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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippines A Century Hence
+
+Author: Jose Rizal
+
+Editor: Austin Craig
+
+Translator: Charles Derbyshire
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
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+
+               Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series
+                         Edited by Austin Craig
+
+                            THE PHILIPPINES
+                            A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+                             By JOSÉ RIZAL
+
+
+                              Manila: 1912
+                      Philippine Education Company
+                               34 Escolta
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        "In the Philippine Islands the American government has
+        tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the
+        greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in
+        the Philippines, José Rizal, steadfastly advocated."
+
+            --From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April
+            7th. 1903, by the President of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+As "Filipinas dentro de Cien Años", this article was originally
+published serially in the Filipino fortnightly review "La Solidaridad",
+of Madrid, running through the issues from September, 1889, to
+January, 1890.
+
+It supplements Rizal's great novel "Noli Me Tangere" and its sequel
+"El Filibusterismo", and the translation here given is fortunately by
+Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in his "The Social Cancer" and "The Reign
+of Greed" has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces
+of Rizal.
+
+The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in
+mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather's blundering, wavering policy
+that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the natives' natural
+rights, put his country in the false light of wanting to share in
+Samoa's exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with
+Germany and England.
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy
+condition created by that disastrous international agreement
+which was achieved by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe
+flattering unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies
+preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than
+the republic acting unhampered.
+
+In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a
+triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It
+resulted that "the international agreement" became a constant cause
+of international disagreements, as any student of history could have
+foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the United States
+tardily recalled Washington's warning against entanglements with
+foreign powers and became a party to a real partition, but this time
+playing the lamb's part. England was compensated with concessions
+in other parts of the world, the United States was "given" what it
+already held under a cession twenty-seven years old,--and Germany
+took the rest as her emperor had planned from the start.
+
+There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same stripe
+of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced
+the Samoans under the ungentle German rule--for their victims and not
+themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the neutralization
+by international agreement of the Archipelago for which Rizal gave
+his life. Their success would mean another "entangling alliance"
+for the United States, with six allies, or nine including Holland,
+China and Spain, if the "great republic" should be allowed by the
+diplomats of the "Great Powers" to invite these nonentities in world
+politics, with whom she would still be outvoted.
+
+Rizal's reference to America as a possible factor in the Philippines'
+future is based upon the prediction of the German traveller Feodor
+Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the Islands and later
+published his observations, supplemented by ten years of further study
+in European libraries and museums, as "Travels in the Philippines",
+to use the title of the English translation,--a very poor one, by the
+way. Rizal read the much better Spanish version while a student in the
+Ateneo de Manila, from a copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who
+directed his younger brother's political education and transferred to
+José the hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of
+his beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection.
+
+Jagor's prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal's public life. His
+policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and commercial
+competition seems to have had its inspiration in this reading done
+when he was a youth in years but mature in fact through close contact
+with tragic public events as well as with sensational private sorrows.
+
+When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the distinguished
+geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became fast friends,
+often discussing how the progress of events was bringing true the
+fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history and the
+acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained observer
+to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist foretells
+the morrow's weather.
+
+A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He
+republished Morga's History (first published in Mexico in 1609) to
+recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El
+Filibusterismo was sketched the future which continuance upon their
+then course must bring. "The Philippines A Century Hence" suggests
+other possibilities, and seems to have been the initial issue in the
+series of ten which Rizal planned to print, one a year, to correct the
+misunderstanding of his previous writings which had come from their
+being known mainly by the extracts cited in the censors' criticism.
+
+José Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen and as
+the different elements in his divided native land recognized that
+these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that their
+points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension
+disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death,
+the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as
+their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on
+differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that
+the American Government in the Philippines, properly approached,
+is willing to grant all that Rizal considered important, and when
+Americans understand that the people of the Philippines, unaccustomed
+to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content with so little
+even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some salve for their
+unwittingly wounded amor propio.
+
+A better knowledge of the writings of José Rizal may accomplish this
+desirable consummation.
+
+
+    "I do not write for this generation. I am writing for other
+    ages. If this could read me, they would burn my books, the
+    work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation which
+    interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they
+    will understand me and say: 'Not all were asleep in the night-time
+    of our grandparents'."
+
+                            --The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me Tangere.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+JAGOR'S PROPHECY
+
+    The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal's Policy of Preparation
+    For the Philippines
+
+
+This extract is translated from Pages 287-289 of "Reisen in den
+Philippinen von F. Jagor: Berlin 1873".
+
+"The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with the
+changed conditions of the present time.
+
+"The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. Every
+facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old
+system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal
+reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs
+are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self
+respect of the population, the more impatiently will the existing
+evils be endured.
+
+"England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the
+bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+"Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard
+and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+"Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all official appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila.
+
+"Also the influence of American elements is at least discernible
+on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the relations of
+the two countries grow closer. At present these are still of little
+importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes, which
+lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union. Nevertheless,
+he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future destiny of the
+Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations to Spain;
+he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few decades
+are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first time in
+the world's history, the gigantic nations on both sides of a gigantic
+ocean are beginning to come into direct intercourse: Russia, which
+alone is greater than two divisions of the world together; China,
+which within her narrow bounds contains a third of the human race;
+America, with cultivable soil enough to support almost three times
+the entire population of the earth. Russia's future rôle in the
+Pacific Ocean at present baffles all calculations. The intercourse
+of the two other powers will probably have all the more important
+consequences when the adjustment between the immeasurable necessity
+for human labor-power on the one hand, and a correspondingly great
+surplus of that power on the other, shall fall on it as a problem."
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the
+history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that
+direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean
+was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a
+year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California,
+that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception
+of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is
+now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided
+from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among
+the world's greatest seaports.
+
+"But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of America
+extends the influence of the American elements over the South Sea, the
+ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the Spanish
+colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines also. The
+Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted by the
+Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New World,
+representatives of the body of free citizens in contradistinction to
+the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of the pioneer where
+the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and sword. A considerable
+part of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has,
+since that occurred, attained an importance which could not have been
+anticipated either during Spanish rule or during the anarchy which
+ensued after and from it. In the long run, the Spanish system cannot
+prevail over the American. While the former exhausts the colonies
+through direct appropriation of them to the privileged classes, and
+the metropolis through the drain of its best forces (with, besides, a
+feeble population), America draws to itself the most energetic element
+from all lands; and these on her soil, free from all trammels, and
+restlessly pushing forward, are continually extending further her
+power and influence. The Philippines will so much the less escape
+the influence of the two great neighboring empires, since neither
+the islands nor their metropolis are in a condition of stable
+equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives that the opinions
+here expressed shall not too soon be realized as facts, for their
+training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them for success in
+the contest with those restless, active, most inconsiderate peoples;
+they have dreamed away their youth."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+I.
+
+Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most difficult and
+delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without weighing the
+consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we shall in the
+present article treat of their future.
+
+In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open
+the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced
+in general terms to what follows.
+
+Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had to
+sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and
+ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles,
+in that terrible crisis when a people changes its form of government,
+its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the Philippines were
+depopulated, impoverished and retarded--caught in their metamorphosis,
+without confidence in their past, without faith in their present and
+with no fond hope for the years to come. The former rulers who had
+merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of their subjects,
+habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from a dead tree, and
+the people, who had no love for them nor knew what liberty was, easily
+changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something by the innovation.
+
+Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their
+ancient traditions, their recollections--they forgot their writings,
+their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by heart
+other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics,
+other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their
+climate and their way of thinking. Then there was a falling-off,
+they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed of what was
+distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what was foreign
+and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they acquiesced.
+
+Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that
+caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in
+a strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the
+already naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not
+succeed in destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system
+afterwards developed and operated with unyielding tenacity.
+
+When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this stage,
+when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves,
+an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many
+dormant wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of
+the individual a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and to
+develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was revealed,
+it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort was made
+to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there were
+even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by
+trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for
+virtue but also even the tendency to vice.
+
+Then this which they had thought would be death was sure
+salvation. Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic
+remedy.
+
+So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the
+lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of
+the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer
+and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served
+repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study
+himself and to realize his misfortune. Those who had not expected this
+result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong every complaint,
+every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring thus to stifle
+every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake after mistake.
+
+The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it had
+been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was surely
+and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid endeavors
+of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. Thus when
+a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it more and
+more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows to fan
+it into life.
+
+Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and
+noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the
+rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among
+the dominated that aided the debasement of their own country. But
+both were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.
+
+Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what
+will their future be?
+
+Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if
+so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with
+or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices
+will have to be made?
+
+Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently,
+to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally themselves with
+neighboring powers?
+
+It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them
+both yes and no may be answered, according to the time desired to be
+covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how much less
+must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with mobility
+and movement! So it is that in order to deal with these questions, it
+is necessary to presume an unlimited period of time, and in accordance
+therewith try to forecast future events.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they
+continue to be a Spanish colony?
+
+Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at Legazpi's
+death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually undeceived and,
+finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, without
+any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a spirit
+enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those unconquerable
+Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of the Magalats,
+to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat Salakab of
+the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was merely a
+question of getting together and making a determined effort. But for
+him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw everywhere discord and
+disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower classes, discouragement
+and disunion in the upper, only one answer presented itself, and it
+was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his neck beneath the yoke and
+accept the future with the resignation of an invalid who watches the
+leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid whose snows he discerns the
+outlines of his grave. At that time discord justified pessimism--but
+three centuries passed, the neck had become accustomed to the yoke,
+and each new generation, begotten in chains, was constantly better
+adapted to the new order of things.
+
+Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three
+centuries ago?
+
+For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people
+remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced;
+for the friars and their followers the people have been redeemed from
+savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many Filipinos ethics,
+spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the good qualities of
+a people that falls into slavery that is, they have retrograded.
+
+Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our
+subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation
+then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not
+possible at that time can be so now, or vice versa.
+
+Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain;
+let us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there
+exist only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races;
+let us admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries
+of domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native
+a single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or
+not the Spanish cause has gained ground in the Islands.
+
+Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a
+handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were
+engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but
+also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against
+the Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and
+ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the
+interior. Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare
+and difficult; frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling
+powers in the Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life
+of the colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese
+trade. Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates,
+all enemies of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised
+fleet, generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners
+and enemies, as happened in the expedition of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas,
+which was checked and frustrated by the mutiny of the Chinese rowers,
+who killed him and thwarted all his plans and schemes. Yet in spite of
+so many adverse circumstances the Spanish authority has been upheld
+for more than three centuries and, though it has been curtailed,
+still continues to rule the destinies of the Philippine group.
+
+On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and
+rosy--as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed and
+stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of
+the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively
+improved; there is more organization in both civil and military
+affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer;
+she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country
+dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence,
+a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at
+first glance presages another three centuries, at least, of peaceful
+domination and tranquil suzerainty.
+
+But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible,
+of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental.
+
+Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people:
+delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite
+of contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different
+from his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything--liberty,
+ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit,
+sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word
+which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor
+expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he
+thinks he has received.
+
+So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three
+centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes
+dazzled by the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes cajoled by
+the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people like the
+Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of which
+they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a mysterious
+character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took advantage
+of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord and thus
+later to dominate both parties and subject them to his authority.
+
+Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, thanks
+to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions, and
+to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet
+been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher
+ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes
+of Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character,
+reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain,
+love of the fatherland, made of the native, encomendero [1] and even
+general, as during the English invasion; then there had not yet been
+invented the insulting and ridiculous epithets with which recently
+the most laborious and painful achievements of the native leaders
+have been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult
+and slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published
+with governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people
+that paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name,
+nor was it considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race,
+which was forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were
+religious hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared
+to write against it, as did the Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin and
+the Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light,
+and still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised
+to high offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time
+such as we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism
+have necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work
+of divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted
+into a caricature.
+
+The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination over
+the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it against
+the oppressive encomenderos. Naturally, the people saw in them greater
+learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in them, followed
+their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest hours. If
+they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the native and
+made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne. And not a
+few priests, both secular and regular, undertook dangerous journeys,
+as representatives of the country, and this, along with the strict
+and public residencia [2] then required of the governing powers,
+from the captain-general to the most insignificant official, rather
+consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, even though
+it were only in form, all the malcontents.
+
+All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like
+mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and
+it becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore,
+the general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old
+feuds among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence
+in its former protectors, now its exploiters and executioners. The
+masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past
+have come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live
+elsewhere, desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in
+order to go on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has
+seen not only that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that
+she poisons it to stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she
+flies into a rage! The ancient show of justice, the holy residencia,
+has disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard
+shown for a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in
+the government of his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to
+lose his liberty and his home; if he obey the order of one official,
+as in the recent matter of admitting corpses into the church, it is
+enough to have the obedient subject later harassed and persecuted in
+every possible way; obligations and taxes increase without thereby
+increasing rights, privileges and liberties or assuring the few in
+existence; a régime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the
+minds, a régime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that
+the imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality;
+the country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing
+is acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who
+are causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!
+
+True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such
+bitterness. [3] But of what use are all the codes in the world, if by
+means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through
+anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished
+without a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code,
+of what use is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in
+justice and confidence in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is
+all that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the
+cowardly accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous
+ears of the supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?
+
+If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the
+Philippines within a century?
+
+The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence
+of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that
+are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is
+not the place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict
+might have, for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon
+a thousand circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though
+all the advantage should be on the government's side and therefore
+the probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no
+government ought to desire such.
+
+If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain obstinate,
+and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition of
+the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to
+extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going
+to force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness
+of an unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against
+the hope of securing something indefinite. What would be lost in
+the struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the numerous discontented
+classes has no such great attraction that it should be preferred
+to a glorious death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt--but then,
+what? Would not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished,
+and might not the latter with time and experience become equal in
+strength, since they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who
+disputes this? All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the
+Philippines were the work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers,
+who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of
+their power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all
+failed. No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a
+need of the whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it
+left no ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they
+had been duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the
+overthrow of the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement
+springs from the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?
+
+So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not find
+capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors and
+faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political changes
+send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal it is out
+of order, proffered by the elements who see their livelihood in the
+backwardness of their subjects; if just claims are to go unheeded, as
+being of a subversive tendency; if the country is denied representation
+in the Cortes and an authorized voice to cry out against all kinds
+of abuses, which escape through the complexity of the laws; if, in
+short, the system, prolific in results of alienating the good will
+of the natives, is to continue, pricking his apathetic mind with
+insults and charges of ingratitude, we can assert that in a few years
+the present state of affairs will have been modified completely--and
+inevitably. There now exists a factor which was formerly lacking--the
+spirit of the nation has been aroused, and a common misfortune, a
+common debasement, has united all the inhabitants of the Islands. A
+numerous enlightened class now exists within and without the Islands,
+a class created and continually augmented by the stupidity of certain
+governing powers, which forces the inhabitants to leave the country,
+to secure education abroad, and it is maintained and struggles thanks
+to the provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class,
+whose number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication
+with the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the
+brain of the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous
+system and manifest its existence in all its acts.
+
+Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a people
+on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through
+a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch
+colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment
+of the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and
+the fostering of feuds among the races.
+
+Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be
+impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests
+the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years
+in the colleges, issuing therefrom tired, weary and disgusted with
+books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue
+to progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and
+missals that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge
+but even toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole
+elaborate system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who
+wish to keep the Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers,
+freethinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists
+and jurists. Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers
+quickens it. No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable
+in the Filipino people and somehow or other it will shine forth and
+compel recognition. It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of
+the Philippines!
+
+May poverty arrest their development?
+
+Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere
+shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes
+which are better off have always been addicted to peace and order,
+because they live comparatively better and may be the losers in
+civil disturbances. Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit of
+conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire to
+change things, and has little care for life. Machiavelli himself held
+this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss
+of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover,
+when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less
+complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for
+sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country
+what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what
+use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be?
+
+Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The
+Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the
+foreigner, like the Australians, the Polynesians and the Indians
+of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos have
+had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically
+visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays
+of Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and
+lives and thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum,
+that poison which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands,
+has no power in the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their
+present condition with that described by the early historians, makes
+it appear that the Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars
+with the inhabitants of the South consume only the soldiers, people
+who by their fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a menace,
+are surely one of its solidest supports.
+
+There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the provinces.
+
+This was formerly possible, when communication from one island
+to another was rare and difficult, when there were no steamers or
+telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the
+various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of
+privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But
+now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of
+distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants
+move from one island to another, communication and exchange of
+impressions naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened
+by the same peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands
+and make common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly
+perfected, but to this end tend the measures of good government,
+the vexations to which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent
+changes of officials, the scarcity of centers of learning, which
+forces the youth of all the Islands to come together and begin to
+get acquainted. The journeys to Europe contribute not a little to
+tighten the bonds, for abroad the inhabitants of the most widely
+separated provinces are impressed by their patriotic feelings,
+from sailors even to the wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of
+modern liberty and the memory of the misfortunes of their country,
+they embrace and call one another brothers.
+
+In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the Philippines
+are inevitable, are decreed by fate.
+
+The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without requiring
+from the sovereign country more liberty Mutatis mutandis. For new men,
+a new social order.
+
+To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to
+risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the
+old rags that bind it.
+
+The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but
+with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves
+independent, after steeping themselves and the mother country in blood.
