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diff --git a/35584-h/35584-h.htm b/35584-h/35584-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69e3c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/35584-h/35584-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10893 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley, selected by Henrietta A. 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H. Huxley, by Thomas Henry Huxley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Aphorisms and Reflections from the works of T. H. Huxley + +Author: Thomas Henry Huxley + +Editor: Henrietta A. Huxley + +Release Date: March 16, 2011 [EBook #35584] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Anna Hall and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_001.jpg" alt=" decoration" width="380" height="100"></img></div> + +<h4 class="center">MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +<small>LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA<br /> +MELBOURNE</small><br /> +<br /> +THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> +<small>NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO<br /> +ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO</small><br /> +<br /> +THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br /> +<small>TORONTO</small></h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt=" Signature: T. H. Huxley" width="400" height="730"></img></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1 class="center">APHORISMS</h1> +<h3 class="center">AND</h3> +<h1 class="center">REFLECTIONS</h1> + +<h3 class="center">From the Works of</h3> +<h2 class="center">T. H. HUXLEY</h2> + +<h3 class="center">Selected by</h3> +<h2 class="center">HENRIETTA A. HUXLEY<br /></h2> + +<p class="center">MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED<br /> +ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON<br /> +1908<br /> +<br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3 class="center"><span class="smcap">Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,</span></h3> +<p class="center">BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND<br /> +BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.<br /></p> + +<p class="center"><i>First Edition, 1907.</i><br /> +<i>Reprinted, 1908.</i></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">PREFACE</h2> + +<p>Although a man by his works and personality +shall have made his mark upon the age he lives in, +yet when he has passed away and his influence +with him, the next generation, and still more the +succeeding one, will know little of this work, of his +ideals and of the goal he strove to win, although for +the student his scientific work may always live.</p> + +<p>Thomas Henry Huxley may come to be remembered +by the public merely as the man who held +that we were descended from the ape, or as the +apostle of Darwinism, or as the man who worsted +Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford.</p> + +<p>To prevent such limitation, and to afford more +intimate and valuable reasons for remembrance of +this man of science and lover of his fellow-men, I +have gathered together passages, on widely differing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +themes, from the nine volumes of his "Essays," +from his "Scientific Memoirs" and his "Letters," +to be published in a small volume, complete in itself +and of a size that can be carried in the pocket.</p> + +<p>Some of the passages were picked out for their +philosophy, some for their moral guidances, some +for their scientific exposition of natural facts, or +for their insight into social questions; others for +their charms of imagination or genial humour, and +many—not the least—for their pure beauty of lucid +English writing.</p> + +<p>In so much wealth of material it was difficult to +restrict the gathering.</p> + +<p>My great wish is that this small book, by the +easy method of its contents, may attract the attention +of those persons who are yet unacquainted +with my husband's writings; of the men and women +of leisure, who, although they may have heard of +the "Essays," do not care to work their way through +the nine volumes; of others who would like to read +them, but who have either no time to do so or coin +wherewith to buy them. More especially do I hope +that these selections may attract the attention of the +working man, whose cause my husband so ardently +espoused, and to whom he was the first to reveal, +by his free lectures, the loveliness of Nature, +the many rainbow-coloured rays of science, and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> +show forth to his listeners how all these glorious +rays unite in the one pure white light of holy +truth.</p> + +<p>I am most grateful to our son Leonard Huxley +for weeding out the overgrowth of my extracts, +for indexing the text of the book and seeing +it through the press for me.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="smcap">Hodeslea, Eastbourne,</span><br /> +<i>June 29th, 1907.</i><br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS</h2> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_I" id="Num_I">I</a></p> + +<p>There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind +except veracity of thought and of action, and +the resolute facing of the world as it is when the +garment of make-believe by which pious hands +have hidden its uglier features is stripped off.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_II" id="Num_II">II</a></p> + +<p>Natural knowledge, seeking to satisfy natural +wants, has found the ideas which can alone still +spiritual cravings. I say that natural knowledge, in +desiring to ascertain the laws of comfort, has been +driven to discover those of conduct, and to lay the +foundations of a new morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_III" id="Num_III">III</a></p> + +<p>The improver of natural knowledge absolutely +refuses to acknowledge authority, as such. For +him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind faith +the one unpardonable sin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_IV" id="Num_IV">IV</a></p> + +<p>The man of science has learned to believe in +justification, not by faith, but by verification.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_V" id="Num_V">V</a></p> + +<p>No delusion is greater than the notion that +method and industry can make up for lack of motherwit, +either in science or in practical life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VI" id="Num_VI">VI</a></p> + +<p>Nothing great in science has ever been done by +men, whatever their powers, in whom the divine +afflatus of the truth-seeker was wanting.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VII" id="Num_VII">VII</a></p> + +<p>In science, as in art, and, as I believe, in every +other sphere of human activity, there may be wisdom +in a multitude of counsellors, but it is only in one or +two of them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_VIII" id="Num_VIII">VIII</a></p> + +<p>Nothing can be more incorrect than the assumption +one sometimes meets with, that physics has one +method, chemistry another, and biology a third.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_IX" id="Num_IX">IX</a></p> + +<p>Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific +work is aware that those who refuse to go beyond +fact, rarely get as far as fact; and anyone who has +studied the history of science knows that almost +every great step therein has been made by the +"anticipation of Nature."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_X" id="Num_X">X</a></p> + +<p>There are three great products of our time.... One +of these is that doctrine concerning the constitution of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +matter which, for want of a better name, I will call +"molecular"; the second is the doctrine of the conservation +of energy; the third is the doctrine of +evolution.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XI" id="Num_XI">XI</a></p> + +<p>M. Comte's philosophy, in practice, might be +compendiously described as Catholicism <i>minus</i> +Christianity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XII" id="Num_XII">XII</a></p> + +<p>Fact I know; and Law I know; but what is this +Necessity, save an empty shadow of my own mind's +throwing?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIII" id="Num_XIII">XIII</a></p> + +<p>We live in a world which is full of misery and +ignorance, and the plain duty of each and all of us +is to try to make the little corner he can influence +somewhat less miserable and somewhat less ignorant +than it was before he entered it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIV" id="Num_XIV">XIV</a></p> + +<p>The man of science, who, forgetting the limits of +philosophical inquiry, slides from these formulæ and +symbols into what is commonly understood by +materialism, seems to me to place himself on a level +with the mathematician, who should mistake the <i>x</i>'s +and <i>y</i>'s with which he works his problems for real +entities—and with this further disadvantage, as +compared with the mathematician, that the blunders +of the latter are of no practical consequence, while +the errors of systematic materialism may paralyse +the energies and destroy the beauty of a life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XV" id="Num_XV">XV</a></p> + +<p>There are some men who are counted great +because they represent the actuality of their own +age, and mirror it as it is. Such an one was +Voltaire, of whom it was epigrammatically said, +"he expressed everybody's thoughts better than +anybody." But there are other men who attain greatness +because they embody the potentiality of their +own day, and magically reflect the future. They +express the thoughts which will be everybody's two +or three centuries after them. Such an one was +Descartes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVI" id="Num_XVI">XVI</a></p> + +<p>"Learn what is true, in order to do what is +right," is the summing up of the whole duty of man, +for all who are unable to satisfy their mental hunger +with the east wind of authority.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVII" id="Num_XVII">XVII</a></p> + +<p>When I say that Descartes consecrated doubt, you +must remember that it was that sort of doubt which +Goethe has called "the active scepticism, whose +whole aim is to conquer itself"; and not that other +sort which is born of flippancy and ignorance, and +whose aim is only to perpetuate itself, as an excuse +for idleness and indifference.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XVIII" id="Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></p> + +<p>What, then, is certain?... Why, the fact that the +thought, the present consciousness, exists. Our +thoughts may be delusive, but they cannot be +fictitious. As thoughts, they are real and existent, +and the cleverest deceiver cannot make them +otherwise.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XIX" id="Num_XIX">XIX</a></p> + +<p>Thought is existence. More than that, so far as +we are concerned, existence is thought, all our conceptions +of existence being some kind or other of +thought.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XX" id="Num_XX">XX</a></p> + +<p>It is enough for all the practical purposes of human +existence if we find that our trust in the representations +of consciousness is verified by results; and +that, by their help, we are enabled "to walk sure-footedly +in this life."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXI" id="Num_XXI">XXI</a></p> + +<p>It is because the body is a machine that education +is possible. Education is the formation of habits, a +superinducing of an artificial organisation upon the +natural organisation of the body; so that acts, +which at first required a conscious effort, eventually +became unconscious and mechanical.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXII" id="Num_XXII">XXII</a></p> + +<p>I protest that if some great Power would agree to +make me always think what is true and do what is +right, on condition of being turned into a sort of +clock and wound up every morning before I got +out of bed, I should instantly close with the offer.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIII" id="Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></p> + +<p>The only freedom I care about is the freedom to +do right; the freedom to do wrong I am ready to +part with on the cheapest terms to anyone who will +take it of me.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIV" id="Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></p> + +<p>Whatever evil voices may rage, Science, secure +among the powers that are eternal, will do her work +and be blessed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXV" id="Num_XXV">XXV</a></p> + +<p>There is assuredly no more effectual method of +clearing up one's own mind on any subject than by +talking it over, so to speak, with men of real power +and grasp, who have considered it from a totally +different point of view.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVI" id="Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></p> + +<p>The parallax of time helps us to the true position +of a conception, as the parallax of space helps us to +that of a star.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVII" id="Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></p> + +<p>[If animals are conscious automata with souls] +the soul stands related to the body as the bell of a +clock to the works, and consciousness answers +to the sound which the bell gives out when it is +struck.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXVIII" id="Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Logical consequences are the scarecrows of fools +and the beacons of wise men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXIX" id="Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></p> + +<p>The only question which any wise man can ask +himself, and which any honest man will ask himself, +is whether a doctrine is true or false.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXX" id="Num_XXX">XXX</a></p> + +<p>Of all the senseless babble I have ever had +occasion to read, the demonstrations of these philosophers +who undertake to tell us all about the +nature of God would be the worst, if they were not +surpassed by the still greater absurdities of the +philosophers who try to prove that there is no +God.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXI" id="Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></p> + +<p>That which is to be lamented, I fancy, is not that +society should do its utmost to help capacity to +ascend from the lower strata to the higher, but that +it has no machinery by which to facilitate the +descent of incapacity from the higher strata to the +lower.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXII" id="Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></p> + +<p>Time, whose tooth gnaws away everything else, +is powerless against truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIII" id="Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Misery is a match that never goes out.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIV" id="Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Genius as an explosive power beats gunpowder +hollow; and if knowledge, which should give that +power guidance, is wanting, the chances are not +small that the rocket will simply run amuck among +friends and foes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXV" id="Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></p> + +<p>Thoughtfulness for others, generosity, modesty, +and self-respect, are the qualities which make a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +real gentleman, or lady, as distinguished from the +veneered article which commonly goes by that +name.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVI" id="Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The higher the state of civilisation, the more +completely do the actions of one member of the +social body influence all the rest, and the less +possible is it for any one man to do a wrong thing +without interfering, more or less, with the freedom +of all his fellow-citizens.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVII" id="Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></p> + +<p>I take it that the good of mankind means the +attainment, by every man, of all the happiness +which he can enjoy without diminishing the happiness +of his fellow men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXVIII" id="Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Education promotes peace by teaching men the +realities of life and the obligations which are +involved in the very existence of society; it promotes +intellectual development, not only by training the +individual intellect, but by sifting out from the +masses of ordinary or inferior capacities, those +who are competent to increase the general welfare +by occupying higher positions; and, lastly, +it promotes morality and refinement, by teaching +men to discipline themselves, and by leading them +to see that the highest, as it is the only permanent, +content is to be attained, not by grovelling in the +rank and steaming valleys of sense, but by continual +striving towards those high peaks, where, resting +in eternal calm, reason discerns the undefined but +bright ideal of the highest Good—"a cloud by day, +a pillar of fire by night."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XXXIX" id="Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Missionaries, whether of philosophy or of religion, +rarely make rapid way, unless their preachings fall +in with the prepossessions of the multitude of shallow +thinkers, or can be made to serve as a stalking-horse +for the promotion of the practical aims of the +still larger multitude, who do not profess to think +much, but are quite certain they want a great +deal.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XL" id="Num_XL">XL</a></p> + +<p>Proclaim human equality as loudly as you like, +Witless will serve his brother.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLI" id="Num_XLI">XLI</a></p> + +<p>There is no sea more dangerous than the ocean of +practical politics—none in which there is more need +of good pilotage and of a single, unfaltering purpose +when the waves rise high.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLII" id="Num_XLII">XLII</a></p> + +<p>The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or +have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly +baseless fiction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIII" id="Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></p> + +<p>For the welfare of society, as for that of individual +men, it is surely essential that there should be a +statute of limitations in respect of the consequences +of wrong-doing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIV" id="Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></p> + +<p>"Musst immer thun wie neu geboren" is the best +of all maxims for the guidance of the life of States, +no less than of individuals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLV" id="Num_XLV">XLV</a></p> + +<p>The population question is the real riddle of the +sphinx, to which no political Œdipus has as yet +found the answer. In view of the ravages of the +terrible monster, over-multiplication, all other riddles +sink into insignificance.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVI" id="Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></p> + +<p>The "Law of Nature" is not a command to do, +or to refrain from doing, anything. It contains, in +reality, nothing but a statement of that which a +given being tends to do under the circumstances of +its existence; and which, in the case of a living +and sensitive being, it is necessitated to do, if it is +to escape certain kinds of disability, pain, and +ultimate dissolution.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVII" id="Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></p> + +<p>Probably none of the political delusions which +have sprung from the "natural rights" doctrine has +been more mischievous than the assertion that all +men have a natural right to freedom, and that those +who willingly submit to any restriction of this +freedom, beyond the point determined by the deductions +of <i>a priori</i> philosophers, deserve the title of +slave. But to my mind, this delusion is incomprehensible +except as the result of the error of confounding +natural with moral rights.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLVIII" id="Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></p> + +<p>The very existence of society depends on the +fact that every member of it tacitly admits that +he is not the exclusive possessor of himself, and +that he admits the claim of the polity of which +he forms a part, to act, to some extent, as his +master.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XLIX" id="Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></p> + +<p>Surely there is a time to submit to guidance and a +time to take one's own way at all hazards.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_L" id="Num_L">L</a></p> + +<p>Individualism, pushed to anarchy, in the family is +as ill-founded theoretically and as mischievous practically +as it is in the State; while extreme regimentation +is a certain means of either destroying self-reliance +or of maddening to rebellion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LI" id="Num_LI">LI</a></p> + +<p>A man in his development runs for a little while +parallel with, though never passing through, the +form of the meanest worm, then travels for a space +beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and +the reptile for his fellow travellers; and only at last, +after a brief companionship with the highest of the +four-footed and four-handed world, rises into the +dignity of pure manhood.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LII" id="Num_LII">LII</a></p> + +<p>Not only does every animal live at the expense of +some other animal or plant, but the very plants are at +war.... The individuals of a species are like the +crew of a foundered ship, and none but good swimmers +have a chance of reaching the land.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIII" id="Num_LIII">LIII</a></p> + +<p>When we know that living things are formed +of the same elements as the inorganic world, that +they act and react upon it, bound by a thousand ties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +of natural piety, is it probable, nay is it possible, +that they, and they alone, should have no order in +their seeming disorder, no unity in their seeming +multiplicity, should suffer no explanation by the +discovery of some central and sublime law of mutual +connection?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIV" id="Num_LIV">LIV</a></p> + +<p>The student of Nature wonders the more and is +astonished the less, the more conversant he becomes +with her operations; but of all the perennial miracles +she offers to his inspection, perhaps the most worthy +of admiration is the development of a plant or of an +animal from its embryo.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LV" id="Num_LV">LV</a></p> + +<p>Matter and force are the two names of the one +artist who fashions the living as well as the lifeless.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVI" id="Num_LVI">LVI</a></p> + +<p>There is not throughout Nature a law of wider +application than this, that a body impelled by two +forces takes the direction of their resultant.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVII" id="Num_LVII">LVII</a></p> + +<p>Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of +thought. It learns not, neither can it forget.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LVIII" id="Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></p> + +<p>Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers +after truth, from the days of Galileo until now, +whose lives have been embittered and their good +name blasted by the mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +Who shall count the host of weaker men whose +sense of truth has been destroyed in the effort to +harmonise impossibilities—whose life has been +wasted in the attempt to force the generous new +wine of Science into the old bottles of Judaism, +compelled by the outcry of the same strong party?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LIX" id="Num_LIX">LIX</a></p> + +<p>When Astronomy was young "the morning stars +sang together for joy," and the planets were guided +in their courses by celestial hands. Now, the +harmony of the stars has resolved itself into +gravitation according to the inverse squares of the +distances, and the orbits of the planets are deducible +from the laws of the forces which allow a schoolboy's +stone to break a window.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LX" id="Num_LX">LX</a></p> + +<p>The lightning was the angel of the Lord; but it +has pleased Providence, in these modern times, that +science should make it the humble messenger of man, +and we know that every flash that shimmers about +the horizon on a summer's evening is determined by +ascertainable conditions, and that its direction and +brightness might, if our knowledge of these were +great enough, have been calculated.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXI" id="Num_LXI">LXI</a></p> + +<p>Why should the souls [of philosophers] be deeply +vexed? The majesty of Fact is on their side, and the +elemental forces of Nature are working for them. +Not a star comes to the meridian at its calculated +time but testifies to the justice of their methods—their +beliefs are "one with the falling rain and with +the growing corn." By doubt they are established, +and open inquiry is their bosom friend.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXII" id="Num_LXII">LXII</a></p> + +<p>Harmonious order governing eternally continuous +progress—the web and woof of matter and force +interweaving by slow degrees, without a broken +thread, that veil which lies between us and the +Infinite—that universe which alone we know or can +know; such is the picture which science draws of +the world, and in proportion as any part of that +picture is in unison with the rest, so may we feel +sure that it is rightly painted.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIII" id="Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></p> + +<p>Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of +men, with his mere natural appliances, to separate all +the grains of sand from all the grains of salt; but a +shower of rain will effect the same object in ten +minutes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIV" id="Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></p> + +<p>Elijah's great question, "Will you serve God or +Baal? Choose ye," is uttered audibly enough in the +ears of every one of us as we come to manhood. +Let every man who tries to answer it seriously ask +himself whether he can be satisfied with the Baal of +authority, and with all the good things his worshippers +are promised in this world and the next. If he can, +let him, if he be so inclined, amuse himself with such +scientific implements as authority tells him are safe +and will not cut his fingers; but let him not imagine +he is, or can be, both a true son of the Church and a +loyal soldier of science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXV" id="Num_LXV">LXV</a></p> + +<p>Ecclesiasticism in science is only unfaithfulness +to truth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVI" id="Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></p> + +<p>If the blind acceptance of authority appears to +him in its true colours, as mere private judgment <i>in +excelsis</i>, and if he have the courage to stand alone, +face to face with the abyss of the eternal and +unknowable, let him be content, once for all, not +only to renounce the good things promised by +"Infallibility," but even to bear the bad things +which it prophesies; content to follow reason and +fact in singleness and honesty of purpose, wherever +they may lead, in the sure faith that a hell of honest +men will, to him, be more endurable than a paradise +full of angelic shams.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVII" id="Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></p> + +<p>History warns us that it is the customary fate +of new truths to begin as heresies and to end as +superstitions.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXVIII" id="Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The struggle for existence holds as much in the +intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a +species of thinking, and its right to exist is +coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by +its rivals.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXIX" id="Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></p> + +<p>The scientific spirit is of more value than its +products, and irrationally held truths may be more +harmful than reasoned errors.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXX" id="Num_LXX">LXX</a></p> + +<p>Every belief is the product of two factors: the +first is the state of the mind to which the evidence in +favour of that belief is presented; and the second +is the logical cogency of the evidence itself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXI" id="Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></p> + +<p>Science commits suicide when it adopts a creed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXII" id="Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></p> + +<p>The method of scientific investigation is nothing +but the expression of the necessary mode of working +of the human mind. It is simply the mode in which +all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise +and exact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIII" id="Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></p> + +<p>There are men (and I think Priestley was one of +them) to whom the satisfaction of throwing down a +triumphant fallacy is as great as that which attends +the discovery of a new truth; who feel better +satisfied with the government of the world, when +they have been helping Providence by knocking an +imposture on the head; and who care even more for +freedom of thought than for mere advance of +knowledge. These men are the Carnots who +organise victory for truth, and they are, at least, as +important as the generals who visibly fight her battles +in the field.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIV" id="Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Material advancement has its share in moral and +intellectual progress. Becky Sharp's acute remark +that it is not difficult to be virtuous on ten thousand +a year, has its application to nations; and it is futile +to expect a hungry and squalid population to be +anything but violent and gross.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXV" id="Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></p> + +<p>If the twentieth century is to be better than the +nineteenth, it will be because there are among us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +men who walk in Priestley's footsteps. But whether +Priestley's lot be theirs, and a future generation, in +justice and in gratitude, set up their statues; or +whether their names and fame are blotted out from +remembrance, their work will live as long as time +endures. To all eternity, the sum of truth and right +will have been increased by their means; to all +eternity, falsehood and injustice will be the weaker +because they have lived.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVI" id="Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Science is, I believe, nothing but <i>trained and +organised common sense</i>, differing from the latter only +as a veteran may differ from a raw recruit: and its +methods differ from those of common sense only so +far as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from +the manner in which a savage wields his club.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVII" id="Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The vast results obtained by Science are won by +no mystical faculties, by no mental processes, other +than those which are practised by every one of us, in +the humblest and meanest affairs of life. A detective +policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made +by his shoe, by a mental process identical with that +by which Cuvier restored the extinct animals of +Montmartre from fragments of their bones.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXVIII" id="Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>There is no side of the human mind which physiological +study leaves uncultivated. Connected by +innumerable ties with abstract science, Physiology is +yet in the most intimate relation with humanity; and +by teaching us that law and order, and a definite +scheme of development, regulate even the strangest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +and wildest manifestations of individual life, she +prepares the student to look for a goal even amidst +the erratic wanderings of mankind, and to believe +that history offers something more than an entertaining +chaos—a journal of a toilsome, tragi-comic +march nowhither.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXIX" id="Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I cannot but think that he who finds a certain +proportion of pain and evil inseparably woven up in +the life of the very worms, will bear his own share +with more courage and submission; and will, at any +rate, view with suspicion those weakly amiable +theories of the Divine government, which would have +us believe pain to be an oversight and a mistake,—to +be corrected by and by. On the other hand, the +predominance of happiness among living things—their +lavish beauty—the secret and wonderful +harmony which pervades them all, from the highest +to the lowest, are equally striking refutations of that +modern Manichean doctrine, which exhibits the world +as a slave-mill, worked with many tears, for mere +utilitarian ends.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXX" id="Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></p> + +<p>To a person uninstructed in natural history, his +country or sea-side stroll is a walk through a gallery +filled with wonderful works of art, nine-tenths of +which have their faces turned to the wall. Teach +him something of natural history, and you place in +his hands a catalogue of those which are worth +turning round. Surely our innocent pleasures are +not so abundant in this life that we can afford to +despise this or any other source of them. We should +fear being banished for our neglect to that limbo +where the great Florentine tells us are those who, +during this life, "wept when they might be joyful."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXI" id="Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></p> + +<p>No slavery can be abolished without a double +emancipation, and the master will benefit by freedom +more than the freed-man.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXII" id="Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Compare the average artisan and the average +country squire, and it may be doubted if you will find +a pin to choose between the two in point of ignorance, +class feeling, or prejudice. It is true that the +ignorance is of a different sort—that the class feeling +is in favour of a different class—and that the prejudice +has a distinct savour of wrong-headedness in each +case—but it is questionable if the one is either a bit +better, or a bit worse, than the other. The old +protectionist theory is the doctrine of trades unions as +applied by the squires, and the modern trades unionism +is the doctrine of the squires applied by the artisans. +Why should we be worse off under one <i>régime</i> than +under the other?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIII" id="Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one +of us, and, more or less, of those who are connected +with us, do depend upon our knowing something +of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and +complicated than chess. It is a game which has been +played for untold ages, every man and woman of us +being one of the two players in a game of his or her +own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the +phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are +what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the +other side is hidden from us. We know that his play +is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to +our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes +the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man +who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +that sort of overflowing generosity with which the +strong shows delight in strength. And one who +plays ill is checkmated—without haste, but without +remorse.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIV" id="Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Education is the instruction of the intellect in the +laws of Nature, under which name I include not +merely things and their forces, but men and their +ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of +the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in +harmony with those laws.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXV" id="Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></p> + +<p>To every one of us the world was once as fresh and +new as to Adam. And then, long before we were +susceptible of any other mode of instruction, Nature +took us in hand, and every minute of waking life +brought its educational influence, shaping our actions +into rough accordance with Nature's laws, so that +we might not be ended untimely by too gross +disobedience. Nor should I speak of this process of +education as past for any one, be he as old as he may. +For every man the world is as fresh as it was at the +first day, and as full of untold novelties for him who +has the eyes to see them. And Nature is still continuing +her patient education of us in that great +university, the universe, of which we are all members—Nature +having no Test-Acts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVI" id="Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Those who take honours in Nature's university, +who learn the laws which govern men and things +and obey them, are the really great and successful +men in this world. The great mass of mankind are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +the "Poll," who pick up just enough to get through +without much discredit. Those who won't learn at +all are plucked; and then you can't come up again. +Nature's pluck means extermination.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVII" id="Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience—incapacity +meets with the same punishment +as crime. Nature's discipline is not even a word and +a blow, and the blow first; but the blow without the +word. It is left to you to find out why your ears +are boxed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXVIII" id="Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>All artificial education ought to be an anticipation +of natural education.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_LXXXIX" id="Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>That man, I think, has had a liberal education +who has been so trained in youth that his body is +the ready servant of his will, and does with ease +and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it +is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic +engine, with all its parts of equal strength and in +smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine, +to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the +gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the mind; +whose mind is stored with a knowledge of the great +and fundamental truths of Nature and of the laws of +her operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full +of life and fire, but whose passions are trained to +come to heel by a vigorous will, the servant of a +tender conscience; who has learned to love all +beauty, whether of Nature or of art, to hate all +vileness, and to respect others as himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XC" id="Num_XC">XC</a></p> + +<p>The only medicine for suffering, crime, and all the +other woes of mankind, is wisdom.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCI" id="Num_XCI">XCI</a></p> + +<p>Next to being right in this world, the best of all +things is to be clearly and definitely wrong, because +you will come out somewhere. If you go buzzing +about between right and wrong, vibrating and +fluctuating, you come out nowhere; but if you are +absolutely and thoroughly and persistently wrong, +you must, some of these days, have the extreme +good fortune of knocking your head against a fact, +and that sets you all straight again.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCII" id="Num_XCII">XCII</a></p> + +<p>No man ever understands Shakespeare until he is +old, though the youngest may admire him, the +reason being that he satisfies the artistic instinct of +the youngest and harmonises with the ripest and +richest experience of the oldest.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIII" id="Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></p> + +<p>It is not a question whether one order of study +or another should predominate. It is a question +of what topics of education you shall select which +will combine all the needful elements in such due +proportion as to give the greatest amount of food, +support, and encouragement to those faculties which +enable us to appreciate truth, and to profit by +those sources of innocent happiness which are +open to us, and, at the same time, to avoid that +which is bad, and coarse, and ugly, and keep +clear of the multitude of pitfalls and dangers which +beset those who break through the natural or +moral laws.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIV" id="Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></p> + +<p>Writing is a form of drawing; therefore if you +give the same attention and trouble to drawing as you +do to writing, depend upon it, there is nobody who +cannot be made to draw, more or less well.... I do +not say for one moment you would make an artistic +draughtsman. Artists are not made; they grow.... +You can teach simple drawing, and you will +find it an implement of learning of extreme value. I do +not think its value can be exaggerated, because it +gives you the means of training the young in +attention and accuracy, which are the two things in +which all mankind are more deficient than in any +other mental quality whatever.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCV" id="Num_XCV">XCV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot get literary culture of the highest +kind out of his Bible, and Chaucer, and Shakespeare, +and Milton, and Hobbes, and Bishop Berkeley, to +mention only a few of our illustrious writers—I +say, if he cannot get it out of those writers, he +cannot get it out of anything; and I would assuredly +devote a very large portion of the time of every +English child to the careful study of the models of +English writing of such varied and wonderful kind +as we possess, and, what is still more important +and still more neglected, the habit of using that +language with precision, with force, and with +art.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVI" id="Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></p> + +<p>I fancy we are almost the only nation in the world +who seem to think that composition comes by nature. +The French attend to their own language, the +Germans study theirs; but Englishmen do not seem +to think it is worth their while.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVII" id="Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></p> + +<p>Many of the faults and mistakes of the ancient +philosophers are traceable to the fact that they knew +no language but their own, and were often led into +confusing the symbol with the thought which it +embodied.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCVIII" id="Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the time given to education permits, add Latin +and German. Latin, because it is the key to nearly +one-half of English and to all the Romance languages; +and German, because it is the key to almost +all the remainder of English, and helps you to +understand a race from whom most of us have +sprung, and who have a character and a literature +of a fateful force in the history of the world, such +as probably has been allotted to those of no other +people, except the Jews, the Greeks, and ourselves.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_XCIX" id="Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></p> + +<p>In an ideal University, ... the force of living +example should fire the student with a noble ambition +to emulate the learning of learned men, and to +follow in the footsteps of the explorers of new fields +of knowledge. And the very air he breathes should +be charged with that enthusiasm for truth, that +fanaticism of veracity, which is a greater possession +than much learning; a nobler gift than the power +of increasing knowledge; by so much greater and +nobler than these, as the moral nature of man is +greater than the intellectual; for veracity is the +heart of morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_C" id="Num_C">C</a></p> + +<p>Do what you can to do what you ought, and leave +hoping and fearing alone.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CI" id="Num_CI">CI</a></p> + +<p>On the face of the matter, it is absurd to ask +whether it is more important to know the limits of +one's powers; or the ends for which they ought to +be exerted; or the conditions under which they +must be exerted. One may as well inquire which of +the terms of a Rule of Three sum one ought to know +in order to get a trustworthy result. Practical life +is such a sum, in which your duty multiplied into +your capacity, and divided by your circumstances, +gives you the fourth term in the proportion, which is +your deserts, with great accuracy.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CII" id="Num_CII">CII</a></p> + +<p>Books are the money of Literature, but only the +counters of Science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIII" id="Num_CIII">CIII</a></p> + +<p>Medicine was the foster-mother of Chemistry, +because it has to do with the preparation of drugs +and the detection of poisons; of Botany, because it +enabled the physician to recognise medicinal herbs; of +Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, because the +man who studied Human Anatomy and Physiology +for purely medical purposes was led to extend his +studies to the rest of the animal world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIV" id="Num_CIV">CIV</a></p> + +<p>A thorough study of Human Physiology is, +in itself, an education broader and more comprehensive +than much that passes under that name. +There is no side of the intellect which it does not call +into play, no region of human knowledge into which +either its roots, or its branches, do not extend; like +the Atlantic between the Old and the New Worlds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +its waves wash the shores of the two worlds of +matter and of mind; its tributary streams flow from +both; through its waters, as yet unfurrowed by the +keel of any Columbus, lies the road, if such there be, +from the one to the other; far away from that +North-west Passage of mere speculation, in which +so many brave souls have been hopelessly frozen +up.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CV" id="Num_CV">CV</a></p> + +<p>You know that among the Bees, it depends on the +kind of cell in which the egg is deposited, and the +quantity and quality of food which is supplied to the +grub, whether it shall turn out a busy little worker +or a big idle queen. And, in the human hive, the +cells of the endowed larvæ are always tending to +enlarge, and their food to improve, until we get +queens, beautiful to behold, but which gather no +honey and build no comb.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVI" id="Num_CVI">CVI</a></p> + +<p>Examination, like fire, is a good servant, but a bad +master; and there seems to me to be some danger of its +becoming our master. I by no means stand alone in +this opinion. Experienced friends of mine do not +hesitate to say that students whose career they +watch appear to them to become deteriorated by the +constant effort to pass this or that examination, just +as we hear of men's brains becoming affected by the +daily necessity of catching a train. They work to +pass, not to know; and outraged Science takes +her revenge. They do pass, and they don't know.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVII" id="Num_CVII">CVII</a></p> + +<p>A man's worst difficulties begin when he is able to +do as he likes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CVIII" id="Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></p> + +<p>There is but one right, and the possibilities of +wrong are infinite.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CIX" id="Num_CIX">CIX</a></p> + +<p>It is given to few to add to the store of knowledge, +to strike new springs of thought, or to shape new +forms of beauty. But so sure as it is that men live +not by bread, but by ideas, so sure is it that the +future of the world lies in the hands of those who are +able to carry the interpretation of nature a step +further than their predecessors.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CX" id="Num_CX">CX</a></p> + +<p>Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a +nation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXI" id="Num_CXI">CXI</a></p> + +<p>Whatever practical people may say, this world +is, after all, absolutely governed by ideas, and +very often by the wildest and most hypothetical +ideas. It is a matter of the very greatest importance +that our theories of things, and even of things that +seem a long way apart from our daily lives, should +be as far as possible true, and as far as possible +removed from error.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXII" id="Num_CXII">CXII</a></p> + +<p>All truth, in the long run, is only common sense +clarified.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIII" id="Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></p> + +<p>You may read any quantity of books, and you may +be almost as ignorant as you were at starting, if you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +don't have, at the back of your minds, the change for +words in definite images which can only be acquired +through the operation of your observing faculties on +the phenomena of nature.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIV" id="Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></p> + +<p>The saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous +thing is, to my mind, a very dangerous adage. If +knowledge is real and genuine, I do not believe that +it is other than a very valuable possession, however +infinitesimal its quantity may be. Indeed, if a little +knowledge is dangerous, where is the man who has +so much as to be out of danger?