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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Letters on the Natural History of Norfolk + More Especially on the Birds and Fishes + +Author: Thomas Browne + +Release Date: April 16, 2011 [EBook #35888] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL HISTORY OF NORFOLK *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<div class="front_matter"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +<span class="smcap fs12">NOTES AND LETTERS</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">ON THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs12">NATURAL HISTORY OF NORFOLK</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/frontispiece-rgb.jpg" width="500" height="670" + alt="Sir Thomas Browne to Doctor Christopher Merrett." + title="Sir Thomas Browne to Doctor Christopher Merrett." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Sir Thomas Browne to Doctor Christopher Merrett.</span><br /> +MS. RAWLINSON D. cviii., FOL. 105.—<a href="#Page_80"><i>See p.</i> 80.</a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + + + +<div class="front_matter"> +<h1>Notes and Letters<br /> + +<span class="fs5">ON THE</span><br /> + +<span class="fs12">Natural History of Norfolk</span></h1> + +<div> +<span class="fs7">MORE ESPECIALLY ON THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs13">BIRDS AND FISHES</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + + +<div> +<span class="fs7">FROM THE MSS. OF</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs12">SIR THOMAS BROWNE, M.D.</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">(1605-1682)</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="smcap fs7">In the Sloane Collection in the Library of the British +Museum and in the Bodleian Library, Oxford</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + +<div> +<span class="fs7">WITH NOTES BY</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7"><i>Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; Vice-President of the +Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society</i></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + +<div> +LONDON<br /><br /> + +JARROLD & SONS, 10 & 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.<br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED]<br /><br /> + +1902</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + + +<hr class="ad_brk" /> + +<div class="advert"> +<span class="fs15">OBSERVATIONS</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">ON THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs20">FAUNA OF NORFOLK,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">AND MORE PRACTICALLY ON</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs8">The Popular District of the Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk,</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7">BY THE LATE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">REV. RICHARD LUBBOCK, M.A.</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs9"><i>New Edition, 6s.; Half Roxburgh, 7s. 6d.</i></span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">With Additions from Unpublished Manuscripts of the Author, and Notes by</span></span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.,</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">Also a Memoir by</span></span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">HENRY STEVENSON, F.L.S.,</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">An Appendix containing Notes on Hawking in Norfolk, by</span></span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">ALFRED NEWTON, M.A., F.R.S., ETC.,</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">And on the Decoys, Reptiles, Sea Fish, Lepidoptera, and Botany of the Country.</span></span><br /><br /> +</div> + +<p class="fs7">"In addition to the intrinsic merits of the book, of which we can +personally speak in the superlative degree as one of the most +pleasantly-written of the many pleasant natural history books our +language is so rich in—describing, as it does, the 'Broad District'—a +country unlike any other part of England, and a very paradise to the +Botanist, Entomologist, and Ornithologist. This new edition is edited by +Mr. Thomas Southwell, the active Secretary of the Norfolk and Norwich +Naturalists' Society, whose full and accurate knowledge of the natural +history of Norfolk better fits him for the task than any other man we +know of."—<i>Science Gossip.</i></p> + +<p class="fs7">"The book in its original form is well known to naturalists, and it +would be difficult to find another volume of its size which conveys in +so agreeable a manner so much accurate and trustworthy information on +the subject of which it treats. We promise to those who have never yet +read this book a rare treat from its perusal."—<i>Zoologist.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="ad_brk" /> + +<div class="front_matter"> +<span class="fs11">SUPPLEMENT</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">TO THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs20">FLORA OF NORFOLK,</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7">BY</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">REV. KIRBY TRIMMER, A.B.</span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><i>Crown 8vo. Cloth 6s.</i></span><br /><br /> +</div> + +<p class="fs7">The Supplement to the "Flora of Norfolk" is a record of additional +localities of many of the plants contained in that publication, and an +entry of some other plants new in the country.<br /><br /></p> + + +<div class="front_matter"> +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">London: Jarrold and Sons, 10 and 11, Warwick Lane, E.C.</span></span><br /><br /> + + + + +<hr class="ad_brk" /> + + + +<span class="fs12">THE OFFICIAL GUIDE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">TO THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs20"><span class="smcap">Norwich Castle Museum</span>,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9"><i>With an Account of its Origin and Progress</i>,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7">BY</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7"><i>Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, Vice-President of the Norfolk +and Norwich Naturalists' Society, etc.</i>:</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">Also an Historical Account of the Castle Keep by</span></span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">REV. WM. HUDSON, M.A.,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7"><i>Hon. Sec. Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society:</i></span><br /><br /> + + +<span class="fs7"><span class="smcap">And a Guide to the Collection of Pictures, with some Account of +the "Norwich School" of Artists by</span></span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs9">G. C. EATON, ESQ.,</span><br /><br /> + +<span class="fs7"><i>Late Hon. Sec. Norfolk and Norwich Museum.</i></span><br /><br /> + +<hr class="narrow" /> + +<span class="fs9">(Published under the Special Sanction of the Castle Museum Committee.)</span><br /><br /> + +<hr class="narrow" /> + +<span class="fs9"><i>Profusely Illustrated, 1 6. Abridged Edition, 6d.</i></span><br /><br /> +</div> + +<hr class="medium" /> + +<div class="fs7"> +<p>"Mr. Southwell is himself an authority on natural history, and he has +contrived to invest his description of the various specimens with a +liveliness and vigour, as well as a scientific accuracy. He has taken +care to include every object of importance, and his work should at once +take its place as the popular guide to the Museum."—<i>Bookseller.</i></p> + +<p>"An interesting and useful guide to the collection in the Museum. It is +not merely a catalogue, but a popular natural history, in which the +specimens in the cases are used as illustrations. Sightseers will +pleasantly acquire a knowledge of the leading characteristics of the +different groups of animals, and students will gain a large amount of +sound instruction."—<i>Nature.</i></p> + +<p>"There is an abundance of useful information confined in a small +compass, while there are many capital illustrations."—<i>The Record.</i></p> + +<p>"Its collections are of interest not only to the antiquarian and to the +geologist, but also to the ornithologist; and the picture gallery is +worth a visit."—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p>"Visitors will find this cheap, handy, well-filled volume of much +service."—<i>The Guardian.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="m_wide" /> + +<div class="front_matter"> +<span class="fs9"><span class="smcap">London: Jarrold and Sons, 10 and 11, Warwick Lane, E.C.</span></span><br /><br /> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="ad_brk" /> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#intro">INTRODUCTION</a></td><td align="right">vii</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#birds">NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK</a></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#fish">NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES, ETC., FOUND IN NORFOLK</a></td><td align="right">31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#letters">LETTERS TO MERRETT</a></td><td align="right">57</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDIX_A">APPENDIX A.</a></td><td align="right">86</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDIX_B">APPENDIX B.</a></td><td align="right">90</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDIX_C">APPENDIX C.</a></td><td align="right">95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDIX_D">APPENDIX D.</a></td><td align="right">96</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td><td align="right">99</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="intro" id="intro"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Every kingdom, every province, should have its own +monographer."—<i>Gilbert White. Seventh Letter to Barrington.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p>The excellent Memoir of Sir Thomas Browne, in Wilkin's Edition of his +works, renders it unnecessary here to repeat what has already been so +well done; suffice it to say that he was born in London on the 19th of +October, 1605; he was educated at Winchester School and entered at +Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, in 1623; graduated B.A. +31st January, 1626-7, and M.A. 11th June, 1629. About the year 1633 he +was created Doctor of Physick at Leyden. In 1636 he took up his +residence in Norwich, in 1637 was incorporated Doctor of Physic in +Oxford, and in 1665 was chosen an Honorary Fellow of the College of +Physicians. In 1671 Browne was knighted at Norwich by Charles II., and +after a useful and honourable career died on his seventy-sixth birthday, +the 19th of October, 1682, and his body lies buried in the church of St. +Peter Mancroft, Norwich.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> + +<p>Browne in early life travelled much and was a voluminous writer; he made +many friendships with men celebrated in his day, and his advice and +assistance were sought and gratefully acknowledged by Dugdale, Evelyn, +Ray and Willughby, Merrett, Sir Robert Paston (afterwards Earl of +Yarmouth), Ashmole, Aubrey, and others; but his general correspondence +does not now concern us, my object being to supply in a convenient form +what I believe will be acceptable to modern naturalists, namely, an +accurate transcript of his notes and letters on the "Natural History of +the County of Norfolk."</p> + +<p>These notes and letters were first published by Simon Wilkin in his +Edition of Sir Thomas Browne's Works in 1835, but they were not treated +from a naturalist's point of view, and in some places were not correctly +transcribed, added to which, in the vast mass of matter contained in +Wilkin's four large volumes (or in the closely printed three volumes of +Bohn's Edition), these interesting passages are in danger of being +overlooked or are inconvenient for reference. Two letters, moreover, +were needed to make the correspondence with Merrett complete, and these +I have been enabled to supply. I hope also that my explanatory notes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> +which I trust will not be deemed too voluminous, will be found more +useful than the necessarily brief notes furnished by Wilkin and his +collaborators. Furthermore, I think that the retention of the original +spelling and punctuation may lend a charm to the quaintness of the +language which is in a measure destroyed by any attempt at modernising.</p> + +<p>There is much that is interesting bearing upon Natural Science scattered +throughout Browne's writings, especially in his <i>Pseudodoxia Epidemica</i>, +or inquiries into Vulgar and Common Errors, first published in 1646, and +the reader cannot fail to be impressed not only with the extent of his +classical knowledge but also with the shrewdness with which he pursued +his original investigations; but here it is only proposed to deal with +certain manuscript notes and a series of rough notes for, or copies of, +letters addressed to Dr. Christopher Merrett, the author of the <i>Pinax +Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum</i>. These, as remarked by their editor, +with regard to some other manuscripts published<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in 1684, under the +title of "Certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> Miscellany Tracts," were doubtless "rather the +<i>diversions</i> than the <i>Labours</i> of his Pen; and … He did, as it +were, drop down his Thoughts of a sudden, in those spaces of vacancy +which he snatch'd from those very many occasions which gave him hourly +interruption;" but I cannot in this instance agree with the conclusion +arrived at by the same writer that it "seemeth probable that He designed +them for publick use," for they appear to be the rough drafts or +memoranda used in the production of the finished letters (which are +unfortunately not forthcoming), and were never intended for publication +in their present crude form, thus rendering pardonable such annotations +as I have ventured to add. But before proceeding further it is necessary +to consider briefly the time and circumstances under which they were +written, and the state of what passed for Natural Science at that +period.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The "Miscellany Tracts" were put forth by "Tho. Tenison" +(1636-1715), who afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury, but was +then the Rector of a London parish, St. Martin-in-the-Fields. He had +been a Norwich school-boy, and subsequently minister of St. Peter's +Mancroft. He was doubtless well acquainted with Browne and his family, +and hence his reference in the preface quoted to "the <i>Lady</i> and <i>Son</i> +of the excellent Authour," who, he says, "deliver'd" the papers to him.</p></div> + +<p>Browne wrote early in the second half of the seventeenth century, during +a period of great awakening in the study of Nature. Hitherto it could +hardly be said that a direct appeal to the works of Nature had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> the +prevailing method. Aristotle was still the established authority, and +commentaries on his works occupied the minds of men to the exclusion of +original investigation, notwithstanding that this great philosopher had +himself, both by precept and example, urged the importance of direct +observation and inquiry; the Mediæval school of thought still prevailed +and cramped every effort at progress. How keenly Browne lamented this +spirit of slavish adherence to tradition may be judged from a passage in +one of his Essays in the "Vulgar Errors" condemning the obstinate +adherence unto antiquity; he writes, "but the mortallist enemy unto +knowledge, and that which hath done the greatest execution upon truth, +hath been a peremptory adhesion unto authority; and more especially the +establishing of our belief upon the dictates of antiquity. For (as every +capacity may observe) most men of ages present, so supersticiously do +look upon ages past, that the authorities of one exceed the reason of +the other." In another place he argues that the present should be the +age of authority, seeing that we possess all the wisdom of the ancients +which has come down to us, with that of our own times added. In fact, +Browne's motto appears to have been "prove<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> all things and hold fast +only to that which is good."<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> There was one form of ancient authority before which Browne +bowed down with absolute and unquestioning submission—the authority of +the Scriptures. In all secular matters he was ever ready to point the +lance and do battle, but all that appealed to him on what he regarded as +divine authority was beyond the pale, and it never entered into his mind +to submit it to the test of reason. In the "Religio Medici" he declares +his devoted adherence first to the guidance of Scripture, and secondly +to the Articles of the Church, "whatsoever is beyond, as points +indifferent, I observe according to the rules of my private reason;" and +again, "where the Scripture is silent, the Church is my text; where that +speaks 'tis but my comment; where there is a joint silence of both I +borrow not the rules of my religion from Rome or Geneva, but the +dictates of my own reason." This implicit adherence to the literal text +of Scripture led to his—shall I say active belief in, or passive +acceptance of, the existence of Witchcraft, and thus to the only act in +an otherwise blameless life which we must regard with regret and +astonishment. I refer to the consenting part he took in the doing to +death of two poor women at Bury St. Edmund's in the year 1664. It is my +business to act as Browne's exponent, not as his apologist, but it must +be borne in mind that in his day the "higher criticism" was a thing +unheard of, and that the literal sense of the English translation of the +Bible was accepted as binding not only by him but by the vast majority +of the people, including the most learned men of the time. "Thou shalt +not suffer a witch to live" was a plain command, and given a witch the +believer's duty was also plain; that there <i>had</i> been witches there was +ample scriptural evidence, but there was none that the days of +witchcraft had passed away. Browne only shared this belief with his +pious friend, the venerable Bishop Hall, and many men equally devout +according to their lights; he makes no secret of the fact and acts in +accordance with his convictions and the plain authority of Scripture. +Thus it came about that these conscientious but mistaken men were +induced to render possible, if not actually to countenance, the fiendish +cruelties perpetrated by their unscrupulous allies. In matters which he +considered less authoritative his views were so liberal as to gain for +him the stigma of infidel or heretic; but let a man govern his thoughts +and actions by the private rules Browne laid down for his own guidance +(vol. iv., p. 420), and it would be hard to regard him as otherwise than +a God-fearing man, striving to live up to his profession.</p></div> + +<p>Aristotle, whose works on Natural History have descended to us in a very +imperfect condition, lived in 385-322 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>, and it was not till <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 79 +that the <i>Historia Naturalis</i> of Pliny the Elder the next great work, +which has survived till our days, was completed, and by some of those +most competent to form a judgment the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> additions which he made were not +in all cases improvements. Other writers followed, but their productions +were of little value, and it was not till the year 1544 that William +Turner published at Cologne what Professor Newton describes as "the +first commentary on the birds mentioned by Aristotle and Pliny conceived +in anything like the spirit that moves modern Naturalists." Turner's +book is very rare and unfortunately at present beyond the reach of most +modern students. No attempt at systematic arrangement, as now +understood, was made until the <i>Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux</i> of +Pierre Belon (Bellonius) appeared at Paris in 1555, for the much greater +work of Conrad Gesner, being the third book of his <i>Historia Animalium</i>, +which was published at Zurich in the same year, and treated of Birds, +followed, more or less closely, an alphabetical plan which brought upon +him the censure of Aldrovandus, three of whose sixteen folio volumes +forming the <i>Historia Naturalium</i> bore the title of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> <i>Ornithologiæ hoc +est de Avibus Historiæ, Libri XII.</i>, and were brought out at Bologna +between the years 1599 and 1603. The <i>Historia Naturalis</i> of John +Jonston, or "Jonstonus" (1603-1675), originally published in four +sections between the years 1649 and 1653, ran through several editions, +and was a popular book in the seventeenth century; it is frequently +referred to by Browne, but is a work of very little originality. Though +all these authors undoubtedly influenced their successors, it may be +fairly said that it was Browne's contemporaries and fellow-countrymen, +Francis Willughby and John Ray, who laid the first solid foundation of +systematic zoology in their <i>Ornithologia</i> and <i>Historia Piscium</i>, +published in 1676 and 1686 respectively; but dying in 1682, Browne was +indebted to neither of them, though he doubtless exercised much +influence over them, and he had to use the clumsy descriptive +terminology then in vogue.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> Let me illustrate this by a single +example. In one of his letters to Merrett he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> names a "little elegant +sea plant" (probably <i>Halecium halecinum</i>, a species of Hydroid +Zoophyte), "<i>Fucus marinus vertebratus pisciculi spinum referens +ichthyorachius</i>, or what you think fit." On another occasion Merrett +thus expresses his approval of Browne's efforts in this direction: "You +have very well named the <i>rutilus</i> and expressed fully the cours to bee +taken in the imposition of names, viz: the most obvious and most +peculiar difference to the ey or any other sens." We can hardly conceive +the difficulties these pioneers of Natural Science had to contend with; +the works of their predecessors were so indefinite as to be of little +value in determining species; they had to depend upon the vague +descriptions of fowlers and others; the same bird would probably be +known in half a dozen different localities by as many different names, +and since no satisfactory mode of preserving specimens had then been +discovered, examples for comparison were not available. If inextricable +confusion arose with regard to such a bird as the Osprey, well might +Browne write with regard to those less readily characterized, "I confess +for such little birds I am much unsatisfied on the names given to many +by countrymen, and uncertaine what to give them myself, or to what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> +classis of authors cleerly to reduce them. Surely there are many found +among us which are not described; and therefore such which you cannot +well reduce, may (if at all) be set down after the exacter nomination of +small birds as yet of uncertain class of knowledge."</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> In 1735 appeared the first edition of the <i>Systema Naturæ +of Linnæus</i> which, meagre as it was, ushered in a more definite system +of classification, whilst his invention of the binomial method of +nomenclature, first used by him in the tenth edition of that work +published in 1758, contributed not a little in reducing to order what +had hitherto been a chaos, although in his classification of birds he +for the most part followed his predecessor Ray.</p></div> + +<p>I must ask pardon for this digression, but my object has been to show +the difficulties Browne had to contend with and to emphasise the +originality which pervades all his observations, a characteristic so +conspicuously absent in the work of most of his predecessors. I should +like also to call attention to his references to the migratory habits of +many species of birds, a phenomenon attracting little notice in his day, +but one which can be so readily observed on the coast of Norfolk. These +remarks were penned at a time when hibernation in a state of torpidity +was thoroughly believed in—an idea of which even Gilbert White a +hundred years later could not thoroughly divest himself. In his tract on +"Hawks and Falconry," Browne further says: "How far the hawks, merlins, +and wild-fowl which come unto us with a north-west [east?] wind in +Autumn, fly in a day, there is no clear account: but coming over the sea +their flight hath been long or very speedy. For I have known them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> to +light so weary on the coast, that many have been taken with dogs, and +some knocked down with staves and stones." Further than this, he knew +the seasons of their appearing—the Hobby "coming to us in the spring," +the Merlin "about autumn." His frequent mention of anatomical +peculiarities and of his dissections of many birds and beasts clearly +prove his passion for original research, and the frequent records of the +contents of the stomachs of the birds which he had the opportunity of +examining was a mode of obtaining exact information as to the nature of +their food, which I imagine was not common in those days.</p> + +<p>How highly Browne was esteemed by his contemporaries may be judged from +the acknowledgments of his assistance by Dugdale, Evelyn (who visited +him in Norwich in 1671), and others; and Ray especially mentions his +indebtedness to "the deservedly famous Sir Thomas Browne, Professor of +Physic in the City of Norwich." His letters to his son, Dr. Edward +Browne, are full of instructions as to the course of study he should +pursue, and subsequently, when the latter became celebrated and was +appointed Physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, it was still to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> his +father that he looked for advice in his hospital practice and in the +preparation of his lectures. Browne was proud of his adopted county, a +feeling evidently shared by his son, and I trust I may be pardoned for +quoting the concluding passage of the latter's account of a tour into +Derbyshire, wherein he expresses a sentiment which survives with +undiminished force in the breast of many a Norfolk man in the present +day. There is a very interesting account of his crossing the Wash on +leaving Lynn for Boston, but on his return to Norwich in September, +1662, he thus concludes his journal: "Give me leave to say this much: +let any stranger find mee out so pleasant a country, such good way +[roads], large heath, three such places as Norwich. Yar [Yarmouth] and +Lin [Lynn], in any county of England, and I'll bee once again a vagabond +to visit them."</p> + +<p>The manuscripts of which the following selection forms a part are +contained, with a few exceptions to be named hereafter, in the Sloane +Collection in the Library of the British Museum, consisting of nearly +one hundred volumes, numbered 1825 to 1923 both inclusive. A catalogue +is given by Simon Wilkin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> (himself a Norfolk man), by whom Browne's +collected writings were first published in a connected form, as already +mentioned, under the title of "Sir Thomas Browne's Works, including his +Life and Correspondence, edited by Simon Wilkin, F.L.S. London, William +Pickering. Josiah Fletcher, Norwich, 1836." 4 volumes, 8vo; the first +volume only is dated 1836, Vols. 2, 3, and 4 being dated 1835.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> It was +here that the Notes and Letters were first given to the public. A second +edition of the "Works," also edited by Wilkin, in three closely printed +volumes, was issued in Bohn's Antiquarian Library in 1852.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> In the first +edition the Notes on the Birds and Fishes will be found in Vol. IV., pp. +313 to 336, and the letters to Merrett in Vol. I., pp. 393 to 408. In +the second edition both are in Vol. III., pp. 311 to 335 and pp. 502 to +513 respectively. The references here, as a rule, will be made to the +1836 edition, when otherwise Bohn's edition will be specified.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> <i>Simon Wilkin</i> (1790-1862), the able editor of Sir Thomas +Browne's collected works, was born at Costessey near Norwich, in the +year 1790. He came to Norwich after his father's death in 1799, taking +up his temporary abode with his guardian, Joseph Kinghorn, a Baptist +minister of note and a prominent member of a literary circle then +existing in Norwich, by whom his education was superintended. On +arriving at man's estate and being at that time possessed of ample +means, he devoted himself to the study of Natural History, especially to +Entomology, and was the possessor of a large collection of insects +which, in the year 1827, was purchased for the Norwich Museum at a cost +of one hundred guineas, a large sum in those days. He was one of the +founders and the first librarian of the Norfolk and Norwich Literary +Institution in 1822, also of the Norfolk and Norwich Museum in 1825, +both of which institutions (the former reunited to its parent Library, +founded in 1784) are still flourishing. Wilkin was a Fellow of the +Linnean Society, also a Member of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh. In +later years the loss of the bulk of his property by a commercial failure +necessitated his turning his attention to some means of earning a +livelihood, and he established himself in Norwich as a printer and +publisher; later in life he removed to Hampstead, where he died on 28th +July, 1862, and was buried in his native village of Costessey.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Some copies of this Edition have a title-page, bearing the +name of H. G. Bohn as publisher, and the date of 1846, but differing +only in that respect.</p></div> + +<p>The foot-notes in Wilkin's edition, many of them very curious, +initialled "Wr.," are by Dr. Christopher Wren, Dean of Windsor (father +of the Architect of St. Paul's Cathedral), and were found on the margins +of a copy of the first edition of the <i>Pseudodoxia</i> now preserved in the +Bodleian Library at Oxford; those initialled "G." were written for +Wilkin's first edition by the late Miss Anna Gurney, of Northrepps, near +Cromer, Norfolk.</p> + +<p>The first papers to which I shall refer are a series of rough notes +contained for the most part in volume 1830 of the Sloane MSS., the first +portion being devoted to <i>Birds</i> found in Norfolk, followed by a similar +series relating to marine and freshwater <i>Fishes</i>, including a few +marine invertebrata and plants. They are written on one side only of +foolscap paper, the portion relating to Birds occupying folios 5 to 19 +inclusive, folios 1 to 4 consist of two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span> inserted letters from Merrett +to Browne (<a href="#APPENDIX_A">see Appendix A.</a>), which are printed by Wilkin in his first +edition, Vol. I., pp. 442-5. The notes on Fishes are in the same volume +of manuscripts, folios 23 to 38; but there are some irregularities which +will be explained as they occur. The whole of the notes are very roughly +written, and present the appearance of a commonplace book, in which the +entries were made as the events occurred to the writer, being quite +devoid of any system or arrangement. The entries doubtless extend over +several years, but it is impossible to fix the dates on which they were +made, the only internal evidence I can find being that speaking of the +occurrence of a certain shark he states it was taken "this year, 1662," +and on the next page of the MS. there is the record of the occurrence of +a sun-fish in the year 1667; this latter, however, is evidently an +interpolation. A few pages further on there is the record of what he +calls a large mackerel, "taken this year, 1668," but this also is an +addition. We may take it, I think, that most of the notes were made +about the year 1662, but that they were added to on various occasions up +to 1668, in which year his first <a href="#merrett_1">letter to Merrett</a> is dated. It has been +suggested that these notes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span> were prepared in the interest of Dr. Merrett +for his use in an enlarged edition of his <i>Pinax</i>, but the remark in his +first letter to this correspondent, "I have observed and taken notice of +many animals in these parts whereof 3 years agoe a learned gentleman of +this country wished me to give him some account, which while I was doing +ye gentleman my good friend died," clearly shows that they were +originally prepared for another purpose, although they eventually +furnished the materials for his letters to Merrett, but who his deceased +friend was it seems now useless to conjecture, although it would be +interesting to know. The notes were certainly never intended to appear +in their present form, and failing their use by Merrett which never took +place, the information they contained was, as we know, of great service +to Ray and Willughby.</p> + +<p>Browne's correspondent, Dr. Christopher Merrett, was born at Winchcomb, +in Gloucestershire, on the 16th of February, 1614. He graduated B.A. at +Oriel College, Oxford, about the year 1635; M.B. 1636; M.D. 1643. Was +elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1651, and was made +first Keeper of the Library and Museum; he was Censor of the College +seven times. Having entered into litigation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> with the College with +regard to his appointment, which was considered by that body to have +terminated when the Library was destroyed by the great fire, he was +defeated, and in 1681 expelled from his fellowship. He died in London in +1695. ("Dict. of Nat. Biog.") Merrett was the author of several works on +various subjects, as well as of the <i>Pinax</i>, and a translation of the +"Art of Glass" referred to further on. His <i>Pinax Rerum Naturalium +Britannicarum</i>, said to have been brought out in 1666, contained the +earliest list of British Birds ever published, but it is little more +than a bare list. Copies bearing the date of 1666 are very rare, and it +is believed the edition was burned in a fire at the publishers; but +Professor Newton ("Dict. of Birds," Introduction, p. xviii.) says that +in 1667 there were two issues of a reprint; one, nominally a second +edition, only differs from the others in having a new title-page, an +example doubtless of what Wilkin severely condemns as "that contemptible +form of lying under which publishers have endeavoured to persuade the +public of the rapidity of their sales." Merrett was contemplating a new +and improved edition of his work when, as Wilkin happily puts it, "in an +auspicious moment he sought the assistance of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> Browne, whose liberal +response is evidenced in the [drafts of the] letters still fortunately +extant, but either superseded by the more learned labours of Willughby +and Ray, or laid aside on account of the perplexities in which Merrett +became involved with the College of Physicians, the <i>Pinax</i> never +attained an enlarged edition. Had Browne completed and published his own +'Natural History of Norfolk,' he might have contended for precedency +among the writers of County Natural Histories with [his friend] Dr. +Robert Plot,<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> who published the earliest of such works—those of +Oxford and Staffordshire, in 1677 and 1686 respectively. He seems, +however, to have preferred contributing to the labours of those whom he +considered better naturalists than himself; and in his third attempt +thus to render his observations useful he had somewhat better success. +He placed his materials, including a number of coloured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span> drawings, at +the disposal of Ray, the father of systematic Natural History in Great +Britain, who has acknowledged the assistance he derived from him in his +editions of Willughby's 'Ornithology' and 'Ichthyology,' especially in +the former. But Browne, it seems, found it more easy to lend than to +recover such materials; for he complains, several years afterwards, that +these drawings, of whose safe return he was assured, both by Ray and by +their mutual friend, Sir Philip Skippon, had not been sent back to +him."<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Dr. Robert Plot (1640-1696) was born at Sutton Barne, Kent, +in 1640; he graduated M.A. in 1664, and D.C.L. at Oxford in 1671. He was +chiefly noted as an antiquary, and was Secretary of the Royal Society +from 1682 to 1684, also the first custodian of the Ashmoleian Museum and +Professor of Chemistry at Oxford. In 1677 he published his "Natural +History of Oxfordshire," the first local work of the kind which +appeared; it was illustrated by sixteen plates. In 1686 he also +published "The Natural History of Staffordshire," and subsequently many +other books and papers. He was evidently acquainted with most of the +learned men of his time. Plot died at his family estate Sutton Barne, on +the 30th of April, 1696, and was buried at Borden in Kent. Dr. Plot was +a friend of Browne's, and his companion in a tour in England in +1693.—"Dict. Nat. Biog."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See letter to his son, Dr. Edward Browne (Wilkin, i., p. +337), also <a href="#APPENDIX_C">Appendix C.</a></p></div> + +<p>I have endeavoured to reproduce as accurately as possible the text of +the notes and letters, which, as will be seen from the example +photographed for the frontispiece of this volume, was often very +difficult to decipher. The originals of the notes and of seven of the +nine letters to Merrett, as also the two letters in <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A.</a>, are in +the Sloane Collection of MSS. in the British Museum Library; those +numbered vii. and viii., as well as two letters in <a href="#APPENDIX_D">Appendix D.</a>, which +have not hitherto been printed, are in the Bodleian Library; and the +letter to Dugdale in <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B.</a> is extracted from the "Eastern +Counties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span> Collectanea." All the MSS. in the Sloane Collection I have +transcribed myself; of those in the Bodleian Library, No. vii. is from a +photograph, the remainder were copied for me by a person recommended as +being highly reliable. I thought it best to retain all the erasures and +interlineations in order to show as much as possible what was passing in +their author's mind: in the foot-notes I have sought to acknowledge <i>in +situ</i> the valuable help I received from numerous correspondents to whom +my best thanks are due, but I owe a special debt of gratitude to +Professor Newton, at whose instigation the work was undertaken, for his +kind assistance and for the loan of scarce books which it was necessary +to consult in the interesting investigations needful to elucidate, if +possible, some of the obscure passages in the text, a task in which if +with the best intentions should I have sometimes failed, I must ask the +reader's indulgence.</p> + +<p>It may be truly said of Sir Thomas Browne that a prophet hath no honour +in his own country; the writings of this remarkable man are little known +in the city of his adoption, and a recent movement to erect a monument +to his memory has hitherto met with feeble support.</p> + +<p class="rt">T. S.</p> + +<p><i>Norwich, December, 1901.</i></p> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<div class="front_matter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span> +<p class="fs20"><a name="notes" id="notes"></a>Notes and Letters</p> + +<p class="fs7">ON THE</p> + +<p class="fs20">Natural History of Norfolk.</p> +</div> +<hr /> + + +<h2><a name="birds" id="birds"></a>NOTES<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK.</h2> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> The heading adopted by Wilkin, for which I cannot find that +he had any authority, is certainly misleading, for the brief and +fragmentary notes which follow, although of great interest, can hardly +be called "An Account of the Birds (or Fishes) found in Norfolk," as +there are many species of each inhabiting or visiting the county which +must have been well-known to Browne, but of which we find no mention.</p></div> + +<p class="center">[MSS. SLOAN. 1830. FOL. 5-19. AND 31.]</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[The first four pages in the volume of Manuscript consist of two +inserted letters from Merrett to Browne (see <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A.</a>); these +are on ordinary letter paper 6-1/4 inches by 7 inches. The notes +commence on folio 5 and are continued to folio 19; one leaf, +containing an account of the Roller (numbered 31), is bound up +with the notes on the Fishes, &c., which are numbered +consecutively with the Birds; the paper of the volume is +foolscap, 11-1/2 by 7-1/2 inches, and written, with a few +exceptions, which appear to be subsequent additions, on the +right-hand opening only. There are four folios after the Birds, +the first of which is blank; the others, numbered 20, 21, and +22, contain rough memoranda on the Birds and Fishes, the +substance of which is embodied in the other notes; the Fishes +commence on folio 23. There are many erasures, interlineations, +and substituted words which indicate hasty writing, and the +alterations are not in all cases complete, thus rendering the +sense occasionally obscure; these emendations I have thought it +best to preserve as indicating the author's line of thought. In +the foot-notes which follow I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> endeavoured to identify the +species treated of. This, notwithstanding the kind assistance of +the friends whose help I gratefully acknowledge, I may not in +all cases have successfully accomplished; the conclusions +arrived at are occasionally only conjectural, and it may be that +in some instances I have erred. Should such be the case I must +plead in excuse the difficulty arising from vagueness of +description, the frequent use of vernacular names which have +long since become obsolete (<a href="#Footnote_22_32"><i>see Note</i> 22</a>), and the imperfection +of the record. This especially applies to the Marine Animals, +and one of my correspondents rightly remarks that "the early +accounts of marine beasts are so vague, and the figures (where +referred to) so incomplete and often fanciful, that it is +difficult even to make out the family, to say nothing of genera +and species." Any assistance or correction in this respect would +be gladly received by me.]</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 5.</i>] I willingly obey your comands<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> in setting down such birds +fishes & other animals wch for many years I have observed in Norfolk.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> With regard to the probable origin of these notes (see +"Introduction," <a href="#Page_xxi">p. xxi.</a>). The opening passage was probably addressed to +the deceased correspondent who had asked his assistance, whereas his +first <a href="#merrett_1">letter to Merrett</a> seems to indicate that the offer of help to him +came spontaneously from Browne ("I take ye boldness to salute you," +&c.), and was not in response to Merrett's request.</p></div> + +<p>Beside the ordinarie birds which keep constantly in the country many are +discouerable both in winter & summer wch are of a migrant nature & +exchange their seats according to the season.