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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Letters on the Natural History of
+Norfolk, by Thomas Browne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Letters on the Natural History of Norfolk
+       More Especially on the Birds and Fishes
+
+Author: Thomas Browne
+
+Release Date: April 16, 2011 [EBook #35888]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL HISTORY OF NORFOLK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            NOTES AND LETTERS
+
+                                 ON THE
+
+                       NATURAL HISTORY OF NORFOLK
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS BROWNE TO DOCTOR CHRISTOPHER MERRETT.
+
+MS. RAWLINSON D. cviii., FOL. 105. --_See p. 80._]
+
+
+
+
+                            Notes and Letters
+
+                                 ON THE
+
+                       Natural History of Norfolk
+
+                         MORE ESPECIALLY ON THE
+
+                            BIRDS AND FISHES
+
+
+
+                            FROM THE MSS. OF
+
+                         SIR THOMAS BROWNE, M.D.
+
+                              (1605-1682)
+
+         IN THE SLOANE COLLECTION IN THE LIBRARY OF THE BRITISH
+               MUSEUM AND IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD
+
+
+
+                             WITH NOTES BY
+
+                        THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.
+
+  _Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; Vice-President of the
+                Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society_
+
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+
+               JARROLD & SONS, 10 & 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.
+
+                         [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED]
+
+                                  1902
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                              OBSERVATIONS
+
+                                 ON THE
+
+                            FAUNA OF NORFOLK,
+
+                        AND MORE PRACTICALLY ON
+
+       The Popular District of the Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk,
+
+
+                              BY THE LATE
+
+                       REV. RICHARD LUBBOCK, M.A.
+
+
+               _New Edition, 6s.; Half Roxburgh, 7s. 6d._
+
+
+ WITH ADDITIONS FROM UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS OF THE AUTHOR, AND NOTES BY
+
+                       THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.,
+
+
+                            ALSO A MEMOIR BY
+
+                        HENRY STEVENSON, F.L.S.,
+
+
+         AN APPENDIX CONTAINING NOTES ON HAWKING IN NORFOLK, BY
+
+                   ALFRED NEWTON, M.A., F.R.S., ETC.,
+
+
+          AND ON THE DECOYS, REPTILES, SEA FISH, LEPIDOPTERA,
+                       AND BOTANY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+   "In addition to the intrinsic merits of the book, of which we can
+   personally speak in the superlative degree as one of the most
+   pleasantly-written of the many pleasant natural history books our
+   language is so rich in--describing, as it does, the 'Broad
+   District'--a country unlike any other part of England, and a very
+   paradise to the Botanist, Entomologist, and Ornithologist. This
+   new edition is edited by Mr. Thomas Southwell, the active
+   Secretary of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, whose
+   full and accurate knowledge of the natural history of Norfolk
+   better fits him for the task than any other man we know
+   of."--_Science Gossip._
+
+   "The book in its original form is well known to naturalists, and
+   it would be difficult to find another volume of its size which
+   conveys in so agreeable a manner so much accurate and trustworthy
+   information on the subject of which it treats. We promise to
+   those who have never yet read this book a rare treat from its
+   perusal."--_Zoologist._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                               SUPPLEMENT
+
+                                 TO THE
+
+                           FLORA OF NORFOLK,
+
+
+                                   BY
+
+                        REV. KIRBY TRIMMER, A.B.
+
+
+                         _Crown 8vo. Cloth 6s._
+
+   The Supplement to the "Flora of Norfolk" is a record of
+   additional localities of many of the plants contained in that
+   publication, and an entry of some other plants new in the
+   country.
+
+
+         LONDON: JARROLD AND SONS, 10 AND 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           THE OFFICIAL GUIDE
+
+                                 TO THE
+
+                         NORWICH CASTLE MUSEUM,
+
+             _With an Account of its Origin and Progress_,
+
+                                   BY
+
+                       THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.,
+
+  _Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, Vice-President of the
+            Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, etc._:
+
+            ALSO AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CASTLE KEEP BY
+
+                         REV. WM. HUDSON, M.A.,
+
+          _Hon. Sec. Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society:_
+
+
+     AND A GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION OF PICTURES, WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF
+                   THE "NORWICH SCHOOL" OF ARTISTS BY
+
+                           G. C. EATON, ESQ.,
+
+              _Late Hon. Sec. Norfolk and Norwich Museum._
+
+ (Published under the Special Sanction of the Castle Museum Committee.)
+
+          _Profusely Illustrated, 1 6. Abridged Edition, 6d._
+
+   "Mr. Southwell is himself an authority on natural history, and he
+   has contrived to invest his description of the various specimens
+   with a liveliness and vigour, as well as a scientific accuracy.
+   He has taken care to include every object of importance, and his
+   work should at once take its place as the popular guide to the
+   Museum."--_Bookseller._
+
+   "An interesting and useful guide to the collection in the Museum.
+   It is not merely a catalogue, but a popular natural history, in
+   which the specimens in the cases are used as illustrations.
+   Sightseers will pleasantly acquire a knowledge of the leading
+   characteristics of the different groups of animals, and students
+   will gain a large amount of sound instruction."--_Nature._
+
+   "There is an abundance of useful information confined in a small
+   compass, while there are many capital illustrations."--_The
+   Record._
+
+   "Its collections are of interest not only to the antiquarian and
+   to the geologist, but also to the ornithologist; and the picture
+   gallery is worth a visit."--_Daily Telegraph._
+
+   "Visitors will find this cheap, handy, well-filled volume of much
+   service."--_The Guardian._
+
+         LONDON: JARROLD AND SONS, 10 AND 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                        vii
+
+  NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK               1
+
+  NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES, ETC., FOUND IN NORFOLK      31
+
+  LETTERS TO MERRETT                                   57
+
+  APPENDIX A.                                          86
+
+  APPENDIX B.                                          90
+
+  APPENDIX C.                                          95
+
+  APPENDIX D.                                          96
+
+  INDEX                                                99
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+    "Every kingdom, every province, should have its own
+    monographer."--_Gilbert White. Seventh Letter to Barrington._
+
+
+The excellent Memoir of Sir Thomas Browne, in Wilkin's Edition of his
+works, renders it unnecessary here to repeat what has already been so
+well done; suffice it to say that he was born in London on the 19th of
+October, 1605; he was educated at Winchester School and entered at
+Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, in 1623; graduated B.A.
+31st January, 1626-7, and M.A. 11th June, 1629. About the year 1633 he
+was created Doctor of Physick at Leyden. In 1636 he took up his
+residence in Norwich, in 1637 was incorporated Doctor of Physic in
+Oxford, and in 1665 was chosen an Honorary Fellow of the College of
+Physicians. In 1671 Browne was knighted at Norwich by Charles II., and
+after a useful and honourable career died on his seventy-sixth birthday,
+the 19th of October, 1682, and his body lies buried in the church of St.
+Peter Mancroft, Norwich.
+
+Browne in early life travelled much and was a voluminous writer; he made
+many friendships with men celebrated in his day, and his advice and
+assistance were sought and gratefully acknowledged by Dugdale, Evelyn,
+Ray and Willughby, Merrett, Sir Robert Paston (afterwards Earl of
+Yarmouth), Ashmole, Aubrey, and others; but his general correspondence
+does not now concern us, my object being to supply in a convenient form
+what I believe will be acceptable to modern naturalists, namely, an
+accurate transcript of his notes and letters on the "Natural History of
+the County of Norfolk."
+
+These notes and letters were first published by Simon Wilkin in his
+Edition of Sir Thomas Browne's Works in 1835, but they were not treated
+from a naturalist's point of view, and in some places were not correctly
+transcribed, added to which, in the vast mass of matter contained in
+Wilkin's four large volumes (or in the closely printed three volumes of
+Bohn's Edition), these interesting passages are in danger of being
+overlooked or are inconvenient for reference. Two letters, moreover,
+were needed to make the correspondence with Merrett complete, and these
+I have been enabled to supply. I hope also that my explanatory notes,
+which I trust will not be deemed too voluminous, will be found more
+useful than the necessarily brief notes furnished by Wilkin and his
+collaborators. Furthermore, I think that the retention of the original
+spelling and punctuation may lend a charm to the quaintness of the
+language which is in a measure destroyed by any attempt at modernising.
+
+There is much that is interesting bearing upon Natural Science scattered
+throughout Browne's writings, especially in his _Pseudodoxia Epidemica_,
+or inquiries into Vulgar and Common Errors, first published in 1646, and
+the reader cannot fail to be impressed not only with the extent of his
+classical knowledge but also with the shrewdness with which he pursued
+his original investigations; but here it is only proposed to deal with
+certain manuscript notes and a series of rough notes for, or copies of,
+letters addressed to Dr. Christopher Merrett, the author of the _Pinax
+Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum_. These, as remarked by their editor,
+with regard to some other manuscripts published[A] in 1684, under the
+title of "Certain Miscellany Tracts," were doubtless "rather the
+_diversions_ than the _Labours_ of his Pen; and ... He did, as it
+were, drop down his Thoughts of a sudden, in those spaces of vacancy
+which he snatch'd from those very many occasions which gave him hourly
+interruption;" but I cannot in this instance agree with the conclusion
+arrived at by the same writer that it "seemeth probable that He designed
+them for publick use," for they appear to be the rough drafts or
+memoranda used in the production of the finished letters (which are
+unfortunately not forthcoming), and were never intended for publication
+in their present crude form, thus rendering pardonable such annotations
+as I have ventured to add. But before proceeding further it is necessary
+to consider briefly the time and circumstances under which they were
+written, and the state of what passed for Natural Science at that
+period.
+
+ [A] The "Miscellany Tracts" were put forth by "Tho. Tenison"
+ (1636-1715), who afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury, but
+ was then the Rector of a London parish, St. Martin-in-the-Fields.
+ He had been a Norwich school-boy, and subsequently minister of St.
+ Peter's Mancroft. He was doubtless well acquainted with Browne and
+ his family, and hence his reference in the preface quoted to "the
+ _Lady_ and _Son_ of the excellent Authour," who, he says,
+ "deliver'd" the papers to him.
+
+Browne wrote early in the second half of the seventeenth century, during
+a period of great awakening in the study of Nature. Hitherto it could
+hardly be said that a direct appeal to the works of Nature had been the
+prevailing method. Aristotle was still the established authority, and
+commentaries on his works occupied the minds of men to the exclusion of
+original investigation, notwithstanding that this great philosopher had
+himself, both by precept and example, urged the importance of direct
+observation and inquiry; the Mediaeval school of thought still prevailed
+and cramped every effort at progress. How keenly Browne lamented this
+spirit of slavish adherence to tradition may be judged from a passage in
+one of his Essays in the "Vulgar Errors" condemning the obstinate
+adherence unto antiquity; he writes, "but the mortallist enemy unto
+knowledge, and that which hath done the greatest execution upon truth,
+hath been a peremptory adhesion unto authority; and more especially the
+establishing of our belief upon the dictates of antiquity. For (as every
+capacity may observe) most men of ages present, so supersticiously do
+look upon ages past, that the authorities of one exceed the reason of
+the other." In another place he argues that the present should be the
+age of authority, seeing that we possess all the wisdom of the ancients
+which has come down to us, with that of our own times added. In fact,
+Browne's motto appears to have been "prove all things and hold fast
+only to that which is good."[B]
+
+ [B] There was one form of ancient authority before which Browne
+ bowed down with absolute and unquestioning submission--the
+ authority of the Scriptures. In all secular matters he was ever
+ ready to point the lance and do battle, but all that appealed to
+ him on what he regarded as divine authority was beyond the pale,
+ and it never entered into his mind to submit it to the test of
+ reason. In the "Religio Medici" he declares his devoted adherence
+ first to the guidance of Scripture, and secondly to the Articles of
+ the Church, "whatsoever is beyond, as points indifferent, I observe
+ according to the rules of my private reason;" and again, "where the
+ Scripture is silent, the Church is my text; where that speaks 'tis
+ but my comment; where there is a joint silence of both I borrow not
+ the rules of my religion from Rome or Geneva, but the dictates of
+ my own reason." This implicit adherence to the literal text of
+ Scripture led to his--shall I say active belief in, or passive
+ acceptance of, the existence of Witchcraft, and thus to the only
+ act in an otherwise blameless life which we must regard with regret
+ and astonishment. I refer to the consenting part he took in the
+ doing to death of two poor women at Bury St. Edmund's in the year
+ 1664. It is my business to act as Browne's exponent, not as his
+ apologist, but it must be borne in mind that in his day the "higher
+ criticism" was a thing unheard of, and that the literal sense of
+ the English translation of the Bible was accepted as binding not
+ only by him but by the vast majority of the people, including the
+ most learned men of the time. "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to
+ live" was a plain command, and given a witch the believer's duty
+ was also plain; that there _had_ been witches there was ample
+ scriptural evidence, but there was none that the days of witchcraft
+ had passed away. Browne only shared this belief with his pious
+ friend, the venerable Bishop Hall, and many men equally devout
+ according to their lights; he makes no secret of the fact and acts
+ in accordance with his convictions and the plain authority of
+ Scripture. Thus it came about that these conscientious but mistaken
+ men were induced to render possible, if not actually to
+ countenance, the fiendish cruelties perpetrated by their
+ unscrupulous allies. In matters which he considered less
+ authoritative his views were so liberal as to gain for him the
+ stigma of infidel or heretic; but let a man govern his thoughts and
+ actions by the private rules Browne laid down for his own guidance
+ (vol. iv., p. 420), and it would be hard to regard him as otherwise
+ than a God-fearing man, striving to live up to his profession.
+
+Aristotle, whose works on Natural History have descended to us in a very
+imperfect condition, lived in 385-322 B.C., and it was not till A.D. 79
+that the _Historia Naturalis_ of Pliny the Elder the next great work,
+which has survived till our days, was completed, and by some of those
+most competent to form a judgment the additions which he made were not
+in all cases improvements. Other writers followed, but their productions
+were of little value, and it was not till the year 1544 that William
+Turner published at Cologne what Professor Newton describes as "the
+first commentary on the birds mentioned by Aristotle and Pliny conceived
+in anything like the spirit that moves modern Naturalists." Turner's
+book is very rare and unfortunately at present beyond the reach of most
+modern students. No attempt at systematic arrangement, as now
+understood, was made until the _Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux_ of
+Pierre Belon (Bellonius) appeared at Paris in 1555, for the much greater
+work of Conrad Gesner, being the third book of his _Historia Animalium_,
+which was published at Zurich in the same year, and treated of Birds,
+followed, more or less closely, an alphabetical plan which brought upon
+him the censure of Aldrovandus, three of whose sixteen folio volumes
+forming the _Historia Naturalium_ bore the title of _Ornithologiae hoc
+est de Avibus Historiae, Libri XII._, and were brought out at Bologna
+between the years 1599 and 1603. The _Historia Naturalis_ of John
+Jonston, or "Jonstonus" (1603-1675), originally published in four
+sections between the years 1649 and 1653, ran through several editions,
+and was a popular book in the seventeenth century; it is frequently
+referred to by Browne, but is a work of very little originality. Though
+all these authors undoubtedly influenced their successors, it may be
+fairly said that it was Browne's contemporaries and fellow-countrymen,
+Francis Willughby and John Ray, who laid the first solid foundation of
+systematic zoology in their _Ornithologia_ and _Historia Piscium_,
+published in 1676 and 1686 respectively; but dying in 1682, Browne was
+indebted to neither of them, though he doubtless exercised much
+influence over them, and he had to use the clumsy descriptive
+terminology then in vogue.[C] Let me illustrate this by a single
+example. In one of his letters to Merrett he names a "little elegant
+sea plant" (probably _Halecium halecinum_, a species of Hydroid
+Zoophyte), "_Fucus marinus vertebratus pisciculi spinum referens
+ichthyorachius_, or what you think fit." On another occasion Merrett
+thus expresses his approval of Browne's efforts in this direction: "You
+have very well named the _rutilus_ and expressed fully the cours to bee
+taken in the imposition of names, viz: the most obvious and most
+peculiar difference to the ey or any other sens." We can hardly conceive
+the difficulties these pioneers of Natural Science had to contend with;
+the works of their predecessors were so indefinite as to be of little
+value in determining species; they had to depend upon the vague
+descriptions of fowlers and others; the same bird would probably be
+known in half a dozen different localities by as many different names,
+and since no satisfactory mode of preserving specimens had then been
+discovered, examples for comparison were not available. If inextricable
+confusion arose with regard to such a bird as the Osprey, well might
+Browne write with regard to those less readily characterized, "I confess
+for such little birds I am much unsatisfied on the names given to many
+by countrymen, and uncertaine what to give them myself, or to what
+classis of authors cleerly to reduce them. Surely there are many found
+among us which are not described; and therefore such which you cannot
+well reduce, may (if at all) be set down after the exacter nomination of
+small birds as yet of uncertain class of knowledge."
+
+ [C] In 1735 appeared the first edition of the _Systema Naturae of
+ Linnaeus_ which, meagre as it was, ushered in a more definite system
+ of classification, whilst his invention of the binomial method of
+ nomenclature, first used by him in the tenth edition of that work
+ published in 1758, contributed not a little in reducing to order
+ what had hitherto been a chaos, although in his classification of
+ birds he for the most part followed his predecessor Ray.
+
+I must ask pardon for this digression, but my object has been to show
+the difficulties Browne had to contend with and to emphasise the
+originality which pervades all his observations, a characteristic so
+conspicuously absent in the work of most of his predecessors. I should
+like also to call attention to his references to the migratory habits of
+many species of birds, a phenomenon attracting little notice in his day,
+but one which can be so readily observed on the coast of Norfolk. These
+remarks were penned at a time when hibernation in a state of torpidity
+was thoroughly believed in--an idea of which even Gilbert White a
+hundred years later could not thoroughly divest himself. In his tract on
+"Hawks and Falconry," Browne further says: "How far the hawks, merlins,
+and wild-fowl which come unto us with a north-west [east?] wind in
+Autumn, fly in a day, there is no clear account: but coming over the sea
+their flight hath been long or very speedy. For I have known them to
+light so weary on the coast, that many have been taken with dogs, and
+some knocked down with staves and stones." Further than this, he knew
+the seasons of their appearing--the Hobby "coming to us in the spring,"
+the Merlin "about autumn." His frequent mention of anatomical
+peculiarities and of his dissections of many birds and beasts clearly
+prove his passion for original research, and the frequent records of the
+contents of the stomachs of the birds which he had the opportunity of
+examining was a mode of obtaining exact information as to the nature of
+their food, which I imagine was not common in those days.
+
+How highly Browne was esteemed by his contemporaries may be judged from
+the acknowledgments of his assistance by Dugdale, Evelyn (who visited
+him in Norwich in 1671), and others; and Ray especially mentions his
+indebtedness to "the deservedly famous Sir Thomas Browne, Professor of
+Physic in the City of Norwich." His letters to his son, Dr. Edward
+Browne, are full of instructions as to the course of study he should
+pursue, and subsequently, when the latter became celebrated and was
+appointed Physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, it was still to his
+father that he looked for advice in his hospital practice and in the
+preparation of his lectures. Browne was proud of his adopted county, a
+feeling evidently shared by his son, and I trust I may be pardoned for
+quoting the concluding passage of the latter's account of a tour into
+Derbyshire, wherein he expresses a sentiment which survives with
+undiminished force in the breast of many a Norfolk man in the present
+day. There is a very interesting account of his crossing the Wash on
+leaving Lynn for Boston, but on his return to Norwich in September,
+1662, he thus concludes his journal: "Give me leave to say this much:
+let any stranger find mee out so pleasant a country, such good way
+[roads], large heath, three such places as Norwich. Yar [Yarmouth] and
+Lin [Lynn], in any county of England, and I'll bee once again a vagabond
+to visit them."
+
+The manuscripts of which the following selection forms a part are
+contained, with a few exceptions to be named hereafter, in the Sloane
+Collection in the Library of the British Museum, consisting of nearly
+one hundred volumes, numbered 1825 to 1923 both inclusive. A catalogue
+is given by Simon Wilkin[D] (himself a Norfolk man), by whom Browne's
+collected writings were first published in a connected form, as already
+mentioned, under the title of "Sir Thomas Browne's Works, including his
+Life and Correspondence, edited by Simon Wilkin, F.L.S. London, William
+Pickering. Josiah Fletcher, Norwich, 1836." 4 volumes, 8vo; the first
+volume only is dated 1836, Vols. 2, 3, and 4 being dated 1835.[E] It was
+here that the Notes and Letters were first given to the public. A second
+edition of the "Works," also edited by Wilkin, in three closely printed
+volumes, was issued in Bohn's Antiquarian Library in 1852. In the first
+edition the Notes on the Birds and Fishes will be found in Vol. IV., pp.
+313 to 336, and the letters to Merrett in Vol. I., pp. 393 to 408. In
+the second edition both are in Vol. III., pp. 311 to 335 and pp. 502 to
+513 respectively. The references here, as a rule, will be made to the
+1836 edition, when otherwise Bohn's edition will be specified.
+
+ [D] _Simon Wilkin_ (1790-1862), the able editor of Sir Thomas
+ Browne's collected works, was born at Costessey near Norwich, in
+ the year 1790. He came to Norwich after his father's death in 1799,
+ taking up his temporary abode with his guardian, Joseph Kinghorn, a
+ Baptist minister of note and a prominent member of a literary
+ circle then existing in Norwich, by whom his education was
+ superintended. On arriving at man's estate and being at that time
+ possessed of ample means, he devoted himself to the study of
+ Natural History, especially to Entomology, and was the possessor of
+ a large collection of insects which, in the year 1827, was
+ purchased for the Norwich Museum at a cost of one hundred guineas,
+ a large sum in those days. He was one of the founders and the first
+ librarian of the Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution in 1822,
+ also of the Norfolk and Norwich Museum in 1825, both of which
+ institutions (the former reunited to its parent Library, founded in
+ 1784) are still flourishing. Wilkin was a Fellow of the Linnean
+ Society, also a Member of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh. In
+ later years the loss of the bulk of his property by a commercial
+ failure necessitated his turning his attention to some means of
+ earning a livelihood, and he established himself in Norwich as a
+ printer and publisher; later in life he removed to Hampstead, where
+ he died on 28th July, 1862, and was buried in his native village of
+ Costessey.
+
+ [E] Some copies of this Edition have a title-page, bearing the name
+ of H. G. Bohn as publisher, and the date of 1846, but differing
+ only in that respect.
+
+The foot-notes in Wilkin's edition, many of them very curious,
+initialled "Wr.," are by Dr. Christopher Wren, Dean of Windsor (father
+of the Architect of St. Paul's Cathedral), and were found on the margins
+of a copy of the first edition of the _Pseudodoxia_ now preserved in the
+Bodleian Library at Oxford; those initialled "G." were written for
+Wilkin's first edition by the late Miss Anna Gurney, of Northrepps, near
+Cromer, Norfolk.
+
+The first papers to which I shall refer are a series of rough notes
+contained for the most part in volume 1830 of the Sloane MSS., the first
+portion being devoted to _Birds_ found in Norfolk, followed by a similar
+series relating to marine and freshwater _Fishes_, including a few
+marine invertebrata and plants. They are written on one side only of
+foolscap paper, the portion relating to Birds occupying folios 5 to 19
+inclusive, folios 1 to 4 consist of two inserted letters from Merrett
+to Browne (see Appendix A.), which are printed by Wilkin in his first
+edition, Vol. I., pp. 442-5. The notes on Fishes are in the same volume
+of manuscripts, folios 23 to 38; but there are some irregularities which
+will be explained as they occur. The whole of the notes are very roughly
+written, and present the appearance of a commonplace book, in which the
+entries were made as the events occurred to the writer, being quite
+devoid of any system or arrangement. The entries doubtless extend over
+several years, but it is impossible to fix the dates on which they were
+made, the only internal evidence I can find being that speaking of the
+occurrence of a certain shark he states it was taken "this year, 1662,"
+and on the next page of the MS. there is the record of the occurrence of
+a sun-fish in the year 1667; this latter, however, is evidently an
+interpolation. A few pages further on there is the record of what he
+calls a large mackerel, "taken this year, 1668," but this also is an
+addition. We may take it, I think, that most of the notes were made
+about the year 1662, but that they were added to on various occasions up
+to 1668, in which year his first letter to Merrett is dated. It has been
+suggested that these notes were prepared in the interest of Dr. Merrett
+for his use in an enlarged edition of his _Pinax_, but the remark in his
+first letter to this correspondent, "I have observed and taken notice of
+many animals in these parts whereof 3 years agoe a learned gentleman of
+this country wished me to give him some account, which while I was doing
+ye gentleman my good friend died," clearly shows that they were
+originally prepared for another purpose, although they eventually
+furnished the materials for his letters to Merrett, but who his deceased
+friend was it seems now useless to conjecture, although it would be
+interesting to know. The notes were certainly never intended to appear
+in their present form, and failing their use by Merrett which never took
+place, the information they contained was, as we know, of great service
+to Ray and Willughby.
+
+Browne's correspondent, Dr. Christopher Merrett, was born at Winchcomb,
+in Gloucestershire, on the 16th of February, 1614. He graduated B.A. at
+Oriel College, Oxford, about the year 1635; M.B. 1636; M.D. 1643. Was
+elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1651, and was made
+first Keeper of the Library and Museum; he was Censor of the College
+seven times. Having entered into litigation with the College with
+regard to his appointment, which was considered by that body to have
+terminated when the Library was destroyed by the great fire, he was
+defeated, and in 1681 expelled from his fellowship. He died in London in
+1695. ("Dict. of Nat. Biog.") Merrett was the author of several works on
+various subjects, as well as of the _Pinax_, and a translation of the
+"Art of Glass" referred to further on. His _Pinax Rerum Naturalium
+Britannicarum_, said to have been brought out in 1666, contained the
+earliest list of British Birds ever published, but it is little more
+than a bare list. Copies bearing the date of 1666 are very rare, and it
+is believed the edition was burned in a fire at the publishers; but
+Professor Newton ("Dict. of Birds," Introduction, p. xviii.) says that
+in 1667 there were two issues of a reprint; one, nominally a second
+edition, only differs from the others in having a new title-page, an
+example doubtless of what Wilkin severely condemns as "that contemptible
+form of lying under which publishers have endeavoured to persuade the
+public of the rapidity of their sales." Merrett was contemplating a new
+and improved edition of his work when, as Wilkin happily puts it, "in an
+auspicious moment he sought the assistance of Browne, whose liberal
+response is evidenced in the [drafts of the] letters still fortunately
+extant, but either superseded by the more learned labours of Willughby
+and Ray, or laid aside on account of the perplexities in which Merrett
+became involved with the College of Physicians, the _Pinax_ never
+attained an enlarged edition. Had Browne completed and published his own
+'Natural History of Norfolk,' he might have contended for precedency
+among the writers of County Natural Histories with [his friend] Dr.
+Robert Plot,[F] who published the earliest of such works--those of
+Oxford and Staffordshire, in 1677 and 1686 respectively. He seems,
+however, to have preferred contributing to the labours of those whom he
+considered better naturalists than himself; and in his third attempt
+thus to render his observations useful he had somewhat better success.
+He placed his materials, including a number of coloured drawings, at
+the disposal of Ray, the father of systematic Natural History in Great
+Britain, who has acknowledged the assistance he derived from him in his
+editions of Willughby's 'Ornithology' and 'Ichthyology,' especially in
+the former. But Browne, it seems, found it more easy to lend than to
+recover such materials; for he complains, several years afterwards, that
+these drawings, of whose safe return he was assured, both by Ray and by
+their mutual friend, Sir Philip Skippon, had not been sent back to
+him."[G]
+
+ [F] Dr. Robert Plot (1640-1696) was born at Sutton Barne, Kent, in
+ 1640; he graduated M.A. in 1664, and D.C.L. at Oxford in 1671. He
+ was chiefly noted as an antiquary, and was Secretary of the Royal
+ Society from 1682 to 1684, also the first custodian of the
+ Ashmoleian Museum and Professor of Chemistry at Oxford. In 1677 he
+ published his "Natural History of Oxfordshire," the first local
+ work of the kind which appeared; it was illustrated by sixteen
+ plates. In 1686 he also published "The Natural History of
+ Staffordshire," and subsequently many other books and papers. He
+ was evidently acquainted with most of the learned men of his time.
+ Plot died at his family estate Sutton Barne, on the 30th of April,
+ 1696, and was buried at Borden in Kent. Dr. Plot was a friend of
+ Browne's, and his companion in a tour in England in 1693.--"Dict.
+ Nat. Biog."
+
+ [G] See letter to his son, Dr. Edward Browne (Wilkin, i., p. 337),
+ also Appendix C.
+
+I have endeavoured to reproduce as accurately as possible the text of
+the notes and letters, which, as will be seen from the example
+photographed for the frontispiece of this volume, was often very
+difficult to decipher. The originals of the notes and of seven of the
+nine letters to Merrett, as also the two letters in Appendix A., are in
+the Sloane Collection of MSS. in the British Museum Library; those
+numbered vii. and viii., as well as two letters in Appendix D., which
+have not hitherto been printed, are in the Bodleian Library; and the
+letter to Dugdale in Appendix B. is extracted from the "Eastern
+Counties Collectanea." All the MSS. in the Sloane Collection I have
+transcribed myself; of those in the Bodleian Library, No. vii. is from a
+photograph, the remainder were copied for me by a person recommended as
+being highly reliable. I thought it best to retain all the erasures and
+interlineations in order to show as much as possible what was passing in
+their author's mind: in the foot-notes I have sought to acknowledge _in
+situ_ the valuable help I received from numerous correspondents to whom
+my best thanks are due, but I owe a special debt of gratitude to
+Professor Newton, at whose instigation the work was undertaken, for his
+kind assistance and for the loan of scarce books which it was necessary
+to consult in the interesting investigations needful to elucidate, if
+possible, some of the obscure passages in the text, a task in which if
+with the best intentions should I have sometimes failed, I must ask the
+reader's indulgence.
+
+It may be truly said of Sir Thomas Browne that a prophet hath no honour
+in his own country; the writings of this remarkable man are little known
+in the city of his adoption, and a recent movement to erect a monument
+to his memory has hitherto met with feeble support.
+
+  T. S.
+
+_Norwich, December, 1901._
+
+
+
+
+Notes and Letters
+
+ON THE
+
+Natural History of Norfolk.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES[H] ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK.
+
+ [H] The heading adopted by Wilkin, for which I cannot find that he
+ had any authority, is certainly misleading, for the brief and
+ fragmentary notes which follow, although of great interest, can
+ hardly be called "An Account of the Birds (or Fishes) found in
+ Norfolk," as there are many species of each inhabiting or visiting
+ the county which must have been well-known to Browne, but of which
+ we find no mention.
+
+[MSS. SLOAN. 1830. FOL. 5-19. AND 31.]
+
+    [The first four pages in the volume of Manuscript consist of two
+    inserted letters from Merrett to Browne (see Appendix A.); these
+    are on ordinary letter paper 6-1/4 inches by 7 inches. The notes
+    commence on folio 5 and are continued to folio 19; one leaf,
+    containing an account of the Roller (numbered 31), is bound up
+    with the notes on the Fishes, &c., which are numbered
+    consecutively with the Birds; the paper of the volume is
+    foolscap, 11-1/2 by 7-1/2 inches, and written, with a few
+    exceptions, which appear to be subsequent additions, on the
+    right-hand opening only. There are four folios after the Birds,
+    the first of which is blank; the others, numbered 20, 21, and
+    22, contain rough memoranda on the Birds and Fishes, the
+    substance of which is embodied in the other notes; the Fishes
+    commence on folio 23. There are many erasures, interlineations,
+    and substituted words which indicate hasty writing, and the
+    alterations are not in all cases complete, thus rendering the
+    sense occasionally obscure; these emendations I have thought it
+    best to preserve as indicating the author's line of thought. In
+    the foot-notes which follow I have endeavoured to identify the
+    species treated of. This, notwithstanding the kind assistance of
+    the friends whose help I gratefully acknowledge, I may not in
+    all cases have successfully accomplished; the conclusions
+    arrived at are occasionally only conjectural, and it may be that
+    in some instances I have erred. Should such be the case I must
+    plead in excuse the difficulty arising from vagueness of
+    description, the frequent use of vernacular names which have
+    long since become obsolete (_see Note_ 22), and the imperfection
+    of the record. This especially applies to the Marine Animals,
+    and one of my correspondents rightly remarks that "the early
+    accounts of marine beasts are so vague, and the figures (where
+    referred to) so incomplete and often fanciful, that it is
+    difficult even to make out the family, to say nothing of genera
+    and species." Any assistance or correction in this respect would
+    be gladly received by me.]