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXV" id="Num_CXV">CXV</a></p> + +<p>Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more +than twice their weight of cleverness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVI" id="Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></p> + +<p>The body is a machine of the nature of an army.... +Of this army each cell is a soldier, an organ +a brigade, the central nervous system headquarters +and field telegraph, the alimentary and circulatory +system the commissariat. Losses are made good by +recruits born in camp, and the life of the individual is +a campaign, conducted successfully for a number +of years, but with certain defeat in the long run.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVII" id="Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></p> + +<p>So far as the laws of conduct are determined by +the intellect, I apprehend that they belong to science, +and to that part of science which is called morality. +But the engagement of the affections in favour of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +particular kind of conduct which we call good, seems +to me to be something quite beyond mere science. And +I cannot but think that it, together with the awe and +reverence, which have no kinship with base fear, but +arise whenever one tries to pierce below the surface +of things, whether they be material or spiritual, constitutes +all that has any unchangeable reality in +religion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXVIII" id="Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Just as I think it would be a mistake to confound +the science, morality, with the affection, +religion; so do I conceive it to be a most lamentable +and mischievous error, that the science, theology, is +so confounded in the minds of many—indeed, I might +say, of the majority of men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXIX" id="Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></p> + +<p>My belief is, that no human being, and no +society composed of human beings, ever did, or ever +will, come to much, unless their conduct was +governed and guided by the love of some ethical +ideal.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXX" id="Num_CXX">CXX</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is +the ability to make yourself do the thing you have to +do, when it ought to be done, whether you like it or +not; it is the first lesson that ought to be learned; +and, however early a man's training begins, it is +probably the last lesson that he learns thoroughly.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXI" id="Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></p> + +<p>The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. +What men need is, as much knowledge as they can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +assimilate and organise into a basis for action; give +them more and it may become injurious. One knows +people who are as heavy and stupid from undigested +learning as others are from over-fulness of meat and +drink.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXII" id="Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></p> + +<p>There is no mode of exercising the faculty of +observation and the faculty of accurate reproduction +of that which is observed, no discipline which so +readily tests error in these matters, as drawing +properly taught. And by that I do not mean artistic +drawing; I mean figuring natural objects. I do not +wish to exaggerate, but I declare to you that, in my +judgment, the child who has been taught to make an +accurate elevation, plan and section of a pint pot has +had an admirable training in accuracy of eye and +hand.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIII" id="Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Accuracy is the foundation of everything else.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIV" id="Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Anybody who knows his business in science can +make anything subservient to that purpose. You +know it was said of Dean Swift that he could write +an admirable poem upon a broomstick, and the man +who has a real knowledge of science can make the +commonest object in the world subservient to an +introduction to the principles and greater truths of +natural knowledge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXV" id="Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></p> + +<p>My experience of the world is that things left to +themselves don't get right.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVI" id="Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I remember somewhere reading of an interview +between the poet Southey and a good Quaker. +Southey was a man of marvellous powers of work. +He had a habit of dividing his time into little parts +each of which was filled up, and he told the Quaker +what he did in this hour and that, and so on through +the day until far into the night. The Quaker listened, +and at the close said, "Well, but, friend Southey, +when dost thee think?"</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVII" id="Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The knowledge which is absolutely requisite in +dealing with young children is the knowledge you +possess, as you would know your own business, +and which you can just turn about as if you were +explaining to a boy a matter of everyday life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXVIII" id="Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>You may develop the intellectual side of people as +far as you like, and you may confer upon them all the +skill that training and instruction can give; but, if +there is not, underneath all that outside form and +superficial polish, the firm fibre of healthy manhood +and earnest desire to do well, your labour is absolutely +in vain.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXIX" id="Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Our sole chance of succeeding in a competition, +which must constantly become more and more severe, +is that our people shall not only have the knowledge +and the skill which are required, but that they shall +have the will and the energy and the honesty, without +which neither knowledge nor skill can be of any +permanent avail.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXX" id="Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></p> + +<p>It is a great many years since, at the outset of my +career, I had to think seriously what life had to offer +that was worth having. I came to the conclusion +that the chief good, for me, was freedom to learn, +think, and say what I pleased, when I pleased. I +have acted on that conviction, and have availed +myself of the "rara temporum felicitas ubi sentire +quæ velis, et quæ sentias dicere licet," which is now +enjoyable, to the best of my ability; and though +strongly, and perhaps wisely, warned that I should +probably come to grief, I am entirely satisfied with +the results of the line of action I have adopted.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXI" id="Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The scientific imagination always restrains itself +within the limits of probability.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXII" id="Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></p> + +<p>It is a "law of nature," verifiable by everyday +experience, that our already formed convictions, our +strong desires, our intent occupation with particular +ideas, modify our mental operations to a most marvellous +extent, and produce enduring changes in the +direction and in the intensity of our intellectual and +moral activities.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIII" id="Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Men can intoxicate themselves with ideas as +effectually as with alcohol or with bang, and produce, +by dint of intense thinking, mental conditions hardly +distinguishable from monomania.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIV" id="Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>Demoniac possession is mythical; but the faculty of +being possessed, more or less completely, by an idea is +probably the fundamental condition of what is called +genius, whether it show itself in the saint, the artist, +or the man of science. One calls it faith, another +calls it inspiration, a third calls it insight; but the +"intending of the mind," to borrow Newton's well-known +phrase, the concentration of all the rays of +intellectual energy on some one point, until it glows +and colours the whole cast of thought with its +peculiar light, is common to all.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXV" id="Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Whatever happens, science may bide her time in +patience and in confidence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVI" id="Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The only people, scientific or other, who never +make mistakes are those who do nothing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVII" id="Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The most considerable difference I note among +men is not in their readiness to fall into error, but +in their readiness to acknowledge these inevitable +lapses.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXVIII" id="Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Quite apart from deliberate and conscious fraud +(which is a rarer thing than is often supposed), people +whose mythopœic faculty is once stirred are capable +of saying the thing that is not, and of acting as they +should not, to an extent which is hardly imaginable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +by persons who are not so easily affected by the +contagion of blind faith. There is no falsity so +gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous +women, anxious to promote a good cause, will +not lend themselves to it without any clear consciousness +of the moral bearings of what they are +doing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXXXIX" id="Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>This modern reproduction of the ancient prophet, +with his "Thus saith the Lord," "This is the work +of the Lord," steeped in supernaturalism and glorying +in blind faith, is the mental antipodes of the +philosopher, founded in naturalism and a fanatic for +evidence, to whom these affirmations inevitably suggest +the previous question: "How do you know that +the Lord saith it?" "How do you know that the +Lord doeth it?" and who is compelled to demand +that rational ground for belief, without which, to +the man of science, assent is merely an immoral +pretence.</p> + +<p>And it is this rational ground of belief which +the writers of the Gospels, no less than Paul, and +Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of offering that +they would regard the demand for it as a kind of +blasphemy.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXL" id="Num_CXL">CXL</a></p> + +<p>To quarrel with the uncertainty that besets us in +intellectual affairs would be about as reasonable as +to object to live one's life, with due thought for the +morrow, because no man can be sure he will be alive +an hour hence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLI" id="Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></p> + +<p>I verily believe that the great good which has +been effected in the world by Christianity has been +largely counteracted by the pestilent doctrine on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +which all the Churches have insisted, that honest +disbelief in their more or less astonishing creeds +is a moral offence, indeed a sin of the deepest dye, +deserving and involving the same future retribution +as murder and robbery. If we could only see, in one +view, the torrents of hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, +the slaughter, the violations of every obligation of +humanity, which have flowed from this source along +the course of the history of Christian nations, our +worst imaginations of Hell would pale beside the +vision.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLII" id="Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></p> + +<p>Agnostioism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, +the essence of which lies in the rigorous application +of a single principle. That principle is of great +antiquity; it is as old as Socrates; as old as the +writer who said, "Try all things, hold fast by that +which is good"; it is the foundation of the Reformation, +which simply illustrated the axiom that every +man should be able to give a reason for the faith +that is in him; it is the great principle of Descartes; +it is the fundamental axiom of modern science. +Positively the principle may be expressed: In +matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as +it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. +And negatively: In matters of the +intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain +which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. That +I take to be the agnostic faith, which if a man keep +whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look +the universe in the face, whatever the future may +have in store for him.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIII" id="Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></p> + +<p>The best men of the best epochs are simply those +who make the fewest blunders and commit the +fewest sins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIV" id="Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></p> + +<p>That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive +the bad man, and pity and help all men to the best of +one's ability, is surely indisputable. It is the glory +of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed +this truth, through all their aberrations. But the +worship of a God who needs forgiveness and help, +and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is no +better than that of any other voluntarily selected +fetish. The Emperor Julian's project was hopeful +in comparison with the prospects of the Comtist +Anthropolatry.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLV" id="Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></p> + +<p>The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to +believe certain propositions, whatever the results of +a strict scientific investigation of the evidence of +these propositions. He tells us "that religious error +is, in itself, of an immoral nature." He declares +that he has prejudged certain conclusions, and looks +upon those who show cause for arrest of judgment +as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, +for him, the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment +of truth, is the highest aim of mental life. +And, on careful analysis of the nature of this faith, +it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process +of unity with the Divine, understood by the +religious enthusiast; but that which the candid +simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be. +"Faith," said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, +"is the power of saying you believe things +which are incredible."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVI" id="Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></p> + +<p>The science, the art, the jurisprudence, the chief +political and social theories, of the modern world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +have grown out of those of Greece and Rome—not +by favour of, but in the teeth of, the fundamental +teachings of early Christianity, to which science, +art, and any serious occupation with the things of +this world, were alike despicable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVII" id="Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></p> + +<p>All that is best in the ethics of the modern +world, in so far as it has not grown out of Greek +thought, or Barbarian manhood, is the direct development +of the ethics of old Israel. There is no code of +legislation, ancient or modern, at once so just and so +merciful, so tender to the weak and poor, as the +Jewish law; and, if the Gospels are to be trusted, +Jesus of Nazareth himself declared that he taught +nothing but that which lay implicitly, or explicitly, +in the religious and ethical system of his people.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLVIII" id="Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>The first-recorded judicial murder of a scientific +thinker was compassed and effected, not by a despot, +nor by priests, but was brought about by eloquent +demagogues, to whom, of all men, thorough searchings +of the intellect are most dangerous and therefore +most hateful.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXLIX" id="Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></p> + +<p>Platonic philosophy is probably the grandest +example of the unscientific use of the imagination +extant; and it would be hard to estimate the amount +of detriment to clear thinking effected, directly and +indirectly, by the theory of ideas, on the one hand, +and by the unfortunate doctrine of the baseness of +matter, on the other.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CL" id="Num_CL">CL</a></p> + +<p>The development of exact natural knowledge in +all its vast range, from physics to history and +criticism, is the consequence of the working out, +in this province, of the resolution to "take nothing +for truth without clear knowledge that it is such"; +to consider all beliefs open to criticism; to regard +the value of authority as neither greater nor less +than as much as it can prove itself to be worth. +The modern spirit is not the spirit "which always +denies," delighting only in destruction; still less is +it that which builds castles in the air rather than +not construct; it is that spirit which works and +will work "without haste and without rest," gathering +harvest after harvest of truth into its barns +and devouring error with unquenchable fire.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLI" id="Num_CLI">CLI</a></p> + +<p>In truth, the laboratory is the forecourt of the +temple of philosophy; and whoso has not offered +sacrifices and undergone purification there has little +chance of admission into the sanctuary.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLII" id="Num_CLII">CLII</a></p> + +<p>The memorable service rendered to the cause +of sound thinking by Descartes consisted in this: +that he laid the foundation of modern philosophical +criticism by his inquiry into the nature of certainty.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIII" id="Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></p> + +<p>There is no question in the mind of anyone +acquainted with the facts that, so far as observation +and experiment can take us, the structure and the +functions of the nervous system are fundamentally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +the same in an ape, or in a dog, and in a man. And +the suggestion that we must stop at the exact point +at which direct proof fails us, and refuse to believe +that the similarity which extends so far stretches +yet further, is no better than a quibble. Robinson +Crusoe did not feel bound to conclude, from the +single human footprint which he saw in the sand, +that the maker of the impression had only one +leg.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIV" id="Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></p> + +<p>Descartes, as we have seen, illustrates what he +means by an innate idea, by the analogy of hereditary +diseases or hereditary mental peculiarities, such as +generosity. On the other hand, hereditary mental +tendencies may justly be termed instincts; and still +more appropriately might those special proclivities, +which constitute what we call genius, come into the +same category.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLV" id="Num_CLV">CLV</a></p> + +<p>The child who is impelled to draw as soon as it +can hold a pencil; the Mozart who breaks out into +music as early; the boy Bidder who worked out the +most complicated sums without learning arithmetic; +the boy Pascal who evolved Euclid out of his own +consciousness: all these may be said to have been +impelled by instinct, as much as are the beaver and +the bee. And the man of genius is distinct in kind +from the man of cleverness, by reason of the working +within him of strong innate tendencies—which +cultivation may improve, but which it can no +more create than horticulture can make thistles +bear figs. The analogy between a musical instrument<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +and the mind holds good here also. Art and +industry may get much music, of a sort, out of a +penny whistle; but, when all is done, it has no +chance against an organ. The innate musical +potentialities of the two are infinitely different.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVI" id="Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></p> + +<p>It is notorious that, to the unthinking mass of +mankind, nine-tenths of the facts of life do not +suggest the relation of cause and effect; and they +practically deny the existence of any such relation +by attributing them to chance. Few gamblers but +would stare if they were told that the falling of a +die on a particular face is as much the effect of a +definite cause as the fact of its falling; it is a proverb +that "the wind bloweth where it listeth"; and even +thoughtful men usually receive with surprise the +suggestion, that the form of the crest of every wave +that breaks, wind-driven, on the sea-shore, and the +direction of every particle of foam that flies before +the gale, are the exact effects of definite causes; +and, as such, must be capable of being determined, +deductively, from the laws of motion and the properties +of air and water. So again, there are large +numbers of highly intelligent persons who rather +pride themselves on their fixed belief that our +volitions have no cause; or that the will causes +itself, which is either the same thing, or a contradiction +in terms.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVII" id="Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></p> + +<p>To say that an idea is necessary is simply to +affirm that we cannot conceive the contrary; and +the fact that we cannot conceive the contrary of any +belief may be a presumption, but is certainly no +proof, of its truth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLVIII" id="Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></p> + +<p>It is remarkable that Hume does not refer to the +sentimental arguments for the immortality of the +soul which are so much in vogue at the present day; +and which are based upon our desire for a longer +conscious existence than that which nature appears +to have allotted to us. Perhaps he did not think +them worth notice. For indeed it is not a little +strange, that our strong desire that a certain occurrence +should happen should be put forward as +evidence that it will happen. If my intense desire +to see the friend, from whom I have parted, does +not bring him from the other side of the world, or +take me thither; if the mother's agonised prayer +that her child should live has not prevented him +from dying; experience certainly affords no presumption +that the strong desire to be alive after +death, which we call the aspiration after immortality, +is any more likely to be gratified. As Hume truly +says, "All doctrines are to be suspected which +are favoured by our passions"; and the doctrine, +that we are immortal because we should extremely +like to be so, contains the quintessence of suspiciousness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLIX" id="Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></p> + +<p>If every man possessed everything he wanted, +and no one had the power to interfere with such +possession; or if no man desired that which could +damage his fellow-man, justice would have no part +to play in the universe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLX" id="Num_CLX">CLX</a></p> + +<p>To fail in justice, or in benevolence, is to be +displeased with one's self. But happiness is impossible +without inward self-approval; and, hence, every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +man who has any regard to his own happiness and +welfare, will find his best reward in the practice of +every moral duty.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXI" id="Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></p> + +<p>Virtue is undoubtedly beneficent; but the man is +to be envied to whom her ways seem in anywise +playful. And though she may not talk much about +suffering and self-denial, her silence on that topic +may be accounted for on the principle <i>ça va sans +dire</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXII" id="Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></p> + +<p>If mankind cannot be engaged in practices "full +of austerity and rigour," by the love of righteousness +and the fear of evil, without seeking for other compensation +than that which flows from the gratification +of such love and the consciousness of escape +from debasement, they are in a bad case. For they +will assuredly find that virtue presents no very close +likeness to the sportive leader of the joyous hours in +Hume's rosy picture; but that she is an awful +Goddess, whose ministers are the Furies, and whose +highest reward is peace.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIII" id="Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></p> + +<p>Under its theological aspect, morality is obedience +to the will of God; and the ground for such obedience +is two-fold: either we ought to obey God +because He will punish us if we disobey Him, which +is an argument based on the utility of obedience; or +our obedience ought to flow from our love towards +God, which is an argument based on pure feeling +and for which no reason can be given. For, if any +man should say that he takes no pleasure in the +contemplation of the ideal of perfect holiness, or,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +in other words, that he does not love God, the +attempt to argue him into acquiring that pleasure +would be as hopeless as the endeavour to persuade +Peter Bell of the "witchery of the soft blue sky."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIV" id="Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></p> + +<p>In whichever way we look at the matter, morality +is based on feeling, not on reason; though reason +alone is competent to trace out the effects of our +actions and thereby dictate conduct. Justice is +founded on the love of one's neighbour; and goodness +is a kind of beauty. The moral law, like the +laws of physical nature, rests in the long run upon +instinctive intuitions, and is neither more nor less +"innate" and "necessary" than they are. Some +people cannot by any means be got to understand +the first book of Euclid; but the truths of mathematics +are no less necessary and binding on the +great mass of mankind. Some there are who +cannot feel the difference between the "Sonata +Appassionata" and "Cherry Ripe"; or between a +grave-stone-cutter's cherub and the Apollo Belvidere; +but the canons of art are none the less acknowledged. +While some there may be, who, devoid of sympathy, +are incapable of a sense of duty; but neither does +their existence affect the foundations of morality. +Such pathological deviations from true manhood are +merely the halt, the lame, and the blind of the world +of consciousness; and the anatomist of the mind +leaves them aside, as the anatomist of the body +would ignore abnormal specimens.</p> + +<p>And as there are Pascals and Mozarts, Newtons +and Raffaelles, in whom the innate faculty for science +or art seems to need but a touch to spring into full +vigour, and through whom the human race obtains +new possibilities of knowledge and new conceptions +of beauty: so there have been men of moral genius, +to whom we owe ideals of duty and visions of moral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +perfection, which ordinary mankind could never have +attained: though, happily for them, they can feel +the beauty of a vision, which lay beyond the reach +of their dull imaginations, and count life well spent +in shaping some faint image of it in the actual +world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXV" id="Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></p> + +<p>The horror of "Materialism" which weighs upon +the minds of so many excellent people appears to +depend, in part, upon the purely accidental connexion +of some forms of materialistic philosophy with ethical +and religious tenets by which they are repelled; and, +partly, on the survival of a very ancient superstition +concerning the nature of matter.</p> + +<p>This superstition, for the tenacious vitality of +which the idealistic philosophers who are, more or +less, disciples of Plato and the theologians who have +been influenced by them, are responsible, assumes +that matter is something, not merely inert and +perishable, but essentially base and evil-natured, if +not actively antagonistic to, at least a negative dead-weight +upon, the good.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVI" id="Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></p> + +<p>Judging by contemporary literature, there are +numbers of highly cultivated and indeed superior +persons to whom the material world is altogether +contemptible; who can see nothing in a handful of +garden soil, or a rusty nail, but types of the passive +and the corruptible.</p> + +<p>To modern science, these assumptions are as much +out of date as the equally venerable errors, that the +sun goes round the earth every four-and-twenty +hours, or that water is an elementary body. The +handful of soil is a factory thronged with swarms of +busy workers; the rusty nail is an aggregation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +millions of particles, moving with inconceivable +velocity in a dance of infinite complexity yet perfect +measure; harmonic with like performances throughout +the solar system. If there is good ground for +any conclusion, there is such for the belief that the +substance of these particles has existed and will +exist, that the energy which stirs them has persisted +and will persist, without assignable limit, either in +the past or the future. Surely, as Heracleitus said +of his kitchen with its pots and pans, "Here also +are the gods." Little as we have, even yet, learned +of the material universe, that little makes for the +belief that it is a system of unbroken order and +perfect symmetry, of which the form incessantly +changes, while the substance and the energy are +imperishable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVII" id="Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Of all the dangerous mental habits, that which +schoolboys call "cocksureness" is probably the most +perilous; and the inestimable value of metaphysical +discipline is that it furnishes an effectual counterpoise +to this evil proclivity. Whoso has mastered +the elements of philosophy knows that the attribute +of unquestionable certainty appertains only to the +existence of a state of consciousness so long as it +exists; all other beliefs are mere probabilities of a +higher or lower order. Sound metaphysic is an +amulet which renders its possessor proof alike +against the poison of superstition and the counter-poison +of shallow negation; by showing that the +affirmations of the former and the denials of the +latter alike deal with matters about which, for lack +of evidence, nothing can be either affirmed or +denied.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXVIII" id="Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the question is asked, What then do we know +about matter and motion? there is but one reply possible. +All that we know about motion is that it is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +name for certain changes in the relations of our visual, +tactile, and muscular sensations; and all that we know +about matter is that it is the hypothetical substance +of physical phenomena, the assumption of the +existence of which is as pure a piece of metaphysical +speculation as is that of the existence of the +substance of mind.</p> + +<p>Our sensations, our pleasures, our pains, and the +relations of these, make up the sum total of the +elements of positive, unquestionable knowledge. +We call a large section of these sensations and their +relations matter and motion; the rest we term mind +and thinking; and experience shows that there is a +certain constant order of succession between some +of the former and some of the latter.</p> + +<p>This is all that just metaphysical criticism leaves +of the idols set up by the spurious metaphysics of +vulgar common sense. It is consistent either with +pure Materialism, or with pure Idealism, but it is +neither. For the Idealist, not content with declaring +the truth that our knowledge is limited to facts of +consciousness, affirms the wholly unprovable proposition +that nothing exists beyond these and the +substance of mind. And, on the other hand, the +Materialist, holding by the truth that, for anything +that appears to the contrary, material phenomena +are the causes of mental phenomena, asserts his +unprovable dogma, that material phenomena and +the substance of matter are the sole primary existences. +Strike out the propositions about which +neither controversialist does or can know anything, +and there is nothing left for them to quarrel about. +Make a desert of the Unknowable, and the divine +Astræa of philosophic peace will commence her +blessed reign.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXIX" id="Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></p> + +<p>"Magna est veritas et prævalebit!" Truth is great, +certainly, but, considering her greatness, it is curious +what a long time she is apt to take about prevailing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXX" id="Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></p> + +<p>To my observation, human nature has not sensibly +changed through the last thirty years. I doubt not +that there are truths as plainly obvious and as +generally denied, as those contained in "Man's +Place in Nature," now awaiting enunciation. If +there is a young man of the present generation, who +has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself +that they are truths, let him come out with them, +without troubling his head about the barking of the +dogs of St. Ernulphus, "Veritas prævalebit"—some +day; and, even if she does not prevail in his time, he +himself will be all the better and the wiser for having +tried to help her. And let him recollect that such +great reward is full payment for all his labour and +pains.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXI" id="Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></p> + +<p>Ancient traditions, when tested by the severe +processes of modern investigations, commonly +enough fade away into mere dreams: but it is +singular how often the dream turns out to have been +a half-waking one, presaging a reality. Ovid +foreshadowed the discoveries of the geologist: the +Atlantis was an imagination, but Columbus found a +western world: and though the quaint forms of +Centaurs and Satyrs have an existence only in the +realms of art, creatures approaching man more nearly +than they in essential structure, and yet as thoroughly +brutal as the goat's or horse's half of the mythical +compound, are now not only known, but notorious.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXII" id="Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></p> + +<p>It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, +application, that every living creature commences its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +existence under a form different from, and simpler +than, that which it eventually attains.</p> + +<p>The oak is a more complex thing than the little +rudimentary plant contained in the acorn; the +caterpillar is more complex than the egg; the +butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these +beings, in passing from its rudimentary to its perfect +condition, runs through a series of changes, the sum +of which is called its development. In the higher +animals these changes are extremely complicated; +but, within the last half century, the labours of such +men as Von Baer, Rathke, Reichert, Bischoff, and +Remak, have almost completely unravelled them, so +that the successive stages of development which are +exhibited by a dog, for example, are now as well +known to the embryologist as are the steps of the +metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the schoolboy. +It will be useful to consider with attention the +nature and the order of the stages of canine development, +as an example of the process in the higher +animals generally.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIII" id="Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Exactly in those respects in which the developing +Man differs from the Dog, he resembles +the ape, which, like man, has a spheroidal yelk-sac +and a discoidal, sometimes partially lobed, placenta. +So that it is only quite in the later stages of development +that the young human being presents marked +differences from the young ape, while the latter +departs as much from the dog in its development, as +the man does.</p> + +<p>Startling as the last assertion may appear to be, it +is demonstrably true, and it alone appears to me +sufficient to place beyond all doubt the structural +unity of man with the rest of the animal world, and +more particularly and closely with the apes.</p> + +<p>Thus, identical in the physical processes by which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +he originates—identical in the early stages of his +formation—identical in the mode of his nutrition +before and after birth, with the animals which lie +immediately below him in the scale—Man, if his +adult and perfect structure be compared with theirs, +exhibits, as might be expected, a marvellous likeness +of organisation. He resembles them as they resemble +one another—he differs from them as they differ from +one another.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIV" id="Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot see a church, it is preposterous to +take his opinion about its altar-piece or painted +window.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXV" id="Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps no order of mammals presents us with so +extraordinary a series of gradations as this<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—leading +us insensibly from the crown and summit of the +animal creation down to creatures, from which there +is but a step, as it seems, to the lowest, smallest, and +least intelligent of the placental Mammalia. It is as +if nature herself had foreseen the arrogance of man, +and with Roman severity had provided that his +intellect, by its very triumphs, should call into +prominence the slaves, admonishing the conqueror +that he is but dust.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVI" id="Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>If Man be separated by no greater structural +barrier from the brutes than they are from one +another—then it seems to follow that if any process +of physical causation can be discovered by which the +genera and families of ordinary animals have been +produced, that process of causation is amply sufficient +to account for the origin of Man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVII" id="Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The whole analogy of natural operations furnishes +so complete and crushing an argument +against the intervention of any but what are termed +secondary causes, in the production of all the +phenomena of the universe; that, in view of the +intimate relations between Man and the rest of the +living world, and between the forces exerted by the +latter and all other forces, I can see no excuse for +doubting that all are co-ordinated terms of Nature's +great progression, from the formless to the formed—from +the inorganic to the organic—from blind force to +conscious intellect and will.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXVIII" id="Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Science has fulfilled her function when she has +ascertained and enunciated truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXIX" id="Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Thoughtful men, once escaped from the blinding +influences of traditional prejudice, will find in +the lowly stock whence Man has sprung the best +evidence of the splendour of his capacities; and will +discern in his long progress through the Past a +reasonable ground of faith in his attainment of a +nobler Future....</p> + +<p>And after passion and prejudice have died away, +the same result will attend the teachings of the +naturalist respecting that great Alps and Andes of +the living world—Man. Our reverence for the +nobility of manhood will not be lessened by the +knowledge that Man is, in substance and in structure, +one with the brutes; for he alone possesses the +marvellous endowment of intelligible and rational +speech, whereby, in the secular period of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +existence, he has slowly accumulated and organised +the experience which is almost wholly lost with the +cessation of every individual life in other animals; so +that, now, he stands raised upon it as on a mountain +top, far above the level of his humble fellows, and +transfigured from his grosser nature by reflecting, +here and there, a ray from the infinite source of +truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXX" id="Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></p> + +<p>Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of +Anthropology, the great science which unravels the +complexities of human structure; traces out the +relations of man to other animals; studies all that is +especially human in the mode in which man's complex +functions are performed; and searches after the +conditions which have determined his presence in the +world. And Anthropology is a section of Zoology, +which again is the animal half of Biology—the +science of life and living things.</p> + +<p>Such is the position of ethnology, such are the +objects of the ethnologist. The paths or methods, by +following which he may hope to reach his goal, are +diverse. He may work at man from the point of +view of the pure zoologist, and investigate the +anatomical and physiological peculiarities of Negroes, +Australians, or Mongolians, just as he would inquire +into those of pointers, terriers, and turnspits,—"persistent +modifications" of man's almost universal +companion. Or he may seek aid from researches +into the most human manifestation of humanity—Language; +and assuming that what is true of speech +is true of the speaker—a hypothesis as questionable +in science as it is in ordinary life—he may apply to +mankind themselves the conclusions drawn from a +searching analysis of their words and grammatical +forms.</p> + +<p>Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of the +practical life of men; and relying upon the inherent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +conservatism and small inventiveness of untutored +mankind, he may hope to discover in manners and +customs, or in weapons, dwellings, and other handiwork, +a clue to the origin of the resemblances and +differences of nations. Or, he may resort to that +kind of evidence which is yielded by History proper, +and consists of the beliefs of men concerning past +events, embodied in traditional, or in written, +testimony. Or, when that thread breaks, Archæology, +which is the interpretation of the unrecorded +remains of man's works, belonging to the epoch +since the world has reached its present condition, +may still guide him. And, when even the dim light +of archæology fades, there yet remains Palæontology, +which, in these latter years, has brought to +daylight once more the exuvia of ancient populations, +whose world was not our world, who have been +buried in river beds immemorially dry, or carried by +the rush of waters into caves, inaccessible to inundation +since the dawn of tradition.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXI" id="Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The rapid increase of natural knowledge, which +is the chief characteristic of our age, is effected in +various ways. The main army of science moves to +the conquest of new worlds slowly and surely, +nor ever cedes an inch of the territory gained. But +the advance is covered and facilitated by the ceaseless +activity of clouds of light troops provided with a +weapon—always efficient, if not always an arm of +precision—the scientific imagination. It is the +business of these <i>enfants perdus</i> of science to make +raids into the realm of ignorance wherever they +see, or think they see, a chance; and cheerfully to +accept defeat, or it may be annihilation, as the reward +of error. Unfortunately the public, which watches +the progress of the campaign, too often mistakes a +dashing incursion of the Uhlans for a forward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +movement of the main body; fondly imagining that +the strategic movement to the rear, which occasionally +follows, indicates a battle lost by science. +And it must be confessed that the error is too often +justified by the effects of the irrepressible tendency +which men of science share with all other sorts of +men known to me, to be impatient of that most +wholesome state of mind—suspended judgment; to +assume the objective truth of speculations which, +from the nature of the evidence in their favour, +can have no claim to be more than working hypotheses.</p> + +<p>The history of the "Aryan question" affords a +striking illustration of these general remarks.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXII" id="Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Language is rooted half in the bodily and half in +the mental nature of man. The vocal sounds which +form the raw materials of language could not be +produced without a peculiar conformation of the +organs of speech; the enunciation of duly accented +syllables would be impossible without the nicest co-ordination +of the action of the muscles which move +these organs; and such co-ordination depends on the +mechanism of certain portions of the nervous system. +It is therefore conceivable that the structure of this +highly complex speaking apparatus should determine +a man's linguistic potentiality; that is to say, should +enable him to use a language of one class and not of +another. It is further conceivable that a particular +linguistic potentiality should be inherited and become +as good a race mark as any other. As a matter of +fact, it is not proven that the linguistic potentialities +of all men are the same.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIII" id="Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Community of language is no proof of unity of +race, is not even presumptive evidence of racial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +identity. All that it does prove is that, at some +time or other, free and prolonged intercourse has +taken place between the speakers of the same +language.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIV" id="Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>The capacity of the population of Europe for +independent progress while in the copper and early +bronze stage—the "palæo-metallic" stage, as it +might be called—appears to me to be demonstrated +in a remarkable manner by the remains of their +architecture. From the crannog to the elaborate +pile-dwelling, and from the rudest enclosure to the +complex fortification of the terramare, there is an +advance which is obviously a native product. So +with the sepulchral constructions; the stone cist, with +or without a preservative or memorial cairn, grows +into the chambered graves lodged in tumuli; into +such megalithic edifices as the dromic vaults of +Maes How and New Grange; to culminate in the +finished masonry of the tombs of Mycenæ, constructed +on exactly the same plan. Can anyone look at the +varied series of forms which lie between the +primitive five or six flat stones fitted together into a +mere box, and such a building as Maes How, and +yet imagine that the latter is the result of foreign +tuition? But the men who built Maes How, without +metal tools, could certainly have built the so-called +"treasure-house" of Mycenæ, with them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXV" id="Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Reckoned by centuries, the remoteness of the +quaternary, or pleistocene, age from our own is +immense, and it is difficult to form an adequate +notion of its duration. Undoubtedly there is an +abysmal difference between the Neanderthaloid race +and the comely living specimens of the blond longheads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +with whom we are familiar. But the abyss of +time between the period at which North Europe was +first covered with ice, when savages pursued +mammoths and scratched their portraits with sharp +stones in central France, and the present day, ever +widens as we learn more about the events which +bridge it. And, if the differences between the +Neanderthaloid men and ourselves could be divided +into as many parts as that time contains centuries, +the progress from part to part would probably be +almost imperceptible.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVI" id="Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I have not been one of those fortunate persons +who are able to regard a popular lecture as a +mere <i>hors d'œuvre</i>, unworthy of being ranked among +the serious efforts of a philosopher; and who keep +their fame as scientific hierophants unsullied by +attempts—at least of the successful sort—to be +understanded of the people.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, I found that the task of putting the +truths learned in the field, the laboratory and the +museum, into language which, without bating a jot of +scientific accuracy shall be generally intelligible, taxed +such scientific and literary faculty as I possessed to +the uttermost; indeed my experience has furnished me +with no better corrective of the tendency to scholastic +pedantry which besets all those who are +absorbed in pursuits remote from the common ways +of men, and become habituated to think and speak +in the technical dialect of their own little world, as if +there were no other.</p> + +<p>If the popular lecture thus, as I believe, finds one +moiety of its justification in the self-discipline of the +lecturer, it surely finds the other half in its effect on +the auditory. For though various sadly comical +experiences of the results of my own efforts have +led me to entertain a very moderate estimate of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +purely intellectual value of lectures; though I venture +to doubt if more than one in ten of an average +audience carries away an accurate notion of what +the speaker has been driving at; yet is that not +equally true of the oratory of the hustings, of the +House of Commons, and even of the pulpit?