<a name="FNanchor_2_10" id="FNanchor_2_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_10" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> those wch come in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> the +spring coming for the most part from the southward those wch come in the +Autumn or winter from the northward. so that they are obserued to come +in great flocks with a north east wind & to depart with a south west. +nor to come [in <i>struck out</i>] only in flocks of one kind butt teals +woodcocks felfars thrushes & small birds to come & light together. for +the most part some hawkes & birds of pray attending them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_10" id="Footnote_2_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_10"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Browne seems to have had on the whole a fairly correct idea +with regard to the migratory movements of the birds on the Norfolk coast +where peculiar facilities exist for such observations, but of course he +could have formed no notion of the extent to which they prevail, perhaps +no species being altogether sedentary. The general line of the autumn +migration for those which spend their summer in Northern Europe is south +or south-west, returning in the spring by the reverse route; those which +visit us in spring from Western Europe, or countries lying still more to +the eastward, adopt what is known as the east to west route, and reverse +the direction in the autumn; but this latter is as nothing compared with +the vast number of immigrants by both routes in the early autumn, at +which time, especially, the movements are so exceedingly complex that it +would be impossible here to attempt to explain them, and the reader must +be referred to Mr. Eagle Clarke's digest of the Reports of the Migration +Committee of the British Association ("Report Brit. Ass. for 1876," pp. +451-477).</p></div> + +<p>The great & noble kind of Agle calld Aquila Gesneri<a name="FNanchor_3_11" id="FNanchor_3_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_11" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> I have not seen +in this country but one I met with [with <i>crossed out</i>] in this country +brought from ireland wch I [presented unto <i>struck out</i>] kept 2 yeares, +feeding it with whelpes cattes ratts & the like. in all that while not +giving it any water wch I afterwards presented unto the [colledge of +physitians at London <i>struck out</i>] my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_11" id="Footnote_3_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_11"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The "Aquila" of Gesner here referred to is evidently the +Golden Eagle, which species Browne is careful to mention that he had not +met with in this county, and that the specimen he sent to Dr. Scarburgh, +more than once mentioned, was brought from Ireland. This bird has never +been recorded alive in Norfolk. Immature White-tailed Eagles, the +"Halyætus" of the text, still occur almost every autumn or winter on +this coast, but no mature example has hitherto been killed. Browne's +friend, Sir Charles Scarburgh (1616-1694), was born in London, and is +buried at Cranford, in Middlesex. He seems to have been greatly +distinguished as an anatomist and physician. He was a friend of William +Harvey, whom he succeeded as Lumleyan Lecturer at the College of +Physicians (of which he was elected a fellow in 1650). Harvey, out of +regard for his "lovinge friend" Dr. Scarburgh, bequeathed to him his +"little silver instruments of surgerie" and his velvet gown. ("Dict. of +Nat. Biog.") The Golden Eagle sent him by Browne was kept in the College +of Physicians in Warwick Lane for two years.</p></div> + +<p>of other sorts of Agles there are severall kinds especially of the +Halyætus or fenne Agles some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> 3 yards & a quarter from the extremitie +of the wings. whereof one being taken aliue grewe so tame that it went +about the yard feeding on fish redherrings flesh & any offells without +the least trouble.</p> + +<p>There is also a lesser sort of Agle called an ospray<a name="FNanchor_4_13" id="FNanchor_4_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_13" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> wch houers about +the fennes & broads & will dippe his [foot <i>crossed out</i>] claws & take +up a fish oftimes for wch his foote is made of an extraordinarie +roughnesse for the better fastening & holding of it & the like they will +do unto cootes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_13" id="Footnote_4_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_13"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> This species is a not unfrequent autumn visitor to the +Broads and Rivers of Norfolk. Browne names it correctly, but there was +much confusion with regard to this species in the minds of the old +authors. Willughby knew the bird and calls it the "Bald Buzzard," but in +describing its nesting site and eggs (probably not on his own +authority,) evidently confounds it with the Marsh Harrier, for he says +that "it builds upon the ground among reeds, and lays three or four +large white eggs of a figure exactly elliptical, lesser than hens' +eggs." <a href="#Footnote_6_15"><i>See Note</i> 6.</a></p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol.</i> 6.] Aldrovandus takes particular notice of the great number of +Kites<a name="FNanchor_5_14" id="FNanchor_5_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_14" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> about London & about the Thames. wee are not without them heare +though not in such numbers. there are also the gray & bald Buzzard<a name="FNanchor_6_15" id="FNanchor_6_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_15" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +[wch the all wth <i>crossed out</i>] of all wch the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> great number of broad +waters & warrens makes no small number & more than in woodland counties.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_14" id="Footnote_5_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_14"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The Glede, or Puttock, of Turner, once so plentiful, is now +only an extremely rare visitor to Norfolk. In 1815, it appears from Hunt +("British Ornithology"), not to have been uncommon, but the same +authority in his list of Norfolk Birds contributed to Stacey's "History" +of that County, speaks of the Kite as having in 1829 become extremely +rare. It probably ceased to nest in this County about the year 1830, or +perhaps a little later. Browne's reason for its comparative scarcity +about the City of Norwich, viz., the abundance of Ravens mentioned at <a href="#Page_27">p. +27</a> <i>infra</i>, is very interesting to us in the present day when Kites and +Ravens are almost equally rare.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_15" id="Footnote_6_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_15"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> It seems likely that Browne here refers to two species of +Harrier, the Grey Buzzard being the male of the Hen Harrier (including +of course Montagu's Harrier which was not discriminated till long after) +in its grey adult plumage, whereas the Marsh Harrier, with its light +yellow head, to which the word "bald" as then used might well be +applied, would stand for the "Bald Buzzard." The Harriers, which were +till long after the time he wrote extremely numerous, are generally +called "Buzzards" by the natives, and it will be noticed at <a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a> +<i>infra</i>, that what is doubtless intended for the Marsh Harrier is spoken +of as an enemy to the Coots; also at <a href="#Page_56">p. 56</a>, it is said that young Otters +"have been found in the Buzzards nests," a very likely circumstance with +so fierce a bird, and one of which I have an impression I have heard in +recent years. The Hen Harrier is now an extremely rare bird with us; the +Marsh Harrier still occasionally nests in the Broads, and Montagu's +Harrier now and then attempts to rear a brood, but even should the +parents succeed in escaping it is very seldom they carry their young +with them. Professor Newton has kindly favoured me with the following +additional interesting note on this bird. "The Marsh Harrier is +certainly the 'Balbushardus' of Turner (1544), which, though he says it +is bigger and longer than the ordinary <i>Buteo</i>, has a white patch on the +head and is generally of a dark brown (<i>fuscus</i>) colour, hunting the +banks of rivers, pools, and marshes, living by the capture of Ducks, and +the black birds which the English call Coots (<i>Coutas</i>). This he, +Turner, has himself very often seen, and he describes its habits +correctly; adding that it also takes Rabbits occasionally. Gesner, 1555, +quotes Turner, but refers the Bald Buzzard to the Osprey (which he +figures), and so the mistake began. Certainly Willughby's Bald Buzzard +is the Osprey, but his book was not published when Browne wrote."</p></div> + +<p>Cranes<a name="FNanchor_7_16" id="FNanchor_7_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_16" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> are often seen here in hard winters especially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> about the +champian & feildie part it seems they have been more plentifull for in a +bill of fare when the maior entertaind the duke of norfolk I meet with +Cranes in a dish.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_16" id="Footnote_7_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_16"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> In the present day the Crane is only a rare straggler to +this country generally at the seasons of its migration; that it was in +times past abundant in suitable localities there is ample evidence; that +it also bred in the fens of the Eastern Counties there is no reason to +doubt, but very little direct evidence is forthcoming, therefore every +fact bearing upon this point is of value. Had Sir Thomas Browne written +with the intention of publishing his observations he would doubtless +have told us much about this grand bird, which would have been of the +greatest interest to modern ornithologists, but even the above brief +remarks, as will be seen, are worthy of note. +</p><p> +With regard to the occurrence of the Crane in the fens of East Anglia we +have the following evidence; its fossil remains have been found in the +peat at Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, and in excavating the docks at Lynn. +Turner, in his "Avium Historia," Coloniæ, 1544, speaks of having seen +young Cranes in this country, and as he passed fifteen years at +Cambridge, it was probably in that neighbourhood that he met with them; +then again there is the Act of Parliament, passed in 1534 (25th Hen. +VIII. c. ii.), prohibiting the taking of their eggs (amongst those of +other species) under a penalty of twenty pence. All this is well known, +but being desirous to ascertain whether any reference to the Crane was +to be found in the records of the Corporation of Norwich, Mr. J. C. +Tingey, F.S.A., the custodian of the Muniment Room, at my request, most +kindly searched the accounts of the City Chamberlain between the years +1531 and 1549. He there found numerous entries of sums expended in the +purchase of cranes, swans, porpoises, &c., as presents to the Dukes of +Norfolk and Suffolk and others, and amongst them, on the 6th of June, +1543, a charge for a "yong pyper crane" from Hickling, which appears +conclusive evidence of the breeding of this bird near Norwich at that +time. (See "Transactions of the N. and N. Nat. Soc.," vii., pp. +160-170.) +</p><p> +In Wilkin's Edition of the Notes the statement, "I met" with Cranes in a +dish should be, "I meet with," &c., as it is in the original. The +occasion referred to was probably an entertainment given by the Mayor of +Norwich, on the Guild day in 1663, which in that year fell on the 19th +June; at this banquet Henry, Duke of Norfolk and the Hon. Henry Howard +were present, and the latter presented to the City a silver basin and +ewer of the value of £60. Can it be that even at that time young Cranes +were to be obtained? otherwise the middle of June seems a most +unseasonable time for such a dish; for in a copy of a curious old +manuscript, dated 1605, and published in the 13th Volume of +"Archæologia" (p. 315), entitled "A Breviate touching the Order and +Government of a Nobleman's house," &c., there is a "Monthlie Table, for +a Diatorie" for each month in the year, and the Crane appears only in +the tables from November till March inclusive. The modern gourmet would +view with disgust some of the dishes included in this "diatorie" if set +before him—only to mention among birds, auks, stares, petterells, +puffines, didapers, and martins. The crane being "in the dish" must not +be subjected to the vulgar process of "kervyng," but in the stilted +heraldic language of the day must be "desplayed," whereas a heron must +be "dismembered" and a bittern "unjointed." The price of a crane varied +from 3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> to 5<i>s.</i>, and a fat swan from 3<i>s.</i> to 4<i>s.</i> The sum of +6<i>d.</i> mentioned in the le Strange Household-book, in the year 1533 (see +"Archæologia," vol. xxv., p. 529), quoted in Yarrell's "British Birds," +iii., p. 180, was only the reward for bringing in a crane killed on the +estate. That Cranes must at times have been numerous in Norfolk in the +sixteenth century is evident, for in an account of the presents sent to +William Moore, Esq., of Loseley, on the occasion of the marriage of his +daughter, on 3rd November, 1567, Mr. Balam, "out of Marshland in +Norfolk," sent him nine cranes, nine swans, and sixteen bitterns, with a +large number of other wild-fowl. "Archæologia," vol. xxxvi., p. 36.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>In hard winters elkes<a name="FNanchor_8_17" id="FNanchor_8_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_17" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> a kind of wild swan are seen in no small +numbers. in whom & not in com̄on swans is remarkable that strange +recurvation of the windpipe through the sternon. & the same is also +obseruable in cranes. tis probable they come very farre for all the +northern discouerers have [ha <i>struck out</i>] obserued them in the +remotest parts & like diuers [&] other northern birds if the winter bee +mild they com̄only come no further southward then scotland if very +hard they go lower & seeke more southern places. wch is the cause that +sometimes wee see them not before christmas or the hardest time of +winter.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_17" id="Footnote_8_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_17"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The "Elke" is an obsolete name for the Wild Swan (<i>Cygnus +musicus</i>), which occurs in the present day in the same numbers and under +precisely similar circumstances as Browne describes; but of course this +was the only species of wild swan known to him. The remarkable +recurvation of the trachea within the keel of the sternum, which also +prevails to a greater or less degree in four out of the five or six +species of Cygnus found in the Northern Hemisphere, did not escape +Browne's notice, although he was not the first to describe it, and he +rightly observes that this peculiarity is absent in the Mute Swan (<i>C. +olor</i>), but exists in a different and even more exaggerated form in the +Crane. He, however, was mistaken as to the extreme northerly range which +he assigns to this species. So marked a feature as the absence of the +"berry" on the beak of this species did not escape Browne's observation, +and he refers to it in the eighth <a href="#merrett_8">letter to Merrett</a>, who in his second +letter to Browne remarks "the difference in the elk's bill by you +signified is remarkable to distinguish it from others of its kind," +indicating that this distinction was previously unknown to him.</p></div> + +<p>A white large & strong billd fowle called a Ganet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_9_18" id="FNanchor_9_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_18" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> which seemes to +bee the greater sort of Larus. whereof I met with one kild by a +greyhound neere swaffam another in marshland while it fought & would not +bee forced to take wing another intangled in an herring net wch taken +aliue was fed with herrings for a while it may be named Larus maior +Leucophæopterus as being white & the top of the wings browne.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_18" id="Footnote_9_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_18"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> As a rule the Gannet does not approach the shore, except to +breed, but follows the shoals of fish far out at sea. The circumstance +mentioned by Browne is by no means singular, and several such instances +of storm-driven Gannets being captured far inland are recorded. The +"Scotch Goose, <i>Anser scoticus</i>," mentioned further on (<a href="#Page_13">p. 13</a> <i>infra</i>), +is also in all probability intended for the Gannet; it is the <i>Anser +Bassanus sive Scoticus</i> of Jonston. The "Marshland" here mentioned is a +tract of country reclaimed in ancient times from the sea, lying to the +west of the town of Lynn, of some 57,000 acres in extent, and bordering +upon the estuary of the Wash.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 7.</i>] In hard winters I have also met with that large & strong +billd fowle wch clusius describeth by the name of Skua Hoyeri<a name="FNanchor_10_19" id="FNanchor_10_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_19" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> [fr +<i>struck out</i>] sent him from the faro Island by Hoierus a physitian. one +whereof was shot at Hickling while 2 thereof were feeding upon a dead +horse.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_19" id="Footnote_10_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_19"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Willughby ("Ornithology," English Ed., p. 348) gives a +good description of the Great Skua (<i>Stercorarius catarrhactes</i>) under +the name of <i>Catarracta</i>, a skin of which he says was sent him by Dr. +Walter Needham, and rightly identified it with the Skua which Hoier sent +to Clusius, but his figure is evidently drawn from a skin of the Great +Black-backed Gull. Hoier, whose name so often occurs about this time in +connection with birds from the north, was a physician, living at Bergen +in Norway. The Great Skua still breeds in sadly reduced numbers on the +Shetland and Faröe Islands, but <ins title="us deleted per errata.">is</ins> rarely met with in +Norfolk.</p></div> + +<p>As also that [strong <i>struck out</i>] large & strong billd fowle [Clusius +nameth <i>struck out</i>] spotted like a starling wch clusius nameth Mergus +maior farrœnsis<a name="FNanchor_11_20" id="FNanchor_11_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_20" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> as frequenting the faro islands seated above +shetland. one whereof I sent unto my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_20" id="Footnote_11_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_20"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The bird here mentioned is doubtless the Great Northern +Diver, <i><ins title="Inserted per errata.">Colymbus glacialis</ins></i>. In another place Browne again refers to it as <i>Mergus maximus +Farrensis</i>, which Clusius ("Exotic.," p. 102) +calls <i>Mergus maximus <ins title="Inserted per errata.">Farrensis</ins></i>, a name used by Willughby as a synonym for his +"Greatest Speckled Diver or Loon" (p. 341). This bird is known to our +fishermen as the Herring Loon, the Red-throated and perhaps also the +Black-throated Divers being called Sprat Loons. It is a pity Browne's +"draught" is not forthcoming.</p></div> + +<p>Here is also the pica marina<a name="FNanchor_12_21" id="FNanchor_12_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_21" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> or seapye many sorts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Lari,<a name="FNanchor_13_22" id="FNanchor_13_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_22" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +seamewes & cobs. the Larus maior in great abundance [about <i>struck out</i>] +in [<i>written above</i>] herring time about yarmouth.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_21" id="Footnote_12_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_21"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The Oyster Catcher, or Sea Pie, is found in greater +numbers on the north-west portion of the County of Norfolk than on the +eastern shore; it breeds occasionally about Wells, where it is +universally known as the "Dickey-bird."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_22" id="Footnote_13_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_22"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Browne here refers to the family in general terms. The +various species of Gulls in their different stages of plumage were very +puzzling to the Ornithologists of the last century, and it is often +extremely difficult to say to what individual species they refer. By +<i>Larus major</i> he would probably mean the Black-backed and Herring Gulls +which are found on the shore all the year round, most frequently in the +immature plumage, but they most abound "in herring time." By far the +commonest species at all times is Browne's <i>Larus alba</i> or Puet, the +Black-headed Gull. Large flocks of this species and <i>L. canus</i> frequent +Breydon and the tidal shores, especially the young birds of the year. +There are now two large breeding-places of the Black-headed Gull in +Norfolk, a very old-established one at Scoulton Mere, and a more recent +colony at Hoveton Broad. The former extensive gullery at Horsey, +mentioned by Browne, has long since been banished by the drainage of the +marsh they frequented, and it is probable that a small colony which bred +on Ormesby Broad some forty years ago, owed its origin to their +banishment from Horsey. They, in their turn, deserted Ormesby on the +erection of the works for supplying Yarmouth with water about the year +1855, and fixed upon Hoveton as their new home, in which place, as at +Scoulton, they are carefully preserved. +</p><p> +Professor Newton has been kind enough to furnish me with the following +note on the Terns. "<i>Larus cinereus</i> of Aldrovandus (and afterwards of +Jonston), is said to be of three kinds: one with red legs, apparently +the Black-headed Gull, and figured by Jonston, the second with yellow +legs and a slender curved black bill, the third with a pointed scarlet +bill. Both these last were most likely Terns—and all these were grey +above and white below. Gesner quotes Turner for <i>Sterna</i>, and there is +no doubt that his bird of that name was a Black Tern; but Gesner says +that it is the <i>Stirn</i> of the Frisians, and figures a white and grey +bird with a black head only (most likely a Common Tern, but possibly one +of the larger species), as Sterna, thus using the word in a more general +sense, and it may have been so used in Browne's time. I see no +impossibility in people having thought of eating Terns in those days [as +to that <a href="#Footnote_7_16"><i>see Note</i> 7</a>, p. 6 <i>ante</i>]. The Common Tern was most likely very +abundant, and we know that the Black Tern was exceedingly common in +certain reed-beds, as stated by Turner, and noisy beyond measure." The +Great and Lesser Terns still nest in one or two localities on our coast, +although as the result of great persecution in very reduced numbers. The +Black Tern, or Mire Crow, has quite ceased to do so.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Larus alba or puets in such plentie about Horsey that they sometimes +bring them in carts to norwich & sell them at small rates. & the country +people make use of their egges in puddings & otherwise. great plentie +thereof haue bred about scoulton [mere <i>struck out</i>] meere, & from +thence sent to London.</p> + +<p>Larus cinereus greater & smaller, butt a coars meat. commonly called +sternes.</p> + +<p>Hirundo marina or sea swallowe a neat white & forked tayle bird butt +longer then a swallowe.</p> + +<p>The ciconia or stork<a name="FNanchor_14_23" id="FNanchor_14_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_23" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> I have seen in the fennes & some haue been shot +in the marshes between this and yarmouth. [See also third <a href="#merrett_3">letter to +Merrett</a> and <a href="#APPENDIX_D">Appendix D.</a>]</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_23" id="Footnote_14_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_23"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Although it has been met with in Norfolk, more frequently +than perhaps in any other part of England, the Stork was never other +than a rare spring and autumn visitor to Norfolk. Turner writes of it in +1544 as unknown in England, save as a captive, and Merrett a hundred +years later says it rarely flies hither, which is equally true at the +present time. Hewittson ("Eggs of Brit. Birds," Ed. 3, ii., p. 309; +under Crane) was evidently misled by some remarks made by Evelyn, who +visited Sir Thomas Browne in Norwich in October, 1671, and says in his +diary that he saw Browne's "Collection of the eggs of all the fowl and +birds he could procure; that country, especially the promontory of +Norfolk, being frequented, as he said, by several birds which seldom or +never go further into the land—as cranes, storks, eagles, and a variety +of water-fowl." From this Hewitson infers that the Stork bred in +Norfolk, a construction which the somewhat ambiguously worded passage +will certainly not bear. I imagine collections of eggs were not very +common in Browne's time.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 8.</i>] The platea or shouelard,<a name="FNanchor_15_24" id="FNanchor_15_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_24" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> wch build upon the topps of +high trees. they haue formerly built in the Hernerie at claxton & +Reedham now at Trimley in Suffolk. they come in march & are shot by +fowlers not for their meat butt the handsomenesse of the same,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +remarkable in their white colour copped crowne & spoone or spatule like +bill.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_24" id="Footnote_15_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_24"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This interesting record has recently been supplemented by +a much earlier record of the breeding of the "Popeler," or Shovelard, in +Norfolk. Professor Newton ("Transactions of N. and N. Nat. Soc.," vi., +p. 158) has called attention to an ancient document bearing date A.D. +1300, instituting a commission to inquire into the harrying of the +eyries of these and other birds, &c., at Cantley and other places in +Norfolk. Documents also exist, showing that in 1523 they nested at +Fulham in Middlesex, and in 1570 in West Sussex, as pointed out by Mr. +Harting in the "Zoologist" for 1877, p. 425, and 1886, p. 81, in each +case constructing their nests in trees. At what precise date this bird +ceased to breed in Norfolk and Suffolk is unknown, but Sir T. Browne's +statement that they were "shot by fowlers not for their meat, butt the +handsomenesse of the same," probably explains the circumstances which +brought about that event. The Spoonbill visits Norfolk regularly every +spring in small parties now more numerously than a few years since, +which possibly may be accounted for by the destruction of nearly all its +breeding-places in Holland, and it is possible that with due +encouragement it might again be induced to breed in some of the +localities in the Broads still suitable for the purpose.</p></div> + +<p>corvus marinus. cormorants.<a name="FNanchor_16_25" id="FNanchor_16_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_25" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> building at Reedham upon trees from +whence King charles the first was wont to bee supplyed. beside the Rock +cormorant wch breedeth in the rocks in northerne countries & cometh to +us in the winter, somewhat differing from the other in largenesse & +whitenesse under the wings.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_25" id="Footnote_16_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_25"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> The Cormorant continued to nest in the trees on the shore +of Fritton Lake for many years after Sir T. Browne's time. A manuscript +note in a copy of Berkenhout's "Natural History of Great Britain and +Ireland," published in 1769, is descriptive of a Cormorant killed at +Belton Decoy (near the same lake) on the 11th September, 1775, and also +states that "a vast number of these birds, even to some thousands, roost +every night upon the trees," being in the neighbourhood of the decoy +they are never shot, and "build their nests upon the top of these +trees." According to Mr. Lubbock ("Fauna of Norf.," Ed. 2, p. 174), "in +1825 there were many nests at Herringfleet, also on Fritton Lake, and in +1827 not one." We may therefore assume that they ceased to nest at +Herringfleet in 1825 or 1826. It will be noticed that Browne made free +use of young Cormorants in his experiments as to the properties of +certain drugs (cf. Wilkin, iv., p. 452), which would seem to indicate +that he could obtain a plentiful supply of these birds. When the +Cormorants ceased to breed at Reedham is unknown. They are not +unfrequently seen now, generally in spring and autumn. The Rock +Cormorant was possibly the Crested Cormorant or Shag.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>A sea fowl called a shearwater,<a name="FNanchor_17_26" id="FNanchor_17_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_26" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> somewhat billed like a cormorant +butt much lesser a strong & feirce fowle houering about shipps when they +[clense <i>struck out</i>] cleanse their fish. 2 were kept 6 weekes +cram̄ing them with fish wch they would not feed on of themselues. the +seamen told mee they had kept them 3 weekes without meat. & I giuing +ouer to feed them found they liued 16 dayes without [any hin <i>struck +out</i>] taking any thing.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_26" id="Footnote_17_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_26"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Willughby's first acquaintance with the adult Manx +Shearwater ("Ornithology," p. 334) was from a drawing sent him by Sir T. +Browne, who describes the bird, as above, under the accepted name of +Shearwater, and Willughby's excellent figure on plate lxvii. (which +plate I believe is not to be found in some copies of the "Ornithology," +and to which there is no reference in the text) has all the appearance +of having been drawn from life. The drawing here referred to is +mentioned by Ray in his "Collection of English <ins title="Birds in original">words</ins> not generally +known," as having been received, with others, from the "learned and +deservedly famous Sir Thomas Browne, of Norwich." George Edwards +("Gleanings of Nat. Hist.," vii., p. 315), prior to 1764. says that he +went to the British Museum and examined Browne's "old draught," but I +could not find it among any of the papers I examined. In Browne's fourth +<a href="#merrett_4">letter to Merrett</a>, by an error in the transcription, he is made by +Wilkin to say that he kept twenty of these birds alive for five weeks; +in the MS. it is clearly only two.</p></div> + +<p>Barnacles<a name="FNanchor_18_27" id="FNanchor_18_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_27" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Brants Branta [wer <i>struck out</i>] are com̄on</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_27" id="Footnote_18_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_27"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Barnacle and Brent Geese as we know them, the first by no +means common here; the Wild Goose, probably <i>Anser cinereus</i>; the Scotch +Goose (<a href="#Footnote_9_18"><i>see Note</i> 9</a>), probably the Gannet; and the Bergander, an old +name for the Sheld-drake, as used by Turner in 1544, and derived from +the Dutch Berg-eende, German Bergente ("Dict. Birds," p. 835). Browne's +statement that this bird formerly bred about Northwold, or as it is even +now occasionally called by the natives, "Norrold," some twenty miles +from the sea; or, as he says, in the fourth <a href="#merrett_4">letter to Merrett</a>, +"abounding in vast and spatious commons," is very interesting, although +not a solitary instance, for I am informed that this bird breeds in the +present day on the Gull Lake, Twig Moor, in Lincolnshire; but that it +should have chosen such a nesting site is not more surprising than the +fact of the Ring Plover, quite as strictly a marine species, frequenting +the extensive sandy warrens about Thetford and Brandon, near the <ins title="center in original">south-west border</ins> +of the county, for the same purpose, as they still continue to do. But +for Browne's mention of the circumstance we should not have been aware +of this singular departure from the normal nesting habits of the +Sheld-duck, as no tradition I believe exists on the subject, and at +present it only nests in the sand-hills in some parts of the coast of +N.W. Norfolk.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>sheldrakes sheledracus jonstoni</p> + +<p>Barganders a noble coloured fowle vulpanser wch breed in cunny burrowes +about norrold & other places.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 9.</i>] Wild geese Anser ferus.</p> + +<p>scoch goose Anser scoticus.</p> + +<p>Goshander,<a name="FNanchor_19_28" id="FNanchor_19_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_28" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> merganser.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_28" id="Footnote_19_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_28"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This evidently refers to the Goosander, which as he says +in another place most answers to the Merganser.</p></div> + +<p>Mergus acutirostris speciosus or Loone an handsome & specious fowle +cristated & with diuided finne feet placed very backward and after the +manner of all such wch the Duch call [Assf <i>struck out</i>] Arsvoote.<a name="FNanchor_20_29" id="FNanchor_20_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_29" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +they haue a peculiar formation in the leggebone wch hath a long & sharpe +processe extending aboue the thigh bone [it <i>struck out</i>] they come +about April & breed in the broad waters so making their nest on the +water that their egges are seldom drye while they are sett on.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_29" id="Footnote_20_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_29"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> This well describes the Great-crested Grebe, which Browne +rightly says comes to us about the month of April. Browne notices the +peculiar formation of the tibia in this family of birds, but it had long +been known. The next, named <i>Mergus acutirostris cinereus</i>, is most +likely the same species in winter plumage. The other birds mentioned are +Mergus minor, the Little Grebe or Dabchick, and <i>M. serratus</i>, the +Red-breasted Merganser, even now known as the "Saw-bill."</p></div> + +<p>Mergus <ins class="tn" title="May be 'acutirostris' as spelled elsewhere.">acutarostris</ins> cinereus [another d <i>struck out</i>] wch seemeth to bee +a difference of the former.</p> + +<p>Mergus minor the smaller diuers or dabchicks in riuers & broade waters.</p> + +<p>Mergus serratus the saw billd diuer bigger & longer than a duck +distinguished from other diuers by a notable sawe bill to retaine its +slipperie pray as liuing much upon eeles whereof we haue seldome fayled +to find some in their bellies.</p> + +<p>Diuers other sorts of diuefowle more remarkable the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> mustela fusca & +mustela variegata<a name="FNanchor_21_30" id="FNanchor_21_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_30" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> the graye dunne & the variegated or partie +coloured wesell so called from the resemblance it beareth vnto a wesell +in the head.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_30" id="Footnote_21_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_30"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Smew, male and female, or either in the immature +plumage are here referred to.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 12.</i><a name="FNanchor_I_31" id="FNanchor_I_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_31" class="fnanchor">[I]</a>] many sorts of wild ducks<a name="FNanchor_22_32" id="FNanchor_22_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_32" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> wch passe under names well +knowne unto the fowlers though of no great signification as smee [wige +<i>struck out</i>] widgeon Arts ankers noblets.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_31" id="Footnote_I_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_31"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Fols. 10 and 11 are (10 written on both sides) on the +"Ostridge," <i>vide</i> Wilkin, Vol. 4, p. 337-9. The paper is a different +size, 11-1/2 by 7-1/2, and the article is evidently bound out of place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_32" id="Footnote_22_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_32"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> The local names of the various Ducks are simply legion and +differ both in time and place, not to mention the confusion occasioned +by sex and season when these birds were not so well understood as at +present. Many such names are quite lost, as "Ankers" and "Noblets," but +the following are a few examples: Adult Smew, White Nun; female or +immature Smew, Wesel Coot; the Wigeon was known as the Smee, Whewer, or +Whim; the Tufted Duck, Arts or Arps; the Gadwall, Grey Duck or Rodge; +the Pochard, Dunbird; the Shoveller, Beck or Kertlutock (Hunt); Pintail, +Sea Pheasant or Cracker; Long-tailed Duck, Mealy Bird; Golden Eye, +Morillon or Rattle-wing; Scaup, Grey-back, and on Breydon White-nosed +Day Fowl; Scoter, Whilk; Velvet Scoter, Double Scoter (Hunt); Teal, +Crick; Garganey, Summer Teal, Pied Wigeon, Cricket Teal; other names +might be mentioned, and some will be found in the notes which will +follow. <i>Anas platyrhincus</i> here mentioned is the Shoveller. It may seem +strange that the abundance of Teal should in any way be attributed to +the number of Decoys, but such was really the case, the quiet and +shelter afforded by these extensive preserves being very favourable to +the increase of all the members of the Duck family, especially to those +breeding in their immediate neighbourhood. In the returns of the old +Decoys, Teal figured largely; in the present day they form a very much +smaller proportion of the spoils.</p></div> + +<p>the most remarkable are Anas platyrinchos [<i>sic</i>] a remarkably broad +bild duck.</p> + +<p>And the sea phaysant holding some resemblance unto that bird [in the +tayle <i>crossed out</i>] in some fethers in the tayle.</p> + +<p>Teale Querquedula. wherein scarce any place more abounding. the +condition of the country & the very many decoys [mo <i>struck out</i>] +especially between Norwich and the sea making this place very much to +abound in wild fowle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>fulicæ cottæ cootes<a name="FNanchor_23_33" id="FNanchor_23_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_33" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> in very great flocks upon the broad waters. upon +the appearance of a Kite or buzzard I have seen them vnite from all +parts of the shoare in strange numbers when if the Kite stoopes neare +them they will fling up [and] spred such a flash of water up with there +wings that they will endanger the Kite. & so [es <i>struck out</i>] keepe him +of [in of <i>struck out</i>] agayne & agayne in open opposition. & an +handsome prouision they make about their nest agaynst the same bird of +praye by bending & twining the rushes & reeds so about them that they +cannot stoope at their yong ones or the damme while she setteth.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_33" id="Footnote_23_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_33"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> In the present day the Coots have nothing to fear from +Kites and little from Moor Buzzards; it may be that it is in consequence +of this that they have discontinued the practice of twining the rushes +and reeds above their nests in the manner mentioned above as being an +unnecessary precaution. I have, however, in some cases noticed some +approach to this practice. The Coot, although fairly numerous on the +Broads, appears to be far less so than formerly. Lubbock, in his "Fauna +of Norfolk," says on asking a Broadman how many Coots there were on +Hickling Broad, his reply was, "About an acre and a half," referring to +their practice of swimming evenly at regular distances from each other +without huddling together in dense masses, like wild-fowl. +</p><p> +I am indebted to Professor Newton for the following additional note on +the Coot. He says "Turner, and after him Gesner, was puzzled as to what +was the <i>Fulica</i> of classical writers (Virgil and others), and thought +it to be some kind of Gull; but the <i>Fulica</i> of later authors was +certainly the Coot, as shown by Gesner's figure."</p></div> + +<p>Gallinula aquatica<a name="FNanchor_24_34" id="FNanchor_24_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_34" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> more hens.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_34" id="Footnote_24_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_34"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Moor-hens are of course numerous in all suitable +localities, and the Water Rail is still fairly common, but its eggs have +a market value and are (or were) sadly stolen; a few years ago a London +dealer is said to have received over 200 eggs of this bird in one season +from Yarmouth.</p></div> + +<p>And a kind of Ralla aquatica or water Rayle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 13.</i>] An onocrotalus or pelican<a name="FNanchor_25_35" id="FNanchor_25_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_35" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> shott upon Horsey fenne 1663 +May 22 wch stuffed and cleansed I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> yet retaine it was 3 yards & half +between the extremities of the wings the chowle & beake answering the +vsuall discription the extremities of the wings for a spanne deepe +browne the rest of the body white. a fowle [not found <i>struck out</i>] wch +none could remember upon this coast. about the same time I heard one of +the kings pellicans was lost at St James', perhaps this might bee the +same.