+
+As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture,
+which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most
+desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution
+the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very
+least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain, they
+will necessarily have to be transformed in a political sense, for
+the course of their history and the needs of their inhabitants so
+require. This we demonstrated in the preceding article.
+
+We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if
+it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful
+if it emanate from the upper classes.
+
+Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their
+patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order
+to forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered
+up to the present time, they have produced scanty results, for the
+government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only
+a happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that
+they have been based upon unstable grounds.
+
+We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms
+which have a palliative character are not only ineffectual but even
+prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that must
+be cured radically. And were we not convinced of the honesty and
+rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say that all
+the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a physician who,
+not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to root it out,
+tries in this way to alleviate the patient's sufferings or to temporize
+with the cowardice of the timid and ignorant.
+
+All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and
+will be good--when carried out.
+
+When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho
+Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and
+well-appointed table "covered with fruit and many varieties of food
+differently prepared," but between the wretch's mouth and each dish
+the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, "Take it
+away!" The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as ever. True it is
+that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem to have been
+written by Cervantes especially for the colonial administrations:
+"You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except according to the usage and
+custom of other islands where there are governors." Something was
+found to be wrong with each dish: one was too hot, another too moist,
+and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios on both sides of the sea. Great
+good did his cook's skill do Sancho! [4]
+
+In the case of our country, the reforms take the place of the dishes,
+the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the quack physician is
+played by many persons, interested in not having the dishes touched,
+perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of them.
+
+The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines,
+misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling
+against his quack physician.
+
+In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the
+press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government
+and to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed,
+whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of
+the colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria
+island.
+
+The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin
+by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting
+Filipino delegates.
+
+The press is free in the Philippines, because their complaints rarely
+ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do they are so
+secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish them,
+or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly.
+
+A government that rules a country from a great distance is the one that
+has the most need for a free press, more so even than the government
+of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly. The
+government that governs in a country may even dispense with the press
+(if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes and ears,
+and because it directly observes what it rules and administers. But
+the government that governs from afar absolutely requires that the
+truth and the facts reach its knowledge by every possible channel,
+so that it may weigh and estimate them better, and this need increases
+when a country like the Philippines is concerned, where the inhabitants
+speak and complain in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern
+in any other way may also be called governing, but it is to govern
+badly. It amounts to pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of
+the parties; it is steering a ship without reckoning its conditions,
+the state of the sea, the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds
+and currents. It is managing a house by endeavoring merely to give
+it polish and a fine appearance without watching the money-chest,
+without looking after the servants and the members of the family.
+
+But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and
+routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see
+what History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in
+countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the
+human heart have been forced to remain silent.
+
+If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it
+would have warned him of the peril into which he was hurled and have
+made him understand that the people were weary and the earth wanted
+peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in foreign
+aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to strengthen
+his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records in her
+history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What colonies
+have become independent while they have had a free press and enjoyed
+liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with ample
+knowledge?
+
+Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the prestige
+of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be greatly
+imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is preferable to
+that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not by abetting
+and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them. Moreover,
+to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great men and
+their valets. We, who endure and know all the false pretensions and
+petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not need a free press in
+order to recognize them; they have long ago lost their prestige. The
+free press is needed by the government, the government which still
+dreams of the prestige which it builds upon mined ground.
+
+We say the same about the Filipino representatives.
+
+What risks does the government see in them? One of three things:
+either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or
+act properly.
+
+Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and admit
+the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for Spain,
+that all the representatives would be separatists and that in all
+their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a
+patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present there
+the vigilance of the governing powers to combat and oppose such
+intentions? And would not this be better than the discontent that
+ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in the huts and in
+the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare its blood
+where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of principles
+in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in swampy lands,
+three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable forests, under a
+burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific struggles of ideas,
+besides being a thermometer for the government, have the advantage of
+being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish parliament especially
+abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in debate. Moreover, it is
+said that the Filipinos are indolent and peaceful--then what need the
+government fear? Hasn't it any influence in the elections? Frankly,
+it is a great compliment to the separatists to fear them in the midst
+of the Cortes of the nation.
+
+If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they
+probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much
+the worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable
+votes, and the government could laugh openly at the separatists,
+if any there be.
+
+If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to
+their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable
+minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and
+will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of
+the nation.
+
+Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that they
+smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty
+General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots
+in person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will
+smell at worst like powder, and Señor Salamanca undoubtedly has no
+fear of that odor. And if this were all, the Filipinos, who there in
+their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become
+representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the
+legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of
+the Salamancas with the odor of the bath.
+
+It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers
+regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide
+nostrils. Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for
+example, which has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient
+civilization, considers all Europeans ugly and calls them "fan-kwai,"
+or red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than
+the European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to
+admit the inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to
+the Saxons, who are much whiter.
+
+And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament
+is an assemblage of Adonises, Antinouses, pretty boys, and other
+like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to
+legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary
+spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these
+objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils.
+
+So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have
+representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be
+silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government,
+as now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at
+least complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a
+way become responsible for their actions.
+
+We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by
+asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the
+indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness,
+the cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their
+obscurantism, may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But
+we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to
+it the road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not
+come to grief, so that discontent may disappear. If after so just,
+as well as necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino
+people are so stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their
+own interests, then let the responsibility fall upon them, let them
+suffer all the consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves,
+and the government can say that it has done its duty.
+
+These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted
+and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain,
+and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms sine
+quibus non.
+
+It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The free
+press will keep the government in touch with public opinion, and the
+representatives, if they are, as they ought to be, the best from among
+the sons of the Philippines, will be their hostages. With no cause
+for discontent, how then attempt to stir up the masses of the people?
+
+Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the
+imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the
+fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible
+reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own
+or another's fault) should be denied representation to look after
+them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who
+most need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights
+to civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since
+the Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay
+taxes or shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this
+fitness be denied him when the question arises of granting him some
+right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance,
+when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for
+learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every
+one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families
+make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a
+little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order
+to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened
+under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the
+government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent
+execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call
+education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay
+taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks
+after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the
+government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly.
+
+When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance,
+the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes
+the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and
+speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in
+the judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It
+subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest.
+
+Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the
+work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and
+that discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake
+off his indolence he can not complain when he sees all the offices
+filled by Castilas.
+
+We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into
+this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by
+the superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in
+the sovereign country, it should be practiced in the colonies, for
+the reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral
+qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem,
+upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues
+when he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will
+do away with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials
+capable and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives,
+instead of endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve
+to assure it, for what interest would they have in converting the
+sure and stable into the uncertain and problematical? The native
+is, moreover, very fond of peace and prefers an humble present to
+a brilliant future. Let the various Filipinos still holding office
+speak in this matter; they are the most unshaken conservatives.
+
+We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture,
+security of the individual and of property, education, and so on,
+but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles. For
+the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say
+that we ask too much.
+
+There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism:
+but what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore,
+wherein existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost
+complete abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was
+published these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities,
+that is, Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia
+far behind, the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles,
+have abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery--things
+impossible for even Utopia itself!
+
+The French colonies have their representatives. The question has also
+been raised in the English parliament of giving representation to
+the Crown colonies, for the others already enjoy some autonomy. The
+press there also is free. Only Spain, which in the sixteenth century
+was the model nation in civilization, lags far behind. Cuba and
+Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those of
+the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain,
+have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days
+had theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs
+of the country. They had them in Spain's critical moments, when she
+groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of
+the sovereign country's misfortune like other colonies, but tightened
+more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving proofs of
+their loyalty; and they continued until many years later. What crime
+have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their rights?
+
+To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they
+enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their
+inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted,
+if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery
+or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.
+
+Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to
+be exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the
+sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden
+eggs and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however
+great may be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to
+hinder the operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies
+established to subserve the policy and the commerce of the sovereign
+country, all eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before
+Bachelet all the Phoenecian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English,
+Portuguese and Spanish colonies had said it.
+
+Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples
+do not live for three centuries in continual contact, sharing the
+same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same
+beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas,
+but that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned
+by arms or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered
+affection. Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said:
+la natura degli huomini, é cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi
+fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono (it is human nature to be
+bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this,
+and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena
+of politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much
+the Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their
+redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about
+in exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in
+its atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm,
+with the fortune of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one
+man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that
+six millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed,
+denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap
+upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that
+can excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the
+offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity
+of the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that
+are committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim
+the sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family,
+the sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the
+name of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the
+Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights
+and liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people
+that prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask another,
+trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name!
+
+We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of debate
+so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall not
+cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law,
+but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall
+(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what
+course will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to
+occupy the places that we leave vacant.
+
+If what we desire is not realized....
+
+In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn
+away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what
+the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful
+of dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and
+sound its terrible mysteries.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+History does not record in its annals any lasting domination exercised
+by one people over another, of different race, of diverse usages and
+customs, of opposite and divergent ideals.
+
+One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was
+driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors
+and the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way
+and perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World,
+Australia and New Zealand.
+
+One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which
+lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the
+country conquered, even though the Peninsula was broken up into small
+states, which gradually emerged like little islands in the midst
+of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of the chivalrous
+spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of the califs,
+they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn conflicts,
+which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries.
+
+The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength
+and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science
+teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism,
+is eliminated or becomes encysted.
+
+Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies
+complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering
+element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader.
+
+Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must
+conclude, as a deduction from all we have said, that if their
+population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators
+do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and
+free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to
+different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute
+one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed
+by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some
+day the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves
+independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish
+patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the
+doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands
+themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows,
+and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation
+by ethical forces.
+
+We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to exterminate
+the Filipino people. And even were it possible, what interest would
+Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a country she
+can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a certain extent
+disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be without
+the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and
+the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies,
+a colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it
+possesses inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the
+six million Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and
+that they have never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain
+would have to sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we
+commend to the notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation.
+
+But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the
+education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by
+Spain to the Filipinos, then they will seek enlightenment abroad,
+behind the mother country's back, or they will secure by hook or
+by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that
+the opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be
+futile but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love
+and gratitude into resentment and hatred.
+
+Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other,
+will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially
+when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that
+they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty
+power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent
+measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph
+and be generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either
+to teach a stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to
+revenge upon the vanquished the spells of excitement and terror
+that the danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those
+catastrophes is the accumulation of acts of injustice committed
+against the innocent and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals,
+denunciations, despicable accusations, resentments, covetousness,
+the opportune moment for calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of
+the courts martial, the pretext of the integrity of the fatherland
+and the safety of the state, which cloaks and justifies everything,
+even for scrupulous minds, which unfortunately are still rare, and
+above all the panic-stricken timidity, the cowardice that battens upon
+the conquered--all these things augment the severe measures and the
+number of the victims. The result is that a chasm of blood is then
+opened between the two peoples, that the wounded and the afflicted,
+instead of becoming fewer, are increased, for to the families and
+friends of the guilty, who always think the punishment excessive
+and the judge unjust, must be added the families and friends of the
+innocent, who see no advantage in living and working submissively
+and peacefully. Note, too, that if severe measures are dangerous in
+a nation made up of a homogeneous population, the peril is increased
+a hundred-fold when the government is formed of a race different from
+the governed. In the former an injustice may still be ascribed to one
+man alone, to a governor actuated by personal malice, and with the
+death of the tyrant the victim is reconciled to the government of
+his nation. But in a country dominated by a foreign race, even the
+justest act of severity is construed as injustice and oppression,
+because it is ordered by a foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is
+an enemy of the country, and the offense hurts not only the victim
+but his entire race, because it is not usually regarded as personal,
+and so the resentment naturally spreads to the whole governing race
+and does not die out with the offender.
+
+Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised
+by colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the
+colonies in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training
+schools, contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that
+the colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent.
+
+Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In
+proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall,
+the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect
+itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life
+depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly
+weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is
+less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She
+is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of
+servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves
+refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die.
+
+Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other
+the sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these
+incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize
+the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle
+will be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than
+death for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the
+dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.
+
+Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her
+army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands,
+from her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people
+whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to
+give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions
+and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All
+this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts,
+murders, conflagrations, military executions, famine and misery.
+
+The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything,
+in favorable moments, for his country's good. He has the intrepidity
+of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he
+is quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he
+is once aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means
+death to one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all
+the tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in
+the same way that it does quadrupeds.
+
+The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts will
+have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen
+their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the
+Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine
+conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared,
+they will extend mutual support, like shipwrecked persons when they
+reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said
+that we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They
+achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated
+by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger
+of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example,
+will force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of
+any great preponderance of one race over the others will free their
+imagination from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency
+of countries that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off
+the yoke, is to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school,
+like the beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will
+probably declare themselves a federal republic.
+
+If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and stubborn
+conflicts, they can rest assured that neither England, nor Germany,
+nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up what Spain
+has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will completely
+absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no sensible nation
+which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile islands, will
+neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark Continent, untouched,
+undeveloped and almost undefended. England has enough colonies in the
+Orient and is not going to risk losing her balance. She is not going
+to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor Philippine Islands--if
+she had entertained such an intention she would not have restored
+Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point in the Philippines,
+whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what need has John
+Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines, when he is
+already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore, Hongkong
+and Shanghai? It is probable that England will look favorably upon
+the independence of the Philippines, for it will open their ports to
+her and afford greater freedom to her commerce. Furthermore, there
+exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions to the effect
+that she already has too many colonies, that they are harmful, that
+they greatly weaken the sovereign country.
+
+For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and because
+a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will endanger
+her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as much in
+the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy territory
+that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign complications.
+
+France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and
+China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal
+for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that
+grow on the battlefields of Europe. The echo from battlefields in the
+Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches her
+quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and
+on the continent.
+
+Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and
+Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose
+seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland
+proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of
+losing everything.
+
+China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping
+herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European
+powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia.
+
+The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies and
+watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even
+to her official language. She is, moreover, under such diplomatic
+pressure from Europe that she can not think of outside affairs until
+she is freed from it, which will not be an easy matter. True it is
+that she has an excess of population, but Korea attracts her more
+than the Philippines and is, also, easier to seize.
+
+Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the
+Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day
+dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example
+is contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest
+vices, and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan
+question. But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of
+the States congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly
+attempt it the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they
+know very well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North
+America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get
+into the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to her traditions.
+
+Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the
+liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the
+new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of
+their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide
+road of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their
+fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm
+with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors,
+so long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have
+withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their
+gold for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and
+coal. Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile
+life for which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and
+instincts, and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage,
+like the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine
+virtues that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted
+to peace--cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring.
+
+These and many other things may come to pass within something like a
+hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based
+on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant
+causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony's ship altered the face of
+the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon changed
+the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how many
+just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on
+that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his
+teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried
+all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world,
+and freed Europe. Upon what chance accidents will the destiny of the
+Philippines depend?
+
+Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is
+sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings
+of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject
+to it.
+
+Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time,
+that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than
+to give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the
+latter contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million
+Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let
+the government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without
+damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never
+tire of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer
+this unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother
+country: "Spain, we have spent our youth in serving thy interests in
+the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we have expended
+the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and enthusiasm of our
+hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to draw from thee a
+glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us the peace of our
+native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate islands! Spain,
+thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride, hast pursued
+thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely because we
+love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate all kinds
+of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched country,
+when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to it that,
+since for it we have lost everything--youth, future, hope, peace,
+family; since in its service we have exhausted all the resources of
+hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also takes the residue which
+we can not use, the blood from our veins and the strength left in our
+arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that thou hast no ear for
+her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she must redeem herself?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S FAREWELL ADDRESS
+
+ADDRESS TO SOME FILIPINOS
+
+
+"Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been
+in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a
+painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over
+an incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications
+of the disturbances continuing, and if any still, in good or bad faith,
+are availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive
+the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may
+be known.
+
+"From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what
+was being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+"I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might
+seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills
+which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any
+sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without
+which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat
+my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+"Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn,
+this uprising,--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back,--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+"Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith.
+
+
+    José Rizal.
+
+                                    "Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896.
+
+
+The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address:
+
+
+"The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal proposes
+to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest
+against separatist manifestations and tendencies which ought to
+come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According
+to his declarations, Don José Rizal limits himself to condemning
+the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he
+considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred
+that the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less
+dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the
+culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat
+and guarantee its successful issue.
+
+"For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles nor of
+aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words: 'Because of
+my proofs of the rebellion's certainty to fail, lay down your arms,
+my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the Promised Land.'
+
+"So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the
+future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of
+the proposed address seems impolitic, and I would recommend to Your
+Excellency to forbid its being made public, but to order that all
+these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate therein and added to
+the case against Rizal."
+
+                                          "Manila, December 19th, 1896."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S DEFENCE
+
+
+These "Additions" were really Doctor Rizal's defence before the
+court martial which condemned him and pretended to have tried him,
+on the charge of having organized revolutionary societies and so
+being responsible for the rebellion.
+
+The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from the
+junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his superiors
+in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably weak. The
+court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded back of
+him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his death,
+recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and of
+the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled
+to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for
+the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his
+behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews
+as well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to
+extort a confession implicating the Doctor.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONS TO MY DEFENCE
+
+Don José Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests the Court Martial to
+consider well the following circumstances:
+
+First.--Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely no
+connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised
+by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled
+against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela
+left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking
+part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for pardon.