</p> + +<p>Yet the children of this world are wise in their +generation; and both the politician and the priest +are justified by results. The living voice has an +influence over human action altogether independent +of the intellectual worth of that which it utters. +Many years ago, I was a guest at a great City +dinner. A famous orator, endowed with a voice of +rare flexibility and power; a born actor, ranging +with ease through every part, from refined comedy +to tragic unction, was called upon to reply to a +toast. The orator was a very busy man, a charming +conversationalist and by no means despised a good +dinner; and, I imagine, rose without having given +a thought to what he was going to say. The +rhythmic roll of sound was admirable, the gestures +perfect, the earnestness impressive; nothing was +lacking save sense and, occasionally, grammar. +When the speaker sat down the applause was +terrific and one of my neighbours was especially +enthusiastic. So when he had quieted down, I +asked him what the orator had said. And he could +not tell me.</p> + +<p>That sagacious person John Wesley is reported +to have replied to some one who questioned the propriety +of his adaptation of sacred words to extremely +secular airs, that he did not see why the Devil should +be left in possession of all the best tunes. And I +do not see why science should not turn to account +the peculiarities of human nature thus exploited by +other agencies: all the more because science, by the +nature of its being, cannot desire to stir the passions, +or profit by the weaknesses, of human nature. The +most zealous of popular lecturers can aim at nothing +more than the awakening of a sympathy for abstract<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +truth, in those who do not really follow his arguments; +and of a desire to know more and better in +the few who do.</p> + +<p>At the same time it must be admitted that the +popularisation of science, whether by lecture or +essay, has its drawbacks. Success in this department +has its perils for those who succeed. The +"people who fail" take their revenge, as we have +recently had occasion to observe, by ignoring all +the rest of a man's work and glibly labelling him a +mere populariser. If the falsehood were not too +glaring, they would say the same of Faraday and +Helmholtz and Kelvin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVII" id="Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Of the affliction caused by persons who think that +what they have picked up from popular exposition +qualifies them for discussing the great problems of +science, it may be said, as the Radical toast said of +the power of the Crown in bygone days, that it +"has increased, is increasing, and ought to be +diminished." The oddities of "English as she is +spoke" might be abundantly paralleled by those +of "Science as she is misunderstood" in the sermon, +the novel, and the leading article; and a collection +of the grotesque travesties of scientific conceptions, +in the shape of essays on such trifles as "the Nature +of Life" and the "Origin of All Things," which +reach me, from time to time, might well be bound +up with them.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXVIII" id="Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The essay on Geological Reform unfortunately +brought me, I will not say into collision, but into +a position of critical remonstrance with regard +to some charges of physical heterodoxy, brought +by my distinguished friend Lord Kelvin, against +British Geology. As President of the Geological<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +Society of London at that time (1869), I thought +I might venture to plead that we were not such +heretics as we seemed to be; and that, even if we +were, recantation would not affect the question of +evolution.</p> + +<p>I am glad to see that Lord Kelvin has just +reprinted his reply to my plea, and I refer the +reader to it. I shall not presume to question anything, +that on such ripe consideration, Lord Kelvin +has to say upon the physical problems involved. +But I may remark that no one can have asserted +more strongly than I have done, the necessity +of looking to physics and mathematics, for help +in regard to the earliest history of the globe.</p> + +<p>And I take the opportunity of repeating the +opinion that, whether what we call geological +time has the lower limit assigned to it by Lord +Kelvin, or the higher assumed by other philosophers; +whether the germs of all living things have originated +in the globe itself, or whether they have been +imported on, or in, meteorites from without, the +problem of the origin of those successive Faunæ +and Floræ of the earth, the existence of which is +fully demonstrated by palæontology, remains exactly +where it was.</p> + +<p>For I think it will be admitted, that the germs +brought to us by meteorites, if any, were not ova +of elephants, nor of crocodiles; not cocoa-nuts nor +acorns; not even eggs of shell-fish and corals; +but only those of the lowest forms of animal and +vegetable life. Therefore, since it is proved that, +from a very remote epoch of geological time, the +earth has been peopled by a continual succession +of the higher forms of animals and plants, these +either must have been created, or they have arisen +by evolution. And in respect of certain groups of +animals, the well-established facts of palæontology +leave no rational doubt that they arose by the latter +method.</p> + +<p>In the second place, there are no data whatever,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +which justify the biologist in assigning any, +even approximately definite, period of time, either +long or short, to the evolution of one species from +another by the process of variation and selection. +In the essay on Geological Contemporaneity and +Persistent Types of Life I have taken pains to +prove that the change of animals has gone on +at very different rates in different groups of living +beings; that some types have persisted with little +change from the palæozoic epoch till now, while +others have changed rapidly within the limits +of an epoch. In 1862 (see Coll. Ess. viii. pp. 303, 304) in +1863 (vol. ii., p. 461) and again in 1864 (<i>ibid.</i>, pp. 89-91) +I argued, not as a matter of speculation, but from +palæontological facts, the bearing of which I believe, +up to that time, had not been shown, that any +adequate hypothesis of the causes of evolution must +be consistent with progression, stationariness and +retrogression, of the same type at different epochs; +of different types in the same epoch; and that +Darwin's hypothesis fulfilled these conditions.</p> + +<p>According to that hypothesis, two factors are at +work, variation and selection. Next to nothing is +known of the causes of the former process; nothing +whatever of the time required for the production +of a certain amount of deviation from the existing +type. And, as respects selection, which operates +by extinguishing all but a small minority of +variations, we have not the slightest means of +estimating the rapidity with which it does its work. +All that we are justified in saying is that the rate +at which it takes place may vary almost indefinitely. +If the famous paint-root of Florida, which kills +white pigs but not black ones, were abundant +and certain in its action, black pigs might be +substituted for white in the course of two or +three years. If, on the other hand, it was rare +and uncertain in action, the white pigs might linger +on for centuries.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CLXXXIX" id="Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>A great chapter of the history of the world is +written in the chalk. Few passages in the history +of man can be supported by such an overwhelming +mass of direct and indirect evidence as that +which testifies to the truth of the fragment of the +history of the globe, which I hope to enable you +to read, with your own eyes, to-night. Let me +add, that few chapters of human history have a +more profound significance for ourselves. I weigh +my words well when I assert, that the man who +should know the true history of the bit of chalk +which every carpenter carries about in his +breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other +history, is likely, if he will think his knowledge +out to its ultimate results, to have a truer, and +therefore a better, conception of this wonderful +universe, and of man's relation to it, than the +most learned student who is deep-read in the +records of humanity and ignorant of those of +Nature.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXC" id="Num_CXC">CXC</a></p> + +<p>The examination of a transparent slice gives a +good notion of the manner in which the components +of the chalk are arranged, and of their relative proportions. +But, by rubbing up some chalk with a +brush in water and then pouring off the milky fluid, +so as to obtain sediments of different degrees of fineness, +the granules and the minute rounded bodies +may be pretty well separated from one another, and +submitted to microscopic examination, either as +opaque or as transparent objects. By combining the +views obtained in these various methods, each of +the rounded bodies may be proved to be a beautifully-constructed +calcareous fabric, made up of a number +of chambers, communicating freely with one another. +The chambered bodies are of various forms. One of +the commonest is something like a badly-grown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +raspberry, being formed of a number of nearly +globular chambers of different sizes congregated +together. It is called <i>Globigerina</i>, and some specimens +of chalk consist of little else than <i>Globigerinæ</i> +and granules. Let us fix our attention upon the +<i>Globigerina</i>. It is the spoor of the game we are +tracking. If we can learn what it is and what are +the conditions of its existence, we shall see our way +to the origin and past history of the chalk.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCI" id="Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></p> + +<p>It so happens that calcareous skeletons, exactly +similar to the <i>Globigerinæ</i> of the chalk, are being +formed, at the present moment, by minute living +creatures, which flourish in multitudes, literally +more numerous than the sands of the sea-shore, over +a large extent of that part of the earth's surface +which is covered by the ocean.</p> + +<p>The history of the discovery of these living +<i>Globigerinæ</i>, and of the part which they play in rock +building, is singular enough. It is a discovery +which, like others of no less scientific importance, +has arisen, incidentally, out of work devoted to very +different and exceedingly practical interests. When +men first took to the sea, they speedily learned to +look out for shoals and rocks; and the more the +burthen of their ships increased, the more imperatively +necessary it became for sailors to ascertain +with precision the depth of the waters they traversed. +Out of this necessity grew the use of the lead and +sounding line; and, ultimately, marine-surveying, +which is the recording of the form of coasts and of +the depth of the sea, as ascertained by the sounding-lead, +upon charts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCII" id="Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></p> + +<p>Lieut. Brooke, of the American Navy, some years +ago invented a most ingenious machine, by which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +a considerable portion of the superficial layer +of the sea-bottom can be scooped out and brought up +from any depth to which the lead descends. In 1853, +Lieut. Brooke obtained mud from the bottom of the +North Atlantic, between Newfoundland and the +Azores, at a depth of more than 10,000 feet, or two +miles, by the help of this sounding apparatus. The +specimens were sent for examination to Ehrenberg +of Berlin, and to Bailey of West Point, and those +able microscopists found that this deep-sea mud was +almost entirely composed of the skeletons of living +organisms—the greater proportion of these being +just like the <i>Globigerinæ</i> already known to occur in +the chalk.</p> + +<p>Thus far, the work had been carried on simply in +the interests of science, but Lieut. Brooke's method +of sounding acquired a high commercial value, when +the enterprise of laying down the telegraph-cable +between this country and the United States was +undertaken. For it became a matter of immense +importance to know, not only the depth of the sea +over the whole line along which the cable was to be +laid, but the exact nature of the bottom, so as to +guard against chances of cutting or fraying the +strands of that costly rope. The Admiralty consequently +ordered Captain Dayman, an old friend and +shipmate of mine, to ascertain the depth over the +whole line of the cable, and to bring back specimens +of the bottom. In former days, such a command as +this might have sounded very much like one of the +impossible things which the young Prince in the +Fairy Tales is ordered to do before he can obtain +the hand of the Princess. However, in the months +of June and July, 1857, my friend performed the task +assigned to him with great expedition and precision, +without, so far as I know, having met with any +reward of that kind. The specimens of Atlantic mud +which he procured were sent to me to be examined +and reported upon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIII" id="Num_CXCIII">CXCIII</a></p> + +<p>The result of all these operations is, that we know +the contours and the nature of the surface-soil +covered by the North Atlantic for a distance of 1,700 +miles from east to west, as well as we know that of +any part of the dry land. It is a prodigious plain—one +of the widest and most even plains in the world. +If the sea were drained off, you might drive a +waggon all the way from Valentia, on the west +coast of Ireland, to Trinity Bay in Newfoundland. +And, except upon one sharp incline about 200 miles +from Valentia, I am not quite sure that it would +even be necessary to put the skid on, so gentle are +the ascents and descents upon that long route. +From Valentia the road would lie down-hill for +about 200 miles to the point at which the bottom is +now covered by 1,700 fathoms of sea-water. Then +would come the central plain, more than a thousand +miles wide, the inequalities of the surface of which +would be hardly perceptible, though the depth of +water upon it now varies from 10,000 to 15,000 feet; +and there are places in which Mont Blanc might be +sunk without showing its peak above water. Beyond +this, the ascent on the American side commences, +and gradually leads, for about 300 miles, to the +Newfoundland shore.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIV" id="Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></p> + +<p>When we consider that the remains of more than +three thousand distinct species of aquatic animals +have been discovered among the fossils of the chalk, +that the great majority of them are of such forms as +are now met with only in the sea, and that there is +no reason to believe that any one of them inhabited +fresh water—the collateral evidence that the chalk +represents an ancient sea-bottom acquires as great +force as the proof derived from the nature of the +chalk itself. I think you will now allow that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +did not overstate my case when I asserted that we +have as strong grounds for believing that all the +vast area of dry land, at present occupied by the +chalk, was once at the bottom of the sea, as we have +for any matter of history whatever; while there is +no justification for any other belief.</p> + +<p>No less certain it is that the time during which the +countries we now call south-east England, France, +Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, +were more or less completely covered by a deep sea, +was of considerable duration. We have already +seen that the chalk is, in places, more than a thousand +feet thick. I think you will agree with me +that it must have taken some time for the skeletons +of animalcules of a hundredth of an inch in diameter +to heap up such a mass as that.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCV" id="Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></p> + +<p>If the decay of the soft parts of the sea-urchin; +the attachment, growth to maturity, and decay +of the <i>Crania</i>; and the subsequent attachment and +growth of the coralline, took a year (which is a low +estimate enough), the accumulation of the inch of +chalk must have taken more than a year: and the +deposit of a thousand feet of chalk must, consequently, +have taken more than twelve thousand +years.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVI" id="Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></p> + +<p>There is a writing upon the wall of cliffs at +Cromer, and whoso runs may read it. It tells us, +with an authority which cannot be impeached, that +the ancient sea-bed of the chalk sea was raised up, +and remained dry land, until it was covered with +forest, stocked with the great game the spoils of +which have rejoiced your geologists. How long it +remained in that condition cannot be said; but "the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +whirligig of time brought its revenges" in those +days as in these. That dry land, with the bones +and teeth of generations of long-lived elephants, +hidden away among the gnarled roots and dry +leaves of its ancient trees, sank gradually to the +bottom of the icy sea, which covered it with huge +masses of drift and boulder clay. Sea-beasts, such +as the walrus, now restricted to the extreme north, +paddled about where birds had twittered among the +topmost twigs of the fir-trees. How long this state +of things endured we know not, but at length it +came to an end. The upheaved glacial mud hardened +into the soil of modern Norfolk. Forests grew +once more, the wolf and the beaver replaced the +reindeer and the elephant; and at length what we +call the history of England dawned.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVII" id="Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></p> + +<p>Direct proof may be given that some parts of the +land of the northern hemisphere are at this moment +insensibly rising and others insensibly sinking; and +there is indirect, but perfectly satisfactory, proof, +that an enormous area now covered by the Pacific +has been deepened thousands of feet, since the present +inhabitants of that sea came into existence. +Thus there is not a shadow of a reason for believing +that the physical changes of the globe, in past times, +have been effected by other than natural causes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCVIII" id="Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></p> + +<p>A small beginning has led us to a great ending. +If I were to put the bit of chalk with which we +started into the hot but obscure flame of burning +hydrogen, it would presently shine like the sun. It +seems to me that this physical metamorphosis is no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +false image of what has been the result of our +subjecting it to a jet of fervent, though nowise +brilliant, thought to-night. It has become luminous, +and its clear rays, penetrating the abyss of the +remote past, have brought within our ken some +stages of the evolution of the earth. And in the +shifting "without haste, but without rest" of the +land and sea, as in the endless variation of the forms +assumed by living beings, we have observed nothing +but the natural product of the forces originally +possessed by the substance of the universe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CXCIX" id="Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></p> + +<p>In certain parts of the sea bottom in the immediate +vicinity of the British Islands, as in the Clyde +district, among the Hebrides, in the Moray Firth, +and in the German Ocean, there are depressed areæ, +forming a kind of submarine valleys, the centres of +which are from 80 to 100 fathoms, or more, deep. +These depressions are inhabited by assemblages of +marine animals, which differ from those found over +the adjacent and shallower region, and resemble +those which are met with much farther north, on the +Norwegian coast. Forbes called these Scandinavian +detachments "Northern outliers."</p> + +<p>How did these isolated patches of a northern +population get into these deep places? To explain +the mystery, Forbes called to mind the fact that, in +the epoch which immediately preceded the present, +the climate was much colder (whence the name of +"glacial epoch" applied to it); and that the shells +which are found fossil, or sub-fossil, in deposits of +that age are precisely such as are now to be met +with only in the Scandinavian, or still more Arctic, +regions. Undoubtedly, during the glacial epoch, +the general population of our seas had, universally, +the northern aspect which is now presented only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +by the "northern outliers"; just as the vegetation +of the land, down to the sea-level, had the northern +character which is, at present, exhibited only by the +plants which live on the tops of our mountains. +But, as the glacial epoch passed away, and the +present climatal conditions were developed, the +northern plants were able to maintain themselves +only on the bleak heights, on which southern forms +could not compete with them. And, in like manner, +Forbes suggested that, after the glacial epoch, the +northern animals then inhabiting the sea became +restricted to the deeps in which they could hold +their own against invaders from the south, better +fitted than they to flourish in the warmer waters of +the shallows. Thus depth in the sea corresponded +in its effect upon distribution to height on the +land.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CC" id="Num_CC">CC</a></p> + +<p>Among the scientific instructions for the voyage<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +drawn up by a committee of the Royal Society, +there is a remarkable letter from Von Humboldt +to Lord Minto, then First Lord of the Admiralty, +in which, among other things, he dwells upon +the significance of the researches into the microscopic +composition of rocks, and the discovery +of the great share which microscopic organisms +take in the formation of the crust of the earth at +the present day, made by Ehrenberg in the years +1836-39. Ehrenberg, in fact, had shown that the +extensive beds of "rotten-stone" or "Tripoli" +which occur in various parts of the world, and +notably at Bilin in Bohemia, consisted of accumulations +of the silicious cases and skeletons of +<i>Diatomaceæ</i>, sponges, and <i>Radiolaria</i>; he had proved +that similar deposits were being formed by <i>Diatomaceæ</i>, +in the pools of the Thiergarten in Berlin and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +elsewhere, and had pointed out that, if it were +commercially worth while, rotten-stone might be +manufactured by a process of diatom-culture. Observations +conducted at Cuxhaven, in 1839, had +revealed the existence, at the surface of the waters +of the Baltic, of living Diatoms and <i>Radiolaria</i> +of the same species as those which, in a fossil +state, constitute extensive rocks of tertiary age at +Caltanisetta, Zante, and Oran, on the shores of the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p>Moreover, in the fresh-water rotten-stone beds +of Bilin, Ehrenberg had traced out the metamorphosis, +effected apparently by the action of percolating +water, of the primitively loose and friable +deposit of organized particles, in which the silex +exists in the hydrated or soluble condition. The +silex, in fact, undergoes solution and slow redeposition, +until, in ultimate result, the excessively fine-grained +sand, each particle of which is a skeleton, +becomes converted into a dense opaline stone, with +only here and there an indication of an organism.</p> + +<p>From the consideration of these facts, Ehrenberg, +as early as the year 1839, had arrived at the conclusion +that rocks, altogether similar to those which +constitute a large part of the crust of the earth, +must be forming, at the present day, at the bottom +of the sea; and he threw out the suggestion that +even where no trace of organic structure is to be +found in the older rocks, it may have been lost by +metamorphosis.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCI" id="Num_CCI">CCI</a></p> + +<p>It is highly creditable to the ingenuity of our +ancestors that the peculiar property of fermented +liquids, in virtue of which they "make glad the +heart of man," seems to have been known in the +remotest periods of which we have any record. All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +savages take to alcoholic fluids as if they were to +the manner born. Our Vedic forefathers intoxicated +themselves with the juice of the "soma"; Noah, +by a not unnatural reaction against a superfluity of +water, appears to have taken the earliest practicable +opportunity of qualifying that which he was obliged +to drink; and the ghosts of the ancient Egyptians +were solaced by pictures of banquets in which the +wine-cup passes round, graven on the walls of their +tombs. A knowledge of the process of fermentation, +therefore, was in all probability possessed by the +prehistoric populations of the globe; and it must +have become a matter of great interest even to +primæval wine-bibbers to study the methods by +which fermented liquids could be surely manufactured. +No doubt it was soon discovered that the most +certain, as well as the most expeditious, way of +making a sweet juice ferment was to add to it a +little of the scum, or lees, of another fermenting +juice. And it can hardly be questioned that this +singular excitation of fermentation in one fluid, by a +sort of infection, or inoculation, of a little ferment +taken from some other fluid, together with the +strange swelling, foaming, and hissing of the +fermented substance, must have always attracted +attention from the more thoughtful. Nevertheless, +the commencement of the scientific analysis of the +phenomena dates from a period not earlier than the +first half of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>At this time, Van Helmont made a first step, by +pointing out that the peculiar hissing and bubbling +of a fermented liquid is due, not to the evolution of +common air (which he, as the inventor of the term +"gas," calls "gas ventosum"), but to that of a +peculiar kind of air such as is occasionally met with +in caves, mines, and wells, and which he calls "gas +sylvestre."</p> + +<p>But a century elapsed before the nature of this +"gas sylvestre," or, as it was afterwards called, +"fixed air," was clearly determined, and it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +found to be identical with that deadly "chokedamp" +by which the lives of those who descend into +old wells, or mines, or brewers' vats, are sometimes +suddenly ended; and with the poisonous aëriform +fluid which is produced by the combustion of charcoal, +and now goes by the name of carbonic acid gas.</p> + +<p>During the same time it gradually became evident +that the presence of sugar was essential to the +production of alcohol and the evolution of carbonic +acid gas, which are the two great and conspicuous +products of fermentation. And finally, in 1787, the +Italian chemist, Fabroni, made the capital discovery +that the yeast ferment, the presence of which is +necessary to fermentation, is what he termed a +"vegeto-animal" substance; that is, a body which +gives off ammoniacal salts when it is burned, and is, +in other ways, similar to the gluten of plants and +the albumen and casein of animals.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCII" id="Num_CCII">CCII</a></p> + +<p>The living club-mosses are, for the most part, +insignificant and creeping herbs, which, superficially, +very closely resemble true mosses, and none of them +reach more than two or three feet in height. But, +in their essential structure, they very closely resemble +the earliest Lepidodendroid trees of the coal: their +stems and leaves are similar; so are their cones; +and no less like are the sporangia and spores; while +even in their size, the spores of the <i>Lepidodendron</i> and +those of the existing <i>Lycopodium</i>, or club-moss, very +closely approach one another.</p> + +<p>Thus, the singular conclusion is forced upon us, +that the greater and the smaller sacs of the "Better-Bed" +and other coals, in which the primitive structure +is well preserved, are simply the sporangia and +spores of certain plants, many of which were closely +allied to the existing club-mosses. And if, as I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +believe, it can be demonstrated that ordinary coal is +nothing but "saccular" coal which has undergone +a certain amount of that alteration which, if continued, +would convert it into anthracite; then, the +conclusion is obvious, that the great mass of the coal +we burn is the result of the accumulation of the +spores and spore-cases of plants, other parts of which +have furnished the carbonized stems and the mineral +charcoal, or have left their impressions on the surfaces +of the layer.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIII" id="Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></p> + +<p>The position of the beds which constitute the coal-measures +is infinitely diverse. Sometimes they are +tilted up vertically, sometimes they are horizontal, +sometimes curved into great basins; sometimes they +come to the surface, sometimes they are covered up +by thousands of feet of rock. But, whatever their +present position, there is abundant and conclusive +evidence that every under-clay was once a surface +soil. Not only do carbonized root-fibres frequently +abound in these under-clays; but the stools of trees, +the trunks of which are broken off and confounded +with the bed of coal, have been repeatedly found +passing into radiating roots, still embedded in the +under-clay. On many parts of the coast of England, +what are commonly known as "submarine forests" +are to be seen at low water. They consist, for the +most part, of short stools of oak, beech, and fir-trees, +still fixed by their long roots in the bed of blue clay in +which they originally grew. If one of these submarine +forest beds should be gradually depressed and +covered up by new deposits, it would present just +the same characters as an under-clay of the coal, if +the <i>Sigillaria</i> and <i>Lepidodendron</i> of the ancient world +were substituted for the oak, or the beech, of our +own times.</p> + +<p>In a tropical forest, at the present day, the trunks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +of fallen trees, and the stools of such trees as may +have been broken by the violence of storms, remain +entire for but a short time. Contrary to what might +be expected, the dense wood of the tree decays, and +suffers from the ravages of insects, more swiftly +than the bark. And the traveller, setting his foot on +a prostrate trunk finds that it is a mere shell, which +breaks under his weight, and lands his foot amidst the +insects, or the reptiles, which have sought food or +refuge within.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIV" id="Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></p> + +<p>The coal accumulated upon the area covered by +one of the great forests of the carboniferous epoch +would, in course of time, have been wasted away by +the small, but constant, wear and tear of rain and +streams, had the land which supported it remained at +the same level, or been gradually raised to a greater +elevation. And, no doubt, as much coal as now +exists has been destroyed, after its formation, in this +way.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCV" id="Num_CCV">CCV</a></p> + +<p>Once more, an invariably-recurring lesson of +geological history, at whatever point its study is +taken up: the lesson of the almost infinite slowness +of the modification of living forms. The lines of the +pedigrees of living things break off almost before +they begin to converge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVI" id="Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></p> + +<p>Yet another curious consideration. Let us suppose +that one of the stupid, salamander-like Labyrinthodonts, +which pottered, with much belly and +little leg, like Falstaff in his old age, among the +coal-forests, could have had thinking power enough +in his small brain to reflect upon the showers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +spores which kept on falling through years and +centuries, while perhaps not one in ten million +fulfilled its apparent purpose, and reproduced the +organism which gave it birth: surely he might have +been excused for moralizing upon the thoughtless and +wanton extravagance which Nature displayed in her +operations.</p> + +<p>But we have the advantage over our shovelheaded +predecessor—or possibly ancestor—and can +perceive that a certain vein of thrift runs through this +apparent prodigality. Nature is never in a hurry, +and seems to have had always before her eyes the +adage, "Keep a thing long enough, and you will +find a use for it." She has kept her beds of coal +many millions of years without being able to find +much use for them; she has sent them down beneath +the sea, and the sea-beasts could make nothing of +them; she has raised them up into dry land, and laid +the black veins bare, and still, for ages and ages, +there was no living thing on the face of the earth +that could see any sort of value in them; and it was +only the other day, so to speak, that she turned a +new creature out of her workshop, who by degrees +acquired sufficient wits to make a fire, and then +to discover that the black rock would burn.</p> + +<p>I suppose that nineteen hundred years ago, when +Julius Cæsar was good enough to deal with Britain as +we have dealt with New Zealand, the primæval +Briton, blue with cold and woad, may have known +that the strange black stone, of which he found lumps +here and there in his wanderings, would burn, and so +help to warm his body and cook his food. Saxon, +Dane, and Norman swarmed into the land. The +English people grew into a powerful nation, and +Nature still waited for a full return of the capital she +had invested in the ancient club-mosses. The +eighteenth century arrived, and with it James Watt. +The brain of that man was the spore out of which +was developed the modern steam-engine, and all the +prodigious trees and branches of modern industry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +which have grown out of this. But coal is as much +an essential condition of this growth and development +as carbonic acid is for that of a club-moss. Wanting +coal, we could not have smelted the iron needed +to make our engines, nor have worked our engines +when we had got them. But take away the +engines, and the great towns of Yorkshire and +Lancashire vanish like a dream. Manufactures give +place to agriculture and pasture, and not ten men +can live where now ten thousand are amply supported.</p> + +<p>Thus, all this abundant wealth of money and of +vivid life is Nature's interest upon her investment in +club-mosses, and the like, so long ago. But what +becomes of the coal which is burnt in yielding this +interest? Heat comes out of it, light comes out of +it; and if we could gather together all that goes up +the chimney, and all that remains in the grate of a +thoroughly-burnt coal-fire, we should find ourselves +in possession of a quantity of carbonic acid, water, +ammonia, and mineral matters, exactly equal in +weight to the coal. But these are the very matters +with which Nature supplied the club-mosses which +made the coal. She is paid back principal and +interest at the same time; and she straightway +invests the carbonic acid, the water, and the ammonia +in new forms of life, feeding with them the plants +that now live. Thrifty Nature! Surely no prodigal, +but most notable of housekeepers!</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVII" id="Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></p> + +<p>Here, then, is a capital fact. The movements of +the lobster are due to muscular contractility. But +why does a muscle contract at one time and not at +another? Why does one whole group of muscles +contract when the lobster wishes to extend his tail, +and another group when he desires to bend it? +What is it originates, directs, and controls the motive +power?</p> + +<p>Experiment, the great instrument for the ascertainment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +of truth in physical science, answers this +question for us. In the head of the lobster there lies +a small mass of that peculiar tissue which is known +as nervous substance. Cords of similar matter +connect this brain of the lobster, directly or indirectly, +with the muscles. Now, if these communicating +cords are cut, the brain remaining entire, the power +of exerting what we call voluntary motion in the +parts below the section is destroyed; and, on the +other hand, if, the cords remaining entire, the brain +mass be destroyed, the same voluntary mobility is +equally lost. Whence the inevitable conclusion is, +that the power of originating these motions resides +in the brain and is propagated along the nervous +cords.</p> + +<p>In the higher animals the phenomena which attend +this transmission have been investigated, and the +exertion of the peculiar energy which resides in the +nerves has been found to be accompanied by a +disturbance of the electrical state of their molecules.</p> + +<p>If we could exactly estimate the signification of +this disturbance; if we could obtain the value of +a given exertion of nerve force by determining the +quantity of electricity, or of heat, of which it is +the equivalent; if we could ascertain upon what +arrangement, or other condition of the molecules of +matter, the manifestation of the nervous and +muscular energies depends (and doubtless science +will some day or other ascertain these points), +physiologists would have attained their ultimate +goal in this direction; they would have determined +the relation of the motive force of animals to the +other forms of force found in nature; and if the +same process had been successfully performed for +all the operations which are carried on in, and by, +the animal frame, physiology would be perfect, and +the facts of morphology and distribution would be +deducible from the laws which physiologists had +established, combined with those determining the +condition of the surrounding universe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCVIII" id="Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></p> + +<p>The object of lectures is, in the first place, to +awaken the attention and excite the enthusiasm +of the student; and this, I am sure, may be effected +to a far greater extent by the oral discourse and +by the personal influence of a respected teacher +than in any other way. Secondly, lectures have +the double use of guiding the student to the salient +points of a subject, and at the same time forcing +him to attend to the whole of it, and not merely +to that part which takes his fancy. And lastly, +lectures afford the student the opportunity of +seeking explanations of those difficulties which +will, and indeed ought to, arise in the course of +his studies.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCIX" id="Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></p> + +<p>What books shall I read? is a question constantly +put by the student to the teacher. My +reply usually is, "None: write your notes out +carefully and fully; strive to understand them +thoroughly; come to me for the explanation of +anything you cannot understand; and I would +rather you did not distract your mind by reading." +A properly composed course of lectures ought to +contain fully as much matter as a student can +assimilate in the time occupied by its delivery; +and the teacher should always recollect that his +business is to feed and not to cram the intellect. +Indeed, I believe that a student who gains from +a course of lectures the simple habit of concentrating +his attention upon a definitely limited series +of facts, until they are thoroughly mastered, has +made a step of immeasurable importance.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCX" id="Num_CCX">CCX</a></p> + +<p>However good lectures may be, and however +extensive the course of reading by which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +are followed up, they are but accessories to the +great instrument of scientific teaching—demonstration. +If I insist unweariedly, nay fanatically, +upon the importance of physical science as an +educational agent, it is because the study of any +branch of science, if properly conducted, appears +to me to fill up a void left by all other means of +education. I have the greatest respect and love +for literature; nothing would grieve me more than +to see literary training other than a very prominent +branch of education: indeed, I wish that real literary +discipline were far more attended to than it is; but +I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that there is a +vast difference between men who have had a purely +literary, and those who have had a sound scientific, +training.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXI" id="Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></p> + +<p>In the world of letters, learning and knowledge +are one, and books are the source of both; whereas +in science, as in life, learning and knowledge are +distinct, and the study of things, and not of books, is +the source of the latter.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXII" id="Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></p> + +<p>All that literature has to bestow may be obtained +by reading and by practical exercise in writing +and in speaking; but I do not exaggerate when +I say that none of the best gifts of science are to +be won by these means. On the contrary, the +great benefit which a scientific education bestows, +whether as training or as knowledge, is dependent +upon the extent to which the mind of the student +is brought into immediate contact with facts—upon +the degree to which he learns the habit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +appealing directly to Nature, and of acquiring through +his senses concrete images of those properties of +things, which are, and always will be, but approximatively +expressed in human language. Our way +of looking at Nature, and of speaking about her, +varies from year to year; but a fact once seen, +a relation of cause and effect, once demonstratively +apprehended, are possessions which neither change +nor pass away, but, on the contrary, form fixed +centres, about which other truths aggregate by +natural affinity.</p> + +<p>Therefore, the great business of the scientific +teacher is, to imprint the fundamental, irrefragable +facts of his science, not only by words upon the +mind, but by sensible impressions upon the eye, +and ear, and touch of the student, in so complete +a manner, that every term used, or law enunciated, +should afterwards call up vivid images of the +particular structural, or other, facts which furnished +the demonstration of the law, or the illustration +of the term.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIII" id="Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></p> + +<p>What is the purpose of primary intellectual +education? I apprehend that its first object is to +train the young in the use of those tools wherewith +men extract knowledge from the ever-shifting +succession of phenomena which pass before their +eyes; and that its second object is to inform them +of the fundamental laws which have been found +by experience to govern the course of things, so +that they may not be turned out into the world +naked, defenceless, and a prey to the events they +might control.</p> + +<p>A boy is taught to read his own and other +languages, in order that he may have access to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +infinitely wider stores of knowledge than could +ever be opened to him by oral intercourse with his +fellow men; he learns to write, that his means of +communication with the rest of mankind may be +indefinitely enlarged, and that he may record and +store up the knowledge he acquires. He is taught +elementary mathematics, that he may understand +all those relations of number and form, upon which +the transactions of men, associated in complicated +societies, are built, and that he may have some +practice in deductive reasoning.</p> + +<p>All these operations of reading, writing, and +ciphering are intellectual tools, whose use should, +before all things, be learned, and learned thoroughly; +so that the youth may be enabled to +make his life that which it ought to be, a continual +progress in learning and in wisdom.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIV" id="Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></p> + +<p>In addition, primary education endeavours to +fit a boy out with a certain equipment of positive +knowledge. He is taught the great laws of morality; +the religion of his sect; so much history and +geography as will tell him where the great countries +of the world are, what they are, and how they have +become what they are.</p> + +<p>But if I regard it closely, a curious reflection +arises. I suppose that, fifteen hundred years ago, +the child of any well-to-do Roman citizen was +taught just these same things; reading and writing +in his own, and, perhaps, the Greek tongue; the +elements of mathematics; and the religion, morality, +history, and geography current in his time. +Furthermore, I do not think I err in affirming that, +if such a Christian Roman boy, who had finished +his education, could be transplanted into one of our +public schools, and pass through its course of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +instruction, he would not meet with a single +unfamiliar line of thought; amidst all the new facts +he would have to learn, not one would suggest a +different mode of regarding the universe from that +current in his own time.</p> + +<p>And yet surely there is some great difference +between the civilisation of the fourth century and +that of the nineteenth, and still more between the +intellectual habits and tone of thought of that day +and this?</p> + +<p>And what has made this difference? I answer +fearlessly—The prodigious development of physical +science within the last two centuries.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXV" id="Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></p> + +<p>Modern civilisation rests upon physical science; +take away her gifts to our own country, and our +position among the leading nations of the world +is gone to-morrow; for it is physical science only +that makes intelligence and moral energy stronger +than brute force.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVI" id="Num_CCXVI">CCXVI</a></p> + +<p>The whole of modern thought is steeped in +science; it has made its way into the works of +our best poets, and even the mere man of letters, +who affects to ignore and despise science, is unconsciously +impregnated with her spirit, and indebted +for his best products to her methods. I +believe that the greatest intellectual revolution +mankind has yet seen is now slowly taking place +by her agency. She is teaching the world that +the ultimate court of appeal is observation and +experiment, and not authority; she is teaching it +to estimate the value of evidence; she is creating +a firm and living faith in the existence of immutable +moral and physical laws, perfect obedience to +which is the highest possible aim of an intelligent +being.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p>But of all this your old stereotyped system of +education takes no note. Physical science, its +methods, its problems, and its difficulties, will meet +the poorest boy at every turn, and yet we educate +him in such a manner that he shall enter the world +as ignorant of the existence of the methods and +facts of science as the day he was born. The +modern world is full of artillery; and we turn out +our children to do battle in it, equipped with the +shield and sword of an ancient gladiator.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVII" id="Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></p> + +<p>Posterity will cry shame on us if we do not remedy +this deplorable state of things. Nay, if we live +twenty years longer, our own consciences will cry +shame on us.</p> + +<p>It is my firm conviction that the only way to +remedy it is to make the elements of physical science +an integral part of primary education. I have +endeavoured to show you how that may be done for +that branch of science which it is my business to pursue; +and I can but add, that I should look upon the day +when every schoolmaster throughout this land was a +centre of genuine, however rudimentary, scientific +knowledge as an epoch in the history of the country.</p> + +<p>But let me entreat you to remember my last words. +Addressing myself to you, as teachers, I would say, +mere book learning in physical science is a sham and +a delusion—what you teach, unless you wish to be +impostors, that you must first know; and real +knowledge in science means personal acquaintance +with the facts, be they few or many.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXVIII" id="Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></p> + +<p>The first distinct enunciation of the hypothesis +that all living matter has sprung from pre-existing +living matter came from a contemporary, though a +junior, of Harvey, a native of that country, fertile in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +men great in all departments of human activity, +which was to intellectual Europe, in the sixteenth +and seventeenth centuries, what Germany is in the +nineteenth. It was in Italy, and from Italian +teachers, that Harvey received the most important +part of his scientific education. And it was a student +trained in the same schools, Francesco Redi—a man +of the widest knowledge and most versatile abilities, +distinguished alike as scholar, poet, physician and +naturalist—who, just two hundred and two years ago,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +published his "Esperienze intorno alla Generazione +degl' Insetti," and gave to the world the idea, the +growth of which it is my purpose to trace. Redi's +book went through five editions in twenty years; +and the extreme simplicity of his experiments, and the +clearness of his arguments, gained for his views and +for their consequences, almost universal acceptance.</p> + +<p>Redi did not trouble himself much with speculative +considerations, but attacked particular cases +of what was supposed to be "spontaneous generation" +experimentally. Here are dead animals, or +pieces of meat, says he; I expose them to the air in +hot weather, and in a few days they swarm with +maggots. You tell me that these are generated +in the dead flesh; but if I put similar bodies, while +quite fresh, into a jar, and tie some fine gauze over +the top of the jar, not a maggot makes its appearance, +while the dead substances, nevertheless, putrefy just +in the same way as before. It is obvious, therefore, +that the maggots are not generated by the corruption +of the meat; and that the cause of their formation +must be a something which is kept away by gauze. +But gauze will not keep away aëriform bodies, or +fluids. This something must therefore, exist +in the form of solid particles too big to get +through the gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt +what these solid particles are; for the blow-flies, +attracted by the odour of the meat, swarm round the +vessel, and, urged by a powerful but in this case<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +misleading instinct, lay eggs out of which maggots +are immediately hatched, upon the gauze. The +conclusion, therefore, is unavoidable; the maggots +are not generated by the meat, but the eggs which +give rise to them are brought through the air by the +flies.