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+} +.rightnote, .pagenum, .linenum, .pagenum a +{ +color: #AAAAAA; +} +a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover +{ +color: red; +} +p.dropcap:first-letter +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-weight: bold; +} +sub, sup +{ +line-height: 0; +} +.pagenum, .linenum +{ +speak: none; +} +</style> + +<style type="text/css"> +.xd20e123width +{ +width:456px; +} +.xd20e172 +{ +text-align:right; +} +.xd20e181 +{ +text-align:center; +} +.xd20e203width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e217width +{ +width:481px; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Philippines A Century Hence + +Author: Jose Rizal + +Editor: Austin Craig + +Translator: Charles Derbyshire + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35899] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e123width"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt= +"Original Front Cover." width="456" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<div class="lgouter"> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">A plant I am, that scarcely grown,</p> +<p class="line">Was torn from out its Eastern bed,</p> +<p class="line">Where all around perfume is shed,</p> +<p class="line">And life but as a dream is known;</p> +<p class="line">The land that I can call my own,</p> +<p class="line">By me forgotten ne’er to be,</p> +<p class="line">Where trilling birds their song taught me,</p> +<p class="line">And cascades with their ceaseless roar,</p> +<p class="line">And all along the spreading shore</p> +<p class="line">The murmurs of the sounding sea.</p> +</div> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">While yet in childhood’s happy day,</p> +<p class="line">I learned upon its sun to smile,</p> +<p class="line">And in my breast there seemed the while</p> +<p class="line">Seething volcanic fires to play;</p> +<p class="line">A bard I was, and my wish alway</p> +<p class="line">To call upon the fleeting wind,</p> +<p class="line">With all the force of verse and mind:</p> +<p class="line">“Go forth, and spread around its fame,</p> +<p class="line">From zone to zone with glad acclaim,</p> +<p class="line">And earth to heaven together bind!”</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e172">From “Mi Piden Versos” +(1882),<br> +<i>verses from Madrid for his mother</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e181">The Philippines<br> +A Century Hence</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">“In the Philippine Islands the American +government has tried, and is trying, to carry out exactly what the +greatest genius and most revered patriot ever known in the Philippines, +José Rizal, steadfastly advocated.”</p> +<p>—<i>From a public address at Fargo, N.D., on April</i> +7<i>th.</i> 1903, <i>by the President of the United States.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e203width"><img src="images/map.gif" alt="" +width="720" height="595"> +<p class="first">A sketch map, by Dr. Rizal, of spheres of influence in +the Pacific at the time of writing “The Philippines A Century +Hence,” as they appeared to him.</p> +<p>Most of the French names will be easily recognized, though it may be +noted that “Etats Unis” is our own United States, +“L’Angleterre” England<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e208" title="Not in source">,</span> and<a id="xd20e211" name= +"xd20e211"></a> “L’Espagne” Spain.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e217width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="481" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="seriesTitle">Noli Me Tangere Quarter-Centennial Series<br> +Edited by Austin Craig</div> +<div class="mainTitle">The Philippines<br> +A Century Hence</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By <span class="docAuthor">José +Rizal</span></div> +<div class="docImprint">Manila: 1912<br> +Philippine Education Company<br> +34 Escolta</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e181"><i>Copyright</i> 1912</p> +<p class="xd20e181"><span class="sc">By Austin Craig</span></p> +<p class="xd20e181"><i>Registered in the Philippine Islands.</i> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e255" href="#xd20e255" name= +"xd20e255">9</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div id="intro" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e258" class="main">Introduction</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">As “<span lang="es">Filipinas dentro de Cien +Años</span>”, this article was originally published +serially in the Filipino fortnightly review “<span lang="es">La +Solidaridad</span>”, of Madrid, running through the issues from +September, 1889, to January, 1890.</p> +<p>It supplements Rizal’s great novel “Noli Me +Tangere” and its sequel “El Filibusterismo”, and the +translation here given is fortunately by Mr. Charles Derbyshire who in +his “The Social Cancer” and “The Reign of +Greed” has so happily rendered into English those masterpieces of +Rizal.</p> +<p>The reference which Doctor Rizal makes to President Harrison had in +mind the grandson-of-his-grandfather’s blundering, wavering +policy that, because of a groundless fear of infringing the +natives’ natural rights, put his country in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e272" href="#xd20e272" name= +"xd20e272">10</a>]</span>the false light of wanting to share in +Samoa’s exploitation, taking the leonine portion, too, along with +Germany and England.</p> +<p>Robert Louis Stevenson has told the story of the unhappy condition +created by that disastrous international agreement which was achieved +by the dissembling diplomats of greedy Europe flattering +unsophisticated America into believing that two monarchies +preponderating in an alliance with a republic would be fairer than the +republic acting unhampered.</p> +<p>In its day the scheme was acclaimed by irrational idealists as a +triumph of American abnegation and an example of modern altruism. It +resulted that “the international agreement” became a +constant cause of international disagreements, as any student of +history could have foretold, until, disgusted and disillusioned, the +United States tardily recalled Washington’s warning against +entanglements with foreign powers and became a party to a real +partition, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e278" href="#xd20e278" +name="xd20e278">11</a>]</span>but this time playing the lamb’s +part. England was compensated with concessions in other parts of the +world, the United States was “given” what it already held +under a cession twenty-seven years old,—and Germany took the rest +as her emperor had planned from the start.</p> +<p>There is this Philippine bearing to the incident that the same +stripe of unpractical philanthropists, not discouraged at having forced +the Samoans under the ungentle German rule—for their victims and +not themselves suffer by their mistakes, are seeking now the +neutralization by international agreement of the Archipelago for which +Rizal gave his life. Their success would mean another “entangling +alliance” for the United States, with six allies, or nine +including Holland, China and Spain, if the “great republic” +should be allowed by the diplomats of the “Great Powers” to +invite these nonentities in world politics, with whom she would still +be outvoted. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e282" href="#xd20e282" +name="xd20e282">12</a>]</span></p> +<p>Rizal’s reference to America as a possible factor in the +Philippines’ future is based upon the prediction of the German +traveller Feodor Jagor, who about 1860 spent a number of months in the +Islands and later published his observations, supplemented by ten years +of further study in European libraries and museums, as “Travels +in the Philippines”, to use the title of the English +translation,—a very poor one, by the way. Rizal read the much +better Spanish version while a student in the Ateneo de Manila, from a +copy supplied by Paciano Rizal Mercado who directed his younger +brother’s political education and transferred to José the +hopes which had been blighted for himself by the execution of his +beloved teacher, Father Burgos, in the Cavite alleged insurrection.</p> +<p>Jagor’s prophecy furnishes the explanation to Rizal’s +public life. His policy of preparing his countrymen for industrial and +commercial <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e287" href="#xd20e287" +name="xd20e287">13</a>]</span>competition seems to have had its +inspiration in this reading done when he was a youth in years but +mature in fact through close contact with tragic public events as well +as with sensational private sorrows.</p> +<p>When in Berlin, Doctor Rizal met Professor Jagor, and the +distinguished geographer and his youthful but brilliant admirer became +fast friends, often discussing how the progress of events was bringing +true the fortune for the Philippines which the knowledge of its history +and the acquaintance with its then condition had enabled the trained +observer to foretell with that same certainty that the meteorologist +foretells the morrow’s weather.</p> +<p>A like political acumen Rizal tried to develop in his countrymen. He +republished Morga’s History (first published in Mexico in 1609) +to recall their past. Noli Me Tangere painted their present, and in El +Filibusterismo was <span class="corr" id="xd20e293" title= +"Source: sketchod">sketched</span> the future which continuance upon +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e296" href="#xd20e296" name= +"xd20e296">14</a>]</span>their then course must bring. “The +Philippines A Century Hence” suggests other possibilities, and +seems to have been the initial issue in the series of ten which Rizal +planned to print, one a year, to correct the misunderstanding of his +previous writings which had come from their being known mainly by the +extracts cited in the censors’ criticism.