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diff --git a/35899.txt b/35899.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eee417d --- /dev/null +++ b/35899.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2170 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Philippines A Century Hence + +Author: Jose Rizal + +Editor: Austin Craig + +Translator: Charles Derbyshire + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series + Edited by Austin Craig + + THE PHILIPPINES + A CENTURY HENCE + + + By JOSE RIZAL + + + Manila: 1912 + Philippine Education Company + 34 Escolta + + + + + + + "In the Philippine Islands the American government has + tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the + greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in + the Philippines, Jose Rizal, steadfastly advocated." + + --From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April + 7th. 1903, by the President of the United States. + + + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +As "Filipinas dentro de Cien Anos", this article was originally +published serially in the Filipino fortnightly review "La Solidaridad", +of Madrid, running through the issues from September, 1889, to +January, 1890. + +It supplements Rizal's great novel "Noli Me Tangere" and its sequel +"El Filibusterismo", and the translation here given is fortunately by +Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in his "The Social Cancer" and "The Reign +of Greed" has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces +of Rizal. + +The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in +mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather's blundering, wavering policy +that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the natives' natural +rights, put his country in the false light of wanting to share in +Samoa's exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with +Germany and England. + +Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy +condition created by that disastrous international agreement +which was achieved by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe +flattering unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies +preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than +the republic acting unhampered. + +In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a +triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It +resulted that "the international agreement" became a constant cause +of international disagreements, as any student of history could have +foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the United States +tardily recalled Washington's warning against entanglements with +foreign powers and became a party to a real partition, but this time +playing the lamb's part. England was compensated with concessions +in other parts of the world, the United States was "given" what it +already held under a cession twenty-seven years old,--and Germany +took the rest as her emperor had planned from the start. + +There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same stripe +of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced +the Samoans under the ungentle German rule--for their victims and not +themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the neutralization +by international agreement of the Archipelago for which Rizal gave +his life. Their success would mean another "entangling alliance" +for the United States, with six allies, or nine including Holland, +China and Spain, if the "great republic" should be allowed by the +diplomats of the "Great Powers" to invite these nonentities in world +politics, with whom she would still be outvoted. + +Rizal's reference to America as a possible factor in the Philippines' +future is based upon the prediction of the German traveller Feodor +Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the Islands and later +published his observations, supplemented by ten years of further study +in European libraries and museums, as "Travels in the Philippines", +to use the title of the English translation,--a very poor one, by the +way. Rizal read the much better Spanish version while a student in the +Ateneo de Manila, from a copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who +directed his younger brother's political education and transferred to +Jose the hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of +his beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection. + +Jagor's prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal's public life. His +policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and commercial +competition seems to have had its inspiration in this reading done +when he was a youth in years but mature in fact through close contact +with tragic public events as well as with sensational private sorrows. + +When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the distinguished +geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became fast friends, +often discussing how the progress of events was bringing true the +fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history and the +acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained observer +to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist foretells +the morrow's weather. + +A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He +republished Morga's History (first published in Mexico in 1609) to +recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El +Filibusterismo was sketched the future which continuance upon their +then course must bring. "The Philippines A Century Hence" suggests +other possibilities, and seems to have been the initial issue in the +series of ten which Rizal planned to print, one a year, to correct the +misunderstanding of his previous writings which had come from their +being known mainly by the extracts cited in the censors' criticism. + +Jose Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen and as +the different elements in his divided native land recognized that +these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that their +points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension +disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death, +the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as +their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on +differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that +the American Government in the Philippines, properly approached, +is willing to grant all that Rizal considered important, and when +Americans understand that the people of the Philippines, unaccustomed +to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content with so little +even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some salve for their +unwittingly wounded amor propio. + +A better knowledge of the writings of Jose Rizal may accomplish this +desirable consummation. + + + "I do not write for this generation. I am writing for other + ages. If this could read me, they would burn my books, the + work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation which + interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they + will understand me and say: 'Not all were asleep in the night-time + of our grandparents'." + + --The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me Tangere. + + + + + + +JAGOR'S PROPHECY + + The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal's Policy of Preparation + For the Philippines + + +This extract is translated from Pages 287-289 of "Reisen in den +Philippinen von F. Jagor: Berlin 1873". + +"The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with the +changed conditions of the present time. + +"The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. Every +facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old +system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal +reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs +are introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self +respect of the population, the more impatiently will the existing +evils be endured. + +"England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to the +world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the +bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of raw material by +means of English capital, and the exchange of the same for English +manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the organization of +her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly all the foreigners +even in the British possessions are for the most part agents for +English business houses, which would scarcely be affected, at least +to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. It is entirely +different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an inherited +property, and without the power of turning it to any useful account. + +"Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent disregard +and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the example +of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of the +American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the Philippines; +but of the monopolies I have said enough. + +"Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they formerly were +in America, excluded from all official appointments; but they feel +deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters which +the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila. + +"Also the influence of American elements is at least discernible +on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the relations of +the two countries grow closer. At present these are still of little +importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes, which +lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union. Nevertheless, +he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future destiny of the +Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations to Spain; +he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few decades +are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first time in +the world's history, the gigantic nations on both sides of a gigantic +ocean are beginning to come into direct intercourse: Russia, which +alone is greater than two divisions of the world together; China, +which within her narrow bounds contains a third of the human race; +America, with cultivable soil enough to support almost three times +the entire population of the earth. Russia's future role in the +Pacific Ocean at present baffles all calculations. The intercourse +of the two other powers will probably have all the more important +consequences when the adjustment between the immeasurable necessity +for human labor-power on the one hand, and a correspondingly great +surplus of that power on the other, shall fall on it as a problem." + +"The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the +Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one +time for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed +with the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the +history of the world may be really said to have begun. A start in that +direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean +was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a +year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California, +that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception +of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is +now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided +from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among +the world's greatest seaports. + +"But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of America +extends the influence of the American elements over the South Sea, the +ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the Spanish +colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines also. The +Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted by the +Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New World, +representatives of the body of free citizens in contradistinction to +the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of the pioneer where +the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and sword. A considerable +part of Spanish America already belongs to the United States, and has, +since that occurred, attained an importance which could not have been +anticipated either during Spanish rule or during the anarchy which +ensued after and from it. In the long run, the Spanish system cannot +prevail over the American. While the former exhausts the colonies +through direct appropriation of them to the privileged classes, and +the metropolis through the drain of its best forces (with, besides, a +feeble population), America draws to itself the most energetic element +from all lands; and these on her soil, free from all trammels, and +restlessly pushing forward, are continually extending further her +power and influence. The Philippines will so much the less escape +the influence of the two great neighboring empires, since neither +the islands nor their metropolis are in a condition of stable +equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives that the opinions +here expressed shall not too soon be realized as facts, for their +training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them for success in +the contest with those restless, active, most inconsiderate peoples; +they have dreamed away their youth." + + + + + + +THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE + + +I. + +Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most difficult and +delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without weighing the +consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we shall in the +present article treat of their future. + +In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open +the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced +in general terms to what follows. + +Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had to +sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and +ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles, +in that terrible crisis when a people changes its form of government, +its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the Philippines were +depopulated, impoverished and retarded--caught in their metamorphosis, +without confidence in their past, without faith in their present and +with no fond hope for the years to come. The former rulers who had +merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of their subjects, +habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from a dead tree, and +the people, who had no love for them nor knew what liberty was, easily +changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something by the innovation. + +Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their +ancient traditions, their recollections--they forgot their writings, +their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by heart +other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics, +other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their +climate and their way of thinking. Then there was a falling-off, +they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed of what was +distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what was foreign +and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they acquiesced. + +Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that +caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in +a strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the +already naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not +succeed in destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system +afterwards developed and operated with unyielding tenacity. + +When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this stage, +when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves, +an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many +dormant wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of +the individual a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and to +develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was revealed, +it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort was made +to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there were +even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by +trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for +virtue but also even the tendency to vice. + +Then this which they had thought would be death was sure +salvation. Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic +remedy. + +So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the +lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of +the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer +and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served +repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study +himself and to realize his misfortune. Those who had not expected this +result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong every complaint, +every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring thus to stifle +every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake after mistake. + +The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it had +been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was surely +and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid endeavors +of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. Thus when +a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it more and +more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows to fan +it into life. + +Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and +noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the +rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among +the dominated that aided the debasement of their own country. But +both were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms. + +Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what +will their future be? + +Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if +so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with +or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices +will have to be made? + +Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently, +to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally themselves with +neighboring powers? + +It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them +both yes and no may be answered, according to the time desired to be +covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how much less +must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with mobility +and movement! So it is that in order to deal with these questions, it +is necessary to presume an unlimited period of time, and in accordance +therewith try to forecast future events. + + + + +II. + +What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they +continue to be a Spanish colony? + +Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at Legazpi's +death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually undeceived and, +finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, without +any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a spirit +enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those unconquerable +Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of the Magalats, +to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat Salakab of +the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was merely a +question of getting together and making a determined effort. But for +him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw everywhere discord and +disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower classes, discouragement +and disunion in the upper, only one answer presented itself, and it +was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his neck beneath the yoke and +accept the future with the resignation of an invalid who watches the +leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid whose snows he discerns the +outlines of his grave. At that time discord justified pessimism--but +three centuries passed, the neck had become accustomed to the yoke, +and each new generation, begotten in chains, was constantly better +adapted to the new order of things. + +Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three +centuries ago? + +For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people +remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced; +for the friars and their followers the people have been redeemed from +savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many Filipinos ethics, +spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the good qualities of +a people that falls into slavery that is, they have retrograded. + +Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our +subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation +then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not +possible at that time can be so now, or vice versa. + +Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain; +let us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there +exist only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races; +let us admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries +of domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native +a single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or +not the Spanish cause has gained ground in the Islands. + +Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a +handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were +engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but +also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against +the Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and +ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the +interior. Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare +and difficult; frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling +powers in the Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life +of the colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese +trade. Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates, +all enemies of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised +fleet, generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners +and enemies, as happened in the expedition of Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, +which was checked and frustrated by the mutiny of the Chinese rowers, +who killed him and thwarted all his plans and schemes. Yet in spite of +so many adverse circumstances the Spanish authority has been upheld +for more than three centuries and, though it has been curtailed, +still continues to rule the destinies of the Philippine group. + +On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and +rosy--as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed and +stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of +the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively +improved; there is more organization in both civil and military +affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer; +she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country +dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence, +a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at +first glance presages another three centuries, at least, of peaceful +domination and tranquil suzerainty. + +But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible, +of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental. + +Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people: +delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite +of contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different +from his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything--liberty, +ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit, +sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word +which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor +expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he +thinks he has received. + +So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three +centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes +dazzled by the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes cajoled by +the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people like the +Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of which +they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a mysterious +character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took advantage +of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord and thus +later to dominate both parties and subject them to his authority. + +Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, thanks +to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions, and +to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet +been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher +ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes +of Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character, +reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain, +love of the fatherland, made of the native, encomendero [1] and even +general, as during the English invasion; then there had not yet been +invented the insulting and ridiculous epithets with which recently +the most laborious and painful achievements of the native leaders +have been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult +and slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published +with governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people +that paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name, +nor was it considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race, +which was forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were +religious hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared +to write against it, as did the Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin and +the Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light, +and still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised +to high offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time +such as we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism +have necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work +of divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted +into a caricature. + +The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination over +the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it against +the oppressive encomenderos. Naturally, the people saw in them greater +learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in them, followed +their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest hours. If +they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the native and +made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne. And not a +few priests, both secular and regular, undertook dangerous journeys, +as representatives of the country, and this, along with the strict +and public residencia [2] then required of the governing powers, +from the captain-general to the most insignificant official, rather +consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, even though +it were only in form, all the malcontents. + +All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like +mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and +it becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore, +the general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old +feuds among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence +in its former protectors, now its exploiters and executioners. The +masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past +have come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live +elsewhere, desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in +order to go on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has +seen not only that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that +she poisons it to stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she +flies into a rage! The ancient show of justice, the holy residencia, +has disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard +shown for a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in +the government of his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to +lose his liberty and his home; if he obey the order of one official, +as in the recent matter of admitting corpses into the church, it is +enough to have the obedient subject later harassed and persecuted in +every possible way; obligations and taxes increase without thereby +increasing rights, privileges and liberties or assuring the few in +existence; a regime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the +minds, a regime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that +the imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality; +the country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing +is acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who +are causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them! + +True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such +bitterness. [3] But of what use are all the codes in the world, if by +means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through +anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished +without a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code, +of what use is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in +justice and confidence in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is +all that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the +cowardly accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous +ears of the supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice? + +If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the +Philippines within a century? + +The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence +of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that +are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is +not the place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict +might have, for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon +a thousand circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though +all the advantage should be on the government's side and therefore +the probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no +government ought to desire such. + +If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain obstinate, +and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition of +the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to +extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going +to force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness +of an unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against +the hope of securing something indefinite. What would be lost in +the struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the numerous discontented +classes has no such great attraction that it should be preferred +to a glorious death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt--but then, +what? Would not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished, +and might not the latter with time and experience become equal in +strength, since they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who +disputes this? All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the +Philippines were the work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers, +who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of +their power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all +failed. No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a +need of the whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it +left no ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they +had been duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the +overthrow of the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement +springs from the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes? + +So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not find +capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors and +faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political changes +send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal it is out +of order, proffered by the elements who see their livelihood in the +backwardness of their subjects; if just claims are to go unheeded, as +being of a subversive tendency; if the country is denied representation +in the Cortes and an authorized voice to cry out against all kinds +of abuses, which escape through the complexity of the laws; if, in +short, the system, prolific in results of alienating the good will +of the natives, is to continue, pricking his apathetic mind with +insults and charges of ingratitude, we can assert that in a few years +the present state of affairs will have been modified completely--and +inevitably. There now exists a factor which was formerly lacking--the +spirit of the nation has been aroused, and a common misfortune, a +common debasement, has united all the inhabitants of the Islands. A +numerous enlightened class now exists within and without the Islands, +a class created and continually augmented by the stupidity of certain +governing powers, which forces the inhabitants to leave the country, +to secure education abroad, and it is maintained and struggles thanks +to the provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class, +whose number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication +with the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the +brain of the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous +system and manifest its existence in all its acts. + +Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a people +on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through +a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch +colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment +of the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and +the fostering of feuds among the races. + +Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be +impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests +the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years +in the colleges, issuing therefrom tired, weary and disgusted with +books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue +to progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and +missals that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge +but even toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole +elaborate system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who +wish to keep the Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers, +freethinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists +and jurists. Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers +quickens it. No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable +in the Filipino people and somehow or other it will shine forth and +compel recognition. It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of +the Philippines! + +May poverty arrest their development? + +Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere +shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes +which are better off have always been addicted to peace and order, +because they live comparatively better and may be the losers in +civil disturbances. Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit of +conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire to +change things, and has little care for life. Machiavelli himself held +this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss +of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover, +when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less +complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for +sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country +what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what +use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be? + +Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The +Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the +foreigner, like the Australians, the Polynesians and the Indians +of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos have +had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically +visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays +of Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and +lives and thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum, +that poison which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands, +has no power in the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their +present condition with that described by the early historians, makes +it appear that the Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars +with the inhabitants of the South consume only the soldiers, people +who by their fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a menace, +are surely one of its solidest supports. + +There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the provinces. + +This was formerly possible, when communication from one island +to another was rare and difficult, when there were no steamers or +telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the +various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of +privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But +now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of +distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants +move from one island to another, communication and exchange of +impressions naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened +by the same peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands +and make common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly +perfected, but to this end tend the measures of good government, +the vexations to which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent +changes of officials, the scarcity of centers of learning, which +forces the youth of all the Islands to come together and begin to +get acquainted. The journeys to Europe contribute not a little to +tighten the bonds, for abroad the inhabitants of the most widely +separated provinces are impressed by their patriotic feelings, +from sailors even to the wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of +modern liberty and the memory of the misfortunes of their country, +they embrace and call one another brothers. + +In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the Philippines +are inevitable, are decreed by fate. + +The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without requiring +from the sovereign country more liberty Mutatis mutandis. For new men, +a new social order. + +To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to +risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the +old rags that bind it. + +The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but +with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves +independent, after steeping themselves and the mother country in blood. + +As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture, +which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most +desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution +the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very +least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties. + + + + +III. + +If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain, they +will necessarily have to be transformed in a political sense, for +the course of their history and the needs of their inhabitants so +require. This we demonstrated in the preceding article. + +We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if +it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful +if it emanate from the upper classes. + +Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their +patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order +to forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered +up to the present time, they have produced scanty results, for the +government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only +a happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that +they have been based upon unstable grounds. + +We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms +which have a palliative character are not only ineffectual but even +prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that must +be cured radically. And were we not convinced of the honesty and +rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say that all +the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a physician who, +not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to root it out, +tries in this way to alleviate the patient's sufferings or to temporize +with the cowardice of the timid and ignorant. + +All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and +will be good--when carried out. + +When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho +Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and +well-appointed table "covered with fruit and many varieties of food +differently prepared," but between the wretch's mouth and each dish +the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, "Take it +away!" The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as ever. True it is +that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem to have been +written by Cervantes especially for the colonial administrations: +"You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except according to the usage and +custom of other islands where there are governors." Something was +found to be wrong with each dish: one was too hot, another too moist, +and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios on both sides of the sea. Great +good did his cook's skill do Sancho! [4] + +In the case of our country, the reforms take the place of the dishes, +the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the quack physician is +played by many persons, interested in not having the dishes touched, +perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of them. + +The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines, +misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling +against his quack physician. + +In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the +press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government +and to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed, +whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of +the colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria +island. + +The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin +by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting +Filipino delegates. + +The press is free in the Philippines, because their complaints rarely +ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do they are so +secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish them, +or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly. + +A government that rules a country from a great distance is the one that +has the most need for a free press, more so even than the government +of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly. The +government that governs in a country may even dispense with the press +(if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes and ears, +and because it directly observes what it rules and administers. But +the government that governs from afar absolutely requires that the +truth and the facts reach its knowledge by every possible channel, +so that it may weigh and estimate them better, and this need increases +when a country like the Philippines is concerned, where the inhabitants +speak and complain in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern +in any other way may also be called governing, but it is to govern +badly. It amounts to pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of +the parties; it is steering a ship without reckoning its conditions, +the state of the sea, the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds +and currents. It is managing a house by endeavoring merely to give +it polish and a fine appearance without watching the money-chest, +without looking after the servants and the members of the family. + +But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and +routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see +what History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in +countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the +human heart have been forced to remain silent. + +If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it +would have warned him of the peril into which he was hurled and have +made him understand that the people were weary and the earth wanted +peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in foreign +aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to strengthen +his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records in her +history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What colonies +have become independent while they have had a free press and enjoyed +liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with ample +knowledge? + +Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the prestige +of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be greatly +imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is preferable to +that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not by abetting +and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them. Moreover, +to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great men and +their valets. We, who endure and know all the false pretensions and +petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not need a free press in +order to recognize them; they have long ago lost their prestige. The +free press is needed by the government, the government which still +dreams of the prestige which it builds upon mined ground. + +We say the same about the Filipino representatives. + +What risks does the government see in them? One of three things: +either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or +act properly. + +Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and admit +the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for Spain, +that all the representatives would be separatists and that in all +their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a +patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present there +the vigilance of the governing powers to combat and oppose such +intentions? And would not this be better than the discontent that +ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in the huts and in +the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare its blood +where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of principles +in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in swampy lands, +three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable forests, under a +burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific struggles of ideas, +besides being a thermometer for the government, have the advantage of +being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish parliament especially +abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in debate. Moreover, it is +said that the Filipinos are indolent and peaceful--then what need the +government fear? Hasn't it any influence in the elections? Frankly, +it is a great compliment to the separatists to fear them in the midst +of the Cortes of the nation. + +If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they +probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much +the worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable +votes, and the government could laugh openly at the separatists, +if any there be. + +If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to +their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable +minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and +will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of +the nation. + +Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that they +smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty +General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots +in person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will +smell at worst like powder, and Senor Salamanca undoubtedly has no +fear of that odor. And if this were all, the Filipinos, who there in +their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become +representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the +legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of +the Salamancas with the odor of the bath. + +It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers +regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide +nostrils. Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for +example, which has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient +civilization, considers all Europeans ugly and calls them "fan-kwai," +or red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than +the European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to +admit the inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to +the Saxons, who are much whiter. + +And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament +is an assemblage of Adonises, Antinouses, pretty boys, and other +like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to +legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary +spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these +objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils. + +So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have +representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be +silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government, +as now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at +least complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a +way become responsible for their actions. + +We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by +asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the +indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness, +the cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their +obscurantism, may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But +we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to +it the road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not +come to grief, so that discontent may disappear. If after so just, +as well as necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino +people are so stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their +own interests, then let the responsibility fall upon them, let them +suffer all the consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves, +and the government can say that it has done its duty. + +These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted +and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain, +and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms sine +quibus non. + +It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The free +press will keep the government in touch with public opinion, and the +representatives, if they are, as they ought to be, the best from among +the sons of the Philippines, will be their hostages. With no cause +for discontent, how then attempt to stir up the masses of the people? + +Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the +imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the +fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible +reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own +or another's fault) should be denied representation to look after +them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who +most need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights +to civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since +the Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay +taxes or shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this +fitness be denied him when the question arises of granting him some +right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance, +when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for +learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every +one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families +make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a +little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order +to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened +under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the +government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent +execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call +education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay +taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks +after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the +government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly. + +When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance, +the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes +the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and +speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in +the judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It +subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest. + +Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the +work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and +that discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake +off his indolence he can not complain when he sees all the offices +filled by Castilas. + +We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into +this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by +the superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in +the sovereign country, it should be practiced in the colonies, for +the reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral +qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem, +upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues +when he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will +do away with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials +capable and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives, +instead of endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve +to assure it, for what interest would they have in converting the +sure and stable into the uncertain and problematical? The native +is, moreover, very fond of peace and prefers an humble present to +a brilliant future. Let the various Filipinos still holding office +speak in this matter; they are the most unshaken conservatives. + +We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture, +security of the individual and of property, education, and so on, +but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles. For +the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say +that we ask too much. + +There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism: +but what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore, +wherein existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost +complete abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was +published these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities, +that is, Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia +far behind, the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles, +have abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery--things +impossible for even Utopia itself! + +The French colonies have their representatives. The question has also +been raised in the English parliament of giving representation to +the Crown colonies, for the others already enjoy some autonomy. The +press there also is free. Only Spain, which in the sixteenth century +was the model nation in civilization, lags far behind. Cuba and +Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those of +the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain, +have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days +had theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs +of the country. They had them in Spain's critical moments, when she +groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of +the sovereign country's misfortune like other colonies, but tightened +more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving proofs of +their loyalty; and they continued until many years later. What crime +have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their rights? + +To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they +enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their +inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted, +if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery +or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations. + +Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to +be exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the +sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden +eggs and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however +great may be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to +hinder the operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies +established to subserve the policy and the commerce of the sovereign +country, all eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before +Bachelet all the Phoenecian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English, +Portuguese and Spanish colonies had said it. + +Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples +do not live for three centuries in continual contact, sharing the +same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same +beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas, +but that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned +by arms or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered +affection. Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said: +la natura degli huomini, e cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi +fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono (it is human nature to be +bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this, +and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena +of politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much +the Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their +redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about +in exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in +its atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm, +with the fortune of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one +man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that +six millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed, +denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap +upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that +can excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the +offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity +of the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that +are committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim +the sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family, +the sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the +name of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the +Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights +and liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people +that prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask another, +trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name! + +We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of debate +so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall not +cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law, +but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall +(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what +course will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to +occupy the places that we leave vacant. + +If what we desire is not realized.... + +In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn +away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what +the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful +of dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and +sound its terrible mysteries. + + + + +IV. + +History does not record in its annals any lasting domination exercised +by one people over another, of different race, of diverse usages and +customs, of opposite and divergent ideals. + +One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was +driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors +and the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way +and perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World, +Australia and New Zealand. + +One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which +lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the +country conquered, even though the Peninsula was broken up into small +states, which gradually emerged like little islands in the midst +of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of the chivalrous +spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of the califs, +they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn conflicts, +which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the fifteenth +and sixteenth centuries. + +The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength +and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science +teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism, +is eliminated or becomes encysted. + +Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies +complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering +element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader. + +Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must +conclude, as a deduction from all we have said, that if their +population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators +do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and +free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to +different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute +one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed +by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some +day the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves +independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish +patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the +doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands +themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows, +and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation +by ethical forces. + +We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to exterminate +the Filipino people. And even were it possible, what interest would +Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a country she +can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a certain extent +disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be without +the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and +the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies, +a colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it +possesses inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the +six million Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and +that they have never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain +would have to sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we +commend to the notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation. + +But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the +education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by +Spain to the Filipinos, then they will seek enlightenment abroad, +behind the mother country's back, or they will secure by hook or +by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that +the opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be +futile but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love +and gratitude into resentment and hatred. + +Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other, +will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially +when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that +they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty +power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent +measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph +and be generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either +to teach a stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to +revenge upon the vanquished the spells of excitement and terror +that the danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those +catastrophes is the accumulation of acts of injustice committed +against the innocent and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals, +denunciations, despicable accusations, resentments, covetousness, +the opportune moment for calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of +the courts martial, the pretext of the integrity of the fatherland +and the safety of the state, which cloaks and justifies everything, +even for scrupulous minds, which unfortunately are still rare, and +above all the panic-stricken timidity, the cowardice that battens upon +the conquered--all these things augment the severe measures and the +number of the victims. The result is that a chasm of blood is then +opened between the two peoples, that the wounded and the afflicted, +instead of becoming fewer, are increased, for to the families and +friends of the guilty, who always think the punishment excessive +and the judge unjust, must be added the families and friends of the +innocent, who see no advantage in living and working submissively +and peacefully. Note, too, that if severe measures are dangerous in +a nation made up of a homogeneous population, the peril is increased +a hundred-fold when the government is formed of a race different from +the governed. In the former an injustice may still be ascribed to one +man alone, to a governor actuated by personal malice, and with the +death of the tyrant the victim is reconciled to the government of +his nation. But in a country dominated by a foreign race, even the +justest act of severity is construed as injustice and oppression, +because it is ordered by a foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is +an enemy of the country, and the offense hurts not only the victim +but his entire race, because it is not usually regarded as personal, +and so the resentment naturally spreads to the whole governing race +and does not die out with the offender. + +Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised +by colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the +colonies in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training +schools, contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that +the colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent. + +Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In +proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall, +the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect +itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life +depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly +weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is +less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She +is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of +servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves +refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die. + +Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other +the sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these +incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize +the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle +will be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than +death for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the +dominator. One of the peoples must succumb. + +Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her +army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands, +from her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people +whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to +give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions +and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All +this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts, +murders, conflagrations, military executions, famine and misery. + +The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything, +in favorable moments, for his country's good. He has the intrepidity +of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he +is quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he +is once aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means +death to one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all +the tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in +the same way that it does quadrupeds. + +The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts will +have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen +their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the +Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine +conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared, +they will extend mutual support, like shipwrecked persons when they +reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said +that we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They +achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated +by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger +of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example, +will force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of +any great preponderance of one race over the others will free their +imagination from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency +of countries that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off +the yoke, is to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school, +like the beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will +probably declare themselves a federal republic. + +If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and stubborn +conflicts, they can rest assured that neither England, nor Germany, +nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up what Spain +has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will completely +absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no sensible nation +which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile islands, will +neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark Continent, untouched, +undeveloped and almost undefended. England has enough