+
+
+[_Fol. 5._] I willingly obey your comands[1] in setting down such birds
+fishes & other animals wch for many years I have observed in Norfolk.
+
+ [1] With regard to the probable origin of these notes (see
+ "Introduction," p. xxi.). The opening passage was probably
+ addressed to the deceased correspondent who had asked his
+ assistance, whereas his first letter to Merrett seems to indicate
+ that the offer of help to him came spontaneously from Browne ("I
+ take ye boldness to salute you," &c.), and was not in response to
+ Merrett's request.
+
+Beside the ordinarie birds which keep constantly in the country many are
+discouerable both in winter & summer wch are of a migrant nature &
+exchange their seats according to the season.[2] those wch come in the
+spring coming for the most part from the southward those wch come in the
+Autumn or winter from the northward. so that they are obserued to come
+in great flocks with a north east wind & to depart with a south west.
+nor to come [in _struck out_] only in flocks of one kind butt teals
+woodcocks felfars thrushes & small birds to come & light together. for
+the most part some hawkes & birds of pray attending them.
+
+ [2] Browne seems to have had on the whole a fairly correct idea
+ with regard to the migratory movements of the birds on the Norfolk
+ coast where peculiar facilities exist for such observations, but of
+ course he could have formed no notion of the extent to which they
+ prevail, perhaps no species being altogether sedentary. The general
+ line of the autumn migration for those which spend their summer in
+ Northern Europe is south or south-west, returning in the spring by
+ the reverse route; those which visit us in spring from Western
+ Europe, or countries lying still more to the eastward, adopt what
+ is known as the east to west route, and reverse the direction in
+ the autumn; but this latter is as nothing compared with the vast
+ number of immigrants by both routes in the early autumn, at which
+ time, especially, the movements are so exceedingly complex that it
+ would be impossible here to attempt to explain them, and the reader
+ must be referred to Mr. Eagle Clarke's digest of the Reports of the
+ Migration Committee of the British Association ("Report Brit. Ass.
+ for 1876," pp. 451-477).
+
+The great & noble kind of Agle calld Aquila Gesneri[3] I have not seen
+in this country but one I met with [with _crossed out_] in this country
+brought from ireland wch I [presented unto _struck out_] kept 2 yeares,
+feeding it with whelpes cattes ratts & the like. in all that while not
+giving it any water wch I afterwards presented unto the [colledge of
+physitians at London _struck out_] my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.
+
+ [3] The "Aquila" of Gesner here referred to is evidently the Golden
+ Eagle, which species Browne is careful to mention that he had not
+ met with in this county, and that the specimen he sent to Dr.
+ Scarburgh, more than once mentioned, was brought from Ireland. This
+ bird has never been recorded alive in Norfolk. Immature
+ White-tailed Eagles, the "Halyaetus" of the text, still occur almost
+ every autumn or winter on this coast, but no mature example has
+ hitherto been killed. Browne's friend, Sir Charles Scarburgh
+ (1616-1694), was born in London, and is buried at Cranford, in
+ Middlesex. He seems to have been greatly distinguished as an
+ anatomist and physician. He was a friend of William Harvey, whom he
+ succeeded as Lumleyan Lecturer at the College of Physicians (of
+ which he was elected a fellow in 1650). Harvey, out of regard for
+ his "lovinge friend" Dr. Scarburgh, bequeathed to him his "little
+ silver instruments of surgerie" and his velvet gown. ("Dict. of
+ Nat. Biog.") The Golden Eagle sent him by Browne was kept in the
+ College of Physicians in Warwick Lane for two years.
+
+of other sorts of Agles there are severall kinds especially of the
+Halyaetus or fenne Agles some of 3 yards & a quarter from the extremitie
+of the wings. whereof one being taken aliue grewe so tame that it went
+about the yard feeding on fish redherrings flesh & any offells without
+the least trouble.
+
+There is also a lesser sort of Agle called an ospray[4] wch houers about
+the fennes & broads & will dippe his [foot _crossed out_] claws & take
+up a fish oftimes for wch his foote is made of an extraordinarie
+roughnesse for the better fastening & holding of it & the like they will
+do unto cootes.
+
+ [4] This species is a not unfrequent autumn visitor to the Broads
+ and Rivers of Norfolk. Browne names it correctly, but there was
+ much confusion with regard to this species in the minds of the old
+ authors. Willughby knew the bird and calls it the "Bald Buzzard,"
+ but in describing its nesting site and eggs (probably not on his
+ own authority,) evidently confounds it with the Marsh Harrier, for
+ he says that "it builds upon the ground among reeds, and lays three
+ or four large white eggs of a figure exactly elliptical, lesser
+ than hens' eggs." _See Note_ 6.
+
+[_Fol._ 6.] Aldrovandus takes particular notice of the great number of
+Kites[5] about London & about the Thames. wee are not without them heare
+though not in such numbers. there are also the gray & bald Buzzard[6]
+[wch the all wth _crossed out_] of all wch the great number of broad
+waters & warrens makes no small number & more than in woodland counties.
+
+ [5] The Glede, or Puttock, of Turner, once so plentiful, is now
+ only an extremely rare visitor to Norfolk. In 1815, it appears from
+ Hunt ("British Ornithology"), not to have been uncommon, but the
+ same authority in his list of Norfolk Birds contributed to Stacey's
+ "History" of that County, speaks of the Kite as having in 1829
+ become extremely rare. It probably ceased to nest in this County
+ about the year 1830, or perhaps a little later. Browne's reason for
+ its comparative scarcity about the City of Norwich, viz., the
+ abundance of Ravens mentioned at p. 27 _infra_, is very interesting
+ to us in the present day when Kites and Ravens are almost equally
+ rare.
+
+ [6] It seems likely that Browne here refers to two species of
+ Harrier, the Grey Buzzard being the male of the Hen Harrier
+ (including of course Montagu's Harrier which was not discriminated
+ till long after) in its grey adult plumage, whereas the Marsh
+ Harrier, with its light yellow head, to which the word "bald" as
+ then used might well be applied, would stand for the "Bald
+ Buzzard." The Harriers, which were till long after the time he
+ wrote extremely numerous, are generally called "Buzzards" by the
+ natives, and it will be noticed at p. 15 _infra_, that what is
+ doubtless intended for the Marsh Harrier is spoken of as an enemy
+ to the Coots; also at p. 56, it is said that young Otters "have
+ been found in the Buzzards nests," a very likely circumstance with
+ so fierce a bird, and one of which I have an impression I have
+ heard in recent years. The Hen Harrier is now an extremely rare
+ bird with us; the Marsh Harrier still occasionally nests in the
+ Broads, and Montagu's Harrier now and then attempts to rear a
+ brood, but even should the parents succeed in escaping it is very
+ seldom they carry their young with them. Professor Newton has
+ kindly favoured me with the following additional interesting note
+ on this bird. "The Marsh Harrier is certainly the 'Balbushardus' of
+ Turner (1544), which, though he says it is bigger and longer than
+ the ordinary _Buteo_, has a white patch on the head and is
+ generally of a dark brown (_fuscus_) colour, hunting the banks of
+ rivers, pools, and marshes, living by the capture of Ducks, and the
+ black birds which the English call Coots (_Coutas_). This he,
+ Turner, has himself very often seen, and he describes its habits
+ correctly; adding that it also takes Rabbits occasionally. Gesner,
+ 1555, quotes Turner, but refers the Bald Buzzard to the Osprey
+ (which he figures), and so the mistake began. Certainly Willughby's
+ Bald Buzzard is the Osprey, but his book was not published when
+ Browne wrote."
+
+Cranes[7] are often seen here in hard winters especially about the
+champian & feildie part it seems they have been more plentifull for in a
+bill of fare when the maior entertaind the duke of norfolk I meet with
+Cranes in a dish.
+
+ [7] In the present day the Crane is only a rare straggler to this
+ country generally at the seasons of its migration; that it was in
+ times past abundant in suitable localities there is ample evidence;
+ that it also bred in the fens of the Eastern Counties there is no
+ reason to doubt, but very little direct evidence is forthcoming,
+ therefore every fact bearing upon this point is of value. Had Sir
+ Thomas Browne written with the intention of publishing his
+ observations he would doubtless have told us much about this grand
+ bird, which would have been of the greatest interest to modern
+ ornithologists, but even the above brief remarks, as will be seen,
+ are worthy of note.
+
+ With regard to the occurrence of the Crane in the fens of East
+ Anglia we have the following evidence; its fossil remains have been
+ found in the peat at Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, and in excavating
+ the docks at Lynn. Turner, in his "Avium Historia," Coloniae, 1544,
+ speaks of having seen young Cranes in this country, and as he
+ passed fifteen years at Cambridge, it was probably in that
+ neighbourhood that he met with them; then again there is the Act of
+ Parliament, passed in 1534 (25th Hen. VIII. c. ii.), prohibiting
+ the taking of their eggs (amongst those of other species) under a
+ penalty of twenty pence. All this is well known, but being desirous
+ to ascertain whether any reference to the Crane was to be found in
+ the records of the Corporation of Norwich, Mr. J. C. Tingey,
+ F.S.A., the custodian of the Muniment Room, at my request, most
+ kindly searched the accounts of the City Chamberlain between the
+ years 1531 and 1549. He there found numerous entries of sums
+ expended in the purchase of cranes, swans, porpoises, &c., as
+ presents to the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and others, and
+ amongst them, on the 6th of June, 1543, a charge for a "yong pyper
+ crane" from Hickling, which appears conclusive evidence of the
+ breeding of this bird near Norwich at that time. (See "Transactions
+ of the N. and N. Nat. Soc.," vii., pp. 160-170.)
+
+ In Wilkin's Edition of the Notes the statement, "I met" with Cranes
+ in a dish should be, "I meet with," &c., as it is in the original.
+ The occasion referred to was probably an entertainment given by the
+ Mayor of Norwich, on the Guild day in 1663, which in that year fell
+ on the 19th June; at this banquet Henry, Duke of Norfolk and the
+ Hon. Henry Howard were present, and the latter presented to the
+ City a silver basin and ewer of the value of L60. Can it be that
+ even at that time young Cranes were to be obtained? otherwise the
+ middle of June seems a most unseasonable time for such a dish; for
+ in a copy of a curious old manuscript, dated 1605, and published in
+ the 13th Volume of "Archaeologia" (p. 315), entitled "A Breviate
+ touching the Order and Government of a Nobleman's house," &c.,
+ there is a "Monthlie Table, for a Diatorie" for each month in the
+ year, and the Crane appears only in the tables from November till
+ March inclusive. The modern gourmet would view with disgust some of
+ the dishes included in this "diatorie" if set before him--only to
+ mention among birds, auks, stares, petterells, puffines, didapers,
+ and martins. The crane being "in the dish" must not be subjected to
+ the vulgar process of "kervyng," but in the stilted heraldic
+ language of the day must be "desplayed," whereas a heron must be
+ "dismembered" and a bittern "unjointed." The price of a crane
+ varied from 3_s._ 4_d._ to 5_s._, and a fat swan from 3_s._ to
+ 4_s._ The sum of 6_d._ mentioned in the le Strange Household-book,
+ in the year 1533 (see "Archaeologia," vol. xxv., p. 529), quoted in
+ Yarrell's "British Birds," iii., p. 180, was only the reward for
+ bringing in a crane killed on the estate. That Cranes must at times
+ have been numerous in Norfolk in the sixteenth century is evident,
+ for in an account of the presents sent to William Moore, Esq., of
+ Loseley, on the occasion of the marriage of his daughter, on 3rd
+ November, 1567, Mr. Balam, "out of Marshland in Norfolk," sent him
+ nine cranes, nine swans, and sixteen bitterns, with a large number
+ of other wild-fowl. "Archaeologia," vol. xxxvi., p. 36.
+
+In hard winters elkes[8] a kind of wild swan are seen in no small
+numbers. in whom & not in co[=m]on swans is remarkable that strange
+recurvation of the windpipe through the sternon. & the same is also
+obseruable in cranes. tis probable they come very farre for all the
+northern discouerers have [ha _struck out_] obserued them in the
+remotest parts & like diuers [&] other northern birds if the winter bee
+mild they co[=m]only come no further southward then scotland if very
+hard they go lower & seeke more southern places. wch is the cause that
+sometimes wee see them not before christmas or the hardest time of
+winter.
+
+ [8] The "Elke" is an obsolete name for the Wild Swan (_Cygnus
+ musicus_), which occurs in the present day in the same numbers and
+ under precisely similar circumstances as Browne describes; but of
+ course this was the only species of wild swan known to him. The
+ remarkable recurvation of the trachea within the keel of the
+ sternum, which also prevails to a greater or less degree in four
+ out of the five or six species of Cygnus found in the Northern
+ Hemisphere, did not escape Browne's notice, although he was not the
+ first to describe it, and he rightly observes that this peculiarity
+ is absent in the Mute Swan (_C. olor_), but exists in a different
+ and even more exaggerated form in the Crane. He, however, was
+ mistaken as to the extreme northerly range which he assigns to this
+ species. So marked a feature as the absence of the "berry" on the
+ beak of this species did not escape Browne's observation, and he
+ refers to it in the eighth letter to Merrett, who in his second
+ letter to Browne remarks "the difference in the elk's bill by you
+ signified is remarkable to distinguish it from others of its kind,"
+ indicating that this distinction was previously unknown to him.
+
+A white large & strong billd fowle called a Ganet[9] which seemes to
+bee the greater sort of Larus. whereof I met with one kild by a
+greyhound neere swaffam another in marshland while it fought & would not
+bee forced to take wing another intangled in an herring net wch taken
+aliue was fed with herrings for a while it may be named Larus maior
+Leucophaeopterus as being white & the top of the wings browne.
+
+ [9] As a rule the Gannet does not approach the shore, except to
+ breed, but follows the shoals of fish far out at sea. The
+ circumstance mentioned by Browne is by no means singular, and
+ several such instances of storm-driven Gannets being captured far
+ inland are recorded. The "Scotch Goose, _Anser scoticus_,"
+ mentioned further on (p. 13 _infra_), is also in all probability
+ intended for the Gannet; it is the _Anser Bassanus sive Scoticus_
+ of Jonston. The "Marshland" here mentioned is a tract of country
+ reclaimed in ancient times from the sea, lying to the west of the
+ town of Lynn, of some 57,000 acres in extent, and bordering upon
+ the estuary of the Wash.
+
+[_Fol. 7._] In hard winters I have also met with that large & strong
+billd fowle wch clusius describeth by the name of Skua Hoyeri[10] [fr
+_struck out_] sent him from the faro Island by Hoierus a physitian. one
+whereof was shot at Hickling while 2 thereof were feeding upon a dead
+horse.
+
+ [10] Willughby ("Ornithology," English Ed., p. 348) gives a good
+ description of the Great Skua (_Stercorarius catarrhactes_) under
+ the name of _Catarracta_, a skin of which he says was sent him by
+ Dr. Walter Needham, and rightly identified it with the Skua which
+ Hoier sent to Clusius, but his figure is evidently drawn from a
+ skin of the Great Black-backed Gull. Hoier, whose name so often
+ occurs about this time in connection with birds from the north, was
+ a physician, living at Bergen in Norway. The Great Skua still
+ breeds in sadly reduced numbers on the Shetland and Faroee Islands,
+ but is rarely met with in Norfolk.
+
+As also that [strong _struck out_] large & strong billd fowle [Clusius
+nameth _struck out_] spotted like a starling wch clusius nameth Mergus
+maior farroensis[11] as frequenting the faro islands seated above
+shetland. one whereof I sent unto my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.
+
+ [11] The bird here mentioned is doubtless the Great Northern Diver,
+ _Colymbus glacialis_. In another place Browne again refers to it as
+ _Mergus maximus Farrensis_, which Clusius ("Exotic.," p. 102) calls
+ _Mergus maximus Farrensis_, a name used by Willughby as a synonym
+ for his "Greatest Speckled Diver or Loon" (p. 341). This bird is
+ known to our fishermen as the Herring Loon, the Red-throated and
+ perhaps also the Black-throated Divers being called Sprat Loons. It
+ is a pity Browne's "draught" is not forthcoming.
+
+Here is also the pica marina[12] or seapye many sorts of Lari,[13]
+seamewes & cobs. the Larus maior in great abundance [about _struck out_]
+in [_written above_] herring time about yarmouth.
+
+ [12] The Oyster Catcher, or Sea Pie, is found in greater numbers on
+ the north-west portion of the County of Norfolk than on the eastern
+ shore; it breeds occasionally about Wells, where it is universally
+ known as the "Dickey-bird."
+
+ [13] Browne here refers to the family in general terms. The various
+ species of Gulls in their different stages of plumage were very
+ puzzling to the Ornithologists of the last century, and it is often
+ extremely difficult to say to what individual species they refer.
+ By _Larus major_ he would probably mean the Black-backed and
+ Herring Gulls which are found on the shore all the year round, most
+ frequently in the immature plumage, but they most abound "in
+ herring time." By far the commonest species at all times is
+ Browne's _Larus alba_ or Puet, the Black-headed Gull. Large flocks
+ of this species and _L. canus_ frequent Breydon and the tidal
+ shores, especially the young birds of the year. There are now two
+ large breeding-places of the Black-headed Gull in Norfolk, a very
+ old-established one at Scoulton Mere, and a more recent colony at
+ Hoveton Broad. The former extensive gullery at Horsey, mentioned by
+ Browne, has long since been banished by the drainage of the marsh
+ they frequented, and it is probable that a small colony which bred
+ on Ormesby Broad some forty years ago, owed its origin to their
+ banishment from Horsey. They, in their turn, deserted Ormesby on
+ the erection of the works for supplying Yarmouth with water about
+ the year 1855, and fixed upon Hoveton as their new home, in which
+ place, as at Scoulton, they are carefully preserved.
+
+ Professor Newton has been kind enough to furnish me with the
+ following note on the Terns. "_Larus cinereus_ of Aldrovandus (and
+ afterwards of Jonston), is said to be of three kinds: one with red
+ legs, apparently the Black-headed Gull, and figured by Jonston, the
+ second with yellow legs and a slender curved black bill, the third
+ with a pointed scarlet bill. Both these last were most likely
+ Terns--and all these were grey above and white below. Gesner quotes
+ Turner for _Sterna_, and there is no doubt that his bird of that
+ name was a Black Tern; but Gesner says that it is the _Stirn_ of
+ the Frisians, and figures a white and grey bird with a black head
+ only (most likely a Common Tern, but possibly one of the larger
+ species), as Sterna, thus using the word in a more general sense,
+ and it may have been so used in Browne's time. I see no
+ impossibility in people having thought of eating Terns in those
+ days [as to that _see Note_ 7, p. 6 _ante_]. The Common Tern was
+ most likely very abundant, and we know that the Black Tern was
+ exceedingly common in certain reed-beds, as stated by Turner, and
+ noisy beyond measure." The Great and Lesser Terns still nest in one
+ or two localities on our coast, although as the result of great
+ persecution in very reduced numbers. The Black Tern, or Mire Crow,
+ has quite ceased to do so.
+
+Larus alba or puets in such plentie about Horsey that they sometimes
+bring them in carts to norwich & sell them at small rates. & the country
+people make use of their egges in puddings & otherwise. great plentie
+thereof haue bred about scoulton [mere _struck out_] meere, & from
+thence sent to London.
+
+Larus cinereus greater & smaller, butt a coars meat. commonly called
+sternes.
+
+Hirundo marina or sea swallowe a neat white & forked tayle bird butt
+longer then a swallowe.
+
+The ciconia or stork[14] I have seen in the fennes & some haue been shot
+in the marshes between this and yarmouth. [See also third letter to
+Merrett and Appendix D.]
+
+ [14] Although it has been met with in Norfolk, more frequently than
+ perhaps in any other part of England, the Stork was never other
+ than a rare spring and autumn visitor to Norfolk. Turner writes of
+ it in 1544 as unknown in England, save as a captive, and Merrett a
+ hundred years later says it rarely flies hither, which is equally
+ true at the present time. Hewittson ("Eggs of Brit. Birds," Ed. 3,
+ ii., p. 309; under Crane) was evidently misled by some remarks made
+ by Evelyn, who visited Sir Thomas Browne in Norwich in October,
+ 1671, and says in his diary that he saw Browne's "Collection of the
+ eggs of all the fowl and birds he could procure; that country,
+ especially the promontory of Norfolk, being frequented, as he said,
+ by several birds which seldom or never go further into the land--as
+ cranes, storks, eagles, and a variety of water-fowl." From this
+ Hewitson infers that the Stork bred in Norfolk, a construction
+ which the somewhat ambiguously worded passage will certainly not
+ bear. I imagine collections of eggs were not very common in
+ Browne's time.
+
+[_Fol. 8._] The platea or shouelard,[15] wch build upon the topps of
+high trees. they haue formerly built in the Hernerie at claxton &
+Reedham now at Trimley in Suffolk. they come in march & are shot by
+fowlers not for their meat butt the handsomenesse of the same,
+remarkable in their white colour copped crowne & spoone or spatule like
+bill.
+
+ [15] This interesting record has recently been supplemented by a
+ much earlier record of the breeding of the "Popeler," or Shovelard,
+ in Norfolk. Professor Newton ("Transactions of N. and N. Nat.
+ Soc.," vi., p. 158) has called attention to an ancient document
+ bearing date A.D. 1300, instituting a commission to inquire into
+ the harrying of the eyries of these and other birds, &c., at
+ Cantley and other places in Norfolk. Documents also exist, showing
+ that in 1523 they nested at Fulham in Middlesex, and in 1570 in
+ West Sussex, as pointed out by Mr. Harting in the "Zoologist" for
+ 1877, p. 425, and 1886, p. 81, in each case constructing their
+ nests in trees. At what precise date this bird ceased to breed in
+ Norfolk and Suffolk is unknown, but Sir T. Browne's statement that
+ they were "shot by fowlers not for their meat, butt the
+ handsomenesse of the same," probably explains the circumstances
+ which brought about that event. The Spoonbill visits Norfolk
+ regularly every spring in small parties now more numerously than a
+ few years since, which possibly may be accounted for by the
+ destruction of nearly all its breeding-places in Holland, and it is
+ possible that with due encouragement it might again be induced to
+ breed in some of the localities in the Broads still suitable for
+ the purpose.
+
+corvus marinus. cormorants.[16] building at Reedham upon trees from
+whence King charles the first was wont to bee supplyed. beside the Rock
+cormorant wch breedeth in the rocks in northerne countries & cometh to
+us in the winter, somewhat differing from the other in largenesse &
+whitenesse under the wings.
+
+ [16] The Cormorant continued to nest in the trees on the shore of
+ Fritton Lake for many years after Sir T. Browne's time. A
+ manuscript note in a copy of Berkenhout's "Natural History of Great
+ Britain and Ireland," published in 1769, is descriptive of a
+ Cormorant killed at Belton Decoy (near the same lake) on the 11th
+ September, 1775, and also states that "a vast number of these
+ birds, even to some thousands, roost every night upon the trees,"
+ being in the neighbourhood of the decoy they are never shot, and
+ "build their nests upon the top of these trees." According to Mr.
+ Lubbock ("Fauna of Norf.," Ed. 2, p. 174), "in 1825 there were many
+ nests at Herringfleet, also on Fritton Lake, and in 1827 not one."
+ We may therefore assume that they ceased to nest at Herringfleet in
+ 1825 or 1826. It will be noticed that Browne made free use of young
+ Cormorants in his experiments as to the properties of certain drugs
+ (cf. Wilkin, iv., p. 452), which would seem to indicate that he
+ could obtain a plentiful supply of these birds. When the Cormorants
+ ceased to breed at Reedham is unknown. They are not unfrequently
+ seen now, generally in spring and autumn. The Rock Cormorant was
+ possibly the Crested Cormorant or Shag.
+
+A sea fowl called a shearwater,[17] somewhat billed like a cormorant
+butt much lesser a strong & feirce fowle houering about shipps when they
+[clense _struck out_] cleanse their fish. 2 were kept 6 weekes
+cra[=m]ing them with fish wch they would not feed on of themselues. the
+seamen told mee they had kept them 3 weekes without meat. & I giuing
+ouer to feed them found they liued 16 dayes without [any hin _struck
+out_] taking any thing.
+
+ [17] Willughby's first acquaintance with the adult Manx Shearwater
+ ("Ornithology," p. 334) was from a drawing sent him by Sir T.
+ Browne, who describes the bird, as above, under the accepted name
+ of Shearwater, and Willughby's excellent figure on plate lxvii.
+ (which plate I believe is not to be found in some copies of the
+ "Ornithology," and to which there is no reference in the text) has
+ all the appearance of having been drawn from life. The drawing here
+ referred to is mentioned by Ray in his "Collection of English words
+ not generally known," as having been received, with others, from
+ the "learned and deservedly famous Sir Thomas Browne, of Norwich."
+ George Edwards ("Gleanings of Nat. Hist.," vii., p. 315), prior to
+ 1764. says that he went to the British Museum and examined Browne's
+ "old draught," but I could not find it among any of the papers I
+ examined. In Browne's fourth letter to Merrett, by an error in the
+ transcription, he is made by Wilkin to say that he kept twenty of
+ these birds alive for five weeks; in the MS. it is clearly only
+ two.
+
+Barnacles[18] Brants Branta [wer _struck out_] are co[=m]on
+
+ [18] Barnacle and Brent Geese as we know them, the first by no
+ means common here; the Wild Goose, probably _Anser cinereus_; the
+ Scotch Goose (_see Note_ 9), probably the Gannet; and the
+ Bergander, an old name for the Sheld-drake, as used by Turner in
+ 1544, and derived from the Dutch Berg-eende, German Bergente
+ ("Dict. Birds," p. 835). Browne's statement that this bird formerly
+ bred about Northwold, or as it is even now occasionally called by
+ the natives, "Norrold," some twenty miles from the sea; or, as he
+ says, in the fourth letter to Merrett, "abounding in vast and
+ spatious commons," is very interesting, although not a solitary
+ instance, for I am informed that this bird breeds in the present
+ day on the Gull Lake, Twig Moor, in Lincolnshire; but that it
+ should have chosen such a nesting site is not more surprising than
+ the fact of the Ring Plover, quite as strictly a marine species,
+ frequenting the extensive sandy warrens about Thetford and Brandon,
+ near the south-west border of the county, for the same purpose, as
+ they still continue to do. But for Browne's mention of the
+ circumstance we should not have been aware of this singular
+ departure from the normal nesting habits of the Sheld-duck, as no
+ tradition I believe exists on the subject, and at present it only
+ nests in the sand-hills in some parts of the coast of N.W.
+ Norfolk.
+
+sheldrakes sheledracus jonstoni
+
+Barganders a noble coloured fowle vulpanser wch breed in cunny burrowes
+about norrold & other places.
+
+[_Fol. 9._] Wild geese Anser ferus.
+
+scoch goose Anser scoticus.
+
+Goshander,[19] merganser.
+
+ [19] This evidently refers to the Goosander, which as he says in
+ another place most answers to the Merganser.
+
+Mergus acutirostris speciosus or Loone an handsome & specious fowle
+cristated & with diuided finne feet placed very backward and after the
+manner of all such wch the Duch call [Assf _struck out_] Arsvoote.[20]
+they haue a peculiar formation in the leggebone wch hath a long & sharpe
+processe extending aboue the thigh bone [it _struck out_] they come
+about April & breed in the broad waters so making their nest on the
+water that their egges are seldom drye while they are sett on.
+
+ [20] This well describes the Great-crested Grebe, which Browne
+ rightly says comes to us about the month of April. Browne notices
+ the peculiar formation of the tibia in this family of birds, but it
+ had long been known. The next, named _Mergus acutirostris
+ cinereus_, is most likely the same species in winter plumage. The
+ other birds mentioned are Mergus minor, the Little Grebe or
+ Dabchick, and _M. serratus_, the Red-breasted Merganser, even now
+ known as the "Saw-bill."
+
+Mergus acutarostris cinereus [another d _struck out_] wch seemeth to bee
+a difference of the former.
+
+Mergus minor the smaller diuers or dabchicks in riuers & broade waters.
+
+Mergus serratus the saw billd diuer bigger & longer than a duck
+distinguished from other diuers by a notable sawe bill to retaine its
+slipperie pray as liuing much upon eeles whereof we haue seldome fayled
+to find some in their bellies.
+
+Diuers other sorts of diuefowle more remarkable the mustela fusca &
+mustela variegata[21] the graye dunne & the variegated or partie
+coloured wesell so called from the resemblance it beareth vnto a wesell
+in the head.
+
+ [21] The Smew, male and female, or either in the immature plumage
+ are here referred to.
+
+[_Fol. 12._[I]] many sorts of wild ducks[22] wch passe under names well
+knowne unto the fowlers though of no great signification as smee [wige
+_struck out_] widgeon Arts ankers noblets.
+
+ [I] Fols. 10 and 11 are (10 written on both sides) on the
+ "Ostridge," _vide_ Wilkin, Vol. 4, p. 337-9. The paper is a
+ different size, 11-1/2 by 7-1/2, and the article is evidently bound
+ out of place.
+
+ [22] The local names of the various Ducks are simply legion and
+ differ both in time and place, not to mention the confusion
+ occasioned by sex and season when these birds were not so well
+ understood as at present. Many such names are quite lost, as
+ "Ankers" and "Noblets," but the following are a few examples: Adult
+ Smew, White Nun; female or immature Smew, Wesel Coot; the Wigeon
+ was known as the Smee, Whewer, or Whim; the Tufted Duck, Arts or
+ Arps; the Gadwall, Grey Duck or Rodge; the Pochard, Dunbird; the
+ Shoveller, Beck or Kertlutock (Hunt); Pintail, Sea Pheasant or
+ Cracker; Long-tailed Duck, Mealy Bird; Golden Eye, Morillon or
+ Rattle-wing; Scaup, Grey-back, and on Breydon White-nosed Day Fowl;
+ Scoter, Whilk; Velvet Scoter, Double Scoter (Hunt); Teal, Crick;
+ Garganey, Summer Teal, Pied Wigeon, Cricket Teal; other names might
+ be mentioned, and some will be found in the notes which will
+ follow. _Anas platyrhincus_ here mentioned is the Shoveller. It may
+ seem strange that the abundance of Teal should in any way be
+ attributed to the number of Decoys, but such was really the case,
+ the quiet and shelter afforded by these extensive preserves being
+ very favourable to the increase of all the members of the Duck
+ family, especially to those breeding in their immediate
+ neighbourhood. In the returns of the old Decoys, Teal figured
+ largely; in the present day they form a very much smaller
+ proportion of the spoils.
+
+the most remarkable are Anas platyrinchos [_sic_] a remarkably broad
+bild duck.
+
+And the sea phaysant holding some resemblance unto that bird [in the
+tayle _crossed out_] in some fethers in the tayle.
+
+Teale Querquedula. wherein scarce any place more abounding. the
+condition of the country & the very many decoys [mo _struck out_]
+especially between Norwich and the sea making this place very much to
+abound in wild fowle.
+
+fulicae cottae cootes[23] in very great flocks upon the broad waters. upon
+the appearance of a Kite or buzzard I have seen them vnite from all
+parts of the shoare in strange numbers when if the Kite stoopes neare
+them they will fling up [and] spred such a flash of water up with there
+wings that they will endanger the Kite. & so [es _struck out_] keepe him
+of [in of _struck out_] agayne & agayne in open opposition. & an
+handsome prouision they make about their nest agaynst the same bird of
+praye by bending & twining the rushes & reeds so about them that they
+cannot stoope at their yong ones or the damme while she setteth.
+
+ [23] In the present day the Coots have nothing to fear from Kites
+ and little from Moor Buzzards; it may be that it is in consequence
+ of this that they have discontinued the practice of twining the
+ rushes and reeds above their nests in the manner mentioned above as
+ being an unnecessary precaution. I have, however, in some cases
+ noticed some approach to this practice. The Coot, although fairly
+ numerous on the Broads, appears to be far less so than formerly.
+ Lubbock, in his "Fauna of Norfolk," says on asking a Broadman how
+ many Coots there were on Hickling Broad, his reply was, "About an
+ acre and a half," referring to their practice of swimming evenly at
+ regular distances from each other without huddling together in
+ dense masses, like wild-fowl.