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_35" id="Footnote_25_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_35"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> There is every reason to believe that a species of +Pelican, probably from its size <i>P. crispus</i>, was formerly an inhabitant +of the East Anglian Fens; its bones have been found in the peat on three +occasions, one of these being the bone of a bird so young as to show +that it must have been bred in the locality, and therefore that the +species was a true native and not a casual visitant. Bones of a species +of Pelican have also been found in the remains of lake-dwellings at +Glastonbury, in Somersetshire. +</p><p> +With regard to the species of the bird recorded by Browne and its +origin, he is careful to point out that a Pelican had about that time +escaped from the King's collection in St. James' Park, and to surmise +that it might be the same bird; from what follows this seems probable, +but as <i>P. onocrotalus</i> is believed to stray occasionally into the +northern parts of Germany and France ("Dict. of Birds," p. 702) the +occurrence of that species on the East Coast of Britain, where, even at +present, it would find a state of things in every way suited to its +requirements (guns excepted), would not be very extraordinary. Browne's +Pelican was killed in May, 1663, and although Dr. Edward Browne visited +St. James' Park in February, 1664, and saw "many strange creatures," +including the Stork with the wooden leg (mentioned by Evelyn), he says +nothing of the Pelicans, still it may be that it was from him that his +father heard of the escape. Evelyn, in his Diary, mentioned that he +visited St. James' Park on February 9th, 1665, and speaks of only one +Pelican, which he states was brought from Astrakan by the Russian +Ambassador as a present to the King; Willughby says distinctly that the +Emperor of Russia sent the King two Pelicans, and further, that he took +the description in his "Ornithology" from a bird in the Royal Aviary, +St. James' Park, near Westminster; it seems therefore highly probable +that Browne's bird was one of these which had escaped from confinement. +But a rather curious circumstance arises out of this, the bird described +by Willughby does not appear to be <i>P. onocrotalus</i>, but a similar +species, <i>P. roseus</i>, found chiefly in Indio-China and westward to +South-eastern Europe, but occurring as far west as the River Volga +("Cat. of Birds," B. M., xxvi., p. 466). In this Mr. Ogilvie Grant, the +author of that section of the Catalogue, whom I consulted, agrees with +me, and the locality whence the birds were derived, mentioned by +Willughby, renders not unlikely. Onocrotalus in Browne's time was a +general term for "the Pelican," and he probably knew but one species and +one individual, the escaped bird from Charles II.'s Aviary. Browne's +very miscellaneous collection was destroyed by the authorities at the +time of the plague (see ninth <a href="#merrett_9">letter to Merrett</a>), and probably the +remains of this Pelican perished with the rest.</p></div> + +<p>Anas Arctica clusii wch though hee placeth about the faro Islands is the +same wee call a puffin com̄on about Anglisea in wales & sometimes [for +<i>struck out</i>] taken upon our seas not sufficiently described by the name +of puffinus the bill being so remarkably differing from other ducks & +not horizontally butt meridionally formed to feed in the clefts of the +rocks of insecks, shell-fish & others.</p> + +<p>The great number of riuers riuulets & plashes of water makes hernes [to +abound in these <i>struck out</i>] & herneries to abound in these parts. yong +hensies being esteemed a festiuall dish & much desired by some palates.</p> + +<p>The Ardea stellaris botaurus, or bitour<a name="FNanchor_26_36" id="FNanchor_26_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_36" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> is also com̄on & esteemed +the better dish. in the belly of one I found a frog in an hard frost at +christmas. another I kept in a garden 2 yeares feeding it with fish mice +& frogges. in defect whereof making a scrape for sparrowes & small +birds, the bitour made shifft to maintaine herself upon them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_36" id="Footnote_26_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_36"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> This is one of the birds once common enough in Norfolk, +which in the present day is only a winter and spring migrant. The last +eggs of the Bittern were taken in this county on 30th of March, 1868; +the last "boom" of a resident was heard in May, 1886, in the August of +which year a young female was killed at Reedham with down still adhering +to its feathers; this was probably the last Norfolk-bred Bittern. In the +"Vulgar Errors," book 3, chapter xxvii., section 4, is a discourse on +the "mugient noise" of the Bittern and the mode of its production, and +in a foot-note in the same place is a curious anecdote illustrating the +difficulty of detecting a wounded Bittern, even when marked down in +short, recently mown grass and flags. The spring cry of the Bittern is +mentioned by Robert Marsham in his unpublished journal nineteen times, +between the years 1739 and 1775, as first heard at Stratton Strawless, +generally between the 15th of March and the 15th of April; and it was on +the 14th of the latter month that Benjamin Stillingfleet records it in +the "Calendar of Flora" as heard in the same locality in 1755. He does +not describe the note, but uses the words "makes a noise." Marsham, +however, on one occasion, in 1750, a very early year, records it on the +20th of February. As a once familiar sound, but one which will probably +never again be heard here under purely normal conditions, these dates +seem worthy of recording.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 14.</i>] Bistardæ or Bustards<a name="FNanchor_27_37" id="FNanchor_27_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_37" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> are not vnfrequent in the champain +& feildie part of this country a large Bird accounted a dayntie dish, +obseruable in the strength<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> of the brest bone & short heele layes an +egge much larger then a Turkey.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_37" id="Footnote_27_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_37"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The last of the Norfolk and therefore certainly the last +of the British-bred Bustards, was killed in May, 1838; those which have +since occurred in this country were Continental immigrants. An +exhaustive history of the extinction of this bird will be found in +Stevenson's "Birds of Norfolk," vols. 2 and 3. The Bustard, although +found in some numbers, associated in small flocks or "droves" in the few +localities which it frequented in Great Britain, was probably never a +very numerous species. The following extract from one of Browne's +letters to his son Edward, dated April 30th, and written probably in +1681, shows that he was on the verge of discovering an anatomical +peculiarity in this family of birds, which in after years gave rise to +much controversy. He says, "yesterday I had a cock Bustard sent me from +beyond Thetford. I never did see such a vast thick neck: the crop was +pulled out, butt as [a] turkey hath an odde large substance without, so +hath this within the inside of the skinne, and the strongest and largest +neckbone of any bird in England. This I tell you, that if you meet with +one you may further observe it." The presence of a gular pouch in the +Bustard was first demonstrated by James Douglas, a Scotch Physician, in +1740, and it appears to be fully developed only in the adult male bird, +and at the breeding season. Hence, although it has undoubtedly been +found on several occasions, the frequent unsuccessful searches for it +under unfavourable conditions led to much scepticism as to its +existence. The use of this singular appendage is still a moot point, but +it seems probable that it has to do with "voice production," and assists +in the remarkable "showing off" exhibited by the male bird in the +breeding season. Pennant, in his "British Zoology," 1768, i., p. 215, +gives a sentimental account of its use, and an exaggerated estimate of +its proportions. In the Tables of Dietary referred to at <a href="#Footnote_7_16">p. 6 (note)</a> +<i>ante</i>, the Bustard is mentioned as in season from October to May.</p></div> + +<p>Morinellus or Dotterell<a name="FNanchor_28_38" id="FNanchor_28_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_38" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> about Thetford & the champain wch comes vnto +us in september & march staying not long. & is an excellent dish.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_38" id="Footnote_28_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_38"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The Dotterel visits us much as in Sir T. Browne's time, +but in decreased numbers. The Sea Dotterel which Wilkin supposes to be +the Ring Plover, is undoubtedly the Turnstone. Willughby says, "Our +honoured Friend, Sir Thomas Browne, of Norwich, sent us the picture of +this bird by the title of the Sea Dotterel." This is also mentioned in +the <a href="#merrett_5">fifth letter to Merrett</a>. See "Birds of Norfolk," ii., p. 82, for an +interesting account of Dotterel hawking near Thetford by James I. in the +year 1610.</p></div> + +<p>There is also a sea dotterell somewhat lesse butt better coloured then +the former.</p> + +<p>Godwyts taken chiefly in marshland, though other parts not without them +accounted the dayntiest dish in England & I think for the bignesse, of +the biggest price.</p> + +<p>Gnatts or Knots [only so far on p. 14, but as follows on fol. 13 +<i>verso</i>].</p> + +<p>Gnats or Knots a small bird which taken with netts grow excessively +fatt. If [by mew <i>struck out</i>] being mewed & fed with corne a candle +lighted in the roome they feed day & night, & when they are at their +hight of fattnesse they beginne to grow lame & are then killed or [else +they will fall aw <i>struck out</i>] as at their prime & apt to decline.</p> + +<p>[resume p. 14.] Erythropus or Redshanck a bird com̄on in the marshes & +of com̄on food butt no dayntie dish.</p> + +<p>A may chitt<a name="FNanchor_29_39" id="FNanchor_29_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_39" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> a small dark gray bird litle bigger then a stint of +fatnesse beyond any. it comes in may into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> marshland & other parts & +abides not aboue a moneth or 6 weekes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_39" id="Footnote_29_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_39"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Mr. Stevenson, "Birds of Norfolk," ii., p. 233, gives his +reasons for coming to the conclusion that the Sanderling (<i>Calidris +arenaria</i>) is here referred to, which the absence of a hind toe (see +third <a href="#merrett_3">letter to Merrett</a>) tends to confirm. The "<i>Churre</i>" is only a +variant of the name "<i>Purre</i>," by which the next species, the Stint, is +commonly known, and the <i>Green Plover</i>, now applied to the Lapwing, is +an old name for the <i>Golden Plover</i>, which he rightly says [<a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a>] does +not breed in Norfolk.</p></div> + +<p>[fol. 13 <i>verso</i>.] Another small bird somewhat larger than a stint +called a churre & is com̄only taken amongst them.</p> + +<p>[resume fol. 14.] Stints in great numbers about the seashore & marshes +about stifkey Burnham & other parts.</p> + +<p>Pluuialis or plouer green & graye in great plentie about Thetford & many +other heaths. they breed not with us butt in some parts of scotland, and +plentifully in Island [Iceland].</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 15.</i>] The lapwing or vannellus com̄on ouer all the heaths.</p> + +<p>Cuccowes<a name="FNanchor_30_40" id="FNanchor_30_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_40" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> of 2 sorts the one farre exceeding the other in bignesse. +some have attempted to keepe them in warme roomes all the winter butt it +hath not succeeded. in their migration they range very farre northward +for in the summer they are to bee found as high as Island.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_40" id="Footnote_30_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_40"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The circumstance which gave rise to the idea that there +were two kinds of Cuckoos, differing only in size, might possibly be +discovered were it worth the research; possibly it would be found that +the second species was of foreign origin. Aldrovandus, as quoted by +Willughby, says, "Our Bolognese Fowlers do unanimously affirm, that +there are found a greater and a lesser sort of Cuckows; and besides, +that the greater are of two kinds, which are distinguished one from the +other by the only difference of colour: but the lesser differ from the +greater in nothing else but magnitude." Perhaps it was Browne's latent +respect for antiquity which led him to mention the tradition.</p></div> + +<p>Avis pugnax. Ruffes<a name="FNanchor_31_41" id="FNanchor_31_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_41" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> a marsh bird of the greatest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> varietie of +colours euery one therein somewhat varying from other. The female is +called a Reeve without any ruffe about the neck, lesser then the other & +hardly to bee got. They are almost all cocks & putt together fight & +destroy each other. & prepare themselues to fight like cocks though they +seeme to haue no other offensive part butt the bill. they loose theire +Ruffes about the Autumne or beginning of winter as wee haue obserued +[they <i>struck out</i>] keeping them in a garden from may till the next +spring. they most abound in Marshland butt are also in good number in +the marshes between norwich & yarmouth.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_41" id="Footnote_31_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_41"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> It is only necessary to add to Browne's interesting +account of this remarkable bird that it lingered longer in Norfolk as a +breeding species than in any other part of Britain, but that although it +still visits us in spring it is doubtful whether it has bred <ins title="Phrase moved per errata.">for the last few +years</ins> in the one favourite locality to which it clung so tenaciously. The +"Marshland," here referred to as explained in a previous +note, is a tract of country situated in north-west Norfolk, near King's +Lynn.</p></div> + +<p>Of picus martius<a name="FNanchor_32_42" id="FNanchor_32_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_42" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> or woodspeck many kinds. The green the Red the +Leucomelanus or neatly marked [red <i>crossed out</i>] black & white & the +cinereus or dunne calld [a re <i>struck out</i>] little [bird calld <i>written +above</i>] a nuthack. remarkable in the larger are the hardnesse of the +bill & skull & the long nerues wch tend vnto the tongue whereby it +strecheth out the tongue aboue an inch out of the mouth & so [lik +<i>crossed out</i>] licks up insecks. they make the holes in trees without +any consideration of the winds or quarters of heauen butt as the +rottenesse thereof best affordeth conuenience.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_42" id="Footnote_32_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_42"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Picus martius</i> is here used, as it is by Sibbald, and all +preceding writers, in a general sense for all birds commonly called +"Woodpeckers," and does not imply that the Great Black Woodpecker +(<i>Picus niger maximus</i>, of Ray's Synopsis), to which species the name +was restricted by Linnæus, is found here, and Browne goes on to mention +the three British Woodpeckers, the Green, the Red, by which the Great +Spotted Woodpecker is intended, and the Leucomelanus, or Lesser-spotted +Woodpecker. He also includes the Nuthatch, which was at that time (as +well as the Wryneck) called a "Woodpecker." In this passage Browne, in +making a correction, does not seem to have proceeded far enough, the +word which Wilkin has rendered "dun-coloured," is certainly "dunne +calld" in the MS.; but there are two alterations in the passage, and +there is little doubt that he intended to write "dunne cull'd" (or +coloured), which would make it read as Wilkin has printed it. The use of +the word "nerve," for tendon or ligament, was in accordance with the +phraseology of the time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>[fol. 15 <i>verso</i>.] black heron<a name="FNanchor_33_43" id="FNanchor_33_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_43" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> black on both sides the bottom of the +neck neck [<i>sic</i>] white gray on the outside spotted all along with black +on the inside a black coppe of small feathers some a spanne long. bill +poynted and yallowe 3 inches long</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_43" id="Footnote_33_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_43"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This passage is not part of the original MS., but is +written on a separate slip of paper and pasted on the left-hand side of +the opening (<a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a> <i>verso</i>). I doubt whether it is more than a casual +memorandum, descriptive possibly of the plumage of the Purple Heron, but +not intended to apply to any Norfolk bird. The Black Heron of Willughby +is the Glossy Ibis, a bird which is said to have been known to the West +Norfolk gunners as the "Black Curlew."</p></div> + +<p>back heron coloured intermixed with long white fethers</p> + +<p>the flying (?) fethers black</p> + +<p>the brest black & white most black</p> + +<p>the legges & feet not green but an ordinarie dark cork [?] colour.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 16.</i>] The number of riuulets becks & streames whose banks are +beset with willowes & Alders wch giue occasion of easier fishing & +slooping to the water makes that [bir <i>crossed out</i>] handsome coulered +bird abound wch is calld Alcedo Ispida or the King fisher. they bild in +holes about grauell pitts [have their nests very full <i>crossed out</i>] +wherein [are <i>crossed out</i>] is [<i>above</i>] to bee found great quantitie of +small fish bones. & lay [a <i>crossed out</i>] very handsome round & as it +were polished egges.</p> + +<p>An Hobby bird<a name="FNanchor_34_44" id="FNanchor_34_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_44" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> so calld becaus it comes in ether with or a litle +before the Hobbies in the spring. of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> bignesse of a Thrush coloured +& paned<a name="FNanchor_J_45" id="FNanchor_J_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_45" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> like an hawke marueliously subiet to the vertigo & and are +sometimes taken in those fitts.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_44" id="Footnote_34_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_44"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> This is evidently the Wryneck, which we now call the +"Cuckoo's Mate," probably for the same reason that Browne associates it +with the Hobby. It may be that the Hobby having become comparatively +scarce, it was necessary to find another travelling companion for this +bird, and that the Cuckoo was chosen as the most suitable. Old Norfolk +names are Emmet-eater, and in one old book it is called Turkey-bird in a +MS. note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_45" id="Footnote_J_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_45"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> That is marked with a barred or checkered pattern.</p></div> + +<p>Upupa or Hoopebird<a name="FNanchor_35_46" id="FNanchor_35_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_46" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> so named from its note a gallant marked bird wch +I have often seen & tis not hard to shoote them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_46" id="Footnote_35_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_46"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The Hoopoe would seem from this note to have been of more +frequent occurrence than in the present day, see also in his answer to +"Certain Queries" (Tract iv., Wilkin iv., p. 183), in which he says of +this bird, "though it be not seen every day, yet we often meet with it +in this country."</p></div> + +<p>Ringlestones<a name="FNanchor_36_47" id="FNanchor_36_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_47" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> a small [bird <i>crossed out</i>] white & black bird like a +wagtayle & seemes to bee some kind of motacilla marina com̄on about +yarmouth sands. they lay their egges in the sand & shingle about june +and as the eryngo diggers tell mee not sett them flat butt upright likes +[<i>sic</i>] egges in [a <i>crossed out</i>] salt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_47" id="Footnote_36_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_47"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The Ring Plover is evidently the bird here referred to, +but I have never known the name of Ringlestone applied to this species +in Norfolk, nor have I met with it elsewhere. The <ins title="Eringo in original.">Eryngo</ins> is now no +longer an article of commerce, and its diggers are extinct, but not +their tradition as to the position in which the eggs of this bird are +said to be placed—a "vulgar error" which does not accord with the +writer's experience. When the full complement of four eggs is laid, they +are arranged with their pointed ends towards the centre of the nest, +which is a slight hollow in the soil. The concavity of the nest +therefore, as well as the disproportionate size of the larger end, gives +the eggs somewhat the appearance of being placed in the position +referred to, but the small end of the egg is always visible, Sir Thomas +Browne does not seem to have been aware of the remarkable fact of this +essentially marine bird habitually nesting on the sandy warrens about +Thetford in the south-west of Norfolk, far from the sea, which it still +does, though in reduced numbers, and is there known as the Stone-hatch, +from its habit of paving its nest with small stones.</p></div> + +<p>The Arcuata or curlewe frequent about the sea coast.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 17.</i>] There is also an handsome tall bird Remarkably eyed and +with a bill not aboue 2 inches long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> com̄only calld a stone +curlewe<a name="FNanchor_37_48" id="FNanchor_37_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_48" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> butt the note thereof more resembleth that of a green plouer +[it <i>crossed out</i>] & breeds about Thetford about the stones & shingle of +the Riuers.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_48" id="Footnote_37_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_48"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This characteristic Norfolk bird is still far from rare in +the locality named by Browne, and is found in several other parts of the +county. Willughby says, "The learned and famous Sir Thomas Brown, +Physician in Norwich," informed him to the same effect, and repeats that +its note (one of the most charming sounds uttered on the wild trackless +heath on a summer's night) resembles that of the Green (<i>i.e.</i>, Golden) +Plover, but in the ear of the writer it is even more musical. In the +third <a href="#merrett_3">letter to Merrett</a>, Browne says that he has kept the Stone Curlew +(not "four Curlews," as Wilkin has it,) in large cages.</p></div> + +<p>Auoseta<a name="FNanchor_38_49" id="FNanchor_38_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_49" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> calld [I thinck a Barker <i>crossed out</i>] shoohingg-horne +[<i>written above</i>] a tall black & white bird with a bill semicircularly +reclining or bowed upward so that it is not easie to conceiue how it can +feed answerable vnto the Auoseta Italorum in Aldrovandus a summer marsh +bird & not unfrequent in Marshland.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_49" id="Footnote_38_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_49"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The Avoset is another bird which formerly frequented the +marshy districts of Norfolk at the breeding time, but which has now been +lost to us except as a very rare passing migrant in the spring. It +probably ceased to breed in this county in or about the year 1818, and +is said to have been exterminated in consequence of the demand for its +feathers for the purpose of dressing artificial flies. It was called +"Shoeing-horn," from the peculiar form of its beak, which, however, +rather resembles the bent awl used by shoemakers. Girdlestone, who knew +the bird well in its breeding haunts at Salthouse and Horsey, called it +"Shoe-awl," a much more appropriate name. In his third letter to +Merrett, Browne again mentions this bird, and applies to it the name of +"Barker" (which he had crossed out in the above note), remarking that it +was so called from its barking note. Jonston figures this bird twice; +once in Tab. 48 under the name of <i>Avosetta Italor.</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the +Avosetta of the Italians, and again in Tab. 54 under the second name +<i>Avoselta species</i>, an obvious error.</p></div> + +<p>[A bird calld Barker from the note it hath <i>crossed out</i>]</p> + +<p>A yarwhelp<a name="FNanchor_39_50" id="FNanchor_39_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_50" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> so thought to bee named from its note a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> gray bird +intermingled with some yellowish [whitish <i>written above</i>] fethers [the +bill <i>crossed out</i>] somewhat long legged & the bill about an inch & +half. esteemed a dayntie dish.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_50" id="Footnote_39_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_50"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> This paragraph is written on the back of fol. 16. The +Yarwhelp is the name by which the Black-tailed Godwit, a species which +formerly nested in abundance in the marshes about Horsey and some +adjacent localities in the Broads, was known. It virtually ceased to +nest here sometime between the years 1829 and 1835, but perhaps an +instance or two may have occurred rather later. It was also known as the +"Shrieker." Browne again refers to this bird in the fourth <a href="#merrett_4">letter to +Merrett</a>, where he calls it "barker" (a name which he had no doubt +erroneously previously applied to the Avoset), or "Latrator, a +marshbird, about the bigness of a Godwitt," and once again under the +name of "Yare-whelp, or barker," in his <a href="#merrett_5">fifth letter</a>; it may be that the +name "barker" was applied indiscriminately to either species. As Lubbock +names this bird as one of the "five species in particular" which "used +formerly to swarm in our marshes" ("Fauna of Norfolk"), one would have +thought Browne would have been better acquainted with it than seems to +have been the case from the hesitating way in which he uses the +vernacular name.</p></div> + +<p>Loxias or curuirostra a bird a litle bigger than a Thrush of fine +colours & prittie note [the m <i>crossed out</i>] differently from other +birds, the [lower <i>crossed out</i>] upper & lower bill crossing each other. +of a very tame nature, comes about the beginning of summer. I have known +them kept in cages butt not to outliue the winter.</p> + +<p>A kind of coccothraustes calld a [cobble <i>crossed out</i>] coble bird<a name="FNanchor_40_51" id="FNanchor_40_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_51" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> +bigger than a Thrush, finely coloured & shaped like a Bunting [it comes +<i>crossed out</i>] it is [sometimes <i>crossed out</i>] chiefly [<i>written above</i>] +seen [about <i>crossed out</i>] in sum̄er about cherrie time.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_51" id="Footnote_40_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_51"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The Hawfinch was evidently not a very well-known bird in +Browne's time, either to himself or Willughby; the latter says, "it is +said to build in holes of trees." It has steadily increased in frequency +as a breeding species with us for the last twenty years.</p></div> + +<p>[fol. 16 <i>verso.</i>] A small bird of prey<a name="FNanchor_41_52" id="FNanchor_41_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_52" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> [<i>something smeared out +here</i>] calld a birdcatcher about the bignesse of a Thrush and linnet +coloured with a longish white bill & sharpe of a very feirce & wild<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +nature though kept in a cage & fed with flesh. [<i>Added after in same +hand but fresher ink</i>] a kind of Lanius [Lanius <i>crossed out and written +more distinctly under</i>].</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_52" id="Footnote_41_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_52"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> This paragraph is written on the back of fol. 16. The +Red-backed Shrike, <i>Lanius collurio</i>, is the only species of Lanius +mentioned by Browne; it is singular that he omits all mention of another +bird, and that an essentially Norfolk species which would have been new +to the <i>Pinax</i>—the Bearded Titmouse, afterwards known to Edwards as the +Least Butcher Bird. Browne certainly sent a drawing of this bird to Ray, +who in his "Collection of English words not generally used" (1674), as +pointed out by Mr. Gurney, mentions it as a "little Bird of a tawny +colour on the back, and a blew head, yellow bill, black legs, shot in an +Osiar yard, called by Sr. Tho. for distinction sake silerella," the +drawing of which he acknowledges he had received. Pennant, 1768 ("Brit. +Zool.," i., p. 165), follows Edwards ("Nat. Hist. of Birds," &c., 1745), +who classes it with the Laniidæ, and it was not till long after, and as +the result of much discussion, that it was finally established as the +only representative of a new genus under the name of <i>Panurus +biarmicus</i>. The local name is Reed Pheasant, but Browne's name of +Silerella seems an exceedingly appropriate one.</p></div> + +<p>[<a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a> resumed.] A Dorhawke<a name="FNanchor_42_53" id="FNanchor_42_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_53" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> or kind of Accipiter muscarius conceiued +to haue its name from feeding upon flies & beetles. of a woodcock colour +but paned like an Hawke a very litle poynted bill. large throat. +breedeth with us & layes a maruellous handsome spotted egge. Though I +haue opened many I could neuer find anything considerable in their +mawes. caprimulgus.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_53" id="Footnote_42_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_53"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Browne seems to have been much interested in this +remarkable bird, and mentions it again in his <a href="#merrett_2">second</a> and <a href="#merrett_3">third letters +to Merrett</a>, especially in the latter; he calls it Caprimulgus, but +conceives it to be a kind of Accipiter, <i>muscarius</i>, or +<i>cantharophagus</i>, "in brief" [?] "<i>avis rostratula gutturosa</i>, <i>quasi +coxans</i>, <i>scarabæis vescens</i>, <i>sub vesperam volans</i>, <i>ovum +speciassisimum excludens</i>," a fair specimen of the descriptive method of +the time. Although he used the name Caprimulgus, it will be observed +that he does not mention the "vulgar error" which led to its being so +called. Merrett includes this species in the <i>Pinax</i> under the name of +"Caprimulgus, or the Goat-sucker," but in a letter to Browne tells him +he knows no Hawk called a Dorhawk.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 18.</i>] Auis Trogloditica<a name="FNanchor_43_54" id="FNanchor_43_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_54" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> or Chock a small bird mixed of black +& white & breeding in cony borrouges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> whereof the warrens are full from +April to September. at which time they leaue the country. they are taken +with an Hobby and a net and are a very good dish.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_54" id="Footnote_43_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_54"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The Wheatear is here referred to; the name <i>trogloditica</i> +would seem to be more appropriate in this country, having reference to +its habits of nesting in "Cony borroughs," than that of <i>ænanthe</i>, as +applied to it by those who knew it as frequenting the Continental +vineyards. A name still, or recently in use in West Norfolk, is +Cony-chuck.</p></div> + +<p>Spermologus. [<i>sic</i>] Rookes wch by reason of the [in reason of <i>crossed +out</i>] great quantitie of corn feilds & Rooke groues are in great plentie +the yong ones are com̄only eaten sometimes sold in norwich market & +many are killd for their Liuers in order to cure of the Rickets.</p> + +<p>Crowes<a name="FNanchor_44_55" id="FNanchor_44_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_55" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> as euerywhere and also the coruus variegatus or pyed crowe +with dunne & black interchangeably they come in the winter & depart in +the summer & seeme to bee the same wch clusius discribeth in the faro +Islands from whence perhaps these come. [they are <i>crossed out</i>] and I +have seen them [<i>written above</i>] very com̄on in Ireland, butt not +known in many parts of England.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_55" id="Footnote_44_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_55"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The Crow (<i>Corvus corone</i>) is much less common in Norfolk +than formerly, but it still nests here in a few scattered localities. +<i>C. cornix</i>, the Hooded, Norway, Danish, or "Royston" Crow, is an autumn +immigrant as of yore, but not especially from the Faröe Islands; both +species (or forms as by some regarded) are immigrants from the east, but +the latter, as a rule, occupies a more northern range than the former. +The Raven (<i>C. corax</i>) is now a very rare visitor to Norfolk; it is +probable that it last nested in this county in the year 1859. The +Jackdaw, or Caddow, is common enough, but the Chough (<i>Pyrrhocorax +graculus</i>) is quite unknown in Norfolk. Although the Magpie must have +been well known to Browne I find no mention of it in these notes.</p></div> + +<p>Coruus maior Rauens in good plentie about the citty wch makes so few +Kites to bee seen hereabout. they build in woods very early & lay egges +in februarie.</p> + +<p>Among the many monedulas or Jackdawes I could neuer in these parts +obserue the pyrrhocorax or cornish chough with red leggs & bill to bee +com̄only seen in Cornwall. & though there bee heere very great [num +<i>crossed out</i>] store of partridges yet [not <i>crossed out</i>] the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> french +Red leggd partridge<a name="FNanchor_45_56" id="FNanchor_45_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_56" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> is not to bee met with [heere <i>crossed out</i>]. +the Ralla or Rayle<a name="FNanchor_46_57" id="FNanchor_46_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_57" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> wee haue counted a dayntie dish. as also no small +number of Quayles. the Heathpoult<a name="FNanchor_47_58" id="FNanchor_47_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_58" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> com̄on in the north is vnknown +heere as also the Grous. though I haue heard some haue been seen about +Lynne. the calandrier or great [<i>Fol. 19</i>] great [<i>sic</i>] crested lark +Galerita I haue not met with heere though with 3 other sorts [of Larkes +<i>written above</i>] the ground lark woodlark & titlark.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_56" id="Footnote_45_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_56"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> The Red-legged Partridge is now common enough; it was +introduced into the Eastern Counties at Sudbourne and Rendlesham, in +East Suffolk, in or about the year 1770, by both the Marquis of Hertford +and Lord Rendlesham. How quickly they established themselves may be +judged from the fact that in the season of 1806-7 of 1,927 Partridges +killed at Rendlesham 112 were Red legs, but they do not seem to have +spread very far. A second introduction, this time into West Suffolk, +much nearer to the Norfolk border, at and about Culford, was effected in +the year 1823, and from this centre they rapidly spread into Norfolk, in +which county also others were imported by the resident proprietors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_57" id="Footnote_46_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_57"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The Land Rail (<i>Crex pratensis</i>) or Daker hen, is +doubtless here referred to, as the Water Rail has already been mentioned +(<a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a> <i>ante</i>) as "a kind of <i>Ralla aquatica</i>." This bird is a summer +visitor, by no means common and very uncertain in its numbers. The same +applies to the Quail, which appears to be less frequent than formerly, +no doubt from the great destruction on the Mediterranean coast in spring +of the birds migrating to England. In the summer and autumn of 1870 we +had an unusual influx of these latter birds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_58" id="Footnote_47_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_58"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> How far the indigenous race of Blackgame, which +undoubtedly lingered for many years about Wolferton and Sandringham, +still exists, it is difficult to say; examples turn up occasionally, but +so many of these birds have been introduced and turned off in different +parts of the county in the course of the past forty years, that it is +impossible to speak with certainty.</p></div> + +<p>Stares or starlings in great numbers. most remarkable in their [great +<i>crossed out</i>] numerous [<i>written above</i>] flocks [about the <i>crossed +out</i>] wch I haue obserued about the Autumne when they roost at night [up +<i>crossed out</i>] in the marshes in safe place upon reeds & alders. wch to +obserue I went to the marshes about sunne set. where standing by their +vsuall place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> of resort I obserued very many flocks flying from all +quarters. wch in lesse than an howers space came all in & settled in +innumerable [quantitie <i>crossed out</i>] numbers [<i>written below</i>] in a +small compasse.</p> + +<p>Great varietie of finches<a name="FNanchor_48_59" id="FNanchor_48_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_59" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and other small birds whereof one very +small [one <i>crossed out</i>] calld a whinne bird marked with fine yellow +spotts & lesser than a wren. there is also a small bird called a chipper +somewhat resembling the former wch comes in the spring & feeds upon the +first buddings of birches & other early trees.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_59" id="Footnote_48_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_59"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> In his fifth <a href="#merrett_5">letter to Merrett</a> Browne says, "I confess for +such little birds I am much unsatisfied on the names given to many by +countrymen and uncertain what to give them myself." This is painfully +apparent in the cases of the two little birds here referred to as the +"Whinne-bird" and the "Chipper." From the description of the former, +"marked with fine yellow spots and lesser than a Wren," also with a +"shining yellow spot on the back of the head," it seems likely that the +Gold-crested Wren is intended. The Chipper, he says, "comes in the +spring and feeds upon the first buddings of birches and other early +trees;" he also calls it "<i>Betulæ carptor</i>," and says that he sends a +drawing to Merrett; a third mention is as follows: "That which I called +a <i>Betulæ carptor</i>, and should rather have called it <i>Alni carptor</i> . . +. it feeds upon alder buds, nucaments, or seeds, which grow plentifully +here; they fly in little flocks." I can only suggest that this bird may +be the Siskin, which fairly answers the description. It visits us in +small flocks on its way north very early in the year, feeding upon the +seeds of the alder, birch, and larch trees. One would however have +thought that the Siskin would have been well known to Browne, as it +evidently was to Turner, Willughby, and Ray. Merrett mentions it under +Turner's name of "Luteola."</p></div> + +<p>A kind of Anthus [or <i>crossed out</i>] Goldfinch [<i>written above</i>] or +fooles coat com̄only calld a drawe water. finely marked with red & +yellowe & a white bill. wch they take with trap cages in norwich gardens +& fastning a chaine about them tyed to a box of water it makes a shift +with bill and legge to draw up the water unto it from the litle pot +hanging [abot the length of <i>crossed out</i>] by the chaine about a foote +[downe <i>crossed out</i>] belowe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<p>[The account of the Roller, which is written on smaller paper, will be +found improperly inserted among the Fishes, between pp. 30 and 32 as +follows:—]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 31.</i>] On the xiiii of May 1664 a very rare bird was sent mee kild +about crostwick wch seemed to bee some kind of Jay.<a name="FNanchor_49_60" id="FNanchor_49_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_60" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> the bill was +black strong and bigger then a Jayes somewhat yellowe clawes tippd +black. 3 before and one clawe behind the whole bird not so bigge as a +Jaye [the <i>crossed out</i>.]</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_60" id="Footnote_49_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_60"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> This note is interesting as the first record of the +occurrence of the Roller in Britain, to which country it is a rare +wanderer. Although it had long been known on the Continent, its identity +seems to have puzzled Browne, and he imagines (as did others, both +before and after him,) it to be some kind of Jay; later, in his second +<a href="#merrett_2">letter to Merrett</a> (January, 1668), he says that it answers to the +description of <i>Garrulus argentoratensis</i> (the name given by Aldrovandus +to whom it was known), and calls it "the Parrot-jay." This is five years +after the original note was made, and we find that the words <i>Garrulus +argentoratensis</i>, written by the same hand but with a different pen and +ink, have been added subsequently, doubtless as the result of further +information. In another letter he mentions having sent the bird to +Merrett, but adds, "If you have it before I should bee content to have +it againe otherwise you may please keep it."</p></div> + +<p>The head neck & throat of a violet colour the back upper parts of the +wing of a russet yellowe the fore & part of the wing azure succeeded +downward by a greenish blewe then on the flying feathers bright blewe +the lower parts of the wing outwardly of a browne [the <i>crossed out</i>] +inwardly of a merry blewe the belly a light faynt blewe the back toward +the tayle of a purple blewe the tayle eleuen fethers of a greenish +coulour the extremities of the outward fethers thereof white wth an +eye<a name="FNanchor_K_61" id="FNanchor_K_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_61" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> of greene. Garrulus Argentoratensis [<i>the name added in a +different ink and pen</i>].</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_61" id="Footnote_K_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_61"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Tinge, shade, particularly a slight tint.—"Imp. Dict."</p></div> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="fish" id="fish"></a>NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES AND MARINE ANIMALS FOUND IN NORFOLK.</h2> + +<p class="center">[MS. SLOAN. 1882. FOL. 145-146. ALTERED TO 21 AND 22, AND 1830 FOL. +23-30 AND 32-38.]