</p> + +<p>These experiments seem almost childishly simple, +and one wonders how it was that no one ever thought +of them before. Simple as they are, however, they are +worthy of the most careful study, for every piece of experimental +work since done, in regard to this subject, +has been shaped upon the model furnished by the +Italian philosopher. As the results of his experiments +were the same, however varied the nature of +the materials he used, it is not wonderful that there +arose in Redi's mind a presumption that, in all such +cases of the seeming production of life from dead +matter, the real explanation was the introduction +of living germs from without into that dead matter. +And thus the hypothesis that living matter always +arises by the agency of pre-existing living matter, +took definite shape; and had, henceforward, a right +to be considered and a claim to be refuted, in each +particular case, before the production of living +matter in any other way could be admitted by careful +reasoners. It will be necessary for me to refer to +this hypothesis so frequently, that, to save circumlocution, +I shall call it the hypothesis of <i>Biogenesis</i>; +and I shall term the contrary doctrine—that living +matter may be produced by not living matter—the +hypothesis of <i>Abiogenesis</i>.</p> + +<p>In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the +latter was the dominant view, sanctioned alike by +antiquity and by authority; and it is interesting to +observe that Redi did not escape the customary tax +upon a discoverer of having to defend himself against +the charge of impugning the authority of the Scriptures; +for his adversaries declared that the generation +of bees from the carcase of a dead lion is affirmed, +in the Book of Judges, to have been the origin of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +the famous riddle with which Samson perplexed the +Philistines:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Out of the eater came forth meat,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And out of the strong came forth sweetness"<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXIX" id="Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></p> + +<p>The great tragedy of Science—the slaying of a +beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXX" id="Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></p> + +<p>It remains yet in the order of logic, though not of +history, to show that among these solid destructible +particles there really do exist germs capable of +giving rise to the development of living forms in +suitable menstrua. This piece of work was done by +M. Pasteur in those beautiful researches which will +ever render his name famous; and which, in spite of +all attacks upon them, appear to me now, as they +did seven years ago, to be models of accurate +experimentation and logical reasoning. He strained +air through cotton-wool, and found, as Schroeder +and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing competent +to give rise to the development of life in +fluids highly fitted for that purpose. But the +important further links in the chain of evidence +added by Pasteur are three. In the first place he +subjected to microscopic examination the cotton-wool +which had served as strainer, and found that +sundry bodies clearly recognisable as germs were +among the solid particles strained off. Secondly, +he proved that these germs were competent to give +rise to living forms by simply sowing them in a +solution fitted for their development. And, thirdly, +he showed that the incapacity of air strained through +cotton-wool to give rise to life was not due to any +occult change effected in the constituents of the air by +the wool, by proving that the cotton-wool might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +dispensed with altogether, and perfectly free access +left between the exterior air and that in the experimental +flask. If the neck of the flask is drawn out +into a tube and bent downwards; and if, after +the contained fluid has been carefully boiled, the +tube is heated sufficiently to destroy any germs +which may be present in the air which enters +as the fluid cools, the apparatus may be left to itself +for any time and no life will appear in the fluid. +The reason is plain. Although there is free communication +between the atmosphere laden with +germs and the germless air in the flask, contact +between the two takes place only in the tube; and +as the germs cannot fall upwards, and there are no +currents, they never reach the interior of the flask. +But if the tube be broken short off where it proceeds +from the flask, and free access be thus given to +germs falling vertically out of the air, the fluid, +which has remained clear and desert for months, +becomes, in a few days, turbid and full of life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXI" id="Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></p> + +<p>In autumn it is not uncommon to see flies +motionless upon a window-pane, with a sort of +magic circle, in white, drawn round them. On +microscopic examination, the magic circle is found +to consist of innumerable spores, which have been +thrown off in all directions by a minute fungus +called <i>Empusa muscæ</i>, the spore-forming filaments +of which stand out like a pile of velvet from the +body of the fly. These spore-forming filaments +are connected with others which fill the interior +of the fly's body like so much fine wool, having +eaten away and destroyed the creature's viscera. +This is the full-grown condition of the <i>Empusa</i>. +If traced back to its earliest stages, in flies which +are still active, and to all appearance healthy, it +is found to exist in the form of minute corpuscles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +which float in the blood of the fly. These multiply +and lengthen into filaments, at the expense of +the fly's substance; and when they have at last +killed the patient, they grow out of its body and +give off spores. Healthy flies shut up with +diseased ones catch this mortal disease, and perish +like the others. A most competent observer, M. +Cohn, who studied the development of the <i>Empusa</i> +very carefully, was utterly unable to discover in +what manner the smallest germs of the <i>Empusa</i> +got into the fly. The spores could not be made +to give rise to such germs by cultivation; nor were +such germs discoverable in the air, or in the food +of the fly. It looked exceedingly like a case of +Abiogenesis, or, at any rate, of Xenogenesis; and +it is only quite recently that the real course of events +has been made out. It has been ascertained that +when one of the spores falls upon the body of a +fly, it begins to germinate, and sends out a process +which bores its way through the fly's skin; this, +having reached the interior cavities of its body, +gives off the minute floating corpuscles which are +the earliest stage of the <i>Empusa</i>. The disease +is "contagious," because a healthy fly coming +in contact with a diseased one, from which the +spore-bearing filaments protrude, is pretty sure +to carry off a spore or two. It is "infectious" +because the spores become scattered about all +sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the slain flies.</p> + +<p>Silkworms are liable to many diseases; and, +even before 1853, a peculiar epizootic, frequently +accompanied by the appearance of dark spots upon +the skin (whence the name of "Pébrine" which +it has received), had been noted for its mortality. +But in the years following 1853 this malady broke +out with such extreme violence, that, in 1858, the +silk-crop was reduced to a third of the amount +which it had reached in 1853; and, up till within +the last year or two, it has never attained half the +yield of 1853. This means not only that the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +number of people engaged in silk growing are +some thirty millions sterling poorer than they might +have been; it means not only that high prices have +had to be paid for imported silkworm eggs, and +that, after investing his money in them, in paying +for mulberry-leaves and for attendance, the cultivator +has constantly seen his silkworms perish and +himself plunged in ruin; but it means that the looms +of Lyons have lacked employment, and that, for +years, enforced idleness and misery have been the +portion of a vast population which, in former days, +was industrious and well-to-do.</p> + +<p>In reading the Report made by M. de Quatrefages +in 1859, it is exceedingly interesting to observe that +his elaborate study of the Pébrine forced the conviction +upon his mind that, in its mode of occurrence +and propagation, the disease of the silkworm is, in +every respect, comparable to the cholera among +mankind. But it differs from the cholera, and so +far is a more formidable malady, in being hereditary, +and in being, under some circumstances, contagious +as well as infectious.</p> + +<p>The Italian naturalist, Filippi, discovered in the +blood of the silkworms affected by this strange +disorder a multitude of cylindrical corpuscles, each +about 1/6000th of an inch long. These have been +carefully studied by Lebert, and named by him +<i>Panhistophyton</i>; for the reason that in subjects in +which the disease is strongly developed, the corpuscles +swarm in every tissue and organ of the +body, and even pass into the undeveloped eggs of +the female moth. But are these corpuscles causes, +or mere concomitants, of the disease? Some naturalists +took one view and some another; and it was +not until the French Government, alarmed by the +continued ravages of the malady, and the inefficiency +of the remedies which had been suggested, despatched +M. Pasteur to study it, that the question +received its final settlement; at a great sacrifice, +not only of the time and peace of mind of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +eminent philosopher, but, I regret to have to add, +of his health.</p> + +<p>But the sacrifice has not been in vain. It is now +certain that this devastating, cholera-like Pébrine +is the effect of the growth and multiplication of +the <i>Panhistophyton</i> in the silkworm. It is contagious +and infectious, because the corpuscles of the <i>Panhistophyton</i> +pass away from the bodies of the diseased +caterpillars, directly or indirectly, to the alimentary +canal of healthy silkworms in their neighbourhood; +it is hereditary because the corpuscles enter into +the eggs while they are being formed, and consequently +are carried within them when they are +laid; and for this reason, also, it presents the very +singular peculiarity of being inherited only on the +mother's side. There is not a single one of all the +apparently capricious and unaccountable phenomena +presented by the Pébrine, but has received its +explanation from the fact that the disease is the +result of the presence of the microscopic organism, +<i>Panhistophyton</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXII" id="Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></p> + +<p>I commenced this Address by asking you to +follow me in an attempt to trace the path which +has been followed by a scientific idea, in its long +and slow progress from the position of a probable +hypothesis to that of an established law of nature. +Our survey has not taken us into very attractive +regions; it has lain, chiefly, in a land flowing with +the abominable, and peopled with mere grubs and +mouldiness. And it may be imagined with what +smiles and shrugs, practical and serious contemporaries +of Redi and of Spallanzani may have commented +on the waste of their high abilities in toiling at the +solution of problems which, though curious enough +in themselves, could be of no conceivable utility to +mankind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, you will have observed that before +we had travelled very far upon our road, there +appeared, on the right hand and on the left, fields +laden with a harvest of golden grain, immediately +convertible into those things which the most solidly +practical men will admit to have value—viz., money +and life.</p> + +<p>The direct loss to France caused by the Pébrine +in seventeen years cannot be estimated at less than +fifty millions sterling; and if we add to this what +Redi's idea, in Pasteur's hands, has done for the +wine-grower and for the vinegar-maker, and try to +capitalise its value, we shall find that it will go a +long way towards repairing the money losses caused +by the frightful and calamitous war of this autumn +(1870). And as to the equivalent of Redi's thought in +life, how can we overestimate the value of that knowledge +of the nature of epidemic and epizootic diseases, +and consequently of the means of checking, or +eradicating them, the dawn of which has assuredly +commenced?</p> + +<p>Looking back no further than ten years, it is +possible to select three (1863, 1864, and 1869) in +which the total number of deaths from scarlet-fever +alone amounted to ninety thousand. That +is the return of killed, the maimed and disabled +being left out of sight. Why, it is to be hoped +that the list of killed in the present bloodiest of +all wars will not amount to more than this! But +the facts which I have placed before you must +leave the least sanguine without a doubt that the +nature and the causes of this scourge will, one day, +be as well understood as those of the Pébrine are +now; and that the long-suffered massacre of our +innocents will come to an end.</p> + +<p>And thus mankind will have one more admonition +that "the people perish for lack of knowledge"; +and that the alleviation of the miseries, +and the promotion of the welfare, of men must +be sought, by those who will not lose their pains,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +in that diligent, patient, loving study of all the +multitudinous aspects of Nature, the results of which +constitute exact knowledge, or Science.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIII" id="Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></p> + +<p>I find three, more or less contradictory, systems +of geological thought, each of which might fairly +enough claim these appellations, standing side by +side in Britain. I shall call one of them Catastrophism, +another Uniformitarianism, the third +Evolutionism; and I shall try briefly to sketch the +characters of each, that you may say whether the +classification is, or is not, exhaustive.</p> + +<p>By Catastrophism I mean any form of geological +speculation which, in order to account for the +phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of +forces different in their nature, or immeasurably +different in power, from those which we at present +see in action in the universe.</p> + +<p>The Mosaic cosmogony is, in this sense, catastrophic, +because it assumes the operation of extranatural +power. The doctrine of violent upheavals, +<i>débâcles</i>, and cataclysms in general, is catastrophic, +so far as it assumes that these were brought about +by causes which have now no parallel. There was +a time when catastrophism might, pre-eminently, +have claimed the title of "British popular geology"; +and assuredly it has yet many adherents, and reckons +among its supporters some of the most honoured +members of this Society.</p> + +<p>By Uniformitarianism I mean especially the +teaching of Hutton and of Lyell.</p> + +<p>That great though incomplete work, "The +Theory of the Earth," seems to me to be one of the +most remarkable contributions to geology which is +recorded in the annals of the science. So far as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +not-living world is concerned, uniformitarianism lies +there, not only in germ, but in blossom and fruit.</p> + +<p>If one asks how it is that Hutton was led to +entertain views so far in advance of those prevalent +in his time, in some respects; while, in others, they +seem almost curiously limited, the answer appears +to me to be plain.</p> + +<p>Hutton was in advance of the geological speculation +of his time, because, in the first place, he had +amassed a vast store of knowledge of the facts +of geology, gathered by personal observation in +travels of considerable extent; and because, in the +second place, he was thoroughly trained in the +physical and chemical science of his day, and thus +possessed, as much as any one in his time could +possess it, the knowledge which is requisite for the +just interpretation of geological phenomena, and the +habit of thought which fits a man for scientific +inquiry.</p> + +<p>It is to this thorough scientific training that I +ascribe Hutton's steady and persistent refusal to +look to other causes than those now in operation +for the explanation of geological phenomena.</p> + +<p>The internal heat of the earth, the elevation and +depression of its crust, its belchings forth of vapours, +ashes, and lava, are its activities, in as strict a sense +as are warmth and the movements and products of +respiration the activities of an animal. The phenomena +of the seasons, of the trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, +are as much the results of the reaction +between these inner activities and outward forces +as are the budding of the leaves in spring and their +falling in autumn the effects of the interaction +between the organisation of a plant and the solar +light and heat. And, as the study of the activities +of the living being is called its physiology, so are +these phenomena the subject-matter of an analogous +telluric physiology, to which we sometimes give the +name of meteorology, sometimes that of physical +geography, sometimes that of geology. Again, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +earth has a place in space and in time, and relations +to other bodies in both these respects, which constitute +its distribution. This subject is usually left +to the astronomer; but a knowledge of its broad +outlines seems to me to be an essential constituent of +the stock of geological ideas.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIV" id="Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></p> + +<p>All that can be ascertained concerning the +structure, succession of conditions, actions, and +position in space of the earth, is the matter of fact +of its natural history. But, as in biology, there +remains the matter of reasoning from these facts to +their causes, which is just as much science as the +other, and indeed more; and this constitutes geological +ætiology.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXV" id="Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></p> + +<p>I suppose that it would be very easy to pick holes +in the details of Kant's speculations, whether cosmological, +or specially telluric, in their application. +But for all that, he seems to me to have been the +first person to frame a complete system of geological +speculation by founding the doctrine of evolution.</p> + +<p>I have said that the three schools of geological +speculation which I have termed Catastrophism, +Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism, are commonly +supposed to be antagonistic to one another; and I +presume it will have become obvious that in my +belief, the last is destined to swallow up the other +two. But it is proper to remark that each of +the latter has kept alive the tradition of precious +truths.</p> + +<p>To my mind there appears to be no sort of +necessary theoretical antagonism between Catastrophism +and Uniformitarianism. On the contrary,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +it is very conceivable that catastrophes may be part +and parcel of uniformity. Let me illustrate my +case by analogy. The working of a clock is a +model of uniform action; good time-keeping means +uniformity of action. But the striking of the clock +is essentially a catastrophe; the hammer might be +made to blow up a barrel of gunpowder, or turn on +a deluge of water; and, by proper arrangement, +the clock, instead of marking the hours, might +strike at all sorts of irregular periods, never twice +alike, in the intervals, force, or number of its blows. +Nevertheless, all these irregular, and apparently +lawless, catastrophes would be the result of an +absolutely uniformitarian action; and we might have +two schools of clock-theorists, one studying the +hammer and the other the pendulum.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVI" id="Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Mathematics may be compared to a mill of +exquisite workmanship, which grinds your stuff of +any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you +get out depends upon what you put in; and as the +grandest mill in the world will not extract wheat-flour +from peascods, so pages of formulæ will not +get a definite result out of loose data.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVII" id="Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The motive of the drama of human life is the necessity, +laid upon every man who comes into the world, +of discovering the mean between self-assertion and +self-restraint suited to his character and his circumstances. +And the eternally tragic aspect of the +drama lies in this: that the problem set before us is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +one the elements of which can be but imperfectly +known, and of which even an approximately right +solution rarely presents itself, until that stern critic, +aged experience, has been furnished with ample +justification for venting his sarcastic humour upon +the irreparable blunders we have already made.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXVIII" id="Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>That which endures is not one or another association +of living forms, but the process of which the +cosmos is the product, and of which these are among +the transitory expressions. And in the living world, +one of the most characteristic features of this cosmic +process is the struggle for existence, the competition +of each with all, the result of which is the selection, +that is to say, the survival of those forms which, on +the whole, are best adapted to the conditions which +at any period obtain; and which are therefore, in +that respect, and only in that respect, the fittest. +The acme reached by the cosmic process in the +vegetation of the downs is seen in the turf, with its +weed and gorse. Under the conditions, they have +come out of the struggle victorious; and, by surviving, +have proved that they are the fittest to survive.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXIX" id="Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></p> + +<p>As a natural process, of the same character as the +development of a tree from its seed, or of a fowl from +its egg, evolution excludes creation and all other +kinds of supernatural intervention. As the expression +of a fixed order, every stage of which is the +effect of causes operating according to definite rules, +the conception of evolution no less excludes that of +chance. It is very desirable to remember that evolution +is not an explanation of the cosmic process, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +merely a generalized statement of the method and +results of that process. And, further, that, if there +is proof that the cosmic process was set going by any +agent, then that agent will be the creator of it and +of all its products, although, supernatural intervention +may remain strictly excluded from its further +course.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXX" id="Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></p> + +<p>All plants and animals exhibit the tendency to vary, +the causes of which have yet to be ascertained; it +is the tendency of the conditions of life, at any given +time, while favouring the existence of the variations +best adapted to them, to oppose that of the rest and +thus to exercise selection; and all living things tend +to multiply without limit, while the means of support +are limited; the obvious cause of which is the production +of offspring more numerous than their progenitors, +but with equal expectation of life in the +actuarial sense. Without the first tendency there +could be no evolution. Without the second, there +would be no good reason why one variation should +disappear and another take its place; that is to say, +there would be no selection. Without the third, the +struggle for existence, the agent of the selective +process in the state of nature, would vanish.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXI" id="Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></p> + +<p>The faith which is born of knowledge finds its +object in an eternal order, bringing forth ceaseless +change, through endless time, in endless space; the +manifestations of the cosmic energy alternating +between phases of potentiality and phases of explication.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXII" id="Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></p> + +<p>With all their enormous differences in natural +endowment, men agree in one thing, and that is their +innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and escape the +pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that +which it pleases them to do, without the least reference +to the welfare of the society into which they are +born. That is their inheritance (the reality at the +bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long +series of ancestors, human and semi-human and +brutal, in whom the strength of this innate tendency +to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the +struggle for existence. That is the reason of the +<i>aviditas vitæ</i>—the insatiable hunger for enjoyment—of +all mankind, which is one of the essential conditions +of success in the war with the state of nature +outside; and yet the sure agent of the destruction of +society if allowed free play within.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIII" id="Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The check upon this free play of self-assertion, or +natural liberty, which is the necessary condition for +the origin of human society, is the product of organic +necessities of a different kind from those upon which +the constitution of the hive depends. One of these +is the mutual affection of parent and offspring, intensified +by the long infancy of the human species. +But the most important is the tendency, so strongly +developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and +feelings similar to, or correlated with, those of other +men. Man is the most consummate of all mimics in +the animal world; none but himself can draw or +model; none comes near him in the scope, variety, +and exactness of vocal imitation; none is such a +master of gesture; while he seems to be impelled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is +no such another emotional chameleon. By a purely +reflex operation of the mind, we take the hue of +passion of those who are about us, or, it may be, the +complementary colour. It is not by any conscious +"putting one's self in the place" of a joyful or a suffering +person that the state of mind we call sympathy +usually arises; indeed, it is often contrary to one's +sense of right, and in spite of one's will, that "fellow-feeling +makes us wondrous kind," or the reverse. +However complete may be the indifference to public +opinion, in a cool, intellectual view, of the traditional +sage, it has not yet been my fortune to meet with +any actual sage who took its hostile manifestations +with entire equanimity. Indeed, I doubt if the +philosopher lives, or ever has lived, who could know +himself to be heartily despised by a street boy without +some irritation. And, though one cannot justify +Haman for wishing to hang Mordecai on such a very +high gibbet, yet, really, the consciousness of the +Vizier of Ahasuerus, as he went in and out of the +gate, that this obscure Jew had no respect for him, +must have been very annoying.</p> + +<p>It is needful only to look around us, to see that +the greatest restrainer of the anti-social tendencies +of men is fear, not of the law, but of the opinion of +their fellows. The conventions of honour bind men +who break legal, moral, and religious bonds; and, +while people endure the extremity of physical pain +rather than part with life, shame drives the weakest +to suicide.</p> + +<p>Every forward step of social progress brings men +into closer relations with their fellows, and increases +the importance of the pleasures and pains derived +from sympathy. We judge the acts of others by +our own sympathies, and we judge our own acts +by the sympathies of others, every day and all +day long, from childhood upwards, until associations, +as indissoluble as those of language, are formed +between certain acts and the feelings of approbation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +or disapprobation. It becomes impossible to imagine +some acts without disapprobation, or others without +approbation of the actor, whether he be one's self +or anyone else. We come to think in the acquired +dialect of morals. An artificial personality, the +"man within," as Adam Smith calls conscience, +is built up beside the natural personality. He is the +watchman of society, charged to restrain the anti-social +tendencies of the natural man within the +limits required by social welfare.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIV" id="Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>I have termed this evolution of the feelings out +of which the primitive bonds of human society are +so largely forged, into the organized and personified +sympathy we call conscience, the ethical process. +So far as it tends to make any human society more +efficient in the struggle for existence with the state +of nature, or with other societies, it works in harmonious +contrast with the cosmic process. But +it is none the less true that, since law and morals +are restraints upon the struggle for existence between +men in society, the ethical process is in opposition +to the principle of the cosmic process, and tends +to the suppression of the qualities best fitted for +success in that struggle.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXV" id="Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Moralists of all ages and of all faiths, attending +only to the relations of men towards one another +in an ideal society, have agreed upon the "golden +rule," "Do as you would be done by." In other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +words, let sympathy be your guide; put yourself +in the place of the man towards whom your action +is directed; and do to him what you would like to +have done to yourself under the circumstances. +However much one may admire the generosity of +such a rule of conduct; however confident one may +be that average men may be thoroughly depended +upon not to carry it out to its full logical consequences; +it is nevertheless desirable to recognise +the fact that these consequences are incompatible +with the existence of a civil state, under any circumstances +of this world which have obtained, or, +so far as one can see, are likely to come to +pass.</p> + +<p>For I imagine there can be no doubt that the +great desire of every wrongdoer is to escape from +the painful consequences of his actions. If I put +myself in the place of the man who has robbed me, +I find that I am possessed by an exceeding desire +not to be fined or imprisoned; if in that of the +man who has smitten me on one cheek, I contemplate +with satisfaction the absence of any worse +result than the turning of the other cheek for like +treatment. Strictly observed, the "golden rule" +involves the negation of law by the refusal to put it +in motion against law-breakers; and, as regards +the external relations of a polity, it is the refusal +to continue the struggle for existence. It can be +obeyed, even partially, only under the protection of +a society which repudiates it. Without such +shelter the followers of the "golden rule" may +indulge in hopes of heaven, but they must reckon +with the certainty that other people will be masters +of the earth.</p> + +<p>What would become of the garden if the gardener +treated all the weeds and slugs and birds +and trespassers as he would like to be treated if +he were in their place?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVI" id="Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>In a large proportion of cases, crime and pauperism +have nothing to do with heredity; but are +the consequence, partly, of circumstances and, +partly, of the possession of qualities, which, under +different conditions of life, might have excited +esteem and even admiration. It was a shrewd +man of the world who, in discussing sewage +problems, remarked that dirt is riches in the wrong +place; and that sound aphorism has moral applications. +The benevolence and open-handed generosity +which adorn a rich man may make a pauper +of a poor one; the energy and courage to which +the successful soldier owes his rise, the cool and +daring subtlety to which the great financier owes +his fortune, may very easily, under unfavourable +conditions, lead their possessors to the gallows, +or to the hulks. Moreover, it is fairly probable +that the children of a "failure" will receive from +their other parent just that little modification of +character which makes all the difference. I sometimes +wonder whether people, who talk so freely +about extirpating the unfit, ever dispassionately +consider their own history. Surely, one must be +very "fit" indeed not to know of an occasion, +or perhaps two, in one's life, when it would have +been only too easy to qualify for a place among +the "unfit."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVII" id="Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>In the struggle for the means of enjoyment, the +qualities which ensure success are energy, industry, +intellectual capacity, tenacity of purpose, and, at +least as much sympathy as is necessary to make a +man understand the feelings of his fellows. Were +there none of those artificial arrangements by which +fools and knaves are kept at the top of society<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +instead of sinking to their natural place at the bottom, +the struggle for the means of enjoyment would +ensure a constant circulation of the human units of +the social compound, from the bottom to the top and +from the top to the bottom. The survivors of the +contest, those who continued to form the great bulk +of the polity, would not be those "fittest" who got +to the very top, but the great body of the moderately +"fit," whose numbers and superior propagative +power enable them always to swamp the exceptionally +endowed minority.</p> + +<p>I think it must be obvious to every one that, +whether we consider the internal or the external +interests of society, it is desirable they should be in +the hands of those who are endowed with the +largest share of energy, of industry, of intellectual +capacity, of tenacity of purpose, while they are not +devoid of sympathetic humanity; and, in so far as +the struggle for the means of enjoyment tends to +place such men in possession of wealth and influence, +it is a process which tends to the good of +society. But the process, as we have seen, has +no real resemblance to that which adapts living +beings to current conditions in the state of nature; +nor any to the artificial selection of the horticulturist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXVIII" id="Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Even should the whole human race be absorbed in +one vast polity, within which "absolute political justice" +reigns, the struggle for existence with the state +of nature outside it, and the tendency to the return of the +struggle within, in consequence of over-multiplication, +will remain; and, unless men's inheritance from the +ancestors who fought a good fight in the state of +nature, their dose of original sin, is rooted out by +some method at present unrevealed, at any rate to +disbelievers in supernaturalism, every child born into +the world will still bring with him the instinct of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +unlimited self-assertion. He will have to learn the +lesson of self-restraint and renunciation. But the +practice of self-restraint and renunciation is not +happiness, though it may be something much +better.</p> + +<p>That man, as a "political animal," is susceptible of +a vast amount of improvement, by education, by +instruction, and by the application of his intelligence +to the adaptation of the conditions of life to his +higher needs, I entertain not the slightest doubt. +But, so long as he remains liable to error, intellectual +or moral; so long as he is compelled to be +perpetually on guard against the cosmic forces, +whose ends are not his ends, without and within +himself; so long as he is haunted by inexpugnable +memories and hopeless aspirations; so long as the +recognition of his intellectual limitations forces him +to acknowledge his incapacity to penetrate the +mystery of existence; the prospect of attaining +untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even +remotely, deserve the title of perfection, appears to +me to be as misleading an illusion as ever was +dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And +there have been many of them.</p> + +<p>That which lies before the human race is a constant +struggle to maintain and improve, in opposition +to the State of Nature, the State of Art of an +organized polity; in which, and by which, man +may develop a worthy civilization, capable of maintaining +and constantly improving itself, until the +evolution of our globe shall have entered so far upon +its downward course that the cosmic process resumes +its sway; and, once more, the State of Nature +prevails over the surface of our planet.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXXXIX" id="Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>From very low forms up to the highest—in the +animal no less than in the vegetable kingdom—the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +process of life presents the same appearance of +cyclical evolution. Nay, we have but to cast our +eyes over the rest of the world and cyclical change +presents itself on all sides. It meets us in the water +that flows to the sea and returns to the springs; in +the heavenly bodies that wax and wane, go and +return to their places; in the inexorable sequence of +the ages of man's life; in that successive rise, +apogee, and fall of dynasties and of states which +is the most prominent topic of civil history.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXL" id="Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></p> + +<p>As no man fording a swift stream can dip his foot +twice into the same water, so no man can, with +exactness, affirm of anything in the sensible world +that it is. As he utters the words, nay, as he thinks +them, the predicate ceases to be applicable; the +present has become the past; the "is" should be +"was." And the more we learn of the nature of +things, the more evident is it that what we call rest +is only unperceived activity; that seeming peace is +silent but strenuous battle. In every part, at every +moment, the state of the cosmos is the expression of +a transitory adjustment of contending forces; a +scene of strife, in which all the combatants fall in +turn. What is true of each part is true of the +whole. Natural knowledge tends more and more to +the conclusion that "all the choir of heaven and +furniture of the earth" are the transitory forms of +parcels of cosmic substance wending along the road of +evolution, from nebulous potentiality, through endless +growths of sun and planet and satellite; +through all varieties of matter; through infinite +diversities of life and thought; possibly, through +modes of being of which we neither have a conception, +nor are competent to form any, back to the +indefinable latency from which they arose. Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +the most obvious attribute of the cosmos is its +impermanence. It assumes the aspect not so much +of a permanent entity as of a changeful process, in +which naught endures save the flow of energy and +the rational order which pervades it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLI" id="Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></p> + +<p>Man, the animal, in fact, has worked his way to +the headship of the sentient world, and has become +the superb animal which he is in virtue of his +success in the struggle for existence. The conditions +having been of a certain order, man's organization +has adjusted itself to them better than that of his +competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of +mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing +upon all that can be grasped, the tenacious holding +of all that can be kept, which constitute the essence +of the struggle for existence, have answered. For +his successful progress, throughout the savage state, +man has been largely indebted to those qualities +which he shares with the ape and the tiger; his +exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his +sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; +his ruthless and ferocious destructiveness when +his anger is roused by opposition.</p> + +<p>But, in proportion as men have passed from +anarchy to social organization, and in proportion +as civilization has grown in worth, these deeply +ingrained serviceable qualities have become defects. +After the manner of successful persons, civilized +man would gladly kick down the ladder by which +he has climbed. He would be only too pleased to +see "the ape and tiger die." But they decline to +suit his convenience; and the unwelcome intrusion +of these boon companions of his hot youth into the +ranged existence of civil life adds pains and griefs, +innumerable and immeasurably great, to those which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +the cosmic process necessarily brings on the mere +animal. In fact, civilized man brands all these ape +and tiger promptings with the name of sins; he +punishes many of the acts which flow from them as +crimes; and, in extreme cases, he does his best to +put an end to the survival of the fittest of former +days by axe and rope.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLII" id="Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></p> + +<p>In Hindostan, as in Ionia, a period of relatively +high and tolerably stable civilization had succeeded +long ages of semi-barbarism and struggle. Out of +wealth and security had come leisure and refinement, +and, close at their heels, had followed the malady of +thought. To the struggle for bare existence, which +never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially +disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle +to make existence intelligible and to bring the order +of things into harmony with the moral sense of man, +which also never ends, but, for the thinking few, +becomes keener with every increase of knowledge +and with every step towards the realization of a +worthy ideal of life.</p> + +<p>Two thousand five hundred years ago the value +of civilization was as apparent as it is now; then, +as now, it was obvious that only in the garden of an +orderly polity can the finest fruits humanity is +capable of bearing be produced. But it had also +become evident that the blessings of culture were +not unmixed. The garden was apt to turn into +a hothouse. The stimulation of the senses, the +pampering of the emotions, endlessly multiplied the +sources of pleasure. The constant widening of +the intellectual field indefinitely extended the range +of that especially human faculty of looking before +and after, which adds to the fleeting present those +old and new worlds of the past and the future,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +wherein men dwell the more the higher their culture. +But that very sharpening of the sense and that +subtle refinement of emotion, which brought such a +wealth of pleasures, were fatally attended by a +proportional enlargement of the capacity for suffering; +and the divine faculty of imagination, while +it created new heavens and new earths, provided +them with the corresponding hells of futile regret +for the past and morbid anxiety for the future.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIII" id="Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></p> + +<p>One of the oldest and most important elements +in such systems is the conception of justice. Society +is impossible unless those who are associated agree +to observe certain rules of conduct towards one +another; its stability depends on the steadiness +with which they abide by that agreement; and, so +far as they waver, that mutual trust which is the +bond of society is weakened or destroyed. Wolves +could not hunt in packs except for the real, though +unexpressed, understanding that they should not +attack one another during the chase. The most +rudimentary polity is a pack of men living under the +like tacit, or expressed, understanding; and having +made the very important advance upon wolf society, +that they agree to use the force of the whole body +against individuals who violate it and in favour of +those who observe it. This observance of a common +understanding, with the consequent distribution of +punishments and rewards according to accepted +rules, received the name of justice, while the contrary +was called injustice. Early ethics did not take +much note of the animus of the violator of the rules. +But civilization could not advance far without the +establishment of a capital distinction between the +case of involuntary and that of wilful misdeed; +between a merely wrong action and a guilty one.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>And, with increasing refinement of moral appreciation, +the problem of desert, which arises out of this +distinction, acquired more and more theoretical and +practical importance. If life must be given for life, +yet it was recognized that the unintentional slayer +did not altogether deserve death; and, by a sort of +compromise between the public and the private +conception of justice, a sanctuary was provided in +which he might take refuge from the avenger of +blood.</p> + +<p>The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual +sublimation from punishment and reward according +to acts, to punishment and reward according to +desert; or, in other words, according to motive. +Righteousness, that is, action from right motive, +not only became synonymous with justice, but the +positive constituent of innocence and the very heart +of goodness.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIV" id="Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></p> + +<p>Everyday experience familiarizes us with the facts +which are grouped under the name of heredity. +Every one of us bears upon him obvious marks of his +parentage, perhaps of remoter relationships. More +particularly, the sum of tendencies to act in a certain +way, which we call "character," is often to be +traced through a long series of progenitors and +collaterals. So we may justly say that this +"character"—this moral and intellectual essence of a +man—does veritably pass over from one fleshy tabernacle +to another, and does really transmigrate from +generation to generation. In the new-born infant +the character of the stock lies latent, and the Ego is +little more than a bundle of potentialities. But, very +early, these become actualities; from childhood to age +they manifest themselves in dullness or brightness, +weakness or strength, viciousness or uprightness;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +and with each feature modified by confluence with +another character, if by nothing else, the character +passes on to its incarnation in new bodies.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLV" id="Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></p> + +<p>Only one rule of conduct could be based upon the +remarkable theory of which I have endeavoured to +give a reasoned outline. It was folly to continue to +exist when an overplus of pain was certain; and the +probabilities in favour of the increase of misery with +the prolongation of existence, were so overwhelming. +Slaying the body only made matters worse; there +was nothing for it but to slay the soul by the voluntary +arrest of all its activities. Property, social ties, +family affections, common companionship, must be +abandoned; the most natural appetites, even that for +food, must be suppressed, or at least minimized; +until all that remained of a man was the impassive, +extenuated, mendicant monk, self-hypnotised into +cataleptic trances, which the deluded mystic took for +foretastes of the final union with Brahma.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVI" id="Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></p> + +<p>If the cosmos is the effect of an immanent, +omnipotent, and infinitely beneficent cause, the existence +in it of real evil, still less of necessarily +inherent evil, is plainly inadmissible. Yet the +universal experience of mankind testified then, as +now, that, whether we look within us or without us, +evil stares us in the face on all sides; that if anything +is real, pain and sorrow and wrong are realities.</p> + +<p>It would be a new thing in history if <i>a priori</i> philosophers +were daunted by the factious opposition of +experience; and the Stoics were the last men to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +allow themselves to be beaten by mere facts. "Give +me a doctrine and I will find the reasons for it," said +Chrysippus. So they perfected, if they did not invent, +that ingenious and plausible form of pleading, the +Theodicy; for the purpose of showing firstly, that +there is no such thing as evil; secondly, that if there +is, it is the necessary correlate of good; and, moreover, +that it is either due to our own fault, or inflicted +for our benefit.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVII" id="Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></p> + +<p>Unfortunately, it is much easier to shut one's eyes +to good than to evil. Pain and sorrow knock at our +doors more loudly than pleasure and happiness; and +the prints of their heavy footsteps are less easily +effaced.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLVIII" id="Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>In the language of the Stoa, "Nature" was a word +of many meanings. There was the "Nature" of the +cosmos, and the "Nature" of man. In the latter, the +animal "nature," which man shares with a moiety of +the living part of the cosmos, was distinguished from +a higher "nature." Even in this higher nature there +were grades of rank. The logical faculty is an +instrument which may be turned to account for any +purpose. The passions and the emotions are so +closely tied to the lower nature that they may be +considered to be pathological, rather than normal, +phenomena. The one supreme, hegemonic, faculty, +which constitutes the essential "nature" of man, is +most nearly represented by that which, in the +language of a later philosophy, has been called the +pure reason. It is this "nature" which holds up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +ideal of the supreme good and demands absolute submission +of the will to its behests. It is this which +commands all men to love one another, to return good +for evil, to regard one another as fellow-citizens of +one great state. Indeed, seeing that the progress +towards perfection of a civilised state, or polity, +depends on the obedience of its members to these +commands, the Stoics sometimes termed the pure +reason the "political" nature. Unfortunately, the +sense of the adjective has undergone so much modification +that the application of it to that which commands +the sacrifice of self to the common good would +now sound almost grotesque.