+
+Secondly.--A proof that I maintained no political relation with any
+one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was in the habit of
+sending letters by my family, is the fact that it was necessary to
+send Don Pio Valenzuela under an assumed name, at considerable cost,
+when in the same steamer were travelling five members of my family
+besides two servants. If what has been charged were true, what occasion
+was there for Don Pio to attract the attention of any one and incur
+large expenses? Besides, the mere fact of Sr. Valenzuela's coming to
+inform me of the rebellion proves that I was not in correspondence
+with its promoters for if I had been then I should have known of
+it, for making an uprising is a sufficiently serious matter not to
+hide it from me. When they took the step of sending Sr. Valenzuela,
+it proves that they were aware that I knew nothing, that is to say,
+that I was not maintaining correspondence with them. Another negative
+proof is that not a single letter of mine can be shown.
+
+Thirdly.--They cruelly abused my name and at the last hour wanted
+to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me before? They
+might say likewise that I was, if not content, at least resigned to my
+fate, for I had refused various propositions which a number of people
+made me to rescue me from that place. Only in these last months, in
+consequence of certain domestic affairs, having had differences with
+a missionary padre, I had sought to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don
+Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I might put myself in security,
+because, according to him, it was possible that they might compromise
+me. As I considered myself wholly innocent and was not posted on the
+details of the movement (besides that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela)
+I took no precautions, but when His Excellency, the Governor General,
+wrote me announcing my departure for Cuba, I embarked at once,
+leaving all my affairs unattended to. And yet I could have gone to
+another part or simply have staid in Dapitan for His Excellency's
+letter was conditional. It said--"If you persist in your idea of
+going to Cuba, etc." When the uprising occurred it found me on board
+the warship "Castilla", and I offered myself unconditionally to His
+Excellency. Twelve or fourteen days later I set out for Europe, and
+had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried to escape in some
+port en route, especially Singapore, where I went ashore and when
+other passengers who had passports for Spain staid over. I had an
+easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba.
+
+Fourthly.--In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make
+excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which
+lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had
+intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in
+the vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would
+I have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family
+to live with me.
+
+Fifthly.--Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of a
+chief is he who is ignored in the plotting and who is notified only
+that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no, they say yes?
+
+--As to the "Liga":
+
+Sixthly.--It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were to
+promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc., by means of united action,
+as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather
+the reverse.
+
+Seventhly.--The "Liga" never came into real existence nor ever got
+to working, since after the first meeting no one paid any attention
+to it, because I was exiled a few days later.
+
+Eighthly.--If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by other
+persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact.
+
+Ninthly.--The "Liga" was not a society with harmful tendencies and
+the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it, organizing
+the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had the "Liga"
+lacked only a little of being adapted for rebellion, the radicals
+would not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides,
+if, as some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and
+for the prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of
+"Liga". Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves clearly that
+they neither counted on me nor did the "Liga" serve their purposes,
+otherwise they would not have made another society when they had one
+already organized.
+
+Tenthly.--As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there are
+any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances
+under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two
+dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law
+and my brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from
+an inquiry of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch
+of the government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in
+Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on our side.
+
+Eleventhly.--That I have endured exile without complaint, not because
+of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I had
+been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of
+the district where I resided of my conduct during these four years
+of exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests
+despite my personal differences with one of them.
+
+Twelfthly.--All these facts and considerations destroy the
+little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me,
+with whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible
+that in a single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism,
+at a gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went
+no further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were
+present had been influenced by my words they would not have let the
+"Liga" die. Is it that those who formed part of the "Liga" that night
+founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who went to Dapitan to interview
+me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why was not an acquaintance sent,
+in whom I would have had more confidence? Because those acquainted
+with me knew very well that I had forsaken politics or that, realizing
+my views on rebellion, they must have refused to undertake a mission
+useless and unpromising.
+
+I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that neither
+did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I taken
+part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion,
+but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making
+public of a private conversation has proven.
+
+
+    Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896.
+
+        JOSE RIZAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RESPECTING THE REBELLION.
+
+    The remarks about the rebellion are from a photographic copy
+    of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief speech. The
+    manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of
+    Saragossa, Spain.
+
+
+I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. "Besides, said I, don't consider me but our country which
+is the one that will suffer." I went on to show how absurd was the
+movement.--This later Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not tell me
+that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its
+chief, nor anything of that sort.
+
+Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not
+consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+              A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+            Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+            Where all around perfume is shed,
+            And life but as a dream is known;
+            The land that I can call my own,
+            By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+            Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+            And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+            And all along the spreading shore
+            The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+              While yet in childhood's happy day,
+            I learned upon its sun to smile,
+            And in my breast there seemed the while
+            Seething volcanic fires to play;
+            A bard I was, and my wish alway
+            To call upon the fleeting wind,
+            With all the force of verse and mind:
+            "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+            From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+            And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+                                          From "Mi Piden Versos" (1882),
+                                      verses from Madrid for his mother.
+
+
+
+
+              One by one they have passed on,
+            All I loved and moved among;
+            Dead or married--from me gone,
+            For all I place my heart upon
+            By fate adverse are stung.
+
+              Go thou too, O Muse, depart;
+            Other regions fairer find;
+            For my land but offers art
+            For the laurel, chains that bind,
+            For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+              But before thou leavest me, speak;
+            Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+            Thou couldst ever from me seek
+            A song of sorrow for the weak,
+            Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+                                                From "A Mi Musa" (1884),
+                                    requested by a young lady of Madrid.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] An encomendero was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful
+service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and
+the duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious
+instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine annals
+chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized it.
+
+[2] No official was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration
+of his term of office until his successor or a council appointed by
+the sovereign inquired into all the acts of his administration and
+approved them. (This residencia was a fertile source of recrimination
+and retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little
+further on as "the ancient show of justice."
+
+[3] The penal code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of
+September 4, 1884.
+
+[4] Cervantes' "Don Quijote," Part II, chapter 47.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippines A Century Hence
+
+Author: Jose Rizal
+
+Editor: Austin Craig
+
+Translator: Charles Derbyshire
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
+made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="front">
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e123width"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt=
+"Original Front Cover." width="456" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">A plant I am, that scarcely grown,</p>
+<p class="line">Was torn from out its Eastern bed,</p>
+<p class="line">Where all around perfume is shed,</p>
+<p class="line">And life but as a dream is known;</p>
+<p class="line">The land that I can call my own,</p>
+<p class="line">By me forgotten ne&rsquo;er to be,</p>
+<p class="line">Where trilling birds their song taught me,</p>
+<p class="line">And cascades with their ceaseless roar,</p>
+<p class="line">And all along the spreading shore</p>
+<p class="line">The murmurs of the sounding sea.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">While yet in childhood&rsquo;s happy day,</p>
+<p class="line">I learned upon its sun to smile,</p>
+<p class="line">And in my breast there seemed the while</p>
+<p class="line">Seething volcanic fires to play;</p>
+<p class="line">A bard I was, and my wish alway</p>
+<p class="line">To call upon the fleeting wind,</p>
+<p class="line">With all the force of verse and mind:</p>
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Go forth, and spread around its fame,</p>
+<p class="line">From zone to zone with glad acclaim,</p>
+<p class="line">And earth to heaven together bind!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e172">From &ldquo;Mi Piden Versos&rdquo;
+(1882),<br>
+<i>verses from Madrid for his mother</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e181">The Philippines<br>
+A Century Hence</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;In the Philippine Islands the American
+government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the
+greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the Philippines,
+Jos&eacute; Rizal, steadfastly advocated.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&mdash;<i>From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April</i>
+7<i>th.</i> 1903, <i>by the President of the United States.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e203width"><img src="images/map.gif" alt=""
+width="720" height="595">
+<p class="first">A sketch map, by Dr. Rizal, of spheres of influence in
+the Pacific at the time of writing &ldquo;The Philippines A Century
+Hence,&rdquo; as they appeared to him.</p>
+<p>Most of the French names will be easily recognized, though it may be
+noted that &ldquo;Etats Unis&rdquo; is our own United States,
+&ldquo;L&rsquo;Angleterre&rdquo; England<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e208" title="Not in source">,</span> and<a id="xd20e211" name=
+"xd20e211"></a> &ldquo;L&rsquo;Espagne&rdquo; Spain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e217width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt=
+"Original Title Page." width="481" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<div class="docTitle">
+<div class="seriesTitle">Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series<br>
+Edited by Austin Craig</div>
+<div class="mainTitle">The Philippines<br>
+A Century Hence</div>
+</div>
+<div class="byline">By <span class="docAuthor">Jos&eacute;
+Rizal</span></div>
+<div class="docImprint">Manila: 1912<br>
+Philippine Education Company<br>
+34 Escolta</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e181"><i>Copyright</i> 1912</p>
+<p class="xd20e181"><span class="sc">By Austin Craig</span></p>
+<p class="xd20e181"><i>Registered in the Philippine Islands.</i>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e255" href="#xd20e255" name=
+"xd20e255">9</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="body">
+<div id="intro" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e258" class="main">Introduction</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">As &ldquo;<span lang="es">Filipinas dentro de Cien
+A&ntilde;os</span>&rdquo;, this article was originally published
+serially in the Filipino fortnightly review &ldquo;<span lang="es">La
+Solidaridad</span>&rdquo;, of Madrid, running through the issues from
+September, 1889, to January, 1890.</p>
+<p>It supplements Rizal&rsquo;s great novel &ldquo;Noli Me
+Tangere&rdquo; and its sequel &ldquo;El Filibusterismo&rdquo;, and the
+translation here given is fortunately by Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in
+his &ldquo;The Social Cancer&rdquo; and &ldquo;The Reign of
+Greed&rdquo; has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces of
+Rizal.</p>
+<p>The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in
+mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather&rsquo;s blundering, wavering
+policy that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the
+natives&rsquo; natural rights, put his country in <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e272" href="#xd20e272" name=
+"xd20e272">10</a>]</span>the false light of wanting to share in
+Samoa&rsquo;s exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with
+Germany and England.</p>
+<p>Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy condition
+created by that disastrous international agreement which was achieved
+by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe flattering
+unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies
+preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than the
+republic acting unhampered.</p>
+<p>In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a
+triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It
+resulted that &ldquo;the international agreement&rdquo; became a
+constant cause of international disagreements, as any student of
+history could have foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the
+United States tardily recalled Washington&rsquo;s warning against
+entanglements with foreign powers and became a party to a real
+partition, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e278" href="#xd20e278"
+name="xd20e278">11</a>]</span>but this time playing the lamb&rsquo;s
+part. England was compensated with concessions in other parts of the
+world, the United States was &ldquo;given&rdquo; what it already held
+under a cession twenty-seven years old,&mdash;and Germany took the rest
+as her emperor had planned from the start.</p>
+<p>There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same
+stripe of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced
+the Samoans under the ungentle German rule&mdash;for their victims and
+not themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the
+neutralization by international agreement of the Archipelago for which
+Rizal gave his life. Their success would mean another &ldquo;entangling
+alliance&rdquo; for the United States, with six allies, or nine
+including Holland, China and Spain, if the &ldquo;great republic&rdquo;
+should be allowed by the diplomats of the &ldquo;Great Powers&rdquo; to
+invite these nonentities in world politics, with whom she would still
+be outvoted. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e282" href="#xd20e282"
+name="xd20e282">12</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Rizal&rsquo;s reference to America as a possible factor in the
+Philippines&rsquo; future is based upon the prediction of the German
+traveller Feodor Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the
+Islands and later published his observations, supplemented by ten years
+of further study in European libraries and museums, as &ldquo;Travels
+in the Philippines&rdquo;, to use the title of the English
+translation,&mdash;a very poor one, by the way. Rizal read the much
+better Spanish version while a student in the Ateneo de Manila, from a
+copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who directed his younger
+brother&rsquo;s political education and transferred to Jos&eacute; the
+hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of his
+beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection.</p>
+<p>Jagor&rsquo;s prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal&rsquo;s
+public life. His policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and
+commercial <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e287" href="#xd20e287"
+name="xd20e287">13</a>]</span>competition seems to have had its
+inspiration in this reading done when he was a youth in years but
+mature in fact through close contact with tragic public events as well
+as with sensational private sorrows.</p>
+<p>When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the
+distinguished geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became
+fast friends, often discussing how the progress of events was bringing
+true the fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history
+and the acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained
+observer to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist
+foretells the morrow&rsquo;s weather.</p>
+<p>A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He
+republished Morga&rsquo;s History (first published in Mexico in 1609)
+to recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El
+Filibusterismo was <span class="corr" id="xd20e293" title=
+"Source: sketchod">sketched</span> the future which continuance upon
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e296" href="#xd20e296" name=
+"xd20e296">14</a>]</span>their then course must bring. &ldquo;The
+Philippines A Century Hence&rdquo; suggests other possibilities, and
+seems to have been the initial issue in the series of ten which Rizal
+planned to print, one a year, to correct the misunderstanding of his
+previous writings which had come from their being known mainly by the
+extracts cited in the censors&rsquo; criticism.</p>
+<p>Jos&eacute; Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen
+and as the different elements in his divided native land recognized
+that these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that
+their points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension
+disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death,
+the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as
+their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on
+differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that the
+American Government in the Philippines, properly approached, is willing
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e301" href="#xd20e301" name=
+"xd20e301">15</a>]</span>to grant all that Rizal considered important,
+and when Americans understand that the people of the Philippines,
+unaccustomed to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content
+with so little even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some
+salve for their unwittingly wounded <i>amor propio</i>.</p>
+<p>A better knowledge of the writings of Jos&eacute; Rizal may
+accomplish this desirable consummation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"xd20e308" href="#xd20e308" name="xd20e308">16</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;I do not write for this generation. I am
+writing for other ages. If this could read me, they would burn my
+books, the work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation
+which interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they
+will understand me and say: &lsquo;Not all were asleep in the
+night-time of our grandparents&rsquo;.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="signed">&mdash;<i>The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me
+Tangere.</i></p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name=
+"pb19">19</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e318" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e319" class="main">Jagor&rsquo;s Prophecy</h2>
+<div class="argument">
+<p class="first">The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal&rsquo;s Policy of
+Preparation For the Philippines</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>This extract is translated from Pages 287&ndash;289
+of &ldquo;<span lang="de">Reisen in den Philippinen von F. Jagor:
+Berlin 1873</span>&rdquo;.</i></p>
+<p>&ldquo;The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with
+the changed conditions of the present time.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world.
+Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old
+system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal
+reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs are
+introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self respect
+of the population, the more impatiently will the existing evils be
+endured.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to
+the world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name=
+"pb20">20</a>]</span>bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of
+raw material by means of English capital, and the exchange of the same
+for English manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the
+organization of her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly
+all the foreigners even in the British possessions are for the most
+part agents for English business houses, which would scarcely be
+affected, at least to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment.
+It is entirely different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an
+inherited property, and without the power of turning it to any useful
+account.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent
+disregard and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the
+example of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of
+the American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the
+Philippines; but of the monopolies I have said enough. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they
+formerly were in America, excluded from all official appointments; but
+they feel deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters
+which the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Also the influence of American elements is at least
+discernible on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the
+relations of the two countries grow closer. At present these are still
+of little importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes,
+which lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union.
+Nevertheless, he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future
+destiny of the Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations
+to Spain; he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few
+decades are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first
+time in the world&rsquo;s history, the gigantic nations on both sides
+of a gigantic ocean are beginning to <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>come into direct
+intercourse: Russia, which alone is greater than two divisions of the
+world together; China, which within her narrow bounds contains a third
+of the human race; <i>America</i>, with cultivable soil enough to
+support almost three times the entire population of the earth.
+Russia&rsquo;s future r&ocirc;le in the Pacific Ocean at present
+baffles all calculations. The intercourse of the two other powers will
+probably have all the more important consequences when the adjustment
+between the immeasurable necessity for human labor-power on the one
+hand, and a correspondingly great surplus of that power on the other,
+shall fall on it as a problem.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one time
+for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed with
+the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the history
+of the world may be really said to have <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>begun. A start in that
+direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean
+was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a
+year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California,
+that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception
+of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is
+now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided
+from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among the
+world&rsquo;s greatest seaports.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of
+America extends the influence of the American elements over the South
+Sea, the ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the
+Spanish colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines
+also. The Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted
+by the Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New
+World, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name=
+"pb24">24</a>]</span>representatives of the body of free citizens in
+contradistinction to the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of
+the pioneer where the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and
+sword. A considerable part of Spanish America already belongs to the
+United States, and has, since that occurred, attained an importance
+which could not have been anticipated either during Spanish rule or
+during the anarchy which ensued after and from it. In the long run, the
+Spanish system cannot prevail over the American. While the former
+exhausts the colonies through direct appropriation of them to the
+privileged classes, and the metropolis through the drain of its best
+forces (with, besides, a feeble population), America draws to itself
+the most energetic element from all lands; and these on her soil, free
+from all trammels, and restlessly pushing forward, are continually
+extending further her power and influence. The Philippines will so much
+the less escape the influence of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb25" href="#pb25" name="pb25">25</a>]</span>two great neighboring
+empires, since neither the islands nor their metropolis are in a
+condition of stable equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives
+that the opinions here expressed shall not too soon be realized as
+facts, for their training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them
+for success in the contest with those restless, active, most
+inconsiderate peoples; they have dreamed away their youth.&rdquo;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name=
+"pb31">31</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e362" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e363" class="main">The Philippines A Century Hence</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e365"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e366" class="main">I.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most
+difficult and delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without
+weighing the consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we
+shall in the present article treat of their future.</p>
+<p>In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open
+the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced in
+general terms to what follows.</p>
+<p>Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had
+to sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and
+ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles, in
+that terrible <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name=
+"pb32">32</a>]</span>crisis when a people changes its form of
+government, its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the
+Philippines were depopulated, impoverished and retarded&mdash;caught in
+their metamorphosis, without confidence in their past, without faith in
+their present and with no fond hope for the years to come. The former
+rulers who had merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of
+their subjects, habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from
+a dead tree, and the people, who had no love for them nor knew what
+liberty was, easily changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something
+by the innovation.</p>
+<p>Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their
+ancient traditions, their recollections&mdash;they forgot their
+writings, their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by
+heart other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics,
+other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name=
+"pb33">33</a>]</span>climate and their way of thinking. Then there was
+a falling-off, they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed
+of what was distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what
+was foreign and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they
+acquiesced.</p>
+<p>Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that
+caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in a
+strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the already
+naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not succeed in
+destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system afterwards
+developed and operated with unyielding tenacity.</p>
+<p>When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this
+stage, when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves,
+an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many dormant
+wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of the individual
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name=
+"pb34">34</a>]</span>a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and
+to develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was
+revealed, it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort
+was made to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there
+were even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by
+trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for
+virtue but also even the tendency to vice.</p>
+<p>Then this which they had thought would be death was sure salvation.
+Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic remedy.</p>
+<p>So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the
+lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of
+the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer
+and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served
+repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study
+himself and to realize his misfortune. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>Those who had not
+expected this result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong
+every complaint, every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring
+thus to stifle every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake
+after mistake.</p>
+<p>The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it
+had been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was
+surely and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid
+endeavors of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments.
+Thus when a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it
+more and more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows
+to fan it into life.</p>
+<p>Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and
+noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the
+rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among the
+dominated that aided <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36"
+name="pb36">36</a>]</span>the debasement of their own country. But both
+were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.</p>
+<p>Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what
+will their future be?</p>
+<p>Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if
+so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with or
+without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices will
+have to be made?</p>
+<p>Will they be separated from the mother country to live
+independently, to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally
+themselves with neighboring powers?</p>
+<p>It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them
+both <i>yes</i> and <i>no</i> may be answered, according to the time
+desired to be covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how
+much less must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with
+mobility and movement! So it is that in order to deal <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>with
+these questions, it is necessary to presume an unlimited period of
+time, and in accordance therewith try to forecast future events.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name=
+"pb41">41</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e416"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e417" class="main">II.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">What will become of the Philippines within a century?
+Will they continue to be a Spanish colony?</p>
+<p>Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at
+Legazpi&rsquo;s death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually
+undeceived and, finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off,
+without any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a
+spirit enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those
+unconquerable Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of
+the Magalats, to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat
+Salakab of the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was
+merely a question <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42"
+name="pb42">42</a>]</span>of getting together and making a determined
+effort. But for him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw
+everywhere discord and disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower
+classes, discouragement and disunion in the upper, only one answer
+presented itself, and it was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his
+neck beneath the yoke and accept the future with the resignation of an
+invalid who watches the leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid
+whose snows he discerns the outlines of his grave. At that time discord
+justified pessimism&mdash;but three centuries passed, the neck had
+become accustomed to the yoke, and each new generation, begotten in
+chains, was constantly better adapted to the new order of things.</p>
+<p>Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three
+centuries ago?</p>
+<p>For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people
+remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced; for
+the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name=
+"pb43">43</a>]</span>friars and their followers the people have been
+redeemed from savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many
+Filipinos ethics, spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the
+good qualities of a people that falls into slavery that is, they have
+retrograded.</p>
+<p>Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our
+subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation
+then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not
+possible at that time can be so now, or <i>vice versa</i>.</p>
+<p>Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain; let
+us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there exist
+only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races; let us
+admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries of
+domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native a
+single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or not
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name=
+"pb44">44</a>]</span>the Spanish cause has gained ground in the
+Islands.</p>
+<p>Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a
+handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were
+engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but
+also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against the
+Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and
+ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the
+interior<span class="corr" id="xd20e442" title="Not in source">.</span>
+Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare and difficult;
+frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling powers in the
+Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life of the
+colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese trade.
+Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates, all enemies
+of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised fleet,
+generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners and
+enemies, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name=
+"pb45">45</a>]</span>as happened in the expedition of G&oacute;mez
+P&eacute;rez Dasmari&ntilde;as, which was checked and frustrated by the
+mutiny of the Chinese rowers, who killed him and thwarted all his plans
+and schemes. Yet in spite of so many adverse circumstances the Spanish
+authority has been upheld for more than three centuries and, though it
+has been curtailed, still continues to rule the destinies of the
+Philippine group.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and
+rosy&mdash;as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed
+and stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of
+the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively
+improved; there is more organization in both civil and military
+affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer;
+she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country
+dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence,
+a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at first
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
+"pb46">46</a>]</span>glance presages another three centuries, at least,
+of peaceful domination and tranquil suzerainty.</p>
+<p>But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible,
+of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental.</p>
+<p>Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people:
+delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite of
+contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different from
+his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything&mdash;liberty,
+ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit,
+sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word
+which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor
+expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he
+thinks he has received.</p>
+<p>So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three
+centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes
+dazzled by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name=
+"pb47">47</a>]</span>the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes
+cajoled by the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people
+like the Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of
+which they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a
+mysterious character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took
+advantage of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord
+and thus later to dominate both parties and subject them to his
+authority.</p>
+<p>Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained,
+thanks to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions,
+and to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet
+been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher
+ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes of
+Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character,
+reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain,
+love of the fatherland, made of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48"
+href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>native,
+<i>encomendero</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e466src" href="#xd20e466"
+name="xd20e466src">1</a> and even general, as during the English
+invasion; then there had not yet been invented the insulting and
+ridiculous epithets with which recently the most laborious and painful
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e475" title=
+"Source: achievments">achievements</span> of the native leaders have
+been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult and
+slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published with
+governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people that
+paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name, nor was it
+considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race, which was
+forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were religious
+hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared to write
+against it, as did the Augustinian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49"
+href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span>Gaspar de San Agustin and the
+Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light, and
+still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised to high
+offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time such as
+we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism have
+necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work of
+divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted into
+a caricature.</p>
+<p>The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination
+over the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it
+against the oppressive <i>encomenderos</i>. Naturally, the people saw
+in them greater learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in
+them, followed their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest
+hours. If they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the
+native and made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne.
+And not a few priests, both secular <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50"
+href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span>and regular, undertook dangerous
+journeys, as representatives of the country, and this, along with the
+strict and public <i>residencia</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e489src"
+href="#xd20e489" name="xd20e489src">2</a> then required of the
+governing powers, from the captain-general to the most insignificant
+official, rather consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying,
+even though it were only in form, all the malcontents.</p>
+<p>All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like
+mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and it
+becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore, the
+general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old feuds
+among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence in its
+former protectors, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51"
+name="pb51">51</a>]</span>now its exploiters and executioners. The
+masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past have
+come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live elsewhere,
+desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in order to go
+on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has seen not only
+that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that she poisons it to
+stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she flies into a rage!
+The ancient show of justice, the holy <i>residencia</i>, has
+disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard shown for
+a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in the government of
+his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to lose his liberty and
+his home; if he obey the order of one official, as in the recent matter
+of admitting corpses into the church, it is enough to have the obedient
+subject later harassed and persecuted in every possible way;
+obligations and taxes increase without thereby increasing rights,
+privileges <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name=
+"pb52">52</a>]</span>and liberties or assuring the few in existence; a
+r&eacute;gime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the minds, a
+r&eacute;gime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that the
+imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality; the
+country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing is
+acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who are
+causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!</p>
+<p>True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such
+bitterness.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e509src" href="#xd20e509" name=
+"xd20e509src">3</a> But of what use are all the codes in the world, if
+by means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through
+anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished without
+a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code, of what use
+is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in justice and
+confidence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name=
+"pb53">53</a>]</span>in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is all
+that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the cowardly
+accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous ears of the
+supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?</p>
+<p>If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the
+Philippines within a century?</p>
+<p>The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of
+the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are
+accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is not the
+place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict might have,
+for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon a thousand
+circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though all the
+advantage should be on the government&rsquo;s side and therefore the
+probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no
+government ought to desire such. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54"
+href="#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span></p>
+<p>If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain
+obstinate, and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition
+of the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to
+extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going to
+force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness of an
+unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against the hope of
+securing something indefinite. What would be lost in the struggle?
+Almost nothing: the life of the numerous <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e521" title="Source: dicontented">discontented</span> classes has
+no such great attraction that it should be preferred to a glorious
+death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt&mdash;but then, what? Would
+not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished, and might not
+the latter with time and experience become equal in strength, since
+they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who disputes this?
+All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the Philippines were
+the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name=
+"pb55">55</a>]</span>work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers,
+who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of their
+power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all failed.
+No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a need of the
+whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it left no
+ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they had been
+duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the overthrow of
+the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement springs from
+the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?</p>
+<p>So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not
+find capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors
+and faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political
+changes send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal
+<i>it is out of order</i>, proffered by the elements who see their
+livelihood in the backwardness of their subjects; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name="pb56">56</a>]</span>if just
+claims are to go unheeded, as being of a subversive tendency; if the
+country is denied representation in the Cortes and an authorized voice
+to cry out against all kinds of abuses, which escape through the
+complexity of the laws; if, in short, the system, prolific in results
+of alienating the good will of the natives, is to continue, pricking
+his <i>apathetic</i> mind with insults and charges of ingratitude, we
+can assert that in a few years the present state of affairs will have
+been modified completely&mdash;and inevitably. There now exists a
+factor which was formerly lacking&mdash;the spirit of the nation has
+been aroused, and a common misfortune, a common debasement, has united
+all the inhabitants of the Islands. A numerous enlightened class now
+exists within and without the Islands, a class created and continually
+augmented by the stupidity of certain governing powers, which forces
+the inhabitants to leave the country, to secure education abroad, and
+it is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name=
+"pb57">57</a>]</span>maintained and struggles thanks to the
+provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class, whose
+number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication with
+the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the brain of
+the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous system and
+manifest its existence in all its acts.</p>
+<p>Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a
+people on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through
+a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch
+colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment of
+the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and the
+fostering of feuds among the races.</p>
+<p>Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be
+impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests
+the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years in the
+<i>colleges</i>, issuing therefrom <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58"
+href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span>tired, weary and disgusted with
+books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue to
+progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and missals
+that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge but even
+toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole elaborate
+system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who wish to keep the
+Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers, freethinkers,
+historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists and jurists.
+Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers quickens it.
+No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable in the Filipino
+people and somehow or other it will shine forth and compel recognition.
+It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines!</p>
+<p>May poverty arrest their development?</p>
+<p>Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere
+shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes which
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name=
+"pb59">59</a>]</span>are better off have always been addicted to peace
+and order, because they live comparatively <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e554" title="Source: betare">better</span> and may be the losers
+in civil disturbances<span class="corr" id="xd20e557" title=
+"Not in source">.</span> Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit
+of conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire
+to change things, and has <span class="corr" id="xd20e560" title=
+"Source: littles">little</span> care for life. Machiavelli himself held
+this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss
+of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover,
+when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less
+complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for
+sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country
+what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what
+use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be?</p>
+<p>Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The
+Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the
+foreigner, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name=
+"pb60">60</a>]</span>like the Australians, the Polynesians and the
+Indians of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos
+have had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically
+visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays of
+Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and lives and
+thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum, that poison
+which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands, has no power in
+the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their present condition
+with that described by the early historians, makes it appear that the
+Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars with the inhabitants of
+the South consume only the soldiers, people who by their fidelity to
+the Spanish flag, far from being a menace, are surely one of its
+solidest supports.</p>
+<p>There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the
+provinces.</p>
+<p>This was formerly possible, when communication from one island to
+another was rare and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61"
+name="pb61">61</a>]</span>difficult, when there were no steamers or
+telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the
+various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of
+privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But
+now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of
+distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants move
+from one island to another, communication and exchange of impressions
+naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened by the same
+peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands and make
+common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly perfected,
+but to this end tend the measures of good government, the vexations to
+which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent changes of officials,
+the scarcity of centers of learning, which forces the youth of all the
+Islands to come together and begin to get acquainted. The journeys to
+Europe contribute not a little to tighten the bonds, for abroad the
+inhabitants <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name=
+"pb62">62</a>]</span>of the most widely separated provinces are
+impressed by their patriotic feelings, from sailors even to the
+wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of modern liberty and the memory
+of the misfortunes of their country, they embrace and call one another
+brothers.</p>
+<p>In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the
+Philippines are inevitable, are decreed by fate.</p>
+<p>The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without
+requiring from the sovereign country more liberty <i>Mutatis
+mutandis</i>. For new men, a new social order.</p>
+<p>To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to
+risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the old
+rags that bind it.</p>
+<p>The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but
+with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name=
+"pb63">63</a>]</span>independent, after steeping themselves and the
+mother country in blood.</p>
+<p>As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture,
+which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most
+desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution
+the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very
+least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name=
+"pb67">67</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e591"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e592" class="main">III.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">If the Philippines must remain under the control of
+Spain, they will necessarily have to be transformed in a political
+sense, for the course of their history and the needs of their
+inhabitants so require. This we demonstrated in the preceding
+article.</p>
+<p>We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if
+it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful if
+it emanate from the upper classes.</p>
+<p>Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their
+patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order to
+forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered up to
+the present time, they have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href=
+"#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>produced scanty results, for the
+government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only a
+happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that
+they have been based upon unstable grounds.</p>
+<p>We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms
+which have a <i>palliative</i> character are not only ineffectual but
+even prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that
+must be cured <i>radically</i>. And were we not convinced of the
+honesty and rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say
+that all the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a
+physician who, not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to
+root it out, tries in this way to alleviate the patient&rsquo;s
+sufferings or to temporize with the cowardice of the timid and
+ignorant.</p>
+<p>All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and
+will be good&mdash;when carried out. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb69" href="#pb69" name="pb69">69</a>]</span></p>
+<p>When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho
+Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and
+well-appointed table &ldquo;covered with fruit and many varieties of
+food differently prepared,&rdquo; but between the wretch&rsquo;s mouth
+and each dish the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying,
+&ldquo;Take it away!&rdquo; The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as
+ever. True it is that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem
+to have been written by Cervantes especially for the colonial
+administrations: &ldquo;You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except
+according to the usage and custom of other islands where there are
+governors.&rdquo; Something was found to be wrong with each dish: one
+was too hot, another too moist, and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios
+on both sides of the sea. Great good did his cook&rsquo;s skill do
+Sancho!<a class="noteref" id="xd20e615src" href="#xd20e615" name=
+"xd20e615src">4</a></p>
+<p>In the case of our country, the reforms take <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name="pb70">70</a>]</span>the
+place of the dishes, the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the
+quack physician is played by many persons, interested in not having the
+dishes touched, perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of
+them.</p>
+<p>The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines,
+misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling
+against his quack physician.</p>
+<p>In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the
+press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government and
+to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed,
+whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of the
+colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria
+island.</p>
+<p>The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin
+by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting
+Filipino delegates. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71"
+name="pb71">71</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The press <span class="corr" id="xd20e635" title=
+"Not in source">is</span> free in the Philippines, because their
+complaints rarely ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do
+they are so secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish
+them, or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly.</p>
+<p>A government that <i>rules a country from a great distance</i> is
+the one that has the most need for a free press, more so even than the
+government of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly.
+The government that <i>governs in a country</i> may even dispense with
+the press (if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes
+and ears, and because it directly observes what it rules and
+administers. But the government that <i>governs from afar</i>
+absolutely requires that the truth and the facts reach its knowledge by
+every possible channel, so that it may weigh and estimate them better,
+and this need increases when a country like the Philippines is
+concerned, where the inhabitants speak and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>complain
+in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern in any other way
+may also be called governing, but it is to govern badly. It amounts to
+pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of the parties; it is
+steering a ship without reckoning its conditions, the state of the sea,
+the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds and currents. It is
+managing a house by endeavoring merely to give it polish and a fine
+appearance without watching the money-chest, without looking after the
+servants and the members of the family.</p>
+<p>But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and
+routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see what
+History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in
+countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the
+human heart have been forced to remain silent.</p>
+<p>If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it
+would have warned <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73"
+name="pb73">73</a>]</span>him of the peril into which he was hurled and
+have made him understand that the people were weary and the earth
+wanted peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in
+foreign aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to
+strengthen his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records
+in her history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What
+colonies have become independent while they have had a free press and
+enjoyed liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with
+ample knowledge?</p>
+<p>Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the
+<i>prestige</i> of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be
+greatly imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is
+preferable to that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not
+by abetting and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them.