</p> +<p>José Rizal in life voiced the aspirations of his countrymen +and as the different elements in his divided native land recognized +that these were the essentials upon which all were agreed and that +their points of difference among themselves were not vital, dissension +disappeared and there came an united Philippines. Now, since his death, +the fact that both continental and insular Americans look to him as +their hero makes possible the hope that misunderstandings based on +differences as to details may cease when Filipinos recognize that the +American Government in the Philippines, properly approached, is willing +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e301" href="#xd20e301" name= +"xd20e301">15</a>]</span>to grant all that Rizal considered important, +and when Americans understand that the people of the Philippines, +unaccustomed to the frank discussions of democracy, would be content +with so little even as Rizal asked of Spain if only there were some +salve for their unwittingly wounded <i>amor propio</i>.</p> +<p>A better knowledge of the writings of José Rizal may +accomplish this desirable consummation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e308" href="#xd20e308" name="xd20e308">16</a>]</span></p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“I do not write for this generation. I am +writing for other ages. If this could read me, they would burn my +books, the work of my whole life. On the other hand, the generation +which interprets these writings will be an educated generation; they +will understand me and say: ‘Not all were asleep in the +night-time of our grandparents’.”</p> +<p class="signed">—<i>The Philosopher Tasio, in Noli Me +Tangere.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name= +"pb19">19</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e318" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e319" class="main">Jagor’s Prophecy</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The Prophecy Which Prompted Rizal’s Policy of +Preparation For the Philippines</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>This extract is translated from Pages 287–289 +of “<span lang="de">Reisen in den Philippinen von F. Jagor: +Berlin 1873</span>”.</i></p> +<p>“The old situation is no longer possible of maintenance, with +the changed conditions of the present time.</p> +<p>“The colony can no longer be kept secluded from the world. +Every facility afforded for commercial intercourse is a blow to the old +system, and a great step made in the direction of broad and liberal +reforms. The more foreign capital and foreign ideas and customs are +introduced, increasing the prosperity, enlightenment, and self respect +of the population, the more impatiently will the existing evils be +endured.</p> +<p>“England can and does open her possessions unconcernedly to +the world. The British colonies are united to the mother country by the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name= +"pb20">20</a>]</span>bond of mutual advantage, viz., the production of +raw material by means of English capital, and the exchange of the same +for English manufactures. The wealth of England is so great, the +organization of her commerce with the world so complete, that nearly +all the foreigners even in the British possessions are for the most +part agents for English business houses, which would scarcely be +affected, at least to any marked extent, by a political dismemberment. +It is entirely different with Spain, which possesses the colony as an +inherited property, and without the power of turning it to any useful +account.</p> +<p>“Government monopolies rigorously maintained, insolent +disregard and neglect of the half-castes and powerful creoles, and the +example of the United States, were the chief reasons of the downfall of +the American possessions. The same causes threaten ruin to the +Philippines; but of the monopolies I have said enough. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Half-castes and creoles, it is true, are not, as they +formerly were in America, excluded from all official appointments; but +they feel deeply hurt and injured through the crowds of place-hunters +which the frequent changes of Ministers send to Manila.</p> +<p>“Also the influence of American elements is at least +discernible on the horizon, and will come more to the front as the +relations of the two countries grow closer. At present these are still +of little importance; in the meantime commerce follows its old routes, +which lead to England and the Atlantic ports of the Union. +Nevertheless, he who attempts to form a judgment as to the future +destiny of the Philippines cannot fix his gaze only on their relations +to Spain; he must also consider the mighty changes which within a few +decades are being effected on that side of our planet. For the first +time in the world’s history, the gigantic nations on both sides +of a gigantic ocean are beginning to <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>come into direct +intercourse: Russia, which alone is greater than two divisions of the +world together; China, which within her narrow bounds contains a third +of the human race; <i>America</i>, with cultivable soil enough to +support almost three times the entire population of the earth. +Russia’s future rôle in the Pacific Ocean at present +baffles all calculations. The intercourse of the two other powers will +probably have all the more important consequences when the adjustment +between the immeasurable necessity for human labor-power on the one +hand, and a correspondingly great surplus of that power on the other, +shall fall on it as a problem.”</p> +<p>“The world of the ancients was confined to the shores of the +Mediterranean; and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans sufficed at one time +for our traffic. When first the shores of the Pacific re-echoed with +the sounds of active commerce, the trade of the world and the history +of the world may be really said to have <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>begun. A start in that +direction has been made; whereas not so very long ago the immense ocean +was one wide waste of waters, traversed from both points only once a +year. From 1603 to 1769 scarcely a ship had ever visited California, +that wonderful country which, twenty-five years ago, with the exception +of a few places on the coast, was an unknown wilderness, but which is +now covered with flourishing and prosperous towns and cities, divided +from sea to sea by a railway, and its capital already ranking among the +world’s greatest seaports.</p> +<p>“But in proportion as the commerce of the western coast of +America extends the influence of the American elements over the South +Sea, the ensnaring spell which the great republic exercises over the +Spanish colonies will not fail to assert itself in the Philippines +also. The Americans appear to be called upon to bring the germ planted +by the Spaniards to its full development. As conquerors of the New +World, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name= +"pb24">24</a>]</span>representatives of the body of free citizens in +contradistinction to the nobility, they follow with the axe and plow of +the pioneer where the Spaniards had opened the way with cross and +sword. A considerable part of Spanish America already belongs to the +United States, and has, since that occurred, attained an importance +which could not have been anticipated either during Spanish rule or +during the anarchy which ensued after and from it. In the long run, the +Spanish system cannot prevail over the American. While the former +exhausts the colonies through direct appropriation of them to the +privileged classes, and the metropolis through the drain of its best +forces (with, besides, a feeble population), America draws to itself +the most energetic element from all lands; and these on her soil, free +from all trammels, and restlessly pushing forward, are continually +extending further her power and influence. The Philippines will so much +the less escape the influence of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb25" href="#pb25" name="pb25">25</a>]</span>two great neighboring +empires, since neither the islands nor their metropolis are in a +condition of stable equilibrium. It seems desirable for the natives +that the opinions here expressed shall not too soon be realized as +facts, for their training thus far has not sufficiently prepared them +for success in the contest with those restless, active, most +inconsiderate peoples; they have dreamed away their youth.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name= +"pb31">31</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e362" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e363" class="main">The Philippines A Century Hence</h2> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e365"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e366" class="main">I.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Following our usual custom of facing squarely the most +difficult and delicate questions relating to the Philippines, without +weighing the consequences that our frankness may bring upon us, we +shall in the present article treat of their future.</p> +<p>In order to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open +the book of its past, and this, for the Philippines, may be reduced in +general terms to what follows.</p> +<p>Scarcely had they been attached to the Spanish crown than they had +to sustain with their blood and the efforts of their sons the wars and +ambitions of conquest of the Spanish people, and in these struggles, in +that terrible <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name= +"pb32">32</a>]</span>crisis when a people changes its form of +government, its laws, usages, customs, religion and beliefs the +Philippines were depopulated, impoverished and retarded—caught in +their metamorphosis, without confidence in their past, without faith in +their present and with no fond hope for the years to come. The former +rulers who had merely endeavored to secure the fear and submission of +their subjects, habituated by them to servitude, fell like leaves from +a dead tree, and the people, who had no love for them nor knew what +liberty was, easily changed masters, perhaps hoping to gain something +by the innovation.