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXLIX" id="Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></p> + +<p>The majority of us, I apprehend, profess neither +pessimism nor optimism. We hold that the world +is neither so good, nor so bad, as it conceivably +might be; and, as most of us have reason, now and +again, to discover that it can be. Those who have +failed to experience the joys that make life worth +living are, probably, in as small a minority as those +who have never known the griefs that rob existence +of its savour and turn its richest fruits into mere +dust and ashes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCL" id="Num_CCL">CCL</a></p> + +<p>There is another fallacy which appears to me to +pervade the so-called "ethics of evolution." It is +the notion that because, on the whole, animals and +plants have advanced in perfection of organization by +means of the struggle for existence and the consequent +"survival of the fittest"; therefore men in +society, men as ethical beings, must look to the same +process to help them towards perfection. I suspect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +that this fallacy has arisen out of the unfortunate +ambiguity of the phrase "survival of the fittest." +"Fittest" has a connotation of "best"; and about +"best" there hangs a moral flavour. In cosmic +nature, however, what is "fittest" depends upon the +conditions. Long since, I ventured to point out that +if our hemisphere were to cool again, the survival of +the fittest might bring about, in the vegetable kingdom, +a population of more and more stunted and +humbler and humbler organisms, until the "fittest" +that survived might be nothing but lichens, diatoms, +and such microscopic organisms as those which give +red snow its colour; while, if it became hotter, the +pleasant valleys of the Thames and Isis might be +uninhabitable by any animated beings save those +that flourish in a tropical jungle. They, as the fittest, +the best adapted to the changed conditions, would +survive.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLI" id="Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></p> + +<p>The practice of that which is ethically best—what +we call goodness or virtue—involves a course of +conduct which, in all respects, is opposed to that +which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for +existence. In place of ruthless self-assertion it +demands self-restraint; in place of thrusting aside, +or treading down, all competitors, it requires that +the individual shall not merely respect, but shall +help his fellows; its influence is directed, not so +much to the survival of the fittest, as to the fitting +of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates +the gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands +that each man who enters into the enjoyment of the +advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his debt +to those who have laboriously constructed it; and +shall take heed that no act of his weakens the fabric +in which he has been permitted to live. Laws and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the +cosmic process and reminding the individual of his +duty to the community, to the protection and +influence of which he owes, if not existence itself, +at least the life of something better than a brutal +savage.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLII" id="Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></p> + +<p>The theory of evolution encourages no millennial +anticipations. If, for millions of years, our globe +has taken the upward road, yet, some time, the +summit will be reached and the downward route +will be commenced. The most daring imagination +will hardly venture upon the suggestion that the +power and the intelligence of man can ever arrest +the procession of the great year.</p> + +<p>Moreover, the cosmic nature born with us and, +to a large extent, necessary for our maintenance, +is the outcome of millions of years of severe training, +and it would be folly to imagine that a few +centuries will suffice to subdue its masterfulness +to purely ethical ends. Ethical nature may count +upon having to reckon with a tenacious and powerful +enemy as long as the world lasts. But, on the +other hand, I see no limit to the extent to which +intelligence and will, guided by sound principles +of investigation, and organized in common effort, +may modify the conditions of existence, for a period +longer than that now covered by history. And +much may be done to change the nature of man +himself. The intelligence which has converted the +brother of the wolf into the faithful guardian of +the flock ought to be able to do something towards +curbing the instincts of savagery in civilized +men.</p> + +<p>But if we may permit ourselves a larger hope of +abatement of the essential evil of the world than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +was possible to those who, in the infancy of exact +knowledge, faced the problem of existence more +than a score of centuries ago, I deem it an essential +condition of the realization of that hope that +we should cast aside the notion that the escape +from pain and sorrow is the proper object of life.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIII" id="Num_CCLIII">CCLIII</a></p> + +<p>We have long since emerged from the heroic +childhood of our race, when good and evil could +be met with the same "frolic welcome"; the +attempts to escape from evil, whether Indian or +Greek, have ended in flight from the battle-field; +it remains to us to throw aside the youthful over-confidence +and the no less youthful discouragement +of nonage. We are grown men, and must +play the man</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">strong in will<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>cherishing the good that falls in our way, and +bearing the evil, in and around us, with stout +hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may +strive in one faith towards one hope:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> <br /></span> +<span class="i0">... but something ere the end,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Some work of noble note may yet be done.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIV" id="Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></p> + +<p>I do not suppose that I am exceptionally endowed +because I have all my life enjoyed a keen perception +of the beauty offered us by nature and by art. Now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +physical science may and probably will, some day, +enable our posterity to set forth the exact physical +concomitants and conditions of the strange rapture +of beauty. But if ever that day arrives, the rapture +will remain, just as it is now, outside and beyond +the physical world; and, even in the mental world, +something superadded to mere sensation. I do +not wish to crow unduly over my humble cousin +the orang, but in the æsthetic province, as in +that of the intellect, I am afraid he is nowhere. +I doubt not he would detect a fruit amidst a wilderness +of leaves where I could see nothing; but I +am tolerably confident that he has never been +awestruck, as I have been, by the dim religious +gloom, as of a temple devoted to the earthgods, +of the tropical forests which he inhabits. Yet +I doubt not that our poor long-armed and short-legged +friend, as he sits meditatively munching +his durian fruit, has something behind that sad +Socratic face of his which is utterly "beyond the +bounds of physical science." Physical science may +know all about his clutching the fruit and munching +it and digesting it, and how the physical titillation +of his palate is transmitted to some microscopic +cells of the gray matter of his brain. But the +feelings of sweetness and of satisfaction which, +for a moment, hang out their signal lights in his +melancholy eyes, are as utterly outside the bounds +of physics as is the "fine frenzy" of a human +rhapsodist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLV" id="Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></p> + +<p>When I was a mere boy, with a perverse +tendency to think when I ought to have been +playing, my mind was greatly exercised by this +formidable problem, What would become of things +if they lost their qualities? As the qualities had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +no objective existence, and the thing without +qualities was nothing, the solid world seemed +whittled away—to my great horror. As I grew +older, and learned to use the terms "matter" and +"force," the boyish problem was revived, <i>mutato +nomine</i>. On the one hand, the notion of matter +without force seemed to resolve the world into a +set of geometrical ghosts, too dead even to jabber. +On the other hand, Boscovich's hypothesis, by +which matter was resolved into centres of force, +was very attractive. But when one tried to think +it out, what in the world became of force considered +as an objective entity? Force, even the +most materialistic of philosophers will agree with +the most idealistic, is nothing but a name for the +cause of motion. And if, with Boscovich, I resolved +things into centres of force, then matter vanished +altogether and left immaterial entities in its place. +One might as well frankly accept Idealism and have +done with it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVI" id="Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></p> + +<p>Tolerably early in life I discovered that one of +the unpardonable sins, in the eyes of most people, +is for a man to presume to go about unlabelled. +The world regards such a person as the police do +an unmuzzled dog, not under proper control. I +could find no label that would suit me, so, in my +desire to range myself and be respectable, I invented +one; and, as the chief thing I was sure of +was that I did not know a great many things that +the-ists and the-ites about me professed to be +familiar with, I called myself an Agnostic. Surely +no denomination could be more modest or more +appropriate; and I cannot imagine why I should +be every now and then haled out of my refuge +and declared sometimes to be a Materialist, sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +an Atheist, sometimes a Positivist, and +sometimes, alas and alack, a cowardly or reactionary +Obscurantist.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVII" id="Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></p> + +<p>Lastly, with respect to the old riddle of the freedom +of the will. In the only sense in which the +word freedom is intelligible to me—that is to say, +the absence of any restraint upon doing what one +likes within certain limits—physical science certainly +gives no more ground for doubting it than the +common sense of mankind does. And if physical +science, in strengthening our belief in the universality +of causation and abolishing chance as an absurdity, +leads to the conclusion of determinism, it does no +more than follow the track of consistent and logical +thinkers in philosophy and in theology, before it +existed or was thought of. Whoever accepts the +universality of the law of causation as a dogma of +philosophy, denies the existence of uncaused phenomena. +And the essence of that which is improperly +called the freewill doctrine is that occasionally, at +any rate, human volition is self-caused, that is to say, +not caused at all; for to cause oneself one must +have anteceded oneself—which is, to say the least of +it, difficult to imagine.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLVIII" id="Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></p> + +<p>If the diseases of society consist in the weakness +of its faith in the existence of the God of the +theologians, in a future state, and in uncaused +volitions, the indication, as the doctors say, is +to suppress Theology and Philosophy, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +bickerings about things of which they know +nothing have been the prime cause and continual +sustenance of that evil scepticism which is the +Nemesis of meddling with the unknowable.</p> + +<p>Cinderella is modestly conscious of her ignorance +of these high matters. She lights the fire, sweeps +the house, and provides the dinner; and is rewarded +by being told that she is a base creature, devoted to +low and material interests. But in her garret she has +fairy visions out of the ken of the pair of shrews +who are quarrelling downstairs. She sees the order +which pervades the seeming disorder of the world; +the great drama of evolution, with its full share of +pity and terror, but also with abundant goodness +and beauty, unrolls itself before her eyes; and she +learns, in her heart of hearts, the lesson, that the +foundation of morality is to have done, once and for +all, with lying; to give up pretending to believe that +for which there is no evidence, and repeating unintelligible +propositions about things beyond the +possibilities of knowledge.</p> + +<p>She knows that the safety of morality lies neither +in the adoption of this or that philosophical speculation, +or this or that theological creed, but in a real +and living belief in that fixed order of nature which +sends social disorganisation upon the track of +immorality, as surely as it sends physical disease +after physical trespasses. And of that firm and +lively faith it is her high mission to be the +priestess.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLIX" id="Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></p> + +<p>The first act of a new-born child is to draw a deep +breath. In fact, it will never draw a deeper, inasmuch +as the passages and chambers of the lungs, +once distended with air, do not empty themselves +again; it is only a fraction of their contents which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +passes in and out with the flow and the ebb of the +respiratory tide. Mechanically, this act of drawing +breath, or inspiration, is of the same nature as that +by which the handles of a bellows are separated, +in order to fill the bellows with air; and, in like +manner, it involves that expenditure of energy +which we call exertion, or work, or labour. It is, +therefore, no mere metaphor to say that man is +destined to a life of toil: the work of respiration +which began with his first breath ends only with his +last; nor does one born in the purple get off with a +lighter task than the child who first sees light under +a hedge.</p> + +<p>How is it that the new-born infant is enabled to +perform this first instalment of the sentence of life-long +labour which no man may escape? Whatever +else a child may be, in respect of this particular +question, it is a complicated piece of mechanism, +built up out of materials supplied by its mother; and +in the course of such building-up, provided with a set +of motors—the muscles. Each of these muscles +contains a stock of substance capable of yielding +energy under certain conditions, one of which is a +change of state in the nerve-fibres connected with it. +The powder in a loaded gun is such another stock of +substance capable of yielding energy in consequence +of a change of state in the mechanism of the lock, +which intervenes between the finger of the man who +pulls the trigger and the cartridge. If that change +is brought about, the potential energy of the powder +passes suddenly into actual energy, and does the +work of propelling the bullet. The powder, therefore, +may be appropriately called <i>work-stuff</i>, not only +because it is stuff which is easily made to yield work +in the physical sense, but because a good deal of +work in the economical sense has contributed to its +production. Labour was necessary to collect, +transport, and purify the raw sulphur and saltpetre; +to cut wood and convert it into powdered charcoal; +to mix these ingredients in the right proportions; to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +give the mixture the proper grain, and so on. The +powder once formed part of the stock, or capital, of +a powder-maker: and it is not only certain natural +bodies which are collected and stored in the gunpowder, +but the labour bestowed on the operations +mentioned may be figuratively said to be incorporated +in it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLX" id="Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></p> + +<p>In principle, the work-stuff stored in the muscles +of the new-born child is comparable to that stored +in the gun-barrel. The infant is launched into +altogether new surroundings; and these operate +through the mechanism of the nervous machinery, +with the result that the potential energy of some +of the work-stuff in the muscles which bring about +inspiration is suddenly converted into actual energy; +and this, operating through the mechanism of the +respiratory apparatus, gives rise to an act of inspiration. +As the bullet is propelled by the "going off" +of the powder, as it might be said that the ribs are +raised and the midriff depressed by the "going off" +of certain portions of muscular work-stuff. This +work-stuff is part of a stock or capital of that +commodity stored up in the child's organism +before birth, at the expense of the mother; and the +mother has made good her expenditure by drawing +upon the capital of food-stuffs which furnished her +daily maintenance.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, it does not appear to +me to be open to doubt that the primary act of +outward labour in the series which necessarily +accompany the life of man is dependent upon the +pre-existence of a stock of material which is not +only of use to him, but which is disposed in such a +manner as to be utilisable with facility. And I +further imagine that the propriety of the application +of the term "capital" to this stock of useful substance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +cannot be justly called in question; inasmuch +as it is easy to prove that the essential constituents +of the work-stuff accumulated in the child's +muscles have merely been transferred from the store +of food-stuffs, which everybody admits to be capital, +by means of the maternal organism to that of the +child, in which they are again deposited to await +use. Every subsequent act of labour, in like manner, +involves an equivalent consumption of the child's +store of work-stuff—its vital capital; and one of the +main objects of the process of breathing is to get rid +of some of the effects of that consumption. It follows, +then, that, even if no other than the respiratory +work were going on in the organism, the capital of +work-stuff, which the child brought with it into the +world, must sooner or later be used up, and the +movements of breathing must come to an end; +just as the see-saw of the piston of a steam-engine +stops when the coal in the fireplace has burnt away.</p> + +<p>Milk, however, is a stock of materials which +essentially consists of savings from the food-stuffs +supplied to the mother. And these savings are in +such a physical and chemical condition that the +organism of the child can easily convert them into +work-stuff. That is to say, by borrowing directly +from the vital capital of the mother, indirectly from +the store in the natural bodies accessible to her, it +can make good the loss of its own. The operation +of borrowing, however, involves further work; +that is, the labour of sucking, which is a mechanical +operation of much the same nature as breathing. +The child thus pays for the capital it borrows in +labour; but as the value in work-stuff of the milk +obtained is very far greater than the value of that +labour, estimated by the consumption of work-stuff +it involves, the operation yields a large profit to the +infant. The overplus of food-stuff suffices to +increase the child's capital of work-stuff; and to +supply not only the materials for the enlargement of +the "buildings and machinery" which is expressed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +by the child's growth, but also the energy required +to put all these materials together, and to carry them +to their proper places. Thus, throughout the years +of infancy, and so long thereafter as the youth or +man is not thrown upon his own resources, he lives +by consuming the vital capital provided by others.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXI" id="Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></p> + +<p>Let us now suppose the child come to man's estate +in the condition of a wandering savage, dependent +for his food upon what he can pick up or catch, after +the fashion of the Australian aborigines. It is plain +that the place of mother, as the supplier of vital +capital, is now taken by the fruits, seeds, and roots +of plants and by various kinds of animals.... +The savage, like the child, borrows the capital he +needs, and, at any rate, intentionally, does nothing +towards repayment; it would plainly be an improper +use of the word "produce" to say that his labour +in hunting for the roots, or the fruits, or the eggs, +or the grubs and snakes, which he finds and eats, +"produces" or contributes to "produce" them. +The same thing is true of more advanced tribes, +who are still merely hunters, such as the Esquimaux. +They may expend more labour and skill; but it is +spent in destruction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXII" id="Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></p> + +<p>When we find set forth as an "absolute" truth +the statement that the essential factors in economic +production are land, capital and labour—when this +is offered as an axiom whence all sorts of other +important truths may be deduced—it is needful +to remember that the assertion is true only with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +a qualification. Undoubtedly "vital capital" is +essential; for, as we have seen, no human work +can be done unless it exists, not even that internal +work of the body which is necessary to passive +life. But, with respect to labour (that is, human +labour) I hope to have left no doubt on the reader's +mind that, in regard to production, the importance +of human labour may be so small as to be almost a +vanishing quantity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIII" id="Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></p> + +<p>The one thing needful for economic production +is the green plant, as the sole producer of vital +capital from natural inorganic bodies. Men might +exist without labour (in the ordinary sense) and +without land; without plants they must inevitably +perish.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIV" id="Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></p> + +<p>Since no amount of labour can produce an ounce +of food-stuff beyond the maximum producible by a +limited number of plants, under the most favourable +circumstances in regard to those conditions which +are not affected by labour, it follows that, if the +number of men to be fed increases indefinitely, a +time must come when some will have to starve. +That is the essence of the so-called Malthusian +doctrine; and it is a truth which, to my mind, is +as plain as the general proposition that a quantity +which constantly increases will, some time or other, +exceed any greater quantity the amount of which +is fixed.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXV" id="Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></p> + +<p>"Virtually" is apt to cover more intellectual sins +than "charity" does moral delicts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVI" id="Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></p> + +<p>The notion that the value of a thing bears any +necessary relation to the amount of labour (average +or otherwise) bestowed upon it, is a fallacy which +needs no further refutation than it has already +received. The average amount of labour bestowed +upon warming-pans confers no value upon them +in the eyes of a Gold-Coast negro; nor would an +Esquimaux give a slice of blubber for the most +elaborate of ice-machines.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVII" id="Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Who has ever imagined that wealth which, in the +hands of an employer, is capital, ceases to be capital +if it is in the hands of a labourer? Suppose a workman +to be paid thirty shillings on Saturday evening +for six days' labour, that thirty shillings comes out +of the employer's capital, and receives the name of +"wages" simply because it is exchanged for labour. +In the workman's pocket, as he goes home, it is a +part of his capital, in exactly the same sense as, half +an hour before, it was part of the employer's capital; +he is a capitalist just as much as if he were a +Rothschild.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXVIII" id="Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>I think it may be not too much to say that, of all +the political delusions which are current in this queer +world, the very stupidest are those which assume<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +that labour and capital are necessarily antagonistic; +that all capital is produced by labour and therefore, +by natural right, is the property of the labourer; that +the possessor of capital is a robber who preys on the +workman and appropriates to himself that which he +has had no share in producing.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, capital and labour are necessarily, +close allies; capital is never a product of human +labour alone; it exists apart from human labour; it +is the necessary antecedent of labour; and it furnishes +the materials on which labour is employed. The +only indispensable form of capital—vital capital—cannot +be produced by human labour. All that man +can do is to favour its formation by the real producers. +There is no intrinsic relation between the amount of +labour bestowed on an article and its value in exchange. +The claim of labour to the total result of +operations which are rendered possible only by capital +is simply an <i>a priori</i> iniquity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXIX" id="Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></p> + +<p>The vast and varied procession of events, which we +call Nature, affords a sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible +wealth of attractive problems to the +speculative observer. If we confine our attention +to that aspect which engages the attention of +the intellect, nature appears a beautiful and +harmonious whole, the incarnation of a faultless +logical process, from certain premisses in the past +to an inevitable conclusion in the future. But if it be +regarded from a less elevated, though more human, +point of view; if our moral sympathies are allowed +to influence our judgment, and we permit ourselves +to criticize our great mother as we criticize one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +another; then our verdict, at least so far as +sentient nature is concerned, can hardly be so +favourable.</p> + +<p>In sober truth, to those who have made a study of +the phenomena of life as they are exhibited by the +higher forms of the animal world, the optimistic +dogma, that this is the best of all possible worlds, +will seem little better than a libel upon possibility. +It is really only another instance to be added to the +many extant, of the audacity of <i>a priori</i> speculators +who, having created God in their own image, find +no difficulty in assuming that the Almighty must +have been actuated by the same motives as themselves. +They are quite sure that, had any other +course been practicable, He would no more have +made infinite suffering a necessary ingredient of His +handiwork than a respectable philosopher would have +done the like.</p> + +<p>But even the modified optimism of the time-honoured +thesis of physico-theology, that the sentient +world is, on the whole, regulated by principles of +benevolence, does but ill stand the test of impartial +confrontation with the facts of the case. No doubt +it is quite true that sentient nature affords hosts of +examples of subtle contrivances directed towards the +production of pleasure or the avoidance of pain; and +it may be proper to say that these are evidences of +benevolence. But if so, why is it not equally proper +to say of the equally numerous arrangements, the no +less necessary result of which is the production of +pain, that they are evidences of malevolence?</p> + +<p>If a vast amount of that which, in a piece of human +workmanship, we should call skill, is visible in those +parts of the organization of a deer to which it owes +its ability to escape from beasts of prey, there is at +least equal skill displayed in that bodily mechanism +of the wolf which enables him to track, and sooner +or later to bring down, the deer. Viewed under the +dry light of science, deer and wolf are alike admirable; +and, if both were non-sentient automata, there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +would be nothing to qualify our admiration of the +action of the one on the other. But the fact that the +deer suffers, while the wolf inflicts suffering, engages +our moral sympathies. We should call men like the +deer innocent and good, men such as the wolf +malignant and bad; we should call those who +defended the deer and aided him to escape brave and +compassionate, and those who helped the wolf in his +bloody work base and cruel. Surely, if we transfer +these judgments to nature outside the world of man +at all, we must do so impartially. In that case, the +goodness of the right hand which helps the deer, +and wickedness of the left hand which eggs on the +wolf, will neutralize one another: and the course of +nature will appear to be neither moral nor immoral, +but non-moral.</p> + +<p>This conclusion is thrust upon us by analogous +facts in every part of the sentient world; yet, inasmuch +as it not only jars upon prevalent prejudices, +but arouses the natural dislike to that which is +painful, much ingenuity has been exercised in devising +an escape from it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXX" id="Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></p> + +<p>From the point of view of the moralist the animal +world is on about the same level as a gladiator's +show. The creatures are fairly well treated, and +set to fight—whereby the strongest, the swiftest, +and the cunningest live to fight another day. The +spectator has no need to turn his thumbs down, as +no quarter is given. He must admit that the skill +and training displayed are wonderful. But he must +shut his eyes if he would not see that more or less +enduring suffering is the meed of both vanquished +and victor. And since the great game is going on +in every corner of the world, thousands of times a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +minute; since, were our ears sharp enough, we need +not descend to the gates of hell to hear—</p> + +<p class="center">sospiri, pianti, ed alti guai.</p> + +<p class="center">· · · · ·</p> + +<p class="center">Voci alte e fioche, e suon di man con elle</p> + +<p>—it seems to follow that, if this world is governed +by benevolence, it must be a different sort of benevolence +from that of John Howard.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXI" id="Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></p> + +<p>This may not be the best of all possible worlds, +but to say that it is the worst is mere petulant nonsense. +A worn-out voluptuary may find nothing +good under the sun, or a vain and inexperienced youth, +who cannot get the moon he cries for, may vent his +irritation in pessimistic moanings; but there can be +no doubt in the mind of any reasonable person that +mankind could, would, and in fact do, get on fairly +well with vastly less happiness and far more misery +than find their way into the lives of nine people out +of ten. If each and all of us had been visited by an +attack of neuralgia, or of extreme mental depression, +for one hour in every twenty-four—a supposition +which many tolerably vigorous people know, to their +cost, is not extravagant—the burden of life would have +been immensely increased without much practical +hindrance to its general course. Men with any +manhood in them find life quite worth living under +worse conditions than these.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXII" id="Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></p> + +<p>There is another sufficiently obvious fact, which +renders the hypothesis that the course of sentient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +nature is dictated by malevolence quite untenable. +A vast multitude of pleasures, and these among the +purest and the best, are superfluities, bits of good +which are to all appearance unnecessary as inducements +to live, and are, so to speak, thrown into the +bargain of life. To those who experience them, few +delights can be more entrancing than such as are +afforded by natural beauty, or by the arts, and +especially by music; but they are products of, rather +than factors in, evolution, and it is probable that +they are known, in any considerable degree, to but +a very small proportion of mankind.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIII" id="Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>The conclusion of the whole matter seems to be +that, if Ormuzd has not had his way in this +world, neither has Ahriman. Pessimism is as little +consonant with the facts of sentient existence as +optimism. If we desire to represent the course of +nature in terms of human thought, and assume that +it was intended to be that which it is, we must say +that its governing principle is intellectual and not +moral; that it is a materialized logical process, +accompanied by pleasures and pains, the incidence +of which, in the majority of cases, has not the +slightest reference to moral desert. That the rain +falls alike upon the just and the unjust, and that +those upon whom the Tower of Siloam fell were no +worse than their neighbours, seem to be Oriental +modes of expressing the same conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIV" id="Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>In the strict sense of the word "nature," it denotes +the sum of the phenomenal world, of that which has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +been, and is, and will be; and society, like art, is +therefore a part of nature. But it is convenient to +distinguish those parts of nature in which man plays +the part of immediate cause, as something apart; +and therefore, society, like art, is usefully to be +considered as distinct from nature. It is the more +desirable, and even necessary, to make this distinction, +since society differs from nature in having a +definite moral object; whence it comes about that +the course shaped by the ethical man—the member +of society or citizen—necessarily runs counter to that +which the non-ethical man—the primitive savage, +or man as a mere member of the animal kingdom—tends +to adopt. The latter fights out the struggle +for existence to the bitter end, like any other animal; +the former devotes his best energies to the object of +setting limits to the struggle.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXV" id="Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></p> + +<p>The first men who substituted the state of +mutual peace for that of mutual war, whatever the +motive which impelled them to take that step, +created society. But, in establishing peace, they +obviously put a limit upon the struggle for existence. +Between the members of that society, at any rate, +it was not to be pursued <i>à outrance</i>. And of all the +successive shapes which society has taken, that +most nearly approaches perfection in which the war +of individual against individual is most strictly +limited. The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, +appropriated whatever took his fancy, and killed +whosoever opposed him, if he could. On the +contrary, the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his +freedom of action to a sphere in which he does not +interfere with the freedom of others; he seeks the +common weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as +an essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +end and means with him; and he founds his life on +a more or less complete self-restraint, which is the +negation of the unlimited struggle for existence. +He tries to escape from his place in the animal +kingdom, founded on the free development of the +principle of non-moral evolution, and to establish a +kingdom of Man, governed upon the principle of +moral evolution. For society not only has a moral +end, but in its perfection, social life, is embodied +morality.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVI" id="Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I was once talking with a very eminent physician<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +about the <i>vis medicatrix naturæ</i>. "Stuff!" said he; +"nine times out of ten nature does not want to +cure the man: she wants to put him in his coffin."</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVII" id="Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Let us look at home. For seventy years peace +and industry have had their way among us with +less interruption and under more favourable conditions +than in any other country on the face +of the earth. The wealth of Crœsus was nothing +to that which we have accumulated, and our +prosperity has filled the world with envy. But +Nemesis did not forget Crœsus: has she forgotten +us?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXVIII" id="Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Judged by an ethical standard, nothing can be +less satisfactory than the position in which we find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +ourselves. In a real, though incomplete, degree +we have attained the condition of peace which is +the main object of social organization; and, for +argument's sake, it may be assumed that we desire +nothing but that which is in itself innocent and +praiseworthy—namely, the enjoyment of the fruits +of honest industry. And lo! in spite of ourselves, +we are in reality engaged in an internecine struggle +for existence with our presumably no less peaceful +and well-meaning neighbours. We seek peace and +we do not ensue it. The moral nature in us asks +for no more than is compatible with the general +good; the non-moral nature proclaims and acts upon +that fine old Scottish family motto, "Thou shalt +starve ere I want." Let us be under no illusions, +then. So long as unlimited multiplication goes on, +no social organization which has ever been devised, +or is likely to be devised, no fiddle-faddling with +the distribution of wealth, will deliver society from +the tendency to be destroyed by the reproduction +within itself, in its intensest form, of that struggle +for existence the limitation of which is the object +of society. And however shocking to the moral +sense this eternal competition of man against man +and of nation against nation may be; however +revolting may be the accumulation of misery at +the negative pole of society, in contrast with that +of monstrous wealth at the positive pole; this state +of things must abide, and grow continually worse, +so long as Istar holds her way unchecked. It is +the true riddle of the Sphinx; and every nation +which does not solve it will sooner or later be +devoured by the monster itself has generated.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXIX" id="Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>It would be folly to entertain any ill-feeling +towards those neighbours and rivals who, like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +ourselves, are slaves of Istar; but if somebody is +to be starved, the modern world has no Oracle of +Delphi to which the nations can appeal for an +indication of the victim. It is open to us to try +our fortune; and, if we avoid impending fate, +there will be a certain ground for believing that +we are the right people to escape. <i>Securus judicat +orbis.</i></p> + +<p>To this end, it is well to look into the necessary +conditions of our salvation by works. They are +two, one plain to all the world and hardly needing +insistence; the other seemingly not so plain, since +too often it has been theoretically and practically +left out of sight. The obvious condition is that +our produce shall be better than that of others. +There is only one reason why our goods should be +preferred to those of our rivals—our customers must +find them better at the price. That means that +we must use more knowledge, skill, and industry +in producing them, without a proportionate increase +in the cost of production; and, as the price of +labour constitutes a large element in that cost, +the rate of wages must be restricted within certain +limits. It is perfectly true that cheap production +and cheap labour are by no means synonymous; +but it is also true that wages cannot increase +beyond a certain proportion without destroying +cheapness. Cheapness, then, with, as part and +parcel of cheapness, a moderate price of labour, +is essential to our success as competitors in the +markets of the world.</p> + +<p>The second condition is really quite as plainly +indispensable as the first, if one thinks seriously +about the matter. It is social stability. Society +is stable when the wants of its members obtain +as much satisfaction as, life being what it is, +common sense and experience show may be reasonably +expected. Mankind, in general, care very +little for forms of government or ideal considerations +of any sort; and nothing really stirs the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +multitude to break with custom and incur the +manifest perils of revolt except the belief that +misery in this world, or damnation in the next, or +both, are threatened by the continuance of the +state of things in which they have been brought +up. But when they do attain that conviction, +society becomes as unstable as a package of dynamite, +and a very small matter will produce the +explosion which sends it back to the chaos of +savagery.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXX" id="Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></p> + +<p>Intelligence, knowledge, and skill are undoubtedly +conditions of success; but of what avail are they +likely to be unless they are backed up by honesty, +energy, goodwill, and all the physical and moral +faculties that go to the making of manhood, and +unless they are stimulated by hope of such reward +as men may fairly look to? And what dweller in +the slough of want, dwarfed in body and soul, +demoralized, hopeless, can reasonably be expected +to possess these qualities?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXI" id="Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>I am as strongly convinced as the most pronounced +individualist can be, that it is desirable that every +man should be free to act in every way which does +not limit the corresponding freedom of his fellow-man. +But I fail to connect that great induction of +political science with the practical corollary which is +frequently drawn from it: that the State—that is, +the people in their corporate capacity—has no +business to meddle with anything but the administration +of justice and external defence. It appears to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +me that the amount of freedom which incorporate +society may fitly leave to its members is not a fixed +quantity, to be determined <i>a priori</i> by deduction from +the fiction called "natural rights"; but that it must +be determined by and vary with, circumstances. I +conceive it to be demonstrable that the higher and +the more complex the organization of the social +body, the more closely is the life of each member +bound up with that of the whole; and the larger +becomes the category of acts which cease to be +merely self-regarding, and which interfere with the +freedom of others more or less seriously.</p> + +<p>If a squatter, living ten miles away from any +neighbour, chooses to burn his house down to get +rid of vermin, there may be no necessity (in the +absence of insurance offices) that the law should +interfere with his freedom of action; his act can +hurt nobody but himself. But, if the dweller in a +street chooses to do the same thing, the State very +properly makes such a proceeding a crime, and +punishes it as such. He does meddle with his +neighbour's freedom, and that seriously. So it +might, perhaps, be a tenable doctrine, that it would +be needless, and even tyrannous, to make education +compulsory in a sparse agricultural population, living +in abundance on the produce of its own soil; but, +in a densely populated manufacturing country, +struggling for existence with competitors, every +ignorant person tends to become a burden upon, and, +so far, an infringer of the liberty of, his fellows, and +an obstacle to their success. Under such circumstances +an education rate is, in fact, a war tax, +levied for purposes of defence.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXII" id="Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>That State action always has been more or less +misdirected, and always will be so, is, I believe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +perfectly true. But I am not aware that it is more +true of the action of men in their corporate capacity +than it is of the doings of individuals. The wisest +and most dispassionate man in existence, merely +wishing to go from one stile in a field to the opposite, +will not walk quite straight—he is always going a +little wrong, and always correcting himself; and I +can only congratulate the individualist who is able +to say that his general course of life has been of a +less undulatory character. To abolish State action, +because its direction is never more than approximately +correct, appears to me to be much the same +thing as abolishing the man at the wheel altogether, +because, do what he will, the ship yaws more or +less. "Why should I be robbed of my property to +pay for teaching another man's children?" is an +individualist question, which is not unfrequently put +as if it settled the whole business. Perhaps it does, +but I find difficulties in seeing why it should. The +parish in which I live makes me pay my share for +the paving and lighting of a great many streets that +I never pass through; and I might plead that I am +robbed to smooth the way and lighten the darkness +of other people. But I am afraid the parochial +authorities would not let me off on this plea; and I +must confess I do not see why they should.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIII" id="Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>I cannot speak of my own knowledge, but I have +every reason to believe that I came into this world a +small reddish person, certainly without a gold spoon +in my mouth, and in fact with no discernible abstract +or concrete "rights" or property of any description. +If a foot was not set upon me at once, as a squalling +nuisance, it was either the natural affection of those +about me, which I certainly had done nothing to +deserve, or the fear of the law which, ages before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +my birth, was painfully built up by the society into +which I intruded, that prevented that catastrophe. +If I was nourished, cared for, taught, saved from +the vagabondage of a wastrel, I certainly am +not aware that I did anything to deserve those +advantages. And, if I possess anything now, it +strikes me that, though I may have fairly earned +my day's wages for my day's work, and may justly +call them my property—yet, without that organization +of society, created out of the toil and blood of +long generations before my time, I should probably +have had nothing but a flint axe and an indifferent +hut to call my own; and even those would be mine +only so long as no stronger savage came my way.</p> + +<p>So that if society, having, quite gratuitously, done +all these things for me, asks me in turn to do +something towards its preservation—even if that +something is to contribute to the teaching of other +men's children—I really, in spite of all my individualist +learnings, feel rather ashamed to say no. And, +if I were not ashamed, I cannot say that I think +that society would be dealing unjustly with me in +converting the moral obligation into a legal one. +There is a manifest unfairness in letting all the +burden be borne by the willing horse.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIV" id="Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>It is impossible to insist too strongly upon the +fact that efficient teachers of science and of technology +are not to be made by the processes in vogue +at ordinary training colleges. The memory loaded +with mere bookwork is not the thing wanted—is, in +fact, rather worse than useless—in the teacher of +scientific subjects. It is absolutely essential that his +mind should be full of knowledge and not of mere +learning, and that what he knows should have +been learned in the laboratory rather than in the +library.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXV" id="Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>The attempt to form a just conception of the value +of work done in any department of human knowledge, +and of its significance as an indication of the intellectual +and moral qualities of which it was the product, +is an undertaking which must always be beset +with difficulties, and may easily end in making the +limitations of the appraiser more obvious than the true +worth of that which he appraises. For the judgment +of a contemporary is liable to be obscured by intellectual +incompatibilities and warped by personal +antagonisms; while the critic of a later generation, +though he may escape the influence of these sources of +error, is often ignorant, or forgetful, of the conditions +under which the labours of his predecessors have been +carried on. He is prone to lose sight of the fact that +without their clearing of the ground and rough-hewing +of the foundation-stones, the stately edifice +of later builders could not have been erected.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVI" id="Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The vulgar antithesis of fact and theory is founded +on a misconception of the nature of scientific theory, +which is, or ought to be, no more than the expression +of fact in a general form. Whatever goes beyond +such expression is hypothesis; and hypotheses are +not ends, but means. They should be regarded as +instruments by which new lines of inquiry are +indicated; or by the aid of which a provisional +coherency and intelligibility may be given to +seemingly disconnected groups of phenomena. The +most useful of servants to the man of science, they +are the worst of masters. And when the establishment +of the hypothesis becomes the end, and fact is +alluded to only so far as it suits the "Idee," science +has no longer anything to do with the business.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVII" id="Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Scientific observation tell us that living birds form +a group or class of animals, through which a certain +form of skeleton runs; and that this kind of skeleton +differs in certain well-defined characters from that of +mammals. On the other hand, if anyone utterly +ignorant of osteology, but endowed with the artistic +sense of form, were set before a bird skeleton and a +mammalian skeleton, he would at once see that the +two were similar and yet different. Very likely he +would be unable to give clear expression to his just +sense of the differences and resemblances; perhaps +he would make great mistakes in detail if he tried. +Nevertheless, he would be able to draw from memory +a couple of sketches, in which all the salient points of +likeness and unlikeness would be reproduced with +sufficient accuracy. The mere osteologist, however +accurately he might put the resemblances and +differences into words, if he lacked the artistic +visualising faculty, might be hopelessly incompetent +to perform any such feat; lost in details, it might not +even occur to him that it was possible; or, still more +probably, the habit of looking for differences might +impair the perception of resemblances.