
+          permanence of, CCXXXVIII
+
+        ---- moral conditions of success, CCLXXX
+
+        ---- population question, XLV
+
+        ---- statute of limitations needed in, XLIII
+
+        ---- the end of, CCCLXVIII
+
+        ---- the individual's debt to, CCLXXXIII
+
+        Socrates put to death by the demagogues, CXLVIII
+
+        Sorrow, inevitable, CCLII
+
+        ---- deep plunge into, CCCXLVI
+
+        Soul in automata, XXVII
+
+        Soundings, deep sea, CXCII
+
+        Southey and the Quaker, CXXVI
+
+        Spallanzani, CCXXII
+
+        Sphinx, the true riddle of the, CCLXXVIII
+
+        Spiritualism, its only use if true, CCCXXV
+
+        Stanley, Dean, on being made a bishop, CCCLXXXIII
+
+        Starvation on ortolans, CCCXLVIII
+
+        Starve, who shall first? CCLXXIX
+
+        State not infallible, CCLXXXII
+
+        Stimulants and brain work, CCCLV
+
+        Structural unity of men and animals, CLXXII
+
+        Struggle for existence, among ideas, LXVIII;
+          modified within society, CCXXXVII;
+          but permanent, CCXXXVIII;
+          limited by society, CCLXXV
+
+        ---- and original sin, CCXXXII, CCXLI
+
+        ---- the serious, CCLII
+
+        ---- two-fold, in civilisation, CCXLII
+
+        Studies, the conflict of, XCIII
+
+        Success, moral conditions of, CCLXXXI, CCCXXVII
+
+        Suffering and wisdom, XC
+
+        ---- and civilisation, CCXLII
+
+        ---- and virtue, CLXI
+
+        Survival of the fittest, and ethical process, CCL
+
+        Sweepers and cleansers, the work of, CCCLXIV
+
+        Sympathy and conscience, CCXXXIII
+
+        ---- as a rule of life, CCXXXV
+
+
+        Teachers, knowledge of, CXXVII
+
+        ---- training of, CCLXXXIV
+
+        Teaching, essence of modern, CCXI, CCXII, CCXV
+        (_cf._ Education)
+
+        ---- and the things that are inborn, CCCLXXIII
+
+        Technical education, CCCXXXI
+
+        Theology and religion, CXVIII
+
+        Theories, three great modern, X
+
+        Theory and fact, CCLXXXVI
+
+        Things in themselves, CCLV
+
+        Thinking, time for, CXXVI
+
+        Thought, XVIII, XIX
+
+        ---- as a function of the brain, CCCLXI
+
+        ---- freedom of, CXXX
+
+        ---- struggle for existence in, LXVIII
+
+        Time and truth, XXXII
+
+        Trades Unions and Protection, LXXXII
+
+        Traditional authority, its struggle with free thought, CCCXX
+
+        Traditions and realities, CLXXI
+
+        ---- rejection of, CCCLXXVII
+
+        Tragic thread of life, CCXXVII
+
+        Truth (_cp._ Authority, Veracity), XXIX, XXXII, LXV, CCCXX
+
+        ---- and common sense, CXII
+
+        ---- and error, XCI
+
+        ---- and its reward, CLXX
+
+        ---- and the function of science, CLXXVIII
+
+        ---- and types, CCLXXXVII
+
+        ---- seeker, VI
+
+        ---- the search for, CL, CLXIX
+
+        ---- the spread of, CCCXXXVI
+
+        Try all things and hold fast to that which is good, the
+        motto of science, CCCL
+
+        Types and truth, CCLXXXVII
+
+
+        Unbelief in creeds, CXLI, CXLV
+
+        Uncertainty, intellectual, CXL
+
+        Under-instruction, CCCXXXII
+
+        Unfit, the, CCXXXVI
+
+        Unhappiness, too easy to confer, CCCLXXXIV
+
+        Universe compared to a great game, CCCXII
+
+        University of Nature, LXXXVI
+
+        ---- an ideal, XCIX
+
+        ---- a palace substituted for, L
+
+        ---- ancient and modern, CCCLXXI
+
+        Utilitarians, founders of the science of Eubiotics, CCCLXXXI
+
+        ---- their nickname, _ib._
+
+
+        Value and labour, CCLXVI
+
+        Variation, the basis of evolution, CLXXXVIII, CCXXX
+
+        Veracity, I, XCIX;
+          _cf._ Error, Mistakes, _esp._ CXXXVII
+
+        Verification the guide of life, XX
+
+        ---- and expectation, CCCLVIII
+
+        "Virtually," CCLXV
+
+        Virtue, automatic, XXII
+
+        ---- and austerity, CLXII
+
+        ---- on L10,000 a year, LXXIV
+
+        ---- the ways of, CLXI
+
+        Vis medicatrix naturae, CCLXXVI
+
+        Vitality, CCCXLIII
+
+        Vivisection, CCCXXVI
+
+        Voice, power of the human, CLXXXVI
+
+
+        Wages received are capital possessed, CCLXVII
+
+        Want, _see_ Wealth
+
+        War of Nature, LII
+
+        Wealth and Nemesis, CCLXXVII
+
+        ---- a want, CCCLVII
+
+        Wesley, John, CLXXXVI
+
+        Whirlpool, life compared to, CCCXLII, CCCXLIII
+
+        Will, freedom of the, CCLVII
+
+        Wisdom in many counsellors, VII
+
+        ---- and suffering, XC
+
+        Women, their powers compared to those of men, CCCXXIII
+
+        ---- medical education of, CCCXXIV
+
+        ---- physical disabilities and occupation, CCCXXIV
+
+        Work, valuation of a man's, CCLXXXV
+
+        ---- effect on women, CCCXXIV
+
+        World, future of the, CIX
+
+        ---- judgments of the, CCCXXII
+
+        ---- ministers to the weaknesses of the, CCCLXXVII
+
+        Wrong, infinite possibilities of, CVIII
+
+
+  R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C.,
+  AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
+
+
+
+
+Macmillan's Golden Treasury Series.