</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[The introductory remarks, paragraphs one to three, will be +found in the volume of the Sloane MSS. numbered 1882 (labelled +"Notes on Generation"), on pages 145 and 146, which are altered +to 21 and 22. They were placed in their present position by +Wilkin, but although appropriate, there is nothing to show that +they belong to the set of notes here reproduced, and they may +form memoranda for the beginning of some essay never completed. +The contents of the volume in question are of a very +miscellaneous character, and consist of fragmentary notes, which +appear to be memoranda jotted down at random.]</p></div> + + +<p>[<i>Fol. 21/145.</i>] It may well seeme no easie matter to giue any +considerable account of fishes and animals of the sea wherein tis sayd +that there are things creeping innumerable both small and great beasts +because they liue in an element wherein they are not so easely +discouerable notwithstanding probable it is that after this long +nauigation search of the ocean bayes creeks Estuaries and riuers that +there is scarce any fish butt hath been seen by some man for the large & +breathing sort thereof do sometimes discouer themselues aboue water and +the other are in such numbers that some at one time or other they are +discouered and taken euen the most barbarous nations being much addicted +to fishing and in America and the new discouered world the people were +well acquantd with fishes of sea and riuers, and the fishes thereof haue +been since described by industrious writers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pliny seemes to short in the estimate of their number in the ocean, who +recons up butt one hundred & seventie six species. butt the seas being +now farther known & searched [<i>21/145 verso</i>] Bellonius much enlargeth.</p> + +<p>and in his booke of Birds thus deliuereth himself allthough I think it +impossible to reduce the same vnto a certain number yet I may freelie +say that tis beyond the power of man to find out more than fiue hundred +sorts [kinds <i>written above</i>] of fishes three hundred sorts of birds +more than three hundred sorts of fourfoted animalls and fortie +diversities of serpents.<a name="FNanchor_50_62" id="FNanchor_50_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_62" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_62" id="Footnote_50_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_62"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> This estimate of the number of species of birds and fishes +existing is amusing in the light of the present knowledge of the +subject. Of course any such estimate can only be approximate, and open +to constant emendation; but according to a statement in the "Zoological +Record" of 1896, it was believed that there were something like 386,000 +described species: 2,500 of which are mammals, 12,500 birds, 4,400 +reptilia and batrachia, 12,000 fishes, 50,000 mollusca, 20,000 +crustacea, and 250,000 insecta; the smaller divisions I have omitted. +And whereas only about 10,000 species of plants were known to Linnæus, +Professor Vines in his address to the Botanical section at the Bradford +meeting of the British Association, 1900, states that the approximate +number of recognised plants at present existing is 175,596; but this is +far short of the total of existing species. Professor Saccardo states +that there are 250,000 fungi alone, and that the number of existing +species in other groups would bring the total up to over 400,000.</p></div> + + +<p class="center">[SLOANE MSS. 1830, FOL. 23-38.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 23.</i>] Of fishes sometimes the larger sort are taken or come +ashoar. A spermaceti whale<a name="FNanchor_51_63" id="FNanchor_51_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_63" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> of 62 foote long neere Welles. another of +the same kind 20 yeares before at Hunstanton. & not farre of 8 or nine +came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> ashoare & 2 had yong ones after they were forsaken by ye water.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_63" id="Footnote_51_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_63"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> In the muniment room at Hunstanton Hall there exists a +book of MSS. notes relating to their estates, kept by Sir Hamon and Sir +Nicholas le Strange, between the years 1612 and 1723. From this book Mr. +Hamon le Strange has been good enough to send me an extract containing +the full particulars of the stranding and disposal of a Sperm Whale 57 +feet long, which came ashore on their Manor of Holme, on the 6th +December, 1626, the skull of which is still in the courtyard at +Hunstanton Hall. +</p><p> +Browne had not come to reside in Norwich at that time, and the chapter +on the Spermaceti Whale in his <i>Pseudodoxia Epidemica</i>, was inspired by +a subsequent occurrence of the same kind, for, as appears from the above +note, a larger individual, 62 feet long, came ashore at Wells 20 years +later, which he says led him to further inquiry. This would indicate +about the year 1646 as the date of the latter occurrence, whereas in his +third <a href="#merrett_3">letter to Merrett</a>, written in 1668, he states that it happened +"about 12 years ago," or in 1656. There is probably an error in one of +these dates. +</p><p> +Another example seems to have been found at Yarmouth about the year +1652, for we find Browne writing in that year for particulars of its +"cutting up." (See Appendix E.) +</p><p> +In the postscript to a letter also in the muniment room at Hunstanton, +dated June 11th, 1653, written to Sir Hamon le Strange, who had been +consulting him professionally, Browne says: "I pray you at your leisure +doe mee the honor to informe mee how long agoe the Spermaceti Whale was +cast upon your shoare & whether you had any spermm with in any other +part butt the head." It will be noticed that in both the letters +referred to he is anxious to ascertain in what part of the body the +"sperm" was situated, doubtless for the purpose of confuting the "vulgar +conceit" as to the origin of the "sperm" referred to in the second +paragraph of his treatise in the <i>Pseudodoxia</i>. His investigations also +probably first led to a certain knowledge as to the nature of the food +of this animal. +</p><p> +These, however, although the first to be recorded in this county, were +not the first or only occurrences of the kind, for there is in the +parish church of Great Yarmouth the base of the skull of a Sperm Whale, +used as a chair, for the painting of which a charge of five shillings +appears in the churchwardens' accounts for the year 1606; many such +events in European waters are to be found recorded. +</p><p> +But the most interesting circumstance with regard to these whales is the +statement that "two had yong ones after they were forsaken by the +water." This event renders it highly improbable that they were Sperm +Whales, for the stragglers of that species which have been met with in +our waters, and indeed in the northern seas generally, have been almost +invariably solitary males, or, in one or two instances "schools" of +young males. In the only instance in which both sexes were found, the +school was composed I believe of immature individuals. (<i>Vide</i> J. +Anderson, "Nachrichten von Island, Grönland, und der Strasse Davis," +Frantfurt (1747), p. 248.) Moreover, this view is confirmed by a letter +which will be found in <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B.</a>, where the following passage +occurs:—"And not only whales, but grampusses have been taken in this +Estuarie … and about twenty years ago four were run ashore near +Hunstanton, and two had young ones after they had come to land." A +so-called Grampus which came ashore on the 21st July, 1700, was from a +description and drawing in the le Strange MS. above quoted, a male +<i>Hyperoodon rostratus</i>, apparently nearly adult. +</p><p> +The Grampus (<i>Orca gladiator</i>) (mentioned in the next paragraph) is +frequently met with in the British seas, and has repeatedly occurred on +the Norfolk coast. Some early occurrences are on record, for instance in +Mackerell's "History of Lynn," twelve are said to have come ashore near +that town in 1636, and another in 1680. Two very juvenile examples were +taken off Yarmouth in November 1894.</p></div> + +<p>A grampus aboue 16 foot long taken at yarmouth [3 or <i>crossed out</i>] 4 +yeares agoe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Tursio or porpose is com̄on the Dolphin<a name="FNanchor_52_64" id="FNanchor_52_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_64" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> more rare though +sometimes taken wch many confound with the porpose. butt it hath a more +waued line along the skinne sharper toward ye tayle the head longer and +nose more extended wch maketh good the figure of Rondeletius. the flesh +more red & [fa <i>crossed out</i>] well cooked of very good taste to most +palates & exceedeth that of porpose.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_64" id="Footnote_52_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_64"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> There can be no doubt <ins title="hat in original">that</ins> the Common Dolphin (<i>Delphinus +delphis</i>) is here referred to, and indeed this species might reasonably +be expected to be met with on our coast, as its range extends at least +as far to the north as the Scandinavian waters, but so far as the writer +is aware Browne's is the only record of its having been met with in +Norfolk. The White-beaked Dolphin (<i>D. albirostris</i>) is not unfrequent, +but it is clear that Browne does not refer to that species. +</p><p> +In the "Vulgar Errors," Browne devotes a whole chapter (chapter ii. of +the fifth book) to a learned treatise on the "Picture of Dolphins," and +in one of the letters to his son Edward (Sloane MSS., 1847), dated June +14th [1676?], he writes feelingly as an anatomist, evidently fearing +that a specimen then available might be wasted, instead of being +reserved for scientific purposes; for, says he, "if the dolphin were to +be showed for money in Norwich, little would bee got; if they showed it +in London they are like to take out the viscera, and salt the fish, and +then the dissection will be unconsiderable." He then refers to the +dolphin "opened when the King was here," and describes its anatomical +peculiarities, adding that Dame Browne cooked the flesh "so as to make +an excellent savory dish of it," and that "collars" thereof (steaks cut +transversely) being sent to the King, who was then at Newmarket, for his +table, they "were well liked of." It is evident therefore that he was +present at the dissection of two of these animals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>The vitulus marinus<a name="FNanchor_53_65" id="FNanchor_53_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_65" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> seacalf or seale wch is often taken sleeping on +the shoare [4 <i>crossed out</i>] 5 [<i>written above</i>] yeares agoe one was +shot in the riuer of norwich about surlingham [wh <i>crossed out</i>] ferry +having continued in the riuer for diuers moneths before being an +Amphibious animal it may bee caryed about aliue & kept long if it can +bee brought to feed some haue been kept many moneths in ponds. the +pizzell the bladder the cartilago ensiformis the figure of the Throttle +the clusterd & racemous forme of the kidneys [<i>Fol. 24</i>] the flat & +compressed heart are remarkable in it. in stomaks of all that I have +opened I have found many [short <i>crossed out</i>] wormes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_65" id="Footnote_53_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_65"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> There is in the present day a considerable number of +Common Seals inhabiting the sand-banks of the Wash between the Norfolk +and Lincolnshire coasts, and they are frequently captured by the +fishermen; nor has the habit of straying into fresh-water deserted them, +for in recent years they have been taken in the River Ouse at +Bluntisham, forty miles from the sea. Three other species of Seal have +been taken on the Norfolk coast, viz., <i>Phoca hispida</i>, <i>P. barbata</i>, +and <i>Halichœrus gryphus</i>.</p></div> + +<p>I haue also obserued a scolopendra cetacea<a name="FNanchor_54_66" id="FNanchor_54_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_66" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> of about ten foot long +answering to the figure in Rondeletius wch the mariners told me was +taken in these seas.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_66" id="Footnote_54_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_66"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> A Scolopendra, ten feet long, is at first rather +startling, but on referring to Rondeletius's <i>Libri de piscibus Marinis</i> +(lib. xvi. p. 488), I find that under the name "Scolopendra" he includes +at least three distinct forms—i., <i>S. terrestris</i>, a centipede; ii., +<i>S. marina</i>, certain species of <ins title="Neridiform in original.">Nereidiform</ins> polychaet worms; iii., +<i>Scolopendra cetacea</i>, regarded as a Cetacean and figured with a +Cetacean blow-hole. With regard to this remarkable figure my friend, Dr. +S. F. Harmer, has favoured me with the following note:—"In the account +given Rondeletius is evidently writing from report; the figure is also +no doubt borrowed, and may have been 'improved' when redrawn; it seems +to me that it is based upon some kind of Tunny, although he figures a +Tunny earlier in the book (lib. viii. p. 249). The idea of the lateral +appendages might have been derived from the dorsal and ventral finlets +of a Tunny; but the first four finlets on each side are imaginary +structures, and in a wrong position. I can offer no opinion with regard +to the nasal appendages." Jonston (<i>De piscibus</i>, p. 156, Tab. xliv.) +also gives a similar figure of <i>Scolopendra</i> <i>Cetacea</i>, which appears to +be a further modification of Rondeletius's figure; here it has teeth, +shown like those of the Sperm Whale, and an extra dorsal-fin is added; +the number of lateral appendages is the same, and a column of water +proceeding from the blow-hole is falling gracefully forward. It is +worthy of notice that Rondeletius also figures the Saw-fish [Pristis] +with a blow-hole.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>A pristes or serra [<i>written above</i>] saw fish<a name="FNanchor_55_67" id="FNanchor_55_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_67" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> taken about Lynne +com̄only mistaken for a [sha <i>crossed out</i>] sword fish & answers the +figure in Rondeletius.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_67" id="Footnote_55_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_67"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> In the "Transactions of the Linnean Society," ii., p. 273, +is an essay by Latham "On the various species of Sawfish," but he does +not mention any British locality. So far as I am aware Browne's is the +only record of the occurrence of this southern species in British +waters, with the exception of a note in Fleming's "British Animals," p. +164, where it is stated on the authority of the late Dr. Walker's MS. +"Adversaria" for 1769, that <i>Pristis <ins title="antiquoram in original.">antiquorum</ins></i> is "found sometimes in +Loch Long," but Fleming adds that he has met with no other proof of its +ever having visited the British shores. Browne mentions in his eighth +<a href="#merrett_8">letter to Merrett</a> that he sends him a "figure in little" of a <i>Pristis</i> +which he received of a Yarmouth seaman, and is so precise in his +statement that his fish was <i>Pristis serra</i> (the <i>Pristis antiquorum</i> of +Cuvier), that his record cannot be disregarded. He specially guards +against its being mistaken for the Sword-fish (<i>Xiphias gladius</i>), which +has been taken on several occasions in our waters, and of which he gives +some interesting particulars.</p></div> + +<p>A sword fish or Xiphias or Gladius intangled in the Herring netts at +yarmouth agreable unto the Icon in Johnstonus with a smooth sword not +vnlike the Gladius of Rondeletius about a yard & half long, no teeth [n +<i>crossed out</i>] eyes very remarkable enclosed in an hard cartilaginous +couercle about ye bignesse of a good apple. ye vitreous humor plentifull +the crystalline larger then a nutmegge [cleare <i>crossed out</i>] remaining +cleare sweet & vntainted when the rest of the eye was vnder a deepe +corruption wch wee kept clear & limpid many moneths vntill an hard frost +split it & manifested the foliations thereof.</p> + +<p>It is not vnusuall to take seuerall sorts of canis or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> doggefishes<a name="FNanchor_56_68" id="FNanchor_56_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_68" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> +great and small wch pursue the shoale of herrings and other fish butt +this yeare 1662 one was taken intangled in the Herring netts about 9 +foot in length, answering the last figure of Johnstonus lib 7 vnder the +name of <i>canis carcherias alter</i> & was by the teeth & 5 gills one kind +of shark particularly [<i>Fol. 25</i>] remarkable in the vastnesse of the +optick nerves & 3 conicall hard pillars wch supported the extraordinarie +elevated nose wch wee haue reserued with the scull the seamen calld this +kind a scrape.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_68" id="Footnote_56_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_68"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Various species of Dog-fish are frequent off the Norfolk +coast as elsewhere. The name "Sweet William" is applied to the larger +fish of this kind, especially to the Tope; this appears also to have +been the case in Pennant's time, for alluding to this vernacular name he +supposes it was applied in ironical allusion to the offensive smell of +their flesh and skin. They are objects of great aversion among the +fishermen, owing to the disturbance they create among the shoals of +fish, and the damage they do to both nets and the enclosed fish. +Scarcely a season passes but one or more specimens of Browne's <i>Canis +carcharias</i>, or, as modern Ichthyologists call it, <i>Lamna cornubica</i>, +the Porbeagle, being entangled in the drift nets and landed with the +herrings. One lies on the fish-wharf at Lowestoft as I write this note +on the 19th of October, 1900, measuring 7 feet 10 inches in length. +Jonston's figure referred to by Browne is evidently intended for this +species, but he makes a slight error in the reference to the <i>Historia +Naturalis (De Piscibus et Cetis)</i>; it occurs in book v., and the figure +is fig. 6 on Tab. vi., and it is marked <i>Canis carcharias alius</i> (not +alter).</p></div> + +<p>Sturio or Sturgeon<a name="FNanchor_57_69" id="FNanchor_57_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_69" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> so com̄on on the other side of the sea about +the mouth of the elbe come seldome into our creekes though some haue +been taken at yarmouth & more in the great [owse <i>crossed out</i>] Owse by +Lynne butt their heads not so sharpe as represented in the Icons of +Rondeletius & Johnstonus.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_69" id="Footnote_57_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_69"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> So great is the variation in the snout of the Sturgeon, +that Dr. Parnell in his excellent essay on "The Fishes of the District +of the Forth," describes the Sharp-nosed Sturgeon as a distinct species +under the name of <i>Acipenser sturio</i>, and the broad-nosed form he calls +<i>A. latirostris</i>. His views, however, have not been generally accepted, +and only one British species is recognised. The Sharp-nosed variety has +been taken here, but the normal form is much more frequent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Sometimes wee meet with a mola or moonefish<a name="FNanchor_58_70" id="FNanchor_58_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_70" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> so called from some +resemblance it hath [from <i>crossed out</i>] of a crescent in the extreme +part of the body from one finne unto another one being taken neere the +shoare at yarmouth before breake of day seemed to shiuer & grunt like an +hogge as Authors deliuer of it the flesh being hard & neruous it is not +like to afford a good dish butt from the Liuer wch is [white <i>crossed +out</i>] large white & tender somewhat [wee <i>crossed out</i>] may bee expected +[for <i>crossed out</i>] the gills of these fishes wee found thick beset with +a kind of sealowse. [Added subsequently] in the yeare 1667 a mola was +taken at monsley wch weighed 2 [p <i>crossed out</i>] hundred pound.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_70" id="Footnote_58_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_70"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> This fish (<i>Orthagoriscus mola</i>), which we know as the +Sun-fish, has been repeatedly taken here. For an account of its +parasites see Cobbold on the "Sun-fish as a host," "Intellectual +Observer," ii., p. 82; also Day, "Brit. Fishes," ii., p. 275. According +to Dr. Spencer Cobbold the Sun-fish is infested by nine species of +Helminths, three of which are mostly found attached to the gills, while +a fourth adheres to the surface of the body.</p></div> + +<p>The Rana piscatrix or frogge fish<a name="FNanchor_59_71" id="FNanchor_59_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_71" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> is sometimes found in a very large +magnitude & wee haue taken the [paynes <i>crossed out</i>] care [<i>written +above</i>] to haue them clend & stuffed. wherein wee obserued all the +appendices whereby the[y] cach fishes butt much larger then are +discribed in the Icons of Johnstonus tab xi fig 8.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_71" id="Footnote_59_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_71"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Both this species and the Wolf-fish are well known upon +our coast.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 26</i>] The sea [wollf <i>crossed out</i>] wolf or Lupus nostras of +Schoneueldus remarkable for its spotted skinne & notable teeth incisors +Dogteeth & grinders the dogteeth [in the <i>crossed out</i>] both in the +jawes & palate scarce answerable by any fish of that bulk for [strength +<i>crossed out</i>] the like disposure strength & soliditie.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mustela marina<a name="FNanchor_60_72" id="FNanchor_60_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_72" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> called by some a wesell ling wch salted & dryed +becomes a good Lenten dish.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_72" id="Footnote_60_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_72"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Some member of the family <i>Gadidæ</i> is here referred to, +probably the five-bearded Rockling, <i>Motella mustela</i>, or Brown +Whistle-fish of Pennant, which is occasionally taken by our fishermen, +but is by no means common.</p></div> + +<p>A Lump or Lumpus Anglorum so named by Aldrouandus by some esteemed a +festiuall dish though it affordeth butt a glutinous jellie & the skinne +is beset with stony knobs after no certaine order ours most answereth +the first figure in the xiii table of Johnstonus butt seemes more round +& arcuated then that figure makes it.</p> + +<p>Before the herrings there com̄only cometh a fish about a foot long by +the fish man called an horse<a name="FNanchor_61_73" id="FNanchor_61_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_73" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> resembling in all poynts the Trachurus +of Rondeletius of a mixed shape between a mackerell & an herring. +obseruable from [an oblique bo <i>crossed out</i>] its greene eyes rarely +skye colored back after it is kept a day & an oblique bony line running +on ye outside from the gills vnto ye tayle. a drye & hard dish butt +makes an handsome picture.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_73" id="Footnote_61_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_73"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> This is the Horse Mackerel, or Scad, <i>Caranx trachurus</i>; a +handsome fish and common enough, especially off Sheringham, but not much +esteemed for the table.</p></div> + +<p>The Rubelliones or Rochets<a name="FNanchor_62_74" id="FNanchor_62_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_74" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> butt thinly met with on this coast. the +gornart cuculus or Lyræ species more often wch they seldome eat butt +bending the back & <ins class="tn" title="Odd spelling retained.">sprdding</ins> the finnes into a liuely posture do hang +them up in their howses.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_74" id="Footnote_62_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_74"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Fish of the Gurnard kind are here referred to. The Rochet +of Pennant is the Red Gurnard, <i>Trigla cuculus</i>; he calls <i>T. lyra</i> the +Piper. Large numbers of various species of Gurnard are brought in by our +trawlers and sell readily, especially the Sapphirine Gurnard, or +Tub-fish (<i>T. hirundo</i>), which is known as the "Lachet" on our coast; it +reaches a large size, and seems to be much in demand for the table. In +spring the colours are very brilliant, and they are frequently seen on +the fish stalls with their pectoral fins extended as Browne describes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 27.</i>] Beside the com̄on mullus<a name="FNanchor_63_75" id="FNanchor_63_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_75" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> or mullet there is another +not vnfrequent wch some call a cunny fish butt rather a red muellett of +a flosculous redde & somewhat rough on the scales answering the +discription of [Rond <i>crossed out</i>] Icon of Rondeletius vnder the name +of mullus ruber asper [no <i>crossed out</i>] butt not the tast of the +vsually knowne mullet as [being butt <i>crossed out</i>] affording butt a +drye & leane bitt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_75" id="Footnote_63_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_75"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The Common Mullet I take to be the Grey Mullet (<i>Mugil +capito</i>), which is at times plentiful on our coast, coming into Breydon +and the mouths of the rivers, but the Red Mullet (<i>Mullus barbatus</i>) is +far less frequently met with. In his third <a href="#merrett_3">letter to Merrett</a>, Browne +says, "There is of them <i>maior</i> and <i>minor</i>," the latter probably being +the variety known as the Surmullet, by far the most frequently met with +here.</p></div> + +<p>Seuerall sorts of fishes<a name="FNanchor_64_76" id="FNanchor_64_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_76" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> there are wch [bear <i>crossed out</i>] do +[<i>written above</i>] or may beare the names of seawoodcocks as the Acus +maior scolopax & saurus. the saurus wee sometimes meet with yonge. +Rondeletius confesseth it a very rare fish somewhat resembling the Acus +or needlefish before & a makerell behind. wee have kept one dryed many +yeares agoe.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_76" id="Footnote_64_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_76"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The Saurus of Rondeletius appears to be the Skipper or +Saury-pike (<i>Scombresox saurus</i>) of modern authors. <i>Acus major</i> is the +Gar-fish or Greenback (<i>Belone vulgaris</i>); this is the <i>Acus primus</i> of +Rondeletius, Dr. Harmer has been good enough to send me the following +note on Rondeletius's figures:—"<i>De Acus secunda specie</i>" (lib. viii. +p. 229). "Two species are figured; the upper figure appears to represent +<i>Siphonostoma typhle</i>, and the lower one <i>S. acus</i>. Günther ('Brit. Mus. +Cat.,' viii. p. 157) gives a reference to Rondeletius in his synonyms of +<i>S. acer</i> without indicating that the latter figures two species. Under +<i>S. typhle</i> (p. 154) he gives the synonym <i>Syngnathus rondeletii</i>, De la +Roche. A reference to Delaroche ('Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,' xiii, +1809 p. 324, Pl. xxi. fig. 5) shows that <i>S. rondeletii</i> is identified +with the first figure on p. 229 of Rondeletius; and it may thus be +concluded that Günther agrees with this conclusion. It seems therefore +probable that Browne's Acus of Aristotle refers to <i>S. typhle</i>."</p></div> + +<p>The Acus maior calld by some a garfish & greenback answering ye figure +of Rondeletius under the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> Acus prima species remarkable for its +quadrangular figure and verdigreece green back bone.</p> + +<p><a name="FNanchor_L_77" id="FNanchor_L_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_77" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> A lesser sort of Acus [wee <i>crossed out</i>] maior or primæ specæei wee +meet with [answering the saurus of Rondeletius <i>crossed out</i>] much +shorter then the com̄on garfish & in taking out the spine wee found it +not green as in the greater & much answering the saurus of Rondeletius.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_77" id="Footnote_L_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_77"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> This and the next paragraph on the back of Fol. 26 are in +different ink and smaller writing though in the same hand, and appear to +have been added subsequently. The first paragraph is omitted by Wilkin.</p></div> + +<p>A scolopax<a name="FNanchor_65_78" id="FNanchor_65_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_78" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> or sea woodcock of Rondeletius was giuen mee by a seaman +of these seas. about 3 inches long & seemes to bee one kind of Acus or +needlefish answering the discription of Rondeletius.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_78" id="Footnote_65_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_78"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> The Scolopax, or Sea Woodcock, is clearly <i>Centriscus +scolopax</i>, a very rare fish in the British seas, and it would have been +well had Browne given a more precise account of the origin of his +specimen.</p></div> + +<p>The Acus of Aristotle [<i><a href="#Footnote_64_76">see Note 64</a></i>] lesser thinner corticated & +sexangular by diuers calld an addercock & somewhat resembling a snake +ours more plainly finned then Rondeletius discribeth it.</p> + +<p>A little corticated fish<a name="FNanchor_66_79" id="FNanchor_66_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_79" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> about [4 inches <i>crossed out</i>] 3 or 4 +inches long [<i>several words smeared out</i>] ours answering that wch is +named piscis octangularis by wormius, cataphractus by Schoneueldeus. +octagonius versus caput, versus caudam hexagonius.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_79" id="Footnote_66_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_79"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Doubtless the Armed Bull-head, or Pogge, <i>Agonus +cataphractus</i>. A MS. note in Berkenhout says it was called at Lowestoft +a Beetle-head (1769).</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 28.</i>] The faber marinus<a name="FNanchor_67_80" id="FNanchor_67_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_80" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> sometimes found very large answering +ye figure of Rondeletius. which though hee mentioneth as a rare fish & +to be found in the Atlantick & Gaditane ocean yet wee often meet with it +in these seas com̄only calld a peterfish hauing [a <i>crossed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> out</i>] one +[<i>written above</i>] black spot on ether side the body conceued the +perpetuall signature from the impression of St Peters fingers or to +resemble the 2 peeces of money wch St Peter tooke out of this fish +remarkable also from its disproportionable mouth & many hard prickles +about other parts.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_80" id="Footnote_67_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_80"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Zeus faber</i>, the Dory. Many, usually small ones, are +brought in by our fishermen.</p></div> + +<p>A kind of scorpius marinus<a name="FNanchor_68_81" id="FNanchor_68_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_81" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> a rough prickly & monstrous headed fish 6 +8 or 12 inches long answerable vnto the figure of Schoneueldeus.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_81" id="Footnote_68_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_81"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Cottus scorpius</i>, Father Lasher, commonly taken by the +shrimpers.</p></div> + +<p>A sting fish<a name="FNanchor_69_82" id="FNanchor_69_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_82" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> wiuer or kind of ophidion or Araneus slender, narrowe +headed about 4 inches long wth a sharpe small prickly finne along the +back which often venemously pricketh the hands of fishermen.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_82" id="Footnote_69_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_82"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Probably from its size the Lesser Weever, <i>Trachinus +vipera</i>, as also the <i>Draco minor</i> of Jonstoni. A common fish in our +waters. Large numbers of the Greater Weever, <i>T. draco</i>, are brought in +by the trawlers.</p></div> + +<p>Aphia cobites marina<a name="FNanchor_70_83" id="FNanchor_70_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_83" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> or sea Loche.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_83" id="Footnote_70_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_83"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> One of the Gobies. Day, "Brit. Fishes," i., p. 169, +supposes the <i>Aphya cobites</i> of Rondeletius (p. 20) to be the White +Goby, <i>A. pellucida</i>; Pennant has <i>A. cobites</i> as a synonym for the +Spotted Goby (<i>G. minutus</i>) and the Sea Gudgeons, Black Gobies (<i>G. +niger</i>), but at that time there was no very nice distinction of the +members of this genus. The Sea Miller's Thumb is probably the Shanny +(<i>Blennius pholis</i>). <i>Alosa</i>, is the Allis Shad (<i>Culpea alosa</i>, L.), +not uncommon (<i><a href="#Footnote_74_87">see Note 74</a></i>).</p></div> + +<p>Blennus a sea millars thumb.</p> + +<p>Funduli marini sea gogions.</p> + +<p>Alosæ or chads to bee met with about Lynne.</p> + +<p>Spinachus or smelt<a name="FNanchor_71_84" id="FNanchor_71_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_84" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> in greatest plentie about Lynne butt [com̄on on +yarmouth coast <i>crossed out</i>] where they haue also a small fish calld a +primme answering in [all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> <i>crossed out</i>] tast & shape a smelt & perhaps +are butt the yonger sort thereof.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_84" id="Footnote_71_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_84"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The Smelt, <i>Osmerus eperlanus</i>, is abundant in the shallow +waters and estuaries on the Norfolk coast in spring, ascending the +fresh-water rivers to spawn. The small fish called a Primme by Browne, +may be the Atherine (<i>Atherina presbyter</i>), which is also found in our +waters, where it is often mistaken for the Smelt, but I have not heard +it called by the former name.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol 29.</i>] Aselli or cods of seuerall sorts. Asellus albus or whitings +in great plentie. Asellus niger carbonarius or [col <i>crossed out</i>] coale +fish. Asellus minor Schoneueldei callarias pliny or Haydocks with many +more also a weed fish somewhat like an haydock butt larger & dryer meat. +A Basse also much resembling a flatter kind of Cod.<a name="FNanchor_72_85" id="FNanchor_72_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_85" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_85" id="Footnote_72_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_85"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> The first three fishes named in this paragraph need no +comment; the Weed-fish is doubtless a local name, but for what species I +cannot discover. The Bass, <i>Labrax lupus</i> (Cuv.), is, as might be +expected from the nature of our coast, by no means common here.</p></div> + +<p>Scombri are makerells<a name="FNanchor_73_86" id="FNanchor_73_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_86" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> in greate plentie a dish much desired butt if +as Rondeletius affirmeth they feed upon sea starres & squalders (<i><a href="#Footnote_90_105">see +Note 90</a></i>) there may bee some doubt whether their flesh bee without some +ill qualitie sometimes they are of a very large size & one was taken +this yeare 1668 wch was by measure an ell long and of ye length of a +good salmon, at Lestoffe.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_86" id="Footnote_73_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_86"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The latter part of this paragraph, beginning, "Sometimes +they are of a very large size," is written on the left-hand side of the +opening, and is evidently a subsequent addition. One would be inclined +to think from the great size of the fish here recorded (3 ft. 9 in.), +that it may have been a species of Tunny, or even a Bonito, both of +which have been taken on the Norfolk coast. Seventeen inches is a large +mackerel.</p></div> + +<p>Herrings departed sprats or sardæ not long after succeed in great +plentie wch are taken with smaller nets [& dryed <i>crossed out</i>] & smoakd +& dryed like herrings become a [daint <i>crossed out</i>] sapid bitt & +vendible abroad.</p> + +<p>Among these are found Bleakes or bliccæ<a name="FNanchor_74_87" id="FNanchor_74_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_87" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> a thinne herring like fishe +wch some will also think to bee young<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> herrings. And though the sea +aboundeth not with pilchards, yet they are com̄only taken among +herrings. butt few esteeme thereof or eat them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_87" id="Footnote_74_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_87"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> It is quite evident that the fish referred to here, and +again in the sixth <a href="#merrett_6">letter to Merrett</a>, is not the true Bleak (<i>Alburnus +lucideus</i>) of our freshwaters. It seems that the young of some species +of Clupeoid was thus known, for I find it stated in a MS. note in a copy +of Berkenhout's "Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain," +(1769), in the possession of Mr. T. E. Gunn, that the Bleak and the +Sprat are often caught together in the sea at Aldeburgh (Suffolk) in +November, and the writer of the note adds, "the Bleak is larger than the +Sprat, its eyes are larger, and the upper part of its belly serrated." I +think from this description and from Browne's remarks, that the young of +a species of Shad must have been mistaken for the Bleak, which although +found low down in our rivers almost to where the salt tide mingles with +the fresh, does not I believe enter the salt water.</p></div> + +<p>Congers are not so com̄on on these coasts as on many seas about +England, butt are often found upon the north coast of Norfolk, & in +frostie wether left in pulks & plashes upon the ebbe of the sea.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 30.</i>] The sand eels Anglorum of Aldrouandus, or Tobianus of +Schoneueldeus com̄only called smoulds taken out of the sea sands with +forks & rakes about Blakeney and Burnham a small round slender fish +about 3 or 4 inches long as bigge as a small Tobacco pipe a very dayntie +dish.</p> + +<p>Pungitius marinus<a name="FNanchor_75_88" id="FNanchor_75_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_88" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> or sea bansticle hauing a prickle one each side +the smallest fish of the sea about an inch long sometimes drawne ashoare +with netts together with weeds & pargaments<a name="FNanchor_M_89" id="FNanchor_M_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_89" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> of the sea.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_88" id="Footnote_75_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_88"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> The smallest of the genus <i>Gasterosteus</i>, or Stanstickles, +is <i>G. pungitius</i>, the ten-spined Stickleback, but this fish is two +inches long when full grown. All the species seem to be more or less +indifferent to the salinity of the water. The fifteen-spined +Stickleback, <i>G. spinachia</i>, is also sometimes taken by the shrimpers, +and is the most truly marine species, but is by no means "the smallest +fish of the sea."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_89" id="Footnote_M_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_89"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> This word which Wilkin renders "fragments," is doubtless +from the Latin <i>pergamentum</i>, and it seems likely that Browne had in +view certain sea-weeds, possibly <i>Laminaria</i> or <i>Ulva</i> which, especially +when dry, present somewhat the appearance and texture of parchment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Many sorts of flat fishes<a name="FNanchor_76_90" id="FNanchor_76_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_90" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> The pastinaca oxyrinchus with a long & +strong aculeus in the tayle <ins class="tn" title="Odd spelling retained.">conceuud</ins> of speciall venome & virtues.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_90" id="Footnote_76_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_90"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Pastinaca oxyrinchus</i> appears to be the Sting Ray +(<i>Trygon pastinaca</i>); <i>Raia clavata</i>, the Thornback; <i>R. oculata</i>, the +Spotted Ray (<i>R. maculata</i>); <i>R. aspera</i>; the Shagreen Ray? (<i>R. +fullonica</i>).</p></div> + +<p>Severall sorts of Raia's skates & Thornebacks the Raia clauata +oxyrinchus, raia oculata, aspera, spinosa fullonica.</p> + +<p>The great Rhombus or Turbot aculeatus & leuis.</p> + +<p>The passer or place.</p> + +<p>Butts of various kinds.</p> + +<p>The passer squamosus Bret Bretcock<a name="FNanchor_77_91" id="FNanchor_77_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_91" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> & skulls comparable in taste and +delicacy vnto the soale.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_91" id="Footnote_77_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_91"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> The Brill, <i>Rhombus lævis</i> (Lin.), <i>Passer asper +squamosus</i>, Rondl., formerly known as the Brett, Bretcock, Skull, or +Pearl.</p></div> + +<p>The Buglossus solea or soale<a name="FNanchor_78_92" id="FNanchor_78_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_92" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> plana & oculata as also the Lingula or +small soale all in very great plentie.