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances, the artist might be +led to higher and broader views, and thus be more +useful to the progress of science than the osteological +expert. Not that the former attains the +higher truth by a different method; for the way of +reaching truth is one and indivisible. Whether he +knows it or not, the artist has made a generalization +from two sets of facts, which is perfectly scientific +in form; and trustworthy so far as it rests upon the +direct perception of similarities and dissimilarities. +The only peculiarity of the artistic application of +scientific method lies in the artist's power of visualizing +the result of his mental processes, of embodying +the facts of resemblance in a visible "type," and of +showing the manner in which the differences may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +be represented as modifications of that type; he +does, in fact, instinctively, what an architect, who +desires to demonstrate the community of plan in +certain ancient temples, does by the methodical +construction of plans, sections, and elevations, the +comparison of which will furnish him with the +"type" of such temples.</p> + +<p>Thus, what I may term the artistic fashion of +dealing with anatomy is not only perfectly legitimate, +but has been of great utility. The harm of it does +not begin until the attempt is made to get more out +of this visual projection of thought than it contains; +until the origin of the notion of "type" is forgotten +and the speculative philosopher deludes himself with +the supposition that the generalization suggested by +fact is an "Idea" of the Pure Reason, with which +fact must, somehow or other, be made to agree.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXVIII" id="Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Flowers are the primers of the morphologist; those +who run may read in them uniformity of type amidst +endless diversity, singleness of plan with complex +multiplicity of detail. As a musician might say, +every natural group of flowering plants is a sort +of visible fugue, wandering about a central theme +which is never forsaken, however it may, momentarily, +cease to be apparent.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCLXXXIX" id="Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Like all the really great men of literature, Goethe +added some of the qualities of the man of science to +those of the artist, especially the habit of careful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +and patient observation of Nature. The great poet +was no mere book-learned speculator. His acquaintance +with mineralogy, geology, botany and osteology, +the fruit of long and wide studies, would have +sufficed to satisfy the requirements of a professoriate +in those days, if only he could have pleaded ignorance +of everything else. Unfortunately for Goethe's +credit with his scientific contemporaries, and, consequently, +for the attention attracted by his work, +he did not come forward as a man of science until +the public had ranged him among the men of literature. +And when the little men have thus classified +a big man, they consider that the last word has +been said about him; it appears to the thought +hardly decent on his part if he venture to stray +beyond the speciality they have assigned to him. +It does not seem to occur to them that a clear +intellect is an engine capable of supplying power +to all sorts of mental factories; nor to admit that, +as Goethe somewhere pathetically remarks, a man +may have a right to live for himself as well as +for the public; to follow the line of work that +happens to interest him, rather than that which +interests them.</p> + +<p>On the face of the matter it is not obvious that +the brilliant poet had less chance of doing good +service in natural science than the dullest of dissectors +and nomenclators. Indeed, as I have endeavoured +to indicate, there was considerable reason, a hundred +years ago, for thinking that an infusion of the +artistic way of looking at things might tend to +revivify the somewhat mummified body of technical +zoology and botany. Great ideas were floating +about; the artistic apprehension was needed to give +these airy nothings a local habitation and a name; to +convert vague suppositions into definite hypotheses. +And I apprehend that it was just this service which +Goethe rendered by writing his essays on the intermaxillary +bone, on osteology generally, and on the +metamorphoses of plants.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXC" id="Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></p> + +<p>All this is mere justice to Goethe; but, as it is the +unpleasant duty of the historian to do justice upon, +as well as to, great men, it behoves me to add that +the germs of the worst faults of later speculative +morphologists are no less visible in his writings than +their great merits. In the artist-philosopher there +was, at best, a good deal more artist than philosopher; +and when Goethe ventured into the regions +which belong to pure science, this excess of a virtue +had all the consequences of a vice. "Trennen und +zahlen lag nicht in meiner Natur," says he; but the +mental operations of which "analysis and numeration" +are partial expressions are indispensable for +every step of progress beyond happy glimpses, even +in morphology; while, in physiology and in physics, +failure in the most exact performance of these +operations involves sheer disaster, as indeed Goethe +was afforded abundant opportunity of learning. Yet +he never understood the sharp lessons he received, +and put down to malice, or prejudice, the ill-reception +of his unfortunate attempts to deal with purely +physical problems.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCI" id="Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></p> + +<p>There was never any lack of the scientific +imagination about the great anatomist; and the +charge of indifference to general ideas, sometimes +brought against him, is stupidly unjust. But Cuvier +was one of those happily endowed persons in whom +genius never parts company with common-sense; +and whose perception of the importance of sound +method is so great that they look at even a truth, +hit upon by those who pursue an essentially vicious +method, with the sort of feeling with which an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +honest trader regards the winnings of a gambler. +They hold it better to remain poor than obtain riches +by the road that, as a rule, leads to ruin.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCII" id="Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></p> + +<p>The irony of history is nowhere more apparent +than in science. Here we see the men, over whose +minds the coming events of the world of biology +cast their shadows, doing their best to spoil their +case in stating it; while the man who represented +sound scientific method is doing his best to stay +the inevitable progress of thought and bolster up +antiquated traditions. The progress of knowledge +during the last seventy years enables us to see that +neither Geoffroy, nor Cuvier, was altogether right +nor altogether wrong; and that they were meant +to hunt in couples instead of pulling against one +another. Science has need of servants of very +different qualifications; of artistic constructors no +less than of men of business; of people to design +her palaces and of others to see that the materials +are sound and well-fitted together; of some to spur +investigators, and of others to keep their heads cool. +The only would-be servants, who are entirely +unprofitable, are those who do not take the trouble +to interrogate Nature, but imagine vain things about +her; and spin, from their inner consciousness, webs, +as exquisitely symmetrical as those of the most +geometrical of spiders, but alas! as easily torn to +pieces by some inconsidered bluebottle of a fact.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIII" id="Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></p> + +<p>There is always a Cape Horn in one's life that one +either weathers or wrecks one's self on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIV" id="Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></p> + +<p>A Local Museum should be exactly what its name +implies, viz., "Local"—illustrating local Geology, +local Botany, local Zoology, and local Archæology.</p> + +<p>Such a museum, if residents who are interested in +these sciences take proper pains, may be brought to +a great degree of perfection and be unique of its +kind. It will tell both natives and strangers exactly +what they want to know, and possess great +scientific interest and importance. Whereas the +ordinary lumber-room of clubs from New Zealand, +Hindoo idols, sharks' teeth, mangy monkeys, +scorpions, and conch shells—who shall describe the +weary inutility of it? It is really worse than nothing, +because it leads the unwary to look for the objects of +science elsewhere than under their noses. What +they want to know is that their "America is here," +as Wilhelm Meister has it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCV" id="Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></p> + +<p>A man who speaks out honestly and fearlessly +that which he knows, and that which he believes, +will always enlist the goodwill and the respect, +however much he may fail in winning the assent, of +his fellow men.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVI" id="Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></p> + +<p>Science and literature are not two things, but two +sides of one thing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVII" id="Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></p> + +<p>I neither deny nor affirm the immortality of man. +I see no reason for believing in it, but, on the other +hand, I have no means of disproving it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + +<p>I have no <i>a priori</i> objections to the doctrine. No +man who has to deal daily and hourly with nature +can trouble himself about <i>a priori</i> difficulties. Give +me such evidence as would justify me in believing +anything else, and I will believe that. Why should +I not? It is not half so wonderful as the conservation +of force, or the indestructibility of matter.</p> + +<p>Whoso clearly appreciates all that is implied in +the falling of a stone can have no difficulty about +any doctrine simply on account of its marvellousness. +But the longer I live, the more obvious it is to me +that the most sacred act of a man's life is to say and +to feel, "I believe such and such to be true." All +the greatest rewards and all the heaviest penalties of +existence cling about that act. The universe is +one and the same throughout; and if the condition +of my success in unravelling some little difficulty of +anatomy or physiology is that I shall rigorously +refuse to put faith in that which does not rest on +sufficient evidence, I cannot believe that the great +mysteries of existence will be laid open to me on +other terms.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCVIII" id="Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></p> + +<p>I cannot conceive of my personality as a thing +apart from the phenomena of my life. When I try +to form such a conception I discover that, as +Coleridge would have said, I only hypostatize a +word, and it alters nothing if, with Fichte, I suppose +the universe to be nothing but a manifestation of my +personality. I am neither more nor less eternal than +I was before.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCXCIX" id="Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></p> + +<p>I do not know whether the animals persist after +they disappear or not. I do not even know whether +the infinite difference between us and them may not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +be compensated by <i>their</i> persistence and <i>my</i> cessation +after apparent death, just as the humble bulb of an +annual lives, whilst the glorious flowers it has put +forth die away.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCC" id="Num_CCC">CCC</a></p> + +<p>My business is to teach my aspirations to confirm +themselves to fact, not to try and make facts +harmonize with my aspirations.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCI" id="Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></p> + +<p>Science seems to me to teach in the highest and +strongest manner the great truth which is embodied in +the Christian conception of entire surrender to the will +of God. Sit down before fact as a little child, be +prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow +humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature +leads, or you shall learn nothing. I have only begun +to learn content and peace of mind since I have +resolved at all risks to do this.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCII" id="Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></p> + +<p>There are, however, other arguments commonly +brought forward in favour of the immortality of man, +which are to my mind not only delusive but mischievous. +The one is the notion that the moral government +of the world is imperfect without a system of +future rewards and punishments. The other is: +that such a system is indispensable to practical +morality. I believe that both these dogmas are very +mischievous lies.</p> + +<p>With respect to the first, I am no optimist, but I +have the firmest belief that the Divine Government +(if we may use such a phrase to express the sum of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +the "customs of matter") is wholly just. The more +I know intimately of the lives of other men (to say +nothing of my own), the more obvious it is to me +that the wicked does <i>not</i> flourish nor is the righteous +punished. But for this to be clear we must bear in +mind what almost all forget, that the rewards of life +are contingent upon obedience to the <i>whole</i> law—physical +as well as moral—and that moral obedience +will not atone for physical sin, or <i>vice versa</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIII" id="Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></p> + +<p>The ledger of the Almighty is strictly kept, and +every one of us has the balance of his operations +paid over to him at the end of every minute of his +existence.</p> + +<p>Life cannot exist without a certain conformity to +the surrounding universe—that conformity involves a +certain amount of happiness in excess of pain. In +short, as we live we are paid for living.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIV" id="Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></p> + +<p>It is to be recollected in view of the apparent discrepancy +between men's acts and their rewards that +Nature is juster than we. She takes into account +what a man brings with him into the world, which +human justice cannot do. If I, born a bloodthirsty +and savage brute, inheriting these qualities from +others, kill you, my fellow-men will very justly hang +me, but I shall not be visited with the horrible +remorse which would be my real punishment if, my +nature being higher, I had done the same thing.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCV" id="Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></p> + +<p>The absolute justice of the system of things is as +clear to me as any scientific fact. The gravitation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +sin to sorrow is as certain as that of the earth to the +sun, and more so—for experimental proof of the fact +is within reach of us all—nay, is before us all in our +own lives, if we had but the eyes to see it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVI" id="Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></p> + +<p>Not only do I disbelieve in the need for compensation, +but I believe that the seeking for rewards and +punishments out of this life leads men to a ruinous +ignorance of the fact that their inevitable rewards +and punishments are here.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVII" id="Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></p> + +<p>If the expectation of hell hereafter can keep me +from evil-doing, surely <i>a fortiori</i> the certainty of hell +now will do so? If a man could be firmly impressed +with the belief that stealing damaged him as much as +swallowing arsenic would do (and it does), would not +the dissuasive force of that belief be greater than that +of any based on mere future expectations?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCVIII" id="Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></p> + +<p>As I stood behind the coffin of my little son the +other day, with my mind bent on anything but disputation, +the officiating minister read, as a part of his +duty, the words, "If the dead rise not again, let us +eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." I cannot tell +you how inexpressibly they shocked me. Paul had +neither wife nor child, or he must have known that +his alternative involved a blasphemy against all that +was best and noblest in human nature. I could have +laughed with scorn. What! because I am face to +face with irreparable loss, because I have given back +to the source from whence it came, the cause of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +great happiness, still retaining through all my life the +blessings which have sprung and will spring from +that cause, I am to renounce my manhood, and, +howling, grovel in bestiality? Why, the very apes +know better, and if you shoot their young the poor +brutes grieve their grief out and do not immediately +seek distraction in a gorge.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCIX" id="Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></p> + +<p>He had intellect to comprehend his highest duty +distinctly, and force of character to do it; which of +us dare ask for a higher summary of his life than that? +For such a man there can be no fear in facing the +great unknown, his life has been one long experience +of the substantial justice of the laws by which this +world is governed, and he will calmly trust to them +still as he lays his head down for his long sleep.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCX" id="Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></p> + +<p>Whether astronomy and geology can or cannot be +made to agree with the statements as to the matters +of fact laid down in Genesis—whether the Gospels +are historically true or not—are matters of comparatively +small moment in the face of the impassable +gulf between the anthropomorphism (however refined) +of theology and the passionless impersonality of the +unknown and unknowable which science shows +everywhere underlying the thin veil of phenomena.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXI" id="Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></p> + +<p>I am too much a believer in Butler and in the great +principle of the "Analogy" that "there is no +absurdity in theology so great that you cannot parallel +it by a greater absurdity of Nature" (it is not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +commonly stated in this way), to have any difficulties +about miracles. I have never had the least sympathy +with the <i>a priori</i> reasons against orthodoxy, and I +have by nature and disposition the greatest possible +antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXII" id="Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></p> + +<p>This universe is, I conceive, like to a great game +being played out, and we poor mortals are allowed +to take a hand. By great good fortune the wiser +among us have made out some few of the rules of the +game, as at present played. We call them "Laws +of Nature," and honour them because we find that if +we obey them we win something for our pains. The +cards are our theories and hypotheses, the tricks our +experimental verifications. But what sane man +would endeavour to solve this problem: given the +rules of a game and the winnings, to find whether +the cards are made of pasteboard or gold-leaf? Yet +the problem of the metaphysicians is to my mind no +saner.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIII" id="Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></p> + +<p>I have not the smallest sentimental sympathy with +the negro; don't believe in him at all, in short. But +it is clear to me that slavery means, for the white +man, bad political economy; bad social morality; +bad internal political organisation, and a bad influence +upon free labour and freedom all over the world.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIV" id="Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></p> + +<p>At the present time the important question for +England is not the duration of her coal, but the due +comprehension of the truths of science, and the labours +of her scientific men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXV" id="Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></p> + +<p>It is better for a man to go wrong in freedom than +to go right in chains.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVI" id="Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></p> + +<p>A good book is comparable to a piece of meat, and +fools are as flies who swarm to it, each for the +purpose of depositing and hatching his own particular +maggot of an idea.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVII" id="Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></p> + +<p>Children work a greater metamorphosis in men +than any other condition of life. They ripen one +wonderfully and make life ten times better worth +having than it was.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXVIII" id="Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Teach a child what is wise, that is <i>morality</i>. +Teach him what is wise and beautiful, that is +<i>religion</i>!</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXIX" id="Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></p> + +<p>People may talk about intellectual teaching, but +what we principally want is the moral teaching.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXX" id="Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></p> + +<p>We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater +than that which preceded and produced the Reformation, +and really only the continuation of that movement. +But there is nothing new in the ideas which +lie at the bottom of the movement, nor is any reconcilement +possible between free thought and traditional +authority. One or other will have to succumb after +a struggle of unknown duration, which will have as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +side issues vast political and social troubles. I have +no more doubt that free thought will win in the long +run than I have that I sit here writing to you, or that +this free thought will organize itself into a coherent +system, embracing human life and the world as one +harmonious whole. But this organization will be the +work of generations of men, and those who further +it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, +and to rest in no verbal delusions.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXI" id="Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></p> + +<p>Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the +consequences. No good is ever done in this world +by hesitation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXII" id="Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></p> + +<p>The world is neither wise nor just, but it makes up +for all its folly and injustice by being damnably +sentimental.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIII" id="Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Without seeing any reason to believe that women +are, on the average, so strong physically, intellectually, +or morally, as men, I cannot shut my eyes to +the fact that many women are much better endowed +in all these respects than many men, and I am at a +loss to understand on what grounds of justice or +public policy a career which is open to the weakest +and most foolish of the male sex should be forcibly +closed to women of vigour and capacity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIV" id="Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></p> + +<p>We have heard a great deal lately about the +physical disabilities of women. Some of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +alleged impediments, no doubt, are really inherent +in their organization, but nine-tenths of them are +artificial—the products of their modes of life. I +believe that nothing would tend so effectually to +get rid of these creations of idleness, weariness, +and that "over stimulation of the emotions" which, +in plainer-spoken days, used to be called wantonness, +than a fair share of healthy work, directed towards +a definite object, combined with an equally fair share +of healthy play, during the years of adolescence; +and those who are best acquainted with the acquirements +of an average medical practitioner will find +it hardest to believe that the attempt to reach that +standard is like to prove exhausting to an ordinarily +intelligent and well-educated young woman.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXV" id="Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></p> + +<p>The only good that I can see in the demonstration +of the truth of "Spiritualism" is to furnish an +additional argument against suicide. Better live a +crossing-sweeper than die and be made to talk +twaddle by a "medium" hired at a guinea a +<i>séance</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVI" id="Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></p> + +<p>I ask myself—suppose you knew that by inflicting +prolonged pain on 100 rabbits you could discover a +way to the extirpation of leprosy, or consumption, +or locomotor ataxy, or of suicidal melancholia among +human beings, dare you refuse to inflict that pain? +Now I am quite unable to say that I dare. That +sort of daring would seem to me to be extreme moral +cowardice, to involve gross inconsistency.</p> + +<p>For the advantage and protection of society, we +all agree to inflict pain upon man—pain of the most +prolonged and acute character—in our prisons, and +on our battlefields. If England were invaded, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +should have no hesitation about inflicting the maximum +of suffering upon our invaders for no other +object than our own good.</p> + +<p>But if the good of society and of a nation is a +sufficient plea for inflicting pain on men, I think it +may suffice us for experimenting on rabbits or dogs.</p> + +<p>At the same time, I think that a heavy moral +responsibility rests on those who perform experiments +of the second kind.</p> + +<p>The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is +a crime; pity is that so many of those who (as I +think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget that +the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in +the act of inflicting pain <i>per se</i>.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVII" id="Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></p> + +<p>The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, +is the moral worth and intellectual clearness of the +individual citizen. Education cannot give these, but +it can cherish them and bring them to the front in +whatever station of society they are to be found, +and the universities ought to be and may be, the +fortresses of the higher life of the nation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXVIII" id="Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences +of their sins affect endless generations of their progeny. +Men are tempted, men are punished for the +sins of others without merit or demerit of their own; +and they are tormented for their evil deeds as long +as their consciousness lasts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXIX" id="Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous +beliefs are punished, and right beliefs are rewarded—though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +very often the erroneous belief is based +upon a more conscientious study of the facts than +the right belief.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXX" id="Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></p> + +<p>If we are to assume that anybody has designedly +set this wonderful universe going, it is perfectly +clear to me that he is no more entirely benevolent +and just in any intelligible sense of the words, than +that he is malevolent and unjust. Infinite benevolence +need not have invented pain and sorrow at all—infinite +malevolence would very easily have deprived +us of the large measure of content and happiness +that falls to our lot. After all, Butler's "Analogy" +is unassailable, and there is nothing in theological +dogmas more contradictory to our moral sense, than +is to be found in the facts of nature. From which, +however, the Bishop's conclusion that the dogmas +are true doesn't follow.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXI" id="Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></p> + +<p>It appears to me that if every person who is +engaged in an industry had access to instruction in +the scientific principles on which that industry is +based; in the mode of applying these principles to +practice; in the actual use of the means and appliances +employed; in the language of the people who +know as much about the matter as we do ourselves; +and lastly, in the art of keeping accounts, Technical +Education would have done all that can be required +of it.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXII" id="Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Though under-instruction is a bad thing, it is not +impossible that over-instruction may be worse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIII" id="Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>There are two things I really care about—one is +the progress of scientific thought, and the other is +the bettering of the condition of the masses of the +people by bettering them in the way of lifting themselves +out of the misery which has hitherto been the +lot of the majority of them. Posthumous fame is +not particularly attractive to me, but, if I am to be +remembered at all, I would rather it should be as +"a man who did his best to help the people" than +by other title.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIV" id="Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>I am of opinion that our Indian Empire is a curse +to us. But so long as we make up our minds to +hold it, we must also make up our minds to do those +things which are needful to hold it effectually, and +in the long-run it will be found that so doing is real +justice both for ourselves, our subject population, +and the Afghans themselves.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXV" id="Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></p> + +<p>The great thing in the world is not so much to +seek happiness as to earn peace and self-respect.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVI" id="Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></p> + +<p>The more rapidly truth is spread among mankind +the better it will be for them. Only let us be sure +that it is truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVII" id="Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></p> + +<p>Your astonishment at the tenacity of life of fallacies, +permit me to say, is shockingly unphysiological. +They, like other low organisms, are independent of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +brains, and only wriggle the more, the more they are +smitten on the place where the brains ought to be.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXVIII" id="Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>I don't know what you think about anniversaries. +I like them, being always minded to drink my cup +of life to the bottom, and take my chance of the +sweets and bitters.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXXXIX" id="Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></p> + +<p>Of the few innocent pleasures left to men past +middle life—the jamming common-sense down the +throats of fools is perhaps the keenest.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXL" id="Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></p> + +<p>Life is like walking along a crowded street—there +always seem to be fewer obstacles to getting along +on the opposite pavement—and yet, if one crosses +over, matters are rarely mended.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLI" id="Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></p> + +<p>The great thing one has to wish for as time goes +on is vigour as long as one lives, and death as soon +as vigour flags.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLII" id="Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></p> + +<p>Whether motion disintegrates or integrates is, I +apprehend, a question of conditions. A whirlpool in +a stream may remain in the same spot for any +imaginable time. Yet it is the effect of the motion +of the particles of the water in that spot which +continually integrate themselves into the whirlpool +and disintegrate themselves from it. The whirlpool<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +is permanent while the conditions last, though its +constituents incessantly change. Living bodies are +just such whirlpools. Matter sets into them in the +shape of food,—sets out of them in the shape of +waste products. Their individuality lies in the +constant maintenance of a characteristic form, not +in the preservation of material identity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIII" id="Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></p> + +<p>Most of us are idolators, and ascribe divine +powers to the abstractions "Force," "Gravity," +"Vitality," which our own brains have created. I +do not know anything about "inert" things in +nature. If we reduce the world to matter and +motion, the matter is not "inert," inasmuch as the +same amount of motion affects different kinds of +matter in different ways. To go back to my own +illustration. The fabric of the watch is not inert, +every particle of it is in violent and rapid motion, +and the winding-up simply perturbs the whole +infinitely complicated system in a particular fashion. +Equilibrium means death, because life is a succession +of changes, while a changing equilibrium is a contradiction +in terms. I am not at all clear that a +living being is comparable to a machine running +down. On this side of the question the whirlpool +affords a better parallel than the watch. If you dam +the stream above or below, the whirlpool dies; just +as the living being does if you cut off its food, or +choke it with its own waste products. And if you +alter the sides or bottom of the stream you may kill +the whirlpool, just as you kill the animal by interfering +with its structure. Heat and oxidation as a +source of heat appear to supply energy to the living +machine, the molecular structure of the germ furnishing +the "sides and bottom of the stream," that is, +determining the results which the energy supplied +shall produce.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIV" id="Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></p> + +<p>I believe that history might be, and ought to be, +taught in a new fashion so as to make the meaning +of it as a process of evolution—intelligible to the +young.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLV" id="Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></p> + +<p>Government by average opinion is merely a +circuitous method of going to the devil; those +who profess to lead but in fact slavishly follow this +average opinion are simply the fastest runners and +the loudest squeakers of the herd which is rushing +blindly down to its destruction.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVI" id="Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></p> + +<p>It's very sad to lose your child just when he was +beginning to bind himself to you, and I don't know +that it is much consolation to reflect that the longer +he had wound himself up in your heart-strings the +worse the tear would have been, which seems to +have been inevitable sooner or later. One does not +weigh and measure these things while grief is fresh, +and in my experience a deep plunge into the waters +of sorrow is the hopefullest way of getting through +them on to one's daily road of life again. No one +can help another very much in these crises of life; +but love and sympathy count for something.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVII" id="Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></p> + +<p>There is amazingly little evidence of "reverential +care for unoffending creation" in the arrangements +of nature, that I can discover. If our ears were +sharp enough to hear all the cries of pain that are +uttered in the earth by men and beasts, we should be +deafened by one continuous scream!</p> + +<p>And yet the wealth of superfluous loveliness in the +world condemns pessimism. It is a hopeless riddle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLVIII" id="Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></p> + +<p>A man who has only half as much food as he +needs is indubitably starved, even though his short +rations consist of ortolans and are served upon gold +plate.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCXLIX" id="Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></p> + +<p>Economy does not lie in sparing money, but in +spending it wisely.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCL" id="Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></p> + +<p>We men of science, at any rate, hold ourselves +morally bound to "try all things and hold fast to +that which is good"; and among public benefactors, +we reckon him who explodes old error, as next in +rank to him who discovers new truth.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLI" id="Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></p> + +<p>Whatever Linnæus may say, man is not a rational +animal—especially in his parental capacity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLII" id="Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></p> + +<p>The inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter +of history is just as much a question of pure science +as the inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a matter +of geology, and the value of evidence in the two +cases must be tested in the same way. If anyone +tells me that the evidence of the existence of man in +the miocene epoch is as good as that upon which I +frequently act every day of my life, I reply that this +is quite true, but that it is no sort of reason for +believing in the existence of miocene man.</p> + +<p>Surely no one but a born fool can fail to be aware +that we constantly, and in very grave conjunctions, +are obliged to act upon extremely bad evidence, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +that very often we suffer all sorts of penalties in +consequence. And surely one must be something +worse than a born fool to pretend that such decision +under the pressure of the enigmas of life ought to +have the smallest influence in those judgments +which are made with due and sufficient deliberation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIII" id="Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></p> + +<p>1. The Church founded by Jesus has <i>not</i> made its +way; has <i>not</i> permeated the world—but <i>did</i> become +extinct in the country of its birth—as Nazarenism +and Ebionism.</p> + +<p>2. The Church that did make its way and coalesced +with the State in the 4th century had no more +to do with the Church founded by Jesus than Ultramontanism +has with Quakerism. It is Alexandrian +Judaism and Neoplatonistic mystagogy, and as +much of the old idolatry and demonology as could +be got in under new or old names.</p> + +<p>3. Paul has said that the Law was schoolmaster +to Christ with more truth than he knew. Throughout +the Empire the synagogues had their cloud of +Gentile hangers-on—those who "feared God"—and +who were fully prepared to accept a Christianity, +which was merely an expurgated Judaism and the +belief in Jesus as the Messiah.</p> + +<p>4. The Christian "Sodalitia" were not merely +religious bodies, but friendly societies, burial +societies, and guilds. They hung together for all +purposes—the mob hated them as it now hates the +Jews in Eastern Europe, because they were more +frugal, more industrious, and lived better lives than +their neighbours, while they stuck together like +Scotchmen.</p> + +<p>If these things are so—and I appeal to your +knowledge of history that they are so—what has +the success of Christianity to do with the truth or +falsehood of the story of Jesus?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIV" id="Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></p> + +<p>It is Baur's great merit to have seen that the key +to the problem of Christianity lies in the Epistle to +the Galatians. No doubt he and his followers rather +overdid the thing, but that is always the way with +those who take up a new idea.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLV" id="Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></p> + +<p>If a man cannot do brain work without stimulants +of any kind, he had better turn to hand work—it is +an indication on Nature's part that she did not mean +him to be a head worker.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVI" id="Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></p> + +<p>It is not to be forgotten that what we call rational +grounds for our beliefs are often extremely irrational +attempts to justify our instincts.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVII" id="Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></p> + +<p>Even the best of modern civilisations appears to +me to exhibit a condition of mankind which neither +embodies any worthy ideal nor even possesses the +merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express my +opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement +of the condition of the greater part of the +human family; if it is true that the increase of +knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over +Nature which is its consequence, and the wealth +which follows upon that dominion, are to make no +difference in the extent and the intensity of Want, +with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, +among the masses of the people, I should hail the +advent of some kindly comet, which would sweep +the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +What profits it to the human Prometheus that he +has stolen the fire of heaven to be his servant, and +that the spirits of the earth and of the air obey him, +if the vulture of pauperism is eternally to tear his +very vitals and keep him on the brink of destruction?</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLVIII" id="Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></p> + +<p>No induction, however broad its basis, can confer +certainty—in the strict sense of the word. The +experience of the whole human race through innumerable +years has shown that stones unsupported +fall to the ground, but that does not make it certain +that any day next week unsupported stones will not +move the other way. All that it does justify is the +very strong expectation, which hitherto has been invariably +verified, that they will do just the contrary.</p> + +<p>Only one absolute certainty is possible to man—namely, +that at any given moment the feeling which +he has exists.</p> + +<p>All other so-called certainties are beliefs of greater +or less intensity.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLIX" id="Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></p> + +<p>Of moral purpose I see no trace in Nature. That +is an article of exclusively human manufacture—and +very much to our credit.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLX" id="Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></p> + +<p>There is nothing of permanent value (putting aside +a few human affections), nothing that satisfies quiet +reflection—except the sense of having worked according +to one's capacity and light, to make things clear +and get rid of cant and shams of all sorts. That +was the lesson I learned from Carlyle's books when +I was a boy, and it has stuck by me all my life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + +<p>You may make more of failing to get money, and +of succeeding in getting abuse—until such time in +your life (if you are teachable) you have ceased to +care much about either.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXI" id="Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></p> + +<p>The doctrine of the conservation of energy tells +neither one way nor the other [on the doctrine of +immortality]. Energy is the cause of movement of +body, <i>i.e.</i> things having mass. States of consciousness +have no mass, even if they can be conceded to +be movable. Therefore even if they are caused by +molecular movements, they would not in any way +affect the store of energy.</p> + +<p>Physical causation need not be the only kind of +causation, and when Cabanis said that thought was +a function of the brain, in the same way as bile +secretion is a <i>function</i> of the liver, he blundered +philosophically. Bile is a product of the transformation +of material energy. But in the mathematical +sense of the word "function," thought may be a +function of the brain. That is to say, it may arise +only when certain physical particles take on a certain +order.</p> + +<p>By way of a coarse analogy, consider a parallel-sided +piece of glass through which light passes. It +forms no picture. Shape it so as to be a bi-convex, +and a picture appears in its focus.</p> + +<p>Is not the formation of the picture a "function" +of the piece of glass thus shaped?</p> + +<p>So, from your own point of view, suppose a mind-stuff—λὀγος—a +noumenal cosmic light such as is +shadowed in the fourth gospel. The brain of a dog +will convert it into one set of phenomenal pictures, +and the brain of a man into another. But in both +cases the result is the consequence of the way in +which the respective brains perform their "function."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXII" id="Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></p> + +<p>The actions we call sinful are as much the consequence +of the order of nature as those we call +virtuous. They are part and parcel of the struggle +for existence through which all living things have +passed, and they have become sins because man +alone seeks a higher life in voluntary association.</p> + +<p>Therefore the instrument has never been marred; +on the contrary, we are trying to get music out of +harps, sacbuts, and psalteries, which never were in +tune and seemingly never will be.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIII" id="Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></p> + +<p>I have always been, am, and propose to remain a +mere scholar. All that I have ever proposed to myself +is to say, this and this I have learned; thus and +thus have I learned it: go thou and learn better; but +do not thrust on my shoulders the responsibility for +your own laziness if you elect to take, on my +authority, conclusions, the value of which you ought +to have tested for yourself.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIV" id="Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></p> + +<p>There is endless backwoodsman's work yet to be +done. If "those also serve who only stand and +wait," still more do those who sweep and cleanse; +and if any man elect to give his strength to the +weeder's and scavenger's occupation, I remain of the +opinion that his service should be counted acceptable, +and that no one has a right to ask more of him than +faithful performance of the duties he has undertaken. +I venture to count it an improbable suggestion that +any such person—a man, let us say, who has well-nigh +reached his threescore years and ten, and has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +graduated in all the faculties of human relationships; +who has taken his share in all the deep joys and +deeper anxieties which cling about them; who has +felt the burden of young lives entrusted to his care, +and has stood alone with his dead before the abyss +of the eternal—has never had a thought beyond +negative criticism. It seems to me incredible that +such an one can have done his day's work, always +with a light heart, with no sense of responsibility, +no terror of that which may appear when the +factitious veil of Isis—the thick web of fiction man +has woven round nature—is stripped off.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXV" id="Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></p> + +<p>If the doctrine of a Providence is to be taken as +the expression, in a way "to be understanded of the +people," of the total exclusion of chance from a place +even in the most insignificant corner of Nature, if it +means the strong conviction that the cosmic process +is rational, and the faith that, throughout all duration, +unbroken order has reigned in the universe, I +not only accept it, but I am disposed to think it the +most important of all truths. As it is of more consequence +for a citizen to know the law than to be +personally acquainted with the features of those who +will surely carry it into effect, so this very positive +doctrine of Providence, in the sense defined, seems to +me far more important than all the theorems of +speculative theology. If, further, the doctrine is +held to imply that, in some indefinitely remote past +aeon, the cosmic process was set going by some +entity possessed of intelligence and foresight, similar +to our own in kind, however superior in degree, +if, consequently, it is held that every event, not +merely in our planetary speck, but in untold millions +of other worlds, was foreknown before these worlds +were, scientific thought, so far as I know anything +about it, has nothing to say about that hypothesis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +It is, in fact, an anthropomorphic rendering of the +doctrine of evolution.</p> + +<p>It may be so, but the evidence accessible to us is, +to my mind, wholly insufficient to warrant either +a positive or a negative conclusion.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVI" id="Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></p> + +<p>It may be well to remember that the highest +level of moral aspiration recorded in history was +reached by a few ancient Jews—Micah, Isaiah, +and the rest—who took no count whatever of what +might or what might not happen to them after death. +It is not obvious to me why the same point should +not by and by be reached by the Gentiles.