+Moreover, to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great
+men <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name=
+"pb74">74</a>]</span>and their valets. We, who endure and know all the
+false pretensions and petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not
+need a free press in order to recognize them; they have long ago lost
+their prestige. The free press is needed by the government, the
+government which still dreams of the prestige which it builds upon
+mined ground.</p>
+<p>We say the same about the Filipino representatives.</p>
+<p>What risks does the government see in them? One of three things:
+either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or act
+properly.</p>
+<p>Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and
+admit the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for
+Spain, that all the representatives would be separatists and that in
+all their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a
+patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name=
+"pb75">75</a>]</span>there the vigilance of the governing powers to
+combat and oppose such intentions? And would not this be better than
+the discontent that ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in
+the huts and in the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare
+its blood where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of
+principles in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in
+swampy lands, three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable
+forests, under a burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific
+struggles of ideas, besides being a thermometer for the government,
+have the advantage of being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish
+parliament especially abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in
+debate. Moreover, it is said that the Filipinos are indolent and
+peaceful&mdash;then what need the government fear? Hasn&rsquo;t it any
+influence in the elections? Frankly, it is a great compliment to the
+separatists to fear them in the midst of the Cortes of the nation.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name=
+"pb76">76</a>]</span></p>
+<p>If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they
+probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much the
+worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable votes,
+and the government could laugh openly at the separatists, if any there
+be.</p>
+<p>If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to
+their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable
+minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and
+will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of the
+nation.</p>
+<p>Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that
+they smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty
+General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots in
+person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will smell at
+worst like powder, and Se&ntilde;or Salamanca undoubtedly has no fear
+of that odor. And if <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77"
+name="pb77">77</a>]</span>this were all, the Filipinos, who there in
+their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become
+representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the
+legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of the
+Salamancas with the odor of the bath.</p>
+<p>It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers
+regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide nostrils.
+Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for example, which
+has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient civilization,
+considers all Europeans ugly and calls them &ldquo;fan-kwai,&rdquo; or
+red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than the
+European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to admit the
+inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to the Saxons, who
+are much whiter.</p>
+<p>And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament is an
+assemblage of Adonises, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href=
+"#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>Antinouses, pretty boys, and other
+like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to
+legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary
+spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these
+objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils.</p>
+<p>So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have
+representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be
+silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government, as
+now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at least
+complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a way become
+responsible for their actions.</p>
+<p>We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by
+asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the
+indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness, the
+cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their obscurantism,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name=
+"pb79">79</a>]</span>may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But
+we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to it the
+road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not come to grief,
+so that discontent may disappear. If after so just, as well as
+necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino people are so
+stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their own interests, then
+let the responsibility fall upon them, let them suffer all the
+consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves, and the
+government can say that it has done its duty.</p>
+<p>These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted
+and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain,
+and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms <i>sine
+quibus non</i>.</p>
+<p>It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The
+free press will keep the government in touch with public opinion,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name=
+"pb80">80</a>]</span>and the representatives, if they are, as they
+ought to be, the best from among the sons of the Philippines, will be
+their hostages. With no cause for discontent, how then attempt to stir
+up the masses of the people?</p>
+<p>Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the
+imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the
+fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible
+reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own or
+another&rsquo;s fault) should be denied representation to look after
+them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who most
+need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights to
+civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since the
+Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay taxes or
+shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this fitness be
+denied him when the question arises of granting him <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>some
+right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance,
+when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for
+learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every
+one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families
+make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a
+little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order
+to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened
+under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the
+government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent
+execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call
+education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay
+taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks
+after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the
+government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name=
+"pb82">82</a>]</span></p>
+<p>When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance,
+the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes
+the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and
+speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in the
+judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It
+subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest.</p>
+<p>Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the
+work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and that
+discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake off his
+<i>indolence</i> he can not complain when he sees all the offices
+filled by <i>Castilas</i>.</p>
+<p>We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into
+this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by the
+superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in the
+sovereign country, it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83"
+name="pb83">83</a>]</span>should be practiced in the colonies, for the
+reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral
+qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem,
+upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues when
+he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will do away
+with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials capable
+and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives, instead of
+endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve to assure it, for
+what interest would they have in converting the sure and stable into
+the uncertain and problematical? The native is, moreover, very fond of
+peace and prefers an humble present to a brilliant future. Let the
+various Filipinos still holding office speak in this matter; they are
+the most unshaken conservatives.</p>
+<p>We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture,
+security of the individual <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href=
+"#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span>and of property, education, and so
+on, but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles.
+For the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say
+that we ask too much.</p>
+<p>There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism: but
+what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore, wherein
+existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost complete
+abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was published
+these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities, that is,
+Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia far behind,
+the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles, have
+abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery&mdash;things
+impossible for even Utopia itself!</p>
+<p>The French colonies have their representatives. The question has
+also been raised in the English parliament of giving representation
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name=
+"pb85">85</a>]</span>to the Crown colonies, for the others already
+enjoy some autonomy. The press there also is free. Only Spain, which in
+the sixteenth century was the model nation in civilization, lags far
+behind<span class="corr" id="xd20e733" title="Not in source">.</span>
+Cuba and Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those
+of the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain,
+have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days had
+theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs of the
+country. They had them in Spain&rsquo;s critical moments, when she
+groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of
+the sovereign country&rsquo;s misfortune like other colonies, but
+tightened more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving
+proofs of their loyalty; and they continued until many years later.
+What crime have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their
+rights?</p>
+<p>To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they enter
+upon the life of law and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href=
+"#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span>civilization, if the rights of their
+inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted, if
+the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery or
+meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.</p>
+<p>Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to be
+exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the
+sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden eggs
+and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however great may
+be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to hinder the
+operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies established to
+subserve the policy and the commerce of the <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e742" title="Source: soverign">sovereign</span> country, all
+eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before Bachelet all
+the Ph&oelig;necian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English, Portuguese
+and Spanish colonies had said it.</p>
+<p>Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples do
+not live for three centuries <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href=
+"#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>in continual contact, sharing the
+same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same
+beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas, but
+that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned by arms
+or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered affection.
+Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said: <i lang="it">la
+natura degli huomini, &eacute; cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi
+fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono</i> (it is human nature to be
+bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this,
+and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena of
+politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much the
+Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their
+redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about in
+exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in its
+atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm, with the
+fortune <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name=
+"pb88">88</a>]</span>of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one
+man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that six
+millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed,
+denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap
+upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that can
+excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the
+offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity of
+the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that are
+committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim the
+sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family, the
+sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the name
+of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the
+Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights and
+liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people that
+prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>another,
+trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name!</p>
+<p>We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of
+debate so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall
+not cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law,
+but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall
+(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what course
+will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to occupy
+the places that we leave vacant.</p>
+<p>If what we desire is not realized....</p>
+<p>In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn
+away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what
+the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful of
+dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and sound
+its terrible mysteries. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href=
+"#pb93" name="pb93">93</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e763"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e764" class="main">IV.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">History does not record in its annals any lasting
+domination exercised by one people over another, of different race, of
+diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideals.</p>
+<p>One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was
+driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors and
+the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way and
+perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World,
+Australia and New Zealand.</p>
+<p>One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which
+lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the
+country conquered, even though the Peninsula <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span>was
+broken up into small states, which gradually emerged like little
+islands in the midst of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of
+the chivalrous spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of
+the califs, they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn
+conflicts, which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.</p>
+<p>The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength
+and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science
+teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism, is
+eliminated or becomes encysted.</p>
+<p>Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies
+complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering
+element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader.</p>
+<p>Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must
+conclude, as a deduction <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href=
+"#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>from all we have said, that if their
+population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators
+do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and
+free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to
+different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute
+one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed
+by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some day
+the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves
+independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish
+patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the
+doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands
+themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows,
+and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation by
+ethical forces.</p>
+<p>We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to
+exterminate the Filipino people. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96"
+href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>And even were it possible, what
+interest would Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a
+country she can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a
+certain extent disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be
+without the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and
+the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies, a
+colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it possesses
+inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the six million
+Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and that they have
+never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain would have to
+sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we commend to the
+notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation.</p>
+<p>But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the
+education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by Spain
+to the Filipinos, then they will seek <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span>enlightenment abroad,
+behind the mother country&rsquo;s back, or they will secure by hook or
+by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that the
+opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be futile
+but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love and
+gratitude into resentment and hatred.</p>
+<p>Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other,
+will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially
+when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that
+they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty
+power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent
+measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph and be
+generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either to teach a
+stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to revenge upon the
+vanquished the spells of excitement and terror that <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>the
+danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those catastrophes is
+the accumulation of acts of injustice committed against the innocent
+and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals, denunciations, despicable
+accusations, resentments, covetousness, the opportune moment for
+calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of the courts martial, the
+pretext of the integrity of the fatherland and the safety of the state,
+which cloaks and justifies everything, even for scrupulous minds, which
+unfortunately are still rare, and above all the panic-stricken
+timidity, the cowardice that battens upon the conquered&mdash;all these
+things augment the severe measures and the number of the victims. The
+result is that a chasm of blood is then opened between the two peoples,
+that the wounded and the afflicted, instead of becoming fewer, are
+increased, for to the families and friends of the guilty, who always
+think the punishment excessive and the judge unjust, must be added the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name=
+"pb99">99</a>]</span>families and friends of the innocent, who see no
+advantage in living and working submissively and peacefully. Note, too,
+that if severe measures are dangerous in a nation made up of a
+homogeneous population, the peril is increased a hundred-fold when the
+government is formed of a race different from the governed. In the
+former an injustice may still be ascribed to one man alone, to a
+governor actuated by personal malice, and with the death of the tyrant
+the victim is reconciled to the government of his nation. But in a
+country dominated by a foreign race, even the justest act of severity
+is construed as injustice and oppression, because it is ordered by a
+foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is an enemy of the country, and the
+offense hurts not only the victim but his entire race, because it is
+not usually regarded as personal, and so the resentment naturally
+spreads to the whole governing race and does not die out with the
+offender. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name=
+"pb100">100</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised by
+colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the colonies
+in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training schools,
+contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that the
+colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent.</p>
+<p>Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In
+proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall,
+the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect
+itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life
+depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly
+weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is
+less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She
+is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of
+servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves
+refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name=
+"pb101">101</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other the
+sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these
+incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize
+the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle will
+be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than death
+for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the
+dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.</p>
+<p>Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her
+army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands, from
+her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people
+whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to
+give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions
+and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All
+this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts,
+murders, conflagrations, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href=
+"#pb102" name="pb102">102</a>]</span>military executions, famine and
+misery.</p>
+<p>The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything, in
+favorable moments, for his country&rsquo;s good. He has the intrepidity
+of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he is
+quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he is once
+aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means death to
+one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all the
+tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in the
+same way that it does quadrupeds.</p>
+<p>The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts
+will have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen
+their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the
+Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine
+conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared, they
+will extend mutual support, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href=
+"#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>like shipwrecked persons when they
+reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said that
+we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They
+achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated
+by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger
+of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example, will
+force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of any great
+preponderance of one race over the others will free their imagination
+from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency of countries
+that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off the yoke, is
+to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school, like the
+beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will probably
+declare themselves a federal republic.</p>
+<p>If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and
+stubborn conflicts, they can <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href=
+"#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span>rest assured that neither England,
+nor Germany, nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up
+what Spain has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will
+completely absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no
+sensible nation which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile
+islands, will neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark
+Continent, untouched, undeveloped and almost undefended. England has
+enough colonies in the Orient and is not going to risk losing her
+balance. She is not going to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor
+Philippine Islands&mdash;if she had entertained such an intention she
+would not have restored Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point
+in the Philippines, whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what
+need has John Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines,
+when he is already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore,
+Hongkong and Shanghai? It is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href=
+"#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>probable that England will look
+favorably upon the independence of the Philippines, for it will open
+their ports to her and afford greater freedom to her commerce.
+Furthermore, there exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions
+to the effect that she already has too many colonies, that they are
+harmful, that they greatly weaken the sovereign country.</p>
+<p>For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and
+because a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will
+endanger her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as
+much in the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy
+territory that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign
+complications.</p>
+<p>France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and
+China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal
+for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that
+grow on the battlefields of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href=
+"#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>Europe. The echo from battlefields
+in the Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches
+her quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and
+on the continent.</p>
+<p>Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and
+Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose
+seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland
+proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of losing
+everything.</p>
+<p>China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping
+herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European
+powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia.</p>
+<p>The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies
+and watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even
+to her official language. She is, moreover, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name=
+"pb107">107</a>]</span>under such diplomatic pressure from Europe that
+she can not think of outside affairs until she is freed from it, which
+will not be an easy matter. True it is that she has an excess of
+population, but Korea attracts her more than the Philippines and is,
+also, easier to seize.</p>
+<p>Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the
+Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day
+dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example is
+contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest vices,
+and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan question.
+But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of the States
+congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly attempt it
+the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they know very
+well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North America
+would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get into
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name=
+"pb108">108</a>]</span>the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to
+her traditions.</p>
+<p>Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the
+liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the
+new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of
+their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide road
+of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their
+fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm
+with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors, so
+long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have
+withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their gold
+for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and coal.
+Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile life for
+which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and instincts,
+and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span>like
+the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine virtues
+that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted to
+peace&mdash;cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring.</p>
+<p>These and many other things may come to pass within something like a
+hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based
+on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant
+causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony&rsquo;s ship altered the
+face of the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon
+changed the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how
+many just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on
+that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his
+teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried
+all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world,
+and freed Europe. Upon what chance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110"
+href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span>accidents will the destiny of
+the Philippines depend?</p>
+<p>Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is
+sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings
+of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject to
+it.</p>
+<p>Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time,
+that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than to
+give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the latter
+contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million
+Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let the
+government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without
+damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never tire
+of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer this
+unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother country:
+&ldquo;Spain, we have spent our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111"
+href="#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span>youth in serving thy
+interests in the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we
+have expended the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and
+enthusiasm of our hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to
+draw from thee a glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us
+the peace of our native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate
+islands! Spain, thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride,
+hast pursued thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely
+because we love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate
+all kinds of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched
+country, when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to
+it that, since for it we have lost everything&mdash;youth, future,
+hope, peace, family; since in its service we have exhausted all the
+resources of hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also <span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e854" title="Source: take">takes</span> the residue
+which we can not use, the blood from our veins and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span>the
+strength left in our arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that
+thou hast no ear for her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she
+must redeem herself?&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href=
+"#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e466" href="#xd20e466src" name="xd20e466">1</a></span> An
+<i>encomendero</i> was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful
+service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and the
+duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious
+instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e471" title="Source: anuals">annals</span>
+chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized
+it.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e489" href="#xd20e489src" name="xd20e489">2</a></span> No official
+was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration of his term of
+office until his successor or a council appointed by the sovereign
+inquired into all the acts of his administration and approved them.
+(This residencia was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e491" title=
+"Source: fertle">fertile</span> source of recrimination and
+retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little further on
+as &ldquo;the ancient <i>show</i> of justice.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e509" href="#xd20e509src" name="xd20e509">3</a></span> The penal
+code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of September 4,
+1884.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e615" href="#xd20e615src" name="xd20e615">4</a></span>
+Cervantes&rsquo; &ldquo;<a class="pglink" title=
+"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href=
+"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5946">Don Quijote</a>,&rdquo; Part II,
+chapter 47.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e860" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e861" class="main">Rizal&rsquo;s Farewell Address</h2>
+<h2 class="main">Address to Some Filipinos</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned
+that my name had been in use, among some who were in arms, as a
+war-cry. The news came as a painful surprise, but, believing it already
+closed, I kept silent over an incident which I considered irremediable.