</p> +<p>Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They gradually lost their +ancient traditions, their recollections—they forgot their +writings, their songs, their poetry, their laws, in order to learn by +heart other doctrines, which they did not understand, other ethics, +other tastes, different from those inspired in their race by their +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name= +"pb33">33</a>]</span>climate and their way of thinking. Then there was +a falling-off, they were lowered in their own eyes, they became ashamed +of what was distinctively their own, in order to admire and praise what +was foreign and incomprehensible: their spirit was broken and they +acquiesced.</p> +<p>Thus years and centuries rolled on. Religious shows, rites that +caught the eye, songs, lights, images arrayed with gold, worship in a +strange language, legends, miracles and sermons, hypnotized the already +naturally superstitious spirit of the country, but did not succeed in +destroying it altogether, in spite of the whole system afterwards +developed and operated with unyielding tenacity.</p> +<p>When the ethical abasement of the inhabitants had reached this +stage, when they had become disheartened and disgusted with themselves, +an effort was made to add the final stroke for reducing so many dormant +wills and intellects to nothingness, in order to make of the individual +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name= +"pb34">34</a>]</span>a sort of toiler, a brute, a beast of burden, and +to develop a race without mind or heart. Then the end sought was +revealed, it was taken for granted, the race was insulted, an effort +was made to deny it every virtue, every human characteristic, and there +were even writers and priests who pushed the movement still further by +trying to deny to the natives of the country not only capacity for +virtue but also even the tendency to vice.</p> +<p>Then this which they had thought would be death was sure salvation. +Some dying persons are restored to health by a heroic remedy.</p> +<p>So great endurance reached its climax with the insults, and the +lethargic spirit woke to life. His sensitiveness, the chief trait of +the native, was touched, and while he had had the forbearance to suffer +and die under a foreign flag, he had it not when they whom he served +repaid his sacrifices with insults and jests. Then he began to study +himself and to realize his misfortune. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>Those who had not +expected this result, like all despotic masters, regarded as a wrong +every complaint, every protest, and punished it with death, endeavoring +thus to stifle every cry of sorrow with blood, and they made mistake +after mistake.</p> +<p>The spirit of the people was not thereby cowed, and even though it +had been awakened in only a few hearts, its flame nevertheless was +surely and consumingly propagated, thanks to abuses and the stupid +endeavors of certain classes to stifle noble and generous sentiments. +Thus when a flame catches a garment, fear and confusion propagate it +more and more, and each shake, each blow, is a blast from the bellows +to fan it into life.</p> +<p>Undoubtedly during all this time there were not lacking generous and +noble spirits among the dominant race that tried to struggle for the +rights of humanity and justice, or sordid and cowardly ones among the +dominated that aided <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" +name="pb36">36</a>]</span>the debasement of their own country. But both +were exceptions and we are speaking in general terms.</p> +<p>Such is an outline of their past. We know their present. Now, what +will their future be?</p> +<p>Will the Philippine Islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if +so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain, with or +without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices will +have to be made?</p> +<p>Will they be separated from the mother country to live +independently, to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally +themselves with neighboring powers?</p> +<p>It is impossible to reply to these questions, for to all of them +both <i>yes</i> and <i>no</i> may be answered, according to the time +desired to be covered. When there is in nature no fixed condition, how +much less must there be in the life of a people, beings endowed with +mobility and movement! So it is that in order to deal <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>with +these questions, it is necessary to presume an unlimited period of +time, and in accordance therewith try to forecast future events. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name= +"pb41">41</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e416"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e417" class="main">II.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">What will become of the Philippines within a century? +Will they continue to be a Spanish colony?</p> +<p>Had this question been asked three centuries ago, when at +Legazpi’s death the Malayan Filipinos began to be gradually +undeceived and, finding the yoke heavy, tried in vain to shake it off, +without any doubt whatsoever the reply would have been easy. To a +spirit enthusiastic over the liberty of the country, to those +unconquerable Kagayanes who nourished within themselves the spirit of +the Magalats, to the descendants of the heroic Gat Pulintang and Gat +Salakab of the Province of Batangas, independence was assured, it was +merely a question <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" +name="pb42">42</a>]</span>of getting together and making a determined +effort. But for him who, disillusioned by sad experience, saw +everywhere discord and disorder, apathy and brutalization in the lower +classes, discouragement and disunion in the upper, only one answer +presented itself, and it was: extend his hands to the chains, bow his +neck beneath the yoke and accept the future with the resignation of an +invalid who watches the leaves fall and foresees a long winter amid +whose snows he discerns the outlines of his grave. At that time discord +justified pessimism—but three centuries passed, the neck had +become accustomed to the yoke, and each new generation, begotten in +chains, was constantly better adapted to the new order of things.</p> +<p>Now, then, are the Philippines in the same condition they were three +centuries ago?</p> +<p>For the liberal Spaniards the ethical condition of the people +remains the same, that is, the native Filipinos have not advanced; for +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name= +"pb43">43</a>]</span>friars and their followers the people have been +redeemed from savagery, that is, they have progressed; for many +Filipinos ethics, spirit and customs have decayed, as decay all the +good qualities of a people that falls into slavery that is, they have +retrograded.</p> +<p>Laying aside these considerations, so as not to get away from our +subject, let us draw a brief parallel between the political situation +then and the situation at present, in order to see if what was not +possible at that time can be so now, or <i>vice versa</i>.</p> +<p>Let us pass over the loyalty the Filipinos may feel for Spain; let +us suppose for a moment, along with Spanish writers, that there exist +only motives for hatred and jealousy between the two races; let us +admit the assertions flaunted by many that three centuries of +domination have not awakened in the sensitive heart of the native a +single spark of affection or gratitude; and we may see whether or not +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name= +"pb44">44</a>]</span>the Spanish cause has gained ground in the +Islands.</p> +<p>Formerly the Spanish authority was upheld among the natives by a +handful of soldiers, three to five hundred at most, many of whom were +engaged in trade and were scattered about not only in the Islands but +also among the neighboring nations, occupied in long wars against the +Mohammedans in the south, against the British and Dutch, and +ceaselessly harassed by Japanese, Chinese, or some tribe in the +interior<span class="corr" id="xd20e442" title="Not in source">.</span> +Then communication with Mexico and Spain was slow, rare and difficult; +frequent and violent the disturbances among the ruling powers in the +Islands, the treasury nearly always empty, and the life of the +colonists dependent upon one frail ship that handled the Chinese trade. +Then the seas in those regions were infested with pirates, all enemies +of the Spanish name, which was defended by an improvised fleet, +generally manned by rude adventurers, when not by foreigners and +enemies, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name= +"pb45">45</a>]</span>as happened in the expedition of Gómez +Pérez Dasmariñas, which was checked and frustrated by the +mutiny of the Chinese rowers, who killed him and thwarted all his plans +and schemes. Yet in spite of so many adverse circumstances the Spanish +authority has been upheld for more than three centuries and, though it +has been curtailed, still continues to rule the destinies of the +Philippine group.