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVII" id="Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></p> + +<p>Belief in majorities is not rooted in my breast, and +if all the world were against me the fact might warn +me to revise and criticise my opinions, but would not +in itself supply a ghost of a reason for forsaking them. +For myself I say deliberately, it is better to have a +millstone tied round the neck and be thrown into the +sea than to share the enterprises of those to whom +the world has turned, and will turn, because they +minister to its weaknesses and cover up the awful +realities which it shudders to look at.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXVIII" id="Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Moral duty consists in the observance of those rules +of conduct which contribute to the welfare of society, +and by implication, of the individuals who compose it.</p> + +<p>The end of society is peace and mutual protection, +so that the individual may reach the fullest and +highest life attainable by man. The rules of conduct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +by which this end is to be attained are discoverable—like +the other so-called laws of Nature—by observation +and experiment, and only in that way.</p> + +<p>Some thousands of years of such experience have +led to the generalisations, that stealing and murder, +for example, are inconsistent with the ends of society. +There is no more doubt that they are so than that +unsupported stones tend to fall. The man who +steals or murders, breaks his implied contract with +society, and forfeits all protection. He becomes an +outlaw, to be dealt with as any other feral creature. +Criminal law indicates the ways which have proved +most convenient for dealing with him.</p> + +<p>All this would be true if men had no "moral sense" +at all, just as there are rules of perspective which +must be strictly observed by a draughtsman, and are +quite independent of his having any artistic sense.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXIX" id="Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></p> + +<p>The moral sense is a very complex affair—dependent +in part upon associations of pleasure and +pain, approbation and disapprobation formed by +education in early youth, but in part also on an +innate sense of moral beauty and ugliness (how +originated need not be discussed), which is possessed +by some people in great strength, while some are +totally devoid of it—just as some children draw, or +are enchanted by music while mere infants, while +others do not know "Cherry Ripe" from "Rule +Britannia," nor can represent the form of the simplest +thing to the end of their lives.</p> + +<p>Now for this last sort of people there is no reason +why they should discharge any moral duty, except +from fear of punishment in all its grades, from mere +disapprobation to hanging, and the duty of society is +to see that they live under wholesome fear of such +punishment short, sharp, and decisive.</p> + +<p>For the people with a keen innate sense of moral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +beauty there is no need of any other motive. What +they want is knowledge of the things they may do +and must leave undone, if the welfare of society is to +be attained. Good people so often forget this that +some of them occasionally require hanging almost as +much as the bad.</p> + +<p>If you ask why the moral inner sense is to be +(under due limitations) obeyed; why the few who +are steered by it move the mass in whom it is weak? +I can only reply by putting another question—Why +do the few in whom the sense of beauty is strong—Shakespeare, +Raffaele, Beethoven, carry the less +endowed multitude away? But they do, and always +will. People who overlook that fact attend neither +to history nor to what goes on about them.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Franklin was a shrewd, excellent, +kindly man. I have great respect for him. The +force of genial common-sense respectability could no +further go. George Fox was the very antipodes of +all this, and yet one understands how he came to +move the world of his day, and Franklin did not.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXX" id="Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></p> + +<p>As to whether we can fulfil the moral law, I +should say hardly any of us. Some of us are utterly +incapable of fulfilling its plainest dictates. As there +are men born physically cripples, and intellectually +idiots, so there are some who are moral cripples and +idiots, and can be kept straight not even by punishment. +For these people there is nothing but shutting +up, or extirpation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXI" id="Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></p> + +<p>The cardinal fact in the University questions +appears to me to be this: that the student to whose +wants the mediæval University was adjusted, +looked to the past and sought book-learning, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +the modern looks to the future and seeks the knowledge +of things.</p> + +<p>The mediæval view was that all knowledge worth +having was explicitly or implicitly contained in +various ancient writings; in the Scriptures, in the +writings of the greater Greeks, and those of the +Christian Fathers. Whatever apparent novelty +they put forward, was professedly obtained by +deduction from ancient data.</p> + +<p>The modern knows that the only source of real +knowledge lies in the application of scientific methods +of enquiry to the ascertainment of the facts of existence; +that the ascertainable is infinitely greater than the +ascertained, and that the chief business of the +teacher is not so much to make scholars as to train +pioneers.</p> + +<p>From this point of view, the University occupies a +position altogether independent of that of the copingstone +of schools for general education, combined +with technical schools of Theology, Law, and +Medicine. It is not primarily an institution for +testing the work of schoolmasters, or for ascertaining +the fitness of young men to be curates, lawyers, +or doctors.</p> + +<p>It is an institution in which a man who claims to +devote himself to Science or Art, should be able to +find some one who can teach him what is already +known, and train him in the methods of knowing +more.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXII" id="Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></p> + +<p>The besetting sin of able men is impatience +of contradiction and of criticism. Even those who +do their best to resist the temptation, yield to it +almost unconsciously and become the tools of +toadies and flatterers. "Authorities," "disciples," +and "schools" are the curse of science; and do +more to interfere with the work of the scientific +spirit than all its enemies.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIII" id="Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></p> + +<p>People never will recollect, that mere learning and +mere cleverness are of next to no value in life, while +energy and intellectual grip, the things that are +inborn and cannot be taught, are everything.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIV" id="Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></p> + +<p>In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way +of supporting himself, thereby relieving other people +of the necessity of supporting him. Moreover, the +learning to do work of practical value in the world, +in an exact and careful manner, is of itself a very +important education, the effects of which make themselves +felt in all other pursuits. The habit of doing +that which you do not care about when you would +much rather be doing something else, is invaluable.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXV" id="Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></p> + +<p>Success in any scientific career requires an +unusual equipment of capacity, industry and energy. +If you possess that equipment you will find leisure +enough after your daily commercial work is over, +to make an opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. +If you do not, you had better stick to commerce.</p> + +<p>Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a +young man, who, as the Scotch proverb says, in +'trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,' and becomes +a mere hanger-on in literature or in science, when he +might have been a useful and a valuable member of +Society in other occupations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVI" id="Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></p> + +<p>Playing Providence is a game at which one is very +apt to burn one's fingers.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVII" id="Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></p> + +<p>I conceive that the leading characteristic of the +nineteenth century has been the rapid growth of the +scientific spirit, the consequent application of scientific +methods of investigation to all the problems with +which the human mind is occupied, and the correlative +rejection of traditional beliefs which have +proved their incompetence to bear such investigation.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXVIII" id="Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></p> + +<p>Science reckons many prophets, but there is not +even a promise of a Messiah.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXIX" id="Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></p> + +<p>I have not the slightest doubt about the magnitude +of the evils which accrue from the steady +increase of European armaments; but I think +that this regrettable fact is merely the superficial +expression of social forces, the operation of which +cannot be sensibly affected by agreements between +Governments.</p> + +<p>In my opinion it is a delusion to attribute the +growth of armaments to the "exactions of militarism." +The "exactions of industrialism," generated +by international commercial competition, +may, I believe, claim a much larger share in +prompting that growth. Add to this the French +thirst for revenge, the most just determination of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +German and Italian peoples to assert their national +unity; the Russian Panslavonic fanaticism and +desire for free access to the western seas; the +Papacy steadily fishing in the troubled waters for +the means of recovering its lost (I hope for ever +lost) temporal possessions and spiritual supremacy; +the "sick man," kept alive only because each of his +doctors is afraid of the other becoming his heir.</p> + +<p>When I think of the intensity of the perturbing +agencies which arise out of these and other conditions +of modern European society, I confess that the +attempt to counteract them by asking Governments +to agree to a maximum military expenditure, does +not appear to me to be worth making; indeed I think +it might do harm by leading people to suppose that +the desires of Governments are the chief agents in +determining whether peace or war shall obtain in +Europe.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXX" id="Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></p> + +<p>I am not afraid of the priests in the long-run. +Scientific method is the white ant which will slowly +but surely destroy their fortifications. And the importance +of scientific method in modern practical life—always +growing and increasing—is the guarantee +for the gradual emancipation of the ignorant upper +and lower classes, the former of whom especially are +the strength of the priests.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXI" id="Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></p> + +<p>There is such a thing as a science of social life, +for which, if the term had not been so helplessly +degraded, Politics is the proper name.</p> + +<p>Men are beings of a certain constitution, who, +under certain conditions, will as surely tend to act in +certain ways as stones will tend to fall if you leave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +them unsupported. The laws of their nature are as +invariable as the laws of gravitation, only the +applications to particular cases offer worse problems +than the case of the three bodies.</p> + +<p>The Political Economists have gone the right +way to work—the way that the physical philosopher +follows in all complex affairs—by tracing out the +effects of one great cause of human action, the +desire of wealth, supposing it to be unchecked.</p> + +<p>If they, or other people, have forgotten that there +are other potent causes of action which may interfere +with this, it is no fault of scientific method but only +their own stupidity.</p> + +<p>Hydrostatics is not a "dismal science," because +water does not always seek the lowest level—<i>e.g.</i> +from a bottle turned upside down, if there is a cork +in the neck!</p> + +<p>There is much need that somebody should do for +what is vaguely called "Ethics" just what the +Political Economists have done. Settle the question +of what will be done under the unchecked action of +certain motives, and leave the problem of "ought" +for subsequent consideration.</p> + +<p>For, whatever they ought to do, it is quite certain +the majority of men will act as if the attainment of +certain positive and negative pleasures were the end +of action.</p> + +<p>We want a science of "Eubiotics" to tell us +exactly what will happen if human beings are +exclusively actuated by the desire of well-being in +the ordinary sense. Of course the utilitarians have +laid the foundations of such a science, with the +result that the nicknamer of genius called this +branch of science "pig philosophy," making just +the same blunder as when he called political economy +"dismal science."</p> + +<p>"Moderate well-being" may be no more the +worthiest end of life than wealth. But if it is the +best to be had in this queer world—it may be worth +trying for.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXII" id="Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></p> + +<p>Those who wish to attain to some clear and +definite solution of the great problems which Mr. +Darwin was the first person to set before us in later +times must base themselves upon the facts which are +stated in his great work, and, still more, must +pursue their inquiries by the methods of which he +was so brilliant an exemplar throughout the whole +of his life. You must have his sagacity, his untiring +search after the knowledge of fact, his readiness +always to give up a preconceived opinion to that +which was demonstrably true, before you can hope +to carry his doctrines to their ultimate issue; and +whether the particular form in which he has put +them before us may be such as is finally destined to +survive or not is more, I venture to think, than anybody +is capable at this present moment of saying. +But this one thing is perfectly certain—that it is only +by pursuing his methods, by that wonderful single-mindedness, +devotion to truth, readiness to sacrifice +all things for the advance of definite knowledge, +that we can hope to come any nearer than we are at +present to the truths which he struggled to attain.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXIII" id="Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></p> + +<p>Dean Stanley told me he thought being made a +bishop destroyed a man's moral courage. I am +inclined to think that the practice of the methods of +political leaders destroys their intellect for all serious +purposes.</p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXIV" id="Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></p> + +<p>It is one of the most saddening things in life +that, try as we may, we can never be certain of +making people happy, whereas we can almost +always be certain of making them unhappy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="numeral"><a name="Num_CCCLXXXV" id="Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></p> + +<p>Men, my dear, are very queer animals, a mixture +of horse-nervousness, ass-stubbornness and camel-malice—with +an angel bobbing about unexpectedly +like the apple in the posset, and when they can +do exactly as they please, they are very hard to +drive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4 class="center">FOOTNOTES</h4> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This alludes to a foregoing enumeration of the seven families of +<span class="smcap">Primates</span> headed by the <span class="smcap">Anthropini</span> containing man alone.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Of the <i>Challenger</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> These words were written in 1870.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The late Sir W. Gull.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEXES</h2> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEX I</h2> + +<h4 class="center">REFERENCES OF QUOTATIONS TO THEIR SOURCES</h4> + +<p>C. E. = Collected Essays.</p> +<p style="font-family: monospace"> +<span style="margin-left: 16em;">I. Method and Results.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">II. Darwiniana.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;">III. Science and Education.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">IV. Science and Hebrew Tradition.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 16em;">V. Science and Christian Tradition.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">VI. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15em;">VII. Man's Place in Nature.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">VIII. Discourses, Biological and Geological.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 15.5em;">IX. Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>S. M. = Scientific Memoirs.</p> +<p>L. L. = Life and Letters, three volume edition.</p> + +<table summary="" border="0" cellpadding="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><small>NO. IN TEXT.</small></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><small>VOL.</small></td> <td class="right"><small>PAGE</small></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_I">I</a></small></td><td class="right">C. E.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_II">II</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">31</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">46</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VI">VI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VII">VII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_X">X</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XII">XII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">161</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">163</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">165</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">167</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVI">XVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">170</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">178</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">188</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">192</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">193</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXV">XXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXX">XXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">255</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">256</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">256</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">281</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">289</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">309</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLI">XLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLII">XLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">328</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">349</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">355</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">368</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">426</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">426</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">5<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVII">LVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LX">LX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXII">LXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">76</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXV">LXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">150</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXX">LXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">252</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">363</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">63</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">82</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">84</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">91</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">174</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCII">XCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">183</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">188</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">204</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">208</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">213</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">220</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">228</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVII">CVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">236</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">236</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">260</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXI">CXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">273</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">282</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">283</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">299</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXV">CXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">306</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">369</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">393</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">393</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">396</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXX">CXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">414</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">422</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">431</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">432</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">432</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">439</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">443</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">443</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">446</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">447</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">124</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">125</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">191</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">206</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">241</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">257</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">v.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">61<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">132</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">132</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">231</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">235</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">284</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">308</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vi.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">p. xi</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">81</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">138</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">154</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">210</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">271</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">278</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">280</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">313</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">vii.</span></td><td class="right">328</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. v</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">p. viii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXC">CXC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIII">CXCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">114</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCII">CCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">159</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">213</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCX">CCX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">219</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">224</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVI">CCXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">227</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">233</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">249</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">262</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">269</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">306</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">323</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">viii.</span></td><td class="right">333</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">p. ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">30</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">31</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">43</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">54</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">61</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">64</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">81<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIII">CCLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">134</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">141</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">159</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">195</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">199</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">201</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">201</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">202</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">204</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">207</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">211</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">212</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">227</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">229</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ix.</span></td><td class="right">233</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">S. M.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">658</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">663</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">664</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">666</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">666</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">668</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">669</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iv.</span></td><td class="right">670</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">L. L.</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">196</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">310</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">314</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">315</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">326</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">345</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">347</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">350</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">363</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">400</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">407</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">433</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">i.</span></td><td class="right">441</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">42</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">111</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">166</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">219</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">220</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">222</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">266</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">275</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">283</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">292</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">305</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">351</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">358</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">358</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">401</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">440</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">444</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">ii.</span></td><td class="right">453</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">45<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">115</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">121</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">191</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">192</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">221</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">222</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">223</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">223</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">224</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">230</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">238</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">243</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">245</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">311</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">322</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">322</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">323</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">330</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">337</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">345</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">356</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">395</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></small></td><td class="right">"</td><td class="right"><span class="tablepad">iii.</span></td><td class="right">401</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> +<h2 class="center">INDEX II</h2> + +<h4 class="center">SUBJECT INDEX</h4> + + +<ul><li>Abiogenesis, defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Able men, besetting sin of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Abstractions, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Accuracy, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIII">CXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Agnosticism defined, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— origin of the term, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVI">CCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Aim of life, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Alcohol and brain work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Analogies, scope of, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Analogy, Butler's, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Animals, mind in, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Anniversaries, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ant, white, scientific method compared to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Anthropomorphism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCX">CCCX</a></small></li> + +<li>Antiquity of man, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Architecture, prehistoric, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Armaments, cause of modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Arrogance, a check to, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Art: the teaching of drawing, <small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Aryan question, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ascent of man, <small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Aspiration and immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and fact, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> + +<li>Atheism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Atlantic Ocean, comparison with physiology, <small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— bed of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Authority, <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXIV">LXIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXVI">LXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a worthless, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIV">CLXXIV</a></small>;<br /> its struggle with freethought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> Scepticism)</li> + +<li>Automata and the soul, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Automatic virtue, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>Average opinion, government by, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLV">CCCXLV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Backwoodsman's work in science is acceptable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Baur, merits of as a critic, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Beauty, the sense of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIV">CCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Becky Sharp, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Bees, comparison with, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Being, impermanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the ultimate, <small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Belief, the bases of, <small><a href="#Num_LXX">LXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and rational grounds for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— consequences of right and wrong, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Benevolence in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Best men, the, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIII">CXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Biblical criticism, the key to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Biogenesis, defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Bishops and moral courage, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Body, compared to an Army, <small><a href="#Num_CXVI">CXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— to a loaded gun, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Book-learning, <small><a href="#Num_CXIII">CXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVII">CCXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— sought by the ancient University, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Books, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— good, and fools, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVI">CCCXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Brahma and the rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLV">CCXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Brain work and stimulants, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Brutes, mental analogies with, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Butler's Analogy, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Cabanis, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cant and shams, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Capacity and incapacity, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cape Horn of life, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Capital, vital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— lately wages, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— supposed antagonism to labour, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Capitalist nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Carlyle, the lesson of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Catholicism <i>minus</i> Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small></li> + +<li>Causation, its universality, <small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Causes, natural, vast effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— secondary, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Certainty lies in thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— absolute, the only, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small>;<br /> not given by induction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Chalk, the significance of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIX">CLXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— antiquity of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVI">CXCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deep sea origin of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCIV">CXCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— parentage of, <small><a href="#Num_CXC">CXC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— present day formation of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rate of formation, <small><a href="#Num_CXCV">CXCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the lesson of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVIII">CXCVIII</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></li> +<li>Chance, <small><a href="#Num_CLVI">CLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Character and heredity, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Chessplayer, the hidden, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Game</li> + +<li>Child, death of a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Children, influence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVII">CCCXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Christianity and Creeds, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the intellectual world, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its success alleged as proof of the story of Jesus, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— primitive and later, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Church, the primitive and later, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Cinderella, the role of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Civilisation and suffering, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Class-feeling, high and low, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Classical education, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Clearness of thought, <small><a href="#Num_XXV">XXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Clericalism and science, <small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Cleverness, <small><a href="#Num_CXV">CXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is of small intrinsic value, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Coal and club-mosses, <small><a href="#Num_CCII">CCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— less important than education, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIV">CCCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the preservation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCIV">CCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCVI">CCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cocksureness, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Comet, a kindly, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Commerce and science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Common facts and great principles, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Common sense and science, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small>;<br /> and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Comte, <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Conduct, laws of, how discoverable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Conscience and sympathy, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Consequences, logical, <small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Conservation of energy and immortality, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cosmic process and ethical process, <small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Creation and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Creeds, <small><a href="#Num_LXXI">LXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— disbelief in as a sin, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Crime and heredity, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Crowded street, life is like a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Culture and English literature, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Cultured idleness, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Cuvier and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCI">CCXCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Cyclical evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Dante, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Darwin, his work and methods, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXII">CCCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Death of a child, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Deep sea soundings, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— glacial survivors in, <small><a href="#Num_CXCIX">CXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Demagogues caused Socrates' death, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Demonstration, the essence of modern teaching, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>Descartes, <small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— his chief service, <small><a href="#Num_CLII">CLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Determinants of mental and moral activities, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Development, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Disciples not sought for, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the curse of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Dismal science, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Do as you would be done by, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Dogmatism, the nemesis of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Doubt (<i>cf.</i> scepticism), <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Unbelief and Creeds</li> + +<li>Drawing, the teaching of, <small><a href="#Num_XCIV">XCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a discipline, <small><a href="#Num_CXXII">CXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Duty, <small><a href="#Num_XIII">XIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVI">XVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and happiness, <small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a man's first, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Economical Problem, in physiological terms, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Economy, true, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIX">CCCXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Education, mechanical basis of, <small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a liberal, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIX">LXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ancient and modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small>)</li> + +<li>—— and conflict of studies, <small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and examinations, <small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and fine buildings, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— by nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small>;<br /> compared with artificial education, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVIII">LXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— classical, the same for ancient Rome and modern England, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIV">CCXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defined, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIV">LXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effects of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— English, and culture, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— English untaught, <small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— foreign languages in, <small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— Latin and German in, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— more important than coal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of the young, knowledge requisite for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— technical, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the, of practical work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the purpose of primary, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Eginhard, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Emotional chameleon (man), <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Empusa muscæ, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>End of life, the great, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>English literature and culture, <small><a href="#Num_XCV">XCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— untaught, <small><a href="#Num_XCVI">XCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Equality, <small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XLII">XLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Error (<i>cf.</i> Mistakes), <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— advantage of consistent, <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— acknowledgment of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and faith, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— old, the explosion of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></li> +<li>—— religious, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Eternal order, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethical ideals necessary, <small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethical process, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIV">CCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— and cosmic process, <small><a href="#Num_CCLI">CCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— and the survival of the fittest, <small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethics, modern, and old Israel, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ethnology, methods and results of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXX">CLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Eubiotics, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Evidence, judgment, and action, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Evil, the existence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVI">CCXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the insistence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVII">CCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Evolution and man, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the millennium, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— cyclical, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIX">CCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— described, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIX">CCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— formulated by Kant, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— in history, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— slowness of, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— variation and selection are the bases of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Examinations, <small><a href="#Num_CVI">CVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Existence and thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Expectation and verification, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Fact and hypothesis, <small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and theory, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Faith, blind, effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral aspect of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— which is born of knowledge, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Fall, doctrine of the, baseless, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fallacies, the destruction of, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— their tenacity of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVII">CCCXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fame, posthumous, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Feeling and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Ferments, the first knowledge of, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Florida paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fly and silkworm disease, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Fools and common-sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Force, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Foreign languages, value of, <small><a href="#Num_XCVII">XCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Forests, records of ancient, <small><a href="#Num_CCIII">CCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Forms, the permanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Fox, George, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Frankness, reception of honest, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCV">CCXCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Fraud, unconscious, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Freedom, <small><a href="#Num_XXIII">XXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CVII">CVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its struggle with tradition, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of the will, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>—— of thought, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— to go wrong in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Fugue, Nature's great, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Function of the brain, thought as a, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Future of the world, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— retribution, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— dangers of the doctrine, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Galatians, Epistle to, the key to Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIV">CCCLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Game, life compared to a, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Genius, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIV">XXXIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a faculty for "possession," <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as motherwit, <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></li> + +<li>Gentleman, qualities of a, <small><a href="#Num_XXXV">XXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Geological theories, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small>;<br /> reconciliation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— fact and theory, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIV">CCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— time, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Glacial survivors in the deep sea, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>God and no God, <small><a href="#Num_XXX">XXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the love of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Goethe and science, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defects of his scientific qualities, <small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></li> + +<li>Golden rule, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Good of mankind, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Graduates in all the faculties of human relationships have thoughts beyond negative criticism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Greatness, <small><a href="#Num_XV">XV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— national, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Guide to life, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Habit, an invaluable, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Haman and Modecai, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Happiness and moral duty, <small><a href="#Num_CLX">CLX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is in excess of pain, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— we are never certain of conferring it on others, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Henslow, character of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIX">CCCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Heredity and crime, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and character, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIV">CCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Heresies (<i>cf.