+
+ I am indebted to Professor Newton for the following additional note
+ on the Coot. He says "Turner, and after him Gesner, was puzzled as
+ to what was the _Fulica_ of classical writers (Virgil and others),
+ and thought it to be some kind of Gull; but the _Fulica_ of later
+ authors was certainly the Coot, as shown by Gesner's figure."
+
+Gallinula aquatica[24] more hens.
+
+ [24] Moor-hens are of course numerous in all suitable localities,
+ and the Water Rail is still fairly common, but its eggs have a
+ market value and are (or were) sadly stolen; a few years ago a
+ London dealer is said to have received over 200 eggs of this bird
+ in one season from Yarmouth.
+
+And a kind of Ralla aquatica or water Rayle.
+
+[_Fol. 13._] An onocrotalus or pelican[25] shott upon Horsey fenne 1663
+May 22 wch stuffed and cleansed I yet retaine it was 3 yards & half
+between the extremities of the wings the chowle & beake answering the
+vsuall discription the extremities of the wings for a spanne deepe
+browne the rest of the body white. a fowle [not found _struck out_] wch
+none could remember upon this coast. about the same time I heard one of
+the kings pellicans was lost at St James', perhaps this might bee the
+same.
+
+ [25] There is every reason to believe that a species of Pelican,
+ probably from its size _P. crispus_, was formerly an inhabitant of
+ the East Anglian Fens; its bones have been found in the peat on
+ three occasions, one of these being the bone of a bird so young as
+ to show that it must have been bred in the locality, and therefore
+ that the species was a true native and not a casual visitant. Bones
+ of a species of Pelican have also been found in the remains of
+ lake-dwellings at Glastonbury, in Somersetshire.
+
+ With regard to the species of the bird recorded by Browne and its
+ origin, he is careful to point out that a Pelican had about that
+ time escaped from the King's collection in St. James' Park, and to
+ surmise that it might be the same bird; from what follows this
+ seems probable, but as _P. onocrotalus_ is believed to stray
+ occasionally into the northern parts of Germany and France ("Dict.
+ of Birds," p. 702) the occurrence of that species on the East Coast
+ of Britain, where, even at present, it would find a state of things
+ in every way suited to its requirements (guns excepted), would not
+ be very extraordinary. Browne's Pelican was killed in May, 1663,
+ and although Dr. Edward Browne visited St. James' Park in February,
+ 1664, and saw "many strange creatures," including the Stork with
+ the wooden leg (mentioned by Evelyn), he says nothing of the
+ Pelicans, still it may be that it was from him that his father
+ heard of the escape. Evelyn, in his Diary, mentioned that he
+ visited St. James' Park on February 9th, 1665, and speaks of only
+ one Pelican, which he states was brought from Astrakan by the
+ Russian Ambassador as a present to the King; Willughby says
+ distinctly that the Emperor of Russia sent the King two Pelicans,
+ and further, that he took the description in his "Ornithology" from
+ a bird in the Royal Aviary, St. James' Park, near Westminster; it
+ seems therefore highly probable that Browne's bird was one of these
+ which had escaped from confinement. But a rather curious
+ circumstance arises out of this, the bird described by Willughby
+ does not appear to be _P. onocrotalus_, but a similar species, _P.
+ roseus_, found chiefly in Indio-China and westward to South-eastern
+ Europe, but occurring as far west as the River Volga ("Cat. of
+ Birds," B. M., xxvi., p. 466). In this Mr. Ogilvie Grant, the
+ author of that section of the Catalogue, whom I consulted, agrees
+ with me, and the locality whence the birds were derived, mentioned
+ by Willughby, renders not unlikely. Onocrotalus in Browne's time
+ was a general term for "the Pelican," and he probably knew but one
+ species and one individual, the escaped bird from Charles II.'s
+ Aviary. Browne's very miscellaneous collection was destroyed by the
+ authorities at the time of the plague (see ninth letter to
+ Merrett), and probably the remains of this Pelican perished with
+ the rest.
+
+Anas Arctica clusii wch though hee placeth about the faro Islands is the
+same wee call a puffin co[=m]on about Anglisea in wales & sometimes [for
+_struck out_] taken upon our seas not sufficiently described by the name
+of puffinus the bill being so remarkably differing from other ducks &
+not horizontally butt meridionally formed to feed in the clefts of the
+rocks of insecks, shell-fish & others.
+
+The great number of riuers riuulets & plashes of water makes hernes [to
+abound in these _struck out_] & herneries to abound in these parts. yong
+hensies being esteemed a festiuall dish & much desired by some palates.
+
+The Ardea stellaris botaurus, or bitour[26] is also co[=m]on & esteemed
+the better dish. in the belly of one I found a frog in an hard frost at
+christmas. another I kept in a garden 2 yeares feeding it with fish mice
+& frogges. in defect whereof making a scrape for sparrowes & small
+birds, the bitour made shifft to maintaine herself upon them.
+
+ [26] This is one of the birds once common enough in Norfolk, which
+ in the present day is only a winter and spring migrant. The last
+ eggs of the Bittern were taken in this county on 30th of March,
+ 1868; the last "boom" of a resident was heard in May, 1886, in the
+ August of which year a young female was killed at Reedham with down
+ still adhering to its feathers; this was probably the last
+ Norfolk-bred Bittern. In the "Vulgar Errors," book 3, chapter
+ xxvii., section 4, is a discourse on the "mugient noise" of the
+ Bittern and the mode of its production, and in a foot-note in the
+ same place is a curious anecdote illustrating the difficulty of
+ detecting a wounded Bittern, even when marked down in short,
+ recently mown grass and flags. The spring cry of the Bittern is
+ mentioned by Robert Marsham in his unpublished journal nineteen
+ times, between the years 1739 and 1775, as first heard at Stratton
+ Strawless, generally between the 15th of March and the 15th of
+ April; and it was on the 14th of the latter month that Benjamin
+ Stillingfleet records it in the "Calendar of Flora" as heard in the
+ same locality in 1755. He does not describe the note, but uses the
+ words "makes a noise." Marsham, however, on one occasion, in 1750,
+ a very early year, records it on the 20th of February. As a once
+ familiar sound, but one which will probably never again be heard
+ here under purely normal conditions, these dates seem worthy of
+ recording.
+
+[_Fol. 14._] Bistardae or Bustards[27] are not vnfrequent in the champain
+& feildie part of this country a large Bird accounted a dayntie dish,
+obseruable in the strength of the brest bone & short heele layes an
+egge much larger then a Turkey.
+
+ [27] The last of the Norfolk and therefore certainly the last of
+ the British-bred Bustards, was killed in May, 1838; those which
+ have since occurred in this country were Continental immigrants. An
+ exhaustive history of the extinction of this bird will be found in
+ Stevenson's "Birds of Norfolk," vols. 2 and 3. The Bustard,
+ although found in some numbers, associated in small flocks or
+ "droves" in the few localities which it frequented in Great
+ Britain, was probably never a very numerous species. The following
+ extract from one of Browne's letters to his son Edward, dated April
+ 30th, and written probably in 1681, shows that he was on the verge
+ of discovering an anatomical peculiarity in this family of birds,
+ which in after years gave rise to much controversy. He says,
+ "yesterday I had a cock Bustard sent me from beyond Thetford. I
+ never did see such a vast thick neck: the crop was pulled out, butt
+ as [a] turkey hath an odde large substance without, so hath this
+ within the inside of the skinne, and the strongest and largest
+ neckbone of any bird in England. This I tell you, that if you meet
+ with one you may further observe it." The presence of a gular pouch
+ in the Bustard was first demonstrated by James Douglas, a Scotch
+ Physician, in 1740, and it appears to be fully developed only in
+ the adult male bird, and at the breeding season. Hence, although it
+ has undoubtedly been found on several occasions, the frequent
+ unsuccessful searches for it under unfavourable conditions led to
+ much scepticism as to its existence. The use of this singular
+ appendage is still a moot point, but it seems probable that it has
+ to do with "voice production," and assists in the remarkable
+ "showing off" exhibited by the male bird in the breeding season.
+ Pennant, in his "British Zoology," 1768, i., p. 215, gives a
+ sentimental account of its use, and an exaggerated estimate of its
+ proportions. In the Tables of Dietary referred to at p. 6 (note)
+ _ante_, the Bustard is mentioned as in season from October to May.
+
+Morinellus or Dotterell[28] about Thetford & the champain wch comes vnto
+us in september & march staying not long. & is an excellent dish.
+
+ [28] The Dotterel visits us much as in Sir T. Browne's time, but in
+ decreased numbers. The Sea Dotterel which Wilkin supposes to be the
+ Ring Plover, is undoubtedly the Turnstone. Willughby says, "Our
+ honoured Friend, Sir Thomas Browne, of Norwich, sent us the picture
+ of this bird by the title of the Sea Dotterel." This is also
+ mentioned in the fifth letter to Merrett. See "Birds of Norfolk,"
+ ii., p. 82, for an interesting account of Dotterel hawking near
+ Thetford by James I. in the year 1610.
+
+There is also a sea dotterell somewhat lesse butt better coloured then
+the former.
+
+Godwyts taken chiefly in marshland, though other parts not without them
+accounted the dayntiest dish in England & I think for the bignesse, of
+the biggest price.
+
+Gnatts or Knots [only so far on p. 14, but as follows on fol. 13
+_verso_].
+
+Gnats or Knots a small bird which taken with netts grow excessively
+fatt. If [by mew _struck out_] being mewed & fed with corne a candle
+lighted in the roome they feed day & night, & when they are at their
+hight of fattnesse they beginne to grow lame & are then killed or [else
+they will fall aw _struck out_] as at their prime & apt to decline.
+
+[resume p. 14.] Erythropus or Redshanck a bird co[=m]on in the marshes &
+of co[=m]on food butt no dayntie dish.
+
+A may chitt[29] a small dark gray bird litle bigger then a stint of
+fatnesse beyond any. it comes in may into marshland & other parts &
+abides not aboue a moneth or 6 weekes.
+
+ [29] Mr. Stevenson, "Birds of Norfolk," ii., p. 233, gives his
+ reasons for coming to the conclusion that the Sanderling (_Calidris
+ arenaria_) is here referred to, which the absence of a hind toe
+ (see third letter to Merrett) tends to confirm. The "_Churre_" is
+ only a variant of the name "_Purre_," by which the next species,
+ the Stint, is commonly known, and the _Green Plover_, now applied
+ to the Lapwing, is an old name for the _Golden Plover_, which he
+ rightly says [p. 20] does not breed in Norfolk.
+
+[fol. 13 _verso_.] Another small bird somewhat larger than a stint
+called a churre & is co[=m]only taken amongst them.
+
+[resume fol. 14.] Stints in great numbers about the seashore & marshes
+about stifkey Burnham & other parts.
+
+Pluuialis or plouer green & graye in great plentie about Thetford & many
+other heaths. they breed not with us butt in some parts of scotland, and
+plentifully in Island [Iceland].
+
+[_Fol. 15._] The lapwing or vannellus co[=m]on ouer all the heaths.
+
+Cuccowes[30] of 2 sorts the one farre exceeding the other in bignesse.
+some have attempted to keepe them in warme roomes all the winter butt it
+hath not succeeded. in their migration they range very farre northward
+for in the summer they are to bee found as high as Island.
+
+ [30] The circumstance which gave rise to the idea that there were
+ two kinds of Cuckoos, differing only in size, might possibly be
+ discovered were it worth the research; possibly it would be found
+ that the second species was of foreign origin. Aldrovandus, as
+ quoted by Willughby, says, "Our Bolognese Fowlers do unanimously
+ affirm, that there are found a greater and a lesser sort of
+ Cuckows; and besides, that the greater are of two kinds, which are
+ distinguished one from the other by the only difference of colour:
+ but the lesser differ from the greater in nothing else but
+ magnitude." Perhaps it was Browne's latent respect for antiquity
+ which led him to mention the tradition.
+
+ Avis pugnax. Ruffes[31] a marsh bird of the greatest varietie of
+ colours euery one therein somewhat varying from other. The female
+ is called a Reeve without any ruffe about the neck, lesser then the
+ other & hardly to bee got. They are almost all cocks & putt
+ together fight & destroy each other. & prepare themselues to fight
+ like cocks though they seeme to haue no other offensive part butt
+ the bill. they loose theire Ruffes about the Autumne or beginning
+ of winter as wee haue obserued [they _struck out_] keeping them in
+ a garden from may till the next spring. they most abound in
+ Marshland butt are also in good number in the marshes between
+ norwich & yarmouth.
+
+ [31] It is only necessary to add to Browne's interesting account of
+ this remarkable bird that it lingered longer in Norfolk as a
+ breeding species than in any other part of Britain, but that
+ although it still visits us in spring it is doubtful whether it has
+ bred for the last few years in the one favourite locality to which
+ it clung so tenaciously. The "Marshland," here referred to as
+ explained in a previous note, is a tract of country situated in
+ north-west Norfolk, near King's Lynn.
+
+Of picus martius[32] or woodspeck many kinds. The green the Red the
+Leucomelanus or neatly marked [red _crossed out_] black & white & the
+cinereus or dunne calld [a re _struck out_] little [bird calld _written
+above_] a nuthack. remarkable in the larger are the hardnesse of the
+bill & skull & the long nerues wch tend vnto the tongue whereby it
+strecheth out the tongue aboue an inch out of the mouth & so [lik
+_crossed out_] licks up insecks. they make the holes in trees without
+any consideration of the winds or quarters of heauen butt as the
+rottenesse thereof best affordeth conuenience.
+
+ [32] _Picus martius_ is here used, as it is by Sibbald, and all
+ preceding writers, in a general sense for all birds commonly called
+ "Woodpeckers," and does not imply that the Great Black Woodpecker
+ (_Picus niger maximus_, of Ray's Synopsis), to which species the
+ name was restricted by Linnaeus, is found here, and Browne goes on
+ to mention the three British Woodpeckers, the Green, the Red, by
+ which the Great Spotted Woodpecker is intended, and the
+ Leucomelanus, or Lesser-spotted Woodpecker. He also includes the
+ Nuthatch, which was at that time (as well as the Wryneck) called a
+ "Woodpecker." In this passage Browne, in making a correction, does
+ not seem to have proceeded far enough, the word which Wilkin has
+ rendered "dun-coloured," is certainly "dunne calld" in the MS.; but
+ there are two alterations in the passage, and there is little doubt
+ that he intended to write "dunne cull'd" (or coloured), which would
+ make it read as Wilkin has printed it. The use of the word "nerve,"
+ for tendon or ligament, was in accordance with the phraseology of
+ the time.
+
+[fol. 15 _verso_.] black heron[33] black on both sides the bottom of the
+neck neck [_sic_] white gray on the outside spotted all along with black
+on the inside a black coppe of small feathers some a spanne long. bill
+poynted and yallowe 3 inches long
+
+ [33] This passage is not part of the original MS., but is written
+ on a separate slip of paper and pasted on the left-hand side of the
+ opening (p. 15 _verso_). I doubt whether it is more than a casual
+ memorandum, descriptive possibly of the plumage of the Purple
+ Heron, but not intended to apply to any Norfolk bird. The Black
+ Heron of Willughby is the Glossy Ibis, a bird which is said to have
+ been known to the West Norfolk gunners as the "Black Curlew."
+
+back heron coloured intermixed with long white fethers
+
+the flying (?) fethers black
+
+the brest black & white most black
+
+the legges & feet not green but an ordinarie dark cork [?] colour.
+
+[_Fol. 16._] The number of riuulets becks & streames whose banks are
+beset with willowes & Alders wch giue occasion of easier fishing &
+slooping to the water makes that [bir _crossed out_] handsome coulered
+bird abound wch is calld Alcedo Ispida or the King fisher. they bild in
+holes about grauell pitts [have their nests very full _crossed out_]
+wherein [are _crossed out_] is [_above_] to bee found great quantitie of
+small fish bones. & lay [a _crossed out_] very handsome round & as it
+were polished egges.
+
+An Hobby bird[34] so calld becaus it comes in ether with or a litle
+before the Hobbies in the spring. of the bignesse of a Thrush coloured
+& paned[J] like an hawke marueliously subiet to the vertigo & and are
+sometimes taken in those fitts.
+
+ [34] This is evidently the Wryneck, which we now call the "Cuckoo's
+ Mate," probably for the same reason that Browne associates it with
+ the Hobby. It may be that the Hobby having become comparatively
+ scarce, it was necessary to find another travelling companion for
+ this bird, and that the Cuckoo was chosen as the most suitable. Old
+ Norfolk names are Emmet-eater, and in one old book it is called
+ Turkey-bird in a MS. note.
+
+ [J] That is marked with a barred or checkered pattern.
+
+Upupa or Hoopebird[35] so named from its note a gallant marked bird wch
+I have often seen & tis not hard to shoote them.
+
+ [35] The Hoopoe would seem from this note to have been of more
+ frequent occurrence than in the present day, see also in his answer
+ to "Certain Queries" (Tract iv., Wilkin iv., p. 183), in which he
+ says of this bird, "though it be not seen every day, yet we often
+ meet with it in this country."
+
+Ringlestones[36] a small [bird _crossed out_] white & black bird like a
+wagtayle & seemes to bee some kind of motacilla marina co[=m]on about
+yarmouth sands. they lay their egges in the sand & shingle about june
+and as the eryngo diggers tell mee not sett them flat butt upright likes
+[_sic_] egges in [a _crossed out_] salt.
+
+ [36] The Ring Plover is evidently the bird here referred to, but I
+ have never known the name of Ringlestone applied to this species in
+ Norfolk, nor have I met with it elsewhere. The Eryngo is now no
+ longer an article of commerce, and its diggers are extinct, but not
+ their tradition as to the position in which the eggs of this bird
+ are said to be placed--a "vulgar error" which does not accord with
+ the writer's experience. When the full complement of four eggs is
+ laid, they are arranged with their pointed ends towards the centre
+ of the nest, which is a slight hollow in the soil. The concavity of
+ the nest therefore, as well as the disproportionate size of the
+ larger end, gives the eggs somewhat the appearance of being placed
+ in the position referred to, but the small end of the egg is always
+ visible, Sir Thomas Browne does not seem to have been aware of the
+ remarkable fact of this essentially marine bird habitually nesting
+ on the sandy warrens about Thetford in the south-west of Norfolk,
+ far from the sea, which it still does, though in reduced numbers,
+ and is there known as the Stone-hatch, from its habit of paving its
+ nest with small stones.
+
+The Arcuata or curlewe frequent about the sea coast.
+
+[_Fol. 17._] There is also an handsome tall bird Remarkably eyed and
+with a bill not aboue 2 inches long co[=m]only calld a stone
+curlewe[37] butt the note thereof more resembleth that of a green plouer
+[it _crossed out_] & breeds about Thetford about the stones & shingle of
+the Riuers.
+
+ [37] This characteristic Norfolk bird is still far from rare in the
+ locality named by Browne, and is found in several other parts of
+ the county. Willughby says, "The learned and famous Sir Thomas
+ Brown, Physician in Norwich," informed him to the same effect, and
+ repeats that its note (one of the most charming sounds uttered on
+ the wild trackless heath on a summer's night) resembles that of the
+ Green (_i.e._, Golden) Plover, but in the ear of the writer it is
+ even more musical. In the third letter to Merrett, Browne says that
+ he has kept the Stone Curlew (not "four Curlews," as Wilkin has
+ it,) in large cages.
+
+Auoseta[38] calld [I thinck a Barker _crossed out_] shoohingg-horne
+[_written above_] a tall black & white bird with a bill semicircularly
+reclining or bowed upward so that it is not easie to conceiue how it can
+feed answerable vnto the Auoseta Italorum in Aldrovandus a summer marsh
+bird & not unfrequent in Marshland.
+
+ [38] The Avoset is another bird which formerly frequented the
+ marshy districts of Norfolk at the breeding time, but which has now
+ been lost to us except as a very rare passing migrant in the
+ spring. It probably ceased to breed in this county in or about the
+ year 1818, and is said to have been exterminated in consequence of
+ the demand for its feathers for the purpose of dressing artificial
+ flies. It was called "Shoeing-horn," from the peculiar form of its
+ beak, which, however, rather resembles the bent awl used by
+ shoemakers. Girdlestone, who knew the bird well in its breeding
+ haunts at Salthouse and Horsey, called it "Shoe-awl," a much more
+ appropriate name. In his third letter to Merrett, Browne again
+ mentions this bird, and applies to it the name of "Barker" (which
+ he had crossed out in the above note), remarking that it was so
+ called from its barking note. Jonston figures this bird twice; once
+ in Tab. 48 under the name of _Avosetta Italor._, _i.e._, the
+ Avosetta of the Italians, and again in Tab. 54 under the second
+ name _Avoselta species_, an obvious error.
+
+[A bird calld Barker from the note it hath _crossed out_]
+
+A yarwhelp[39] so thought to bee named from its note a gray bird
+intermingled with some yellowish [whitish _written above_] fethers [the
+bill _crossed out_] somewhat long legged & the bill about an inch &
+half. esteemed a dayntie dish.
+
+ [39] This paragraph is written on the back of fol. 16. The Yarwhelp
+ is the name by which the Black-tailed Godwit, a species which
+ formerly nested in abundance in the marshes about Horsey and some
+ adjacent localities in the Broads, was known. It virtually ceased
+ to nest here sometime between the years 1829 and 1835, but perhaps
+ an instance or two may have occurred rather later. It was also
+ known as the "Shrieker." Browne again refers to this bird in the
+ fourth letter to Merrett, where he calls it "barker" (a name which
+ he had no doubt erroneously previously applied to the Avoset), or
+ "Latrator, a marshbird, about the bigness of a Godwitt," and once
+ again under the name of "Yare-whelp, or barker," in his fifth
+ letter; it may be that the name "barker" was applied
+ indiscriminately to either species. As Lubbock names this bird as
+ one of the "five species in particular" which "used formerly to
+ swarm in our marshes" ("Fauna of Norfolk"), one would have thought
+ Browne would have been better acquainted with it than seems to have
+ been the case from the hesitating way in which he uses the
+ vernacular name.
+
+Loxias or curuirostra a bird a litle bigger than a Thrush of fine
+colours & prittie note [the m _crossed out_] differently from other
+birds, the [lower _crossed out_] upper & lower bill crossing each other.
+of a very tame nature, comes about the beginning of summer. I have known
+them kept in cages butt not to outliue the winter.
+
+A kind of coccothraustes calld a [cobble _crossed out_] coble bird[40]
+bigger than a Thrush, finely coloured & shaped like a Bunting [it comes
+_crossed out_] it is [sometimes _crossed out_] chiefly [_written above_]
+seen [about _crossed out_] in su[=m]er about cherrie time.
+
+ [40] The Hawfinch was evidently not a very well-known bird in
+ Browne's time, either to himself or Willughby; the latter says, "it
+ is said to build in holes of trees." It has steadily increased in
+ frequency as a breeding species with us for the last twenty years.
+
+[fol. 16 _verso._] A small bird of prey[41] [_something smeared out
+here_] calld a birdcatcher about the bignesse of a Thrush and linnet
+coloured with a longish white bill & sharpe of a very feirce & wild
+nature though kept in a cage & fed with flesh. [_Added after in same
+hand but fresher ink_] a kind of Lanius [Lanius _crossed out and written
+more distinctly under_].
+
+ [41] This paragraph is written on the back of fol. 16. The
+ Red-backed Shrike, _Lanius collurio_, is the only species of Lanius
+ mentioned by Browne; it is singular that he omits all mention of
+ another bird, and that an essentially Norfolk species which would
+ have been new to the _Pinax_--the Bearded Titmouse, afterwards
+ known to Edwards as the Least Butcher Bird. Browne certainly sent a
+ drawing of this bird to Ray, who in his "Collection of English
+ words not generally used" (1674), as pointed out by Mr. Gurney,
+ mentions it as a "little Bird of a tawny colour on the back, and a
+ blew head, yellow bill, black legs, shot in an Osiar yard, called
+ by Sr. Tho. for distinction sake silerella," the drawing of which
+ he acknowledges he had received. Pennant, 1768 ("Brit. Zool.," i.,
+ p. 165), follows Edwards ("Nat. Hist. of Birds," &c., 1745), who
+ classes it with the Laniidae, and it was not till long after, and as
+ the result of much discussion, that it was finally established as
+ the only representative of a new genus under the name of _Panurus
+ biarmicus_. The local name is Reed Pheasant, but Browne's name of
+ Silerella seems an exceedingly appropriate one.
+
+[p. 17 resumed.] A Dorhawke[42] or kind of Accipiter muscarius conceiued
+to haue its name from feeding upon flies & beetles. of a woodcock colour
+but paned like an Hawke a very litle poynted bill. large throat.
+breedeth with us & layes a maruellous handsome spotted egge. Though I
+haue opened many I could neuer find anything considerable in their
+mawes. caprimulgus.
+
+ [42] Browne seems to have been much interested in this remarkable
+ bird, and mentions it again in his second and third letters to
+ Merrett, especially in the latter; he calls it Caprimulgus, but
+ conceives it to be a kind of Accipiter, _muscarius_, or
+ _cantharophagus_, "in brief" [?] "_avis rostratula gutturosa_,
+ _quasi coxans_, _scarabaeis vescens_, _sub vesperam volans_, _ovum
+ speciassisimum excludens_," a fair specimen of the descriptive
+ method of the time. Although he used the name Caprimulgus, it will
+ be observed that he does not mention the "vulgar error" which led
+ to its being so called. Merrett includes this species in the
+ _Pinax_ under the name of "Caprimulgus, or the Goat-sucker," but in
+ a letter to Browne tells him he knows no Hawk called a Dorhawk.
+
+[_Fol. 18._] Auis Trogloditica[43] or Chock a small bird mixed of black
+& white & breeding in cony borrouges whereof the warrens are full from
+April to September. at which time they leaue the country. they are taken
+with an Hobby and a net and are a very good dish.
+
+ [43] The Wheatear is here referred to; the name _trogloditica_
+ would seem to be more appropriate in this country, having reference
+ to its habits of nesting in "Cony borroughs," than that of
+ _aenanthe_, as applied to it by those who knew it as frequenting the
+ Continental vineyards. A name still, or recently in use in West
+ Norfolk, is Cony-chuck.
+
+Spermologus. [_sic_] Rookes wch by reason of the [in reason of _crossed
+out_] great quantitie of corn feilds & Rooke groues are in great plentie
+the yong ones are co[=m]only eaten sometimes sold in norwich market &
+many are killd for their Liuers in order to cure of the Rickets.
+
+Crowes[44] as euerywhere and also the coruus variegatus or pyed crowe
+with dunne & black interchangeably they come in the winter & depart in
+the summer & seeme to bee the same wch clusius discribeth in the faro
+Islands from whence perhaps these come. [they are _crossed out_] and I
+have seen them [_written above_] very co[=m]on in Ireland, butt not
+known in many parts of England.
+
+ [44] The Crow (_Corvus corone_) is much less common in Norfolk than
+ formerly, but it still nests here in a few scattered localities.
+ _C. cornix_, the Hooded, Norway, Danish, or "Royston" Crow, is an
+ autumn immigrant as of yore, but not especially from the Faroee
+ Islands; both species (or forms as by some regarded) are immigrants
+ from the east, but the latter, as a rule, occupies a more northern
+ range than the former. The Raven (_C. corax_) is now a very rare
+ visitor to Norfolk; it is probable that it last nested in this
+ county in the year 1859. The Jackdaw, or Caddow, is common enough,
+ but the Chough (_Pyrrhocorax graculus_) is quite unknown in
+ Norfolk. Although the Magpie must have been well known to Browne I
+ find no mention of it in these notes.
+
+Coruus maior Rauens in good plentie about the citty wch makes so few
+Kites to bee seen hereabout. they build in woods very early & lay egges
+in februarie.
+
+Among the many monedulas or Jackdawes I could neuer in these parts
+obserue the pyrrhocorax or cornish chough with red leggs & bill to bee
+co[=m]only seen in Cornwall. & though there bee heere very great [num
+_crossed out_] store of partridges yet [not _crossed out_] the french
+Red leggd partridge[45] is not to bee met with [heere _crossed out_].
+the Ralla or Rayle[46] wee haue counted a dayntie dish. as also no small
+number of Quayles. the Heathpoult[47] co[=m]on in the north is vnknown
+heere as also the Grous. though I haue heard some haue been seen about
+Lynne. the calandrier or great [_Fol. 19_] great [_sic_] crested lark
+Galerita I haue not met with heere though with 3 other sorts [of Larkes
+_written above_] the ground lark woodlark & titlark.
+
+ [45] The Red-legged Partridge is now common enough; it was
+ introduced into the Eastern Counties at Sudbourne and Rendlesham,
+ in East Suffolk, in or about the year 1770, by both the Marquis of
+ Hertford and Lord Rendlesham. How quickly they established
+ themselves may be judged from the fact that in the season of 1806-7
+ of 1,927 Partridges killed at Rendlesham 112 were Red legs, but
+ they do not seem to have spread very far. A second introduction,
+ this time into West Suffolk, much nearer to the Norfolk border, at
+ and about Culford, was effected in the year 1823, and from this
+ centre they rapidly spread into Norfolk, in which county also
+ others were imported by the resident proprietors.
+
+ [46] The Land Rail (_Crex pratensis_) or Daker hen, is doubtless
+ here referred to, as the Water Rail has already been mentioned (p.
+ 15 _ante_) as "a kind of _Ralla aquatica_." This bird is a summer
+ visitor, by no means common and very uncertain in its numbers. The
+ same applies to the Quail, which appears to be less frequent than
+ formerly, no doubt from the great destruction on the Mediterranean
+ coast in spring of the birds migrating to England. In the summer
+ and autumn of 1870 we had an unusual influx of these latter birds.
+
+ [47] How far the indigenous race of Blackgame, which undoubtedly
+ lingered for many years about Wolferton and Sandringham, still
+ exists, it is difficult to say; examples turn up occasionally, but
+ so many of these birds have been introduced and turned off in
+ different parts of the county in the course of the past forty
+ years, that it is impossible to speak with certainty.
+
+Stares or starlings in great numbers. most remarkable in their [great
+_crossed out_] numerous [_written above_] flocks [about the _crossed
+out_] wch I haue obserued about the Autumne when they roost at night [up
+_crossed out_] in the marshes in safe place upon reeds & alders. wch to
+obserue I went to the marshes about sunne set. where standing by their
+vsuall place of resort I obserued very many flocks flying from all
+quarters. wch in lesse than an howers space came all in & settled in
+innumerable [quantitie _crossed out_] numbers [_written below_] in a
+small compasse.
+
+Great varietie of finches[48] and other small birds whereof one very
+small [one _crossed out_] calld a whinne bird marked with fine yellow
+spotts & lesser than a wren. there is also a small bird called a chipper
+somewhat resembling the former wch comes in the spring & feeds upon the
+first buddings of birches & other early trees.
+
+ [48] In his fifth letter to Merrett Browne says, "I confess for
+ such little birds I am much unsatisfied on the names given to many
+ by countrymen and uncertain what to give them myself." This is
+ painfully apparent in the cases of the two little birds here
+ referred to as the "Whinne-bird" and the "Chipper." From the
+ description of the former, "marked with fine yellow spots and
+ lesser than a Wren," also with a "shining yellow spot on the back
+ of the head," it seems likely that the Gold-crested Wren is
+ intended. The Chipper, he says, "comes in the spring and feeds upon
+ the first buddings of birches and other early trees;" he also calls
+ it "_Betulae carptor_," and says that he sends a drawing to Merrett;
+ a third mention is as follows: "That which I called a _Betulae
+ carptor_, and should rather have called it _Alni carptor_ ... it
+ feeds upon alder buds, nucaments, or seeds, which grow plentifully
+ here; they fly in little flocks." I can only suggest that this bird
+ may be the Siskin, which fairly answers the description. It visits
+ us in small flocks on its way north very early in the year, feeding
+ upon the seeds of the alder, birch, and larch trees. One would
+ however have thought that the Siskin would have been well known to
+ Browne, as it evidently was to Turner, Willughby, and Ray. Merrett
+ mentions it under Turner's name of "Luteola."