+Now I notice indications of the disturbances continuing, and if any
+still, in good or bad faith, are availing themselves of my name, to
+stop this abuse and undeceive the unwary I hasten to address you these
+lines that the truth may be known.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was
+being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>was utterly absurd,
+and, what was worse, would bring great suffering.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices, but
+my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might seem
+best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills which
+it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any sacrifice, I
+could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally is of record. My
+countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most anxious for
+liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of them. <i>But I
+place as a prior condition the education of the people</i>, that by
+means of instruction and industry our country may have an individuality
+of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I have
+recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without which
+there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat my words)
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name=
+"pb117">117</a>]</span>that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from
+<i>above</i>, that those which come from below are irregularly gained
+and uncertain.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do
+condemn, this uprising,&mdash;as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my
+back,&mdash;which dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could
+plead our cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in
+it, pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been
+deceived.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who
+have worked in bad faith.</p>
+<p class="signed"><span class="sc">Jos&eacute; Rizal.</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896.</p>
+<p>The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address:</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal
+proposes to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest
+against <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
+"pb118">118</a>]</span>separatist manifestations and tendencies which
+ought to come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According
+to his declarations, Don Jos&eacute; Rizal limits himself to condemning
+the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he
+considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred that
+the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less
+dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the
+culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat and
+guarantee its successful issue.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles
+nor of aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words:
+&lsquo;Because of my proofs of the rebellion&rsquo;s certainty to fail,
+lay down your arms, my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the
+Promised Land.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the
+future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
+"pb119">119</a>]</span>the proposed address seems impolitic, and I
+would recommend to Your Excellency to forbid its being made public, but
+to order that all these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate
+therein and added to the case against Rizal.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="dateline">&ldquo;Manila, December 19th, 1896.<span class=
+"corr" id="xd20e906" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e910" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e911" class="main">Rizal&rsquo;s Defence</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>These &ldquo;Additions&rdquo; were really Doctor
+Rizal&rsquo;s defence before the court martial which condemned him and
+pretended to have tried him, on the charge of having organized
+revolutionary societies and so being responsible for the
+rebellion.</i></p>
+<p><i>The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from
+the junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his
+superiors in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably
+weak. The court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded
+back of him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his
+death, recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and
+of the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled
+to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for
+the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his
+behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews as
+well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to
+extort a confession implicating the Doctor.</i> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name="pb125">125</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="div2" id="xd20e922"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 id="xd20e923" class="main">Additions to My Defence</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Don Jos&eacute; Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests
+the Court Martial to consider well the following circumstances:</p>
+<p>First.&mdash;Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely
+no connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised
+by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled
+against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela
+left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking
+part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for
+pardon.</p>
+<p>Secondly<span class="corr" id="xd20e931" title=
+"Source: :">.</span>&mdash;A proof that I maintained no political
+relation with any one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was
+in the habit of sending letters by my family, is the fact that it
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name=
+"pb126">126</a>]</span>was necessary to send Don Pio Valenzuela under
+an assumed name, at considerable cost, when in the same steamer were
+travelling five members of my family besides two servants. If what has
+been charged were true, what occasion was there for Don Pio to attract
+the attention of any one and incur large expenses? Besides, the mere
+fact of Sr. Valenzuela&rsquo;s coming to inform me of the rebellion
+proves that I was not in correspondence with its promoters for if I had
+been then I should have known of it, for making an uprising is a
+sufficiently serious matter not to hide it from me. When they took the
+step of sending Sr. Valenzuela, it proves that they were aware that I
+knew nothing, that is to say, that I was not maintaining correspondence
+with them. Another negative proof is that not a single letter of mine
+can be shown.</p>
+<p>Thirdly<span class="corr" id="xd20e938" title=
+"Not in source">.</span>&mdash;They cruelly abused my name and at the
+last hour wanted to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me
+before? <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name=
+"pb127">127</a>]</span>They might say likewise that I was, if not
+content, at least resigned to my fate, for I had refused various
+propositions which a number of people made me to rescue me from that
+place. Only in these last months, in consequence of certain domestic
+affairs, having had differences with a missionary padre, I had sought
+to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I
+might put myself in security, because, according to him, it was
+possible that they might compromise me. As I considered myself wholly
+innocent and was not posted on the details of the movement (besides
+that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela) I took no precautions, but when
+His Excellency, the Governor General, wrote me announcing my departure
+for Cuba, I embarked at once, leaving all my affairs unattended to. And
+yet I could have gone to another part or simply have staid in Dapitan
+for His Excellency&rsquo;s letter was conditional. It
+said&mdash;&ldquo;If you persist in your idea of going to <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name=
+"pb128">128</a>]</span>Cuba, etc.&rdquo; When the uprising occurred it
+found me on board the warship &ldquo;Castilla&rdquo;, and I offered
+myself unconditionally to His Excellency. Twelve or <span class="corr"
+id="xd20e945" title="Source: fourten">fourteen</span> days later I set
+out for Europe, and had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried
+to escape in some port en route, especially Singapore, where I went
+ashore and when other passengers who had passports for Spain staid
+over. I had an easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba.</p>
+<p>Fourthly.&mdash;In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make
+excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which
+lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had
+intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in the
+vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would I
+have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family to
+live with me.</p>
+<p>Fifthly.&mdash;Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of
+a chief is he who is ignored <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href=
+"#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span>in the plotting and who is
+notified only that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no,
+they say yes?</p>
+<p>&mdash;As to the &ldquo;Liga&rdquo;:</p>
+<p>Sixthly.&mdash;It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were
+to promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e958" title="Not in source">.</span>, by means of united action,
+as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather
+the reverse.</p>
+<p>Seventhly<span class="corr" id="xd20e963" title=
+"Not in source">.</span>&mdash;The &ldquo;Liga&rdquo; never came into
+real existence nor ever got to working, since after the first meeting
+no one paid any attention to it, because I was exiled a few days
+later.</p>
+<p>Eighthly.&mdash;If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by
+other persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact.</p>
+<p>Ninthly.&mdash;The &ldquo;Liga&rdquo; was not a society with harmful
+tendencies and the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it,
+organizing the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had
+the &ldquo;Liga&rdquo; lacked only a little of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name=
+"pb130">130</a>]</span>being adapted for rebellion, the radicals would
+not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides, if, as
+some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and for the
+prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of
+&ldquo;Liga&rdquo;. Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves
+clearly that they neither counted on me nor did the &ldquo;Liga&rdquo;
+serve their purposes, otherwise they would not have made another
+society when they had one already organized.</p>
+<p>Tenthly.&mdash;As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there
+are any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances
+under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two
+dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law and my
+brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from an inquiry
+of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch of the
+government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name=
+"pb131">131</a>]</span>Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on
+our side.</p>
+<p>Eleventhly.&mdash;That I have endured exile without complaint, not
+because of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I
+had been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of the
+district where I resided of my conduct during these four years of
+exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests despite
+my personal differences with one of them.</p>
+<p>Twelfthly.&mdash;All these facts and considerations destroy the
+little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me, with
+whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible that in a
+single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism, at a
+gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went no
+further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were present
+had been influenced by my words they would not have <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span>let
+the &ldquo;Liga&rdquo; die. Is it that those who formed part of the
+&ldquo;Liga&rdquo; that night founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who
+went to Dapitan to interview me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why
+was not an acquaintance sent, in whom I would have had more confidence?
+Because those acquainted with me knew very well that I had forsaken
+politics or that, realizing my views on rebellion, they must have
+refused to undertake a mission useless and unpromising.</p>
+<p>I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that
+neither did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I
+taken part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion,
+but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making
+public of a private conversation has proven.</p>
+<p class="dateline">Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896.</p>
+<p class="signed"><i>JOSE RIZAL.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd20e994" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e995" class="main">Respecting the Rebellion.</h2>
+<div class="argument">
+<p class="first">The remarks about the rebellion are from a
+photographic copy of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief
+speech. The manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of
+Saragossa, Spain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">I had no notice at all of what was being planned until
+the first or second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see
+me, saying that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was
+absurd, etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I
+advised him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then
+that he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. &ldquo;Besides, said I, don&rsquo;t consider me but our
+country which is the one that will suffer.&rdquo; I went on to show how
+absurd was the movement.&mdash;This later Pio Valenzuela
+testified.&mdash;He did not tell me that my name was <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name=
+"pb135">135</a>]</span>being used, neither did he suggest that I was
+its chief, nor anything of that sort.</p>
+<p>Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not
+consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their own
+ends. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name=
+"pb136">136</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">One by one they have passed on,</p>
+<p class="line">All I loved and moved among;</p>
+<p class="line">Dead or married&mdash;from me gone,</p>
+<p class="line">For all I place my heart upon</p>
+<p class="line">By fate adverse are stung.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">Go thou too, O Muse, depart;</p>
+<p class="line">Other regions fairer find;</p>
+<p class="line">For my land but offers art</p>
+<p class="line">For the laurel, chains that bind,</p>
+<p class="line">For a temple, prisons blind.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">But before thou leavest me, speak;</p>
+<p class="line">Tell me with thy voice sublime,</p>
+<p class="line">Thou couldst ever from me seek</p>
+<p class="line">A song of sorrow for the weak,</p>
+<p class="line">Defiance to the tyrant&rsquo;s crime.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e172"><i>From &ldquo;A Mi Musa&rdquo; (1884),<br>
+requested by a young lady of Madrid.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="back">
+<div class="div1" id="toc">
+<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e258">9</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e318">Jagor&rsquo;s
+Prophecy</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e319">19</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e362">The Philippines A Century
+Hence</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e363">31</a></span>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#xd20e365">I.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e366">31</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e416">II.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e417">41</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e591">III.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e592">67</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e763">IV.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e764">93</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e860">Rizal&rsquo;s Farewell Address: Address to Some
+Filipinos</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e861">115</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e910">Rizal&rsquo;s
+Defence</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e911">123</a></span>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#xd20e922">Additions to My
+Defence</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="tocPagenum"><a class=
+"pageref" href="#xd20e923">125</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd20e994">Respecting the
+Rebellion.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e995">134</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
+<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
+<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
+cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
+it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
+included with this eBook or online at <a class="exlink" title=
+"External link" href=
+"https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
+<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
+<p>Jos&eacute; Rizal, in this short work (which originally appeared in
+Spanish in the Filipino newspaper La Solidaridad, September
+1889&ndash;January 1890) gives a prediction of the future of the
+Philippines. Today, more than a century later, it is still interesting
+to read his insights.</p>
+<p>The original Spanish is already in PG under the title <i><a class=
+"pglink" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href=
+"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14839">Filipinas dentro de cien
+a&ntilde;os</a>.</i></p>
+<p>An English translation of Jagor&rsquo;s <i lang="de">Reisen in den
+Philippinen</i>, mentioned in this book, is available in <i><a class=
+"pglink" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href=
+"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10770">The Former Philippines thru
+Foreign Eyes</a></i>.</p>
+<p>The editor added to this work a few poems and other short writings
+by Rizal.</p>
+<p>Scans of this work are available on the Internet Archive (<a class=
+"exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023221975">1</a>, <a class=
+"exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/philippinescentu00rizauoft">2</a>,
+<a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/philippinescentu00riza">3</a>).</p>
+<p>Related Open Library catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://openlibrary.org/b/OL13521925M">OL13521925M</a>.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
+<p class="first">The separate title pages of the various sections of
+this work have either been removed (if the repeat the title), or have
+been used as the argument of the sections the apply to (if they give
+some additional information).</p>
+<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>2011-04-16 Started.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
+<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
+links may not work for you.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
+<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
+<table width="75%" summary=
+"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+<th>Correction</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e208">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e211">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e293">13</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sketchod</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sketched</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e442">44</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e557">59</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e733">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e938">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e958">129</a>,
+<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e963">129</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e471">48</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anuals</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annals</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e475">48</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">achievments</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">achievements</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e491">50</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fertle</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fertile</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e521">54</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dicontented</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discontented</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e554">59</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">betare</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">better</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e560">59</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">littles</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">little</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e635">71</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e742">86</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverign</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereign</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e854">111</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">take</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">takes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e906">119</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e931">125</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e945">128</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fourten</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fourteen</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippines A Century Hence
+
+Author: Jose Rizal
+
+Editor: Austin Craig
+
+Translator: Charles Derbyshire
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
+made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+               Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series
+                         Edited by Austin Craig
+
+                            THE PHILIPPINES
+                            A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+                             By JOSE RIZAL
+
+
+                              Manila: 1912
+                      Philippine Education Company
+                               34 Escolta
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        "In the Philippine Islands the American government has
+        tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the
+        greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in
+        the Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated."
+
+            --From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April
+            7th. 1903, by the President of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+As "Filipinas dentro de Cien Anos", this article was originally
+published serially in the Filipino fortnightly review "La Solidaridad",
+of Madrid, running through the issues from September, 1889, to
+January, 1890.
+
+It supplements Rizal's great novel "Noli Me Tangere" and its sequel
+"El Filibusterismo", and the translation here given is fortunately by
+Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in his "The Social Cancer" and "The Reign
+of Greed" has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces
+of Rizal.
+
+The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in
+mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather's blundering, wavering policy
+that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the natives' natural
+rights, put his country in the false light of wanting to share in
+Samoa's exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with
+Germany and England.
+
+Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy
+condition created by that disastrous international agreement
+which was achieved by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe
+flattering unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies
+preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than
+the republic acting unhampered.
+
+In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a
+triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It
+resulted that "the international agreement" became a constant cause
+of international disagreements, as any student of history could have
+foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the United States
+tardily recalled Washington's warning against entanglements with
+foreign powers and became a party to a real partition, but this time
+playing the lamb's part. England was compensated with concessions
+in other parts of the world, the United States was "given" what it
+already held under a cession twenty-seven years old,--and Germany
+took the rest as her emperor had planned from the start.
+
+There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same stripe
+of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced
+the Samoans under the ungentle German rule--for their victims and not
+themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the neutralization
+by international agreement of the Archipelago for which Rizal gave
+his life. Their success would mean another "entangling alliance"
+for the United States, with six allies, or nine including Holland,
+China and Spain, if the "great republic" should be allowed by the
+diplomats of the "Great Powers" to invite these nonentities in world
+politics, with whom she would still be outvoted.
+
+Rizal's reference to America as a possible factor in the Philippines'
+future is based upon the prediction of the German traveller Feodor
+Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the Islands and later
+published his observations, supplemented by ten years of further study
+in European libraries and museums, as "Travels in the Philippines",
+to use the title of the English translation,--a very poor one, by the
+way. Rizal read the much better Spanish version while a student in the
+Ateneo de Manila, from a copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who
+directed his younger brother's political education and transferred to
+Jose the hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of
+his beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection.
+
+Jagor's prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal's public life. His
+policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and commercial
+competition seems to have had its inspiration in this reading done
+when he was a youth in years but mature in fact through close contact
+with tragic public events as well as with sensational private sorrows.
+
+When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the distinguished
+geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became fast friends,
+often discussing how the progress of events was bringing true the
+fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history and the
+acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained observer
+to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist foretells
+the morrow's weather.
+
+A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He
+republished Morga's History (first published in Mexico in 1609) to
+recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El
+Filibusterismo was sketched the future which continuance upon their
+then course must bring. "The Philippines A Century Hence" suggests
+other possibilities, and seems to have been the initial issue in the
+series of ten which Rizal planned to print, one a year, to correct the
+misunderstanding of his previous writings which had come from their
+being known mainly by the extracts cited in the censors' criticism.
+
+Jose Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen and as
+the different elements in his divided native land recognized that
+these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that their
+points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension
+disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death,
+the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as
+their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on
+differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that
+the American Government in the Philippines, properly approached,
+is willing to grant all that Rizal considered important, and when
+Americans understand that the people of the Philippines, unaccustomed
+to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content with so little
+even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some salve for their
+unwittingly wounded amor propio.
+
+A better knowledge of the writings of Jose Rizal may accomplish this
+desirable consummation.
+
+
+    "I do not write for this generation. I am writing for other
+    ages. If this could read me, they would burn my books, the
+    work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation which
+    interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they
+    will understand me and say: 'Not all were asleep in the night-time
+    of our grandparents'."
+
+                            --The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me Tangere.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+JAGOR'S PROPHECY
+
+    The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal's Policy of Preparation
+    For the Philippines
+
+
+This extract is translated from Pages 287-289 of "Reisen in den
+Philippinen von F. Jagor: Berlin 1873".
+
+"The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with the
+changed conditions of the present time.
+
+"The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. Every
+facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old
+system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal
+reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs
+are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self
+respect of the population, the more impatiently will the existing
+evils be endured.
+
+"England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the
+world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the
+bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of raw material by
+means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English
+manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of
+her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners
+even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for
+English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least
+to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely
+different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited
+property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account.
+
+"Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard
+and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example
+of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the
+American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines;
+but of the monopolies I have said enough.
+
+"Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they formerly were
+in America, excluded from all official appointments; but they feel
+deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which
+the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila.
+
+"Also the influence of American elements is at least discernible
+on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the relations of
+the two countries grow closer. At present these are still of little
+importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes, which
+lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union. Nevertheless,
+he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future destiny of the
+Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations to Spain;
+he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few decades
+are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first time in
+the world's history, the gigantic nations on both sides of a gigantic
+ocean are beginning to come into direct intercourse: Russia, which
+alone is greater than two divisions of the world together; China,
+which within her narrow bounds contains a third of the human race;
+America, with cultivable soil enough to support almost three times
+the entire population of the earth. Russia's future role in the
+Pacific Ocean at present baffles all calculations. The intercourse
+of the two other powers will probably have all the more important
+consequences when the adjustment between the immeasurable necessity
+for human labor-power on the one hand, and a correspondingly great
+surplus of that power on the other, shall fall on it as a problem."
+
+"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the
+Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one
+time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed
+with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the
+history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that
+direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean
+was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a
+year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California,
+that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception
+of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is
+now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided
+from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among
+the world's greatest seaports.
+
+"But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of America
+extends the influence of the American elements over the South Sea, the
+ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the Spanish
+colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines also. The
+Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted by the
+Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New World,
+representatives of the body of free citizens in contradistinction to
+the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of the pioneer where
+the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and sword. A considerable
+part of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has,
+since that occurred, attained an importance which could not have been
+anticipated either during Spanish rule or during the anarchy which
+ensued after and from it. In the long run, the Spanish system cannot
+prevail over the American. While the former exhausts the colonies
+through direct appropriation of them to the privileged classes, and
+the metropolis through the drain of its best forces (with, besides, a
+feeble population), America draws to itself the most energetic element
+from all lands; and these on her soil, free from all trammels, and
+restlessly pushing forward, are continually extending further her
+power and influence. The Philippines will so much the less escape
+the influence of the two great neighboring empires, since neither
+the islands nor their metropolis are in a condition of stable
+equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives that the opinions
+here expressed shall not too soon be realized as facts, for their
+training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them for success in
+the contest with those restless, active, most inconsiderate peoples;
+they have dreamed away their youth."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE
+
+
+I.
+
+Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most difficult and
+delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without weighing the
+consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we shall in the
+present article treat of their future.