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_92" id="Footnote_78_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_92"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Solea vulgaris</i>, the Common Sole. The "<i>Lingula</i>, or +small Sole," is probably the <i>Solea variegata</i>, Flem., the <i>S. parva +sive Lingula</i> of Rond. Jonston figures "<i>Solea lingulata</i>," Tab. xx., +fig. 12, but I am uncertain what species is intended. It is possible +that Browne may have Latinised the trade name by which small Soles are +known in the market as "slips" and "tongues." What other species he may +have wished to indicate as "plana" and "oculata" it is difficult to +determine.</p></div> + +<p>Sometimes a fish aboue half a yard long like a butt<a name="FNanchor_79_93" id="FNanchor_79_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_93" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> or soale called +asprage wch I haue known taken about Cromer.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_93" id="Footnote_79_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_93"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The "asprage" (or it may be "a sprage") may possibly be +the Dab, <i>Pleuranectes limanda</i>, which Rondeletius calls <i>Passer asper</i>. +I do not find that species mentioned otherwise, and a great many are +taken by the Cromer and Sheringham fishermen.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 31.</i>] [See <i>Roller ante</i> <a href="#Page_30">p. 30</a>.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 32.</i>] Sepia or cuttle fish<a name="FNanchor_80_94" id="FNanchor_80_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_94" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> [smear] & great plentie of the +bone or shellie substance which sustaineth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> the whole bulk of that soft +fishe found com̄only on the shoare.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_94" id="Footnote_80_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_94"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Of the various species of the Cephalopoda, <i>Sepia +officinalis</i>, is more often represented by its calcareous dorsal plate +than by the entire animal, for large numbers of these "cuttle-bones" are +sometimes strewed along the shore for miles. The Squid, <i>Loligo +vulgaris</i>, is often met with, sometimes of considerable size. The horny +"pen" resembles a short leaf-shaped Roman sword, and Browne's term, +"Gladiolus," is quite as appropriate as that of "Calamus." His <i>Polypus</i> +is probably <i>Octopus vulgaris</i>, but it is rarely met with on the Norfolk +coast.</p></div> + +<p>The Loligo sleue or calamar found often upon the shoare from head to +tayle [such <i>crossed out</i>] sometimes aboue an ell long, remarkable for +its parretlike bill, the gladiolus or calamus along the back & the +notable crystallyne of the eye wch equalleth if not exceedeth the lustre +of orientall pearle.</p> + +<p>A polypus another kind of the mollia<a name="FNanchor_N_95" id="FNanchor_N_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_95" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> sometimes wee haue met with.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_95" id="Footnote_N_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_95"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> By <i>mollia</i> is meant all soft-bodied shell-less animals.</p></div> + +<p>Lobsters in great number about sheringham and cromer from whence all the +country is supplyed.</p> + +<p>Astacus marinus pediculi [marini <i>written above</i>] facie<a name="FNanchor_81_96" id="FNanchor_81_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_96" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> found also +in that place. with the aduantage of ye long foreclawes about 4 inches +long.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_96" id="Footnote_81_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_96"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Probably <i>Nephrops norvegicus</i>, the Norway Lobster, called +at Lowestoft a Crayfish or Prawn. They are sometimes brought in in large +numbers by the steam trawlers, but the precise locality in which they +are captured I am unable to say; the fishermen say the "North Sea," +which is rather a vague address, but others say between the Texel and +Heligoland.</p></div> + +<p>Crabs large & well tasted found also in the same coast.</p> + +<p>Another kind of crab<a name="FNanchor_82_97" id="FNanchor_82_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_97" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> taken for cancer fluuiatilis litle slender & of +a very quick motion found in the Riuer running through yarmouth. [<i>added +subsequently</i>] & in bliburgh riuer.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_97" id="Footnote_82_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_97"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i><ins title="Cancer in original.">Carsinus</ins> mænas</i>, the Shore-crab, a very common species on +the Norfolk coast is here intended.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 33.</i>] Oysters exceeding large about Burnham and [Huns <i>crossed +out</i>] Hunstanton like those of poole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> St Mallowes or ciuita [vech +<i>crossed out</i>] vechia whereof [some <i>crossed out</i>] many are eaten rawe +the shells being broakin with [cle <i>crossed out</i>] cleuers the greater +part pickled & sent weekly to London & other parts.</p> + +<p>Mituli or muscles in great quantitie as also chams or cochles about +stiskay [<i>sic</i>] & ye northwest coast.</p> + +<p>Pectines pectunculi varij or scallops of the lesser sort.</p> + +<p>Turbines or smaller wilks, leues, striati. as also Trochi, Trochili, or +scaloppes finely variegated & pearly. [as also <i>crossed out</i>.] Lewise +[<i>sic</i>] purpuræ minores, nerites, cochleæ, Tellinæ.</p> + +<p>Lepades, patellæ Limpets, of an vniualue shell wherein an animal like a +snayle cleauing fast unto the rocks.</p> + +<p>Solenes cappe lunge venetorum com̄only a razor fish the shell thereof +dentalia</p> + +<p>[The MS. breaks off here, and the next paragraph appears to be an +interpolation.]</p> + +<p>Dentalia by some called pinpaches because pinmeat thereof is taken out +with a pinne or needle.<a name="FNanchor_83_98" id="FNanchor_83_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_98" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_98" id="Footnote_83_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_98"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Mussels and Cockles are very abundant all along the +shallow shores of North-west Norfolk, as well as Clams, <i>Mya arenaria</i>. +"Scallops of the lesser sort" are probably <i>Pecten opercularius</i> and <i>P. +varius</i>. The Whelk, <i>Buccinum undatum</i>, is also very numerous, and forms +the staple of a considerable industry at Sheringham; the lesser, or +Dog-Whelk, <i>Nassa reticulata</i>, as well as <i>Purpura lapillus</i> and several +sorts of Trochus, are commonly met with. The genus Nerita was a very +comprehensive one in Browne's time, and included many species of +Littorina, of which the well-known Periwinkle, <i>L. <ins title="litoria in original.">littorea</ins></i>, is the most +numerous here. No true Nerita is now recognised as British, although in +the warmer seas the genus is a very numerous one. The most common +Tellina here is <i>T. tenuis</i>, <i>Lepades patellæ</i> are of course the common +Limpet (<i>Patella vulgata</i>), and of the Solen, or Razor Shell, which Gwyn +Jeffreys says in the time of Aldrovandus was called by the Venetians +"cappa longa," we have two species found on the sandy portions of the +coast. Here some confusion exists in the MS., after the words, "the +shell thereof dentalia," the note ends abruptly, and is followed by an +interpolation which seems quite irrelevant, as Dentalia have surely +never been called "Pin-patches" (the vernacular name for <i>Littorina +<ins title="litoria in original.">littorea</ins></i>), nor is it probable that, like that common univalve, they were +ever taken out of their shells with a pin or needle. <i>Dentalia</i> are +mentioned on two other occasions as of doubtful occurrence and +<i>Dentalium entalis</i> has slight claim to be a native of Norfolk; the only +recorded specimen I know of was picked up in 1890 by Mr. Mayfield, from +the drift on the beach between Wells and Holkham.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Cancellus Turbinum et neritis<a name="FNanchor_84_99" id="FNanchor_84_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_99" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> Barnard the Hermite of Rondeletius a +kind of crab or astacus liuing in a forsaken wilk or nerites.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_99" id="Footnote_84_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_99"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Hermit Crabs are here referred to, the larger, <i>Pagurus +bernhardus</i>, found very frequently inhabiting the shells of the Whelk, +and a smaller species which takes up its abode in those of a <i>Trochus</i>.</p></div> + +<p>echinus echinometrites<a name="FNanchor_85_100" id="FNanchor_85_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_100" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> sea hedghogge whose neat shells are com̄on +on the shoare the fish aliue often taken [with <i>crossed out</i>] by the +dragges among the oysters.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_100" id="Footnote_85_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_100"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Dead <i>Echini</i> are very common on the sea-shore, and many +living ones are dredged by the shrimpers. <i>Echinus sphæra</i> is the most +common on the Norfolk coast; <i>E. miliaris</i>, a small species, is also +very abundant about Cromer.</p></div> + +<p>[This and the next paragraph on fol. 33 <i>verso</i>.]</p> + +<p>Balani<a name="FNanchor_86_101" id="FNanchor_86_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_101" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> a smaller sort of vniualue growing com̄only in clusters. +the smaller kinds thereof to bee found oftimes upon oysters wilks & +lobsters.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_101" id="Footnote_86_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_101"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The species of Cirripeds referred to are probably the +common Acorn Barnacle (<i>Balanus porcatus</i>) and the Goose Barnacle +(<i>Lepas anatifera</i>), the latter occasionally found on ships' bottoms and +drift-wood, probably carried by favourable currents from warmer seas +than our own.</p></div> + +<p>Concha anatifera or Ansifera or Barnicleshell whereof about 4 yeares +past were found upon the shoare no small number by yarmouth hanging by +slender strings of a kind of Alga vnto seuerall splinters or [clefts +<i>crossed out</i>] cleauings of firre boards vnto wch they were seuerally +fastned & hanged like ropes of onyons: their shell flat & of a peculiar +forme differing from other shelles, this being of four diuisions. +containing a small imperfect animal at the lower part diuided into many +shootes or streames wch prepossed [imag <i>crossed out</i>] spectators<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> fancy +to bee the rudiment of the tayle of some goose or duck to bee [expute +<i>crossed out</i>] produced from it. some whereof in ye shell & some taken +out & spred upon paper wee shall [still?] keepe by us.</p> + +<p>[Fol. 34.] Stellæ marinæ<a name="FNanchor_87_102" id="FNanchor_87_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_102" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> or sea starres in great plentie especially +about yarmouth. whether they bee bred out of the [vrticas <i>crossed out</i>] +vrticæ squalders or sea gellies as many report wee cannot confirme butt +the squalderes in the middle seeme to haue some lines or first draughts +not unlike. our starres exceed not 5 poynts though I haue heard that +some with more haue been found about Hunstanton and Burnham. where are +also found stellæ marinæ testacæ or handsome crusted & brittle sea +[stars <i>crossed out</i>] starres much lesse.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_102" id="Footnote_87_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_102"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The Five-finger (<i>Asterias rubens</i>, L.) is a very numerous +species on our coast and very destructive. Brittle Stars (<i>Ophiocoma +sp?</i>) are as Browne states most frequent about Hunstanton, Burnham, and +Cromer. <i>Solaster papposa</i> is also found in the same localities.</p></div> + +<p>The pediculus<a name="FNanchor_88_103" id="FNanchor_88_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_103" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> and culex marin us the sea lowse & flie are [are +<i>crossed out</i>] also no strangeres.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_103" id="Footnote_88_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_103"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> The Pediculus, or Sea Louse, is probably <i>Talitrus +locusta</i>, the Sand-hopper; what may be intended by <i>Culex marinus</i> it is +difficult to say. A species of gnat is at times very numerous on the wet +sand just above the water-line. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Footnote_110_128">Notes 110</a> and <a href="#Footnote_115_133">115</a>, on a +kindred subject.</p></div> + +<p>Physsalus Rondeletij<a name="FNanchor_89_104" id="FNanchor_89_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_104" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> or eruca marina physsaloides according to the +icon of Rondeletius of very orient green & purple bristles.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_104" id="Footnote_89_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_104"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> The Sea Mouse, <i>Aphrodite aculeata</i>. This is referred to +again in the Letters to Merrett.</p></div> + +<p>Urtica marina<a name="FNanchor_90_105" id="FNanchor_90_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_105" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> of diuers kinds some whereof called squalderes. of a +burning and stinging qualitie if rubbed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> in the hand. the water thereof +may afford a good cosmetick.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_105" id="Footnote_90_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_105"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Mr. E. T. Browne, of the Zoological Laboratory of +University College, London, has kindly furnished me with the following +notes on this subject: "Jonston (1657) gives figures of Anemones and +large <i>Medusae</i> under the name of <i>Urtica</i>. On Tab. xviii. he figures +Anemones and other beasts, but not <i>medusae</i>. The <i>medusae</i> are on the +next Tab. (xix.). <i>Urtica marina</i> includes both Anemones and certain +Scyphomedusae (not <i>Pulmo</i>). Under 'some … called Squalders of a +burning and stinging quality,' I think Browne must refer to our common +stinging Scyphomedusae belonging to the genus <i>Chrysaora</i> or <i>Cyanaea</i>, +of which there are three species. +</p><p> +"The vague description of what he calls 'sea buttons' [see below, also +<a href="#merrett_2">second letter to Merrett</a>] would suit either a Medusa or a Ctenophore. +The additional note, 'two small holes in the ends,' rather upsets +matters, but I think he must refer to some sort of jelly-fish, probably +damaged, which is usually the case when cast up on the shore. If the +buttons worn in those days were like filbert-nuts or eggs, I am inclined +to think that the reference must be to a Ctenophore, genus +<i>Pleurobrachia</i>, but if flat, then to one of the <i>Hydromedusae</i>. It +would be safe to say, 'probably a kind of jelly-fish,' which is about as +vague as the reference." See also Dr. Reuben Robinson's description of +"Squalders" in a letter to Browne (Wilkin i., pp. 422-424). It seems +probable that the gelatinous masses referred to in the early part of +this letter, which Dr. Robinson says were ascribed by Dr. Charleton to +"the nocturnall pollution of some plethorick or wanton starr: or rather +excrement blowne from the nosthrills of a rheumatick planett," were the +remains of the undeveloped spawn of frogs, the bodies of which had been +eaten by rats, crows, or herons, and <ins title="which added per errata.">which</ins> had become swollen by exposure to +moisture.</p></div> + +<p>[The next paragraph on folio 33 <i>verso</i> is evidently added +subsequently.]</p> + +<p>Another elegant sort that is often found cast up by shoare in great +numbers about ye bignesse of a button cleere & welted & may bee called +fibula marina crystallina.</p> + +<p>hirudines marini or sea Leaches.<a name="FNanchor_91_106" id="FNanchor_91_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_106" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_106" id="Footnote_91_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_106"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> It is difficult to determine the species of marine +Annelids referred to by Browne; the Sea Leech is probably <i>Pontobdella +lævis</i>. The "large wormes" digged for bait, mentioned more than once, +are Lug-worms, <i>Arenicola piscatorum</i>; the <i>Vermes in tubulis testacei</i> +may be tube-worms of the genus Terrebella, or a species of Serpula. +Tethya or "Sea dugge" (not "Sea dogs," as Wilkin has it) might very well +apply to <i>Ascidia</i> or one of the allied genera. Simple Ascidians, +generally known as Sea-squirts, are common littoral forms; the animals +figured by Rondeletius under the heading "De Tethyis" (p. 127) are +simple Ascidians. The <i>vesicaria marina</i>, or "fanago," might well refer +to the egg capsules of the common Whelk (<i>Buccinum undatum</i>), which are +very commonly found in masses on the shore. In his sixth <a href="#merrett_6">letter to +Merrett</a>, Browne mentions two kinds of "fanago," the first which I take +to be the egg capsules of the Whelk, resembling the "husk of peas;" the +smaller that of "barley when the flower [awn?] is mouldered away," may +possibly be the egg capsules of <i>Purpura lapillus</i>, or of some species +of Natica, which bear a fanciful resemblance to grains of barley. See +also <a href="#merrett_2">Merrett's second letter</a> in <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A.</a>, in which he describes the +Vesicaria found on oyster-shells as resembling flowers of <i>Hyacinthus +botryoides</i>, which is not a bad description of the form of the egg +capsules of <i>P. lapillus</i>.</p></div> + +<p>vermes marini very large wormes digged a yarde deepe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> out of the sands +at the ebbe for bayt. tis known where they are to bee found by a litle +flat ouer them on ye surface of ye sand. as also vermes in tubulis +testacei. Also Tethya or sea dugges some whereof resemble fritters [and +<i>crossed out</i>] the vesicaria marina also & [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] fanago +sometimes very large conceaued to proceed from some testaceous animals. +& particularly [<i>Fol. 35</i>] from the purpura butt [in <i>crossed out</i>] ours +more probably from other testaceous wee hauing not met with any large +purpura upon this coast.</p> + +<p>[A blank space.]</p> + +<p>Many riuer fishes also and animals. Salmon<a name="FNanchor_92_107" id="FNanchor_92_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_107" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> no com̄on fish in our +riuers though many are taken in the owse. in the Bure or north riuer, in +ye waueney or south riuer, in ye [yare or <i>crossed out</i>] norwich riuer +butt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> seldome and in the winter butt 4 yeares ago 15 were taken at +Trowes mill [ab <i>crossed out</i>] in Xtmas. whose mouths were stuck with +small wormes or horsleaches no bigger than fine threads some of these I +kept in water 3 moneths if a few drops of blood were putt to the water +they would in a litle time looke red. they sensibly grewe bigger then I +first found them and were killed by an hard froast freezing the water. +most of our Salmons haue a recurued peece of flesh in ye end of the +lower iawe wch when they shutt there mouths deepely enters the upper. as +Scaliger hath noted in some.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_107" id="Footnote_92_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_107"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> The Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) is at the present day very +rarely found in our rivers, and those met with are, as a rule, male +Kelts which have strayed into unsuspected situations after floods; a +singular exception occurred on the 20th May, 1897, when one weighing 6 +lbs. was taken on a fly in the river above Stoke Holy Cross Mill; this +fish is preserved in the Norwich Museum. Another curious capture of +which I heard (but did not see the fish) occurred on the 1st August, +1898, when a salmon, also of 6 lbs. weight, jumped into a small boat +towed behind a yacht which was sailing across Breydon Water. That the +salmon was at one time a recognised visitor to our rivers is evident +from the following extract from the Norwich Court of Mayoralty Book +under date 2 Novr. 1667: "It is ordered that the bell man give notice +that if any person shall take any Salmons from the Nativity of our Lady +unto St. Martin's day, or destroy any young Salmons by netts or other +ingens from the midst of April until the Nativity of St. John Baptist +shall be punished according to the law." The Salmon is the host of +several parasites both internal and external. Fresh run Salmon are +generally infested with a "Sea-louse," which quickly perishes in +freshwater; not so, however, with the troublesome worm-like creature, +the subject of Browne's experiments; it is known as <i>Lernæa salmonis</i>, +and is only found on the gill-covers of spent Kelts; it is not got rid +of till the fish returns to the salt water. Browne may be excused being +rather sceptical as to the identity of the clean run Salmon and the +spent Kelt, for no greater contrast can be imagined than that which +exists between the two—the male in the "redding" season develops the +unsightly hooked mandible, which so puzzled the worthy doctor, and both +in colour and form is as hideous an object as can be imagined. Bécard +Gallorum (not <i>Beccard gallorus</i>), <i>i.e.</i>, the fish called "Bécard" by +the French (<a href="#merrett_2">see second letter to Merrett</a>), refers to the use of a name +still applied in France to a large Cock Salmon, and "Anchorago" is the +name under which the fish was described by Scaliger, whose book I have +not seen. Dr. Günther tells me that Artedi, "Ichthyologia," Pt. v., p. +23, quotes this name as a synonym of the Salmon.</p></div> + +<p>The Riuers lakes & broads<a name="FNanchor_93_108" id="FNanchor_93_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_108" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> abound in [the Lucius or <i>added above</i>] +pikes of very large size where also is found the Brama or [breme +<i>crossed out</i>] Breme large & well tasted the Tinca or Tench the Rubecula +Roach as also Rowds and Dare or Dace perca or pearch great & small. +whereof such [as] are are in Braden on this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> side yarmouth in the mixed +water [are gen <i>crossed out</i>] make a dish very dayntie & I think scarce +to bee bettered in England. butt the Blea[k] [<i>Fol. 36</i>] the chubbe the +barbell [I haue not obserued in these riuers <i>crossed out</i>] to bee found +in diues other Riuers in England I haue not obserued in these. As also +fewer mennowes then in many other riuers.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_108" id="Footnote_93_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_108"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The freshwater fishes named in the next three paragraphs +are so well known as to require few remarks. The Bream in our rivers and +broads are very numerous and reach a large size, but of their esculent +qualities I have had no personal experience; not so, however, with the +Perch, which quite deserve Browne's high encomium. It is well known here +that this fish shows no aversion of a certain admixture of salt and +fresh water, and Mr. Lubbock ("Fauna of Norfolk") says, "the point in +Norfolk rivers where the largest are taken with most certainty is where +water begins to turn brackish from the influence of the ocean;" in +autumn the very finest are taken by angling with a shrimp, a favourite +bait in the lower parts of the Yare and Waveney. In such localities a +small shrimp (<i><ins title="Pandalus varius in original.">Hippolyte varians</ins></i>, Leach) abounds, and it is to this +favourite food that Mr. Lubbock attributes the excellence of these +Perch. Roud is the local name of the Rudd (<i>Leuciscus erythropthalmus</i>). +The River Nar is still perhaps the best Trout stream in the county, and +the Crawfish is found in most of the rivers but not abundantly.</p></div> + +<p>The Trutta or trout the Gammarus or crawfish [no <i>crossed out</i>] butt +scarce in our riuers butt frequently taken in the Bure or north riuer & +in the seuerall branches therof. & very remarkable large crawfishes to +bee found in the riuer wch runnes by castleaker & nerford.</p> + +<p>The Aspredo perca minor<a name="FNanchor_94_109" id="FNanchor_94_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_109" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> and probably the cernua of Cardan com̄only +called a Ruffe in great plentie in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> norwich Riuers & euen in ye streame +of the citty. which though camden appropriates vnto this citty yet they +are also found in the riuers of oxforde [&] Cambridge.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_109" id="Footnote_94_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_109"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Merrett calls the Ruff <i>Cernua fluviatilis</i>, and mentions +its abundance in the River Yare at Norwich, which he (no doubt +inadvertently) assigns to the County of "Essex"; from this locality +Caius obtained the specimen, a drawing of which he sent to Gesner under +the name of <i>Aspredo</i>. Camden assigns this fish also to Norwich, and +Spencer, in his "Marriage of the Thames and Medway," writes of the +Ruff:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Next cometh Yar, soft washing Norwich walls,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with him bringeth to their festival<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fish whose like none else can show,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The which men Ruffins call."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p> +This county seems to have been assigned an exclusive proprietorship in +the Ruff, to which, as Browne rightly points out, it had no just claim.</p></div> + +<p>Lampetra Lampries great & small<a name="FNanchor_95_110" id="FNanchor_95_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_110" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> found plentifully in norwich riuer & +euen in the Citty about may [some <i>crossed out</i>] whereof some are very +large & well cooked are counted a dayntie bitt collard up butt +especially in pyes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_110" id="Footnote_95_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_110"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Both the Sea Lamprey (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) and the +Lampern (<i>P. fluviatilis</i>) are found in the Norfolk rivers.</p></div> + +<p>Mustela fluuiatilis or eele poult<a name="FNanchor_96_111" id="FNanchor_96_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_111" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> to bee had in norwich riuer & [in +thalso <i>crossed out</i>] between it & yarmouth as also in the riuers of +marshland resembling an eele & a cod. a very good dish & the Liuer +thereof well answers the commendations of the Ancients.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_111" id="Footnote_96_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_111"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> The Burbot, or Eel Pout (<i>Lola vulgaris</i>), called by +Merrett a Coney-fish, from its habit of concealing itself in holes in +the river banks. It is not sufficiently numerous now to form an article +of diet, and I imagine there are few living who could bear testimony as +to the esculent qualities of its "Liuer."</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol 37.</i>] Godgions or funduli fluuiatiles, many whereof may bee taken +within the [citty <i>crossed out</i>] Riuer in the citty:</p> + +<p>Capitones fluuiatilis or millers thumbs, pungitius fluuiatilis or +stanticles. Aphia cobites fluuiatilis or Loches. in norwich riuers in +the runnes about Heueningham heath in the north riuer & streames +thereof.</p> + +<p>Of eeles<a name="FNanchor_97_112" id="FNanchor_97_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_112" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> the com̄on eele & the glot wch hath somewhat a different +shape in the bignesse of the head & is affirmed to have yong ones often +found within it. & wee haue found a vterus in the same somewhat +answering the icon thereof in Senesinus.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_112" id="Footnote_97_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_112"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The coarse variety of the Eel, known as the "Glout," or +Broad-nosed Eel, is believed to be the barren female; Browne's +informants were doubtless misled by the presence of certain thread-worms +(<i>Nematoxys</i>) in the abdomen of the eels, which they mistook for young +ones.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Carpiones carpes plentifull in ponds & sometimes large ones in broads +[<i>smear</i>] 2 the largest I euer beheld were [found <i>crossed out</i>] taken +[<i>added above</i>] in Norwich Riuer.</p> + +<p>[A whole line is smeared out, and a break occurs in the MS. after the +observation on the Carp; it then proceeds to notice some other +inhabitants of the county which perhaps Browne had difficulty in +classifying.]</p> + +<p>Though the woods and dryelands about [abound?] with adders and +vipers<a name="FNanchor_98_113" id="FNanchor_98_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_113" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> yet are there few snakes about our riuers or meadowes more to +bee found in Marsh land butt ponds & plashes abound in Lizards or +swifts.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_113" id="Footnote_98_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_113"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Both Vipers (or Adders) and Snakes, the <ins class="tn" title="latte in original.">latter</ins> in +particular, are, I imagine, much less abundant than formerly, but the +few species of Lizards and Newts (Swifts) are still probably in +undiminished numbers; the Mole Cricket (<i>Gryllotalpa vulgaris</i>) is rare +with us; Horse-leeches (<i>Aulostoma gulo</i>) are frequent, and also +"Periwinkles," which I take to be various species of freshwater +Molluscs, possibly of <i>Limnæa</i>. The Hard-worm (or Hair-worm), <i>Gordius +aquaticus</i>, which refused to be generated from "horsehayres," is still +an object of wonder to the unlearned, and the Great Black Water-Beetle +(<i>Hydrophilus piceus</i>) is found; but <i>forficula</i> and <i>corculum</i> were a +puzzle, as it is evident from their association they must be aquatic +forms (and the Earwig certainly does not take to the water voluntarily), +till my friend, Mr. C. G. Barrett, referred me to the following passage +in Swammerdam's "Book of Nature," p. 93: "This is most certain that the +<i>Forficula aquatica</i> of Jonston is the true nymph of the Mordella, or +Dragon-fly,"<a name="FNanchor_O_114" id="FNanchor_O_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_114" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> Dr. Charleton in his "Onomasticon," p. 57, has +"Corculus, the Water-beetle, resembling an heart;" not very definite, +but probably the Whirligig Beetle, <i>Gyrinus natator</i>, is intended; it is +also an appellation given by some authors to "a small species of +cordiformis, or heart-shell, of a rose colour," doubtless a Cyclas or a +Pisidium. Squilla is the Freshwater Shrimp (<i>Gammarus pulex</i>), and +<i>Notonecta glauca</i>, the Waterboatman "which swimmeth on its back," is +well known. +</p><p> +Otters are still numerous in the broads and reed-margined rivers, and so +long as these natural fastnesses endure in their present condition they +are likely to continue so.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_114" id="Footnote_O_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_114"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> On reference to Jonston (<i>Historiæ Naturalis de Insectis</i> +Lib. iv., "De Insectis aquaticis" i., p. 189, Tab. xxvii.), I find that +under the name of "<i>Forficulæ aquat[icæ]</i>. M [oufet]," he has two +figures, the first of which is possibly a Dytiscus larva, the second +that of some form of Dragon-fly, which however is imperfect.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>The Gryllotalpa or fencricket com̄on in fenny places butt wee haue met +with them also in dry places dung-hills & church yards of this citty.</p> + +<p>Beside horseleaches & periwinkles in plashes & standing waters we haue +met with vermes setacei or hardwormes butt could neuer conuert +horsehayres into them by laying them in water as also the [<i>Fol. 38</i>] +the (<i>bis</i>) great Hydrocantharus or black shining water Beetle the +forficula, sqilla, corculum and notonecton that swimmeth on its back.</p> + +<p>Camden [<i>smear</i>] reports that in former time there haue been [otters +<i>crossed out</i>] Beuers in the Riuer of Cardigan in wales. this wee are to +sure of that the Riuers great Broads & carres afford great store of +otters with us, a [des <i>crossed out</i>] great destroyer of fish as feeding +butt from ye vent downewards. [a prey <i>crossed out</i>] not free from being +a prey it self for their yong ones haue been found in Buzzards nests. +they are accounted no bad dish by many are to bee made very tame and in +some howses haue [semed <i>crossed out</i>] serued for turnespitts.</p> + +<p>[Blank space.]</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Although Browne's account of the Fishes is doubtless +derived from his personal observation, I have found it very +difficult in some families, such as the Cods, Rays, Gurnards, +Flat-fishes, and Gobies to identify them with the species as at +present known; in fact, they were at that time very imperfectly +differentiated, and the figures in the old authors are generally +so inexact as not to be recognisable. Ray, in 1674 ("English +Words not generally known," p. 101), thus writes of the sea +fishes, "several of them, we judge, not yet described by any +Author extant in print: indeed the writers of Natural History of +Animals living far from the Ocean, and so having never had +opportunity of seeing these kind of fishes … write very +confusedly and obscurely concerning them," a remark which I have +found abundantly verified.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="letters" id="letters"></a>LETTERS TO MERRETT.</h2> + +<p class="center">[MS. SLOANE. 1833. FOL. 14.]</p> + +<p class="center">No. 1.<a name="merrett_1" id="merrett_1"></a></p> + +<p class="center">"<i>My father to Dr. Meret July 13, 1668.</i>"</p> + + +<p>Most honourd Sir,</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol 14.</i>] I take ye boldnesse to salute you as a person of singular +worth & learning and whom I very much respect & honour. I presented my +service to you by my sonne some months past, and had thought before this +time to have done it by him again, but the time of his returne to London +being yet uncertaine, I would not deferre these at present unto you. I +should be very glad to serve you by any observations of mine against yr. +second edition of your Pinax<a name="FNanchor_99_115" id="FNanchor_99_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_115" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> which I cannot sufficiently commende. I +have observed and taken notice of many animals in these parts whereof 3 +years agoe a learned gentleman of this country desired me to give him +some account, which while I was doing ye gentleman my good friend died. +I shall only at this time present and name some few unto you which I +found not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> in your catalogue. A Trachurus [<i><a href="#Footnote_61_73">see Note 61</a></i>] which yearly +cometh before or in ye head of ye herrings called therefore an horse. +Stella marina testacea [<i><a href="#Footnote_87_102">see Note 87</a></i>] which I have often found upon the +sea-shoare, an Astacus marinus pediculi marini facie [<i><a href="#Footnote_81_96">see Note 81</a></i>] +which is sometimes taken with the lobsters at Cromer in Norfolck. a +pungitius marinus [<i><a href="#Footnote_75_88">see Note 75</a></i>] wereof I have known many taken among +weeds by fishers who drag by ye Sea-shoare on this coast. A Scarabæus +capricornus odoratus<a name="FNanchor_100_116" id="FNanchor_100_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_116" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> which I take to be mentioned by Moufetus fol. +150. I have taken some abroad one in my Seller which I now send he saith +<i>nucem moschatam et cinamomum vere Spirat</i> to me it smelt like roses +santalum & Ambegris. I have thrice met with Mergus maximus Farensis +Clusij, [<i><a href="#Footnote_11_20">see Note 11</a></i>] and have a draught thereof. they were taken +about the time of herring fishing at yarmouth one was taken upon the +shoare not able to fly away about ten yeares agoe I sent one to Dr. +Scarborough. Twice I have met with a Skua Hoyeri [<i><a href="#Footnote_10_19">see Note 10</a></i>] the +draught whereof I also have. one was shot in a marsh which I gave unto a +gentleman which [<i>sic</i>] I can sende you another was killd feeding upon a +dead horse neere a marsh ground. Perusing your catalogue of Plants. upon +Acorus verus,<a name="FNanchor_101_117" id="FNanchor_101_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_117" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> I find these wordes found by Dr. Browne neere Lin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +wherein probably there may be some mistake, for I cannot affirme nor I +doubt any other yt. is found thereabout. Some 25 yeares ago I gave an +account of this plant unto [this <i>crossed out</i>] Mr. Goodyeere:<a name="FNanchor_102_118" id="FNanchor_102_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_118" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> & +more lately to Dr. How<a name="FNanchor_103_119" id="FNanchor_103_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_119" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> unto whome I sent some notes and a box full +of the fresh Juli. This elegant plant groweth very plentifully and +beareth its Julus yearly by the bankes of Norwich river [fol. 13 +<i>verso</i>] chiefly about Claxton and Surlingham. & also between norwich & +Hellsden bridge so that I have known Heigham Church in the suburbes of +Norwich strowed all over with it, it hath been transplanted and set on +the sides of Marish pondes in severall places of the country where it +thrives and beareth ye Julus yearly.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_115" id="Footnote_99_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_115"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> It is evident that Merrett was collecting a considerable +amount of materials for an enlarged edition of his <i>Pinax Rerum +Naturalium Britannicarum</i>, on behalf of which Browne seems, by this +introductory letter, to have tendered his assistance, but the +contemplated edition, probably for reasons which I have mentioned +elsewhere, never appeared; happily, these rough drafts have been +preserved, although it seems not unlikely that the letters themselves, +should they ever be found, would differ from them in some respects.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_116" id="Footnote_100_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_116"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Scarabæus capricornus odoratus.</i> The Musk Beetle, +<i>Aromia moschata</i>, L.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_117" id="Footnote_101_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_117"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Acorus calamus</i>, the Sweet Flag, is still found in +plenty in various localities in the county, but it does not appear to +develop its curious "julus" every year. It was very abundant at Heigham, +a suburb of Norwich, on the site now occupied by the goods yard of the +Midland and Great Northern Railway, and it was probably from this spot +that the supply was obtained for the purpose of littering the floor of +the old parish church. Mr. Vaux, in his "Church Folk-Lore," p. 264, says +that up to the passing of the Municipal Reform Bill the Town Clerk of +Norwich was accustomed to pay the sub-sacrist of the cathedral an amount +of one guinea for strewing the floor with rushes on the Mayor's Day. The +custom is said to have been adopted "as well for coolness as for +pleasant smell." The pleasant cinnamon-like scent of the rush, on being +trodden on, is said to have perfumed the whole building. The root was +also used as a remedy in cases of ague, and formed the base of tooth and +hair powders.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_118" id="Footnote_102_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_118"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Towards the end of the Introductory Letter to Johnson's +(1636) Edition of Gerard's "Herball," he acknowledges the assistance he +received from Mr. John Goodyer, of Maple-Durham, in Hampshire. Sir J. E. +Smith ("Eng. Flora," iv., p. 34) speaks of him as "one of the most +deserving of our early English Botanists." Robert Brown named a genus of +plants (<i>Goodyera</i>) after Goodyer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_119" id="Footnote_103_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_119"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> William How, 1620-1656, was the author of "Phytologia +Britannica," Lond., 1650, "the earliest work on botany restricted to the +plants of this island" ("Dic. of Nat. Biog."). He practised medicine in +London.</p></div> + +<p>Sesamoides Salamanticum Magnum.<a name="FNanchor_104_120" id="FNanchor_104_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_120" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> Why you omit Sesamoides +Salamanticum parvum this groweth not far from Thetford and Brandon and +plentifull in neighbour places where I found it and have it in my hortus +hyemalis answering ye description in Gerard.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_120" id="Footnote_104_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_120"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Sesamoides</i> is stated in Ree's Encyclopædia and in Eng. +Fl. to be a synonym of <i>Reseda</i>, therefore <i>Sesamoides magnum</i> would +appear to be <i>R. luteola</i> and <i>S. parvum</i>, <i>R. lutea</i>.</p></div> + +<p>Urtica Romana<a name="FNanchor_105_121" id="FNanchor_105_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_121" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> which groweth with button seede<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> bags is not in yr. +catalogue I have founde it to grow wild at [Golston <i>crossed out</i>] +Golston by Yarmouth, & transplanted it to other places.