+
+A kind of Anthus [or _crossed out_] Goldfinch [_written above_] or
+fooles coat co[=m]only calld a drawe water. finely marked with red &
+yellowe & a white bill. wch they take with trap cages in norwich gardens
+& fastning a chaine about them tyed to a box of water it makes a shift
+with bill and legge to draw up the water unto it from the litle pot
+hanging [abot the length of _crossed out_] by the chaine about a foote
+[downe _crossed out_] belowe.
+
+[The account of the Roller, which is written on smaller paper, will be
+found improperly inserted among the Fishes, between pp. 30 and 32 as
+follows:--]
+
+[_Fol. 31._] On the xiiii of May 1664 a very rare bird was sent mee kild
+about crostwick wch seemed to bee some kind of Jay.[49] the bill was
+black strong and bigger then a Jayes somewhat yellowe clawes tippd
+black. 3 before and one clawe behind the whole bird not so bigge as a
+Jaye [the _crossed out_.]
+
+ [49] This note is interesting as the first record of the occurrence
+ of the Roller in Britain, to which country it is a rare wanderer.
+ Although it had long been known on the Continent, its identity
+ seems to have puzzled Browne, and he imagines (as did others, both
+ before and after him,) it to be some kind of Jay; later, in his
+ second letter to Merrett (January, 1668), he says that it answers
+ to the description of _Garrulus argentoratensis_ (the name given by
+ Aldrovandus to whom it was known), and calls it "the Parrot-jay."
+ This is five years after the original note was made, and we find
+ that the words _Garrulus argentoratensis_, written by the same hand
+ but with a different pen and ink, have been added subsequently,
+ doubtless as the result of further information. In another letter
+ he mentions having sent the bird to Merrett, but adds, "If you have
+ it before I should bee content to have it againe otherwise you may
+ please keep it."
+
+The head neck & throat of a violet colour the back upper parts of the
+wing of a russet yellowe the fore & part of the wing azure succeeded
+downward by a greenish blewe then on the flying feathers bright blewe
+the lower parts of the wing outwardly of a browne [the _crossed out_]
+inwardly of a merry blewe the belly a light faynt blewe the back toward
+the tayle of a purple blewe the tayle eleuen fethers of a greenish
+coulour the extremities of the outward fethers thereof white wth an
+eye[K] of greene. Garrulus Argentoratensis [_the name added in a
+different ink and pen_].
+
+ [K] Tinge, shade, particularly a slight tint.--"Imp. Dict."
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES AND MARINE ANIMALS FOUND IN NORFOLK.
+
+[MS. SLOAN. 1882. FOL. 145-146. ALTERED TO 21 AND 22, AND 1830 FOL.
+23-30 AND 32-38.]
+
+    [The introductory remarks, paragraphs one to three, will be
+    found in the volume of the Sloane MSS. numbered 1882 (labelled
+    "Notes on Generation"), on pages 145 and 146, which are altered
+    to 21 and 22. They were placed in their present position by
+    Wilkin, but although appropriate, there is nothing to show that
+    they belong to the set of notes here reproduced, and they may
+    form memoranda for the beginning of some essay never completed.
+    The contents of the volume in question are of a very
+    miscellaneous character, and consist of fragmentary notes, which
+    appear to be memoranda jotted down at random.]
+
+
+[_Fol. 21/145._] It may well seeme no easie matter to giue any
+considerable account of fishes and animals of the sea wherein tis sayd
+that there are things creeping innumerable both small and great beasts
+because they liue in an element wherein they are not so easely
+discouerable notwithstanding probable it is that after this long
+nauigation search of the ocean bayes creeks Estuaries and riuers that
+there is scarce any fish butt hath been seen by some man for the large &
+breathing sort thereof do sometimes discouer themselues aboue water and
+the other are in such numbers that some at one time or other they are
+discouered and taken euen the most barbarous nations being much addicted
+to fishing and in America and the new discouered world the people were
+well acquantd with fishes of sea and riuers, and the fishes thereof haue
+been since described by industrious writers.
+
+Pliny seemes to short in the estimate of their number in the ocean, who
+recons up butt one hundred & seventie six species. butt the seas being
+now farther known & searched [_21/145 verso_] Bellonius much enlargeth.
+
+and in his booke of Birds thus deliuereth himself allthough I think it
+impossible to reduce the same vnto a certain number yet I may freelie
+say that tis beyond the power of man to find out more than fiue hundred
+sorts [kinds _written above_] of fishes three hundred sorts of birds
+more than three hundred sorts of fourfoted animalls and fortie
+diversities of serpents.[50]
+
+ [50] This estimate of the number of species of birds and fishes
+ existing is amusing in the light of the present knowledge of the
+ subject. Of course any such estimate can only be approximate, and
+ open to constant emendation; but according to a statement in the
+ "Zoological Record" of 1896, it was believed that there were
+ something like 386,000 described species: 2,500 of which are
+ mammals, 12,500 birds, 4,400 reptilia and batrachia, 12,000 fishes,
+ 50,000 mollusca, 20,000 crustacea, and 250,000 insecta; the smaller
+ divisions I have omitted. And whereas only about 10,000 species of
+ plants were known to Linnaeus, Professor Vines in his address to the
+ Botanical section at the Bradford meeting of the British
+ Association, 1900, states that the approximate number of recognised
+ plants at present existing is 175,596; but this is far short of the
+ total of existing species. Professor Saccardo states that there are
+ 250,000 fungi alone, and that the number of existing species in
+ other groups would bring the total up to over 400,000.
+
+
+[SLOANE MSS. 1830, FOL. 23-38.]
+
+[_Fol. 23._] Of fishes sometimes the larger sort are taken or come
+ashoar. A spermaceti whale[51] of 62 foote long neere Welles. another of
+the same kind 20 yeares before at Hunstanton. & not farre of 8 or nine
+came ashoare & 2 had yong ones after they were forsaken by ye water.
+
+ [51] In the muniment room at Hunstanton Hall there exists a book of
+ MSS. notes relating to their estates, kept by Sir Hamon and Sir
+ Nicholas le Strange, between the years 1612 and 1723. From this
+ book Mr. Hamon le Strange has been good enough to send me an
+ extract containing the full particulars of the stranding and
+ disposal of a Sperm Whale 57 feet long, which came ashore on their
+ Manor of Holme, on the 6th December, 1626, the skull of which is
+ still in the courtyard at Hunstanton Hall.
+
+ Browne had not come to reside in Norwich at that time, and the
+ chapter on the Spermaceti Whale in his _Pseudodoxia Epidemica_, was
+ inspired by a subsequent occurrence of the same kind, for, as
+ appears from the above note, a larger individual, 62 feet long,
+ came ashore at Wells 20 years later, which he says led him to
+ further inquiry. This would indicate about the year 1646 as the
+ date of the latter occurrence, whereas in his third letter to
+ Merrett, written in 1668, he states that it happened "about 12
+ years ago," or in 1656. There is probably an error in one of these
+ dates.
+
+ Another example seems to have been found at Yarmouth about the year
+ 1652, for we find Browne writing in that year for particulars of
+ its "cutting up." (See Appendix E.)
+
+ In the postscript to a letter also in the muniment room at
+ Hunstanton, dated June 11th, 1653, written to Sir Hamon le Strange,
+ who had been consulting him professionally, Browne says: "I pray
+ you at your leisure doe mee the honor to informe mee how long agoe
+ the Spermaceti Whale was cast upon your shoare & whether you had
+ any spermm with in any other part butt the head." It will be
+ noticed that in both the letters referred to he is anxious to
+ ascertain in what part of the body the "sperm" was situated,
+ doubtless for the purpose of confuting the "vulgar conceit" as to
+ the origin of the "sperm" referred to in the second paragraph of
+ his treatise in the _Pseudodoxia_. His investigations also probably
+ first led to a certain knowledge as to the nature of the food of
+ this animal.
+
+ These, however, although the first to be recorded in this county,
+ were not the first or only occurrences of the kind, for there is in
+ the parish church of Great Yarmouth the base of the skull of a
+ Sperm Whale, used as a chair, for the painting of which a charge of
+ five shillings appears in the churchwardens' accounts for the year
+ 1606; many such events in European waters are to be found recorded.
+
+ But the most interesting circumstance with regard to these whales
+ is the statement that "two had yong ones after they were forsaken
+ by the water." This event renders it highly improbable that they
+ were Sperm Whales, for the stragglers of that species which have
+ been met with in our waters, and indeed in the northern seas
+ generally, have been almost invariably solitary males, or, in one
+ or two instances "schools" of young males. In the only instance in
+ which both sexes were found, the school was composed I believe of
+ immature individuals. (_Vide_ J. Anderson, "Nachrichten von Island,
+ Groenland, und der Strasse Davis," Frantfurt (1747), p. 248.)
+ Moreover, this view is confirmed by a letter which will be found in
+ Appendix B., where the following passage occurs:--"And not only
+ whales, but grampusses have been taken in this Estuarie ... and
+ about twenty years ago four were run ashore near Hunstanton, and
+ two had young ones after they had come to land." A so-called
+ Grampus which came ashore on the 21st July, 1700, was from a
+ description and drawing in the le Strange MS. above quoted, a male
+ _Hyperoodon rostratus_, apparently nearly adult.
+
+ The Grampus (_Orca gladiator_) (mentioned in the next paragraph) is
+ frequently met with in the British seas, and has repeatedly
+ occurred on the Norfolk coast. Some early occurrences are on
+ record, for instance in Mackerell's "History of Lynn," twelve are
+ said to have come ashore near that town in 1636, and another in
+ 1680. Two very juvenile examples were taken off Yarmouth in
+ November 1894.
+
+A grampus aboue 16 foot long taken at yarmouth [3 or _crossed out_] 4
+yeares agoe.
+
+The Tursio or porpose is co[=m]on the Dolphin[52] more rare though
+sometimes taken wch many confound with the porpose. butt it hath a more
+waued line along the skinne sharper toward ye tayle the head longer and
+nose more extended wch maketh good the figure of Rondeletius. the flesh
+more red & [fa _crossed out_] well cooked of very good taste to most
+palates & exceedeth that of porpose.
+
+ [52] There can be no doubt that the Common Dolphin (_Delphinus
+ delphis_) is here referred to, and indeed this species might
+ reasonably be expected to be met with on our coast, as its range
+ extends at least as far to the north as the Scandinavian waters,
+ but so far as the writer is aware Browne's is the only record of
+ its having been met with in Norfolk. The White-beaked Dolphin (_D.
+ albirostris_) is not unfrequent, but it is clear that Browne does
+ not refer to that species.
+
+ In the "Vulgar Errors," Browne devotes a whole chapter (chapter ii.
+ of the fifth book) to a learned treatise on the "Picture of
+ Dolphins," and in one of the letters to his son Edward (Sloane
+ MSS., 1847), dated June 14th [1676?], he writes feelingly as an
+ anatomist, evidently fearing that a specimen then available might
+ be wasted, instead of being reserved for scientific purposes; for,
+ says he, "if the dolphin were to be showed for money in Norwich,
+ little would bee got; if they showed it in London they are like to
+ take out the viscera, and salt the fish, and then the dissection
+ will be unconsiderable." He then refers to the dolphin "opened when
+ the King was here," and describes its anatomical peculiarities,
+ adding that Dame Browne cooked the flesh "so as to make an
+ excellent savory dish of it," and that "collars" thereof (steaks
+ cut transversely) being sent to the King, who was then at
+ Newmarket, for his table, they "were well liked of." It is evident
+ therefore that he was present at the dissection of two of these
+ animals.
+
+The vitulus marinus[53] seacalf or seale wch is often taken sleeping on
+the shoare [4 _crossed out_] 5 [_written above_] yeares agoe one was
+shot in the riuer of norwich about surlingham [wh _crossed out_] ferry
+having continued in the riuer for diuers moneths before being an
+Amphibious animal it may bee caryed about aliue & kept long if it can
+bee brought to feed some haue been kept many moneths in ponds. the
+pizzell the bladder the cartilago ensiformis the figure of the Throttle
+the clusterd & racemous forme of the kidneys [_Fol. 24_] the flat &
+compressed heart are remarkable in it. in stomaks of all that I have
+opened I have found many [short _crossed out_] wormes.
+
+ [53] There is in the present day a considerable number of Common
+ Seals inhabiting the sand-banks of the Wash between the Norfolk and
+ Lincolnshire coasts, and they are frequently captured by the
+ fishermen; nor has the habit of straying into fresh-water deserted
+ them, for in recent years they have been taken in the River Ouse at
+ Bluntisham, forty miles from the sea. Three other species of Seal
+ have been taken on the Norfolk coast, viz., _Phoca hispida_, _P.
+ barbata_, and _Halichoerus gryphus_.
+
+I haue also obserued a scolopendra cetacea[54] of about ten foot long
+answering to the figure in Rondeletius wch the mariners told me was
+taken in these seas.
+
+ [54] A Scolopendra, ten feet long, is at first rather startling,
+ but on referring to Rondeletius's _Libri de piscibus Marinis_ (lib.
+ xvi. p. 488), I find that under the name "Scolopendra" he includes
+ at least three distinct forms--i., _S. terrestris_, a centipede;
+ ii., _S. marina_, certain species of Nereidiform polychaet worms;
+ iii., _Scolopendra cetacea_, regarded as a Cetacean and figured
+ with a Cetacean blow-hole. With regard to this remarkable figure my
+ friend, Dr. S. F. Harmer, has favoured me with the following
+ note:--"In the account given Rondeletius is evidently writing from
+ report; the figure is also no doubt borrowed, and may have been
+ 'improved' when redrawn; it seems to me that it is based upon some
+ kind of Tunny, although he figures a Tunny earlier in the book
+ (lib. viii. p. 249). The idea of the lateral appendages might have
+ been derived from the dorsal and ventral finlets of a Tunny; but
+ the first four finlets on each side are imaginary structures, and
+ in a wrong position. I can offer no opinion with regard to the
+ nasal appendages." Jonston (_De piscibus_, p. 156, Tab. xliv.) also
+ gives a similar figure of _Scolopendra_ _Cetacea_, which appears to
+ be a further modification of Rondeletius's figure; here it has
+ teeth, shown like those of the Sperm Whale, and an extra dorsal-fin
+ is added; the number of lateral appendages is the same, and a
+ column of water proceeding from the blow-hole is falling gracefully
+ forward. It is worthy of notice that Rondeletius also figures the
+ Saw-fish [Pristis] with a blow-hole.
+
+A pristes or serra [_written above_] saw fish[55] taken about Lynne
+co[=m]only mistaken for a [sha _crossed out_] sword fish & answers the
+figure in Rondeletius.
+
+ [55] In the "Transactions of the Linnean Society," ii., p. 273, is
+ an essay by Latham "On the various species of Sawfish," but he does
+ not mention any British locality. So far as I am aware Browne's is
+ the only record of the occurrence of this southern species in
+ British waters, with the exception of a note in Fleming's "British
+ Animals," p. 164, where it is stated on the authority of the late
+ Dr. Walker's MS. "Adversaria" for 1769, that _Pristis antiquorum_
+ is "found sometimes in Loch Long," but Fleming adds that he has met
+ with no other proof of its ever having visited the British shores.
+ Browne mentions in his eighth letter to Merrett that he sends him a
+ "figure in little" of a _Pristis_ which he received of a Yarmouth
+ seaman, and is so precise in his statement that his fish was
+ _Pristis serra_ (the _Pristis antiquorum_ of Cuvier), that his
+ record cannot be disregarded. He specially guards against its being
+ mistaken for the Sword-fish (_Xiphias gladius_), which has been
+ taken on several occasions in our waters, and of which he gives
+ some interesting particulars.
+
+A sword fish or Xiphias or Gladius intangled in the Herring netts at
+yarmouth agreable unto the Icon in Johnstonus with a smooth sword not
+vnlike the Gladius of Rondeletius about a yard & half long, no teeth [n
+_crossed out_] eyes very remarkable enclosed in an hard cartilaginous
+couercle about ye bignesse of a good apple. ye vitreous humor plentifull
+the crystalline larger then a nutmegge [cleare _crossed out_] remaining
+cleare sweet & vntainted when the rest of the eye was vnder a deepe
+corruption wch wee kept clear & limpid many moneths vntill an hard frost
+split it & manifested the foliations thereof.
+
+It is not vnusuall to take seuerall sorts of canis or doggefishes[56]
+great and small wch pursue the shoale of herrings and other fish butt
+this yeare 1662 one was taken intangled in the Herring netts about 9
+foot in length, answering the last figure of Johnstonus lib 7 vnder the
+name of _canis carcherias alter_ & was by the teeth & 5 gills one kind
+of shark particularly [_Fol. 25_] remarkable in the vastnesse of the
+optick nerves & 3 conicall hard pillars wch supported the extraordinarie
+elevated nose wch wee haue reserued with the scull the seamen calld this
+kind a scrape.
+
+ [56] Various species of Dog-fish are frequent off the Norfolk coast
+ as elsewhere. The name "Sweet William" is applied to the larger
+ fish of this kind, especially to the Tope; this appears also to
+ have been the case in Pennant's time, for alluding to this
+ vernacular name he supposes it was applied in ironical allusion to
+ the offensive smell of their flesh and skin. They are objects of
+ great aversion among the fishermen, owing to the disturbance they
+ create among the shoals of fish, and the damage they do to both
+ nets and the enclosed fish. Scarcely a season passes but one or
+ more specimens of Browne's _Canis carcharias_, or, as modern
+ Ichthyologists call it, _Lamna cornubica_, the Porbeagle, being
+ entangled in the drift nets and landed with the herrings. One lies
+ on the fish-wharf at Lowestoft as I write this note on the 19th of
+ October, 1900, measuring 7 feet 10 inches in length. Jonston's
+ figure referred to by Browne is evidently intended for this
+ species, but he makes a slight error in the reference to the
+ _Historia Naturalis (De Piscibus et Cetis)_; it occurs in book v.,
+ and the figure is fig. 6 on Tab. vi., and it is marked _Canis
+ carcharias alius_ (not alter).
+
+Sturio or Sturgeon[57] so co[=m]on on the other side of the sea about
+the mouth of the elbe come seldome into our creekes though some haue
+been taken at yarmouth & more in the great [owse _crossed out_] Owse by
+Lynne butt their heads not so sharpe as represented in the Icons of
+Rondeletius & Johnstonus.
+
+ [57] So great is the variation in the snout of the Sturgeon, that
+ Dr. Parnell in his excellent essay on "The Fishes of the District
+ of the Forth," describes the Sharp-nosed Sturgeon as a distinct
+ species under the name of _Acipenser sturio_, and the broad-nosed
+ form he calls _A. latirostris_. His views, however, have not been
+ generally accepted, and only one British species is recognised. The
+ Sharp-nosed variety has been taken here, but the normal form is
+ much more frequent.
+
+Sometimes wee meet with a mola or moonefish[58] so called from some
+resemblance it hath [from _crossed out_] of a crescent in the extreme
+part of the body from one finne unto another one being taken neere the
+shoare at yarmouth before breake of day seemed to shiuer & grunt like an
+hogge as Authors deliuer of it the flesh being hard & neruous it is not
+like to afford a good dish butt from the Liuer wch is [white _crossed
+out_] large white & tender somewhat [wee _crossed out_] may bee expected
+[for _crossed out_] the gills of these fishes wee found thick beset with
+a kind of sealowse. [Added subsequently] in the yeare 1667 a mola was
+taken at monsley wch weighed 2 [p _crossed out_] hundred pound.
+
+ [58] This fish (_Orthagoriscus mola_), which we know as the
+ Sun-fish, has been repeatedly taken here. For an account of its
+ parasites see Cobbold on the "Sun-fish as a host," "Intellectual
+ Observer," ii., p. 82; also Day, "Brit. Fishes," ii., p. 275.
+ According to Dr. Spencer Cobbold the Sun-fish is infested by nine
+ species of Helminths, three of which are mostly found attached to
+ the gills, while a fourth adheres to the surface of the body.
+
+The Rana piscatrix or frogge fish[59] is sometimes found in a very large
+magnitude & wee haue taken the [paynes _crossed out_] care [_written
+above_] to haue them clend & stuffed. wherein wee obserued all the
+appendices whereby the[y] cach fishes butt much larger then are
+discribed in the Icons of Johnstonus tab xi fig 8.
+
+ [59] Both this species and the Wolf-fish are well known upon our
+ coast.
+
+[_Fol. 26_] The sea [wollf _crossed out_] wolf or Lupus nostras of
+Schoneueldus remarkable for its spotted skinne & notable teeth incisors
+Dogteeth & grinders the dogteeth [in the _crossed out_] both in the
+jawes & palate scarce answerable by any fish of that bulk for [strength
+_crossed out_] the like disposure strength & soliditie.
+
+Mustela marina[60] called by some a wesell ling wch salted & dryed
+becomes a good Lenten dish.
+
+ [60] Some member of the family _Gadidae_ is here referred to,
+ probably the five-bearded Rockling, _Motella mustela_, or Brown
+ Whistle-fish of Pennant, which is occasionally taken by our
+ fishermen, but is by no means common.
+
+A Lump or Lumpus Anglorum so named by Aldrouandus by some esteemed a
+festiuall dish though it affordeth butt a glutinous jellie & the skinne
+is beset with stony knobs after no certaine order ours most answereth
+the first figure in the xiii table of Johnstonus butt seemes more round
+& arcuated then that figure makes it.
+
+Before the herrings there co[=m]only cometh a fish about a foot long by
+the fish man called an horse[61] resembling in all poynts the Trachurus
+of Rondeletius of a mixed shape between a mackerell & an herring.
+obseruable from [an oblique bo _crossed out_] its greene eyes rarely
+skye colored back after it is kept a day & an oblique bony line running
+on ye outside from the gills vnto ye tayle. a drye & hard dish butt
+makes an handsome picture.
+
+ [61] This is the Horse Mackerel, or Scad, _Caranx trachurus_; a
+ handsome fish and common enough, especially off Sheringham, but not
+ much esteemed for the table.
+
+The Rubelliones or Rochets[62] butt thinly met with on this coast. the
+gornart cuculus or Lyrae species more often wch they seldome eat butt
+bending the back & sprdding the finnes into a liuely posture do hang
+them up in their howses.
+
+ [62] Fish of the Gurnard kind are here referred to. The Rochet of
+ Pennant is the Red Gurnard, _Trigla cuculus_; he calls _T. lyra_
+ the Piper. Large numbers of various species of Gurnard are brought
+ in by our trawlers and sell readily, especially the Sapphirine
+ Gurnard, or Tub-fish (_T. hirundo_), which is known as the "Lachet"
+ on our coast; it reaches a large size, and seems to be much in
+ demand for the table. In spring the colours are very brilliant, and
+ they are frequently seen on the fish stalls with their pectoral
+ fins extended as Browne describes.
+
+[_Fol. 27._] Beside the co[=m]on mullus[63] or mullet there is another
+not vnfrequent wch some call a cunny fish butt rather a red muellett of
+a flosculous redde & somewhat rough on the scales answering the
+discription of [Rond _crossed out_] Icon of Rondeletius vnder the name
+of mullus ruber asper [no _crossed out_] butt not the tast of the
+vsually knowne mullet as [being butt _crossed out_] affording butt a
+drye & leane bitt.
+
+ [63] The Common Mullet I take to be the Grey Mullet (_Mugil
+ capito_), which is at times plentiful on our coast, coming into
+ Breydon and the mouths of the rivers, but the Red Mullet (_Mullus
+ barbatus_) is far less frequently met with. In his third letter to
+ Merrett, Browne says, "There is of them _maior_ and _minor_," the
+ latter probably being the variety known as the Surmullet, by far
+ the most frequently met with here.
+
+Seuerall sorts of fishes[64] there are wch [bear _crossed out_] do
+[_written above_] or may beare the names of seawoodcocks as the Acus
+maior scolopax & saurus. the saurus wee sometimes meet with yonge.
+Rondeletius confesseth it a very rare fish somewhat resembling the Acus
+or needlefish before & a makerell behind. wee have kept one dryed many
+yeares agoe.
+
+ [64] The Saurus of Rondeletius appears to be the Skipper or
+ Saury-pike (_Scombresox saurus_) of modern authors. _Acus major_ is
+ the Gar-fish or Greenback (_Belone vulgaris_); this is the _Acus
+ primus_ of Rondeletius, Dr. Harmer has been good enough to send me
+ the following note on Rondeletius's figures:--"_De Acus secunda
+ specie_" (lib. viii. p. 229). "Two species are figured; the upper
+ figure appears to represent _Siphonostoma typhle_, and the lower
+ one _S. acus_. Guenther ('Brit. Mus. Cat.,' viii. p. 157) gives a
+ reference to Rondeletius in his synonyms of _S. acer_ without
+ indicating that the latter figures two species. Under _S. typhle_
+ (p. 154) he gives the synonym _Syngnathus rondeletii_, De la Roche.
+ A reference to Delaroche ('Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,' xiii, 1809
+ p. 324, Pl. xxi. fig. 5) shows that _S. rondeletii_ is identified
+ with the first figure on p. 229 of Rondeletius; and it may thus be
+ concluded that Guenther agrees with this conclusion. It seems
+ therefore probable that Browne's Acus of Aristotle refers to _S.
+ typhle_."
+
+The Acus maior calld by some a garfish & greenback answering ye figure
+of Rondeletius under the name of Acus prima species remarkable for its
+quadrangular figure and verdigreece green back bone.
+
+[L] A lesser sort of Acus [wee _crossed out_] maior or primae specaeei wee
+meet with [answering the saurus of Rondeletius _crossed out_] much
+shorter then the co[=m]on garfish & in taking out the spine wee found it
+not green as in the greater & much answering the saurus of Rondeletius.
+
+ [L] This and the next paragraph on the back of Fol. 26 are in
+ different ink and smaller writing though in the same hand, and
+ appear to have been added subsequently. The first paragraph is
+ omitted by Wilkin.
+
+A scolopax[65] or sea woodcock of Rondeletius was giuen mee by a seaman
+of these seas. about 3 inches long & seemes to bee one kind of Acus or
+needlefish answering the discription of Rondeletius.
+
+ [65] The Scolopax, or Sea Woodcock, is clearly _Centriscus
+ scolopax_, a very rare fish in the British seas, and it would have
+ been well had Browne given a more precise account of the origin of
+ his specimen.
+
+The Acus of Aristotle [_see Note 64_] lesser thinner corticated &
+sexangular by diuers calld an addercock & somewhat resembling a snake
+ours more plainly finned then Rondeletius discribeth it.
+
+A little corticated fish[66] about [4 inches _crossed out_] 3 or 4
+inches long [_several words smeared out_] ours answering that wch is
+named piscis octangularis by wormius, cataphractus by Schoneueldeus.
+octagonius versus caput, versus caudam hexagonius.
+
+ [66] Doubtless the Armed Bull-head, or Pogge, _Agonus
+ cataphractus_. A MS. note in Berkenhout says it was called at
+ Lowestoft a Beetle-head (1769).
+
+[_Fol. 28._] The faber marinus[67] sometimes found very large answering
+ye figure of Rondeletius. which though hee mentioneth as a rare fish &
+to be found in the Atlantick & Gaditane ocean yet wee often meet with it
+in these seas co[=m]only calld a peterfish hauing [a _crossed out_] one
+[_written above_] black spot on ether side the body conceued the
+perpetuall signature from the impression of St Peters fingers or to
+resemble the 2 peeces of money wch St Peter tooke out of this fish
+remarkable also from its disproportionable mouth & many hard prickles
+about other parts.
+
+ [67] _Zeus faber_, the Dory. Many, usually small ones, are brought
+ in by our fishermen.
+
+A kind of scorpius marinus[68] a rough prickly & monstrous headed fish 6
+8 or 12 inches long answerable vnto the figure of Schoneueldeus.
+
+ [68] _Cottus scorpius_, Father Lasher, commonly taken by the
+ shrimpers.
+
+A sting fish[69] wiuer or kind of ophidion or Araneus slender, narrowe
+headed about 4 inches long wth a sharpe small prickly finne along the
+back which often venemously pricketh the hands of fishermen.
+
+ [69] Probably from its size the Lesser Weever, _Trachinus vipera_,
+ as also the _Draco minor_ of Jonstoni. A common fish in our waters.
+ Large numbers of the Greater Weever, _T. draco_, are brought in by
+ the trawlers.
+
+Aphia cobites marina[70] or sea Loche.
+
+ [70] One of the Gobies. Day, "Brit. Fishes," i., p. 169, supposes
+ the _Aphya cobites_ of Rondeletius (p. 20) to be the White Goby,
+ _A. pellucida_; Pennant has _A. cobites_ as a synonym for the
+ Spotted Goby (_G. minutus_) and the Sea Gudgeons, Black Gobies (_G.
+ niger_), but at that time there was no very nice distinction of the
+ members of this genus. The Sea Miller's Thumb is probably the
+ Shanny (_Blennius pholis_). _Alosa_, is the Allis Shad (_Culpea
+ alosa_, L.), not uncommon (_see Note 74_).
+
+Blennus a sea millars thumb.
+
+Funduli marini sea gogions.
+
+Alosae or chads to bee met with about Lynne.
+
+Spinachus or smelt[71] in greatest plentie about Lynne butt [co[=m]on on
+yarmouth coast _crossed out_] where they haue also a small fish calld a
+primme answering in [all _crossed out_] tast & shape a smelt & perhaps
+are butt the yonger sort thereof.
+
+ [71] The Smelt, _Osmerus eperlanus_, is abundant in the shallow
+ waters and estuaries on the Norfolk coast in spring, ascending the
+ fresh-water rivers to spawn. The small fish called a Primme by
+ Browne, may be the Atherine (_Atherina presbyter_), which is also
+ found in our waters, where it is often mistaken for the Smelt, but
+ I have not heard it called by the former name.
+
+[_Fol 29._] Aselli or cods of seuerall sorts. Asellus albus or whitings
+in great plentie. Asellus niger carbonarius or [col _crossed out_] coale
+fish. Asellus minor Schoneueldei callarias pliny or Haydocks with many
+more also a weed fish somewhat like an haydock butt larger & dryer meat.
+A Basse also much resembling a flatter kind of Cod.[72]
+
+ [72] The first three fishes named in this paragraph need no
+ comment; the Weed-fish is doubtless a local name, but for what
+ species I cannot discover. The Bass, _Labrax lupus_ (Cuv.), is, as
+ might be expected from the nature of our coast, by no means common
+ here.
+
+Scombri are makerells[73] in greate plentie a dish much desired butt if
+as Rondeletius affirmeth they feed upon sea starres & squalders (_see
+Note 90_) there may bee some doubt whether their flesh bee without some
+ill qualitie sometimes they are of a very large size & one was taken
+this yeare 1668 wch was by measure an ell long and of ye length of a
+good salmon, at Lestoffe.
+
+ [73] The latter part of this paragraph, beginning, "Sometimes they
+ are of a very large size," is written on the left-hand side of the
+ opening, and is evidently a subsequent addition. One would be
+ inclined to think from the great size of the fish here recorded (3
+ ft. 9 in.), that it may have been a species of Tunny, or even a
+ Bonito, both of which have been taken on the Norfolk coast.
+ Seventeen inches is a large mackerel.
+
+Herrings departed sprats or sardae not long after succeed in great
+plentie wch are taken with smaller nets [& dryed _crossed out_] & smoakd
+& dryed like herrings become a [daint _crossed out_] sapid bitt &
+vendible abroad.
+
+Among these are found Bleakes or bliccae[74] a thinne herring like fishe
+wch some will also think to bee young herrings. And though the sea
+aboundeth not with pilchards, yet they are co[=m]only taken among
+herrings. butt few esteeme thereof or eat them.
+
+ [74] It is quite evident that the fish referred to here, and again
+ in the sixth letter to Merrett, is not the true Bleak (_Alburnus
+ lucideus_) of our freshwaters. It seems that the young of some
+ species of Clupeoid was thus known, for I find it stated in a MS.
+ note in a copy of Berkenhout's "Outlines of the Natural History of
+ Great Britain," (1769), in the possession of Mr. T. E. Gunn, that
+ the Bleak and the Sprat are often caught together in the sea at
+ Aldeburgh (Suffolk) in November, and the writer of the note adds,
+ "the Bleak is larger than the Sprat, its eyes are larger, and the
+ upper part of its belly serrated." I think from this description
+ and from Browne's remarks, that the young of a species of Shad must
+ have been mistaken for the Bleak, which although found low down in
+ our rivers almost to where the salt tide mingles with the fresh,
+ does not I believe enter the salt water.