</i> Authority), <small><a href="#Num_LXVII">LXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hesitation, no good done by, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Historical truth a matter of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLII">CCCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>History and physiology, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— possible new teaching of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIV">CCCXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Human nature, no recent change in, <small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Humanity, religion of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Hume, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hutton, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXIII">CCXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Hypothesis and fact, <small><a href="#Num_IX">IX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Ideal, necessity of ethical, <small><a href="#Num_CXIX">CXIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Idealism and materialism, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ideas, men live by, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXI">CXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— innate, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— necessary, <small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— struggle for existence among, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Idleness, cultured, in society, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> + +<li>Idolatry, intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ignorance, how treated by nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Imagination, scientific, <small>CXXXI</small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— unscientific, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Immortality, aspirations after, <small><a href="#Num_CLVIII">CLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and conservation of energy, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and grief, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and probability, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVII">CCXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIX">CCXCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— disregarded by the highest ancient moral aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVI">CCCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Impermanence of being, <small><a href="#Num_CCXL">CCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Incapacity, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Indian Empire, a curse, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— how to hold it, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>Individual and society, <small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— his debt to society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not infallible, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— worth, the safeguard of society, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Individualism, <small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Induction, does not confer absolute certainty, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Industrialism and militarism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Inert matter, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Innate ideas, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Innocent pleasure of advancing years, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Instinct, <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Intellectual instruction, merely, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVIII">CXXVIII</a></small>;<br /> less needful than moral, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— matters, reason the guide in, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— uncertainty, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— world and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Intoxication, mental, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Irony of history in science, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Israel and modern ethics, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Italy, intellectual position of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Jesus, the story of;<br /> its truth or falsehood as based on the success of Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Jews, persecution of, in Eastern Europe, compared to that of early Christians, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Judaism, old and modern ethics of, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVII">CXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Julian, the Emperor, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Justice satisfied, <small><a href="#Num_CLIX">CLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and desert, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIII">CCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Kant and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXV">CCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Kelvin, Lord, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Knowledge, a little, <small><a href="#Num_CXIV">CXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and faith, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of teachers, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the people perish for want of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Laboratory, the forecourt to the temple of philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Labour, vital, dependent on vital capital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and value, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— savage, a borrowing from nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXI">CCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— supposed antagonism to capital, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVIII">CCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Language and racemarks, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXII">CLXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIII">CLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Latin, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Law of nature, <small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the, as schoolmaster to Christ, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIII">CCCLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Learning inferior to character, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Leaving things to themselves, <small><a href="#Num_CXXV">CXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Lectures, value of, <small><a href="#Num_CCVIII">CCVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCX">CCX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— popular, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Ledger of the Almighty, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Lessons, the first and last of, <small><a href="#Num_CXX">CXX</a></small></li> + +<li>"Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die," <small><a href="#Num_CCCVIII">CCCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Life guided by verification, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a rule of, <small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a game of chess, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXIII">LXXXIII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a rule of three sum, <small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is worth living, even on hard terms, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its great end, <small><a href="#Num_CXXI">CXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXV">CCCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its uncertainty, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— like a crowded street, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXL">CCCXL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— like a whirlpool, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small>;<br /> less like a machine running down, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— the best thing it offers, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the Cape Horn of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIII">CCXCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the cup of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVIII">CCCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the mother of the rocks, <small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the tragic thread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— one of the most saddening things in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Literature and science, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small>;<br /> hangers on in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the money of, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>Literatures, the four great, <small><a href="#Num_XCVIII">XCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Lobster, <small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Logical consequences, <small><a href="#Num_XXVIII">XXVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Majorities and opinion, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Malevolence in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Malthusian doctrine, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>Man, structural unity of, with animals, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIII">CLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Man, a queer animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXV">CCCLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— antiquity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXV">CLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ascent of, <small><a href="#Num_LI">LI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXIX">CLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not a rational animal, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the mimic, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the common process of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVI">CLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Man's arrogance, a check to, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXV">CLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mankind, the good of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVII">XXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Material prosperity, value of, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— world, dignity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Materialism, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and idealism, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the horror of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mathematical mill, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVI">CCXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Matter and force, <small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dignity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXV">CLXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVI">CLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— inert, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— its existence a metaphysical assumption, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Means and ends, political, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIV">CCCXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mechanism and education, <small><a href="#Num_XXI">XXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Medicine the foster-mother of the sciences, <small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Mental and moral activities, determinants of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— analogies with the brutes, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— intoxication, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIII">CXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Messiah, science has none, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Metaphysics and matter, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVIII">CLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the limits of certainty, <small><a href="#Num_CLXVII">CLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the problem of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Method of science, <small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— —— spread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Middle-age, chief pleasure of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Militarism and industrialism, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Millennium, the, and evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Ministers to the world's weaknesses, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVII">CCCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Miracle of nature, <small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Miracles, no <i>a priori</i> objection to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXI">CCCXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Misery, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIII">XXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Missionaries, <small><a href="#Num_XXXIX">XXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Mistakes, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVI">CXXXVI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Error</li> + +<li>—— and acknowledgment of them, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Modern teaching, essence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCIX">CCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Moral activities, determinants of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXII">CXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— aspects of faith, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVIII">CXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— cripples and idiots, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— conditions of success, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— duty defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— law, how far it can be fulfilled, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXX">CCCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— laws true, even if moral sense non-existent, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— purpose, no sign of, in nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLIX">CCCLIX</a></small>;<br /> of human origin, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— sanction, how far based on pure feeling, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— sense, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIX">CCCLXIX</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>—— teaching more needful than intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIX">CCCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Morality and religion, <small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small>;<br /> distinguished, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is embodied in society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Mordecai and Haman, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Mother wit (<i>cf.</i> Genius), <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CLIV">CLIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Motion, integrating or disintegrating, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Museums, local, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCIV">CCXCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Myth and science, <small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Names, idolatry of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>National greatness, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Native talent, <small><a href="#Num_CLV">CLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Natural causes, great effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CXCVII">CXCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— History and Life's Picture Gallery, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— knowledge and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>;<br /> a forecourt to philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rights, <small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Nature, laws of, <small><a href="#Num_XLVI">XLVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LIII">LIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LVI">LVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as opposed to society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— benevolence and malevolence in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deafening cries of pain in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— defined, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLVIII">CCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— gladiatorial aspect of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXX">CCLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— her great Fugue, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVIII">CCLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— her vis medicatrix, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is non-moral, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— justice of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— justifies neither optimism nor pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— matter and force, <small><a href="#Num_LV">LV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— no reverential care for unoffending creation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVII">CCCXLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— perennial miracle of, <small><a href="#Num_LIV">LIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— selection by, <small><a href="#Num_LXIII">LXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— self-surrender to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the bonus in her account, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the capitalist, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the educator, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXV">LXXXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the unity of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVII">CLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— treatment of ignorance by, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVII">LXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— war of, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>Necessity, <small><a href="#Num_XII">XII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLVII">CLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Negative criticism is not all after a full life, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Negro, no sentimental sympathy with, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effect of slavery, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>Nerve force, the equivalent of, <small><a href="#Num_CCVII">CCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Nineteenth century, leading characteristic of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Old age, the best hope for, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLI">CCCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Optimism and pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIX">CCLXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXI">CCLXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXII">CCLXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIII">CCLXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXX">CCCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Oratory, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Order, the eternal, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXI">CCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>Original sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Orthodoxy, <small><a href="#Num_LVII">LVII</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Creeds, Clericalism, Ecclesiasticism</li> + +<li>Over-instruction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Pain, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIX">LXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and wisdom, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— inevitable, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is less than happiness, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIII">CCCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Palace, substituted for a University, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>Papacy, temporal claims of, a disturbing force, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Parallax of time, <small><a href="#Num_XXVI">XXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Parents not always rational animals, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>Pasteur, <small><a href="#Num_CCXX">CCXX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Paul, St., <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pauperism, the vulture of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Peace, the state of, breeds a new state of strife, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— not dependent on governments, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIX">CCCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pébrine, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>"Pecca Fortiter," <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>People, the, perish for want of knowledge, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— to better their condition, a chief aim, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIII">CCCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Permanence of forms, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVIII">CCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Personal aims, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Personality, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVIII">CCXCVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Pessimism, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLIX">CCXLIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Optimism</li> + +<li>Philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Science</li> + +<li>—— the laboratory is the forecourt to, <small><a href="#Num_CLI">CLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— political, <small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Physiology, its interest in human life, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVIII">LXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— compared to the Atlantic, <small><a href="#Num_CIV">CIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— applied to Political Economy, <small><a href="#Num_CCLIX">CCLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLX">CCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Picture Gallery of Life, <small><a href="#Num_LXXX">LXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>"Pig philosophy," <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Pigs, "selected" by the paint-root, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Plants, green, the real producers, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIV">CCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Plato and the unscientific imagination, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Pleasure of middle age, the chief, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXIX">CCCXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Political philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_XLIV">XLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— economists, their method, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Politicians, intellect of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Politics, the sea of, <small><a href="#Num_XL">XL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— proper name for Social Science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Popular Lectures and Popular Science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— dangers of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Population question, <small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Positivism (<i>cf.</i> Comte), <small><a href="#Num_XI">XI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIV">CXLIV</a></small></li> + +<li>"Possession" and genius, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIV">CXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Practical work, educative value of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIV">CCCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Prehistoric architecture, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXIV">CLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Present day formation of chalk, <small><a href="#Num_CXCI">CXCI</a></small>;<br /> of rocks, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Priestley, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIII">LXXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXV">LXXV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></li> +<li>Priests and scientific method, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Primary education, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIII">CCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Principles, great, can be illustrated by the commonest facts, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIV">CXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Producer, the sole, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXIII">CCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Production, the chief factor in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXII">CCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Prometheus, the human, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Prophets and rational belief, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Prosperity (material) and morals, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Protection and Trades Unions, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Providence, doctrine of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXV">CCCLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— playing at, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVI">CCCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Public opinion, influence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Punishment, future, <small><a href="#Num_CCC">CCC</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Quantity and quality, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Queen bees in the human hive, <small><a href="#Num_CV">CV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Rational animal, man is not, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLI">CCCLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— grounds for belief, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXIX">CXXXIX</a></small>;<br /> are often irrational attempts to justify instincts, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVI">CCCLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Reason the guide in intellectual matters, <small><a href="#Num_CXLII">CXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Redi, <small><a href="#Num_CCXVIII">CCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Religion and morality, <small><a href="#Num_CXVII">CXVII</a></small>;<br /> distinguished, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXVIII">CCCXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and theology, <small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Religious error, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Remorse, <small><a href="#Num_CCCIV">CCCIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Renascence, the new, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Resolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXI">CCCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Retribution, future, <small><a href="#Num_CCCII">CCCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral and physical, <i>ib.</i>, <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_V">V</a></small></li> + +<li>—— is here, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVI">CCCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— certainty of present, <small><a href="#Num_CCCVII">CCCVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of beliefs, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIX">CCCXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Right and wrong, <small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small>;<br /> to go right in chains, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXV">CCCXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Rights, natural, <small><a href="#Num_XLVII">XLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Robinson Crusoe, his inferences, <small><a href="#Num_CLIII">CLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Rocks, the offspring of life, <small><a href="#Num_CC">CC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— present day formation of, <small><a href="#Num_CCI">CCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_C">C</a></small></li> + +<li>—— of three sum, and life, <small><a href="#Num_CI">CI</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Sanction, the moral, and feeling, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIII">CLXIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIV">CLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Scepticism (<i>cf.</i> Doubt and Authority), <small><a href="#Num_III">III</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XVII">XVII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small></li> + +<li>Schools of thought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIII">CCCLXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a curse to science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXII">CCCLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Science, <small><a href="#Num_XXIV">XXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and aspiration, <small><a href="#Num_I">I</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and belief, <small><a href="#Num_IV">IV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and Christianity, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVI">CXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>—— and clericalism, <small><a href="#Num_LVIII">LVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and commerce, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVI">LXXVI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and investigation, <small><a href="#Num_LXXII">LXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and literature, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCVI">CCXCVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and myth, <small><a href="#Num_LIX">LIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LX">LX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and philosophy, <small><a href="#Num_LXI">LXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the priests, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXX">CCCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as Cinderella, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVIII">CCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— can afford to wait, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXV">CXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— counters of, <small><a href="#Num_CII">CII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— fostered by medicine, <small><a href="#Num_CIII">CIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— function of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— Goethe's work in, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIX">CCLXXXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXC">CCXC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— growth of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— hangers on in, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— has many prophets but no Messiah, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVIII">CCCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— irony of history in, <small><a href="#Num_CCXCII">CCXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— limits of, <small><a href="#Num_XIV">XIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— method of, <small><a href="#Num_VIII">VIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXXVII">LXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— motto of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> + +<li>—— picture it draws of the world, <small><a href="#Num_LXII">LXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— popularisation of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— spirit of, <small><a href="#Num_LXIX">LXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— success in, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXV">CCCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— tragedy of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXIX">CCXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Scientific imagination, <small><a href="#Num_CXXXI">CXXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLIX">CXLIX</a></small>;<br /> and the Aryan question, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXI">CLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— idea, growth and efficacy of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Secondary causes, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVII">CLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Selection, social, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>;<br /> the basis of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small>;<br /> may be rapid, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Self-surrender to nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCCI">CCCI</a></small></li> + +<li>Shakespeare, <small><a href="#Num_XCII">XCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Shams, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLX">CCCLX</a></small></li> + +<li>Silkworm disease, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXI">CCXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Sin gravitates to sorrow, <small><a href="#Num_CCCV">CCCV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— lasting punishment of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVIII">CCCXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— origin of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXII">CCCLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Size and greatness, <small><a href="#Num_CX">CX</a></small></li> + +<li>Skill, a greater than, <small><a href="#Num_CXXIX">CXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>Slavery, the double emancipation, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXI">LXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effects of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXIII">CCCXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Slowness of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CCV">CCV</a></small></li> + +<li>Social selection, <small><a href="#Num_XXXI">XXXI</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— life is embodied morality, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small>;<br /> nicknamed "Dismal," <i>ib.</i>;<br /> value of its method, <i>ib.</i></li> + +<li>—— tendency, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Socially unfit, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Society, complexity of, <small><a href="#Num_XXXVI">XXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a limitation of the struggle for existence, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></li> +<li>—— and individualism, <small><a href="#Num_XLIX">XLIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the individual, <small><a href="#Num_XLVIII">XLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as opposed to nature, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIV">CCLXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— conditions of its stability, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— internal struggle, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small>;<br /> permanence of, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— moral conditions of success, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXX">CCLXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— population question, <small><a href="#Num_XLV">XLV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— statute of limitations needed in, <small><a href="#Num_XLIII">XLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the end of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXVIII">CCCLXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the individual's debt to, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIII">CCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Socrates put to death by the demagogues, <small><a href="#Num_CXLVIII">CXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Sorrow, inevitable, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— deep plunge into, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVI">CCCXLVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Soul in automata, <small><a href="#Num_XXVII">XXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Soundings, deep sea, <small><a href="#Num_CXCII">CXCII</a></small></li> + +<li>Southey and the Quaker, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Spallanzani, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXII">CCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Sphinx, the true riddle of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVIII">CCLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Spiritualism, its only use if true, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXV">CCCXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Stanley, Dean, on being made a bishop, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIII">CCCLXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Starvation on ortolans, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLVIII">CCCXLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Starve, who shall first? <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXIX">CCLXXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>State not infallible, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXII">CCLXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Stimulants and brain work, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLV">CCCLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Structural unity of men and animals, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXII">CLXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Struggle for existence, among ideas, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small>;<br /> modified within society, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVII">CCXXXVII</a></small>;<br /> but permanent, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVIII">CCXXXVIII</a></small>;<br /> limited by society, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXV">CCLXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and original sin, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXII">CCXXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLI">CCXLI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the serious, <small><a href="#Num_CCLII">CCLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— two-fold, in civilisation, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>Studies, the conflict of, <small><a href="#Num_XCIII">XCIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Success, moral conditions of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXI">CCLXXXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVII">CCCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Suffering and wisdom, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and civilisation, <small><a href="#Num_CCXLII">CCXLII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and virtue, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Survival of the fittest, and ethical process, <small><a href="#Num_CCL">CCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Sweepers and cleansers, the work of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXIV">CCCLXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Sympathy and conscience, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXIII">CCXXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a rule of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXV">CCXXXV</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Teachers, knowledge of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVII">CXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— training of, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXIV">CCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Teaching, essence of modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCXI">CCXI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXII">CCXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXV">CCXV</a></small> (<i>cf.</i> Education)</li> + +<li>—— and the things that are inborn, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXIII">CCCLXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Technical education, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXI">CCCXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Theology and religion, <small><a href="#Num_CXVIII">CXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Theories, three great modern, <small><a href="#Num_X">X</a></small></li> + +<li>Theory and fact, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVI">CCLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Things in themselves, <small><a href="#Num_CCLV">CCLV</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>Thinking, time for, <small><a href="#Num_CXXVI">CXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Thought, <small><a href="#Num_XVIII">XVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XIX">XIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— as a function of the brain, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXI">CCCLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— freedom of, <small><a href="#Num_CXXX">CXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— struggle for existence in, <small><a href="#Num_LXVIII">LXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Time and truth, <small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Trades Unions and Protection, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXII">LXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Traditional authority, its struggle with free thought, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Traditions and realities, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXI">CLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— rejection of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Tragic thread of life, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXVII">CCXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Truth (<i>cp.</i> Authority, Veracity), <small><a href="#Num_XXIX">XXIX</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_XXXII">XXXII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_LXV">LXV</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXX">CCCXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and common sense, <small><a href="#Num_CXII">CXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and error, <small><a href="#Num_XCI">XCI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and its reward, <small><a href="#Num_CLXX">CLXX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and the function of science, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and types, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— seeker, <small><a href="#Num_VI">VI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the search for, <small><a href="#Num_CL">CL</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CLXIX">CLXIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the spread of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXVI">CCCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Try all things and hold fast to that which is good, the motto of science, <small><a href="#Num_CCCL">CCCL</a></small></li> + +<li>Types and truth, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXVII">CCLXXXVII</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Unbelief in creeds, <small><a href="#Num_CXLI">CXLI</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CXLV">CXLV</a></small></li> + +<li>Uncertainty, intellectual, <small><a href="#Num_CXL">CXL</a></small></li> + +<li>Under-instruction, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXXII">CCCXXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>Unfit, the, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXXVI">CCXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Unhappiness, too easy to confer, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXIV">CCCLXXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Universe compared to a great game, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXII">CCCXII</a></small></li> + +<li>University of Nature, <small><a href="#Num_LXXXVI">LXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— an ideal, <small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a palace substituted for, <small><a href="#Num_L">L</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ancient and modern, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXI">CCCLXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Utilitarians, founders of the science of Eubiotics, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXXI">CCCLXXXI</a></small></li> + +<li>—— their nickname, <i>ib.</i></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Value and labour, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVI">CCLXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Variation, the basis of evolution, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVIII">CLXXXVIII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCXXX">CCXXX</a></small></li> + +<li>Veracity, I, <small><a href="#Num_XCIX">XCIX</a></small>;<br /> <i>cf.</i> Error, Mistakes, <i>esp.</i> <small><a href="#Num_CXXXVII">CXXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Verification the guide of life, <small><a href="#Num_XX">XX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and expectation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVIII">CCCLVIII</a></small></li> + +<li>"Virtually," <small><a href="#Num_CCLXV">CCLXV</a></small></li> + +<li>Virtue, automatic, <small><a href="#Num_XXII">XXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and austerity, <small><a href="#Num_CLXII">CLXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— on £10,000 a year, <small><a href="#Num_LXXIV">LXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— the ways of, <small><a href="#Num_CLXI">CLXI</a></small></li> + +<li>Vis medicatrix naturæ, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVI">CCLXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Vitality, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Vivisection, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXVI">CCCXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>Voice, power of the human, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Wages received are capital possessed, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXVII">CCLXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Want, <i>see</i> Wealth</li> + +<li>War of Nature, <small><a href="#Num_LII">LII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wealth and Nemesis, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXVII">CCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— a want, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLVII">CCCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wesley, John, <small><a href="#Num_CLXXXVI">CLXXXVI</a></small></li> + +<li>Whirlpool, life compared to, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLII">CCCXLII</a></small>, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXLIII">CCCXLIII</a></small></li> + +<li>Will, freedom of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCLVII">CCLVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wisdom in many counsellors, <small><a href="#Num_VII">VII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— and suffering, <small><a href="#Num_XC">XC</a></small></li> + +<li>Women, their powers compared to those of men, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIII">CCCXXIII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— medical education of, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— physical disabilities and occupation, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>Work, valuation of a man's, <small><a href="#Num_CCLXXXV">CCLXXXV</a></small></li> + +<li>—— effect on women, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXIV">CCCXXIV</a></small></li> + +<li>World, future of the, <small><a href="#Num_CIX">CIX</a></small></li> + +<li>—— judgments of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCXXII">CCCXXII</a></small></li> + +<li>—— ministers to the weaknesses of the, <small><a href="#Num_CCCLXXVII">CCCLXXVII</a></small></li> + +<li>Wrong, infinite possibilities of, <small><a href="#Num_CVIII">CVIII</a></small></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +R. 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