colonies in the +Orient and is not going to risk losing her balance. She is not going +to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor Philippine Islands--if +she had entertained such an intention she would not have restored +Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point in the Philippines, +whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what need has John +Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines, when he is +already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore, Hongkong +and Shanghai? It is probable that England will look favorably upon +the independence of the Philippines, for it will open their ports to +her and afford greater freedom to her commerce. Furthermore, there +exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions to the effect +that she already has too many colonies, that they are harmful, that +they greatly weaken the sovereign country. + +For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and because +a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will endanger +her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as much in +the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy territory +that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign complications. + +France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and +China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal +for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that +grow on the battlefields of Europe. The echo from battlefields in the +Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches her +quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and +on the continent. + +Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and +Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose +seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland +proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of +losing everything. + +China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping +herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European +powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia. + +The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies and +watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even +to her official language. She is, moreover, under such diplomatic +pressure from Europe that she can not think of outside affairs until +she is freed from it, which will not be an easy matter. True it is +that she has an excess of population, but Korea attracts her more +than the Philippines and is, also, easier to seize. + +Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the +Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day +dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example +is contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest +vices, and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan +question. But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of +the States congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly +attempt it the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they +know very well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North +America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get +into the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to her traditions. + +Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the +liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the +new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of +their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide +road of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their +fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm +with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors, +so long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have +withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their +gold for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and +coal. Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile +life for which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and +instincts, and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage, +like the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine +virtues that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted +to peace--cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring. + +These and many other things may come to pass within something like a +hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based +on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant +causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony's ship altered the face of +the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon changed +the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how many +just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on +that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his +teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried +all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world, +and freed Europe. Upon what chance accidents will the destiny of the +Philippines depend? + +Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is +sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings +of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject +to it. + +Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time, +that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than +to give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the +latter contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million +Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let +the government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without +damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never +tire of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer +this unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother +country: "Spain, we have spent our youth in serving thy interests in +the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we have expended +the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and enthusiasm of our +hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to draw from thee a +glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us the peace of our +native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate islands! Spain, +thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride, hast pursued +thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely because we +love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate all kinds +of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched country, +when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to it that, +since for it we have lost everything--youth, future, hope, peace, +family; since in its service we have exhausted all the resources of +hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also takes the residue which +we can not use, the blood from our veins and the strength left in our +arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that thou hast no ear for +her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she must redeem herself?" + + + + + + +RIZAL'S FAREWELL ADDRESS + +ADDRESS TO SOME FILIPINOS + + +"Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned that my name had been +in use, among some who were in arms, as a war-cry. The news came as a +painful surprise, but, believing it already closed, I kept silent over +an incident which I considered irremediable. Now I notice indications +of the disturbances continuing, and if any still, in good or bad faith, +are availing themselves of my name, to stop this abuse and undeceive +the unwary I hasten to address you these lines that the truth may +be known. + +"From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what +was being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute +impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now +living. I was convinced that the scheme was utterly absurd, and, +what was worse, would bring great suffering. + +"I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement +materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices, +but my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might +seem best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills +which it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any +sacrifice, I could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally +is of record. My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most +anxious for liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of +them. But I place as a prior condition the education of the people, +that by means of instruction and industry our country may have an +individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I +have recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without +which there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat +my words) that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from above, +that those which come from below are irregularly gained and uncertain. + +"Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do condemn, +this uprising,--as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my back,--which +dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could plead our +cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in it, +pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been deceived. + +"Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who have worked +in bad faith. + + + Jose Rizal. + + "Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896. + + +The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address: + + +"The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal proposes +to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest +against separatist manifestations and tendencies which ought to +come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According +to his declarations, Don Jose Rizal limits himself to condemning +the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he +considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred +that the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less +dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the +culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat +and guarantee its successful issue. + +"For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles nor of +aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words: 'Because of +my proofs of the rebellion's certainty to fail, lay down your arms, +my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the Promised Land.' + +"So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the +future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of +the proposed address seems impolitic, and I would recommend to Your +Excellency to forbid its being made public, but to order that all +these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate therein and added to +the case against Rizal." + + "Manila, December 19th, 1896." + + + + + + +RIZAL'S DEFENCE + + +These "Additions" were really Doctor Rizal's defence before the +court martial which condemned him and pretended to have tried him, +on the charge of having organized revolutionary societies and so +being responsible for the rebellion. + +The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from the +junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his superiors +in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably weak. The +court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded back of +him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his death, +recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and of +the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled +to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for +the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his +behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews +as well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to +extort a confession implicating the Doctor. + + + + +ADDITIONS TO MY DEFENCE + +Don Jose Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests the Court Martial to +consider well the following circumstances: + +First.--Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely no +connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised +by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled +against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela +left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking +part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for pardon. + +Secondly.--A proof that I maintained no political relation with any +one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was in the habit of +sending letters by my family, is the fact that it was necessary to +send Don Pio Valenzuela under an assumed name, at considerable cost, +when in the same steamer were travelling five members of my family +besides two servants. If what has been charged were true, what occasion +was there for Don Pio to attract the attention of any one and incur +large expenses? Besides, the mere fact of Sr. Valenzuela's coming to +inform me of the rebellion proves that I was not in correspondence +with its promoters for if I had been then I should have known of +it, for making an uprising is a sufficiently serious matter not to +hide it from me. When they took the step of sending Sr. Valenzuela, +it proves that they were aware that I knew nothing, that is to say, +that I was not maintaining correspondence with them. Another negative +proof is that not a single letter of mine can be shown. + +Thirdly.--They cruelly abused my name and at the last hour wanted +to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me before? They +might say likewise that I was, if not content, at least resigned to my +fate, for I had refused various propositions which a number of people +made me to rescue me from that place. Only in these last months, in +consequence of certain domestic affairs, having had differences with +a missionary padre, I had sought to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don +Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I might put myself in security, +because, according to him, it was possible that they might compromise +me. As I considered myself wholly innocent and was not posted on the +details of the movement (besides that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela) +I took no precautions, but when His Excellency, the Governor General, +wrote me announcing my departure for Cuba, I embarked at once, +leaving all my affairs unattended to. And yet I could have gone to +another part or simply have staid in Dapitan for His Excellency's +letter was conditional. It said--"If you persist in your idea of +going to Cuba, etc." When the uprising occurred it found me on board +the warship "Castilla", and I offered myself unconditionally to His +Excellency. Twelve or fourteen days later I set out for Europe, and +had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried to escape in some +port en route, especially Singapore, where I went ashore and when +other passengers who had passports for Spain staid over. I had an +easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba. + +Fourthly.--In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make +excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which +lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had +intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in +the vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would +I have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family +to live with me. + +Fifthly.--Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of a +chief is he who is ignored in the plotting and who is notified only +that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no, they say yes? + +--As to the "Liga": + +Sixthly.--It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were to +promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc., by means of united action, +as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather +the reverse. + +Seventhly.--The "Liga" never came into real existence nor ever got +to working, since after the first meeting no one paid any attention +to it, because I was exiled a few days later. + +Eighthly.--If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by other +persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact. + +Ninthly.--The "Liga" was not a society with harmful tendencies and +the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it, organizing +the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had the "Liga" +lacked only a little of being adapted for rebellion, the radicals +would not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides, +if, as some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and +for the prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of +"Liga". Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves clearly that +they neither counted on me nor did the "Liga" serve their purposes, +otherwise they would not have made another society when they had one +already organized. + +Tenthly.--As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there are +any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances +under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two +dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law +and my brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from +an inquiry of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch +of the government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in +Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on our side. + +Eleventhly.--That I have endured exile without complaint, not because +of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I had +been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of +the district where I resided of my conduct during these four years +of exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests +despite my personal differences with one of them. + +Twelfthly.--All these facts and considerations destroy the +little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me, +with whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible +that in a single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism, +at a gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went +no further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were +present had been influenced by my words they would not have let the +"Liga" die. Is it that those who formed part of the "Liga" that night +founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who went to Dapitan to interview +me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why was not an acquaintance sent, +in whom I would have had more confidence? Because those acquainted +with me knew very well that I had forsaken politics or that, realizing +my views on rebellion, they must have refused to undertake a mission +useless and unpromising. + +I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that neither +did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I taken +part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion, +but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making +public of a private conversation has proven. + + + Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896. + + JOSE RIZAL. + + + + + + +RESPECTING THE REBELLION. + + The remarks about the rebellion are from a photographic copy + of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief speech. The + manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of + Saragossa, Spain. + + +I had no notice at all of what was being planned until the first or +second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see me, saying +that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was absurd, +etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I advised +him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then that +he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that +probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have +patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my +innocence. "Besides, said I, don't consider me but our country which +is the one that will suffer." I went on to show how absurd was the +movement.--This later Pio Valenzuela testified.--He did not tell me +that my name was being used, neither did he suggest that I was its +chief, nor anything of that sort. + +Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I +know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of +my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them +or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their +own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is +the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not +consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last +moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the +seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It +seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their +own ends. + + + + + + + A plant I am, that scarcely grown, + Was torn from out its Eastern bed, + Where all around perfume is shed, + And life but as a dream is known; + The land that I can call my own, + By me forgotten ne'er to be, + Where trilling birds their song taught me, + And cascades with their ceaseless roar, + And all along the spreading shore + The murmurs of the sounding sea. + + While yet in childhood's happy day, + I learned upon its sun to smile, + And in my breast there seemed the while + Seething volcanic fires to play; + A bard I was, and my wish alway + To call upon the fleeting wind, + With all the force of verse and mind: + "Go forth, and spread around its fame, + From zone to zone with glad acclaim, + And earth to heaven together bind!" + + From "Mi Piden Versos" (1882), + verses from Madrid for his mother. + + + + + One by one they have passed on, + All I loved and moved among; + Dead or married--from me gone, + For all I place my heart upon + By fate adverse are stung. + + Go thou too, O Muse, depart; + Other regions fairer find; + For my land but offers art + For the laurel, chains that bind, + For a temple, prisons blind. + + But before thou leavest me, speak; + Tell me with thy voice sublime, + Thou couldst ever from me seek + A song of sorrow for the weak, + Defiance to the tyrant's crime. + + From "A Mi Musa" (1884), + requested by a young lady of Madrid. + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] An encomendero was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful +service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and +the duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious +instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine annals +chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized it. + +[2] No official was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration +of his term of office until his successor or a council appointed by +the sovereign inquired into all the acts of his administration and +approved them. (This residencia was a fertile source of recrimination +and retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little +further on as "the ancient show of justice." + +[3] The penal code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of +September 4, 1884. + +[4] Cervantes' "Don Quijote," Part II, chapter 47. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 35899.txt or 35899.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/8/9/35899/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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