+
+Congers are not so co[=m]on on these coasts as on many seas about
+England, butt are often found upon the north coast of Norfolk, & in
+frostie wether left in pulks & plashes upon the ebbe of the sea.
+
+[_Fol. 30._] The sand eels Anglorum of Aldrouandus, or Tobianus of
+Schoneueldeus co[=m]only called smoulds taken out of the sea sands with
+forks & rakes about Blakeney and Burnham a small round slender fish
+about 3 or 4 inches long as bigge as a small Tobacco pipe a very dayntie
+dish.
+
+Pungitius marinus[75] or sea bansticle hauing a prickle one each side
+the smallest fish of the sea about an inch long sometimes drawne ashoare
+with netts together with weeds & pargaments[M] of the sea.
+
+ [75] The smallest of the genus _Gasterosteus_, or Stanstickles, is
+ _G. pungitius_, the ten-spined Stickleback, but this fish is two
+ inches long when full grown. All the species seem to be more or
+ less indifferent to the salinity of the water. The fifteen-spined
+ Stickleback, _G. spinachia_, is also sometimes taken by the
+ shrimpers, and is the most truly marine species, but is by no means
+ "the smallest fish of the sea."
+
+ [M] This word which Wilkin renders "fragments," is doubtless from
+ the Latin _pergamentum_, and it seems likely that Browne had in
+ view certain sea-weeds, possibly _Laminaria_ or _Ulva_ which,
+ especially when dry, present somewhat the appearance and texture of
+ parchment.
+
+Many sorts of flat fishes[76] The pastinaca oxyrinchus with a long &
+strong aculeus in the tayle conceuud of speciall venome & virtues.
+
+ [76] _Pastinaca oxyrinchus_ appears to be the Sting Ray (_Trygon
+ pastinaca_); _Raia clavata_, the Thornback; _R. oculata_, the
+ Spotted Ray (_R. maculata_); _R. aspera_; the Shagreen Ray? (_R.
+ fullonica_).
+
+Severall sorts of Raia's skates & Thornebacks the Raia clauata
+oxyrinchus, raia oculata, aspera, spinosa fullonica.
+
+The great Rhombus or Turbot aculeatus & leuis.
+
+The passer or place.
+
+Butts of various kinds.
+
+The passer squamosus Bret Bretcock[77] & skulls comparable in taste and
+delicacy vnto the soale.
+
+ [77] The Brill, _Rhombus laevis_ (Lin.), _Passer asper squamosus___,
+ Rondl., formerly known as the Brett, Bretcock, Skull, or Pearl.
+
+The Buglossus solea or soale[78] plana & oculata as also the Lingula or
+small soale all in very great plentie.
+
+ [78] _Solea vulgaris_, the Common Sole. The "_Lingula_, or small
+ Sole," is probably the _Solea variegata_, Flem., the _S. parva sive
+ Lingula_ of Rond. Jonston figures "_Solea lingulata_," Tab. xx.,
+ fig. 12, but I am uncertain what species is intended. It is
+ possible that Browne may have Latinised the trade name by which
+ small Soles are known in the market as "slips" and "tongues." What
+ other species he may have wished to indicate as "plana" and
+ "oculata" it is difficult to determine.
+
+Sometimes a fish aboue half a yard long like a butt[79] or soale called
+asprage wch I haue known taken about Cromer.
+
+ [79] The "asprage" (or it may be "a sprage") may possibly be the
+ Dab, _Pleuranectes limanda_, which Rondeletius calls _Passer
+ asper_. I do not find that species mentioned otherwise, and a great
+ many are taken by the Cromer and Sheringham fishermen.
+
+[_Fol. 31._] [See _Roller ante_ p. 30.]
+
+[_Fol. 32._] Sepia or cuttle fish[80] [smear] & great plentie of the
+bone or shellie substance which sustaineth the whole bulk of that soft
+fishe found co[=m]only on the shoare.
+
+ [80] Of the various species of the Cephalopoda, _Sepia
+ officinalis_, is more often represented by its calcareous dorsal
+ plate than by the entire animal, for large numbers of these
+ "cuttle-bones" are sometimes strewed along the shore for miles. The
+ Squid, _Loligo vulgaris_, is often met with, sometimes of
+ considerable size. The horny "pen" resembles a short leaf-shaped
+ Roman sword, and Browne's term, "Gladiolus," is quite as
+ appropriate as that of "Calamus." His _Polypus_ is probably
+ _Octopus vulgaris_, but it is rarely met with on the Norfolk coast.
+
+The Loligo sleue or calamar found often upon the shoare from head to
+tayle [such _crossed out_] sometimes aboue an ell long, remarkable for
+its parretlike bill, the gladiolus or calamus along the back & the
+notable crystallyne of the eye wch equalleth if not exceedeth the lustre
+of orientall pearle.
+
+A polypus another kind of the mollia[N] sometimes wee haue met with.
+
+ [N] By _mollia_ is meant all soft-bodied shell-less animals.
+
+Lobsters in great number about sheringham and cromer from whence all the
+country is supplyed.
+
+Astacus marinus pediculi [marini _written above_] facie[81] found also
+in that place. with the aduantage of ye long foreclawes about 4 inches
+long.
+
+ [81] Probably _Nephrops norvegicus_, the Norway Lobster, called at
+ Lowestoft a Crayfish or Prawn. They are sometimes brought in in
+ large numbers by the steam trawlers, but the precise locality in
+ which they are captured I am unable to say; the fishermen say the
+ "North Sea," which is rather a vague address, but others say
+ between the Texel and Heligoland.
+
+Crabs large & well tasted found also in the same coast.
+
+Another kind of crab[82] taken for cancer fluuiatilis litle slender & of
+a very quick motion found in the Riuer running through yarmouth. [_added
+subsequently_] & in bliburgh riuer.
+
+ [82] _Carsinus maenas_, the Shore-crab, a very common species on the
+ Norfolk coast is here intended.
+
+[_Fol. 33._] Oysters exceeding large about Burnham and [Huns _crossed
+out_] Hunstanton like those of poole St Mallowes or ciuita [vech
+_crossed out_] vechia whereof [some _crossed out_] many are eaten rawe
+the shells being broakin with [cle _crossed out_] cleuers the greater
+part pickled & sent weekly to London & other parts.
+
+Mituli or muscles in great quantitie as also chams or cochles about
+stiskay [_sic_] & ye northwest coast.
+
+Pectines pectunculi varij or scallops of the lesser sort.
+
+Turbines or smaller wilks, leues, striati. as also Trochi, Trochili, or
+scaloppes finely variegated & pearly. [as also _crossed out_.] Lewise
+[_sic_] purpurae minores, nerites, cochleae, Tellinae.
+
+Lepades, patellae Limpets, of an vniualue shell wherein an animal like a
+snayle cleauing fast unto the rocks.
+
+Solenes cappe lunge venetorum co[=m]only a razor fish the shell thereof
+dentalia
+
+[The MS. breaks off here, and the next paragraph appears to be an
+interpolation.]
+
+Dentalia by some called pinpaches because pinmeat thereof is taken out
+with a pinne or needle.[83]
+
+ [83] Mussels and Cockles are very abundant all along the shallow
+ shores of North-west Norfolk, as well as Clams, _Mya arenaria_.
+ "Scallops of the lesser sort" are probably _Pecten opercularius_
+ and _P. varius_. The Whelk, _Buccinum undatum_, is also very
+ numerous, and forms the staple of a considerable industry at
+ Sheringham; the lesser, or Dog-Whelk, _Nassa reticulata_, as well
+ as _Purpura lapillus_ and several sorts of Trochus, are commonly
+ met with. The genus Nerita was a very comprehensive one in Browne's
+ time, and included many species of Littorina, of which the
+ well-known Periwinkle, _L. littorea_, is the most numerous here. No
+ true Nerita is now recognised as British, although in the warmer
+ seas the genus is a very numerous one. The most common Tellina here
+ is _T. tenuis_, _Lepades patellae_ are of course the common Limpet
+ (_Patella vulgata_), and of the Solen, or Razor Shell, which Gwyn
+ Jeffreys says in the time of Aldrovandus was called by the
+ Venetians "cappa longa," we have two species found on the sandy
+ portions of the coast. Here some confusion exists in the MS., after
+ the words, "the shell thereof dentalia," the note ends abruptly,
+ and is followed by an interpolation which seems quite irrelevant,
+ as Dentalia have surely never been called "Pin-patches" (the
+ vernacular name for _Littorina littorea_), nor is it probable that,
+ like that common univalve, they were ever taken out of their shells
+ with a pin or needle. _Dentalia_ are mentioned on two other
+ occasions as of doubtful occurrence and _Dentalium entalis_ has
+ slight claim to be a native of Norfolk; the only recorded specimen
+ I know of was picked up in 1890 by Mr. Mayfield, from the drift on
+ the beach between Wells and Holkham.
+
+Cancellus Turbinum et neritis[84] Barnard the Hermite of Rondeletius a
+kind of crab or astacus liuing in a forsaken wilk or nerites.
+
+ [84] Hermit Crabs are here referred to, the larger, _Pagurus
+ bernhardus_, found very frequently inhabiting the shells of the
+ Whelk, and a smaller species which takes up its abode in those of a
+ _Trochus_.
+
+echinus echinometrites[85] sea hedghogge whose neat shells are co[=m]on
+on the shoare the fish aliue often taken [with _crossed out_] by the
+dragges among the oysters.
+
+ [85] Dead _Echini_ are very common on the sea-shore, and many
+ living ones are dredged by the shrimpers. _Echinus sphaera_ is the
+ most common on the Norfolk coast; _E. miliaris_, a small species,
+ is also very abundant about Cromer.
+
+[This and the next paragraph on fol. 33 _verso_.]
+
+Balani[86] a smaller sort of vniualue growing co[=m]only in clusters.
+the smaller kinds thereof to bee found oftimes upon oysters wilks &
+lobsters.
+
+ [86] The species of Cirripeds referred to are probably the common
+ Acorn Barnacle (_Balanus porcatus_) and the Goose Barnacle (_Lepas
+ anatifera_), the latter occasionally found on ships' bottoms and
+ drift-wood, probably carried by favourable currents from warmer
+ seas than our own.
+
+Concha anatifera or Ansifera or Barnicleshell whereof about 4 yeares
+past were found upon the shoare no small number by yarmouth hanging by
+slender strings of a kind of Alga vnto seuerall splinters or [clefts
+_crossed out_] cleauings of firre boards vnto wch they were seuerally
+fastned & hanged like ropes of onyons: their shell flat & of a peculiar
+forme differing from other shelles, this being of four diuisions.
+containing a small imperfect animal at the lower part diuided into many
+shootes or streames wch prepossed [imag _crossed out_] spectators fancy
+to bee the rudiment of the tayle of some goose or duck to bee [expute
+_crossed out_] produced from it. some whereof in ye shell & some taken
+out & spred upon paper wee shall [still?] keepe by us.
+
+[Fol. 34.] Stellae marinae[87] or sea starres in great plentie especially
+about yarmouth. whether they bee bred out of the [vrticas _crossed out_]
+vrticae squalders or sea gellies as many report wee cannot confirme butt
+the squalderes in the middle seeme to haue some lines or first draughts
+not unlike. our starres exceed not 5 poynts though I haue heard that
+some with more haue been found about Hunstanton and Burnham. where are
+also found stellae marinae testacae or handsome crusted & brittle sea
+[stars _crossed out_] starres much lesse.
+
+ [87] The Five-finger (_Asterias rubens_, L.) is a very numerous
+ species on our coast and very destructive. Brittle Stars
+ (_Ophiocoma sp?_) are as Browne states most frequent about
+ Hunstanton, Burnham, and Cromer. _Solaster papposa_ is also found
+ in the same localities.
+
+The pediculus[88] and culex marin us the sea lowse & flie are [are
+_crossed out_] also no strangeres.
+
+ [88] The Pediculus, or Sea Louse, is probably _Talitrus locusta_,
+ the Sand-hopper; what may be intended by _Culex marinus_ it is
+ difficult to say. A species of gnat is at times very numerous on
+ the wet sand just above the water-line. _See also_ Notes 110 and
+ 115, on a kindred subject.
+
+Physsalus Rondeletij[89] or eruca marina physsaloides according to the
+icon of Rondeletius of very orient green & purple bristles.
+
+ [89] The Sea Mouse, _Aphrodite aculeata_. This is referred to again
+ in the Letters to Merrett.
+
+Urtica marina[90] of diuers kinds some whereof called squalderes. of a
+burning and stinging qualitie if rubbed in the hand. the water thereof
+may afford a good cosmetick.
+
+ [90] Mr. E. T. Browne, of the Zoological Laboratory of University
+ College, London, has kindly furnished me with the following notes
+ on this subject: "Jonston (1657) gives figures of Anemones and
+ large _Medusae_ under the name of _Urtica_. On Tab. xviii. he
+ figures Anemones and other beasts, but not _medusae_. The _medusae_
+ are on the next Tab. (xix.). _Urtica marina_ includes both Anemones
+ and certain Scyphomedusae (not _Pulmo_). Under 'some ... called
+ Squalders of a burning and stinging quality,' I think Browne must
+ refer to our common stinging Scyphomedusae belonging to the genus
+ _Chrysaora_ or _Cyanaea_, of which there are three species.
+
+ "The vague description of what he calls 'sea buttons' [see below,
+ also second letter to Merrett] would suit either a Medusa or a
+ Ctenophore. The additional note, 'two small holes in the ends,'
+ rather upsets matters, but I think he must refer to some sort of
+ jelly-fish, probably damaged, which is usually the case when cast
+ up on the shore. If the buttons worn in those days were like
+ filbert-nuts or eggs, I am inclined to think that the reference
+ must be to a Ctenophore, genus _Pleurobrachia_, but if flat, then
+ to one of the _Hydromedusae_. It would be safe to say, 'probably a
+ kind of jelly-fish,' which is about as vague as the reference." See
+ also Dr. Reuben Robinson's description of "Squalders" in a letter
+ to Browne (Wilkin i., pp. 422-424). It seems probable that the
+ gelatinous masses referred to in the early part of this letter,
+ which Dr. Robinson says were ascribed by Dr. Charleton to "the
+ nocturnall pollution of some plethorick or wanton starr: or rather
+ excrement blowne from the nosthrills of a rheumatick planett," were
+ the remains of the undeveloped spawn of frogs, the bodies of which
+ had been eaten by rats, crows, or herons, and which had become
+ swollen by exposure to moisture.
+
+[The next paragraph on folio 33 _verso_ is evidently added
+subsequently.]
+
+Another elegant sort that is often found cast up by shoare in great
+numbers about ye bignesse of a button cleere & welted & may bee called
+fibula marina crystallina.
+
+hirudines marini or sea Leaches.[91]
+
+ [91] It is difficult to determine the species of marine Annelids
+ referred to by Browne; the Sea Leech is probably _Pontobdella
+ laevis_. The "large wormes" digged for bait, mentioned more than
+ once, are Lug-worms, _Arenicola piscatorum_; the _Vermes in tubulis
+ testacei_ may be tube-worms of the genus Terrebella, or a species
+ of Serpula. Tethya or "Sea dugge" (not "Sea dogs," as Wilkin has
+ it) might very well apply to _Ascidia_ or one of the allied genera.
+ Simple Ascidians, generally known as Sea-squirts, are common
+ littoral forms; the animals figured by Rondeletius under the
+ heading "De Tethyis" (p. 127) are simple Ascidians. The _vesicaria
+ marina_, or "fanago," might well refer to the egg capsules of the
+ common Whelk (_Buccinum undatum_), which are very commonly found in
+ masses on the shore. In his sixth letter to Merrett, Browne
+ mentions two kinds of "fanago," the first which I take to be the
+ egg capsules of the Whelk, resembling the "husk of peas;" the
+ smaller that of "barley when the flower [awn?] is mouldered away,"
+ may possibly be the egg capsules of _Purpura lapillus_, or of some
+ species of Natica, which bear a fanciful resemblance to grains of
+ barley. See also Merrett's second letter in Appendix A., in which
+ he describes the Vesicaria found on oyster-shells as resembling
+ flowers of _Hyacinthus botryoides_, which is not a bad description
+ of the form of the egg capsules of _P. lapillus_.
+
+vermes marini very large wormes digged a yarde deepe out of the sands
+at the ebbe for bayt. tis known where they are to bee found by a litle
+flat ouer them on ye surface of ye sand. as also vermes in tubulis
+testacei. Also Tethya or sea dugges some whereof resemble fritters [and
+_crossed out_] the vesicaria marina also & [_see Note 91_] fanago
+sometimes very large conceaued to proceed from some testaceous animals.
+& particularly [_Fol. 35_] from the purpura butt [in _crossed out_] ours
+more probably from other testaceous wee hauing not met with any large
+purpura upon this coast.
+
+[A blank space.]
+
+Many riuer fishes also and animals. Salmon[92] no co[=m]on fish in our
+riuers though many are taken in the owse. in the Bure or north riuer, in
+ye waueney or south riuer, in ye [yare or _crossed out_] norwich riuer
+butt seldome and in the winter butt 4 yeares ago 15 were taken at
+Trowes mill [ab _crossed out_] in Xtmas. whose mouths were stuck with
+small wormes or horsleaches no bigger than fine threads some of these I
+kept in water 3 moneths if a few drops of blood were putt to the water
+they would in a litle time looke red. they sensibly grewe bigger then I
+first found them and were killed by an hard froast freezing the water.
+most of our Salmons haue a recurued peece of flesh in ye end of the
+lower iawe wch when they shutt there mouths deepely enters the upper. as
+Scaliger hath noted in some.
+
+ [92] The Salmon (_Salmo salar_) is at the present day very rarely
+ found in our rivers, and those met with are, as a rule, male Kelts
+ which have strayed into unsuspected situations after floods; a
+ singular exception occurred on the 20th May, 1897, when one
+ weighing 6 lbs. was taken on a fly in the river above Stoke Holy
+ Cross Mill; this fish is preserved in the Norwich Museum. Another
+ curious capture of which I heard (but did not see the fish)
+ occurred on the 1st August, 1898, when a salmon, also of 6 lbs.
+ weight, jumped into a small boat towed behind a yacht which was
+ sailing across Breydon Water. That the salmon was at one time a
+ recognised visitor to our rivers is evident from the following
+ extract from the Norwich Court of Mayoralty Book under date 2 Novr.
+ 1667: "It is ordered that the bell man give notice that if any
+ person shall take any Salmons from the Nativity of our Lady unto
+ St. Martin's day, or destroy any young Salmons by netts or other
+ ingens from the midst of April until the Nativity of St. John
+ Baptist shall be punished according to the law." The Salmon is the
+ host of several parasites both internal and external. Fresh run
+ Salmon are generally infested with a "Sea-louse," which quickly
+ perishes in freshwater; not so, however, with the troublesome
+ worm-like creature, the subject of Browne's experiments; it is
+ known as _Lernaea salmonis_, and is only found on the gill-covers of
+ spent Kelts; it is not got rid of till the fish returns to the salt
+ water. Browne may be excused being rather sceptical as to the
+ identity of the clean run Salmon and the spent Kelt, for no greater
+ contrast can be imagined than that which exists between the
+ two--the male in the "redding" season develops the unsightly hooked
+ mandible, which so puzzled the worthy doctor, and both in colour
+ and form is as hideous an object as can be imagined. Becard
+ Gallorum (not _Beccard gallorus_), _i.e._, the fish called "Becard"
+ by the French (see second letter to Merrett), refers to the use of
+ a name still applied in France to a large Cock Salmon, and
+ "Anchorago" is the name under which the fish was described by
+ Scaliger, whose book I have not seen. Dr. Guenther tells me that
+ Artedi, "Ichthyologia," Pt. v., p. 23, quotes this name as a
+ synonym of the Salmon.
+
+The Riuers lakes & broads[93] abound in [the Lucius or _added above_]
+pikes of very large size where also is found the Brama or [breme
+_crossed out_] Breme large & well tasted the Tinca or Tench the Rubecula
+Roach as also Rowds and Dare or Dace perca or pearch great & small.
+whereof such [as] are are in Braden on this side yarmouth in the mixed
+water [are gen _crossed out_] make a dish very dayntie & I think scarce
+to bee bettered in England. butt the Blea[k] [_Fol. 36_] the chubbe the
+barbell [I haue not obserued in these riuers _crossed out_] to bee found
+in diues other Riuers in England I haue not obserued in these. As also
+fewer mennowes then in many other riuers.
+
+ [93] The freshwater fishes named in the next three paragraphs are
+ so well known as to require few remarks. The Bream in our rivers
+ and broads are very numerous and reach a large size, but of their
+ esculent qualities I have had no personal experience; not so,
+ however, with the Perch, which quite deserve Browne's high
+ encomium. It is well known here that this fish shows no aversion of
+ a certain admixture of salt and fresh water, and Mr. Lubbock
+ ("Fauna of Norfolk") says, "the point in Norfolk rivers where the
+ largest are taken with most certainty is where water begins to turn
+ brackish from the influence of the ocean;" in autumn the very
+ finest are taken by angling with a shrimp, a favourite bait in the
+ lower parts of the Yare and Waveney. In such localities a small
+ shrimp (_Hippolyte varians_, Leach) abounds, and it is to this
+ favourite food that Mr. Lubbock attributes the excellence of these
+ Perch. Roud is the local name of the Rudd (_Leuciscus
+ erythropthalmus_). The River Nar is still perhaps the best Trout
+ stream in the county, and the Crawfish is found in most of the
+ rivers but not abundantly.
+
+The Trutta or trout the Gammarus or crawfish [no _crossed out_] butt
+scarce in our riuers butt frequently taken in the Bure or north riuer &
+in the seuerall branches therof. & very remarkable large crawfishes to
+bee found in the riuer wch runnes by castleaker & nerford.
+
+The Aspredo perca minor[94] and probably the cernua of Cardan co[=m]only
+called a Ruffe in great plentie in norwich Riuers & euen in ye streame
+of the citty. which though camden appropriates vnto this citty yet they
+are also found in the riuers of oxforde [&] Cambridge.
+
+ [94] Merrett calls the Ruff _Cernua fluviatilis_, and mentions its
+ abundance in the River Yare at Norwich, which he (no doubt
+ inadvertently) assigns to the County of "Essex"; from this locality
+ Caius obtained the specimen, a drawing of which he sent to Gesner
+ under the name of _Aspredo_. Camden assigns this fish also to
+ Norwich, and Spencer, in his "Marriage of the Thames and Medway,"
+ writes of the Ruff:--
+
+    "Next cometh Yar, soft washing Norwich walls,
+    And with him bringeth to their festival
+    Fish whose like none else can show,
+    The which men Ruffins call."
+
+ This county seems to have been assigned an exclusive proprietorship
+ in the Ruff, to which, as Browne rightly points out, it had no just
+ claim.
+
+Lampetra Lampries great & small[95] found plentifully in norwich riuer &
+euen in the Citty about may [some _crossed out_] whereof some are very
+large & well cooked are counted a dayntie bitt collard up butt
+especially in pyes.
+
+ [95] Both the Sea Lamprey (_Petromyzon marinus_) and the Lampern
+ (_P. fluviatilis_) are found in the Norfolk rivers.
+
+Mustela fluuiatilis or eele poult[96] to bee had in norwich riuer & [in
+thalso _crossed out_] between it & yarmouth as also in the riuers of
+marshland resembling an eele & a cod. a very good dish & the Liuer
+thereof well answers the commendations of the Ancients.
+
+ [96] The Burbot, or Eel Pout (_Lola vulgaris_), called by Merrett a
+ Coney-fish, from its habit of concealing itself in holes in the
+ river banks. It is not sufficiently numerous now to form an article
+ of diet, and I imagine there are few living who could bear
+ testimony as to the esculent qualities of its "Liuer."
+
+[_Fol 37._] Godgions or funduli fluuiatiles, many whereof may bee taken
+within the [citty _crossed out_] Riuer in the citty:
+
+Capitones fluuiatilis or millers thumbs, pungitius fluuiatilis or
+stanticles. Aphia cobites fluuiatilis or Loches. in norwich riuers in
+the runnes about Heueningham heath in the north riuer & streames
+thereof.
+
+Of eeles[97] the co[=m]on eele & the glot wch hath somewhat a different
+shape in the bignesse of the head & is affirmed to have yong ones often
+found within it. & wee haue found a vterus in the same somewhat
+answering the icon thereof in Senesinus.
+
+ [97] The coarse variety of the Eel, known as the "Glout," or
+ Broad-nosed Eel, is believed to be the barren female; Browne's
+ informants were doubtless misled by the presence of certain
+ thread-worms (_Nematoxys_) in the abdomen of the eels, which they
+ mistook for young ones.
+
+Carpiones carpes plentifull in ponds & sometimes large ones in broads
+[_smear_] 2 the largest I euer beheld were [found _crossed out_] taken
+[_added above_] in Norwich Riuer.
+
+[A whole line is smeared out, and a break occurs in the MS. after the
+observation on the Carp; it then proceeds to notice some other
+inhabitants of the county which perhaps Browne had difficulty in
+classifying.]
+
+Though the woods and dryelands about [abound?] with adders and
+vipers[98] yet are there few snakes about our riuers or meadowes more to
+bee found in Marsh land butt ponds & plashes abound in Lizards or
+swifts.
+
+ [98] Both Vipers (or Adders) and Snakes, the latter in particular,
+ are, I imagine, much less abundant than formerly, but the few
+ species of Lizards and Newts (Swifts) are still probably in
+ undiminished numbers; the Mole Cricket (_Gryllotalpa vulgaris_) is
+ rare with us; Horse-leeches (_Aulostoma gulo_) are frequent, and
+ also "Periwinkles," which I take to be various species of
+ freshwater Molluscs, possibly of _Limnaea_. The Hard-worm (or
+ Hair-worm), _Gordius aquaticus_, which refused to be generated from
+ "horsehayres," is still an object of wonder to the unlearned, and
+ the Great Black Water-Beetle (_Hydrophilus piceus_) is found; but
+ _forficula_ and _corculum_ were a puzzle, as it is evident from
+ their association they must be aquatic forms (and the Earwig
+ certainly does not take to the water voluntarily), till my friend,
+ Mr. C. G. Barrett, referred me to the following passage in
+ Swammerdam's "Book of Nature," p. 93: "This is most certain that
+ the _Forficula aquatica_ of Jonston is the true nymph of the
+ Mordella, or Dragon-fly,"[O] Dr. Charleton in his "Onomasticon," p.
+ 57, has "Corculus, the Water-beetle, resembling an heart;" not very
+ definite, but probably the Whirligig Beetle, _Gyrinus natator_, is
+ intended; it is also an appellation given by some authors to "a
+ small species of cordiformis, or heart-shell, of a rose colour,"
+ doubtless a Cyclas or a Pisidium. Squilla is the Freshwater Shrimp
+ (_Gammarus pulex_), and _Notonecta glauca_, the Waterboatman "which
+ swimmeth on its back," is well known.
+
+ Otters are still numerous in the broads and reed-margined rivers,
+ and so long as these natural fastnesses endure in their present
+ condition they are likely to continue so.
+
+ [O] On reference to Jonston (_Historiae Naturalis de Insectis_ Lib.
+ iv., "De Insectis aquaticis" i., p. 189, Tab. xxvii.), I find that
+ under the name of "_Forficulae aquat[icae]_. M [oufet]," he has two
+ figures, the first of which is possibly a Dytiscus larva, the
+ second that of some form of Dragon-fly, which however is
+ imperfect.
+
+The Gryllotalpa or fencricket co[=m]on in fenny places butt wee haue met
+with them also in dry places dung-hills & church yards of this citty.
+
+Beside horseleaches & periwinkles in plashes & standing waters we haue
+met with vermes setacei or hardwormes butt could neuer conuert
+horsehayres into them by laying them in water as also the [_Fol. 38_]
+the (_bis_) great Hydrocantharus or black shining water Beetle the
+forficula, sqilla, corculum and notonecton that swimmeth on its back.
+
+Camden [_smear_] reports that in former time there haue been [otters
+_crossed out_] Beuers in the Riuer of Cardigan in wales. this wee are to
+sure of that the Riuers great Broads & carres afford great store of
+otters with us, a [des _crossed out_] great destroyer of fish as feeding
+butt from ye vent downewards. [a prey _crossed out_] not free from being
+a prey it self for their yong ones haue been found in Buzzards nests.
+they are accounted no bad dish by many are to bee made very tame and in
+some howses haue [semed _crossed out_] serued for turnespitts.
+
+[Blank space.]
+
+    NOTE.--Although Browne's account of the Fishes is doubtless
+    derived from his personal observation, I have found it very
+    difficult in some families, such as the Cods, Rays, Gurnards,
+    Flat-fishes, and Gobies to identify them with the species as at
+    present known; in fact, they were at that time very imperfectly
+    differentiated, and the figures in the old authors are generally
+    so inexact as not to be recognisable. Ray, in 1674 ("English
+    Words not generally known," p. 101), thus writes of the sea
+    fishes, "several of them, we judge, not yet described by any
+    Author extant in print: indeed the writers of Natural History of
+    Animals living far from the Ocean, and so having never had
+    opportunity of seeing these kind of fishes ... write very
+    confusedly and obscurely concerning them," a remark which I have
+    found abundantly verified.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS TO MERRETT.
+
+[MS. SLOANE. 1833. FOL. 14.]
+
+No. 1.
+
+"_My father to Dr. Meret July 13, 1668._"
+
+
+  Most honourd Sir,
+
+[_Fol 14._] I take ye boldnesse to salute you as a person of singular
+worth & learning and whom I very much respect & honour. I presented my
+service to you by my sonne some months past, and had thought before this
+time to have done it by him again, but the time of his returne to London
+being yet uncertaine, I would not deferre these at present unto you. I
+should be very glad to serve you by any observations of mine against yr.
+second edition of your Pinax[99] which I cannot sufficiently commende. I
+have observed and taken notice of many animals in these parts whereof 3
+years agoe a learned gentleman of this country desired me to give him
+some account, which while I was doing ye gentleman my good friend died.
+I shall only at this time present and name some few unto you which I
+found not in your catalogue. A Trachurus [_see Note 61_] which yearly
+cometh before or in ye head of ye herrings called therefore an horse.
+Stella marina testacea [_see Note 87_] which I have often found upon the
+sea-shoare, an Astacus marinus pediculi marini facie [_see Note 81_]
+which is sometimes taken with the lobsters at Cromer in Norfolck. a
+pungitius marinus [_see Note 75_] wereof I have known many taken among
+weeds by fishers who drag by ye Sea-shoare on this coast. A Scarabaeus
+capricornus odoratus[100] which I take to be mentioned by Moufetus fol.
+150. I have taken some abroad one in my Seller which I now send he saith
+_nucem moschatam et cinamomum vere Spirat_ to me it smelt like roses
+santalum & Ambegris. I have thrice met with Mergus maximus Farensis
+Clusij, [_see Note 11_] and have a draught thereof. they were taken
+about the time of herring fishing at yarmouth one was taken upon the
+shoare not able to fly away about ten yeares agoe I sent one to Dr.
+Scarborough. Twice I have met with a Skua Hoyeri [_see Note 10_] the
+draught whereof I also have. one was shot in a marsh which I gave unto a
+gentleman which [_sic_] I can sende you another was killd feeding upon a
+dead horse neere a marsh ground. Perusing your catalogue of Plants. upon
+Acorus verus,[101] I find these wordes found by Dr. Browne neere Lin.
+wherein probably there may be some mistake, for I cannot affirme nor I
+doubt any other yt. is found thereabout. Some 25 yeares ago I gave an
+account of this plant unto [this _crossed out_] Mr. Goodyeere:[102] &
+more lately to Dr. How[103] unto whome I sent some notes and a box full
+of the fresh Juli. This elegant plant groweth very plentifully and
+beareth its Julus yearly by the bankes of Norwich river [fol. 13
+_verso_] chiefly about Claxton and Surlingham. & also between norwich &
+Hellsden bridge so that I have known Heigham Church in the suburbes of
+Norwich strowed all over with it, it hath been transplanted and set on
+the sides of Marish pondes in severall places of the country where it
+thrives and beareth ye Julus yearly.