</p> +<p>On the other hand, the present situation seems to be gilded and +rosy—as we might say, a beautiful morning compared to the vexed +and stormy night of the past. The material forces at the disposal of +the Spanish sovereign have now been trebled; the fleet relatively +improved; there is more organization in both civil and military +affairs; communication with the sovereign country is swifter and surer; +she has no enemies abroad; her possession is assured; and the country +dominated seems to have less spirit, less aspiration for independence, +a word that is to it almost incomprehensible. Everything then at first +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name= +"pb46">46</a>]</span>glance presages another three centuries, at least, +of peaceful domination and tranquil suzerainty.</p> +<p>But above the material considerations are arising others, invisible, +of an ethical nature, far more powerful and transcendental.</p> +<p>Orientals, and the Malays in particular, are a sensitive people: +delicacy of sentiment is predominant with them. Even now, in spite of +contact with the occidental nations, who have ideals different from +his, we see the Malayan Filipino sacrifice everything—liberty, +ease, welfare, name, for the sake of an aspiration or a conceit, +sometimes scientific, or of some other nature, but at the least word +which wounds his self-love he forgets all his sacrifices, the labor +expended, to treasure in his memory and never forget the slight he +thinks he has received.</p> +<p>So the Philippine peoples have remained faithful during three +centuries, giving up their liberty and their independence, sometimes +dazzled by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name= +"pb47">47</a>]</span>the hope of the Paradise promised, sometimes +cajoled by the friendship offered them by a noble and generous people +like the Spanish, sometimes also compelled by superiority of arms of +which they were ignorant and which timid spirits invested with a +mysterious character, or sometimes because the invading foreigner took +advantage of intestine feuds to step in as the peacemaker in discord +and thus later to dominate both parties and subject them to his +authority.</p> +<p>Spanish domination once established, it was firmly maintained, +thanks to the attachment of the people, to their mutual dissensions, +and to the fact that the sensitive self-love of the native had not yet +been wounded. Then the people saw their own countrymen in the higher +ranks of the army, their general officers fighting beside the heroes of +Spain and sharing their laurels, begrudged neither character, +reputation nor consideration; then fidelity and attachment to Spain, +love of the fatherland, made of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" +href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>native, +<i>encomendero</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e466src" href="#xd20e466" +name="xd20e466src">1</a> and even general, as during the English +invasion; then there had not yet been invented the insulting and +ridiculous epithets with which recently the most laborious and painful +<span class="corr" id="xd20e475" title= +"Source: achievments">achievements</span> of the native leaders have +been stigmatized; not then had it become the fashion to insult and +slander in stereotyped phrase, in newspapers and books published with +governmental and superior ecclesiastical approval, the people that +paid, fought and poured out its blood for the Spanish name, nor was it +considered either noble or witty to offend a whole race, which was +forbidden to reply or defend itself; and if there were religious +hypochondriacs who in the leisure of their cloisters dared to write +against it, as did the Augustinian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" +href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span>Gaspar de San Agustin and the +Jesuit Velarde, their loathsome abortions never saw the light, and +still less were they themselves rewarded with miters and raised to high +offices. True it is that neither were the natives of that time such as +we are now: three centuries of brutalization and obscurantism have +necessarily had some influence upon us, the most beautiful work of +divinity in the hands of certain artisans may finally be converted into +a caricature.</p> +<p>The priests of that epoch, wishing to establish their domination +over the people, got in touch with it and made common cause with it +against the oppressive <i>encomenderos</i>. Naturally, the people saw +in them greater learning and some prestige and placed its confidence in +them, followed their advice, and listened to them even in the darkest +hours. If they wrote, they did so in defense of the rights of the +native and made his cry reach even to the distant steps of the Throne. +And not a few priests, both secular <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" +href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span>and regular, undertook dangerous +journeys, as representatives of the country, and this, along with the +strict and public <i>residencia</i><a class="noteref" id="xd20e489src" +href="#xd20e489" name="xd20e489src">2</a> then required of the +governing powers, from the captain-general to the most insignificant +official, rather consoled and pacified the wounded spirits, satisfying, +even though it were only in form, all the malcontents.</p> +<p>All this has passed away. The derisive laughter penetrates like +mortal poison into the heart of the native who pays and suffers and it +becomes more offensive the more immunity it enjoys. A common sore, the +general affront offered to a whole race, has wiped away the old feuds +among different provinces. The people no longer has confidence in its +former protectors, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" +name="pb51">51</a>]</span>now its exploiters and executioners. The +masks have fallen. It has seen that the love and piety of the past have +come to resemble the devotion of a nurse who, unable to live elsewhere, +desires eternal infancy, eternal weakness, for the child in order to go +on drawing her wages and existing at its expense; it has seen not only +that she does not nourish it to make it grow but that she poisons it to +stunt its growth, and at the slightest protest she flies into a rage! +The ancient show of justice, the holy <i>residencia</i>, has +disappeared; confusion of ideas begins to prevail; the regard shown for +a governor-general, like La Torre, becomes a crime in the government of +his successor, sufficient to cause the citizen to lose his liberty and +his home; if he obey the order of one official, as in the recent matter +of admitting corpses into the church, it is enough to have the obedient +subject later harassed and persecuted in every possible way; +obligations and taxes increase without thereby increasing rights, +privileges <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name= +"pb52">52</a>]</span>and liberties or assuring the few in existence; a +régime of continual terror and uncertainty disturbs the minds, a +régime worse than a period of disorder, for the fears that the +imagination conjures up are generally greater than the reality; the +country is poor; the financial crisis through which it is passing is +acute, and every one points out with the finger the persons who are +causing the trouble, yet no one dares lay hands upon them!</p> +<p>True it is that the Penal Code has come like a drop of balm to such +bitterness.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e509src" href="#xd20e509" name= +"xd20e509src">3</a> But of what use are all the codes in the world, if +by means of confidential reports, if for trifling reasons, if through +anonymous traitors any honest citizen may be exiled or banished without +a hearing, without a trial? Of what use is that Penal Code, of what use +is life, if there is no security in the home, no faith in justice and +confidence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name= +"pb53">53</a>]</span>in tranquility of conscience? Of what use is all +that array of terms, all that collection of articles, when the cowardly +accusation of a traitor has more influence in the timorous ears of the +supreme autocrat than all the cries for justice?</p> +<p>If this state of affairs should continue, what will become of the +Philippines within a century?</p> +<p>The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of +the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are +accumulating, some day the spark will be generated. This is not the +place to speak of what outcome such a deplorable conflict might have, +for it depends upon chance, upon the weapons and upon a thousand +circumstances which man can not foresee. But even though all the +advantage should be on the government’s side and therefore the +probability of success, it would be a Pyrrhic victory, and no +government ought to desire such. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" +href="#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span></p> +<p>If those who guide the destinies of the Philippines remain +obstinate, and instead of introducing reforms try to make the condition +of the country retrograde, to push their severity and repression to +extremes against the classes that suffer and think, they are going to +force the latter to venture and put into play the wretchedness of an +unquiet life, filled with privation and bitterness, against the hope of +securing something indefinite. What would be lost in the struggle? +Almost nothing: the life of the numerous <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e521" title="Source: dicontented">discontented</span> classes has +no such great attraction that it should be preferred to a glorious +death. It may indeed be a suicidal attempt—but then, what? Would +not a bloody chasm yawn between victors and vanquished, and might not +the latter with time and experience become equal in strength, since +they are superior in numbers, to their dominators? Who disputes this? +All the petty insurrections that have occurred in the Philippines were +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name= +"pb55">55</a>]</span>work of a few fanatics or discontented soldiers, +who had to deceive and humbug the people or avail themselves of their +power over their subordinates to gain their ends. So they all failed. +No insurrection had a popular character or was based on a need of the +whole race or fought for human rights or justice, so it left no +ineffaceable impressions, but rather when they saw that they had been +duped the people bound up their wounds and applauded the overthrow of +the disturbers of their peace! But what if the movement springs from +the people themselves and bases its cause upon their woes?