<a name="FNanchor_P_122" id="FNanchor_P_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_122" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_121" id="Footnote_105_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_121"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Urtica Romana</i>, which is again referred to as <i>U. mas</i> +near the end of the <a href="#merrett_3">third letter</a> and as being found at Gorleston, is the +Roman Nettle, <i>U. pilulifera</i>. In 1834 the Pagets ("Nat. Hist. of Great +Yarmouth") reported it as still found under old walls at Gorleston, "but +rarer than formerly," and it is only in recent years that it has been +exterminated, owing to building operations in that locality.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_122" id="Footnote_P_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_122"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> This letter, evidently a copy as shown by the heading "My +father to Dr. Meret," is in the writing of Dr. Edwd. Browne.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">[MS. SLOANE 1830. FOL. 39-40.]<a name="merrett_2" id="merrett_2"></a></p> + +<p class="center">No. II.</p> + +<p><i>Fol. 39.</i>]</p> + +<p class="center">"<i>My second letter to Dr Meret Aug xiiii 1668.</i>"</p> + +<p>Honord Sr I receiued your courteous letter & am sorry some diuersions +have so long delayed this my second vnto you. You are very exact in the +account of the fungi. I have met with two,<a name="FNanchor_106_123" id="FNanchor_106_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_123" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> which I have not found +in any Author, of which I have sent you a rude draught inclosed. The +first an elegant fungus Ligneus found in an hollow sallowe I haue one of +them by mee butt without a very good opportunitie dare not send it +fearing it should bee broken vnto some it seemed to resemble some noble +or princely ornament of the head & so might bee called fungus Regius +vnto others a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> turret, top of a cupola or Lanterne of a building & so +might bee named fungus pterygoides, pinnacularis or Lanterniformis you +may name it as you please. The second fungus Ligneus teres Antliarum or +fungus ligularis longissimus consisting [of <i>crossed out</i>] or made of +many wooddy strings about the bignesse of round poynts or Laces some +about half a yard long shooting in a bushie forme from the trees wch +serue vnderground for pumpes. I have obserued diuers especially in +norwich where wells are sunck deep for pumpes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_123" id="Footnote_106_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_123"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Dr. Plowright informs me that "it is impossible to say +with certainty what the first named Fungus is; the description suggests +some form of Polyporus perhaps, <i>P. varius,</i> which is a ligneous species +and occurs frequently on willows in Norfolk. The second is the abortive +form of <i>Polyporus squamosus</i>, which is well figured by many of the +older botanists, for instance under the name of <i>Boletus rangiferinus</i>, +by Bolton, t. 138, and <i>Boletus squamosus</i>, var. <i>rangiferinus</i>, by +Hooker, 'Flora Londinensis,' new series. In many cases no pileus at all +is formed and it used then to be referred to Clavaria." The Phalloides +is <i>Phallus impudicus</i>, L., a very common species in this county and +even occurring in some of the city gardens where its exceedingly +offensive odour renders it very undesirable. Fungus rotundus is the +well-known <i>Lycoperdon giganteum</i>, Fr., which sometimes reaches a very +large size.</p></div> + +<p>The fungus phalloides found not farre from norwich large & very fetid +answering the description of Hadrianus junius I have a part of one dryed +by mee.</p> + +<p>Fungus rotundus maior I haue found about x inches in Diameter & half +[<i>sic</i>, have?] half a one dryed by mee.</p> + +<p>Another small paper containes the rude draughts of fibulæ marinæ +pellucidæ, [<i><a href="#Footnote_90_105">see Note 90</a></i>] or sea buttons a kind of squalder & referring +to vrtica marina which I haue obserued in great numbers by yarmouth +after a flood & easterly winds. They resemble pure crystall buttons +chamfered or welted on the sides with 2 small holes at the ends. They +cannot bee sent for the included water or thinne gelly soon runneth from +them.</p> + +<p>Vrtica marina minor jonstoni [<i><a href="#Footnote_90_105">see Note 90</a></i>] I haue often found on this +coast. [Continued on fol. 39 <i>verso</i>.]</p> + +<p>Physsalus [<i><a href="#Footnote_89_104">see Note 89</a></i>] I haue often found also I haue one dryed but +it hath lost its shape & colour.</p> + +<p>Galei & caniculæ [<i><a href="#Footnote_56_68">see Note 56</a></i>] are often found I haue a fish hanged up +in my yard of 2 yards long taken among the Herrings at yarmouth which is +the Canis carcharias alius Johnstoni. Tab. vi fig. 6.</p> + +<p>Lupus marinus you mention upon an handsome experiment butt I find it not +in the catalogue. This Lupus marinus or Lycostomus is often taken by our +seamen wch fish for cods I haue had diuers brought mee. they hang up in +many howses in Yarmouth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p>Trutta marina is taken with us—a better dish than the Riuer trowt butt +of the same bignesse.</p> + +<p>Loligo sepia a cuttle page 191 of your Pinax [<i><a href="#Footnote_80_94">see Note 80</a></i>] I conceiue +worthy Sr it were best to putt them in 2 distinct lines as distinct +species of the Molles. The loligo, calamare or sleue I haue often found +cast up on the seashoare & some haue been brought mee by fishermen of +aboue [20 <i>crossed out</i>] twentie pound wayet.</p> + +<p>Among the fishes of our Norwich riuer wee scarce reckon salmons [<i><a href="#Footnote_92_107">see +Note 92</a></i>] yet some are yearly taken. butt all taken in the Riuer or +coast haue the end of the lower jaw very much hooked which enters a +great way into the upper jaw like a socket. you may find the same though +not in figure if you please to read Johnstonus fol 101 I am not +satisfied with the conceit of some authors there that is [it?] is a +difference of male and female for all ours are thus formed. The fish is +thicker than [oth <i>crossed out</i>] ordinarie salmons and very much & more +largely spotted whether not rather Beccard gallorum or Anchorago +Scaligeri I haue bothe draught & head of one dryed either of wch you may +command.</p> + +<p>Scyllarus or cancellus in turbine tis probable you have [<i><a href="#Footnote_84_99">see Note 84</a></i>]. +haue you cancellus in nerite a small testaceous found upon this coast.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 40.</i>] Haue you mullus ruber asper [<i><a href="#Footnote_63_75">see Note 63</a></i>].</p> + +<p>Haue [you] piscis octangularis Bivormii?<a name="FNanchor_Q_124" id="FNanchor_Q_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_124" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> [<i><a href="#Footnote_66_79">see Note 66</a></i>, also pp. 65 +and 87 <i>infra</i>].</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_124" id="Footnote_Q_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_124"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> Thus in the MS., but Browne seems to have intended to write +Bicornis Vormii, and accidentally to have run the two words together +[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a> <i>supra</i>].</p></div> + +<p>vermes marini larger than earthwormes [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] digged out of the +sea sand about 2 foot deepe at an ebbe water for bayte they are +discouered by a little hole or sinking of the sand at the top aboue +them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<p>Haue you that handsome colourd [bird <i>crossed out</i>] jay [<i><a href="#Footnote_49_60">see Note 49</a></i>] +answering the description of Garrulus Argentoratensis & may be called +the parret jay I haue one that was killed upon a tree about 5 yeares +ago.</p> + +<p>Haue you a may chitt a small dark gray bird [<i><a href="#Footnote_29_39">see Note 29</a></i>] about the +bignesse of a stint wch cometh about may & stayeth butt a moneth. a bird +of exceeding fattnesse and accounted a daintie dish. they are +plentifully taken in marshland and about wisbich.</p> + +<p>Haue you a [caprimulgus or <i>written above</i>] dorhawke a bird as bigge as +[a] pigeon [<i><a href="#Footnote_42_53">see Note 42</a></i>] with a wide throat bill as little as a +titmous & white fethers in the tayle & paned like an hawke.</p> + +<p>Succinum rarò occurrit<a name="FNanchor_107_125" id="FNanchor_107_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_125" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> pag 291 of yours. [Should be p. 219] not so +rarely on the coast of norfolk. tis usually found in small peeces [butt +<i>crossed out</i>] sometimes in peeces of a pound wayght. I haue one by mee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +fat & fayre of x ounces wayght—jet more often found I haue an handsom +peece of xii ounces in wayet.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_125" id="Footnote_107_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_125"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Amber, writes Mr. Clement Reid, in a paper contributed by +him to the "Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat. Soc." (iii., p. 601), "is found +on the Norfolk coast, usually mixed with the seaweed thrown up by the +Spring gales," but is very rarely found in place; as much as three or +four pounds are annually gathered near Cromer. The quality, Mr. Rein +says, is very good, but the dark transparent lumps are most generally +found. In a subsequent paper (<i>op. cit.</i>, iv., p. 248) he enumerates +seven species of insects which have been found enclosed, and in a third +communication mentions an eighth. Mr. A. S. Ford, as the result of an +examination of a collection of East-coast Amber made at Yarmouth (<i>op. +cit.</i>, v., p. 92), adds one species of Hymenoptera, three of Coleoptera, +two of Orthoptera, with some Araneida, and remains of vegetable +substances which had not been identified. +</p><p> +The Jet found on the Norfolk coast differs considerably from the Whitby +Jet, and Mr. Reid, "Geology of the Country Round Cromer" (p. 133), +believes that in all probability it was originally derived from Lower +Tertiary beds under the North Sea, a few miles from the present coast. +Mr. Savin estimates the average annual find of Jet near Cromer at from +ten to twenty pounds. +</p><p> +The doctor does not display his usual acumen when he rejects the +"ancient" opinion as to the vegetable origin of Amber, see +<i>Pseudodoxia</i>, book ii., chap. iv.; also letter from Earl of Yarmouth to +T. B. (Wilkin Edit. i., p. 411).</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. III.<a name="merrett_3" id="merrett_3"></a></p> + +<p class="center">[<span class="smcap">Fol.</span> 40 <i>verso</i>.]</p> + +<p class="center">"<i>My third letter Sept xiii.</i>"</p> + +<p>Sr I receaued your courteous Letter and with all respects I now agayne +salute you.</p> + +<p>The mola piscis is almost yearely taken on our coast [<i><a href="#Footnote_58_70">see Note 58</a></i>] +this [last <i>crossed out</i>] year one was taken of about 2 hundred pounds +wayght diuers of them I haue opened & haue found many lyce sticking +close vnto thier gills whereof I send you some.</p> + +<p>In your pinax I find onocrotalus or pellican [<i><a href="#Footnote_25_35">see Note 25</a></i>] whether you +meane those at St. James or others brought ouer or such as haue been +taken or killed heere I knowe not. I haue one hangd up in my howse wch +was shott in a fenne ten miles of about 4 yeares ago and because it was +so rare some conjectured it might bee one of those which belonged vnto +the King & flewe away.</p> + +<p>Ciconia rarò hue aduolat. I haue seen two [<i><a href="#Footnote_14_23">see Note 14</a></i>] one in a +watery marsh 8 miles of, another shott whose case is yet to bee seen. +[<a href="#APPENDIX_D">See Appendix D.</a>]</p> + +<p>Vitulus marinus. <i>In tractibus borealibus et Scotia</i> [<i><a href="#Footnote_53_65">see Note 53</a></i>]. no +raritie upon the coast of Norfolk at a lowe water I haue knowne them +taken asleep vnder the cliffes. diuers haue been brought vnto mee. our +seale is different from the Mediterranean seale. as hauing a rounder +head a shorter and stronger body.</p> + +<p>Rana piscatrix I haue often known taken on our coast & some very large +[<i><a href="#Footnote_59_71">see Note 59</a></i>].</p> + +<p>Xiphias or gladius piscis or sword fish wee haue in our seas [<i><a href="#Footnote_55_67">see Note +55</a></i>]. I haue the head of one which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> was taken not long ago entangled in +the Herring netts the sword aboue 2 foot in length.</p> + +<p>Among the whales you may very well putt in the spermacetus [<i><a href="#Footnote_51_63">see Note +51</a></i>] or that remarkably peculiar whale which so aboundeth in spermaceti. +about twelve years ago wee had one cast up on our shoare neer welles wch +I discribed in a peculiar chapter in the last edition of [<i>Fol. 41</i>] my +pseudodoxia epidemica. another was diuers yeares before cast up at +Hunstanton. both whose heads are yet to bee seen.</p> + +<p>Ophidion or at least ophidion nostras [<i><a href="#Footnote_69_82">see Note 69</a></i>] com̄only called +a sting fish hauing a small prickley finne running all along the back, & +another a good way on the belly, with little black spotts at the bottom +of the back finne if the fishermens hands bee touched or scrached with +this venemous fish they grow paynfull and swell the figure hereof I send +you in colours they are com̄on about cromer see Schoneveldeus de +Ophidiis.</p> + +<p>Piscis octogonius or octangularis answering the discription of +Cataphractus Schoneveldei [<i><a href="#Footnote_66_79">see Note 66</a></i>] only his is discribed with the +finnes spread & when it was fresh taken & a large one howeuer this may +bee nostras I send you one butt I haue seen much larger which fishermen +haue brought mee.</p> + +<p>Physsalus [<i><a href="#Footnote_89_104">see Note 89</a></i>]. I send one which hath been long opened & +shrunck & lost the colour when I tooke it upon the sea shoare it was +full & plump answering the figure & discription of Rondeletius. there is +also a like figure at the end of [Rondeletius <i>crossed out</i>] muffetus I +haue kept them aliue butt obserued no motion [butt <i>crossed out</i>] except +of contraction and dilation when it is fresh the prickles or brisles are +of a brisk green & Amethest colours—some call it a sea mous.</p> + +<p>Our mullet is white & imberbis [<i><a href="#Footnote_63_75">see Note 63</a></i>] butt wee haue also a +mullis barbatus ruber miniaceus or cinnaberinus somewhat rough & butt +drye meat. there is of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> them maior & minor resembling the figures in +Johnstonus tab xvii Rotbart.</p> + +<p>Of the Acus marinus or needle fishes [<i><a href="#Footnote_64_76">see Note 64</a></i>] I haue obserued 3 +sorts. The Acus Aristotelis called heere an Addercock Acus maior or +Garfish with a green verdigris backbone the other saurus Acui similis +Acus sauroides or sauriformis as it may be called much answering to the +discription of saurus Rondeletij in the hinder part much resembling a +makerell opening one I found not the backbone green Johnstonus writes +nearest to it in his Acus minor. I send you the head of one dryed butt +the bill is broken I haue the whole draught in picture. this kind is +more rare then the other wch are com̄on & is a rounder fish.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 41 verso.</i>] Vermes marini are large wormes [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] found +2 foot deep in the sea sands & are digged out at an ebbe for bayt.</p> + +<p>The Avicula Maialis or may chitt [<i><a href="#Footnote_29_39">see Note 29</a></i>] is a litle dark gray +bird somewhat bigger then a stint which com̄eth in may or the later +end of April & stayeth about a moneth. A marsh bird the legges & feet +black without an heele the bill black about 3 quarters of an inch long +they grow very fatt & are accounted a dayntie dish.</p> + +<p>A Dorhawke a bird not full so bigge as a pigeon [<i><a href="#Footnote_42_53">see Note 42</a></i>] somewhat +of a woodcock colour & paned somewhat like an hawke with a bill not much +bigger then that of a Titmouse [& very wide throat <i>added above</i>] known +by the name of a dorhawke or prayer upon beetles, as though it were some +kind of accipiter muscarius. in brief this accipiter cantharophagus or +dorhawke [<i>a word smeared out</i>] is <i>Avis Rostratula gutturosa</i>, <i>quasi +coaxans</i>, <i>scarabæis vescens</i>, <i>sub vesperam volans</i>, <i>ouum +speciosissimū</i> [<i>word smeared</i>] <i>excludens</i>. I haue had many of them & +am sorry I have not one to send you I spoake to a friend to shoote one +butt I doubt they are gone ouer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<p>of the vpupa [<i><a href="#Footnote_35_46">see Note 35</a></i>] diuers have been brought mee & some I haue +obserued in these parts as I trauuyled about.</p> + +<p>The Aquila Gesneri I sent [aliue <i>added above</i>] to Dr. Scarburg [<i><a href="#Footnote_3_11">see +Note 3</a></i>] who told mee it was kept in the colledge it was brought mee out +of Ireland. I kept it 2 yeares in my howse I am sorry I haue only one +fether of it to send you.</p> + +<p>A shooing horn or Barker from the figure of the bill & barking note +[<i><a href="#Footnote_38_49">see Note 38</a></i>] a long made bird of white & blakish colour finne footed, +a marsh bird & not rare some times of the yeare in marshland. it may +upon vewe bee called Recuruirostra nostras or Auoseta much resembling +the Auosettæ [species <i>crossed out</i>] species in Johnstonus tab (54). I +send you the head in picture</p> + +<p>[A <i>smeared out</i>] stone curliews I haue kept in large cages [<i><a href="#Footnote_37_48">see Note +37</a></i>] the[y] haue a prettie shrill note, not hard to bee got in some +parts of norfolk.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 42</i>] Haue you Scorpius marinus Schoneueldei [<i><a href="#Footnote_68_81">see Note 68</a></i>]</p> + +<p>haue you putt in the musca Tuliparū muscata<a name="FNanchor_108_126" id="FNanchor_108_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_126" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_126" id="Footnote_108_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_126"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> It seems impossible to identify this insect; <i>Merodon +narcissi</i> has been suggested, but Mr. Verrall, whom I consulted says, +"certainly not <i>Merodon</i>, which probably was not known in Britain until +about 1870," and suggests the small fly <i>Nemopoda</i>. Mr. Bloomfield +writes that the only fly of which he has seen any mention as having a +musky or "excellent fragrant odour" is <i>Sepsis cynipsea</i>, which Kirby +and Spence state on the authority of De Geer, "emits a fragrant odour of +beaum" (balm); this species is very nearly allied to Nemopoda. Several +Bees, for instance the Genus <i>Prosopis</i>, emit a strong scent of balm, +and it is possible that Browne may have used the term "fly" in what is +even now a popular sense, and that really some species of Bee may have +called forth his remarks. It will be noticed that at <a href="#Page_74">p. 74</a> he speaks of +it as a "small beelike flye."</p></div> + +<p>That bird which I sayd much answered the discription of Garrulus +Argentoratensis [<i><a href="#Footnote_49_60">see Note 49</a></i>] I send you it was shott on a tree x +miles of 4 yeares ago. it may well bee called the Parret Jay or Garrulus +psittacoides speciosus. the colours are much faded. if you haue it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +before I should bee content to haue it agayne otherwise you may please +to keep it.</p> + +<p>Garrulus Bohemicus<a name="FNanchor_109_127" id="FNanchor_109_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_127" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> probably you haue a prettie handsome bird with +the fine cinnaberin tipps of the wings some wch I haue seen heere haue +the tayle tipt with yellowe wch is not in the discription.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_127" id="Footnote_109_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_127"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Mr. Stevenson, whom very little relating to Norfolk +Ornithology escaped, was well acquainted with Sir Thomas Browne's works, +yet has in his "Birds of Norfolk" unaccountably overlooked this passage, +and remarks that Browne does not appear to have noticed this species; he +however not only refers to it as above, but evidently describes it from +his personal observation. It is a very uncertain winter visitor to this +county, but on rare occasions makes its appearance in considerable +flocks. A remarkable instance of this occurred in the winter of 1866-7, +when Mr. Stevenson, as the result of the examination of a very large +series, contributed an exhaustive paper on the plumage of this handsome +bird to the "Transactions of the Norf. and Nor. Nat. Soc.," iii., pp. +326-344.</p></div> + +<p>I haue also sent you urtica mas [<i><a href="#Footnote_105_121">see Note 105</a></i>] which I lately gathered +at Golston by yarmouth where I found it to growe also 25 yeares ago. of +the stella marina Testacea which I sent you [<i><a href="#Footnote_87_102">see Note 87</a></i>] I do not +find the figure in any booke.</p> + +<p>I send you a few flies<a name="FNanchor_110_128" id="FNanchor_110_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_128" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> which some unhealthful yeares about the +first part of september I haue obserued so numerous upon plashes in the +marshes & marish diches that in a small compasse it were no hard matter +to gather a peck of them I brought some what my box would hold butt the +greatest part are scatterd lost or giuen away for memorie sake I writ on +my box muscæ palustres Autumnales [<a href="#APPENDIX_D">See Appendix D.</a>]</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_128" id="Footnote_110_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_128"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Mr. Verrall assures me that even in the present day it is +quite impossible to recognise the species of Diptera described by +persons unacquainted with the particular group, and that Browne's +remarks would apply to hundreds of species. It is possible that an +<i>Ephydra</i> may be meant. This genus of small flies, says Mr. Verrall, +abounds in such places as Browne describes, but it is likely that other +species were with them.</p></div> + +<p>worthy Sr I shall be euer redie to serue you who am Sr your humble +Seruant</p> + +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Tho Browne.</span></p> + +<p><i>Norwich, Sep 16. 1668.</i></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. IV.<a name="merrett_4" id="merrett_4"></a></p> + +<p class="center">"<i>The fourth Letter to Dr. Merrett Decemb xxix.</i>" [1668]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 42 verso.</i>] Sr I am very joyfull that you haue recouered your +health whereof I heartily wish the continuation for your own and the +publick good. And I humbly thank you for the courteous present of your +booke.<a name="FNanchor_111_129" id="FNanchor_111_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_129" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> with much delight and satisfaction I had read the same not +once in English I must needs acknowledge your com̄ent more acceptable +to me then the text which I am sure is an hard obscure peice without it. +though I haue not been a stranger unto the vitriarie Art both in England +and abroad.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_129" id="Footnote_111_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_129"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> This evidently refers to the gift of a copy of Merrett's +Latin translation of Antonio Neri's <i>L'Arte Vetraria</i> (Firenze, 1612, +4to), published under the title of "The Art of Glass, translated into +English with some observations on the Author," &c., in 1662, and a Latin +edition in 1668.</p></div> + +<p>I perceiue you haue proceeded farre in your Pinax. These few at present +I am bold to propose & hint unto you intending God willing to salute you +agayne.</p> + +<p>A paragraph might probably be annexed unto Quercus. Though wee haue not +all the exotick oakes, nor their excretions yet these and probably more +supercrescences productions or excretions may bee obserued in England.</p> + +<ul> +<li>Viscum—polypodium—Juli pilulæ—</li> +<li>Gemmæ foraminatæ [formicatæ?] foliorū—</li> +<li>excrementū fungosum verticibus scatens—</li> +<li>Excrementum Lanatum—</li> +<li>Capitula squamosa jacææ æmula.</li> +<li>Nodi—melleus Liquor—Tubera radicum</li> +<li>vermibus scatentia—Muscus—Lichen—</li> +<li>Fungus—varæ quercinæ.<a name="FNanchor_112_130" id="FNanchor_112_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_130" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></li> +</ul> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_130" id="Footnote_112_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_130"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield has most kindly assisted me in +attempting to identify the Parasitic products of the Oak mentioned +above: +</p><p> +<i>Viscum</i>, is doubtless the Mistletoe. +</p><p> +<i>Polypodium</i>, the Common Polypody Fern. +</p><p> +<i>Juli pilulæ</i>: "little balls on the flower catkins." The Currant Gall, +<i>Neurosterus baccarum</i>, which is the spring form of <i>N. lenticularis</i>; +Oliv. +</p><p> +<i>Gemmæ foraminatæ [formicatæ?] foliorum</i>: "pimple-like buds on the +leaves." Leaf-galls, such as the Silky Button, <i>N. numismatis</i>, Oliv., +and the common Spangle, <i>N. lenticularus</i>, Oliv. +</p><p> +<i>Excrementum fungosum verticibus scatens</i>: "a spongy secretion bursting +out from the ends of the shoots." The Oak Apple, <i>Biorhiza terminalis</i>, +Fab. +</p><p> +<i>Excrementum lanatum</i>: the Woolly Gall, <i>Andricus ramuli</i>, L., a +somewhat rare Gall, resembling a ball of cotton-wool. +</p><p> +<i>Capitula squamosa jacææ æmula</i>: "little scaley (or imbricated) heads +resembling the heads of Jacea" (Black Knapweed). The Artichoke Gall. +<i>Andricus fecundatrix</i>; Htg. +</p><p> +<i>Nodi</i>: probably swellings of any sort, whether caused by insects or +not. +</p><p> +<i>Melleus liquor</i>: Honey-dew, a secretion of Aphides. +</p><p> +<i>Tubera radicum vermibus scatentia</i>: "swollen tubers on the roots +containing grubs;" without doubt the Root-Gall, <i>Andricus radicis</i>, Fab. +Polythalamous Galls, often very large at the roots or on the trunk near +the ground. +</p><p> +Mosses, Lichens, and Fungi, all "genuine products of the Oak," need no +comment, but Mr. Bloomfield remarks, "How wonderfully observant Sir +Thomas Browne must have been thus to distinguish the various galls, &c., +and to point them out so distinctly." +</p><p> +Browne's contemporary, Dean Wren, seems sadly to have misunderstood the +fructification of the Oak. In a note on Browne's remarks on the +"Miseltoe" (<i>Pseudodoxia</i>, book ii., chap. vi.), he says, "Arboreous +excrescences of the Oak are soe many as may raise the greatest wonder. +Besides the gall, which is his proper fruite, hee shootes out oakerns, +i.e., <i>ut nunc vocamus</i> (acornes), and oakes apples, and polypodye, and +moss; five several sorts of excrescences." See also letter to his son, +Dr. Edward Browne, in which Sir Thomas Browne says that "wee haue little +or none of <i>viscus quercinus</i>, or miselto of the oake, in this country; +butt I beleeve they have in the woods and parks of +Oxfordshyre."—Wilkin, i, p. 279.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 43.</i>] Capillaris marina sparsa fucus capillaris marinus sparsus +sive capillitius marinus or sea periwigge.<a name="FNanchor_113_131" id="FNanchor_113_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_131" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> strings of this are +often found on the sea shoare. but this is the full figure I haue seen 3 +times as large.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_131" id="Footnote_113_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_131"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> In Sir Thomas Browne's time the Hydrozoa were not +distinguished from the Corallines, and both were regarded as vegetable +growths. It is almost impossible to determine from his vague +descriptions even to which section those mentioned belong, but although +our exposed coast-line is not favourable to such growths, there are a +few common species of Hydroid Zoophytes which abound here, and to these, +fortunately, Browne's specimens appear to belong. What he calls the +"Sea-perriwig" is doubtless <i>Sertularia operculata</i>, Lin., sometimes +known as "Sea-hair," a very common and widely dispersed species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>I send you also [<i>several words smeared out</i>] a little elegant sea +plant<a name="FNanchor_114_132" id="FNanchor_114_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_132" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> which I pulled from a greater bush thereof which I haue +resembling the back bone of a fish. Fucus marinus vertebratus pisciculi +spinum referens Icthyorachius or what you thinck fitt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_132" id="Footnote_114_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_132"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> The little "Fucus," which he compares to the backbone of +a fish, is probably <i>Halecium halecinum</i>, Lin., the "Herring-bone Coral" +of Ellis, one of the most common Zoophytes on our coast. The "Abies," of +which he suggests at <a href="#Page_75">p. 75</a> that this may be a "difference," is most +likely <i>Sertularia abietina</i>, Lin., which this species resembles, but is +less regularly pinnate; this may have led him to suppose that the +"sprouts, wings, or leaves" may have fallen off. The <i>Fucus marinus</i> is +most likely <i>Fucus serratus</i>.</p></div> + +<p>And though perhaps it bee not worth the taking notice of formicæ +arenariæ marinæ or at least muscus formicarius marinus<a name="FNanchor_115_133" id="FNanchor_115_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_133" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> yet I +obserue great numbers by the seashoare and at yarmouth an open sandy +coast, in a sunny day many large and winged ones may bee obserued upon & +rising out of the [shoare <i>crossed out</i>] wet sands when the tide falls +away.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_133" id="Footnote_115_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_133"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Swarms of Ants and Flies are no uncommon sight along the +seashore at certain seasons of the year, and under the conditions which +Browne describes. The Pagets ("Nat. Hist. of Great Yarmouth") mention +that the fly, <i>Actora æstuum</i>, is common on the beach at high-water +mark; but Mr. Verrall writes me that there are many others likely to be +thus met with, such as <i>Orygma luctuosa</i> and <i>Limosina zosteræ</i>, widely +divergent species. In his "Journal of a Tour" into Derbyshire, Dr. +Edward Browne, in crossing the sands of the Wash, mentions his +satisfaction at the absence of the swarms of flies "with which all the +fenne countrys are extremely pestered." <i><a href="#Footnote_110_128">See also Note 110 supra.</a></i></p></div> + +<p>Notonecton an insect that swimmeth on its back [<i><a href="#Footnote_98_113">see Note 98</a></i>] & +mentioned by Muffettus may be obserued with us.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + +<p>I send you a white Reed chock<a name="FNanchor_116_134" id="FNanchor_116_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_134" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> by name some kind of Junco or litle +sort thereof I haue had another very white when fresh.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_134" id="Footnote_116_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_134"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> It is impossible to form an idea as to what is here +intended. I know of no <i>Juncus</i> which would answer the description. +Professor Newton reminds me that "Junco" was a common name for "a bird +that inhabited reeds," and was loosely applied, some old authors taking +it to be the Reed Thrush (<i>i.e.</i>, the Great Reed-Warbler of these days), +and others, the Reed-Sparrow or Bunting. But bearing in mind Browne's +practice of referring to Jonston, it seems possible that the latter's +<i>Junco</i> may be here intended, and that, as the figure (pl. 53) shows, is +a small Sandpiper, almost certainly the Dunlin. It is lettered "Junco +Bellonii," but this he must have taken second-hand from Aldrovandus, +since Belon never used the word "Junco" in this connexion, but called it +"Schœniclus" or "Alouette-de-mer"—terms rendered <i>Junco</i> by +Aldrovandus (iii. p. 487). Charleton took the same view in his +"Onomasticon" (p. 108), published in 1668 (the year assigned as that of +this letter), stating that it was so-called because "in juncis libenter +degat," and identifying it with the <i>Alouette-de-mer</i> of the French, and +the English "Stint, or Sparr, or Perr." Gilbert White appears to have +thus applied the term (<i>cf.</i> "Life" by Rashleigh Holt-White, i. pp. 186, +194, 250). In one place he says, "No. five is Ray's <i>Junco</i> and the +<i>Turdus arundinaceus</i> of Linn." That "Junco" is the name of a bird is +absolutely certain, but the context, "very white when fresh," does not +seem to admit of explanation.</p></div> + +<p>Also the draught of a sea fowle called a sherewater [<i><a href="#Footnote_17_26">see Note 17</a></i>] +billed like a cormorant, feirce & snapping like it upon any touch. I +kept 2 of them aliue 5 weekes cramming them with fish refusing of +themselues to feed on anything & wearied with cramming them they liued +17 dayes without food. They often fly about fishing [ves <i>crossed out</i>] +shipps when they cleans their fish & throwe away the offell. so that it +may bee referred to the Lari as Larus niger gutture albido rostro +adunco.</p> + +<p>Gossander videtur esse puphini species [<i>Pinax</i>, p. 184]. worthy Sr that +wch we call a gossander [<i><a href="#Footnote_19_28">see Note 19</a></i>] & is no rare fowle among us is a +large well colourd & marked diuing fowle most answering the [mer +<i>crossed out</i>] Merganser. it may bee like the puffin in fattnesse and +[Ranknesse <i>crossed out</i>] Ranknesse butt no fowle is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> I think like the +puffin differenced from all others by a peculiar kind of bill</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol 43 verso.</i>] Barganders [<i><a href="#Footnote_18_27">see Note 18</a></i>] not so rare as Turn +[Turner] makes them comm̄on in Norfolk so abounding in vast & spatious +warrens.</p> + +<p>If you haue not yet putt in Larus minor or a sterne [<i><a href="#Footnote_13_22">see Note 13</a></i>] it +would not bee omitted, comm̄on about broad waters and plashes not +farre from the sea.</p> + +<p>Haue you a Yarwhelp, Barker, or Latrator [<i><a href="#Footnote_39_50">see Note 39</a></i>] a marsh bird +about the bignesse of a Godwitt</p> + +<p>Haue you Dentalia [<i><a href="#Footnote_83_98">see Note 83</a></i>] which are small vniualue testacea +whereof sometimes wee find some on the seashoare</p> + +<p>Haue you putt in nerites another little Testaceum which wee haue [<i><a href="#Footnote_83_98">see +Note 83</a></i>].</p> + +<p>Haue you an Apiaster a small bird calld a Beebird.<a name="FNanchor_117_135" id="FNanchor_117_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_135" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_135" id="Footnote_117_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_135"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Probably the Spotted Flycatcher is here referred to, the +prefix not being used in a technical sense; it is known here as the +Beam-bird, either of which names may be a corruption of the other. +Another Norfolk name for this bird is the Wall-bird.</p></div> + +<p>Haue you morinellus marinus or the sea Dotterell better colourd then the +other & somewhat lesse [<i><a href="#Footnote_28_38">see Note 28</a></i>].</p> + +<p>I send you a draught of 2 small birds the bigger called a Chipper or +Betulæ Carptor [<i><a href="#Footnote_48_59">see Note 48</a></i>] cropping the first sproutings of the +Birch trees & comes early in the spring. The other a very small bird +lesse than the certhya or ox eyecreeper called a whinne bird</p> + +<p>I send you the draught of a fish taken sometimes in our seas [<i><a href="#Footnote_69_82">see Note +69</a></i>]. pray compare it with Draco minor Johnstoni. this draught was taken +from the fish dried & so the prickly finnes less discernible.</p> + +<p>There is a very small kind of smelt [<i><a href="#Footnote_71_84">see Note 71</a></i>] butt in shape & +smell like the other taken in good plenty about [wh <i>crossed out</i>] Lynne +& called Primmes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> + +<p>Though Scombri Or Makerells [<i><a href="#Footnote_73_86">see Note 73</a></i>] bee a com̄on fish yet [in +<i>crossed out</i>] our seas afford sometimes strange & large ones as I haue +heard from fishermen & others. & this yeare 1668 one was taken at +Lestoffe an ell long by measure & presented to a Gentleman a friend of +myne.</p> + +<p>Musca Tuliparum moschata is a small beelike flye [<i><a href="#Footnote_108_126">see Note 108</a></i>] of an +excellent fragrant odour which I haue often found at the bottom of the +flowers of Tuleps.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 44.</i>] In the little box I send a peece of vesicaria or seminaria +marina [yo <i>crossed out</i>] cutt of from a good full one found on the sea +shoare [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>].</p> + +<p>Wee haue [<i>two or three words smeared out here</i>] also an eiectment of +the sea very com̄on which is fanago [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] whereof some very +large.</p> + +<p>I thank you for communicating the account of Thunder & lightening some +strange effects thereof I haue found heere butt this last yeere wee had +litle or no Thunder & lightening. [<i>No signature.</i>]</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. V.<a name="merrett_5" id="merrett_5"></a></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. Browne To Merrett.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[This letter which was originally printed in the "Posthumous +Works," will be found in MS. Sloane 1911-13, fol. 106, where it +is headed in pencil as addressed to Sir Wm. Dugdale, but it was +restored to its proper place by Wilkin in the 1836 Edition of +the Works, i., p. 404.]</p></div> + +<p>Honoured Sir</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 106.</i>] I am sorry I have had [diuersions <i>above</i>] of such +necessitie, as to hinder my more sudden salute since I receiued your +last. I thank you for the sight of the <i>Sperma Ceti</i>, and such kind of +effects from [Lightning & Thunder <i>written above</i>] I have known and +about 4 yeares ago about this towne when I with many others<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> saw +fire-balls fly & go of when they met with resistance, and one carried +away the tiles and boards of a leucomb Window of my owne howse, being +higher then the neighbour howses & breaking agaynst it with a report +like a good canon. I set downe that occurrence in this citty & country, +& haue it somewhere [in <i>crossed out</i>] amongst my papers, and fragments +of a woman's hat that was shiuered into pieces of the bignesse of a +groat. I haue still by mee a little of the spermaceti of our whale, as +also the oyle & balsome wch I made with the oyle & spermaceti. Our whale +was worth 500 lib. my Apothecarie got about fiftie pounds in one sale of +a quantitie of sperm [<i><a href="#Footnote_51_63">see Note 51</a></i>].</p> + +<p>I made enumeration of the excretions of the oake which might bee +obserued in england [<i><a href="#Footnote_112_130">see Note 112</a></i>], because I conceived they would bee +most obseruable if you set them downe together, not minding whether +there were any addition by excrementum fungosum vermiculis scatens I +only meant an vsuall excretion, soft & fungous at first & pale & +sometimes couered in part with a fresh red growing close vnto the +sprouts. first full of maggots in little woodden cells which afterwards +turne into little reddish browne or bay flies. of the tubera indica +vermiculis scatentia I send you a peece, they are as bigg as good +Tennis-balls & ligneous.</p> + +<p>The little elegant fucus [<i><a href="#Footnote_114_132">see Note 114</a></i>] may come in as a difference of +the abies, being somewhat like it, as also unto the 4 corrallium in +Gerard of the sprouts whereof I could never find any sprouts wings Or +leaves as in the abies whether fallen of I knowe not, though I call'd it +icthyorachius or pisciculi spinam referens yet pray do you call it how +you please I send you now the figure of a quercus mar. [inus] or alga +which I found by the seashoare differing from the com̄on [<i><a href="#Footnote_114_132">see Note +114</a></i>] as being denticulated & in one place there seemes to bee the +beginning of some flower pod or seedvessell.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 106 verso.</i>] A draught of the morinellus marinus or sea doterell I +now send you. the bill should not have been so black & the leggs more +red, [<i><a href="#Footnote_28_38">see Note 28</a></i>] & [the <i>crossed out</i>] a greater eye of dark red in +the feathers of wing and back: it is lesse & differently colourd from +the com̄on dotterell, wch [wee haue <i>crossed out</i>] cometh to us about +March & September. these sea-dotterells are often shot near the sea.</p> + +<p>A yarewhelp or barker [<i>some words smeared <ins class="tn" title="Closed bracket added.">out</ins></i>] [<i><a href="#Footnote_39_50">see Note 39</a></i>] a +marsh-bird the bill 2 inches long the legges about that length the bird +of a brown or russet colour.</p> + +<p>That which is knowne by the name of a bee-bird [<i><a href="#Footnote_117_135">see Note 117</a></i>] is a +litle dark gray bird I hope to get one for you.</p> + +<p>That whch I call'd a betulæ carptor & should rather have calld it Alni +carptor [<i><a href="#Footnote_48_59">see Note 48</a></i>] whereof I sent a rude draught. it feeds upon +alder [budds mucaments or <i>written above</i>] seeds which grow plentifully +heere & they fly in little flocks.</p> + +<p>That [calld by some a <i>written above</i>] whin-bird is a kind of ox eye +butt the shining yellow spot on the back of the head [<i><a href="#Footnote_48_59">see Note 48</a></i>] is +scarce to bee well imitated by a pensill.</p> + +<p>I confess for such litle birds I am much unsatisfied on the names giuen +to many by countrymen, and vncertaine what to giue them myself, or to +what classes of authors cleerly to reduce them. surely there are many +found among us whch are not described; & therefore such whch you cannot +well reduce may (if at all) bee set downe after the exacter nomination +of small birds as yet of uncertain classe or knowledge.</p> + +<p>I present you with a draught of a water-fowl not com̄on & none of our +fowlers can name it [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_79">p. 79</a> <i>infra</i>] the bill could not bee exactly +expressed by a coale or black chalk, whereby the litle incuruitie [at +the end<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> <i>written above</i>] of the upper bill & small recurvitie of the +lower is not discerned. the wings are very short, & it is finne footed. +the bill is strong & sharp, if you name it not I am uncertaine what to +call it pray consider this Anatula or mergulus melanoleucus rostro +acuto.</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 107.