+
+ [99] It is evident that Merrett was collecting a considerable
+ amount of materials for an enlarged edition of his _Pinax Rerum
+ Naturalium Britannicarum_, on behalf of which Browne seems, by this
+ introductory letter, to have tendered his assistance, but the
+ contemplated edition, probably for reasons which I have mentioned
+ elsewhere, never appeared; happily, these rough drafts have been
+ preserved, although it seems not unlikely that the letters
+ themselves, should they ever be found, would differ from them in
+ some respects.
+
+ [100] _Scarabaeus capricornus odoratus._ The Musk Beetle, _Aromia
+ moschata_, L.
+
+ [101] _Acorus calamus_, the Sweet Flag, is still found in plenty in
+ various localities in the county, but it does not appear to develop
+ its curious "julus" every year. It was very abundant at Heigham, a
+ suburb of Norwich, on the site now occupied by the goods yard of
+ the Midland and Great Northern Railway, and it was probably from
+ this spot that the supply was obtained for the purpose of littering
+ the floor of the old parish church. Mr. Vaux, in his "Church
+ Folk-Lore," p. 264, says that up to the passing of the Municipal
+ Reform Bill the Town Clerk of Norwich was accustomed to pay the
+ sub-sacrist of the cathedral an amount of one guinea for strewing
+ the floor with rushes on the Mayor's Day. The custom is said to
+ have been adopted "as well for coolness as for pleasant smell." The
+ pleasant cinnamon-like scent of the rush, on being trodden on, is
+ said to have perfumed the whole building. The root was also used as
+ a remedy in cases of ague, and formed the base of tooth and hair
+ powders.
+
+ [102] Towards the end of the Introductory Letter to Johnson's
+ (1636) Edition of Gerard's "Herball," he acknowledges the
+ assistance he received from Mr. John Goodyer, of Maple-Durham, in
+ Hampshire. Sir J. E. Smith ("Eng. Flora," iv., p. 34) speaks of him
+ as "one of the most deserving of our early English Botanists."
+ Robert Brown named a genus of plants (_Goodyera_) after Goodyer.
+
+ [103] William How, 1620-1656, was the author of "Phytologia
+ Britannica," Lond., 1650, "the earliest work on botany restricted
+ to the plants of this island" ("Dic. of Nat. Biog."). He practised
+ medicine in London.
+
+Sesamoides Salamanticum Magnum.[104] Why you omit Sesamoides
+Salamanticum parvum this groweth not far from Thetford and Brandon and
+plentifull in neighbour places where I found it and have it in my hortus
+hyemalis answering ye description in Gerard.
+
+ [104] _Sesamoides_ is stated in Ree's Encyclopaedia and in Eng. Fl.
+ to be a synonym of _Reseda_, therefore _Sesamoides magnum_ would
+ appear to be _R. luteola_ and _S. parvum_, _R. lutea_.
+
+Urtica Romana[105] which groweth with button seede bags is not in yr.
+catalogue I have founde it to grow wild at [Golston _crossed out_]
+Golston by Yarmouth, & transplanted it to other places.[P]
+
+ [105] _Urtica Romana_, which is again referred to as _U. mas_ near
+ the end of the third letter and as being found at Gorleston, is the
+ Roman Nettle, _U. pilulifera_. In 1834 the Pagets ("Nat. Hist. of
+ Great Yarmouth") reported it as still found under old walls at
+ Gorleston, "but rarer than formerly," and it is only in recent
+ years that it has been exterminated, owing to building operations
+ in that locality.
+
+ [P] This letter, evidently a copy as shown by the heading "My
+ father to Dr. Meret," is in the writing of Dr. Edwd. Browne.
+
+
+[MS. SLOANE 1830. FOL. 39-40.]
+
+No. II.
+
+_Fol. 39._]
+
+"_My second letter to Dr Meret Aug xiiii 1668._"
+
+Honord Sr I receiued your courteous letter & am sorry some diuersions
+have so long delayed this my second vnto you. You are very exact in the
+account of the fungi. I have met with two,[106] which I have not found
+in any Author, of which I have sent you a rude draught inclosed. The
+first an elegant fungus Ligneus found in an hollow sallowe I haue one of
+them by mee butt without a very good opportunitie dare not send it
+fearing it should bee broken vnto some it seemed to resemble some noble
+or princely ornament of the head & so might bee called fungus Regius
+vnto others a turret, top of a cupola or Lanterne of a building & so
+might bee named fungus pterygoides, pinnacularis or Lanterniformis you
+may name it as you please. The second fungus Ligneus teres Antliarum or
+fungus ligularis longissimus consisting [of _crossed out_] or made of
+many wooddy strings about the bignesse of round poynts or Laces some
+about half a yard long shooting in a bushie forme from the trees wch
+serue vnderground for pumpes. I have obserued diuers especially in
+norwich where wells are sunck deep for pumpes.
+
+ [106] Dr. Plowright informs me that "it is impossible to say with
+ certainty what the first named Fungus is; the description suggests
+ some form of Polyporus perhaps, _P. varius,_ which is a ligneous
+ species and occurs frequently on willows in Norfolk. The second is
+ the abortive form of _Polyporus squamosus_, which is well figured
+ by many of the older botanists, for instance under the name of
+ _Boletus rangiferinus_, by Bolton, t. 138, and _Boletus squamosus_,
+ var. _rangiferinus_, by Hooker, 'Flora Londinensis,' new series. In
+ many cases no pileus at all is formed and it used then to be
+ referred to Clavaria." The Phalloides is _Phallus impudicus_, L., a
+ very common species in this county and even occurring in some of
+ the city gardens where its exceedingly offensive odour renders it
+ very undesirable. Fungus rotundus is the well-known _Lycoperdon
+ giganteum_, Fr., which sometimes reaches a very large size.
+
+The fungus phalloides found not farre from norwich large & very fetid
+answering the description of Hadrianus junius I have a part of one dryed
+by mee.
+
+Fungus rotundus maior I haue found about x inches in Diameter & half
+[_sic_, have?] half a one dryed by mee.
+
+Another small paper containes the rude draughts of fibulae marinae
+pellucidae, [_see Note 90_] or sea buttons a kind of squalder & referring
+to vrtica marina which I haue obserued in great numbers by yarmouth
+after a flood & easterly winds. They resemble pure crystall buttons
+chamfered or welted on the sides with 2 small holes at the ends. They
+cannot bee sent for the included water or thinne gelly soon runneth from
+them.
+
+Vrtica marina minor jonstoni [_see Note 90_] I haue often found on this
+coast. [Continued on fol. 39 _verso_.]
+
+Physsalus [_see Note 89_] I haue often found also I haue one dryed but
+it hath lost its shape & colour.
+
+Galei & caniculae [_see Note 56_] are often found I haue a fish hanged up
+in my yard of 2 yards long taken among the Herrings at yarmouth which is
+the Canis carcharias alius Johnstoni. Tab. vi fig. 6.
+
+Lupus marinus you mention upon an handsome experiment butt I find it not
+in the catalogue. This Lupus marinus or Lycostomus is often taken by our
+seamen wch fish for cods I haue had diuers brought mee. they hang up in
+many howses in Yarmouth.
+
+Trutta marina is taken with us--a better dish than the Riuer trowt butt
+of the same bignesse.
+
+Loligo sepia a cuttle page 191 of your Pinax [_see Note 80_] I conceiue
+worthy Sr it were best to putt them in 2 distinct lines as distinct
+species of the Molles. The loligo, calamare or sleue I haue often found
+cast up on the seashoare & some haue been brought mee by fishermen of
+aboue [20 _crossed out_] twentie pound wayet.
+
+Among the fishes of our Norwich riuer wee scarce reckon salmons [_see
+Note 92_] yet some are yearly taken. butt all taken in the Riuer or
+coast haue the end of the lower jaw very much hooked which enters a
+great way into the upper jaw like a socket. you may find the same though
+not in figure if you please to read Johnstonus fol 101 I am not
+satisfied with the conceit of some authors there that is [it?] is a
+difference of male and female for all ours are thus formed. The fish is
+thicker than [oth _crossed out_] ordinarie salmons and very much & more
+largely spotted whether not rather Beccard gallorum or Anchorago
+Scaligeri I haue bothe draught & head of one dryed either of wch you may
+command.
+
+Scyllarus or cancellus in turbine tis probable you have [_see Note 84_].
+haue you cancellus in nerite a small testaceous found upon this coast.
+
+[_Fol. 40._] Haue you mullus ruber asper [_see Note 63_].
+
+Haue [you] piscis octangularis Bivormii?[Q] [_see Note 66_, also pp. 65
+and 87 _infra_].
+
+ [Q] Thus in the MS., but Browne seems to have intended to write
+ Bicornis Vormii, and accidentally to have run the two words
+ together [_see_ p. 41 _supra_].
+
+vermes marini larger than earthwormes [_see Note 91_] digged out of the
+sea sand about 2 foot deepe at an ebbe water for bayte they are
+discouered by a little hole or sinking of the sand at the top aboue
+them.
+
+Haue you that handsome colourd [bird _crossed out_] jay [_see Note 49_]
+answering the description of Garrulus Argentoratensis & may be called
+the parret jay I haue one that was killed upon a tree about 5 yeares
+ago.
+
+Haue you a may chitt a small dark gray bird [_see Note 29_] about the
+bignesse of a stint wch cometh about may & stayeth butt a moneth. a bird
+of exceeding fattnesse and accounted a daintie dish. they are
+plentifully taken in marshland and about wisbich.
+
+Haue you a [caprimulgus or _written above_] dorhawke a bird as bigge as
+[a] pigeon [_see Note 42_] with a wide throat bill as little as a
+titmous & white fethers in the tayle & paned like an hawke.
+
+Succinum raro occurrit[107] pag 291 of yours. [Should be p. 219] not so
+rarely on the coast of norfolk. tis usually found in small peeces [butt
+_crossed out_] sometimes in peeces of a pound wayght. I haue one by mee
+fat & fayre of x ounces wayght--jet more often found I haue an handsom
+peece of xii ounces in wayet.
+
+ [107] Amber, writes Mr. Clement Reid, in a paper contributed by him
+ to the "Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat. Soc." (iii., p. 601), "is found
+ on the Norfolk coast, usually mixed with the seaweed thrown up by
+ the Spring gales," but is very rarely found in place; as much as
+ three or four pounds are annually gathered near Cromer. The
+ quality, Mr. Rein says, is very good, but the dark transparent
+ lumps are most generally found. In a subsequent paper (_op. cit._,
+ iv., p. 248) he enumerates seven species of insects which have been
+ found enclosed, and in a third communication mentions an eighth.
+ Mr. A. S. Ford, as the result of an examination of a collection of
+ East-coast Amber made at Yarmouth (_op. cit._, v., p. 92), adds one
+ species of Hymenoptera, three of Coleoptera, two of Orthoptera,
+ with some Araneida, and remains of vegetable substances which had
+ not been identified.
+
+ The Jet found on the Norfolk coast differs considerably from the
+ Whitby Jet, and Mr. Reid, "Geology of the Country Round Cromer" (p.
+ 133), believes that in all probability it was originally derived
+ from Lower Tertiary beds under the North Sea, a few miles from the
+ present coast. Mr. Savin estimates the average annual find of Jet
+ near Cromer at from ten to twenty pounds.
+
+ The doctor does not display his usual acumen when he rejects the
+ "ancient" opinion as to the vegetable origin of Amber, see
+ _Pseudodoxia_, book ii., chap. iv.; also letter from Earl of
+ Yarmouth to T. B. (Wilkin Edit. i., p. 411).
+
+
+No. III.
+
+[FOL. 40 _verso_.]
+
+"_My third letter Sept xiii._"
+
+Sr I receaued your courteous Letter and with all respects I now agayne
+salute you.
+
+The mola piscis is almost yearely taken on our coast [_see Note 58_]
+this [last _crossed out_] year one was taken of about 2 hundred pounds
+wayght diuers of them I haue opened & haue found many lyce sticking
+close vnto thier gills whereof I send you some.
+
+In your pinax I find onocrotalus or pellican [_see Note 25_] whether you
+meane those at St. James or others brought ouer or such as haue been
+taken or killed heere I knowe not. I haue one hangd up in my howse wch
+was shott in a fenne ten miles of about 4 yeares ago and because it was
+so rare some conjectured it might bee one of those which belonged vnto
+the King & flewe away.
+
+Ciconia raro hue aduolat. I haue seen two [_see Note 14_] one in a
+watery marsh 8 miles of, another shott whose case is yet to bee seen.
+[See Appendix D.]
+
+Vitulus marinus. _In tractibus borealibus et Scotia_ [_see Note 53_]. no
+raritie upon the coast of Norfolk at a lowe water I haue knowne them
+taken asleep vnder the cliffes. diuers haue been brought vnto mee. our
+seale is different from the Mediterranean seale. as hauing a rounder
+head a shorter and stronger body.
+
+Rana piscatrix I haue often known taken on our coast & some very large
+[_see Note 59_].
+
+Xiphias or gladius piscis or sword fish wee haue in our seas [_see Note
+55_]. I haue the head of one which was taken not long ago entangled in
+the Herring netts the sword aboue 2 foot in length.
+
+Among the whales you may very well putt in the spermacetus [_see Note
+51_] or that remarkably peculiar whale which so aboundeth in spermaceti.
+about twelve years ago wee had one cast up on our shoare neer welles wch
+I discribed in a peculiar chapter in the last edition of [_Fol. 41_] my
+pseudodoxia epidemica. another was diuers yeares before cast up at
+Hunstanton. both whose heads are yet to bee seen.
+
+Ophidion or at least ophidion nostras [_see Note 69_] co[=m]only called
+a sting fish hauing a small prickley finne running all along the back, &
+another a good way on the belly, with little black spotts at the bottom
+of the back finne if the fishermens hands bee touched or scrached with
+this venemous fish they grow paynfull and swell the figure hereof I send
+you in colours they are co[=m]on about cromer see Schoneveldeus de
+Ophidiis.
+
+Piscis octogonius or octangularis answering the discription of
+Cataphractus Schoneveldei [_see Note 66_] only his is discribed with the
+finnes spread & when it was fresh taken & a large one howeuer this may
+bee nostras I send you one butt I haue seen much larger which fishermen
+haue brought mee.
+
+Physsalus [_see Note 89_]. I send one which hath been long opened &
+shrunck & lost the colour when I tooke it upon the sea shoare it was
+full & plump answering the figure & discription of Rondeletius. there is
+also a like figure at the end of [Rondeletius _crossed out_] muffetus I
+haue kept them aliue butt obserued no motion [butt _crossed out_] except
+of contraction and dilation when it is fresh the prickles or brisles are
+of a brisk green & Amethest colours--some call it a sea mous.
+
+Our mullet is white & imberbis [_see Note 63_] butt wee haue also a
+mullis barbatus ruber miniaceus or cinnaberinus somewhat rough & butt
+drye meat. there is of them maior & minor resembling the figures in
+Johnstonus tab xvii Rotbart.
+
+Of the Acus marinus or needle fishes [_see Note 64_] I haue obserued 3
+sorts. The Acus Aristotelis called heere an Addercock Acus maior or
+Garfish with a green verdigris backbone the other saurus Acui similis
+Acus sauroides or sauriformis as it may be called much answering to the
+discription of saurus Rondeletij in the hinder part much resembling a
+makerell opening one I found not the backbone green Johnstonus writes
+nearest to it in his Acus minor. I send you the head of one dryed butt
+the bill is broken I haue the whole draught in picture. this kind is
+more rare then the other wch are co[=m]on & is a rounder fish.
+
+[_Fol. 41 verso._] Vermes marini are large wormes [_see Note 91_] found
+2 foot deep in the sea sands & are digged out at an ebbe for bayt.
+
+The Avicula Maialis or may chitt [_see Note 29_] is a litle dark gray
+bird somewhat bigger then a stint which co[=m]eth in may or the later
+end of April & stayeth about a moneth. A marsh bird the legges & feet
+black without an heele the bill black about 3 quarters of an inch long
+they grow very fatt & are accounted a dayntie dish.
+
+A Dorhawke a bird not full so bigge as a pigeon [_see Note 42_] somewhat
+of a woodcock colour & paned somewhat like an hawke with a bill not much
+bigger then that of a Titmouse [& very wide throat _added above_] known
+by the name of a dorhawke or prayer upon beetles, as though it were some
+kind of accipiter muscarius. in brief this accipiter cantharophagus or
+dorhawke [_a word smeared out_] is _Avis Rostratula gutturosa_, _quasi
+coaxans_, _scarabaeis vescens_, _sub vesperam volans_, _ouum
+speciosissim[=u]_ [_word smeared_] _excludens_. I haue had many of them &
+am sorry I have not one to send you I spoake to a friend to shoote one
+butt I doubt they are gone ouer.
+
+of the vpupa [_see Note 35_] diuers have been brought mee & some I haue
+obserued in these parts as I trauuyled about.
+
+The Aquila Gesneri I sent [aliue _added above_] to Dr. Scarburg [_see
+Note 3_] who told mee it was kept in the colledge it was brought mee out
+of Ireland. I kept it 2 yeares in my howse I am sorry I haue only one
+fether of it to send you.
+
+A shooing horn or Barker from the figure of the bill & barking note
+[_see Note 38_] a long made bird of white & blakish colour finne footed,
+a marsh bird & not rare some times of the yeare in marshland. it may
+upon vewe bee called Recuruirostra nostras or Auoseta much resembling
+the Auosettae [species _crossed out_] species in Johnstonus tab (54). I
+send you the head in picture
+
+[A _smeared out_] stone curliews I haue kept in large cages [_see Note
+37_] the[y] haue a prettie shrill note, not hard to bee got in some
+parts of norfolk.
+
+[_Fol. 42_] Haue you Scorpius marinus Schoneueldei [_see Note 68_]
+
+haue you putt in the musca Tulipar[=u] muscata[108]
+
+ [108] It seems impossible to identify this insect; _Merodon
+ narcissi_ has been suggested, but Mr. Verrall, whom I consulted
+ says, "certainly not _Merodon_, which probably was not known in
+ Britain until about 1870," and suggests the small fly _Nemopoda_.
+ Mr. Bloomfield writes that the only fly of which he has seen any
+ mention as having a musky or "excellent fragrant odour" is _Sepsis
+ cynipsea_, which Kirby and Spence state on the authority of De
+ Geer, "emits a fragrant odour of beaum" (balm); this species is
+ very nearly allied to Nemopoda. Several Bees, for instance the
+ Genus _Prosopis_, emit a strong scent of balm, and it is possible
+ that Browne may have used the term "fly" in what is even now a
+ popular sense, and that really some species of Bee may have called
+ forth his remarks. It will be noticed that at p. 74 he speaks of it
+ as a "small beelike flye."
+
+That bird which I sayd much answered the discription of Garrulus
+Argentoratensis [_see Note 49_] I send you it was shott on a tree x
+miles of 4 yeares ago. it may well bee called the Parret Jay or Garrulus
+psittacoides speciosus. the colours are much faded. if you haue it
+before I should bee content to haue it agayne otherwise you may please
+to keep it.
+
+Garrulus Bohemicus[109] probably you haue a prettie handsome bird with
+the fine cinnaberin tipps of the wings some wch I haue seen heere haue
+the tayle tipt with yellowe wch is not in the discription.
+
+ [109] Mr. Stevenson, whom very little relating to Norfolk
+ Ornithology escaped, was well acquainted with Sir Thomas Browne's
+ works, yet has in his "Birds of Norfolk" unaccountably overlooked
+ this passage, and remarks that Browne does not appear to have
+ noticed this species; he however not only refers to it as above,
+ but evidently describes it from his personal observation. It is a
+ very uncertain winter visitor to this county, but on rare occasions
+ makes its appearance in considerable flocks. A remarkable instance
+ of this occurred in the winter of 1866-7, when Mr. Stevenson, as
+ the result of the examination of a very large series, contributed
+ an exhaustive paper on the plumage of this handsome bird to the
+ "Transactions of the Norf. and Nor. Nat. Soc.," iii., pp. 326-344.
+
+I haue also sent you urtica mas [_see Note 105_] which I lately gathered
+at Golston by yarmouth where I found it to growe also 25 yeares ago. of
+the stella marina Testacea which I sent you [_see Note 87_] I do not
+find the figure in any booke.
+
+I send you a few flies[110] which some unhealthful yeares about the
+first part of september I haue obserued so numerous upon plashes in the
+marshes & marish diches that in a small compasse it were no hard matter
+to gather a peck of them I brought some what my box would hold butt the
+greatest part are scatterd lost or giuen away for memorie sake I writ on
+my box muscae palustres Autumnales [See Appendix D.]
+
+ [110] Mr. Verrall assures me that even in the present day it is
+ quite impossible to recognise the species of Diptera described by
+ persons unacquainted with the particular group, and that Browne's
+ remarks would apply to hundreds of species. It is possible that an
+ _Ephydra_ may be meant. This genus of small flies, says Mr.
+ Verrall, abounds in such places as Browne describes, but it is
+ likely that other species were with them.
+
+worthy Sr I shall be euer redie to serue you who am Sr your humble
+Seruant
+
+  THO BROWNE.
+
+  _Norwich, Sep 16. 1668._
+
+
+No. IV.
+
+"_The fourth Letter to Dr. Merrett Decemb xxix._" [1668]
+
+[_Fol. 42 verso._] Sr I am very joyfull that you haue recouered your
+health whereof I heartily wish the continuation for your own and the
+publick good. And I humbly thank you for the courteous present of your
+booke.[111] with much delight and satisfaction I had read the same not
+once in English I must needs acknowledge your co[=m]ent more acceptable
+to me then the text which I am sure is an hard obscure peice without it.
+though I haue not been a stranger unto the vitriarie Art both in England
+and abroad.
+
+ [111] This evidently refers to the gift of a copy of Merrett's
+ Latin translation of Antonio Neri's _L'Arte Vetraria_ (Firenze,
+ 1612, 4to), published under the title of "The Art of Glass,
+ translated into English with some observations on the Author," &c.,
+ in 1662, and a Latin edition in 1668.
+
+I perceiue you haue proceeded farre in your Pinax. These few at present
+I am bold to propose & hint unto you intending God willing to salute you
+agayne.
+
+A paragraph might probably be annexed unto Quercus. Though wee haue not
+all the exotick oakes, nor their excretions yet these and probably more
+supercrescences productions or excretions may bee obserued in England.
+
+  Viscum--polypodium--Juli pilulae--
+  Gemmae foraminatae [formicatae?] folior[=u]--
+  excrement[=u] fungosum verticibus scatens--
+  Excrementum Lanatum--
+  Capitula squamosa jacaeae aemula.
+  Nodi--melleus Liquor--Tubera radicum
+  vermibus scatentia--Muscus--Lichen--
+  Fungus--varae quercinae.[112]
+
+ [112] The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield has most kindly assisted me in
+ attempting to identify the Parasitic products of the Oak mentioned
+ above:
+
+ _Viscum_, is doubtless the Mistletoe.
+
+ _Polypodium_, the Common Polypody Fern.
+
+ _Juli pilulae_: "little balls on the flower catkins." The Currant
+ Gall, _Neurosterus baccarum_, which is the spring form of _N.
+ lenticularis_; Oliv.
+
+ _Gemmae foraminatae [formicatae?] foliorum_: "pimple-like buds on the
+ leaves." Leaf-galls, such as the Silky Button, _N. numismatis_,
+ Oliv., and the common Spangle, _N. lenticularus_, Oliv.
+
+ _Excrementum fungosum verticibus scatens_: "a spongy secretion
+ bursting out from the ends of the shoots." The Oak Apple, _Biorhiza
+ terminalis_, Fab.
+
+ _Excrementum lanatum_: the Woolly Gall, _Andricus ramuli_, L., a
+ somewhat rare Gall, resembling a ball of cotton-wool.
+
+ _Capitula squamosa jacaeae aemula_: "little scaley (or imbricated)
+ heads resembling the heads of Jacea" (Black Knapweed). The
+ Artichoke Gall. _Andricus fecundatrix_; Htg.
+
+ _Nodi_: probably swellings of any sort, whether caused by insects
+ or not.
+
+ _Melleus liquor_: Honey-dew, a secretion of Aphides.
+
+ _Tubera radicum vermibus scatentia_: "swollen tubers on the roots
+ containing grubs;" without doubt the Root-Gall, _Andricus radicis_,
+ Fab. Polythalamous Galls, often very large at the roots or on the
+ trunk near the ground.
+
+ Mosses, Lichens, and Fungi, all "genuine products of the Oak," need
+ no comment, but Mr. Bloomfield remarks, "How wonderfully observant
+ Sir Thomas Browne must have been thus to distinguish the various
+ galls, &c., and to point them out so distinctly."
+
+ Browne's contemporary, Dean Wren, seems sadly to have misunderstood
+ the fructification of the Oak. In a note on Browne's remarks on the
+ "Miseltoe" (_Pseudodoxia_, book ii., chap. vi.), he says,
+ "Arboreous excrescences of the Oak are soe many as may raise the
+ greatest wonder. Besides the gall, which is his proper fruite, hee
+ shootes out oakerns, i.e., _ut nunc vocamus_ (acornes), and oakes
+ apples, and polypodye, and moss; five several sorts of
+ excrescences." See also letter to his son, Dr. Edward Browne, in
+ which Sir Thomas Browne says that "wee haue little or none of
+ _viscus quercinus_, or miselto of the oake, in this country; butt I
+ beleeve they have in the woods and parks of Oxfordshyre."--Wilkin,
+ i, p. 279.
+
+[_Fol. 43._] Capillaris marina sparsa fucus capillaris marinus sparsus
+sive capillitius marinus or sea periwigge.[113] strings of this are
+often found on the sea shoare. but this is the full figure I haue seen 3
+times as large.
+
+ [113] In Sir Thomas Browne's time the Hydrozoa were not
+ distinguished from the Corallines, and both were regarded as
+ vegetable growths. It is almost impossible to determine from his
+ vague descriptions even to which section those mentioned belong,
+ but although our exposed coast-line is not favourable to such
+ growths, there are a few common species of Hydroid Zoophytes which
+ abound here, and to these, fortunately, Browne's specimens appear
+ to belong. What he calls the "Sea-perriwig" is doubtless
+ _Sertularia operculata_, Lin., sometimes known as "Sea-hair," a
+ very common and widely dispersed species.
+
+I send you also [_several words smeared out_] a little elegant sea
+plant[114] which I pulled from a greater bush thereof which I haue
+resembling the back bone of a fish. Fucus marinus vertebratus pisciculi
+spinum referens Icthyorachius or what you thinck fitt.
+
+ [114] The little "Fucus," which he compares to the backbone of a
+ fish, is probably _Halecium halecinum_, Lin., the "Herring-bone
+ Coral" of Ellis, one of the most common Zoophytes on our coast. The
+ "Abies," of which he suggests at p. 75 that this may be a
+ "difference," is most likely _Sertularia abietina_, Lin., which
+ this species resembles, but is less regularly pinnate; this may
+ have led him to suppose that the "sprouts, wings, or leaves" may
+ have fallen off. The _Fucus marinus_ is most likely _Fucus
+ serratus_.
+
+And though perhaps it bee not worth the taking notice of formicae
+arenariae marinae or at least muscus formicarius marinus[115] yet I
+obserue great numbers by the seashoare and at yarmouth an open sandy
+coast, in a sunny day many large and winged ones may bee obserued upon &
+rising out of the [shoare _crossed out_] wet sands when the tide falls
+away.
+
+ [115] Swarms of Ants and Flies are no uncommon sight along the
+ seashore at certain seasons of the year, and under the conditions
+ which Browne describes. The Pagets ("Nat. Hist. of Great Yarmouth")
+ mention that the fly, _Actora aestuum_, is common on the beach at
+ high-water mark; but Mr. Verrall writes me that there are many
+ others likely to be thus met with, such as _Orygma luctuosa_ and
+ _Limosina zosterae_, widely divergent species. In his "Journal of a
+ Tour" into Derbyshire, Dr. Edward Browne, in crossing the sands of
+ the Wash, mentions his satisfaction at the absence of the swarms of
+ flies "with which all the fenne countrys are extremely pestered."
+ _See also Note 110 supra._
+
+Notonecton an insect that swimmeth on its back [_see Note 98_] &
+mentioned by Muffettus may be obserued with us.
+
+I send you a white Reed chock[116] by name some kind of Junco or litle
+sort thereof I haue had another very white when fresh.
+
+ [116] It is impossible to form an idea as to what is here intended.
+ I know of no _Juncus_ which would answer the description. Professor
+ Newton reminds me__ that "Junco" was a common name for "a bird that
+ inhabited reeds," and was loosely applied, some old authors taking
+ it to be the Reed Thrush (_i.e._, the Great Reed-Warbler of these
+ days), and others, the Reed-Sparrow or Bunting. But bearing in mind
+ Browne's practice of referring to Jonston, it seems possible that
+ the latter's _Junco_ may be here intended, and that, as the figure
+ (pl. 53) shows, is a small Sandpiper, almost certainly the Dunlin.
+ It is lettered "Junco Bellonii," but this he must have taken
+ second-hand from Aldrovandus, since Belon never used the word
+ "Junco" in this connexion, but called it "Schoeniclus" or
+ "Alouette-de-mer"--terms rendered _Junco_ by Aldrovandus (iii. p.
+ 487). Charleton took the same view in his "Onomasticon" (p. 108),
+ published in 1668 (the year assigned as that of this letter),
+ stating that it was so-called because "in juncis libenter degat,"
+ and identifying it with the _Alouette-de-mer_ of the French, and
+ the English "Stint, or Sparr, or Perr." Gilbert White appears to
+ have thus applied the term (_cf._ "Life" by Rashleigh Holt-White,
+ i. pp. 186, 194, 250). In one place he says, "No. five is Ray's
+ _Junco_ and the _Turdus arundinaceus_ of Linn." That "Junco" is the
+ name of a bird is absolutely certain, but the context, "very white
+ when fresh," does not seem to admit of explanation.
+
+Also the draught of a sea fowle called a sherewater [_see Note 17_]
+billed like a cormorant, feirce & snapping like it upon any touch. I
+kept 2 of them aliue 5 weekes cramming them with fish refusing of
+themselues to feed on anything & wearied with cramming them they liued
+17 dayes without food. They often fly about fishing [ves _crossed out_]
+shipps when they cleans their fish & throwe away the offell. so that it
+may bee referred to the Lari as Larus niger gutture albido rostro
+adunco.
+
+Gossander videtur esse puphini species [_Pinax_, p. 184]. worthy Sr that
+wch we call a gossander [_see Note 19_] & is no rare fowle among us is a
+large well colourd & marked diuing fowle most answering the [mer
+_crossed out_] Merganser. it may bee like the puffin in fattnesse and
+[Ranknesse _crossed out_] Ranknesse butt no fowle is I think like the
+puffin differenced from all others by a peculiar kind of bill
+
+[_Fol 43 verso._] Barganders [_see Note 18_] not so rare as Turn
+[Turner] makes them co[=m]on in Norfolk so abounding in vast & spatious
+warrens.
+
+If you haue not yet putt in Larus minor or a sterne [_see Note 13_] it
+would not bee omitted, co[=m]on about broad waters and plashes not
+farre from the sea.
+
+Haue you a Yarwhelp, Barker, or Latrator [_see Note 39_] a marsh bird
+about the bignesse of a Godwitt
+
+Haue you Dentalia [_see Note 83_] which are small vniualue testacea
+whereof sometimes wee find some on the seashoare
+
+Haue you putt in nerites another little Testaceum which wee haue [_see
+Note 83_].
+
+Haue you an Apiaster a small bird calld a Beebird.[117]
+
+ [117] Probably the Spotted Flycatcher is here referred to, the
+ prefix not being used in a technical sense; it is known here as the
+ Beam-bird, either of which names may be a corruption of the other.
+ Another Norfolk name for this bird is the Wall-bird.
+
+Haue you morinellus marinus or the sea Dotterell better colourd then the
+other & somewhat lesse [_see Note 28_].
+
+I send you a draught of 2 small birds the bigger called a Chipper or
+Betulae Carptor [_see Note 48_] cropping the first sproutings of the
+Birch trees & comes early in the spring. The other a very small bird
+lesse than the certhya or ox eyecreeper called a whinne bird
+
+I send you the draught of a fish taken sometimes in our seas [_see Note
+69_]. pray compare it with Draco minor Johnstoni. this draught was taken
+from the fish dried & so the prickly finnes less discernible.
+
+There is a very small kind of smelt [_see Note 71_] butt in shape &
+smell like the other taken in good plenty about [wh _crossed out_] Lynne
+& called Primmes.