</p> +<p>So then, if the prudence and wise reforms of our ministers do not +find capable and determined interpreters among the colonial governors +and faithful perpetuators among those whom the frequent political +changes send to fill such a delicate post; if met with the eternal +<i>it is out of order</i>, proffered by the elements who see their +livelihood in the backwardness of their subjects; <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name="pb56">56</a>]</span>if just +claims are to go unheeded, as being of a subversive tendency; if the +country is denied representation in the Cortes and an authorized voice +to cry out against all kinds of abuses, which escape through the +complexity of the laws; if, in short, the system, prolific in results +of alienating the good will of the natives, is to continue, pricking +his <i>apathetic</i> mind with insults and charges of ingratitude, we +can assert that in a few years the present state of affairs will have +been modified completely—and inevitably. There now exists a +factor which was formerly lacking—the spirit of the nation has +been aroused, and a common misfortune, a common debasement, has united +all the inhabitants of the Islands. A numerous enlightened class now +exists within and without the Islands, a class created and continually +augmented by the stupidity of certain governing powers, which forces +the inhabitants to leave the country, to secure education abroad, and +it is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name= +"pb57">57</a>]</span>maintained and struggles thanks to the +provocations and the system of espionage in vogue. This class, whose +number is cumulatively increasing, is in constant communication with +the rest of the Islands, and if today it constitutes only the brain of +the country in a few years it will form the whole nervous system and +manifest its existence in all its acts.</p> +<p>Now, statecraft has various means at its disposal for checking a +people on the road to progress: the brutalization of the masses through +a caste addicted to the government, aristocratic, as in the Dutch +colonies, or theocratic, as in the Philippines; the impoverishment of +the country; the gradual extermination of the inhabitants; and the +fostering of feuds among the races.</p> +<p>Brutalization of the Malayan Filipino has been demonstrated to be +impossible. In spite of the dark horde of friars, in whose hands rests +the instruction of youth, which miserably wastes years and years in the +<i>colleges</i>, issuing therefrom <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" +href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span>tired, weary and disgusted with +books; in spite of the censorship, which tries to close every avenue to +progress; in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books and missals +that inculcate hatred toward not only all scientific knowledge but even +toward the Spanish language itself; in spite of this whole elaborate +system perfected and tenaciously operated by those who wish to keep the +Islands in holy ignorance, there exist writers, freethinkers, +historians, philosophers, chemists, physicians, artists and jurists. +Enlightenment is spreading and the persecution it suffers quickens it. +No, the divine flame of thought is inextinguishable in the Filipino +people and somehow or other it will shine forth and compel recognition. +It is impossible to brutalize the inhabitants of the Philippines!</p> +<p>May poverty arrest their development?</p> +<p>Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous means. Experience has everywhere +shown us and especially in the Philippines, that the classes which +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name= +"pb59">59</a>]</span>are better off have always been addicted to peace +and order, because they live comparatively <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e554" title="Source: betare">better</span> and may be the losers +in civil disturbances<span class="corr" id="xd20e557" title= +"Not in source">.</span> Wealth brings with it refinement, the spirit +of conservation, while poverty inspires adventurous ideas, the desire +to change things, and has <span class="corr" id="xd20e560" title= +"Source: littles">little</span> care for life. Machiavelli himself held +this means of subjecting a people to be perilous, observing that loss +of welfare stirs up more obdurate enemies than loss of life. Moreover, +when there are wealth and abundance, there is less discontent, less +complaint, and the government, itself wealthier, has more means for +sustaining itself. On the other hand, there occurs in a poor country +what happens in a house where bread is wanting. And further, of what +use to the mother country would a poor and lean colony be?</p> +<p>Neither is it possible gradually to exterminate the inhabitants. The +Philippine races, like all the Malays, do not succumb before the +foreigner, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name= +"pb60">60</a>]</span>like the Australians, the Polynesians and the +Indians of the New World. In spite of the numerous wars the Filipinos +have had to carry on, in spite of the epidemics that have periodically +visited them, their number has trebled, as has that of the Malays of +Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino embraces civilization and lives and +thrives in every clime, in contact with every people. Rum, that poison +which exterminated the natives of the Pacific islands, has no power in +the Philippines, but, rather, comparison of their present condition +with that described by the early historians, makes it appear that the +Filipinos have grown soberer. The petty wars with the inhabitants of +the South consume only the soldiers, people who by their fidelity to +the Spanish flag, far from being a menace, are surely one of its +solidest supports.</p> +<p>There remains the fostering of intestine feuds among the +provinces.</p> +<p>This was formerly possible, when communication from one island to +another was rare and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" +name="pb61">61</a>]</span>difficult, when there were no steamers or +telegraph-lines, when the regiments were formed according to the +various provinces, when some provinces were cajoled by awards of +privileges and honors and others were protected from the strongest. But +now that the privileges have disappeared, that through a spirit of +distrust the regiments have been reorganized, that the inhabitants move +from one island to another, communication and exchange of impressions +naturally increase, and as all see themselves threatened by the same +peril and wounded in the same feelings, they clasp hands and make +common cause. It is true that the union is not yet wholly perfected, +but to this end tend the measures of good government, the vexations to +which the townspeople are subjected, the frequent changes of officials, +the scarcity of centers of learning, which forces the youth of all the +Islands to come together and begin to get acquainted. The journeys to +Europe contribute not a little to tighten the bonds, for abroad the +inhabitants <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name= +"pb62">62</a>]</span>of the most widely separated provinces are +impressed by their patriotic feelings, from sailors even to the +wealthiest merchants, and at the sight of modern liberty and the memory +of the misfortunes of their country, they embrace and call one another +brothers.</p> +<p>In short, then, the advancement and ethical progress of the +Philippines are inevitable, are decreed by fate.</p> +<p>The Islands cannot remain in the condition they are without +requiring from the sovereign country more liberty <i>Mutatis +mutandis</i>. For new men, a new social order.</p> +<p>To wish that the alleged child remain in its swaddling-clothes is to +risk that it may turn against its nurse and flee, tearing away the old +rags that bind it.</p> +<p>The Philippines, then, will remain under Spanish domination, but +with more law and greater liberty, or they will declare themselves +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name= +"pb63">63</a>]</span>independent, after steeping themselves and the +mother country in blood.</p> +<p>As no one should desire or hope for such an unfortunate rupture, +which would be an evil for all and only the final argument in the most +desperate predicament, let us see by what forms of peaceful evolution +the Islands may remain subjected to the Spanish authority with the very +least detriment to the rights, interests and dignity of both parties. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name= +"pb67">67</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e591"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e592" class="main">III.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">If the Philippines must remain under the control of +Spain, they will necessarily have to be transformed in a political +sense, for the course of their history and the needs of their +inhabitants so require. This we demonstrated in the preceding +article.</p> +<p>We also said that this transformation will be violent and fatal if +it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but peaceful and fruitful if +it emanate from the upper classes.