+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+    * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the
+        English Language. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by
+        FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE.
+
+    * The Golden Treasury of the best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the
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+        FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. Second Series. The Two Series, in
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+
+    Lyric Love. An Anthology. Edited by W. WATSON.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+    Golden Treasury Psalter. Being an Edition with Briefer Notes of
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+
+    The Book of Praise. From the best English Hymn Writers. Selected
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+
+    La Lyre Francaise. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by GUSTAVE
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+
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+
+    Balladen und Romanzen. The Golden Treasury of the Best German
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+
+    Deutsche Lyrik. The Golden Treasury of the Best German Lyrical
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    * Essays of Joseph Addison. Chosen and Edited by J. R. GREEN,
+        M.A., LL.D.
+
+    * Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold.
+
+    * Bacon's Essays and Colours of Good and Evil. With Notes and
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+
+    Lyrical Poems of T. E. Brown. Selected by H. F. BROWN and H. G.
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+    * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Astronomer-Poet of Persia.
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+
+    Euphranor, and other Miscellanies. By EDWARD FITZGERALD.
+
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+
+    Heine's Lieder und Gedichte. Selected and Edited, with an
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+
+    Chrysomela: a Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert
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+
+    The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. By O. W. HOLMES. With
+        Introduction by Sir LESLIE STEPHEN.
+
+    Tom Brown's School Days. By THOMAS HUGHES.
+
+    Aphorisms and Reflections from the Works of Thomas Henry Huxley.
+        Selected by HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY.
+
+    * The Poetical Works of John Keats. Reprinted from the original
+        Editions, with Notes by F. T. PALGRAVE.
+
+    * The Christian Year. Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holy
+        Days throughout the Year. With Introduction by C. M. YONGE.
+
+    * Tales from Shakespeare. By CHARLES and MARY LAMB. Edited by
+        the Rev. A. AINGER, M.A.
+
+    Walter Savage Landor. Selections from the Writings of. Arranged
+        and Edited by SIDNEY COLVIN.
+
+    * London Lyrics. By FREDERICK LOCKER-LAMPSON.
+
+    Poetry of Thomas Moore. Selected and arranged by C. LITTON
+        FALKINER.
+
+    * Select Poems of Christina G. Rossetti. Edited by W. M.
+        ROSSETTI.
+
+    Songs and Sonnets by William Shakespeare. Edited by F. T.
+        PALGRAVE.
+
+    * Poems from Shelley. Selected and Arranged by STOPFORD A.
+        BROOKE, M.A.
+
+    * Poems by Robert Southey. Chosen and arranged by E. DOWDEN.
+
+    Essays of Richard Steele. Selected and Edited by L. EDWARD
+        STEELE.
+
+    Lyrical Poems. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. Selected and Annotated
+        by F. T. PALGRAVE.
+
+    * In Memoriam. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
+
+    * The Princess. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
+
+    * The Idylls of the King. By ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
+
+    * Poems of Wordsworth. Chosen and edited by MATTHEW ARNOLD.
+
+    The Story of the Christians and Moors in Spain. By C. M. YONGE,
+        Author of "THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE."
+
+    Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici: Letter to a Friend, etc.,
+        and Christian Morals. Edited by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon.
+
+    Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus. Edited
+        by W. A. GREENHILL, M.D., Oxon.
+
+    The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to Come.
+        By JOHN BUNYAN.
+
+    The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Edited after the Original
+        Edition, by J. W. CLARK, M.A.
+
+    Mohammed. The Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet. Chosen and
+        Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by STANLEY LANE
+        POOLE.
+
+    The Cavalier and his Lady. Selections from the Works of the
+        First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle. With an Introductory
+        Essay by EDWARD JENKINS, Author of "GINX'S BABY," etc.
+
+    The House of Atreus: being the Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, and
+        Furies of AEschylus. Translated into English verse by E. D.
+        A. MORSHEAD, M.A.
+
+    Two Essays on Old Age and Friendship. Translated from the Latin
+        of Cicero, with Introduction, by E. S. SHUCKBURGH.
+
+    Golden Sayings of Epictetus. Translated and Arranged by HASTINGS
+        CROSSLEY, M.A., Litt. D.
+
+    * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus to Himself. An English Version of
+        the Works of Marcus Aurelius. By Rev. Dr. GERALD HENRY
+        RENDALL, Head Master of Charterhouse.
+
+    * The Republic of Plato. Translated into English, with Notes, by
+        J. LL. DAVIES, M.A., and D. J. VAUGHAN, M.A.
+
+    The Trial and Death of Socrates. Being the Euthyphron, Apology,
+        Crito, and Phaedo of Plato. Translated into English by F. J.
+        CHURCH.
+
+    Phaedrus, Lysis, and Protagoras of Plato. A New and Literal
+        Translation, by J. WRIGHT.
+
+    Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus. Rendered into English Prose by
+        ANDREW LANG, M.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., LONDON
+
+  10.11.07
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the
+works of T. H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS ***
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