+
+In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open
+the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced
+in general terms to what follows.
+
+Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had to
+sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and
+ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles,
+in that terrible crisis when a people changes its form of government,
+its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the Philippines were
+depopulated, impoverished and retarded--caught in their metamorphosis,
+without confidence in their past, without faith in their present and
+with no fond hope for the years to come. The former rulers who had
+merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of their subjects,
+habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from a dead tree, and
+the people, who had no love for them nor knew what liberty was, easily
+changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something by the innovation.
+
+Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their
+ancient traditions, their recollections--they forgot their writings,
+their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by heart
+other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics,
+other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their
+climate and their way of thinking. Then there was a falling-off,
+they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed of what was
+distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what was foreign
+and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they acquiesced.
+
+Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that
+caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in
+a strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the
+already naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not
+succeed in destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system
+afterwards developed and operated with unyielding tenacity.
+
+When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this stage,
+when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves,
+an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many
+dormant wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of
+the individual a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and to
+develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was revealed,
+it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort was made
+to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there were
+even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by
+trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for
+virtue but also even the tendency to vice.
+
+Then this which they had thought would be death was sure
+salvation. Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic
+remedy.
+
+So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the
+lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of
+the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer
+and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served
+repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study
+himself and to realize his misfortune. Those who had not expected this
+result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong every complaint,
+every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring thus to stifle
+every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake after mistake.
+
+The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it had
+been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was surely
+and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid endeavors
+of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. Thus when
+a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it more and
+more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows to fan
+it into life.
+
+Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and
+noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the
+rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among
+the dominated that aided the debasement of their own country. But
+both were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.
+
+Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what
+will their future be?
+
+Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if
+so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with
+or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices
+will have to be made?
+
+Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently,
+to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally themselves with
+neighboring powers?
+
+It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them
+both yes and no may be answered, according to the time desired to be
+covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how much less
+must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with mobility
+and movement! So it is that in order to deal with these questions, it
+is necessary to presume an unlimited period of time, and in accordance
+therewith try to forecast future events.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they
+continue to be a Spanish colony?
+
+Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at Legazpi's
+death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually undeceived and,
+finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, without
+any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a spirit
+enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those unconquerable
+Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of the Magalats,
+to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat Salakab of
+the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was merely a
+question of getting together and making a determined effort. But for
+him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw everywhere discord and
+disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower classes, discouragement
+and disunion in the upper, only one answer presented itself, and it
+was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his neck beneath the yoke and
+accept the future with the resignation of an invalid who watches the
+leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid whose snows he discerns the
+outlines of his grave. At that time discord justified pessimism--but
+three centuries passed, the neck had become accustomed to the yoke,
+and each new generation, begotten in chains, was constantly better
+adapted to the new order of things.
+
+Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three
+centuries ago?
+
+For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people
+remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced;
+for the friars and their followers the people have been redeemed from
+savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many Filipinos ethics,
+spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the good qualities of
+a people that falls into slavery that is, they have retrograded.
+
+Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our
+subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation
+then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not
+possible at that time can be so now, or vice versa.
+
+Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain;
+let us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there
+exist only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races;
+let us admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries
+of domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native
+a single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or
+not the Spanish cause has gained ground in the Islands.
+
+Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a
+handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were
+engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but
+also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against
+the Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and
+ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the
+interior. Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare
+and difficult; frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling
+powers in the Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life
+of the colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese
+trade. Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates,
+all enemies of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised
+fleet, generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners
+and enemies, as happened in the expedition of Gomez Perez Dasmarinas,
+which was checked and frustrated by the mutiny of the Chinese rowers,
+who killed him and thwarted all his plans and schemes. Yet in spite of
+so many adverse circumstances the Spanish authority has been upheld
+for more than three centuries and, though it has been curtailed,
+still continues to rule the destinies of the Philippine group.
+
+On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and
+rosy--as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed and
+stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of
+the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively
+improved; there is more organization in both civil and military
+affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer;
+she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country
+dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence,
+a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at
+first glance presages another three centuries, at least, of peaceful
+domination and tranquil suzerainty.
+
+But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible,
+of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental.
+
+Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people:
+delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite
+of contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different
+from his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything--liberty,
+ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit,
+sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word
+which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor
+expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he
+thinks he has received.
+
+So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three
+centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes
+dazzled by the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes cajoled by
+the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people like the
+Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of which
+they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a mysterious
+character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took advantage
+of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord and thus
+later to dominate both parties and subject them to his authority.
+
+Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, thanks
+to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions, and
+to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet
+been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher
+ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes
+of Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character,
+reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain,
+love of the fatherland, made of the native, encomendero [1] and even
+general, as during the English invasion; then there had not yet been
+invented the insulting and ridiculous epithets with which recently
+the most laborious and painful achievements of the native leaders
+have been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult
+and slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published
+with governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people
+that paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name,
+nor was it considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race,
+which was forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were
+religious hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared
+to write against it, as did the Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin and
+the Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light,
+and still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised
+to high offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time
+such as we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism
+have necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work
+of divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted
+into a caricature.
+
+The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination over
+the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it against
+the oppressive encomenderos. Naturally, the people saw in them greater
+learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in them, followed
+their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest hours. If
+they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the native and
+made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne. And not a
+few priests, both secular and regular, undertook dangerous journeys,
+as representatives of the country, and this, along with the strict
+and public residencia [2] then required of the governing powers,
+from the captain-general to the most insignificant official, rather
+consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, even though
+it were only in form, all the malcontents.
+
+All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like
+mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and
+it becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore,
+the general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old
+feuds among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence
+in its former protectors, now its exploiters and executioners. The
+masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past
+have come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live
+elsewhere, desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in
+order to go on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has
+seen not only that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that
+she poisons it to stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she
+flies into a rage! The ancient show of justice, the holy residencia,
+has disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard
+shown for a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in
+the government of his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to
+lose his liberty and his home; if he obey the order of one official,
+as in the recent matter of admitting corpses into the church, it is
+enough to have the obedient subject later harassed and persecuted in
+every possible way; obligations and taxes increase without thereby
+increasing rights, privileges and liberties or assuring the few in
+existence; a regime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the
+minds, a regime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that
+the imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality;
+the country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing
+is acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who
+are causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!
+
+True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such
+bitterness. [3] But of what use are all the codes in the world, if by
+means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through
+anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished
+without a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code,
+of what use is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in
+justice and confidence in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is
+all that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the
+cowardly accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous
+ears of the supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?
+
+If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the
+Philippines within a century?
+
+The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence
+of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that
+are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is
+not the place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict
+might have, for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon
+a thousand circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though
+all the advantage should be on the government's side and therefore
+the probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no
+government ought to desire such.
+
+If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain obstinate,
+and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition of
+the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to
+extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going
+to force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness
+of an unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against
+the hope of securing something indefinite. What would be lost in
+the struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the numerous discontented
+classes has no such great attraction that it should be preferred
+to a glorious death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt--but then,
+what? Would not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished,
+and might not the latter with time and experience become equal in
+strength, since they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who
+disputes this? All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the
+Philippines were the work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers,
+who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of
+their power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all
+failed. No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a
+need of the whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it
+left no ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they
+had been duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the
+overthrow of the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement
+springs from the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?
+
+So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not find
+capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors and
+faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political changes
+send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal it is out
+of order, proffered by the elements who see their livelihood in the
+backwardness of their subjects; if just claims are to go unheeded, as
+being of a subversive tendency; if the country is denied representation
+in the Cortes and an authorized voice to cry out against all kinds
+of abuses, which escape through the complexity of the laws; if, in
+short, the system, prolific in results of alienating the good will
+of the natives, is to continue, pricking his apathetic mind with
+insults and charges of ingratitude, we can assert that in a few years
+the present state of affairs will have been modified completely--and
+inevitably. There now exists a factor which was formerly lacking--the
+spirit of the nation has been aroused, and a common misfortune, a
+common debasement, has united all the inhabitants of the Islands. A
+numerous enlightened class now exists within and without the Islands,
+a class created and continually augmented by the stupidity of certain
+governing powers, which forces the inhabitants to leave the country,
+to secure education abroad, and it is maintained and struggles thanks
+to the provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class,
+whose number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication
+with the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the
+brain of the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous
+system and manifest its existence in all its acts.
+
+Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a people
+on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through
+a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch
+colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment
+of the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and
+the fostering of feuds among the races.
+
+Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be
+impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests
+the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years
+in the colleges, issuing therefrom tired, weary and disgusted with
+books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue
+to progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and
+missals that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge
+but even toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole
+elaborate system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who
+wish to keep the Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers,
+freethinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists
+and jurists. Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers
+quickens it. No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable
+in the Filipino people and somehow or other it will shine forth and
+compel recognition. It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of
+the Philippines!
+
+May poverty arrest their development?
+
+Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere
+shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes
+which are better off have always been addicted to peace and order,
+because they live comparatively better and may be the losers in
+civil disturbances. Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit of
+conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire to
+change things, and has little care for life. Machiavelli himself held
+this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss
+of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover,
+when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less
+complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for
+sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country
+what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what
+use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be?
+
+Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The
+Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the
+foreigner, like the Australians, the Polynesians and the Indians
+of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos have
+had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically
+visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays
+of Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and
+lives and thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum,
+that poison which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands,
+has no power in the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their
+present condition with that described by the early historians, makes
+it appear that the Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars
+with the inhabitants of the South consume only the soldiers, people
+who by their fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a menace,
+are surely one of its solidest supports.
+
+There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the provinces.
+
+This was formerly possible, when communication from one island
+to another was rare and difficult, when there were no steamers or
+telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the
+various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of
+privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But
+now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of
+distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants
+move from one island to another, communication and exchange of
+impressions naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened
+by the same peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands
+and make common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly
+perfected, but to this end tend the measures of good government,
+the vexations to which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent
+changes of officials, the scarcity of centers of learning, which
+forces the youth of all the Islands to come together and begin to
+get acquainted. The journeys to Europe contribute not a little to
+tighten the bonds, for abroad the inhabitants of the most widely
+separated provinces are impressed by their patriotic feelings,
+from sailors even to the wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of
+modern liberty and the memory of the misfortunes of their country,
+they embrace and call one another brothers.
+
+In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the Philippines
+are inevitable, are decreed by fate.
+
+The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without requiring
+from the sovereign country more liberty Mutatis mutandis. For new men,
+a new social order.
+
+To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to
+risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the
+old rags that bind it.
+
+The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but
+with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves
+independent, after steeping themselves and the mother country in blood.
+
+As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture,
+which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most
+desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution
+the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very
+least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain, they
+will necessarily have to be transformed in a political sense, for
+the course of their history and the needs of their inhabitants so
+require. This we demonstrated in the preceding article.
+
+We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if
+it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful
+if it emanate from the upper classes.
+
+Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their
+patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order
+to forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered
+up to the present time, they have produced scanty results, for the
+government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only
+a happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that
+they have been based upon unstable grounds.
+
+We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms
+which have a palliative character are not only ineffectual but even
+prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that must
+be cured radically. And were we not convinced of the honesty and
+rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say that all
+the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a physician who,
+not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to root it out,
+tries in this way to alleviate the patient's sufferings or to temporize
+with the cowardice of the timid and ignorant.
+
+All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and
+will be good--when carried out.
+
+When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho
+Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and
+well-appointed table "covered with fruit and many varieties of food
+differently prepared," but between the wretch's mouth and each dish
+the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, "Take it
+away!" The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as ever. True it is
+that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem to have been
+written by Cervantes especially for the colonial administrations:
+"You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except according to the usage and
+custom of other islands where there are governors." Something was
+found to be wrong with each dish: one was too hot, another too moist,
+and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios on both sides of the sea. Great
+good did his cook's skill do Sancho! [4]
+
+In the case of our country, the reforms take the place of the dishes,
+the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the quack physician is
+played by many persons, interested in not having the dishes touched,
+perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of them.
+
+The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines,
+misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling
+against his quack physician.
+
+In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the
+press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government
+and to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed,
+whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of
+the colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria
+island.
+
+The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin
+by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting
+Filipino delegates.
+
+The press is free in the Philippines, because their complaints rarely
+ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do they are so
+secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish them,
+or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly.
+
+A government that rules a country from a great distance is the one that
+has the most need for a free press, more so even than the government
+of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly. The
+government that governs in a country may even dispense with the press
+(if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes and ears,
+and because it directly observes what it rules and administers. But
+the government that governs from afar absolutely requires that the
+truth and the facts reach its knowledge by every possible channel,
+so that it may weigh and estimate them better, and this need increases
+when a country like the Philippines is concerned, where the inhabitants
+speak and complain in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern
+in any other way may also be called governing, but it is to govern
+badly. It amounts to pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of
+the parties; it is steering a ship without reckoning its conditions,
+the state of the sea, the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds
+and currents. It is managing a house by endeavoring merely to give
+it polish and a fine appearance without watching the money-chest,
+without looking after the servants and the members of the family.
+
+But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and
+routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see
+what History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in
+countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the
+human heart have been forced to remain silent.
+
+If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it
+would have warned him of the peril into which he was hurled and have
+made him understand that the people were weary and the earth wanted
+peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in foreign
+aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to strengthen
+his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records in her
+history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What colonies
+have become independent while they have had a free press and enjoyed
+liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with ample
+knowledge?
+
+Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the prestige
+of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be greatly
+imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is preferable to
+that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not by abetting
+and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them. Moreover,
+to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great men and
+their valets. We, who endure and know all the false pretensions and
+petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not need a free press in
+order to recognize them; they have long ago lost their prestige. The
+free press is needed by the government, the government which still
+dreams of the prestige which it builds upon mined ground.
+
+We say the same about the Filipino representatives.
+
+What risks does the government see in them? One of three things:
+either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or
+act properly.
+
+Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and admit
+the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for Spain,
+that all the representatives would be separatists and that in all
+their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a
+patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present there
+the vigilance of the governing powers to combat and oppose such
+intentions? And would not this be better than the discontent that
+ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in the huts and in
+the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare its blood
+where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of principles
+in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in swampy lands,
+three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable forests, under a
+burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific struggles of ideas,
+besides being a thermometer for the government, have the advantage of
+being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish parliament especially
+abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in debate. Moreover, it is
+said that the Filipinos are indolent and peaceful--then what need the
+government fear? Hasn't it any influence in the elections? Frankly,
+it is a great compliment to the separatists to fear them in the midst
+of the Cortes of the nation.
+
+If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they
+probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much
+the worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable
+votes, and the government could laugh openly at the separatists,
+if any there be.
+
+If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to
+their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable
+minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and
+will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of
+the nation.
+
+Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that they
+smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty
+General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots
+in person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will
+smell at worst like powder, and Senor Salamanca undoubtedly has no
+fear of that odor. And if this were all, the Filipinos, who there in
+their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become
+representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the
+legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of
+the Salamancas with the odor of the bath.
+
+It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers
+regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide
+nostrils. Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for
+example, which has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient
+civilization, considers all Europeans ugly and calls them "fan-kwai,"
+or red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than
+the European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to
+admit the inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to
+the Saxons, who are much whiter.
+
+And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament
+is an assemblage of Adonises, Antinouses, pretty boys, and other
+like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to
+legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary
+spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these
+objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils.
+
+So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have
+representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be
+silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government,
+as now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at
+least complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a
+way become responsible for their actions.
+
+We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by
+asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the
+indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness,
+the cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their
+obscurantism, may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But
+we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to
+it the road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not
+come to grief, so that discontent may disappear. If after so just,
+as well as necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino
+people are so stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their
+own interests, then let the responsibility fall upon them, let them
+suffer all the consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves,
+and the government can say that it has done its duty.
+
+These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted
+and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain,
+and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms sine
+quibus non.
+
+It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The free
+press will keep the government in touch with public opinion, and the
+representatives, if they are, as they ought to be, the best from among
+the sons of the Philippines, will be their hostages. With no cause
+for discontent, how then attempt to stir up the masses of the people?
+
+Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the
+imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the
+fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible
+reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own
+or another's fault) should be denied representation to look after
+them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who
+most need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights
+to civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since
+the Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay
+taxes or shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this
+fitness be denied him when the question arises of granting him some
+right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance,
+when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for
+learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every
+one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families
+make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a
+little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order
+to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened
+under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the
+government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent
+execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call
+education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay
+taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks
+after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the
+government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly.
+
+When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance,
+the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes
+the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and
+speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in
+the judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It
+subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest.
+
+Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the
+work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and
+that discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake
+off his indolence he can not complain when he sees all the offices
+filled by Castilas.
+
+We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into
+this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by
+the superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in
+the sovereign country, it should be practiced in the colonies, for
+the reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral
+qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem,
+upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues
+when he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will
+do away with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials
+capable and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives,
+instead of endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve
+to assure it, for what interest would they have in converting the
+sure and stable into the uncertain and problematical? The native
+is, moreover, very fond of peace and prefers an humble present to
+a brilliant future. Let the various Filipinos still holding office
+speak in this matter; they are the most unshaken conservatives.
+
+We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture,
+security of the individual and of property, education, and so on,
+but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles. For
+the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say
+that we ask too much.