</p> +<p>Some governors have realized this truth, and, impelled by their +patriotism, have been trying to introduce needed reforms in order to +forestall events. But notwithstanding all that have been ordered up to +the present time, they have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href= +"#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>produced scanty results, for the +government as well as for the country. Even those that promised only a +happy issue have at times caused injury, for the simple reason that +they have been based upon unstable grounds.</p> +<p>We said, and once more we repeat, and will ever assert, that reforms +which have a <i>palliative</i> character are not only ineffectual but +even prejudicial, when the government is confronted with evils that +must be cured <i>radically</i>. And were we not convinced of the +honesty and rectitude of some governors, we would be tempted to say +that all the partial reforms are only plasters and salves of a +physician who, not knowing how to cure the cancer, and not daring to +root it out, tries in this way to alleviate the patient’s +sufferings or to temporize with the cowardice of the timid and +ignorant.</p> +<p>All the reforms of our liberal ministers were, have been, are, and +will be good—when carried out. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb69" href="#pb69" name="pb69">69</a>]</span></p> +<p>When we think of them, we are reminded of the dieting of Sancho +Panza in his Barataria Island. He took his seat at a sumptuous and +well-appointed table “covered with fruit and many varieties of +food differently prepared,” but between the wretch’s mouth +and each dish the physician Pedro Rezio interposed his wand, saying, +“Take it away!” The dish removed, Sancho was as hungry as +ever. True it is that the despotic Pedro Rezio gave reasons, which seem +to have been written by Cervantes especially for the colonial +administrations: “You must not eat, Mr. Governor, except +according to the usage and custom of other islands where there are +governors.” Something was found to be wrong with each dish: one +was too hot, another too moist, and so on, just like our Pedro Rezios +on both sides of the sea. Great good did his cook’s skill do +Sancho!<a class="noteref" id="xd20e615src" href="#xd20e615" name= +"xd20e615src">4</a></p> +<p>In the case of our country, the reforms take <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name="pb70">70</a>]</span>the +place of the dishes, the Philippines are Sancho, while the part of the +quack physician is played by many persons, interested in not having the +dishes touched, perhaps that they may themselves get the benefit of +them.</p> +<p>The result is that the long-suffering Sancho, or the Philippines, +misses his liberty, rejects all government and ends up by rebelling +against his quack physician.</p> +<p>In like manner, so long as the Philippines have no liberty of the +press, have no voice in the Cortes to make known to the government and +to the nation whether or not their decrees have been duly obeyed, +whether or not these benefit the country, all the able efforts of the +colonial ministers will meet the fate of the dishes in Barataria +island.</p> +<p>The minister, then, who wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin +by declaring the press in the Philippines free and by instituting +Filipino delegates. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" +name="pb71">71</a>]</span></p> +<p>The press <span class="corr" id="xd20e635" title= +"Not in source">is</span> free in the Philippines, because their +complaints rarely ever reach the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they do +they are so secret, so mysterious, that no newspaper dares to publish +them, or if it does reproduce them, it does so tardily and badly.</p> +<p>A government that <i>rules a country from a great distance</i> is +the one that has the most need for a free press, more so even than the +government of the home country, if it wishes to rule rightly and fitly. +The government that <i>governs in a country</i> may even dispense with +the press (if it can), because it is on the ground, because it has eyes +and ears, and because it directly observes what it rules and +administers. But the government that <i>governs from afar</i> +absolutely requires that the truth and the facts reach its knowledge by +every possible channel, so that it may weigh and estimate them better, +and this need increases when a country like the Philippines is +concerned, where the inhabitants speak and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>complain +in a language unknown to the authorities. To govern in any other way +may also be called governing, but it is to govern badly. It amounts to +pronouncing judgment after hearing only one of the parties; it is +steering a ship without reckoning its conditions, the state of the sea, +the reefs and shoals, the direction of the winds and currents. It is +managing a house by endeavoring merely to give it polish and a fine +appearance without watching the money-chest, without looking after the +servants and the members of the family.</p> +<p>But routine is a declivity down which many governments slide, and +routine says that freedom of the press is dangerous. Let us see what +History says: uprisings and revolutions have always occurred in +countries tyrannized over, in countries where human thought and the +human heart have been forced to remain silent.</p> +<p>If the great Napoleon had not tyrannized over the press, perhaps it +would have warned <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" +name="pb73">73</a>]</span>him of the peril into which he was hurled and +have made him understand that the people were weary and the earth +wanted peace. Perhaps his genius, instead of being dissipated in +foreign aggrandizement, would have become intensive in laboring to +strengthen his position and thus have assured it. Spain herself records +in her history more revolutions when the press was gagged. What +colonies have become independent while they have had a free press and +enjoyed liberty? Is it preferable to govern blindly or to govern with +ample knowledge?</p> +<p>Some one will answer that in colonies with a free press, the +<i>prestige</i> of the rulers, that prop of false governments, will be +greatly imperiled. We answer that the prestige of the nation is +preferable to that of a few individuals. A nation acquires respect, not +by abetting and concealing abuses, but by rebuking and punishing them. +Moreover, to this prestige is applicable what Napoleon said about great +men <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name= +"pb74">74</a>]</span>and their valets. We, who endure and know all the +false pretensions and petty persecutions of those sham gods, do not +need a free press in order to recognize them; they have long ago lost +their prestige. The free press is needed by the government, the +government which still dreams of the prestige which it builds upon +mined ground.</p> +<p>We say the same about the Filipino representatives.</p> +<p>What risks does the government see in them? One of three things: +either that they will prove unruly, become political trimmers, or act +properly.</p> +<p>Supposing that we should yield to the most absurd pessimism and +admit the insult, great for the Philippines, but still greater for +Spain, that all the representatives would be separatists and that in +all their contentions they would advocate separatist ideas: does not a +patriotic Spanish majority exist there, is there not present +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name= +"pb75">75</a>]</span>there the vigilance of the governing powers to +combat and oppose such intentions? And would not this be better than +the discontent that ferments and expands in the secrecy of the home, in +the huts and in the fields? Certainly the Spanish people does not spare +its blood where patriotism is concerned, but would not a struggle of +principles in parliament be preferable to the exchange of shot in +swampy lands, three thousand leagues from home, in impenetrable +forests, under a burning sun or amid torrential rains? These pacific +struggles of ideas, besides being a thermometer for the government, +have the advantage of being cheap and glorious, because the Spanish +parliament especially abounds in oratorical paladins, invincible in +debate. Moreover, it is said that the Filipinos are indolent and +peaceful—then what need the government fear? Hasn’t it any +influence in the elections? Frankly, it is a great compliment to the +separatists to fear them in the midst of the Cortes of the nation. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name= +"pb76">76</a>]</span></p> +<p>If they become political trimmers, as is to be expected and as they +probably will be, so much the better for the government and so much the +worse for their constituents. They would be a few more favorable votes, +and the government could laugh openly at the separatists, if any there +be.</p> +<p>If they become what they should be, worthy, honest and faithful to +their trust, they will undoubtedly annoy an ignorant or incapable +minister with their questions, but they will help him to govern and +will be some more honorable figures among the representatives of the +nation.</p> +<p>Now then, if the real objection to the Filipino delegates is that +they smell like Igorots, which so disturbed in open Senate the doughty +General Salamanca, then Don Sinibaldo de Mas, who saw the Igorots in +person and wanted to live with them, can affirm that they will smell at +worst like powder, and Señor Salamanca undoubtedly has no fear +of that odor. And if <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" +name="pb77">77</a>]</span>this were all, the Filipinos, who there in +their own country are accustomed to bathe every day, when they become +representatives may give up such a dirty custom, at least during the +legislative session, so as not to offend the delicate nostrils of the +Salamancas with the odor of the bath.