</i>] I send you also the heads of mustela or mergus mustelaris +mas. et fæmina [<i><a href="#Footnote_21_30">see Note 21</a></i>] called a wesel from some resemblance in +the head especially of the female wch is brown or russet not black & +white like the male. & from their praying quality upon small fish. I +have found small eeles small perches & small muscles in their stomacks. +Have you a sea phaysant [<i><a href="#Footnote_22_32">see Note 22</a></i>] so com̄only calld from +resemblance of an hen phaisant in the head & eyes & spotted marks on the +wings & back. & wth a small bluish flat bill, tayle longer than other +ducks, long winges crossing over the tayle like those of a long winged +hawke.</p> + +<p>Have you taken notice of a breed of porci solidi pedes.<a name="FNanchor_118_136" id="FNanchor_118_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_136" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> I first +obserued them above xx yeares ago & they are still among us. [<a href="#Page_80">See also +p. 80</a> <i>infra</i>.]</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_136" id="Footnote_118_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_136"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Mr. Darwin writes ("Anim. and Plants under +Domestication," i., p. 78), that from the time of Aristotle to the +present day, Solid-hoofed Swine have been occasionally observed in +various parts of the world. Dr. Coues also says that this variety seems +to be persistent in a Texas breed. See also Professor Struthers in the +"Edin. New Phil. Journal," April, 1863. The two distal phalanges of the +two great toes, both front and back, in the examples described by +Professor Struthers, were joined together, forming a single hoof-bearing +bone. The next two phalanges were separate, and sometimes kept widely +apart from each other by the introduction of a special ossicle. I have +been told that about the year 1827, a breed of solid-footed swine +existed at or near Upwell. By some it was thought that their flesh was +not good for food because they were "uncloven." Dr. Wren, in a note to +Browne's <i>Pseudodoxia</i> (book vi., chap. x.), says, "About Aug., 1625, at +a farm 4 miles from Winchester, I beheld with wonder a great heard of +swine, whole-footed, and taller than any other that ever I sawe."</p></div> + +<p>Our nerites or neritæ are litle ones [<i><a href="#Footnote_83_98">see Note 83</a></i>].</p> + +<p>I queried whether you had dentalia [<i><a href="#Footnote_83_98">see Note 83</a></i>] becaus probably you +might haue met with them in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> england. I neuer found any on our shoare +butt one brought mee a few small ones with smooth with [<i>sic</i>] small +shells from the shoare. I shall inquire further after them.</p> + +<p>Urtica marina minor Johnst. tab. xviii. [<i><a href="#Footnote_90_105">see Note 90</a></i>] haue found more +than once by the sea side.</p> + +<p>The hobby and the merlin would not bee omitted among hawkes the first +coming to us in the spring the other about the autumn. Beside the ospray +wee have a larger kind of agle, calld an erne [<i><a href="#Footnote_3_11">see Note 3</a></i>]. I haue had +many of them.</p> + +<p>Worthy deare Sr, if I can do anything farther wch may bee seruiceable +unto you you shall ever readily com̄and my endeauours; who am, Sr, +Your humble & very respectfull seruant,</p> + +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Tho. Browne.</span></p> + +<p><i>Febr 6 [1668-9.]</i><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>Norwich.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. VI.<a name="merrett_6" id="merrett_6"></a></p> + +<p class="center">[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 198.]</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[This volume contains a Miscellaneous collection, mostly letters +to his son Edward, and some to "Tom." The following (as all in +the volume) is on letter-sized paper, 7-1/2 × 6 in.]</p></div> + +<p>Worthy Sr</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 198.</i>] Though I writ vnto you last monday. yet hauing omitted +some few things wch I thought to have mentioned I am bold to giue you +this trouble so soone agayne haue you putt in a sea fish calld a bleak +[<i><a href="#Footnote_74_87">see Note 74</a></i>] a fish like an herring often taken with us and eat butt +a more lanck & thinne & drye fish.</p> + +<p>The wild swanne or elk [<i><a href="#Footnote_8_17">see Note 8</a></i>] would not bee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> omitted, [here +<i>crossed out</i>] being com̄on in hard winters & differenced from [the +<i>crossed out</i>] our River swanns by the Aspera Arteria. [See also <a href="#Page_80">pp. 80</a> +and <a href="#Page_83">83</a> <i>infra</i>.]</p> + +<p>Fulica and cotta Anglorum [<i><a href="#Footnote_23_33">see Note 23</a></i>] are different birds though +good resemblance between them, so some doubt may bee made whether it bee +to bee made a coote except you set it downe fulica nostras. & cotta +Anglorum I pray consider whether that waterbird whose draught I sent in +the last box & thought it might bee named Anatula or mergulus +melanoleucos may not bee some gallinula. it hath some resemblance with +gallina hypoleucos of Johnst Tab 32 [31] butt myne hath shorter wings by +much & the bill not so long [<i>Fol. 198 verso</i>] & slender & shorter leggs +& lesser & so may ether be calld gallina Aquatica hypoleucos nostras or +hypoleucos or melanoleucos Anatula or mergulus nostras.<a name="FNanchor_119_137" id="FNanchor_119_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_137" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_137" id="Footnote_119_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_137"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The "draught" of this bird sent to Merrett is not +forthcoming. Professor Newton has been kind enough to send me the +following note on this puzzling passage. "Jonston's figure (tab. 31) of +<i>Gallina hypoleucos</i>, to which Browne says it bore some resemblance, +undoubtedly represents what we know as the Common Sandpiper, <i>Totanus +hypoleucus</i> or <i>Actitis hypoleuca</i>, the <i>Fysterlin</i> of the Germans of +Jonston's time (p. 160), and <i>Fisterlein</i> or <i>Pfisterlein</i> of modern +days. But there seems to be some strange confusion that cannot now be +cleared, between this bird and Browne's <i>Anatula</i> or <i>Mergulus +melanoleucos</i> [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_76">p. 76</a> <i>ante</i>], of which some years later, he sent a +drawing, under the latter name, to Willughby, in whose work it is +described and figured (Lat. Ed. p. 261, Engl. 343, tab. lix.), for this +most certainly is the Rotche or Little Auk, <i>Mergulus alle</i> of modern +ornithology." In the next letter (<a href="#Page_81">p. 81</a>), Browne mentions that he +encloses the draft of "Ralla aquatica" here referred to.</p></div> + +<p>Tis much there should be no Icon of Rallus or Ralla Aquatica I haue a +draught of one & they are found among us</p> + +<p>Feb xii 1668.</p> + +<p>The vesicaria I sent is like that you mention [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] if not the +same the com̄on fanago resembleth the husk of peas this of [Part +<i>crossed out</i>] Barly when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> flower is mouldred away. [See also <a href="#Page_89">p. 89</a> +<i>infra</i>, where Merrett aptly compares the latter to the flowers of the +Grape Hyacinth.]</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. VII.<a name="merrett_7" id="merrett_7"></a></p> + +<p class="center">[BIBLIOTHECA BODLEIANA. MS. RAWLINSON D. cviii. SR THO BROWN TO DR. +MERRETT.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 105.</i>] Sr I craue your pardon for this delayed returne unto your +last, whose courteus acceptance & worthy entertaynment [?] deserued [a +speed <i>blotted out</i>] even a speedier reply. The small plant may fitly +come in among the corallines upon the [diff <i>crossed out</i>] account of +articulation Icthyorachius [<i><a href="#Footnote_114_132">see Note 114</a></i>] I think will bee a good +Diference [?]. whether you will subexpand [?] the word I referre it to +yourself. certhia may best bee vertice aureo [<i>word blotted out</i>] or +vertice aureo penicello vix imitando. morinellus marinus [<i><a href="#Footnote_28_38">see Note 28</a></i>] +I think rather then Aquaticus becuse it is seen most about the sea +coast. Anas alis oculatis<a name="FNanchor_120_138" id="FNanchor_120_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_138" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> rather then Anser for it is not +altogether so longe as a wild duck. of porci solidipedes [<i><a href="#Footnote_118_136">see Note +118</a></i>] there are still in this country in some places. and I am promised +a pigge by a Gentleman that hath still a boar and sow of that kind. I +tooke notice of them 26 years ago & having not lately [met with <i>crossed +out</i>] met with any thought the race had been worne out butt I perceue it +is not—they are whole footed in the forfeet & have [only <i>crossed out</i>] +a seame only in the hinder. so they are animalia duplici nomine +im̄unda. The wild swans or elk [<i><a href="#Footnote_8_17">see Note 8</a></i>] in [very <i>crossed out</i>] +lasting cold winters are most plentifull. It is larger then the River +swan somewhat gray & of a lowder note & [differenced call <i>crossed +out</i>]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> a recuruation of the Aspera arteria in the sternon as I noted in +the margin long agoe in vulgar errors. the blicca marina [<i><a href="#Footnote_74_87">see Note 74</a></i>] +may well be named Harengiformis. [<i>several words smeared out</i>] I have +the draught of that an Herring & a pilcher in one paper upon that +account [Fol. 104 <i>verso</i>] I belieue [?] you were well informd of the +cotta [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_79">p. 79</a>] & fulica of our Ralla Aquatica I enclose a draught.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_138" id="Footnote_120_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_138"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Possibly the Pintail, <i>Dafila acuta</i> (Linn.), <i>see</i> <a href="#Page_77">p. +77.</a></p></div> + +<p>Of porci solidipedes there are diuers still in the country in some +places I am promised a pigge by a friend who cherisheth that [new +<i>crossed out</i>] breed. I tooke notice of them 26 yeares ago, & hauing not +lately minded them thought they had been worn out butt I perceiue they +are not—some are more plainly wholefooted then others & especially in +the fore feet & in the rest there is no thorough fissure butt at most a +superficiall seame, so they are [No. 3 cap 27 <i>above</i>] Quadrupedia +duplici nomine im̄unda.</p> + +<p>[This last paragraph seems to have been written by way of emendation of +what appears above on the same subject. A photograph of a portion of the +above letter will, by the courtesy of the Bodleian Librarian, be found +as a frontispiece to this volume. Mr. Jenkinson, the Librarian of the +University of Cambridge, and through him, Mr. G. F. Warner and Mr. +Kenyon, of the Department of Manuscripts of the British Museum, have +kindly interested themselves in the transcript of this letter, which was +very difficult to decipher.]</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. VIII.<a name="merrett_8" id="merrett_8"></a></p> + +<p class="center">BIBLIOTHECA BODLEIANA (MS. RAWL. D. cviii.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[Draft of a letter from Sir Thomas Browne, described in the +Catalogue of the Rawlinson MSS. as to the Secretary of the Royal +Society, but from its contents evidently written to Merrett, +whose letter, dated 8th May, 1669, is in part a reply to it.]</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + +<p>[<i>Fol 58.</i>] Honord Sr I humbly thank you for your care of my sonnes +paper & the Royll Societie for their acceptance of it. If hee bee in +health I knowe hee is mindfull of their com̄ands receiued aboue 2 +months ago by a letter from Mr. Oldenburg.<a name="FNanchor_121_139" id="FNanchor_121_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_139" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> I haue not heard from +him of late the last I receiued was from Komorn<a name="FNanchor_R_140" id="FNanchor_R_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_140" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> in Lower Hungary and +hee was then going to the mine countryes. I think the Rowd may bee calld +Rutilus ventre magis compresso<a name="FNanchor_122_141" id="FNanchor_122_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_141" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> w<sup>ch</sup> is the first discoverable +difference to the eye. The weazelling [<i><a href="#Footnote_60_72">see Note 60</a></i>] is as you see in +the draught a long fish figura ad teretem vergente. somewhat of the +shape butt differing in the head from the <i>mustela viuipara</i> of +Schoneueld. butt not lozenged on the back though the back bee much +darker then the other parts. I send you the figure of the head of a +cristated wild duck. it is black blackish [<i>sic</i>] in the greater part of +the body some white on the brest & wings blewish legges & bill & seems +to bee of the Latirostrous tribe perhaps you haue it not. it may bee +called <i>Anas macrolophos</i> [Fol. 59] as excelling in that kind.<a name="FNanchor_123_142" id="FNanchor_123_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_142" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> +there is also a draught of one sort of <i>mergus cristatus</i> resembling +that of Aldrovandus or Johnstonus where there is only the figure of the +head only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> this is also ruffus butt the head sad red.<a name="FNanchor_124_143" id="FNanchor_124_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_143" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> wee haue a +kind of teale which some fowlers call crackling teale from the noyse it +maketh<a name="FNanchor_125_144" id="FNanchor_125_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_144" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> it is almost of the bignesse of a duck coming late of the +yeare & latest going away hath a russet head & neck with a dark yellow +stroak about a quarter of an inch broad from the crowne to the bill +winged like a teale a white streake through the middle of the wings and +edges thereof the tale blackish. it may be calld Querquedula maior +serotina. I send you the figure in litle of a pristis<a name="FNanchor_126_145" id="FNanchor_126_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_145" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> w<sup>ch</sup> I +receaued from a yarmouth seaman. you may please to compare it w<sup>th</sup> +yours. the asper you mention is much like our Rough or Aspredo.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_139" id="Footnote_121_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_139"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Henry Oldenburg (1615-1677) was born at Bremen. Came to +England about 1640, where he remained eight years. In 1653 he was sent +to England from Bremen on a diplomatic mission to Cromwell. He returned +to England a third time in 1660. He was an original Member of the Royal +Society, and became one of its first Secretaries. A half-length portrait +is in the possession of the Royal Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_R_140" id="Footnote_R_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_140"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> A well-known town on the Danube, forty-seven miles west of +Buda-Pesth, probably the Comorra of E. Browne's letter to his father, +<i>cf.</i> Wilkin, i., p. 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_141" id="Footnote_122_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_141"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> The Rudd (<i>Leuciscus erythrophthalmus</i>, Will.) is known +in Norfolk as the Roud. Browne seems to treat it as a variety of the +Roach (<i>Rutilus</i>, Willugh.), and Merrett in his second letter remarks +with approval "you have very well named the Rutilus."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_142" id="Footnote_123_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_142"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Fuligula cristata</i> (Linnæus), the Tufted Duck.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_143" id="Footnote_124_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_143"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Professor Newton suggests that Browne intended to write +<i>Mergus cirratus</i>. Aldrovandus figures the head, iii., p. 283, and that +of <i>M. longirostris</i> in the preceding page. This last is copied by +Jonston (fol. 47). Both birds seem to be female or immature Goosanders. +Neither author has a <i>M. cristatus</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_144" id="Footnote_125_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_144"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The above description certainly applies to the Common +Teal, which was well-known to Browne (<i>vide supra</i>, <a href="#Page_14">p. 14</a>), and that +species is with us all the year; I cannot help thinking, however, that +he had in his mind the Garganey, or Summer Teal, so called from the +season of its visit to us. This species is known to the Norfolk gunners +as the "Cricket Teal," and being slightly larger than the common species +it might well be called by him "<i>Querquedula major serotina</i>."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_145" id="Footnote_126_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_145"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i><a href="#Footnote_55_67">See Note 55</a></i>, p. 36. It will be noticed that both this +and the <i>Centriscus</i> mentioned at <a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a> were given to Browne by a +"seaman of these seas," but may possibly have been brought home as +curiosities from a foreign voyage; the Saw-fish, however, mentioned at +<a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>, is distinctly stated to have been "taken about Lynn." It is a +matter of intense regret that the numerous drawings mentioned in these +letters should have been lost.</p></div> + +<p>I forgot in my last to signifie that an oter [an other?] Elk or wild +swan was headed like a goose that is without any knobb at the bottome of +the bill. [<i>See</i> <a href="#Page_80">p. 80</a> and <i><a href="#Footnote_8_17">Note 8</a></i>.]</p> + +<p>Haue you had the duck called Clangula in Ald. [drovandus] & Johnst.<a name="FNanchor_127_146" id="FNanchor_127_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_146" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>wee haue one heere w<sup>ch</sup> answereth their descriptions exactly butt +[<i>i.e.</i>, except] only in the colour of their leggs & feet.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_146" id="Footnote_127_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_146"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Aldrovandus's figure of "Clangula" (head only, iii., p. +224) is too indefinite for determination. He says the feet are yellow, +but Jonston, who refers to it under the name of <i>Anas platyrhincus</i> +describes it fairly well (p. 145). <i>Clangula ab alarum clangore</i>, +Aldrov., <i>i.e.</i>, "Rattlewings," an old name by which the Golden-eye was +known to the Norfolk gunners.</p></div> + +<p>Haue you a willock a sea fowl like a rook or crowe.<a name="FNanchor_128_147" id="FNanchor_128_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_147" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_147" id="Footnote_128_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_147"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> A local name for the Guillemot. Merrett says, in a letter +dated 8th May, 1669, "The Clangula I know no more of than reading hath +informed mee; [<i><a href="#Footnote_127_146">see Note 127</a></i>] a willock I have seen brought from +Greenland,<a name="FNanchor_S_148" id="FNanchor_S_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_148" class="fnanchor">[S]</a> where they are said exceedingly to abound, but never +thought either of them was found in England, and having not taken +sufficient notice of the latter, crave your description of both."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_S_148" id="Footnote_S_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_148"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> The Greenland of those days was Spitsbergen, where they +would be met with by the Whalers, but in that case the bird would be +Brünnich's Guillemot, a species not then differentiated.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">No. IX.<a name="merrett_9" id="merrett_9"></a></p> + +<p class="center">[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 182.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 182.</i>] Sr I craue your pardon that I haue no sooner sent unto +you. I shall be very reddie to do you service in order to your desires +And shall endeavour to procure you such animalls as I haue formerly met +with & any other not ordinary wch [shall <i>crossed out</i>] are to bee +acquired. though many of my old assistants are dead. & sometimes they +fell upon animalls, [not to bee <i>crossed out</i>] scarce to bee met with +agayne. I wish I had been acquainted with your desires 3 yeares ago. for +I had about fortie hanging up in my howse. wch the plague being at the +next doores the person intrusted in my howse, burnt or threw away. The +figure of the weasell Cray [<i><a href="#Footnote_60_72">see Note 60</a></i> and <a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>] was in a long paper +pasted together at the ends & I make no question you will find it +otherwise I would send another [the willick wee in <i>crossed out</i>] that +fowl wch some call willick, [<i>see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> Note 128</i>] wee meet with sometimes. +The last I met with was taken on the sea shoare. the head and body black +the brest inclining to black headed and billd like a crowe, leggs set +very backward wings short leggs set very backward (<i>sic</i>) that it move +overland very badly only. it may bee a kind of cornix marina. [The +latter portion very badly written and difficult to decipher.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 184 verso.</i>] That litle plant upon oyster shells [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note 91</a></i>] +I remember I haue seen & surely is some kind of vescaria or calicularia</p> + +<p>of what that other [was <i>crossed out</i>] electricall body was Mr. +Boyle<a name="FNanchor_129_149" id="FNanchor_129_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_149" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> showed [<i>smear</i>] by this time more tryall hath probably been +made, something of jet it might consist of.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_149" id="Footnote_129_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_149"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> The Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), although deeply +learned in many branches of science, was chiefly distinguished as a +chemist. He took a leading part in the founding of the Royal Society, +and was elected President in 1680, but from some conscientious scruple +did not accept the office. Naturalists are deeply indebted to him, as he +was "the first that made trial of preserving animals" in spirit (see +Grew's "Musæum Regalis Societatis" (London, 1681), p. 58).</p></div> + +<hr class="medium" /> + +<p>I thank you that you were pleased to enquire of those German gentlemen +concerning my sonne I receiued a letter lately from him he hath not +been unmindfull of the R. Society's com̄ds & hath been in Hungaria in +the mines of Gold, sylver & copper at Schemets, Cremitz & Neusol & +desired mee to signifie so much to Mr. Oldenberg.</p> + +<p>[The above is hastily scrawled; it was evidently indited to Merrett, as +indicated by the reference to the German gentlemen, &c.; the date would +therefore be some time in the year 1669. Wilkin prints it in the 1836 +Edition, Vol. i., p. 408, but it is not in Bohn's reprint.]</p> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot">[TWO LETTERS FROM DOCTOR CHRISTOPHER MERRETT TO SIR THOMAS BROWNE, MS. +SLOANE 1830, FOL. 1 TO 3. THEY ARE BOUND UP IN INVERSE ORDER OF DATE.]</div> + + +<p class="center">[Reply to No. 2 in the above Series.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 3.</i>] <span class="smcap">Worthy Sr</span>,—y<sup>rs</sup> of y<sup>e</sup> 14<sup>th</sup> instant I recaeved as full +off learning in discovering so many very great curiosities as kindness +in communicating them to mee & promising y<sup>r</sup> farther assistance. ffor +which I shall always proclame by my tongue as well as by my pen, my due +resentment & thanks.</p> + +<p>The 2 funguses [guses <i>crossed out and</i> i <i>inserted</i>] y<sup>w</sup> sent y<sup>e</sup> +figures off [<i><a href="#Footnote_106_123">see Note 106</a></i>] are y<sup>e</sup> finest & rarest as to their figure +I have ever seen or read of, & soe is y<sup>r</sup> fibula marina, far surpassing +one I reacived from Cornwall much of y<sup>e</sup> same bigness, neither of which +I find anywhere mentioned. The urtica marina minor Jonst. & physalus I +never met with, nor have bin informed off y<sup>e</sup> canis charcharius alius +Jonst. Many of y<sup>e</sup> Lupus piscis I have seen, & have bin informed by y<sup>e</sup> +Kings fish monger they are taken on our coast, but was not satisfyed for +some reasons off his relation soe as to enter it into my pinax, though +tis said to bee peculiar to y<sup>e</sup> river Albis [= Elbe] yet I thought they +might come sometimes thence to y<sup>r</sup> coasts. Trutta marina I haue and y<sup>e</sup> +loligo, sepia, & polypus y<sup>e</sup> 3 sorts off y<sup>e</sup> molles have bin found on +our western coasts which shall bee exactly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> distinguished—As for y<sup>e</sup> +Salmons taken a bove London towards Richmond & nearer, & y<sup>t</sup> in great +quantity some years they have all off them their lower jaw as y<sup>w</sup> +observ, [<i><a href="#Footnote_92_107">see Note 92</a></i>] & our fishermen [men <i>crossed out</i>] say they +usually wear off some part off it on y<sup>e</sup> banks or els y<sup>e</sup> lower would +grow into y<sup>e</sup> upper & soe starve them as they have sometimes seen—y<sup>w</sup> +ask whether I haue y<sup>e</sup> mullus ruber asper, or y<sup>e</sup> piscis Octangularis +Wormii. or y<sup>e</sup> sea worm longer than y<sup>e</sup> earth worms, or y<sup>e</sup> garrulus +Argentor. or y<sup>e</sup> duck cal'd a May chit or y<sup>e</sup> Dor hawke. The 4 first I +haue noe account off y<sup>e</sup> 2 later I know not especially by those names, +wee have noe hawk by y<sup>t</sup> name [<i><a href="#Footnote_42_53">see Note 42</a></i>] y<sup>r</sup> account of succinum as +all y<sup>e</sup> rest will bee registered. As for y<sup>e</sup> Aquila Gesneri I never saw +nor heard off any such in y<sup>e</sup> Collidge for [<i>fol. 3 verso</i>] this 25 +years last past. Sr y<sup>w</sup> are pleased to say y<sup>w</sup> shall write more if y<sup>w</sup> +know how not to bee surpurfluous—certainly what y<sup>w</sup> have hitherto done +hath bin all curiosities, & I doubt not but y<sup>w</sup> have many more by you—I +can direct y<sup>w</sup> noe further than y<sup>r</sup> own reason dictates to y<sup>w</sup>. Besides +those mentioned in y<sup>e</sup> pinax I have 100 to add, & cannot give y<sup>w</sup> a +particular off them—whatever y<sup>w</sup> write is either confirmative or +additional. I doe entreat this favour off y<sup>w</sup> to inform mee fuller off +those unknown things mentioned herein, & to add y<sup>e</sup> name page &c. of y<sup>e</sup> +Author if mentioned by any or else to give them such a latin name for +them as y<sup>w</sup> have done by y<sup>e</sup> fungi which may bee descriptive & +differencing off them. Sr I hope y<sup>e</sup> publigs [<i>sic</i>] interest & y<sup>r</sup> own +good genius will plead y<sup>r</sup> pardon desired by</p> + +<p class="rt">y<sup>r</sup> humble servant</p> +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Chr. Merrett</span>.</p> + +<p><i>London Aug. 29. 68.</i></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">[Reply to No. 8 of the above Series.]</p> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 1.</i>] <span class="smcap">Worthy Sr</span>,—my due thanks premised I at present acquaint y<sup>w</sup> +y<sup>t</sup> y<sup>w</sup> have very well named y<sup>e</sup> Rutilus & expressed fully y<sup>e</sup> cours to +bee taken in y<sup>e</sup> imposition of names viz y<sup>e</sup> most obvious & most +peculiar difference to y<sup>e</sup> ey or any other sens. I am farther to say y<sup>t</sup> +y<sup>e</sup> icon of y<sup>e</sup> weazeling came not to my hands, pray bee pleas'd to look +amongst y<sup>r</sup> papers perhaps it might bee laid by through some accident or +other [I have <i>added above</i>] y<sup>e</sup> figures of y<sup>r</sup> anas macrolophos, & of +y<sup>e</sup> mergi cristati [<i><a href="#Footnote_124_143">see Note 124</a></i>] & of y<sup>e</sup> pristis y<sup>t</sup> which came from +Cornwall was of y<sup>e</sup> gladius, y<sup>e</sup> name of sword fish being applied to +both of them by our nation. It seemeth by y<sup>w</sup> y<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> Norwich aspredo is +not y<sup>e</sup> Ceruna fluviatilis contrary to what Camden affirms, for y<sup>e</sup> +rutilus mentioned in mine to y<sup>w</sup> differs toto cœlo from y<sup>e</sup> +ceruna—The difference of y<sup>e</sup> Elks bill by y<sup>w</sup> signified is remarkable +to distinguish it from others of its own kind. [<i>See</i> <a href="#Page_83">p. 83</a> <i>supra</i>.] +The crackling teal seems [clearly <i>crossed out</i>] to bee y<sup>e</sup> same which +Dr Charleton<a name="FNanchor_130_150" id="FNanchor_130_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_150" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> mentions in his Onomasticon under y<sup>e</sup> name of y<sup>e</sup> +cracker,& showing him y<sup>r</sup> description hee acknowledged to bee y<sup>e</sup> same, +y<sup>e</sup> clangula I know noe more of than reading hath informed mee, a +willock I have seen brought from Greenland where they are said +exceedingly to abound, but never y<sup>t</sup> [thought?] either of them was found +in England, & having [not <i>added above</i>] taken sufficient notice of it +y<sup>e</sup> later, crave y<sup>r</sup> description off both.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_150" id="Footnote_130_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_150"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> In Charleton's "Onomasticon," at p. 99, the Cracker is +called by him, <i>Anas caudacuta</i>, and is said to be the "Gaddel" of the +London dealers in fowl. [<i><a href="#Footnote_125_144">See Note 125.</a></i>]</p></div> + +<p>And now Sr since my last only 2 things remarkable haue come to my +knowledge. The one was a cake off black amber 1/6 off an inch thick & +neer a palm each way.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Mr. Boyle brought it to y<sup>e</sup> R. society to whom it +was sent from y<sup>e</sup> Sussex shore, hee had only tryed it to its electricity +& found it answer his expectation, farther tryals will be made of it. +The second is a small plant found on oyster shells which when fresh did +perfectly represent y<sup>e</sup> flowers off Hyacinthus botryoides, [<i><a href="#Footnote_91_106">see Note +91</a></i>] but y<sup>t</sup> was somewhat longer & not so much sweld out towards its +pedunculus, some of them are here inclosed. Tis doubtless a sort off +vesicaria, though much different from what y<sup>w</sup> sent mee. Most off them +are now shrunk & y<sup>e</sup> sides constituting y<sup>e</sup> cavity come together & +appear only a transparent husk. One thing more I had to add (but +scarcely dare speak it out) y<sup>t</sup> is if it would please [you <i>added +above</i>] to let it bee done without y<sup>r</sup> charge & 2ly if it might be done +without y<sup>r</sup> trouble, then I would beg off y<sup>w</sup> to set some a work to +procure mee some of those rare animals &c. y<sup>w</sup> have mentioned in your +seueral Letters. My intention therein is double: first to take their +descriptions & furnish our colledge with them as curiosities, all being +lost by y<sup>e</sup> fire this is onely wished but must not bee proposed without +y<sup>e</sup> former limitation by y<sup>r</sup> too much allready obliged friend & servant</p> + +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Chr. Merrett.</span></p> + +<p><i>8th May '69.</i></p> + + +<p>I met this week with some persons off quality high Germans who lately +saw y<sup>r</sup> son & record all good things off him.</p> + +<p>ffor Dr Browne off Norwich.</p> + +<p class="center">[The reply to this letter is No. IX of the above Series.]</p> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.</h2> + +<p class="center">[MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. MS. SLOANE 1847, FOL. 56-57.]</p> + +<p class="center">[<i><a href="#Footnote_51_63">See Note 51</a></i>, <a href="#Page_32">p. 32</a> <i>supra</i>.]</p> + + +<p>Praye Request Mr. Johnson to obtayne this fauor of Mr. Bacon who is +unknown to mee, to afford mee his resolution to these few queries +concerning the whale [wch <i>crossed out</i>] whereof I understand he had the +cutting up and disposure whether there were any spermacetie found, or +made out of other parts beside the head; if soe, of what parts & out of +what most: and whether any out of the meere fleshie parts whether that +wch runne from it about the shoare came out of the mouth.</p> + +<p>[<i>Not signed or dated.</i>]</p> + + +<p class="center">REPLY.</p> + +<p>Sr in Answer to your questions conserninge the whale, I founde noe +Sperm̄e but in his heade and that after I had taken off his scalpe one +tonn weight [or more <i>written above</i>] of a nexuous substance, we found +in the circumference as large as a small coach wheele in the middle part +certain round pieces of Sperm as bigge as a mans fist some as large as +eggs and on the out side of the said rounds, flakes as large as a mans +head in forme like hony combs being very white and full of oyle. And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +that Sp. wch was cast upon the shore I doe conceive came out of his +nostrells. thus much <ins class="tn" title="'ff' occurs in several places. Unchanged.">ffrom</ins> him who doth remayne Sir your humble Servant, +Arthur Bacon Yarmouth 10th May 1652.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Browne to Dugdale on certain fossil bones.</span></p> + +<p class="center">["<span class="smcap">Eastern Counties Collectanea</span>," pp. 193-195].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The letter referred to in the foot-note on page 33, written by +Sir Thomas Browne to Dugdale, and formerly in the possession of +the late Mr. Arthur Preston of Norwich, whose collection of +manuscripts was dispersed by auction in August, 1888, was +printed in a brief-lived and little-known local publication, +entitled the "Eastern Counties Collectanea" (1872-3), at page +193. In this letter occurs a passage which confirms the doubt +expressed as to the Whales which had young ones after coming on +shore at Hunstanton being Sperm Whales. They are expressly said +to have been of that sort "which seamen call a Grampus," and as +Sir Nicholas le Strange, in a MS. preserved in the Muniment room +at Hunstanton, applies the name "Grampus" to an undoubted +specimen of <i>Hyperoodon rostratus</i> (as shown both by his +description and outline sketch) which came ashore there in the +year 1700, I have little doubt that the Cetaceans in question +belonged to that species and not to <i>Physeter macrocephalus</i>.</p> + +<p>This letter is interesting also as filling a gap in Wilkin's +series and I therefore reproduce it, omitting only occasional +learned digressions which do not affect the subject. The +original not being available, I have used the copy in the +"Collectanea" before mentioned.</p> + +<p>Dugdale, in November, 1658, and again later, had written to +Browne, sending him a bone of a "fish which was taken up by Sir +Robert Cotton, in digging a pond at the skirt of Conington +downe," and asking his opinion thereof. (Wilkin, i., pp. 385 and +390.)</p> + +<p>To the first of these letters Browne replied, under date of the +6th December, 1658, "I receaued the bone of the fish, and shall +giue you some account of it when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> I have compared it with +another bone which is not by mee" (op. cit. p. 387). The letter +which follows and which was unknown to Wilkin supplies this +information.</p></div> + +<p>[p. 193.] "Sr I cannot sufficiently admire the ingenious industry of Sr +Robert Cotton in preserving so many things of rarity and observation nor +commend your own enquiries for the satisfaction of such particulars. The +petrified bone you sent me, which with divers others was found +underground, near Cunnington, seems to be the vertebra, spondyle or +rackbone of some large fish, and no terrestrious animal as some upon +sight conceived, as either of Camel, rhinoceros, or elephant, for it is +not perforated and hollow but solid according to the spine of fishes in +whom the spinal marrow runs in a channel above these solid racks, or +spondiles.</p> + +<p>"It seems much too big for the largest Dolphins, porpoises, or sword +fishes, and too little for a true or grown whale, but may be the bone of +some big cetaceous animal, as particularly of that which seamen call a +Grampus; a kind of small whale, whereof some come short, some exceed +twenty foot. And not only whales but Grampusses have been taken in this +Estuarie or mouth of the fenland rivers. And about twenty years ago four +were run ashore near Hunstanton and two had young ones after they came +to land. But whether this fish were of the longitude of twenty foot (as +is conceived) some doubt may be made for this bone containeth little +more than an inch in thickness, and not three inches in breadth so that +it might have a greater number thereof than is easily allowable to make +out that longitude. For of the whale which was cast upon our coast about +six years ago a vertebra or rackbone still preserved, containeth a foot +in breadth and nine inches in depth, yet the whale with all advantages +but sixty-two foot in length. [p, 194.] We are not ready to believe +that, wherever such relics of fish or sea animals are found, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> sea +hath had its course. And Goropius Becanus<a name="FNanchor_131_151" id="FNanchor_131_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_151" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> long ago could not digest +that conceit when he found great numbers of shells upon the highest +Alps. For many may be brought unto places where they were not first +found.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_151" id="Footnote_131_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_151"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> This seems to refer to the "De Gigantibus eorumque +reliquiis" of J. van Gorp, Jean Bécan, or Joannes Goropius <ins class="tn" title="Missing closed parenthesis. Unchanged.">(as</ins> the name +is variously given in the "Biographie Universelle" (b. 1518, d. 1572), +and apparently published after the Author's death by Jean Chassanion, +8vo, Basileæ, 1580, and another edition in 1587. See Brit. Mus. Cat.; +but I have not seen the book.</p></div> + +<p>"Some bones of our whale were left in several fields which when the +earth hath obscured them, may deceive some hereafter, that the sea hath +come so high. In northern nations where men live in houses of fishbones +and in the land of the Icthiophagi near the Red sea where mortars were +made of the backbones of whales, doors of their jaws, and arches of +their ribs, when time hath covered them they might confound after +discoverers.…</p> + +<p>"For many years great doubt was made concerning those large bones found +in some parts of England, and named Giants' bones till men [p. 195] +considered they might be the bones of elephants brought into this island +by Claudius, and perhaps also by some succeeding emperors [then follow +other ancient examples of the finding 'elephants bones' in various +countries attributed to similar modes of introduction]. But many things +prove obscure in subterraneous discovery.…</p> + +<p>"In some chalk pits about Norwich many stag's horns are found of large +beams and branches, the solid parts converted into a chalky and fragile +substance, the pithy part sometimes hollow and full of brittle earth and +clay. In a churchyard of this city an oaken billet was found in a +coffin. About five years ago an humourous man of this country after his +death and according to his own desire was wrap't up in a horned hide of +an ox and so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> buried.<a name="FNanchor_T_152" id="FNanchor_T_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_152" class="fnanchor">[T]</a> Now when the memory hereof is past how this may +hereafter confound the discoverers and what connjectures will arise +thereof it is not easy to conjecture.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_T_152" id="Footnote_T_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_152"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> Richard Ferrer, of Thurne, by his will, proved about 1654, +directed that his "dead body be handsomely trussed up in a black +bullock's hide, and be decently buried in the Churchyard of +Thurne."—"Norfolk Archæology," v., p. 212.</p></div> + +<p class="rt">Sr Your servant to my power,</p> +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Tho. Browne.</span></p> + +<p>This is endorsed "Sr Thomas Browne's discourse about the Fish bone found +at Conington Com. Hunt, Shown, Dr. Tanner."</p> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C"></a>APPENDIX C.</h2> + +<p class="center">[SLOANE MS. ADDITIONAL 5233, LARGE FOLIO, IS A VOLUME LABELLED "DR. EDW. +BROWN'S DRAWINGS."]</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Some original drawing of Towns, Castles, Antiquities, Medals +&c. by Dr. Edward Browne in his Travels & presented by his +Father Sir Thomas Browne. Who hath write upon sev<sup>ll</sup> of them +what they are."</p></div> + +<p>The above is the inscription written on the fly-leaf of this volume, +which I hoped might have contained some drawings of birds or fishes by +Sir Thomas Browne, but there is nothing in it of interest from a Natural +History point of view. In Wilkin's Catalogue of the MSS. (Vol. iv., p. +476) it is described as "a collection of very curious drawings (some +coloured) of public buildings, habits, <i>fishes</i>, mines, rocks, tombs, +and other antiquities, observed by Sir Thos. and Dr. Edward Browne in +their travels," but there are no fishes, birds, or other animals in the +volume.</p> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_D" id="APPENDIX_D"></a>APPENDIX D.</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Draft of a letter from Sir Thomas Browne to his daughter +Elizabeth, enclosing two pictures of a Stork. This and the next +letter are in the Bodleian Library (MS. Rawl. D. cviii.)</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 70.</i>] This is a picture of the stork [<i><a href="#Footnote_14_23">see Note 14</a></i>] I mentiond +in my last. butt it is different from the com̄on stork by red lead +colourd leggs and bill<a name="FNanchor_132_153" id="FNanchor_132_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_153" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> and the feet hath not vsuall sharp poynted +clawes butt resembling a mans nayle, such as Herodotus discribeth the +white Ibis of Ægypt to haue. The ends of the wings are black & when shee +doth not spred them they make all the lower part of the back looke +black, butt the fethers on the back vnder them are white as also the +tayle. it fed upon snayles & froggs butt a toad being offered it would +not touch it. the tongue is about half an inch long. the quills of the +wing are as bigge or bigger then a swans quills. it was shott by the +seaside & the wing broake. Some there were who tooke it for an euell +omen saying If storks come ouer into England, god send that a +com̄onwealth doth not come after.