+
+There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism:
+but what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore,
+wherein existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost
+complete abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was
+published these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities,
+that is, Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia
+far behind, the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles,
+have abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery--things
+impossible for even Utopia itself!
+
+The French colonies have their representatives. The question has also
+been raised in the English parliament of giving representation to
+the Crown colonies, for the others already enjoy some autonomy. The
+press there also is free. Only Spain, which in the sixteenth century
+was the model nation in civilization, lags far behind. Cuba and
+Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those of
+the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain,
+have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days
+had theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs
+of the country. They had them in Spain's critical moments, when she
+groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of
+the sovereign country's misfortune like other colonies, but tightened
+more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving proofs of
+their loyalty; and they continued until many years later. What crime
+have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their rights?
+
+To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they
+enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their
+inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted,
+if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery
+or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.
+
+Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to
+be exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the
+sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden
+eggs and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however
+great may be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to
+hinder the operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies
+established to subserve the policy and the commerce of the sovereign
+country, all eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before
+Bachelet all the Phoenecian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English,
+Portuguese and Spanish colonies had said it.
+
+Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples
+do not live for three centuries in continual contact, sharing the
+same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same
+beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas,
+but that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned
+by arms or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered
+affection. Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said:
+la natura degli huomini, e cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi
+fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono (it is human nature to be
+bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this,
+and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena
+of politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much
+the Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their
+redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about
+in exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in
+its atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm,
+with the fortune of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one
+man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that
+six millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed,
+denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap
+upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that
+can excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the
+offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity
+of the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that
+are committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim
+the sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family,
+the sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the
+name of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the
+Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights
+and liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people
+that prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask another,
+trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name!
+
+We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of debate
+so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall not
+cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law,
+but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall
+(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what
+course will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to
+occupy the places that we leave vacant.
+
+If what we desire is not realized....
+
+In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn
+away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what
+the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful
+of dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and
+sound its terrible mysteries.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+History does not record in its annals any lasting domination exercised
+by one people over another, of different race, of diverse usages and
+customs, of opposite and divergent ideals.
+
+One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was
+driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors
+and the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way
+and perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World,
+Australia and New Zealand.
+
+One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which
+lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the
+country conquered, even though the Peninsula was broken up into small
+states, which gradually emerged like little islands in the midst
+of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of the chivalrous
+spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of the califs,
+they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn conflicts,
+which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries.
+
+The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength
+and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science
+teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism,
+is eliminated or becomes encysted.
+
+Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies
+complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering
+element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader.
+
+Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must
+conclude, as a deduction from all we have said, that if their
+population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators
+do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and
+free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to
+different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute
+one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed
+by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some
+day the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves
+independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish
+patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the
+doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands
+themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows,
+and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation
+by ethical forces.
+
+We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to exterminate
+the Filipino people. And even were it possible, what interest would
+Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a country she
+can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a certain extent
+disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be without
+the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and
+the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies,
+a colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it
+possesses inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the
+six million Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and
+that they have never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain
+would have to sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we
+commend to the notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation.
+
+But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the
+education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by
+Spain to the Filipinos, then they will seek enlightenment abroad,
+behind the mother country's back, or they will secure by hook or
+by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that
+the opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be
+futile but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love
+and gratitude into resentment and hatred.
+
+Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other,
+will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially
+when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that
+they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty
+power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent
+measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph
+and be generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either
+to teach a stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to
+revenge upon the vanquished the spells of excitement and terror
+that the danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those
+catastrophes is the accumulation of acts of injustice committed
+against the innocent and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals,
+denunciations, despicable accusations, resentments, covetousness,
+the opportune moment for calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of
+the courts martial, the pretext of the integrity of the fatherland
+and the safety of the state, which cloaks and justifies everything,
+even for scrupulous minds, which unfortunately are still rare, and
+above all the panic-stricken timidity, the cowardice that battens upon
+the conquered--all these things augment the severe measures and the
+number of the victims. The result is that a chasm of blood is then
+opened between the two peoples, that the wounded and the afflicted,
+instead of becoming fewer, are increased, for to the families and
+friends of the guilty, who always think the punishment excessive
+and the judge unjust, must be added the families and friends of the
+innocent, who see no advantage in living and working submissively
+and peacefully. Note, too, that if severe measures are dangerous in
+a nation made up of a homogeneous population, the peril is increased
+a hundred-fold when the government is formed of a race different from
+the governed. In the former an injustice may still be ascribed to one
+man alone, to a governor actuated by personal malice, and with the
+death of the tyrant the victim is reconciled to the government of
+his nation. But in a country dominated by a foreign race, even the
+justest act of severity is construed as injustice and oppression,
+because it is ordered by a foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is
+an enemy of the country, and the offense hurts not only the victim
+but his entire race, because it is not usually regarded as personal,
+and so the resentment naturally spreads to the whole governing race
+and does not die out with the offender.
+
+Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised
+by colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the
+colonies in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training
+schools, contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that
+the colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent.
+
+Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In
+proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall,
+the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect
+itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life
+depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly
+weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is
+less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She
+is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of
+servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves
+refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die.
+
+Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other
+the sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these
+incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize
+the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle
+will be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than
+death for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the
+dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.
+
+Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her
+army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands,
+from her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people
+whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to
+give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions
+and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All
+this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts,
+murders, conflagrations, military executions, famine and misery.
+
+The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything,
+in favorable moments, for his country's good. He has the intrepidity
+of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he
+is quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he
+is once aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means
+death to one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all
+the tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in
+the same way that it does quadrupeds.
+
+The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts will
+have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen
+their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the
+Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine
+conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared,
+they will extend mutual support, like shipwrecked persons when they
+reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said
+that we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They
+achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated
+by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger
+of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example,
+will force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of
+any great preponderance of one race over the others will free their
+imagination from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency
+of countries that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off
+the yoke, is to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school,
+like the beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will
+probably declare themselves a federal republic.
+
+If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and stubborn
+conflicts, they can rest assured that neither England, nor Germany,
+nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up what Spain
+has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will completely
+absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no sensible nation
+which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile islands, will
+neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark Continent, untouched,
+undeveloped and almost undefended. England has enough colonies in the
+Orient and is not going to risk losing her balance. She is not going
+to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor Philippine Islands--if
+she had entertained such an intention she would not have restored
+Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point in the Philippines,
+whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what need has John
+Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines, when he is
+already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore, Hongkong
+and Shanghai? It is probable that England will look favorably upon
+the independence of the Philippines, for it will open their ports to
+her and afford greater freedom to her commerce. Furthermore, there
+exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions to the effect
+that she already has too many colonies, that they are harmful, that
+they greatly weaken the sovereign country.
+
+For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and because
+a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will endanger
+her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as much in
+the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy territory
+that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign complications.
+
+France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and
+China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal
+for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that
+grow on the battlefields of Europe. The echo from battlefields in the
+Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches her
+quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and
+on the continent.
+
+Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and
+Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose
+seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland
+proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of
+losing everything.
+
+China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping
+herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European
+powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia.
+
+The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies and
+watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even
+to her official language. She is, moreover, under such diplomatic
+pressure from Europe that she can not think of outside affairs until
+she is freed from it, which will not be an easy matter. True it is
+that she has an excess of population, but Korea attracts her more
+than the Philippines and is, also, easier to seize.
+
+Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the
+Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day
+dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example
+is contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest
+vices, and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan
+question. But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of
+the States congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly
+attempt it the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they
+know very well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North
+America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get
+into the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to her traditions.
+
+Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the
+liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the
+new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of
+their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide
+road of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their
+fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm
+with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors,
+so long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have
+withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their
+gold for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and
+coal. Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile
+life for which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and
+instincts, and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage,
+like the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine
+virtues that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted
+to peace--cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring.
+
+These and many other things may come to pass within something like a
+hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based
+on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant
+causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony's ship altered the face of
+the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon changed
+the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how many
+just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on
+that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his
+teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried
+all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world,
+and freed Europe. Upon what chance accidents will the destiny of the
+Philippines depend?
+
+Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is
+sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings
+of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject
+to it.
+
+Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time,
+that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than
+to give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the
+latter contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million
+Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let
+the government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without
+damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never
+tire of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer
+this unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother
+country: "Spain, we have spent our youth in serving thy interests in
+the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we have expended
+the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and enthusiasm of our
+hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to draw from thee a
+glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us the peace of our
+native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate islands! Spain,
+thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride, hast pursued
+thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely because we
+love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate all kinds
+of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched country,
+when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to it that,
+since for it we have lost everything--youth, future, hope, peace,
+family; since in its service we have exhausted all the resources of
+hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also takes the residue which
+we can not use, the blood from our veins and the strength left in our
+arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that thou hast no ear for
+her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she must redeem herself?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S FAREWELL ADDRESS
+
+ADDRESS TO SOME FILIPINOS
+
+
+"Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been
+in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a
+painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over
+an incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications
+of the disturbances continuing, and if any still, in good or bad faith,
+are availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive
+the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may
+be known.
+
+"From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what
+was being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute
+impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now
+living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and,
+what was worse, would bring great suffering.
+
+"I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement
+materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices,
+but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might
+seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills
+which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any
+sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally
+is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most
+anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of
+them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people,
+that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an
+individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I
+have recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without
+which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat
+my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above,
+that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain.
+
+"Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn,
+this uprising,--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back,--which
+dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our
+cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it,
+pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived.
+
+"Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked
+in bad faith.
+
+
+    Jose Rizal.
+
+                                    "Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896.
+
+
+The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address:
+
+
+"The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal proposes
+to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest
+against separatist manifestations and tendencies which ought to
+come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According
+to his declarations, Don Jose Rizal limits himself to condemning
+the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he
+considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred
+that the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less
+dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the
+culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat
+and guarantee its successful issue.
+
+"For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles nor of
+aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words: 'Because of
+my proofs of the rebellion's certainty to fail, lay down your arms,
+my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the Promised Land.'
+
+"So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the
+future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of
+the proposed address seems impolitic, and I would recommend to Your
+Excellency to forbid its being made public, but to order that all
+these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate therein and added to
+the case against Rizal."
+
+                                          "Manila, December 19th, 1896."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RIZAL'S DEFENCE
+
+
+These "Additions" were really Doctor Rizal's defence before the
+court martial which condemned him and pretended to have tried him,
+on the charge of having organized revolutionary societies and so
+being responsible for the rebellion.
+
+The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from the
+junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his superiors
+in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably weak. The
+court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded back of
+him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his death,
+recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and of
+the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled
+to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for
+the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his
+behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews
+as well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to
+extort a confession implicating the Doctor.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONS TO MY DEFENCE
+
+Don Jose Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests the Court Martial to
+consider well the following circumstances:
+
+First.--Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely no
+connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised
+by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled
+against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela
+left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking
+part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for pardon.
+
+Secondly.--A proof that I maintained no political relation with any
+one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was in the habit of
+sending letters by my family, is the fact that it was necessary to
+send Don Pio Valenzuela under an assumed name, at considerable cost,
+when in the same steamer were travelling five members of my family
+besides two servants. If what has been charged were true, what occasion
+was there for Don Pio to attract the attention of any one and incur
+large expenses? Besides, the mere fact of Sr. Valenzuela's coming to
+inform me of the rebellion proves that I was not in correspondence
+with its promoters for if I had been then I should have known of
+it, for making an uprising is a sufficiently serious matter not to
+hide it from me. When they took the step of sending Sr. Valenzuela,
+it proves that they were aware that I knew nothing, that is to say,
+that I was not maintaining correspondence with them. Another negative
+proof is that not a single letter of mine can be shown.
+
+Thirdly.--They cruelly abused my name and at the last hour wanted
+to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me before? They
+might say likewise that I was, if not content, at least resigned to my
+fate, for I had refused various propositions which a number of people
+made me to rescue me from that place. Only in these last months, in
+consequence of certain domestic affairs, having had differences with
+a missionary padre, I had sought to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don
+Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I might put myself in security,
+because, according to him, it was possible that they might compromise
+me. As I considered myself wholly innocent and was not posted on the
+details of the movement (besides that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela)
+I took no precautions, but when His Excellency, the Governor General,
+wrote me announcing my departure for Cuba, I embarked at once,
+leaving all my affairs unattended to. And yet I could have gone to
+another part or simply have staid in Dapitan for His Excellency's
+letter was conditional. It said--"If you persist in your idea of
+going to Cuba, etc." When the uprising occurred it found me on board
+the warship "Castilla", and I offered myself unconditionally to His
+Excellency. Twelve or fourteen days later I set out for Europe, and
+had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried to escape in some
+port en route, especially Singapore, where I went ashore and when
+other passengers who had passports for Spain staid over. I had an
+easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba.
+
+Fourthly.--In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make
+excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which
+lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had
+intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in
+the vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would
+I have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family
+to live with me.
+
+Fifthly.--Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of a
+chief is he who is ignored in the plotting and who is notified only
+that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no, they say yes?
+
+--As to the "Liga":
+
+Sixthly.--It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were to
+promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc., by means of united action,
+as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather
+the reverse.
+
+Seventhly.--The "Liga" never came into real existence nor ever got
+to working, since after the first meeting no one paid any attention
+to it, because I was exiled a few days later.
+
+Eighthly.--If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by other
+persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact.
+
+Ninthly.--The "Liga" was not a society with harmful tendencies and
+the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it, organizing
+the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had the "Liga"
+lacked only a little of being adapted for rebellion, the radicals
+would not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides,
+if, as some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and
+for the prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of
+"Liga". Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves clearly that
+they neither counted on me nor did the "Liga" serve their purposes,
+otherwise they would not have made another society when they had one
+already organized.
+
+Tenthly.--As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there are
+any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances
+under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two
+dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law
+and my brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from
+an inquiry of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch
+of the government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in
+Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on our side.
+
+Eleventhly.--That I have endured exile without complaint, not because
+of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I had
+been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of
+the district where I resided of my conduct during these four years
+of exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests
+despite my personal differences with one of them.
+
+Twelfthly.--All these facts and considerations destroy the
+little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me,
+with whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible
+that in a single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism,
+at a gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went
+no further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were
+present had been influenced by my words they would not have let the
+"Liga" die. Is it that those who formed part of the "Liga" that night
+founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who went to Dapitan to interview
+me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why was not an acquaintance sent,
+in whom I would have had more confidence? Because those acquainted
+with me knew very well that I had forsaken politics or that, realizing
+my views on rebellion, they must have refused to undertake a mission
+useless and unpromising.
+
+I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that neither
+did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I taken
+part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion,
+but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making
+public of a private conversation has proven.
+
+
+    Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896.
+
+        JOSE RIZAL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RESPECTING THE REBELLION.
+
+    The remarks about the rebellion are from a photographic copy
+    of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief speech. The
+    manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of
+    Saragossa, Spain.
+
+
+I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or
+second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying
+that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd,
+etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised
+him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that
+he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that
+probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have
+patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my
+innocence. "Besides, said I, don't consider me but our country which
+is the one that will suffer." I went on to show how absurd was the
+movement.--This later Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not tell me
+that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its
+chief, nor anything of that sort.
+
+Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I
+know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of
+my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them
+or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their
+own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is
+the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not
+consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last
+moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the
+seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It
+seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their
+own ends.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+              A plant I am, that scarcely grown,
+            Was torn from out its Eastern bed,
+            Where all around perfume is shed,
+            And life but as a dream is known;
+            The land that I can call my own,
+            By me forgotten ne'er to be,
+            Where trilling birds their song taught me,
+            And cascades with their ceaseless roar,
+            And all along the spreading shore
+            The murmurs of the sounding sea.
+
+              While yet in childhood's happy day,
+            I learned upon its sun to smile,
+            And in my breast there seemed the while
+            Seething volcanic fires to play;
+            A bard I was, and my wish alway
+            To call upon the fleeting wind,
+            With all the force of verse and mind:
+            "Go forth, and spread around its fame,
+            From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
+            And earth to heaven together bind!"
+
+                                          From "Mi Piden Versos" (1882),
+                                      verses from Madrid for his mother.
+
+
+
+
+              One by one they have passed on,
+            All I loved and moved among;
+            Dead or married--from me gone,
+            For all I place my heart upon
+            By fate adverse are stung.
+
+              Go thou too, O Muse, depart;
+            Other regions fairer find;
+            For my land but offers art
+            For the laurel, chains that bind,
+            For a temple, prisons blind.
+
+              But before thou leavest me, speak;
+            Tell me with thy voice sublime,
+            Thou couldst ever from me seek
+            A song of sorrow for the weak,
+            Defiance to the tyrant's crime.
+
+                                                From "A Mi Musa" (1884),
+                                    requested by a young lady of Madrid.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] An encomendero was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful
+service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and
+the duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious
+instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine annals
+chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized it.
+
+[2] No official was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration
+of his term of office until his successor or a council appointed by
+the sovereign inquired into all the acts of his administration and
+approved them. (This residencia was a fertile source of recrimination
+and retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little
+further on as "the ancient show of justice."
+
+[3] The penal code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of
+September 4, 1884.
+
+[4] Cervantes' "Don Quijote," Part II, chapter 47.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal
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