</p> +<p>It is useless to answer certain objections of some fine writers +regarding the rather brown skins and faces with somewhat wide nostrils. +Questions of taste are peculiar to each race. China, for example, which +has four hundred million inhabitants and a very ancient civilization, +considers all Europeans ugly and calls them “fan-kwai,” or +red devils. Its taste has a hundred million more adherents than the +European. Moreover, if this is the question, we would have to admit the +inferiority of the Latins, especially the Spaniards, to the Saxons, who +are much whiter.</p> +<p>And so long as it is not asserted that the Spanish parliament is an +assemblage of Adonises, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href= +"#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>Antinouses, pretty boys, and other +like paragons; so long as the purpose of resorting thither is to +legislate and not to philosophize or to wander through imaginary +spheres, we maintain that the government ought not to pause at these +objections. Law has no skin, nor reason nostrils.</p> +<p>So we see no serious reason why the Philippines may not have +representatives. By their institution many malcontents would be +silenced, and instead of blaming its troubles upon the government, as +now happens, the country would bear them better, for it could at least +complain and with its sons among its legislators would in a way become +responsible for their actions.</p> +<p>We are not sure that we serve the true interests of our country by +asking for representatives. We know that the lack of enlightenment, the +indolence, the egotism of our fellow countrymen, and the boldness, the +cunning and the powerful methods of those who wish their obscurantism, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name= +"pb79">79</a>]</span>may convert reform into a harmful instrument. But +we wish to be loyal to the government and we are pointing out to it the +road that appears best to us so that its efforts may not come to grief, +so that discontent may disappear. If after so just, as well as +necessary, a measure has been introduced, the Filipino people are so +stupid and weak that they are treacherous to their own interests, then +let the responsibility fall upon them, let them suffer all the +consequences. Every country gets the fate it deserves, and the +government can say that it has done its duty.</p> +<p>These are the two fundamental reforms, which, properly interpreted +and applied, will dissipate all clouds, assure affection toward Spain, +and make all succeeding reforms fruitful. These are the reforms <i>sine +quibus non</i>.</p> +<p>It is puerile to fear that independence may come through them. The +free press will keep the government in touch with public opinion, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name= +"pb80">80</a>]</span>and the representatives, if they are, as they +ought to be, the best from among the sons of the Philippines, will be +their hostages. With no cause for discontent, how then attempt to stir +up the masses of the people?</p> +<p>Likewise inadmissible is the objection offered by some regarding the +imperfect culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Aside from the +fact that it is not so imperfect as is averred, there is no plausible +reason why the ignorant and the defective (whether through their own or +another’s fault) should be denied representation to look after +them and see that they are not abused. They are the very ones who most +need it. No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights to +civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since the +Filipino is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay taxes or +shed his blood to defend the fatherland, why must this fitness be +denied him when the question arises of granting him <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>some +right? Moreover, how is he to be held responsible for his ignorance, +when it is acknowledged by all, friends and enemies, that his zeal for +learning is so great that even before the coming of the Spaniards every +one could read and write, and that we now see the humblest families +make enormous sacrifices in order that their children may become a +little enlightened, even to the extent of working as servants in order +to learn Spanish? How can the country be expected to become enlightened +under present conditions when we see all the decrees issued by the +government in favor of education meet with Pedro Rezios who prevent +execution thereof, because they have in their hands what they call +education? If the Filipino, then, is sufficiently intelligent to pay +taxes, he must also be able to choose and retain the one who looks +after him and his interests, with the product whereof he serves the +government of his nation. To reason otherwise is to reason stupidly. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name= +"pb82">82</a>]</span></p> +<p>When the laws and the acts of officials are kept under surveillance, +the word justice may cease to be a colonial jest. The thing that makes +the English most respected in their possessions is their strict and +speedy justice, so that the inhabitants repose entire confidence in the +judges. Justice is the foremost virtue of the civilizing races. It +subdues the barbarous nations, while injustice arouses the weakest.</p> +<p>Offices and trusts should be awarded by competition, publishing the +work and the judgment thereon, so that there may be stimulus and that +discontent may not be bred. Then, if the native does not shake off his +<i>indolence</i> he can not complain when he sees all the offices +filled by <i>Castilas</i>.</p> +<p>We presume that it will not be the Spaniard who fears to enter into +this contest, for thus will he be able to prove his superiority by the +superiority of intelligence. Although this is not the custom in the +sovereign country, it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" +name="pb83">83</a>]</span>should be practiced in the colonies, for the +reason that genuine prestige should be sought by means of moral +qualities, because the colonizers ought to be, or at least to seem, +upright, honest and intelligent, just as a man simulates virtues when +he deals with strangers. The offices and trusts so earned will do away +with arbitrary dismissal and develop employees and officials capable +and cognizant of their duties. The offices held by natives, instead of +endangering the Spanish domination, will merely serve to assure it, for +what interest would they have in converting the sure and stable into +the uncertain and problematical? The native is, moreover, very fond of +peace and prefers an humble present to a brilliant future. Let the +various Filipinos still holding office speak in this matter; they are +the most unshaken conservatives.</p> +<p>We could add other minor reforms touching commerce, agriculture, +security of the individual <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href= +"#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span>and of property, education, and so +on, but these are points with which we shall deal in other articles. +For the present we are satisfied with the outlines, and no one can say +that we ask too much.</p> +<p>There will not be lacking critics to accuse us of Utopianism: but +what is Utopia? Utopia was a country imagined by Thomas Moore, wherein +existed universal suffrage, religious toleration, almost complete +abolition of the death penalty, and so on. When the book was published +these things were looked upon as dreams, impossibilities, that is, +Utopianism. Yet civilization has left the country of Utopia far behind, +the human will and conscience have worked greater miracles, have +abolished slavery and the death penalty for adultery—things +impossible for even Utopia itself!</p> +<p>The French colonies have their representatives. The question has +also been raised in the English parliament of giving representation +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name= +"pb85">85</a>]</span>to the Crown colonies, for the others already +enjoy some autonomy. The press there also is free. Only Spain, which in +the sixteenth century was the model nation in civilization, lags far +behind<span class="corr" id="xd20e733" title="Not in source">.</span> +Cuba and Porto Rico, whose inhabitants do not number a third of those +of the Philippines, and who have not made such sacrifices for Spain, +have numerous representatives. The Philippines in the early days had +theirs, who conferred with the King and the Pope on the needs of the +country. They had them in Spain’s critical moments, when she +groaned under the Napoleonic yoke, and they did not take advantage of +the sovereign country’s misfortune like other colonies, but +tightened more firmly the bonds that united them to the nation, giving +proofs of their loyalty; and they continued until many years later. +What crime have the Islands committed that they are deprived of their +rights?</p> +<p>To recapitulate: the Philippines will remain Spanish, if they enter +upon the life of law and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href= +"#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span>civilization, if the rights of their +inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted, if +the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery or +meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.</p> +<p>Otherwise, if an attempt is made to see in the Islands a lode to be +exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, thus to relieve the +sovereign country of taxes, killing the goose that lays the golden eggs +and shutting its ears to all cries of reason, then, however great may +be the loyalty of the Filipinos, it will be impossible to hinder the +operations of the inexorable laws of history. Colonies established to +subserve the policy and the commerce of the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e742" title="Source: soverign">sovereign</span> country, all +eventually become independent, said Bachelet, and before Bachelet all +the Phœnecian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English, Portuguese +and Spanish colonies had said it.