+
+Though Scombri Or Makerells [_see Note 73_] bee a co[=m]on fish yet [in
+_crossed out_] our seas afford sometimes strange & large ones as I haue
+heard from fishermen & others. & this yeare 1668 one was taken at
+Lestoffe an ell long by measure & presented to a Gentleman a friend of
+myne.
+
+Musca Tuliparum moschata is a small beelike flye [_see Note 108_] of an
+excellent fragrant odour which I haue often found at the bottom of the
+flowers of Tuleps.
+
+[_Fol. 44._] In the little box I send a peece of vesicaria or seminaria
+marina [yo _crossed out_] cutt of from a good full one found on the sea
+shoare [_see Note 91_].
+
+Wee haue [_two or three words smeared out here_] also an eiectment of
+the sea very co[=m]on which is fanago [_see Note 91_] whereof some very
+large.
+
+I thank you for communicating the account of Thunder & lightening some
+strange effects thereof I haue found heere butt this last yeere wee had
+litle or no Thunder & lightening. [_No signature._]
+
+
+No. V.
+
+DR. BROWNE TO MERRETT.
+
+    [This letter which was originally printed in the "Posthumous
+    Works," will be found in MS. Sloane 1911-13, fol. 106, where it
+    is headed in pencil as addressed to Sir Wm. Dugdale, but it was
+    restored to its proper place by Wilkin in the 1836 Edition of
+    the Works, i., p. 404.]
+
+  Honoured Sir
+
+[_Fol. 106._] I am sorry I have had [diuersions _above_] of such
+necessitie, as to hinder my more sudden salute since I receiued your
+last. I thank you for the sight of the _Sperma Ceti_, and such kind of
+effects from [Lightning & Thunder _written above_] I have known and
+about 4 yeares ago about this towne when I with many others saw
+fire-balls fly & go of when they met with resistance, and one carried
+away the tiles and boards of a leucomb Window of my owne howse, being
+higher then the neighbour howses & breaking agaynst it with a report
+like a good canon. I set downe that occurrence in this citty & country,
+& haue it somewhere [in _crossed out_] amongst my papers, and fragments
+of a woman's hat that was shiuered into pieces of the bignesse of a
+groat. I haue still by mee a little of the spermaceti of our whale, as
+also the oyle & balsome wch I made with the oyle & spermaceti. Our whale
+was worth 500 lib. my Apothecarie got about fiftie pounds in one sale of
+a quantitie of sperm [_see Note 51_].
+
+I made enumeration of the excretions of the oake which might bee
+obserued in england [_see Note 112_], because I conceived they would bee
+most obseruable if you set them downe together, not minding whether
+there were any addition by excrementum fungosum vermiculis scatens I
+only meant an vsuall excretion, soft & fungous at first & pale &
+sometimes couered in part with a fresh red growing close vnto the
+sprouts. first full of maggots in little woodden cells which afterwards
+turne into little reddish browne or bay flies. of the tubera indica
+vermiculis scatentia I send you a peece, they are as bigg as good
+Tennis-balls & ligneous.
+
+The little elegant fucus [_see Note 114_] may come in as a difference of
+the abies, being somewhat like it, as also unto the 4 corrallium in
+Gerard of the sprouts whereof I could never find any sprouts wings Or
+leaves as in the abies whether fallen of I knowe not, though I call'd it
+icthyorachius or pisciculi spinam referens yet pray do you call it how
+you please I send you now the figure of a quercus mar. [inus] or alga
+which I found by the seashoare differing from the co[=m]on [_see Note
+114_] as being denticulated & in one place there seemes to bee the
+beginning of some flower pod or seedvessell.
+
+[_Fol 106. verso._] A draught of the morinellus marinus or sea doterell I
+now send you. the bill should not have been so black & the leggs more
+red, [_see Note 28_] & [the _crossed out_] a greater eye of dark red in
+the feathers of wing and back: it is lesse & differently colourd from
+the co[=m]on dotterell, wch [wee haue _crossed out_] cometh to us about
+March & September. these sea-dotterells are often shot near the sea.
+
+A yarewhelp or barker [_some words smeared out_] [_see Note 39_] a
+marsh-bird the bill 2 inches long the legges about that length the bird
+of a brown or russet colour.
+
+That which is knowne by the name of a bee-bird [_see Note 117_] is a
+litle dark gray bird I hope to get one for you.
+
+That whch I call'd a betulae carptor & should rather have calld it Alni
+carptor [_see Note 48_] whereof I sent a rude draught. it feeds upon
+alder [budds mucaments or _written above_] seeds which grow plentifully
+heere & they fly in little flocks.
+
+That [calld by some a _written above_] whin-bird is a kind of ox eye
+butt the shining yellow spot on the back of the head [_see Note 48_] is
+scarce to bee well imitated by a pensill.
+
+I confess for such litle birds I am much unsatisfied on the names giuen
+to many by countrymen, and vncertaine what to giue them myself, or to
+what classes of authors cleerly to reduce them. surely there are many
+found among us whch are not described; & therefore such whch you cannot
+well reduce may (if at all) bee set downe after the exacter nomination
+of small birds as yet of uncertain classe or knowledge.
+
+I present you with a draught of a water-fowl not co[=m]on & none of our
+fowlers can name it [_see_ p. 79 _infra_] the bill could not bee exactly
+expressed by a coale or black chalk, whereby the litle incuruitie [at
+the end _written above_] of the upper bill & small recurvitie of the
+lower is not discerned. the wings are very short, & it is finne footed.
+the bill is strong & sharp, if you name it not I am uncertaine what to
+call it pray consider this Anatula or mergulus melanoleucus rostro
+acuto.
+
+[_Fol. 107._] I send you also the heads of mustela or mergus mustelaris
+mas. et faemina [_see Note 21_] called a wesel from some resemblance in
+the head especially of the female wch is brown or russet not black &
+white like the male. & from their praying quality upon small fish. I
+have found small eeles small perches & small muscles in their stomacks.
+Have you a sea phaysant [_see Note 22_] so co[=m]only calld from
+resemblance of an hen phaisant in the head & eyes & spotted marks on the
+wings & back. & wth a small bluish flat bill, tayle longer than other
+ducks, long winges crossing over the tayle like those of a long winged
+hawke.
+
+Have you taken notice of a breed of porci solidi pedes.[118] I first
+obserued them above xx yeares ago & they are still among us. [See also
+p. 80 _infra_.]
+
+ [118] Mr. Darwin writes ("Anim. and Plants under Domestication,"
+ i., p. 78), that from the time of Aristotle to the present day,
+ Solid-hoofed Swine have been occasionally observed in various parts
+ of the world. Dr. Coues also says that this variety seems to be
+ persistent in a Texas breed. See also Professor Struthers in the
+ "Edin. New Phil. Journal," April, 1863. The two distal phalanges of
+ the two great toes, both front and back, in the examples described
+ by Professor Struthers, were joined together, forming a single
+ hoof-bearing bone. The next two phalanges were separate, and
+ sometimes kept widely apart from each other by the introduction of
+ a special ossicle. I have been told that about the year 1827, a
+ breed of solid-footed swine existed at or near Upwell. By some it
+ was thought that their flesh was not good for food because they
+ were "uncloven." Dr. Wren, in a note to Browne's _Pseudodoxia_
+ (book vi., chap. x.), says, "About Aug., 1625, at a farm 4 miles
+ from Winchester, I beheld with wonder a great heard of swine,
+ whole-footed, and taller than any other that ever I sawe."
+
+Our nerites or neritae are litle ones [_see Note 83_].
+
+I queried whether you had dentalia [_see Note 83_] becaus probably you
+might haue met with them in england. I neuer found any on our shoare
+butt one brought mee a few small ones with smooth with [_sic_] small
+shells from the shoare. I shall inquire further after them.
+
+Urtica marina minor Johnst. tab. xviii. [_see Note 90_] haue found more
+than once by the sea side.
+
+The hobby and the merlin would not bee omitted among hawkes the first
+coming to us in the spring the other about the autumn. Beside the ospray
+wee have a larger kind of agle, calld an erne [_see Note 3_]. I haue had
+many of them.
+
+Worthy deare Sr, if I can do anything farther wch may bee seruiceable
+unto you you shall ever readily co[=m]and my endeauours; who am, Sr,
+Your humble & very respectfull seruant,
+
+  THO. BROWNE.
+
+  _Febr 6 [1668-9.]_
+  _Norwich._
+
+
+No. VI.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 198.]
+
+    [This volume contains a Miscellaneous collection, mostly letters
+    to his son Edward, and some to "Tom." The following (as all in
+    the volume) is on letter-sized paper, 7-1/2 x 6 in.]
+
+  Worthy Sr
+
+[_Fol. 198._] Though I writ vnto you last monday. yet hauing omitted
+some few things wch I thought to have mentioned I am bold to giue you
+this trouble so soone agayne haue you putt in a sea fish calld a bleak
+[_see Note 74_] a fish like an herring often taken with us and eat butt
+a more lanck & thinne & drye fish.
+
+The wild swanne or elk [_see Note 8_] would not bee omitted, [here
+_crossed out_] being co[=m]on in hard winters & differenced from [the
+_crossed out_] our River swanns by the Aspera Arteria. [See also pp. 80
+and 83 _infra_.]
+
+Fulica and cotta Anglorum [_see Note 23_] are different birds though
+good resemblance between them, so some doubt may bee made whether it bee
+to bee made a coote except you set it downe fulica nostras. & cotta
+Anglorum I pray consider whether that waterbird whose draught I sent in
+the last box & thought it might bee named Anatula or mergulus
+melanoleucos may not bee some gallinula. it hath some resemblance with
+gallina hypoleucos of Johnst Tab 32 [31] butt myne hath shorter wings by
+much & the bill not so long [_Fol. 198 verso_] & slender & shorter leggs
+& lesser & so may ether be calld gallina Aquatica hypoleucos nostras or
+hypoleucos or melanoleucos Anatula or mergulus nostras.[119]
+
+ [119] The "draught" of this bird sent to Merrett is not
+ forthcoming. Professor Newton has been kind enough to send me the
+ following note on this puzzling passage. "Jonston's figure (tab.
+ 31) of _Gallina hypoleucos_, to which Browne says it bore some
+ resemblance, undoubtedly represents what we know as the Common
+ Sandpiper, _Totanus hypoleucus_ or _Actitis hypoleuca_, the
+ _Fysterlin_ of the Germans of Jonston's time (p. 160), and
+ _Fisterlein_ or _Pfisterlein_ of modern days. But there seems to be
+ some strange confusion that cannot now be cleared, between this
+ bird and Browne's _Anatula_ or _Mergulus melanoleucos_ [_see_ p. 76
+ _ante_], of which some years later, he sent a drawing, under the
+ latter name, to Willughby, in whose work it is described and
+ figured (Lat. Ed. p. 261, Engl. 343, tab. lix.), for this most
+ certainly is the Rotche or Little Auk, _Mergulus alle_ of modern
+ ornithology." In the next letter (p. 81), Browne mentions that he
+ encloses the draft of "Ralla aquatica" here referred to.
+
+Tis much there should be no Icon of Rallus or Ralla Aquatica I haue a
+draught of one & they are found among us
+
+  Feb xii     1668.
+
+The vesicaria I sent is like that you mention [_see Note 91_] if not the
+same the co[=m]on fanago resembleth the husk of peas this of [Part
+_crossed out_] Barly when the flower is mouldred away. [See also p. 89
+_infra_, where Merrett aptly compares the latter to the flowers of the
+Grape Hyacinth.]
+
+
+No. VII.
+
+[BIBLIOTHECA BODLEIANA. MS. RAWLINSON D. cviii. SR THO BROWN TO DR.
+MERRETT.]
+
+[_Fol. 105._] Sr I craue your pardon for this delayed returne unto your
+last, whose courteus acceptance & worthy entertaynment [?] deserued [a
+speed _blotted out_] even a speedier reply. The small plant may fitly
+come in among the corallines upon the [diff _crossed out_] account of
+articulation Icthyorachius [_see Note 114_] I think will bee a good
+Diference [?]. whether you will subexpand [?] the word I referre it to
+yourself. certhia may best bee vertice aureo [_word blotted out_] or
+vertice aureo penicello vix imitando. morinellus marinus [_see Note 28_]
+I think rather then Aquaticus becuse it is seen most about the sea
+coast. Anas alis oculatis[120] rather then Anser for it is not
+altogether so longe as a wild duck. of porci solidipedes [_see Note
+118_] there are still in this country in some places. and I am promised
+a pigge by a Gentleman that hath still a boar and sow of that kind. I
+tooke notice of them 26 years ago & having not lately [met with _crossed
+out_] met with any thought the race had been worne out butt I perceue it
+is not--they are whole footed in the forfeet & have [only _crossed out_]
+a seame only in the hinder. so they are animalia duplici nomine
+i[=m]unda. The wild swans or elk [_see Note 8_] in [very _crossed out_]
+lasting cold winters are most plentifull. It is larger then the River
+swan somewhat gray & of a lowder note & [differenced call _crossed
+out_] a recuruation of the Aspera arteria in the sternon as I noted in
+the margin long agoe in vulgar errors. the blicca marina [_see Note 74_]
+may well be named Harengiformis. [_several words smeared out_] I have
+the draught of that an Herring & a pilcher in one paper upon that
+account [Fol. 104 _verso_] I belieue [?] you were well informd of the
+cotta [_see_ p. 79] & fulica of our Ralla Aquatica I enclose a draught.
+
+ [120] Possibly the Pintail, _Dafila acuta_ (Linn.), _see_ p. 77.
+
+Of porci solidipedes there are diuers still in the country in some
+places I am promised a pigge by a friend who cherisheth that [new
+_crossed out_] breed. I tooke notice of them 26 yeares ago, & hauing not
+lately minded them thought they had been worn out butt I perceiue they
+are not--some are more plainly wholefooted then others & especially in
+the fore feet & in the rest there is no thorough fissure butt at most a
+superficiall seame, so they are [No. 3 cap 27 _above_] Quadrupedia
+duplici nomine i[=m]unda.
+
+[This last paragraph seems to have been written by way of emendation of
+what appears above on the same subject. A photograph of a portion of the
+above letter will, by the courtesy of the Bodleian Librarian, be found
+as a frontispiece to this volume. Mr. Jenkinson, the Librarian of the
+University of Cambridge, and through him, Mr. G. F. Warner and Mr.
+Kenyon, of the Department of Manuscripts of the British Museum, have
+kindly interested themselves in the transcript of this letter, which was
+very difficult to decipher.]
+
+
+No. VIII.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA BODLEIANA (MS. RAWL. D. cviii.)
+
+    [Draft of a letter from Sir Thomas Browne, described in the
+    Catalogue of the Rawlinson MSS. as to the Secretary of the Royal
+    Society, but from its contents evidently written to Merrett,
+    whose letter, dated 8th May, 1669, is in part a reply to it.]
+
+[_Fol 58._] Honord Sr I humbly thank you for your care of my sonnes
+paper & the Royll Societie for their acceptance of it. If hee bee in
+health I knowe hee is mindfull of their co[=m]ands receiued aboue 2
+months ago by a letter from Mr. Oldenburg.[121] I haue not heard from
+him of late the last I receiued was from Komorn[R] in Lower Hungary and
+hee was then going to the mine countryes. I think the Rowd may bee calld
+Rutilus ventre magis compresso[122] w^{ch} is the first discoverable
+difference to the eye. The weazelling [_see Note 60_] is as you see in
+the draught a long fish figura ad teretem vergente. somewhat of the
+shape butt differing in the head from the _mustela viuipara_ of
+Schoneueld. butt not lozenged on the back though the back bee much
+darker then the other parts. I send you the figure of the head of a
+cristated wild duck. it is black blackish [_sic_] in the greater part of
+the body some white on the brest & wings blewish legges & bill & seems
+to bee of the Latirostrous tribe perhaps you haue it not. it may bee
+called _Anas macrolophos_ [Fol. 59] as excelling in that kind.[123]
+there is also a draught of one sort of _mergus cristatus_ resembling
+that of Aldrovandus or Johnstonus where there is only the figure of the
+head only this is also ruffus butt the head sad red.[124] wee haue a
+kind of teale which some fowlers call crackling teale from the noyse it
+maketh[125] it is almost of the bignesse of a duck coming late of the
+yeare & latest going away hath a russet head & neck with a dark yellow
+stroak about a quarter of an inch broad from the crowne to the bill
+winged like a teale a white streake through the middle of the wings and
+edges thereof the tale blackish. it may be calld Querquedula maior
+serotina. I send you the figure in litle of a pristis[126] w^{ch} I
+receaued from a yarmouth seaman. you may please to compare it w^{th}
+yours. the asper you mention is much like our Rough or Aspredo.
+
+ [121] Henry Oldenburg (1615-1677) was born at Bremen. Came to
+ England about 1640, where he remained eight years. In 1653 he was
+ sent to England from Bremen on a diplomatic mission to Cromwell. He
+ returned to England a third time in 1660. He was an original Member
+ of the Royal Society, and became one of its first Secretaries. A
+ half-length portrait is in the possession of the Royal Society.
+
+ [R] A well-known town on the Danube, forty-seven miles west of
+ Buda-Pesth, probably the Comorra of E. Browne's letter to his
+ father, _cf._ Wilkin, i., p. 159.
+
+ [122] The Rudd (_Leuciscus erythrophthalmus_, Will.) is known in
+ Norfolk as the Roud. Browne seems to treat it as a variety of the
+ Roach (_Rutilus_, Willugh.), and Merrett in his second letter
+ remarks with approval "you have very well named the Rutilus."
+
+ [123] _Fuligula cristata_ (Linnaeus), the Tufted Duck.
+
+ [124] Professor Newton suggests that Browne intended to write
+ _Mergus cirratus_. Aldrovandus figures the head, iii., p. 283, and
+ that of _M. longirostris_ in the preceding page. This last is
+ copied by Jonston (fol. 47). Both birds seem to be female or
+ immature Goosanders. Neither author has a _M. cristatus_.
+
+ [125] The above description certainly applies to the Common Teal,
+ which was well-known to Browne (_vide supra_, p. 14), and that
+ species is with us all the year; I cannot help thinking, however,
+ that he had in his mind the Garganey, or Summer Teal, so called
+ from the season of its visit to us. This species is known to the
+ Norfolk gunners as the "Cricket Teal," and being slightly larger
+ than the common species it might well be called by him
+ "_Querquedula major serotina_."
+
+ [126] _See Note 55_, p. 36. It will be noticed that both this and
+ the _Centriscus_ mentioned at p. 41 were given to Browne by a
+ "seaman of these seas," but may possibly have been brought home as
+ curiosities from a foreign voyage; the Saw-fish, however, mentioned
+ at p. 36, is distinctly stated to have been "taken about Lynn." It
+ is a matter of intense regret that the numerous drawings mentioned
+ in these letters should have been lost.
+
+I forgot in my last to signifie that an oter [an other?] Elk or wild
+swan was headed like a goose that is without any knobb at the bottome of
+the bill. [_See_ p. 80 and _Note 8_.]
+
+Haue you had the duck called Clangula in Ald. [drovandus] & Johnst.[127]
+wee haue one heere w^{ch} answereth their descriptions exactly butt
+[_i.e._, except] only in the colour of their leggs & feet.
+
+ [127] Aldrovandus's figure of "Clangula" (head only, iii., p. 224)
+ is too indefinite for determination. He says the feet are yellow,
+ but Jonston, who refers to it under the name of _Anas platyrhincus_
+ describes it fairly well (p. 145). _Clangula ab alarum clangore_,
+ Aldrov., _i.e._, "Rattlewings," an old name by which the Golden-eye
+ was known to the Norfolk gunners.
+
+Haue you a willock a sea fowl like a rook or crowe.[128]
+
+ [128] A local name for the Guillemot. Merrett says, in a letter
+ dated 8th May, 1669, "The Clangula I know no more of than reading
+ hath informed mee; [_see Note 127_] a willock I have seen brought
+ from Greenland,[S] where they are said exceedingly to abound, but
+ never thought either of them was found in England, and having not
+ taken sufficient notice of the latter, crave your description of
+ both."
+
+ [S] The Greenland of those days was Spitsbergen, where they would
+ be met with by the Whalers, but in that case the bird would be
+ Bruennich's Guillemot, a species not then differentiated.
+
+
+No. IX.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 182.]
+
+[_Fol. 182._] Sr I craue your pardon that I haue no sooner sent unto
+you. I shall be very reddie to do you service in order to your desires
+And shall endeavour to procure you such animalls as I haue formerly met
+with & any other not ordinary wch [shall _crossed out_] are to bee
+acquired. though many of my old assistants are dead. & sometimes they
+fell upon animalls, [not to bee _crossed out_] scarce to bee met with
+agayne. I wish I had been acquainted with your desires 3 yeares ago. for
+I had about fortie hanging up in my howse. wch the plague being at the
+next doores the person intrusted in my howse, burnt or threw away. The
+figure of the weasell Cray [_see Note 60_ and p. 82] was in a long paper
+pasted together at the ends & I make no question you will find it
+otherwise I would send another [the willick wee in _crossed out_] that
+fowl wch some call willick, [_see Note 128_] wee meet with sometimes.
+The last I met with was taken on the sea shoare. the head and body black
+the brest inclining to black headed and billd like a crowe, leggs set
+very backward wings short leggs set very backward (_sic_) that it move
+overland very badly only. it may bee a kind of cornix marina. [The
+latter portion very badly written and difficult to decipher.]
+
+[_Fol. 184 verso._] That litle plant upon oyster shells [_see Note 91_]
+I remember I haue seen & surely is some kind of vescaria or calicularia
+
+of what that other [was _crossed out_] electricall body was Mr.
+Boyle[129] showed [_smear_] by this time more tryall hath probably been
+made, something of jet it might consist of.
+
+ [129] The Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), although deeply learned in
+ many branches of science, was chiefly distinguished as a chemist.
+ He took a leading part in the founding of the Royal Society, and
+ was elected President in 1680, but from some conscientious scruple
+ did not accept the office. Naturalists are deeply indebted to him,
+ as he was "the first that made trial of preserving animals" in
+ spirit (see Grew's "Musaeum Regalis Societatis" (London, 1681), p.
+ 58).
+
+
+I thank you that you were pleased to enquire of those German gentlemen
+concerning my sonne I receiued a letter lately from him he hath not
+been unmindfull of the R. Society's co[=m]ds & hath been in Hungaria in
+the mines of Gold, sylver & copper at Schemets, Cremitz & Neusol &
+desired mee to signifie so much to Mr. Oldenberg.
+
+[The above is hastily scrawled; it was evidently indited to Merrett, as
+indicated by the reference to the German gentlemen, &c.; the date would
+therefore be some time in the year 1669. Wilkin prints it in the 1836
+Edition, Vol. i., p. 408, but it is not in Bohn's reprint.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+[TWO LETTERS FROM DOCTOR CHRISTOPHER MERRETT TO SIR THOMAS BROWNE, MS.
+SLOANE 1830, FOL. 1 TO 3. THEY ARE BOUND UP IN INVERSE ORDER OF DATE.]
+
+
+[Reply to No. 2 in the above Series.]
+
+[_Fol. 3._] WORTHY SR,--y^{rs} of y^e 14^{th} instant I recaeved as full
+off learning in discovering so many very great curiosities as kindness
+in communicating them to mee & promising y^r farther assistance. ffor
+which I shall always proclame by my tongue as well as by my pen, my due
+resentment & thanks.
+
+The 2 funguses [guses _crossed out and_ i _inserted_] y^w sent y^e
+figures off [_see Note 106_] are y^e finest & rarest as to their figure
+I have ever seen or read of, & soe is y^r fibula marina, far surpassing
+one I reacived from Cornwall much of y^e same bigness, neither of which
+I find anywhere mentioned. The urtica marina minor Jonst. & physalus I
+never met with, nor have bin informed off y^e canis charcharius alius
+Jonst. Many of y^e Lupus piscis I have seen, & have bin informed by y^e
+Kings fish monger they are taken on our coast, but was not satisfyed for
+some reasons off his relation soe as to enter it into my pinax, though
+tis said to bee peculiar to y^e river Albis [= Elbe] yet I thought they
+might come sometimes thence to y^r coasts. Trutta marina I haue and y^e
+loligo, sepia, & polypus y^e 3 sorts off y^e molles have bin found on
+our western coasts which shall bee exactly distinguished--As for y^e
+Salmons taken a bove London towards Richmond & nearer, & y^t in great
+quantity some years they have all off them their lower jaw as y^w
+observ, [_see Note 92_] & our fishermen [men _crossed out_] say they
+usually wear off some part off it on y^e banks or els y^e lower would
+grow into y^e upper & soe starve them as they have sometimes seen--y^w
+ask whether I haue y^e mullus ruber asper, or y^e piscis Octangularis
+Wormii. or y^e sea worm longer than y^e earth worms, or y^e garrulus
+Argentor. or y^e duck cal'd a May chit or y^e Dor hawke. The 4 first I
+haue noe account off y^e 2 later I know not especially by those names,
+wee have noe hawk by y^t name [_see Note 42_] y^r account of succinum as
+all y^e rest will bee registered. As for y^e Aquila Gesneri I never saw
+nor heard off any such in y^e Collidge for [_fol. 3 verso_] this 25
+years last past. Sr y^w are pleased to say y^w shall write more if y^w
+know how not to bee surpurfluous--certainly what y^w have hitherto done
+hath bin all curiosities, & I doubt not but y^w have many more by you--I
+can direct y^w noe further than y^r own reason dictates to y^w. Besides
+those mentioned in y^e pinax I have 100 to add, & cannot give y^w a
+particular off them--whatever y^w write is either confirmative or
+additional. I doe entreat this favour off y^w to inform mee fuller off
+those unknown things mentioned herein, & to add y^e name page &c of y^e
+Author if mentioned by any or else to give them such a latin name for
+them as y^w have done by y^e fungi which may bee descriptive &
+differencing off them. Sr I hope y^e publigs [_sic_] interest & y^r own
+good genius will plead y^r pardon desired by
+
+  y^r humble servant
+
+  CHR. MERRETT.
+
+  _London Aug. 29. 68._
+
+
+[Reply to No. 8 of the above Series.]
+
+[_Fol. 1._] WORTHY SR,--my due thanks premised I at present acquaint y^w
+y^t y^w have very well named y^e Rutilus & expressed fully y^e cours to
+bee taken in y^e imposition of names viz y^e most obvious & most
+peculiar difference to y^e ey or any other sens. I am farther to say y^t
+y^e icon of y^e weazeling came not to my hands, pray bee pleas'd to look
+amongst y^r papers perhaps it might bee laid by through some accident or
+other [I have _added above_] y^e figures of y^r anas macrolophos, & of
+y^e mergi cristati [_see Note 124_] & of y^e pristis y^t which came from
+Cornwall was of y^e gladius, y^e name of sword fish being applied to
+both of them by our nation. It seemeth by y^w y^t y^e Norwich aspredo is
+not y^e Ceruna fluviatilis contrary to what Camden affirms, for y^e
+rutilus mentioned in mine to y^w differs toto coelo from y^e
+ceruna--The difference of y^e Elks bill by y^w signified is remarkable
+to distinguish it from others of its own kind. [_See_ p. 83 _supra_.]
+The crackling teal seems [clearly _crossed out_] to bee y^e same which
+Dr Charleton[130] mentions in his Onomasticon under y^e name of y^e
+cracker,& showing him y^r description hee acknowledged to bee y^e same,
+y^e clangula I know noe more of than reading hath informed mee, a
+willock I have seen brought from Greenland where they are said
+exceedingly to abound, but never y^t [thought?] either of them was found
+in England, & having [not _added above_] taken sufficient notice of it
+y^e later, crave y^r description off both.
+
+ [130] In Charleton's "Onomasticon," at p. 99, the Cracker is called
+ by him, _Anas caudacuta_, and is said to be the "Gaddel" of the
+ London dealers in fowl. [_See Note 125._]
+
+And now Sr since my last only 2 things remarkable haue come to my
+knowledge. The one was a cake off black amber 1/6 off an inch thick &
+neer a palm each way. Mr. Boyle brought it to y^e R. society to whom it
+was sent from y^e Sussex shore, hee had only tryed it to its electricity
+& found it answer his expectation, farther tryals will be made of it.
+The second is a small plant found on oyster shells which when fresh did
+perfectly represent y^e flowers off Hyacinthus botryoides, [_see Note
+91_] but y^t was somewhat longer & not so much sweld out towards its
+pedunculus, some of them are here inclosed. Tis doubtless a sort off
+vesicaria, though much different from what y^w sent mee. Most off them
+are now shrunk & y^e sides constituting y^e cavity come together &
+appear only a transparent husk. One thing more I had to add (but
+scarcely dare speak it out) y^t is if it would please [you _added
+above_] to let it bee done without y^r charge & 2ly if it might be done
+without y^r trouble, then I would beg off y^w to set some a work to
+procure mee some of those rare animals &c y^w have mentioned in your
+seueral Letters. My intention therein is double: first to take their
+descriptions & furnish our colledge with them as curiosities, all being
+lost by y^e fire this is onely wished but must not bee proposed without
+y^e former limitation by y^r too much allready obliged friend & servant
+
+  _8th May '69._
+
+  CHR. MERRETT.
+
+I met this week with some persons off quality high Germans who lately
+saw y^r son & record all good things off him.
+
+  ffor Dr Browne off Norwich.
+
+[The reply to this letter is No. IX of the above Series.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 56-57.]
+
+[_See Note 51_, p. 32 _supra_.]
+
+
+Praye Request Mr. Johnson to obtayne this fauor of Mr. Bacon who is
+unknown to mee, to afford mee his resolution to these few queries
+concerning the whale [wch _crossed out_] whereof I understand he had the
+cutting up and disposure whether there were any spermacetie found, or
+made out of other parts beside the head; if soe, of what parts & out of
+what most: and whether any out of the meere fleshie parts whether that
+wch runne from it about the shoare came out of the mouth.
+
+  [_Not signed or dated._]
+
+
+REPLY.
+
+Sr in Answer to your questions conserninge the whale, I founde noe
+Sper[=m]e but in his heade and that after I had taken off his scalpe one
+tonn weight [or more _written above_] of a nexuous substance, we found
+in the circumference as large as a small coach wheele in the middle part
+certain round pieces of Sperm as bigge as a mans fist some as large as
+eggs and on the out side of the said rounds, flakes as large as a mans
+head in forme like hony combs being very white and full of oyle. And
+that Sp. wch was cast upon the shore I doe conceive came out of his
+nostrells. thus much ffrom him who doth remayne Sir your humble Servant,
+Arthur Bacon Yarmouth 10th May 1652.
+
+
+BROWNE TO DUGDALE ON CERTAIN FOSSIL BONES.
+
+["EASTERN COUNTIES COLLECTANEA," pp. 193-195].
+
+    The letter referred to in the foot-note on page 33, written by
+    Sir Thomas Browne to Dugdale, and formerly in the possession of
+    the late Mr. Arthur Preston of Norwich, whose collection of
+    manuscripts was dispersed by auction in August, 1888, was
+    printed in a brief-lived and little-known local publication,
+    entitled the "Eastern Counties Collectanea" (1872-3), at page
+    193. In this letter occurs a passage which confirms the doubt
+    expressed as to the Whales which had young ones after coming on
+    shore at Hunstanton being Sperm Whales. They are expressly said
+    to have been of that sort "which seamen call a Grampus," and as
+    Sir Nicholas le Strange, in a MS. preserved in the Muniment room
+    at Hunstanton, applies the name "Grampus" to an undoubted
+    specimen of _Hyperoodon rostratus_ (as shown both by his
+    description and outline sketch) which came ashore there in the
+    year 1700, I have little doubt that the Cetaceans in question
+    belonged to that species and not to _Physeter macrocephalus_.
+
+    This letter is interesting also as filling a gap in Wilkin's
+    series and I therefore reproduce it, omitting only occasional
+    learned digressions which do not affect the subject. The
+    original not being available, I have used the copy in the
+    "Collectanea" before mentioned.
+
+    Dugdale, in November, 1658, and again later, had written to
+    Browne, sending him a bone of a "fish which was taken up by Sir
+    Robert Cotton, in digging a pond at the skirt of Conington
+    downe," and asking his opinion thereof. (Wilkin, i., pp. 385 and
+    390.)