<a name="FNanchor_U_154" id="FNanchor_U_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_154" class="fnanchor">[U]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_153" id="Footnote_132_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_153"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Browne evidently was not very familiar with the Stork, +which is not surprising, seeing that it is a very rare bird in Britain; +it may be that he had only seen the bird in its immature stage, for the +"red-lead" hue of the legs is very characteristic of the adult bird. +[<i><a href="#Footnote_14_23">See also Note 14</a></i>, <a href="#Page_10">p. 10.</a>]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_U_154" id="Footnote_U_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_154"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> In reference to the Dutch fable of those days that Storks +would only inhabit republican countries.</p></div> + +<p>That picture with the lesser head is the better.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">MS. RAWL. D. cviii.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Draft of a letter containing further particulars with regard to +the Stork. There is nothing to indicate to whom it was +addressed.</p></div> + +<p>[<i>Fol. 77.</i>] A kind of stork was shott in the wing by the sea neere +Hasburrowe & brought aliue vnto mee. it was about a yard high red lead +coloard leggs and bill. the clawes resembling human nayles such as +Herodotus describeth in the white Ibis of Ægypt The lower parts of the +wings are black which gathered up makes the lower part of back looke +black butt the tayle vnder them is white as the other part of the body. +it fed readily upon snayles & froggs, butt a toad being offered it would +not touch it: the tongue very short [not <i>crossed out</i>] an inch long. it +makes a clattering noyse by flapping one bill agaynst the other somewhat +like the platea or shouelard.<a name="FNanchor_V_155" id="FNanchor_V_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_155" class="fnanchor">[V]</a> the quills [about <i>crossed out</i>] of the +biggnesse of swans bills [<i>sic</i> quills?] when it swallowed a frogge it +was sent downe into the stomak by the back side of the neck as was +perceaued upon swallowing. I could not butt take notice of the conceitt +of some who looked upon it as an ill omen saying if storks come ouer +into England, pray god a com̄on wealth do not come after.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_V_155" id="Footnote_V_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_155"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> The Spoonbill.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In addition to these letters there are in the Bodleian Library a +letter from Elizabeth Browne to her brother, describing the +above-mentioned Stork, and desiring him to keep one of the two +pictures himself, and to give the other to his sister Fairfax +(MS. Rawl. D. 108, fol. 71), and a draft of a letter from Sir +Thomas Browne about a remarkable fly (<i>see ante</i> <a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a> <i>and <a href="#Footnote_110_128">Note +110</a></i>), which offended the cattle extraordinarily, found at +Horsey Marshes (MS. Rawl. D. 108, fol. 103). There is also (MS. +Rawl. D. 391, fol. 55) a letter from Sir Hamon le Strange to Sir +T. B., dated Jan. 16, 1653. About half this letter is printed by +Wilkin, i., pp. 369-70. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> mentions towards the end that he +sends certain observations on T. B.'s "Enquiries into Common +Errors," at page "27 thereof I write of a whale cast upon my +shoare." This criticism is now separated from the letter, which +originally covered it, but happily is preserved in the British +Museum, MS. Sloane, 1839. fols. 104-145.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> + + + +<p class="fs12">A.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Acorus verus, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Acus, Needlefish, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Adders, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Addercock, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Alcedo ispida, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li> Allis Shad, <a href="#Footnote_70_83">42 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Alni carptor, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Amber, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Alosa, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Anas arctica, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Anas macrolophos, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Anas alis oculatis, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Anatula, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li> Anglorum, Sand Eel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Apiaster, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Aphia cobites, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Appendix A., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Appendix B., <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li> Appendix C., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li> Appendix D., <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li> Aquila Gesneri, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Ardea stellaris, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li> Arcuata, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li> Armed Bull-head, <a href="#Footnote_66_79">41 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Avicula Maialis, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Ascidians, <a href="#Footnote_91_106">50 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Aselli, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Asprage, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Aspredo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Astacus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Atherine?, <a href="#Footnote_71_84">42 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Auk, Little?, <a href="#Footnote_119_137">79 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Avis pugnax, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Avis trogloditica, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> Avocet, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="fs12">B.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Balani, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li> Banstickle, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Barbel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Barker, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Barnacle shell, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li> Barnacle Goose, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li> Bargander, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Bass, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Bearded Tit, <a href="#Footnote_41_52">26 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Bee-bird, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Betulæ Carptor, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Birdcatcher, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Birds found in Norfolk, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li> Birds number of species, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li> Bittern, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li> Black Grouse, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Black Heron, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li> Black-tailed Godwit, <a href="#Footnote_39_50">24 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Bleak, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Bones, Fossil, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li> Boyle, Robert, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li> Bream, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Brent Goose, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li> Brill, Bret, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Brittle Stars, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li> Browne, Sir Thomas— + +<ul> +<li> Attitude towards witchcraft, <a href="#Footnote_B_2">xi. (note)</a></li> + +<li> Collection of Eggs, <a href="#Footnote_14_23">10 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Correspondents, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.</li> + +<li> Drawings lost, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>.</li> + +<li> Editions of his Collected Works, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>.</li> + +<li> Estimation in which he was held, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>.</li> + +<li> Letters to Merrett, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Letters to Dugdale, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li> Notes on Certain Birds, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li> Notes on Certain Fishes, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li> Observations on Migration, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>., <a href="#Footnote_2_10">2 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Originality, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>., <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>.</li> + +<li> Purpose for which written, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>., <a href="#Page_2">2</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></li> + +<li> State of Natural Science in his day, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>., <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>.</li> +</ul></li> + +<li> Bull-head, Armed, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Burbot, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Bustard, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li> Butcher bird, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Butt, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Buzzard, Bald, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Buzzard, Gray, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="fs12">C.</p> + +<ul><li> Canis (Dog-fish), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li> Canis carcharias, <a href="#Footnote_56_68">37 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Caprimulgus, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Cancellus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li> Carcinus mænas, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li> Carp, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Certhia, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Ceruna, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Chad, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Chipper, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Chock, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> Chough, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Chub, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Churre, <a href="#Footnote_29_39">19 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Ciconia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li> Cirripeds, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li> Clams, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Clangula, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Coal-fish, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Coble bird, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Cockles, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Cods, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Conger, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Coot, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li> Corculum, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Cormorant, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li> Cormorant, Rock, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li> Corallines, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Cotta Anglorum, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Cottus scorpius, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Corvus marinus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li> Crabs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li> Crane, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li> Crawfish, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Crossbill, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Crow, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Crow, Hooded, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Cuckoo, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Cuckoo Mate, <a href="#Footnote_34_44">22 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Culex marinus, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li> Curlew, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li> Curlew, Stone, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li> Cuttle fish, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li> Cyclas, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">D.</p> + +<ul><li> Dab, <a href="#Footnote_79_93">45 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Dabchick, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Dace, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Dentalia, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Divers, <a href="#Footnote_11_20">8 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Dog-fish, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li> Dog-Whelk, <a href="#Footnote_83_98">47 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Dolphin, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li> Dorhawk, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Dory, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li> Dotterel, Land, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li> Dotterel, Sea, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Draco minor, <a href="#Footnote_69_82">42 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Dragon fly, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Draw Water, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Ducks, Wild, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Footnote_19_28">13 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Duck, Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li> Duck, Tufted, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Dunlin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">E.</p> + +<ul><li> Eagles, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Echinus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li> Eels, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Eels, Conger, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Eels, Sand, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Eelpout, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Elke, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Erythropus, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">F.</p> + +<ul><li> Faber marinus, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li> Fanago, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Father Lasher, <a href="#Footnote_68_81">42 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Fen Cricket, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Fibula marina, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Finches, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li> Fishing Frog, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Fishes found in Norfolk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li> Fishes number of species, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li> Flat-fish, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Flies, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li> Fly-catcher, <a href="#Footnote_117_135">73 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Forficula, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Fucus marinus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li> Fulica Cotta, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li> Fungi, various, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Funduli fluviatiles, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Funduli marini, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">G.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Gallinula aquatica, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li> Gannet, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Gammarus, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Garfish, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Garrulus Bohemicus, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Garrulus Argentoratensis, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Geese, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Gladius, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Glot, Eel, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Gnatts or Knots, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li> Goatsucker, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Gobies, <a href="#Footnote_70_83">42 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Godwit, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li> Gold-crested Wren, <a href="#Footnote_48_59">29 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>Golden Eagle, <a href="#Footnote_3_11">3 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Golden-eye Duck, <a href="#Footnote_127_146">84 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Goldfinch, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li> Goosander, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Footnote_124_143">83 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Goodyer, John, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li> Grampus, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li> Great Northern Diver, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li> Green Plover, <a href="#Footnote_29_39">19 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Grey Plover, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Grebe, G. Crested, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Grebe, Little, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Grouse, Black, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Gryllotalpa, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Gudgeon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Guillemot, <a href="#Footnote_S_148">84 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Gulls, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Gurnards, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Gurney, Anna, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>.</li> +</ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">H.</p> + +<ul><li> Haddock, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Hard-worm, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Harriers, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Footnote_6_15">5 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Hawfinch, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Hermit Crabs, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li> Herons, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li> Heron, Black, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li> Heron, Purple, <a href="#Footnote_33_43">22 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Heathpoult, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Herring, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Hippolyte varians, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Hirundo marina, Sea Swallow, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Hirudines marini, Sea Leeches, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li> Horse-leeches, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Horse Mackerel, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Hobby, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li> Hobby-bird, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li> Hoopoe, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Hooded Crow, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> How, Dr. William, <a href="#Footnote_103_119">59 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Hydrocantharus, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Hydrozoa, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">J.</p> + +<ul><li> Jackdaw, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Jelly-fish, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li> Jet, <a href="#Footnote_107_125">63 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li> Junco, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="fs12">K.</p> + +<ul><li> Kingfisher, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li> Kite, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Knots, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">L.</p> + +<ul><li> Lampern, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Lamprey, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Lanius, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Lapwing, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Lari, many sorts of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li> Larks, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Larus minor, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Leeches, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li> Lesser Butcher Bird, <a href="#Footnote_41_52">26 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Letters to Dugdale, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li> Letters to Merrett, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Letters from Merrett, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Limpets, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Lingula, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Little Auk?, <a href="#Footnote_119_137">79 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Littorina, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Lizard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Loach, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Lobster, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li> Lolego, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Loon, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Loxia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Lug Worm, <a href="#Footnote_91_106">50 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Lump-fish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Lupus marinus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">M.</p> + +<ul><li> Mackerel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Mackerel, Horse, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Marine Worms, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li> May-chit, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Medusae, <a href="#Footnote_90_105">49 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Merganser, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li> Mergus acutirostris, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Mergus cristatus, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Mergus major, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Mergus minor, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Mergus mustelaris, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Mergus serratus, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li> Mergulus, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li> Merlin, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li> Merrett, Christopher, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Migration, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>., <a href="#Footnote_2_10">2 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Miller's Thumb, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Minnow, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Mole Cricket, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Moon-fish (Mola), <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Moor Hen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li> Morinellus, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Musca tuliparum, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Mullet, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li> Mullet, Red, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Mussels, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Musk Beetle, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Mustela fluviatilis, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li> Mustela marina, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Mustela variegata, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">N.</p> + +<ul><li> Needle-fish, <a href="#Footnote_64_76">40 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Nerites, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Night-jar, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Norway Lobster, <a href="#Footnote_81_96">46 (note)</a></li> + +<li> <a name="notonacton"></a><ins class="tn" title="Notonecta/notonecton in text.">Notonacton</ins>, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>Nuthatch, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="fs12">O.</p> + +<ul><li> Oak Galls, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li> Octopus?, <a href="#Footnote_80_94">46 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Oldenburg, Henry, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Onocrotalus, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Ophidian, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li> Osprey, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li> Otters, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Oysters, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li> Oyster Catcher, <a href="#Footnote_12_21">8 (note)</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">P.</p> + +<ul><li> Parrot Jay, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Partridge, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Partridge, Red-legged, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Pectines, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Pediculus marinus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li> Pelican, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Perch, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Periwinkle, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Peter-fish, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li> Physalus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li> Pica marina, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li> Picus martius, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li> Pigs, Solid-footed, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Pike, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Pilchard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Pinax, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Pintail Duck, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Piscis octangularis, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Pisidium?, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Place, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Plot, Dr. Robert, <a href="#Footnote_F_6">xxiv. (note)</a></li> + +<li> Plover, Green, <a href="#Footnote_29_39">19 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Plover, Grey, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Plover, Ring, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li> Pogge, <a href="#Footnote_66_79">41 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Polypus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> <a name="porbeagle"></a><ins class="tn" title="May be typo for 37 (note), as here linked; another name is 'canis charcharius'">Porbeagle</ins>, <a href="#Footnote_56_68">57 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Porpoise, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li> Porci solidi pedes, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Primmes, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Pristis serra, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Puets, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Puffin, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Pungitius, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">Q.</p> + +<ul><li> Quail, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Quercus Galls, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Quercus marinus, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li> Querquedula, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">R.</p> + +<ul><li> Rail, Land, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Rail, Water, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Rana piscatrix, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Raven, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Rays, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Razor shells, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Red-backed Shrike, <a href="#Footnote_41_52">25 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Red-legged Partridge, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Red Mullet, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Redshank, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li> Reed-chock, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li> Reseda, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li> Ringlestones, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li> Ring Plover, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li> Roach, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Rochet, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Rock Cormorant, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li> Rockling, <a href="#Footnote_60_72">39 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Roller, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Roman Nettle, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Rook, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Rudd, Roud, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Ruff (fish), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Ruff (Reeve), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Rubelliones, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Rutilus, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">S.</p> + +<ul><li> Salmon, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Sand Eel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li> Sanderling, <a href="#Footnote_29_39">19 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Saurus, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li> Sawfish, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Sandpiper, Common, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li> Scad, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Scallop, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Scarabæus, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Scarburgh, Sir C., <a href="#Footnote_3_11">3 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Scolopax, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li> Scolopendra, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li> Scombri, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Scorpius, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Scotch Goose, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li> Sea Buttons, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li> Sea Dotterel, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li> Sea Dugge, <a href="#Footnote_91_106">50 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li> Sea Gudgeon, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Sea Leach, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li> Sea Loach, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Sea Louse, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li> Sea Miller's Thumb, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Sea Mouse, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li> Sea Perriwig, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Sea Pheasant, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Sea Pie, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li> Sea Stars, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Sea Trout, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Sea Wolf, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Sea Woodcock, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li> Seal, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Seaweeds, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Sepia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Sesamoides, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li> Shad, <a href="#Footnote_70_83">42 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Shag, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>Shagreen Ray, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Shearwater, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li> Sheld-drake, <a href="#Footnote_18_27">12 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Shoeing-horn, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li> Shore Crab, <a href="#Footnote_82_97">46 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Shovelard, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Shoveller Duck, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li> Shrike, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Shrimp, Freshwater, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Silerella, <a href="#Footnote_41_52">26 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Siskin, <a href="#Footnote_48_59">29 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Skate, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Skipper (Saury), <a href="#Footnote_64_76">40 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Skua, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Smelt, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Smew, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Snakes, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Sole, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Solens, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Solid-footed Swine, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Sperm Whale, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li> Spermologous, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li> Spoonbill, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Sported Flycatcher, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Sported Ray, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Sprat, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Squalders, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Footnote_90_105">50 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li> Squid, <a href="#Footnote_80_94">45 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Squllæ, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Starling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li> Stella marina, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Stern, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Sting-fish, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li> Sting Ray, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Stint, <a href="#Footnote_29_39">19 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Stickleback, <a href="#Footnote_75_88">44 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Stone Curlew, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Stork, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li> Sturgeon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li> Succinum, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li> Sun-fish, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Surmullet, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li> Swan, Wild, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Sweet Flag, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li> Swift, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Sword Fish, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">T.</p> + +<ul><li> Teal, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Tench, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Tenison, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li> + +<li> Terns, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li> Tethya, <a href="#Footnote_91_106">50 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li> Thornback, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Tope, <a href="#Footnote_56_68">37 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Trachurus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Trout, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li> Trout, Sea, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Tufted Duck, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Tunny?, <a href="#Footnote_73_86">43 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Turbines, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Turbot, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">U.</p> + +<ul><li> Upupa, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Urtica marina, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Urtica mas, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Urtica pilulifera, <a href="#Footnote_105_121">59 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Urtica Romana, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">V.</p> + +<ul><li> Vermes marinus, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li> Vermes setacei, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Vesicaria, <a href="#Footnote_91_106">50 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li> Vipers, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li> Vitulus marinus, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">W.</p> + +<ul><li> Water Beetle, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Water Boatman, <a href="#Footnote_98_113">55 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li> Water Hen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li> Water Rail, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Waxwing, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Weasel Cray, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li> Weasel ling, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Weever-fish, <a href="#Footnote_69_82">42 (note)</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li> Wesell, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li> Whale, Sperm, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li> Wheatear, <a href="#Footnote_43_54">26 (note)</a></li> + +<li> Whelk, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> White-tailed Eagle, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li> Whiting, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li> Whinne Bird, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Wild Duck, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li> Wild Goose, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li> Wild Swan, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Wilkin, Simon, <a href="#Footnote_D_4">xviii. (note)</a></li> + +<li> Willick, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Wolf-fish, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Woodcock (fish), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li> Woodpecker, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li> Wren, Dr. Christopher, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>.</li> + +<li> Wren, Gold-crested, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Wryneck, <a href="#Footnote_34_44">22 (note)</a></li></ul> + + + +<p class="fs12">X.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Xiphias, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="fs12">Y.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Yarwhelp, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +</ul> + + + + +<hr class="wide" /> +<h2><a name="ERRATA" id="ERRATA"></a>ERRATA.</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Page 8, <a href="#Footnote_10_19">note 10</a>, last line, <i>delete</i> us.</p> + +<p>Page 8, <a href="#Footnote_11_20">note 11</a>, first line, after Great Northern Diver, insert +<i>Colymbus glacialis</i>; line three, <i>delete Colymbus glacialis</i>, +and after <i>Mergus maximus</i> insert Farrensis.</p> + +<p>Page 12, <a href="#Footnote_17_26">note 17</a>, line 8, for "English Birds" read "English +words."</p> + +<p>Page 12, <a href="#Footnote_18_27">note 18</a>, line 4 from bottom, for "near the centre" read +"near the south-west border."</p> + +<p>Page 14, <a href="#Footnote_22_32">note 22</a>, line 9, after "(Hunt)" insert ";."</p> + +<p>Page 20, <a href="#Footnote_31_41">note 31</a>, line 5, transfer the words "for the last few +years" to line 4, after "has bred."</p> + +<p>Page 23, <a href="#Footnote_36_47">note 36</a>, line 3, for "Eringo" read "Eryngo."</p> + +<p>Page 34, <a href="#Footnote_52_64">note 52</a>, line 1, for "hat" read "that."</p> + +<p>Page 35, <a href="#Footnote_54_66">note 54</a>, line 5, for "Neridiform" read "Nereidiform."</p> + +<p>Page 36, <a href="#Footnote_55_67">note 55</a>, line 7, for <i>pristis antiquoram</i> read <i>pristis +antiquorum</i>.</p> + +<p>Page 46, <a href="#Footnote_82_97">note 82</a>, line 1, for <i>Cancer</i> read <i>Carsinus</i> +(corrected in Index).</p> + +<p>Page 47, <a href="#Footnote_83_98">note 83</a>, lines 9 and 19, for <i>litoria</i>, read +<i>littorea</i>.</p> + +<p>Page 50, <a href="#Footnote_90_105">note 90</a>, line 2 from bottom, after "and" insert +"which."</p> + +<p>Page 53, <a href="#Footnote_93_108">note 93</a>, line 5 from bottom, for <i>Pandalus varius</i>, +read <i>Hippolyte varians</i> (corrected in Index).</p></div> + + +<p class="center"><br /><br /><i>Jarrold & Sons, The Empire Press, Norwich and London.</i></p> + +<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> + +<div class="tnotes"> + + +<p>Spelling and punctuation are retained as in the original.</p> + +<p>Footnotes were kept as close to the referring paragraph as practicable. +They are essentially part of the text.</p> + +<p>The errata section was moved to the end of the book and its changes +are entered.</p> + +<p>The following words appear both with and without hyphens.</p> + +<ul> +<li> Bee-bird</li> +<li> Fly-catcher</li> +<li> fresh-water</li> +<li> Gar-fish</li> +<li> Goat-sucker</li> +<li> marsh-bird</li> +<li> Needle-fish</li> +<li> north-west</li> +<li> Saw-fish</li> +<li> sea-shoare</li> +<li> sea-shore</li> +<li> whole-footed</li> +</ul> + + +<p><a href="#Footnote_98_113">Footnote 98</a></p> + +<p>'Both Vipers (or Adders) and Snakes, the latter in particular,'</p> + +<p>'latte ' included a following space, so made the assumption that +the word here is 'latter'.</p> + +<p>Changed.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_13">Page 13</a></p> + +<p>'Mergus acutarostris cinereus'</p> + +<p>'acutarostris' may be 'acutirostris' as used elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_39">Page 39</a></p> + +<p>'sprdding the finnes into a liuely posture do hang them'</p> + +<p>'sprdding' is an odd spelling for spreading.</p> + +<p>Spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_45">Page 45</a></p> + +<p>'with a long & strong aculeus in the tayle conceuud of'</p> + +<p>'conceuud' is an odd spelling.</p> + +<p>Unchanged.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_76">Page 76</a></p> + +<p>'A yarewhelp or barker [<i>some words smeared out</i>]'</p> + +<p>Closing bracket added.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_91">Page 91</a></p> + +<p>'came out of his nostrells. thus much ffrom him who doth'</p> + +<p>'ffrom' matches original.</p> + +<p>Double 'ff' occurs several places in the book.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_93">Page 93</a></p> + +<p>'or Joannes Goropius (as the name is +variously given in the "Biographie Universelle" (b. 1518, d. 1572),'</p> + +<p>Missing closed parenthesis.</p> + +<p>Unchanged.</p> + +<p><a href="#notonacton">Index 'Notonacton'</a></p> + +<p>'Notonacton'</p> + +<p>Refers to 'Notonecton' in all cases.</p> + +<p>Unchanged.</p> + +<p><a href="#porbeagle">Index 'Porbeagle'</a></p> + +<p>'Porbeagle'</p> + +<p>'57' may be a typo for '37'</p> + +<p>Porbeagle is also known as 'Canis carcharius alius' or 'canis charcharius alius Jonst.' +or 'Lamna cornubica'.</p> + +<p>Unchanged.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Letters on the Natural +History of Norfolk, by Thomas Browne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL HISTORY OF NORFOLK *** + +***** This file should be named 35888-h.htm or 35888-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/8/8/35888/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation 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