+
+    To the first of these letters Browne replied, under date of the
+    6th December, 1658, "I receaued the bone of the fish, and shall
+    giue you some account of it when I have compared it with
+    another bone which is not by mee" (op. cit. p. 387). The letter
+    which follows and which was unknown to Wilkin supplies this
+    information.
+
+[p. 193.] "Sr I cannot sufficiently admire the ingenious industry of Sr
+Robert Cotton in preserving so many things of rarity and observation nor
+commend your own enquiries for the satisfaction of such particulars. The
+petrified bone you sent me, which with divers others was found
+underground, near Cunnington, seems to be the vertebra, spondyle or
+rackbone of some large fish, and no terrestrious animal as some upon
+sight conceived, as either of Camel, rhinoceros, or elephant, for it is
+not perforated and hollow but solid according to the spine of fishes in
+whom the spinal marrow runs in a channel above these solid racks, or
+spondiles.
+
+"It seems much too big for the largest Dolphins, porpoises, or sword
+fishes, and too little for a true or grown whale, but may be the bone of
+some big cetaceous animal, as particularly of that which seamen call a
+Grampus; a kind of small whale, whereof some come short, some exceed
+twenty foot. And not only whales but Grampusses have been taken in this
+Estuarie or mouth of the fenland rivers. And about twenty years ago four
+were run ashore near Hunstanton and two had young ones after they came
+to land. But whether this fish were of the longitude of twenty foot (as
+is conceived) some doubt may be made for this bone containeth little
+more than an inch in thickness, and not three inches in breadth so that
+it might have a greater number thereof than is easily allowable to make
+out that longitude. For of the whale which was cast upon our coast about
+six years ago a vertebra or rackbone still preserved, containeth a foot
+in breadth and nine inches in depth, yet the whale with all advantages
+but sixty-two foot in length. [p, 194.] We are not ready to believe
+that, wherever such relics of fish or sea animals are found, the sea
+hath had its course. And Goropius Becanus[131] long ago could not digest
+that conceit when he found great numbers of shells upon the highest
+Alps. For many may be brought unto places where they were not first
+found.
+
+ [131] This seems to refer to the "De Gigantibus eorumque reliquiis"
+ of J. van Gorp, Jean Becan, or Joannes Goropius (as the name is
+ variously given in the "Biographie Universelle" (b. 1518, d. 1572),
+ and apparently published after the Author's death by Jean
+ Chassanion, 8vo, Basileae, 1580, and another edition in 1587. See
+ Brit. Mus. Cat.; but I have not seen the book.
+
+"Some bones of our whale were left in several fields which when the
+earth hath obscured them, may deceive some hereafter, that the sea hath
+come so high. In northern nations where men live in houses of fishbones
+and in the land of the Icthiophagi near the Red sea where mortars were
+made of the backbones of whales, doors of their jaws, and arches of
+their ribs, when time hath covered them they might confound after
+discoverers....
+
+"For many years great doubt was made concerning those large bones found
+in some parts of England, and named Giants' bones till men [p. 195]
+considered they might be the bones of elephants brought into this island
+by Claudius, and perhaps also by some succeeding emperors [then follow
+other ancient examples of the finding 'elephants bones' in various
+countries attributed to similar modes of introduction]. But many things
+prove obscure in subterraneous discovery....
+
+"In some chalk pits about Norwich many stag's horns are found of large
+beams and branches, the solid parts converted into a chalky and fragile
+substance, the pithy part sometimes hollow and full of brittle earth and
+clay. In a churchyard of this city an oaken billet was found in a
+coffin. About five years ago an humourous man of this country after his
+death and according to his own desire was wrap't up in a horned hide of
+an ox and so buried.[T] Now when the memory hereof is past how this may
+hereafter confound the discoverers and what connjectures will arise
+thereof it is not easy to conjecture.
+
+ [T] Richard Ferrer, of Thurne, by his will, proved about 1654,
+ directed that his "dead body be handsomely trussed up in a black
+ bullock's hide, and be decently buried in the Churchyard of
+ Thurne."--"Norfolk Archaeology," v., p. 212.
+
+  Sr  Your servant to my power,
+
+  THO. BROWNE."
+
+This is endorsed "Sr Thomas Browne's discourse about the Fish bone found
+at Conington Com. Hunt, Shown, Dr. Tanner."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+[SLOANE MS. ADDITIONAL 5233, LARGE FOLIO, IS A VOLUME LABELLED "DR. EDW.
+BROWN'S DRAWINGS."]
+
+    "Some original drawing of Towns, Castles, Antiquities, Medals
+    &c. by Dr. Edward Browne in his Travels & presented by his
+    Father Sir Thomas Browne. Who hath write upon sev^{ll} of them
+    what they are."
+
+
+The above is the inscription written on the fly-leaf of this volume,
+which I hoped might have contained some drawings of birds or fishes by
+Sir Thomas Browne, but there is nothing in it of interest from a Natural
+History point of view. In Wilkin's Catalogue of the MSS. (Vol. iv., p.
+476) it is described as "a collection of very curious drawings (some
+coloured) of public buildings, habits, _fishes_, mines, rocks, tombs,
+and other antiquities, observed by Sir Thos. and Dr. Edward Browne in
+their travels," but there are no fishes, birds, or other animals in the
+volume.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D.
+
+
+    Draft of a letter from Sir Thomas Browne to his daughter
+    Elizabeth, enclosing two pictures of a Stork. This and the next
+    letter are in the Bodleian Library (MS. Rawl. D. cviii.)
+
+[_Fol. 70._] This is a picture of the stork [_see Note 14_] I mentiond
+in my last. butt it is different from the co[=m]on stork by red lead
+colourd leggs and bill[132] and the feet hath not vsuall sharp poynted
+clawes butt resembling a mans nayle, such as Herodotus discribeth the
+white Ibis of AEgypt to haue. The ends of the wings are black & when shee
+doth not spred them they make all the lower part of the back looke
+black, butt the fethers on the back vnder them are white as also the
+tayle. it fed upon snayles & froggs butt a toad being offered it would
+not touch it. the tongue is about half an inch long. the quills of the
+wing are as bigge or bigger then a swans quills. it was shott by the
+seaside & the wing broake. Some there were who tooke it for an euell
+omen saying If storks come ouer into England, god send that a
+co[=m]onwealth doth not come after.[U]
+
+ [132] Browne evidently was not very familiar with the Stork, which
+ is not surprising, seeing that it is a very rare bird in Britain;
+ it may be that he had only seen the bird in its immature stage, for
+ the "red-lead" hue of the legs is very characteristic of the adult
+ bird. [_See also Note 14_, p. 10.]
+
+ [U] In reference to the Dutch fable of those days that Storks would
+ only inhabit republican countries.
+
+That picture with the lesser head is the better.
+
+
+MS. RAWL. D. cviii.
+
+    Draft of a letter containing further particulars with regard to
+    the Stork. There is nothing to indicate to whom it was
+    addressed.
+
+[_Fol. 77._] A kind of stork was shott in the wing by the sea neere
+Hasburrowe & brought aliue vnto mee. it was about a yard high red lead
+coloard leggs and bill. the clawes resembling human nayles such as
+Herodotus describeth in the white Ibis of AEgypt The lower parts of the
+wings are black which gathered up makes the lower part of back looke
+black butt the tayle vnder them is white as the other part of the body.
+it fed readily upon snayles & froggs, butt a toad being offered it would
+not touch it: the tongue very short [not _crossed out_] an inch long. it
+makes a clattering noyse by flapping one bill agaynst the other somewhat
+like the platea or shouelard.[V] the quills [about _crossed out_] of the
+biggnesse of swans bills [_sic_ quills?] when it swallowed a frogge it
+was sent downe into the stomak by the back side of the neck as was
+perceaued upon swallowing. I could not butt take notice of the conceitt
+of some who looked upon it as an ill omen saying if storks come ouer
+into England, pray god a co[=m]on wealth do not come after.
+
+ [V] The Spoonbill.
+
+    In addition to these letters there are in the Bodleian Library a
+    letter from Elizabeth Browne to her brother, describing the
+    above-mentioned Stork, and desiring him to keep one of the two
+    pictures himself, and to give the other to his sister Fairfax
+    (MS. Rawl. D. 108, fol. 71), and a draft of a letter from Sir
+    Thomas Browne about a remarkable fly (_see ante_ p. 68 _and Note
+    110_), which offended the cattle extraordinarily, found at
+    Horsey Marshes (MS. Rawl. D. 108, fol. 103). There is also (MS.
+    Rawl. D. 391, fol. 55) a letter from Sir Hamon le Strange to Sir
+    T. B., dated Jan. 16, 1653. About half this letter is printed by
+    Wilkin, i., pp. 369-70. He mentions towards the end that he
+    sends certain observations on T. B.'s "Enquiries into Common
+    Errors," at page "27 thereof I write of a whale cast upon my
+    shoare." This criticism is now separated from the letter, which
+    originally covered it, but happily is preserved in the British
+    Museum, MS. Sloane, 1839. fols. 104-145.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+  Acorus verus, 58
+
+  Acus, Needlefish, 40, 41, 66
+
+  Adders, 55
+
+  Addercock, 66
+
+  Alcedo ispida, 21
+
+  Allis Shad, 42 (note)
+
+  Alni carptor, 76
+
+  Amber, 63, 88
+
+  Alosa, 42
+
+  Anas arctica, 17, 73
+
+  Anas macrolophos, 82, 88
+
+  Anas alis oculatis, 80
+
+  Anatula, 76, 79
+
+  Anglorum, Sand Eel, 44
+
+  Apiaster, 73
+
+  Aphia cobites, 42
+
+  Appendix A., 86
+
+  Appendix B., 90
+
+  Appendix C., 95
+
+  Appendix D., 96
+
+  Aquila Gesneri, 3, 67, 87
+
+  Ardea stellaris, 17
+
+  Arcuata, 23
+
+  Armed Bull-head, 41 (note), 62, 65, 87
+
+  Avicula Maialis, 19, 66
+
+  Ascidians, 50 (note)
+
+  Aselli, 43
+
+  Asprage, 45
+
+  Aspredo, 53, 83, 88
+
+  Astacus, 46, 57
+
+  Atherine?, 42 (note), 73
+
+  Auk, Little?, 79 (note)
+
+  Avis pugnax, 20
+
+  Avis trogloditica, 26
+
+  Avocet, 24, 67
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Balani, 48
+
+  Banstickle 44
+
+  Barbel, 53
+
+  Barker, 24, 67, 73, 76
+
+  Barnacle shell, 48
+
+  Barnacle Goose, 12
+
+  Bargander, 13, 73
+
+  Bass, 43
+
+  Bearded Tit, 26 (note)
+
+  Bee-bird, 73, 76
+
+  Betulae Carptor, 29, 73, 76
+
+  Birdcatcher, 25
+
+  Birds found in Norfolk, 1
+
+  Birds number of species, 32
+
+  Bittern, 17
+
+  Black Grouse, 28
+
+  Black Heron, 21
+
+  Black-tailed Godwit, 24 (note)
+
+  Bleak, 43, 53, 78, 81
+
+  Bones, Fossil, 91
+
+  Boyle, Robert, 85
+
+  Bream, 52
+
+  Brent Goose, 12
+
+  Brill, Bret, 45
+
+  Brittle Stars, 49
+
+  Browne, Sir Thomas--
+
+    Attitude towards witchcraft, xi. (note)
+
+    Collection of Eggs, 10 (note)
+
+    Correspondents, viii.
+
+    Drawings lost, xxv.
+
+    Editions of his Collected Works, xviii.
+
+    Estimation in which he was held, xvii.
+
+    Letters to Merrett, xxii., 57
+
+    Letters to Dugdale, 91
+
+    Notes on Certain Birds, xx., 1
+
+    Notes on Certain Fishes, xx., 31
+
+    Observations on Migration, xvi., 2 (note)
+
+    Originality, xi., xvi.
+
+    Purpose for which written, xxi., 2
+
+    State of Natural Science in his day, x., xiv.
+
+  Bull-head, Armed, 41 (note), 62, 65, 87
+
+  Burbot, 54
+
+  Bustard, 18
+
+  Butcher bird, 25
+
+  Butt, 45
+
+  Buzzard, Bald, 4, 56
+
+  Buzzard, Gray, 4
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Canis (Dog-fish), 36
+
+  Canis carcharias, 37 (note), 61, 86
+
+  Caprimulgus, 26, 63, 66, 87
+
+  Cancellus, 48, 62
+
+  Carcinus maenas, 46
+
+  Carp, 55
+
+  Certhia, 80
+
+  Ceruna, 53, 88
+
+  Chad, 42
+
+  Chipper, 29, 73
+
+  Chock, 26
+
+  Chough, 27
+
+  Chub, 53
+
+  Churre, 19 (note), 20
+
+  Ciconia, 10, 64, 96
+
+  Cirripeds, 48
+
+  Clams, 47
+
+  Clangula, 83, 88
+
+  Coal-fish, 43
+
+  Coble bird, 25
+
+  Cockles, 47
+
+  Cods, 43
+
+  Conger, 44
+
+  Coot, 15
+
+  Corculum, 55, 56
+
+  Cormorant, 11
+
+  Cormorant, Rock, 11
+
+  Corallines, 80
+
+  Cotta Anglorum, 79, 81
+
+  Cottus scorpius, 42
+
+  Corvus marinus, 11
+
+  Crabs, 46
+
+  Crane, 5
+
+  Crawfish, 53
+
+  Crossbill, 25
+
+  Crow, 27
+
+  Crow, Hooded, 25
+
+  Cuckoo, 20
+
+  Cuckoo Mate, 22 (note)
+
+  Culex marinus, 99
+
+  Curlew, 23
+
+  Curlew, Stone, 24
+
+  Cuttle fish, 45, 62
+
+  Cyclas, 55 (note)
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Dab, 45 (note)
+
+  Dabchick, 13
+
+  Dace, 52
+
+  Dentalia, 47, 73, 77
+
+  Divers, 8 (note)
+
+  Dog-fish, 37
+
+  Dog-Whelk, 47 (note)
+
+  Dolphin, 34
+
+  Dorhawk, 26, 63, 66, 87
+
+  Dory, 41
+
+  Dotterel, Land, 19
+
+  Dotterel, Sea, 19, 73, 76, 80
+
+  Draco minor, 42 (note), 73
+
+  Dragon fly, 55 (note)
+
+  Draw Water, 28
+
+  Ducks, Wild, 13, 13 (note), 88
+
+  Duck, Golden-eye, 83
+
+  Duck, Tufted, 82
+
+  Dunlin, 19
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Eagles, 3, 67, 78, 87
+
+  Echinus, 48
+
+  Eels, 54
+
+  Eels, Conger, 44
+
+  Eels, Sand, 44
+
+  Eelpout, 54
+
+  Elke, 7, 78, 80, 83, 88
+
+  Erythropus, 19
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Faber marinus, 41
+
+  Fanago, 51, 74
+
+  Father Lasher, 42 (note)
+
+  Fen Cricket, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Fibula marina, 50, 61, 86
+
+  Finches, 29
+
+  Fishing Frog, 38, 64
+
+  Fishes found in Norfolk, 31
+
+  Fishes number of species, 32
+
+  Flat-fish, 45
+
+  Flies, 67, 71, 97
+
+  Fly-catcher, 73 (note), 76
+
+  Forficula, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Fucus marinus, 71, 75
+
+  Fulica Cotta, 14
+
+  Fungi, various, 60, 61, 86
+
+  Funduli fluviatiles, 54
+
+  Funduli marini, 42
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gallinula aquatica, 15
+
+  Gannet, 7, 13
+
+  Gammarus, 53
+
+  Garfish, 40, 66
+
+  Garrulus Bohemicus, 68
+
+  Garrulus Argentoratensis, 30, 63, 67, 87
+
+  Geese, 12, 13
+
+  Gladius, 36, 64, 88
+
+  Glot, Eel, 54
+
+  Gnatts or Knots, 19
+
+  Goatsucker, 26, 63, 66, 87
+
+  Gobies, 42 (note)
+
+  Godwit, 19, 24
+
+  Gold-crested Wren, 29 (note), 76
+
+  Golden Eagle, 3 (note), 67
+
+  Golden-eye Duck, 84 (note), 88
+
+  Goldfinch, 29
+
+  Goosander, 13, 72, 83 (note)
+
+  Goodyer, John, 59
+
+  Grampus, 33, 92
+
+  Great Northern Diver, 8
+
+  Green Plover, 19 (note), 20
+
+  Grey Plover, 20
+
+  Grebe, G. Crested, 13
+
+  Grebe, Little, 13
+
+  Grouse, Black, 28
+
+  Gryllotalpa, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Gudgeon, 54
+
+  Guillemot, 84 (note), 88
+
+  Gulls, 8, 9, 10
+
+  Gurnards, 39
+
+  Gurney, Anna, xx.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Haddock, 43
+
+  Hard-worm, 55, 56
+
+  Harriers, 4, 5 (note)
+
+  Hawfinch, 25
+
+  Hermit Crabs, 48
+
+  Herons, 17
+
+  Heron, Black, 22
+
+  Heron, Purple, 22 (note)
+
+  Heathpoult, 28
+
+  Herring, 39
+
+  Hippolyte varians, 53
+
+  Hirundo marina, Sea Swallow, 10
+
+  Hirudines marini, Sea Leeches, 50
+
+  Horse-leeches, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Horse Mackerel, 39
+
+  Hobby, 78
+
+  Hobby-bird, 22
+
+  Hoopoe, 23, 67
+
+  Hooded Crow, 26
+
+  How, Dr. William, 59 (note)
+
+  Hydrocantharus, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Hydrozoa, 70
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jackdaw, 27
+
+  Jelly-fish, 50, 61, 78
+
+  Jet, 63 (note), 64, 85
+
+  Junco, 72
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kingfisher, 22
+
+  Kite, 4, 15, 27
+
+  Knots, 19
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lampern, 54
+
+  Lamprey, 54
+
+  Lanius, 25
+
+  Lapwing, 20
+
+  Lari, many sorts of, 8, 9
+
+  Larks, 28
+
+  Larus minor, 9, 73
+
+  Leeches, 50
+
+  Lesser Butcher Bird, 26 (note)
+
+  Letters to Dugdale, 91
+
+  Letters to Merrett, 57
+
+  Letters from Merrett, 86
+
+  Limpets, 47
+
+  Lingula, 45
+
+  Little Auk?, 79 (note)
+
+  Littorina, 47
+
+  Lizard, 55
+
+  Loach, 54
+
+  Lobster, 46
+
+  Lolego, 46, 62, 86
+
+  Loon, 13
+
+  Loxia, 25
+
+  Lug Worm, 50 (note)
+
+  Lump-fish, 39
+
+  Lupus marinus, 38, 61, 86
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mackerel, 43, 74
+
+  Mackerel, Horse, 39
+
+  Marine Worms, 50
+
+  May-chit, 19, 63, 66, 87
+
+  Medusae, 49 (note)
+
+  Merganser, 13, 72
+
+  Mergus acutirostris, 13
+
+  Mergus cristatus, 82, 88
+
+  Mergus major, 8, 57
+
+  Mergus minor, 13
+
+  Mergus mustelaris, 77
+
+  Mergus serratus, 18, 83
+
+  Mergulus, 77, 79
+
+  Merlin, 78
+
+  Merrett, Christopher, xxii., 57
+
+  Mistletoe, 70
+
+  Migration, xvi., 2 (note)
+
+  Miller's Thumb, 54
+
+  Minnow, 53
+
+  Mole Cricket, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Moon-fish (Mola), 38, 64
+
+  Moor Hen, 15
+
+  Morinellus, 19, 73, 76, 80
+
+  Musca tuliparum, 67, 74
+
+  Mullet, 40, 65
+
+  Mullet, Red, 40, 62, 65, 87
+
+  Mussels, 47
+
+  Musk Beetle, 58
+
+  Mustela fluviatilis, 54
+
+  Mustela marina, 39
+
+  Mustela variegata, 14
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Needle-fish, 40 (note), 41, 66
+
+  Nerites, 47, 73, 77
+
+  Night-jar, 26, 63, 66, 87
+
+  Norway Lobster, 46 (note)
+
+  Notonacton, 55 (note), 56, 71
+
+  Nuthatch, 21
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oak Galls, 69, 70, 75
+
+  Octopus?, 46 (note), 86
+
+  Oldenburg, Henry, 82
+
+  Onocrotalus, 16, 64
+
+  Ophidian, 65
+
+  Osprey, 4, 78
+
+  Otters, 56
+
+  Oysters, 46
+
+  Oyster Catcher, 8 (note)
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Parrot Jay, 30, 63, 67, 87
+
+  Partridge, 27
+
+  Partridge, Red-legged, 28
+
+  Pectines, 47
+
+  Pediculus marinus, 49
+
+  Pelican, 16, 64
+
+  Perch, 52
+
+  Periwinkle, 47, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Peter-fish, 41
+
+  Physalus, 49, 65
+
+  Pica marina, 8
+
+  Picus martius, 21
+
+  Pigs, Solid-footed, 77, 80, 81
+
+  Pike, 52
+
+  Pilchard, 44, 81
+
+  Pinax, 57, 87
+
+  Pintail Duck, 14, 77, 80
+
+  Piscis octangularis, 41, 62, 65, 87
+
+  Pisidium?, 55 (note)
+
+  Place, 45
+
+  Plot, Dr. Robert, xxiv. (note)
+
+  Plover, Green, 19 (note), 20
+
+  Plover, Grey, 20
+
+  Plover, Ring, 23
+
+  Pogge, 41 (note)
+
+  Polypus, 46, 86
+
+  Porbeagle, 57 (note), 61, 86
+
+  Porpoise, 34
+
+  Porci solidi pedes, 77, 80, 81
+
+  Primmes, 42, 73
+
+  Pristis serra, 36, 83, 88
+
+  Puets, 10
+
+  Puffin, 17, 73
+
+  Pungitius, 44, 58
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quail, 28
+
+  Quercus Galls, 69, 70
+
+  Quercus marinus, 75
+
+  Querquedula, 14, 83
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rail, Land, 28
+
+  Rail, Water, 15, 79, 81
+
+  Rana piscatrix, 38, 64
+
+  Raven, 27
+
+  Rays, 45
+
+  Razor shells, 47
+
+  Red-backed Shrike, 25 (note)
+
+  Red-legged Partridge, 28
+
+  Red Mullet, 40, 62, 65, 87
+
+  Redshank, 19
+
+  Reed-chock, 72
+
+  Reseda, 59
+
+  Ringlestones, 23
+
+  Ring Plover, 23
+
+  Roach, 52
+
+  Rochet, 39
+
+  Rock Cormorant, 11
+
+  Rockling, 39 (note)
+
+  Roller, 30, 63, 67, 87
+
+  Roman Nettle, 59, 68
+
+  Rook, 27
+
+  Rudd, Roud, 52, 82
+
+  Ruff (fish), 53, 83, 88
+
+  Ruff (Reeve), 20
+
+  Rubelliones, 39
+
+  Rutilus, 82, 88
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Salmon, 51, 62, 87
+
+  Sand Eel, 44
+
+  Sanderling, 19 (note), 63, 66, 87
+
+  Saurus, 40, 66
+
+  Sawfish, 36, 83, 88
+
+  Sandpiper, Common, 79
+
+  Scad, 39
+
+  Scallop, 47
+
+  Scarabaeus, 58
+
+  Scarburgh, Sir C., 3 (note)
+
+  Scolopax, 41
+
+  Scolopendra, 35
+
+  Scombri, 43, 74
+
+  Scorpius, 42, 67
+
+  Scotch Goose, 12
+
+  Sea Buttons, 50, 61
+
+  Sea Dotterel, 19, 73, 76, 80
+
+  Sea Dugge, 50 (note), 51
+
+  Sea Gudgeon, 42
+
+  Sea Leach, 50
+
+  Sea Loach, 42
+
+  Sea Louse, 49
+
+  Sea Miller's Thumb, 42
+
+  Sea Mouse, 49, 65
+
+  Sea Perriwig, 70
+
+  Sea Pheasant, 14, 77
+
+  Sea Pie, 8
+
+  Sea Stars, 49, 57
+
+  Sea Trout, 62, 86
+
+  Sea Wolf, 38, 61, 86
+
+  Sea Woodcock, 40
+
+  Seal, 35, 64
+
+  Seaweeds, 70
+
+  Sepia, 45, 86
+
+  Sesamoides, 59
+
+  Shad, 42 (note)
+
+  Shag, 11
+
+  Shagreen Ray, 45
+
+  Shearwater, 12, 72
+
+  Sheld-drake, 12 (note), 13, 73
+
+  Shoeing-horn, 24
+
+  Shore Crab, 46 (note)
+
+  Shovelard, 10
+
+  Shoveller Duck, 14
+
+  Shrike, 25
+
+  Shrimp, Freshwater, 55 (note)
+
+  Silerella, 26 (note)
+
+  Siskin, 29 (note), 73, 76
+
+  Skate, 45
+
+  Skipper (Saury), 40 (note)
+
+  Skua, 8, 58
+
+  Smelt, 42
+
+  Smew, 14, 77
+
+  Snakes, 55
+
+  Sole, 45
+
+  Solens, 47
+
+  Solid-footed Swine, 77, 80, 81
+
+  Sperm Whale, 32, 65, 75, 80, 91, 98
+
+  Spermologous, 27
+
+  Spoonbill, 10
+
+  Sported Flycatcher, 73, 76
+
+  Sported Ray, 45
+
+  Sprat, 43
+
+  Squalders, 49, 50 (note), 61
+
+  Squid, 45 (note)
+
+  Squllae, 56
+
+  Starling, 28
+
+  Stella marina, 49, 57
+
+  Stern, 10, 73
+
+  Sting-fish, 42, 65
+
+  Sting Ray, 45
+
+  Stint, 19 (note), 20
+
+  Stickleback, 44 (note), 58
+
+  Stone Curlew, 24, 67
+
+  Stork, 10, 64, 96
+
+  Sturgeon, 37
+
+  Succinum, 63
+
+  Sun-fish, 38, 64
+
+  Surmullet, 40
+
+  Swan, Wild, 7, 78, 80, 83, 88
+
+  Sweet Flag, 57
+
+  Swift, 55
+
+  Sword Fish, 36, 64, 88
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Teal, 14, 83, 88
+
+  Tench, 52
+
+  Tenison, Archbishop, ix.
+
+  Terns, 10, 73
+
+  Tethya, 50 (note), 51
+
+  Thornback, 45
+
+  Tope, 37 (note)
+
+  Trachurus, 39, 58
+
+  Trout, 53
+
+  Trout, Sea, 66, 82
+
+  Tufted Duck, 82
+
+  Tunny?, 43 (note), 74
+
+  Turbines, 47
+
+  Turbot, 45
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Upupa, 23, 67
+
+  Urtica marina, 49, 61, 78, 86
+
+  Urtica mas, 68
+
+  Urtica pilulifera, 59 (note)
+
+  Urtica Romana, 59
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vermes marinus, 50, 62, 66, 87
+
+  Vermes setacei, 56
+
+  Vesicaria, 50 (note), 51, 74, 79, 85, 89
+
+  Vipers, 55
+
+  Vitulus marinus, 35, 64
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Water Beetle, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Water Boatman, 55 (note), 56
+
+  Water Hen, 15
+
+  Water Rail, 15, 79, 81
+
+  Waxwing, 68
+
+  Weasel Cray, 84
+
+  Weasel ling, 39, 82, 88
+
+  Weever-fish, 42 (note), 65, 67
+
+  Wesell, 14, 77
+
+  Whale, Sperm, 32, 65, 75, 90, 91, 98
+
+  Wheatear, 26 (note)
+
+  Whelk, 47
+
+  White-tailed Eagle, 3
+
+  Whiting, 43
+
+  Whinne Bird, 29, 76
+
+  Wild Duck, 14
+
+  Wild Goose, 12, 13
+
+  Wild Swan, 7, 78, 80, 83, 88
+
+  Wilkin, Simon, xviii. (note)
+
+  Willick, 84, 88
+
+  Wolf-fish, 38, 61, 86
+
+  Woodcock (fish), 41
+
+  Woodpecker, 21
+
+  Wren, Dr. Christopher, xx.
+
+  Wren, Gold-crested, 29, 76
+
+  Wryneck, 22 (note)
+
+
+  X.
+
+  Xiphias, 36
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yarwhelp, 24, 73, 76
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+    Page 8, note 10, last line, _delete_ us.
+
+    Page 8, note, first line, after Great Northern Diver, insert
+    _Colymbus glacialis_; line three, _delete Colymbus glacialis_,
+    and after _Mergus maximus_ insert Farrensis.
+
+    Page 12, note 17, line 8, for "English Birds" read "English
+    words."
+
+    Page 12, note 18, line 4 from bottom, for "near the centre" read
+    "near the south-west border."
+
+    Page 14, note 22, line 9, after "(Hunt)" insert ";."
+
+    Page 20, note 31, line 5, transfer the words "for the last few
+    years" to line 4, after "has bred."
+
+    Page 23, note 36, line 3, for "Eringo" read "Eryngo."
+
+    Page 34, note 52, line 1, for "hat" read "that."
+
+    Page 35, note 54, line 5, for "Neridiform" read "Nereidiform."
+
+    Page 36, note 55, line 7, for _pristis antiquoram_ read _pristis
+    antiquorum_.
+
+    Page 46, note 82, line 1, for _Cancer_ read _Carsinus_
+    (corrected in Index).
+
+    Page 47, note 83, lines 9 and 19, for _litoria_, read
+    _littorea_.
+
+    Page 50, note 90, line 2 from bottom, after "and" insert
+    "which."
+
+    Page 53, note 93, line 5 from bottom, for _Pandalus varius_,
+    read _Hippolyte varians_ (corrected in Index).
+
+
+_Jarrold & Sons, The Empire Press, Norwich and London._
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+ Spelling and punctuation are retained as in the original.
+
+ Footnotes were kept as close to the referring paragraph as
+ practicable. They are essentially part of the text.
+
+ The errata section was moved to the end of the book and its changes
+ are entered.
+
+ The following words appear both with and without hyphens.
+
+     Bee-bird
+     Fly-catcher
+     fresh-water
+     Gar-fish
+     Goat-sucker
+     marsh-bird
+     Needle-fish
+     north-west
+     Saw-fish
+     sea-shoare
+     sea-shore
+     whole-footed
+
+ [=m] indicates a double m; e.g. co[=m]on.
+ [=u] indicates a letter u with macron above.
+ w^{ch} indicates multiple letters are superscripted.
+ y^r indicates a single superscripted letter.
+
+
+ Footnote 98
+
+ 'Both Vipers (or Adders) and Snakes, the latter in particular,'
+
+ 'latte ' included a following space, so made the assumption that
+ the word here is 'latter'.
+
+ Changed.
+
+
+ Page 13
+
+ 'Mergus acutarostris cinereus'
+
+ 'acutarostris' may be 'acutirostris' as used elsewhere.
+
+ Spelled as in original.
+
+
+ Page 39
+
+ 'sprdding the finnes into a liuely posture do hang them'
+
+ 'sprdding' is an odd spelling for spreading.
+
+ Spelled as in original.
+
+
+ Page 45
+
+ 'with a long & strong aculeus in the tayle conceuud of'
+
+ 'conceuud' is an odd spelling.
+
+ Unchanged.
+
+
+ Page 76
+
+ 'A yarewhelp or barker [some words smeared out]'
+
+ Closing bracket added.
+
+
+ Page 91
+
+ 'came out of his nostrells. thus much ffrom him who doth'
+
+ 'ffrom' matches original.
+
+ Double 'ff' occurs several places in the book.
+
+
+ Page 93
+
+ 'or Joannes Goropius (as the name is variously given in the
+ "Biographie Universelle" (b. 1518, d. 1572),'
+
+ Missing closed parenthesis.
+
+ Unchanged.
+
+
+ Index 'Notonacton'
+
+ 'Notonacton'
+
+ Refers to 'Notonecton' in all cases.
+
+ Unchanged.
+
+
+ Index 'Porbeagle'
+
+ 'Porbeagle'
+
+ '57' may be a typo for '37'
+
+ Porbeagle is also known as 'Canis carcharius alius' or 'canis
+ charcharius alius Jonst.' or 'Lamna cornubica'.
+
+ Unchanged.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Letters on the Natural
+History of Norfolk, by Thomas Browne
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