</p> +<p>Close indeed are the bonds that unite us to Spain. Two peoples do +not live for three centuries <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href= +"#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>in continual contact, sharing the +same lot, shedding their blood on the same fields, holding the same +beliefs, worshipping the same God, interchanging the same ideas, but +that ties are formed between them stronger than those fashioned by arms +or fear. Mutual sacrifices and benefits have engendered affection. +Machiavelli, the great reader of the human heart, said: <i lang="it">la +natura degli huomini, é cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi +fanno, come per quelli che essi ricevono</i> (it is human nature to be +bound as much by benefits conferred as by those received). All this, +and more, is true, but it is pure sentimentality, and in the arena of +politics stern necessity and interests prevail. Howsoever much the +Filipinos owe Spain, they can not be required to forego their +redemption, to have their liberal and enlightened sons wander about in +exile from their native land, the rudest aspirations stifled in its +atmosphere, the peaceful inhabitant living in constant alarm, with the +fortune <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name= +"pb88">88</a>]</span>of the two peoples dependent upon the whim of one +man. Spain can not claim, not even in the name of God himself, that six +millions of people should be brutalized, exploited and oppressed, +denied light and the rights inherent to a human being, and then heap +upon them slights and insults. There is no claim of gratitude that can +excuse, there is not enough powder in the world to justify, the +offenses against the liberty of the individual, against the sanctity of +the home, against the laws, against peace and honor, offenses that are +committed there daily. There is no divinity that can proclaim the +sacrifice of our dearest affections, the sacrifice of the family, the +sacrileges and wrongs that are committed by persons who have the name +of God on their lips. No one can require an impossibility of the +Filipino people. The noble Spanish people, so jealous of its rights and +liberties, can not bid the Filipinos renounce theirs. A people that +prides itself on the glories of its past can not ask <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>another, +trained by it, to accept abjection and dishonor its own name!</p> +<p>We who today are struggling by the legal and peaceful means of +debate so understand it, and with our gaze fixed upon our ideals, shall +not cease to plead our cause, without going beyond the pale of the law, +but if violence first silences us or we have the misfortune to fall +(which is possible, for we are mortal), then we do not know what course +will be taken by the numerous tendencies that will rush in to occupy +the places that we leave vacant.</p> +<p>If what we desire is not realized....</p> +<p>In contemplating such an unfortunate eventuality, we must not turn +away in horror, and so instead of closing our eyes we will face what +the future may bring. For this purpose, after throwing the handful of +dust due to Cerberus, let us frankly descend into the abyss and sound +its terrible mysteries. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href= +"#pb93" name="pb93">93</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e763"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e764" class="main">IV.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">History does not record in its annals any lasting +domination exercised by one people over another, of different race, of +diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideals.</p> +<p>One of the two had to yield and succumb. Either the foreigner was +driven out, as happened in the case of the Carthaginians, the Moors and +the French in Spain, or else these autochthons had to give way and +perish, as was the case with the inhabitants of the New World, +Australia and New Zealand.</p> +<p>One of the longest dominations was that of the Moors in Spain, which +lasted seven centuries. But, even though the conquerors lived in the +country conquered, even though the Peninsula <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span>was +broken up into small states, which gradually emerged like little +islands in the midst of the great Saracen inundation, and in spite of +the chivalrous spirit, the gallantry and the religious toleration of +the califs, they were finally driven out after bloody and stubborn +conflicts, which formed the Spanish nation and created the Spain of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.</p> +<p>The existence of a foreign body within another endowed with strength +and activity is contrary to all natural and ethical laws. Science +teaches us that it is either assimilated, destroys the organism, is +eliminated or becomes encysted.</p> +<p>Encystment of a conquering people is impossible, for it signifies +complete isolation, absolute inertia, debility in the conquering +element. Encystment thus means the tomb of the foreign invader.</p> +<p>Now, applying these considerations to the Philippines, we must +conclude, as a deduction <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href= +"#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>from all we have said, that if their +population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators +do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equable laws and +free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to +different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute +one mass, socially and politically homogeneous, that is, not harassed +by opposing tendencies and antagonistic ideas and interests, some day +the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves +independent. To this law of destiny can be opposed neither Spanish +patriotism, nor the love of all the Filipinos for Spain, nor the +doubtful future of dismemberment and intestine strife in the Islands +themselves. Necessity is the most powerful divinity the world knows, +and necessity is the resultant of physical forces set in operation by +ethical forces.</p> +<p>We have said and statistics prove that it is impossible to +exterminate the Filipino people. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" +href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>And even were it possible, what +interest would Spain have in the destruction of the inhabitants of a +country she can not populate or cultivate, whose climate is to a +certain extent disastrous to her? What good would the Philippines be +without the Filipinos? Quite otherwise, under her colonial system and +the transitory character of the Spaniards who go to the colonies, a +colony is so much the more useful and productive to her as it possesses +inhabitants and wealth. Moreover, in order to destroy the six million +Malays, even supposing them to be in their infancy and that they have +never learned to fight and defend themselves, Spain would have to +sacrifice at least a fourth of her population. This we commend to the +notice of the partizans of colonial exploitation.</p> +<p>But nothing of this kind can happen. The menace is that when the +education and liberty necessary to human existence are denied by Spain +to the Filipinos, then they will seek <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span>enlightenment abroad, +behind the mother country’s back, or they will secure by hook or +by crook some advantages in their own country, with the result that the +opposition of purblind and paretic politicians will not only be futile +but even prejudicial, because it will convert motives for love and +gratitude into resentment and hatred.</p> +<p>Hatred and resentment on one side, mistrust and anger on the other, +will finally result in a violent and terrible collision, especially +when there exist elements interested in having disturbances, so that +they may get something in the excitement, demonstrate their mighty +power, foster lamentations and recriminations, or employ violent +measures. It is to be expected that the government will triumph and be +generally (as is the custom) severe in punishment, either to teach a +stern lesson in order to vaunt its strength or even to revenge upon the +vanquished the spells of excitement and terror that <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>the +danger caused it. An unavoidable concomitant of those catastrophes is +the accumulation of acts of injustice committed against the innocent +and peaceful inhabitants. Private reprisals, denunciations, despicable +accusations, resentments, covetousness, the opportune moment for +calumny, the haste and hurried procedure of the courts martial, the +pretext of the integrity of the fatherland and the safety of the state, +which cloaks and justifies everything, even for scrupulous minds, which +unfortunately are still rare, and above all the panic-stricken +timidity, the cowardice that battens upon the conquered—all these +things augment the severe measures and the number of the victims. The +result is that a chasm of blood is then opened between the two peoples, +that the wounded and the afflicted, instead of becoming fewer, are +increased, for to the families and friends of the guilty, who always +think the punishment excessive and the judge unjust, must be added the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name= +"pb99">99</a>]</span>families and friends of the innocent, who see no +advantage in living and working submissively and peacefully. Note, too, +that if severe measures are dangerous in a nation made up of a +homogeneous population, the peril is increased a hundred-fold when the +government is formed of a race different from the governed. In the +former an injustice may still be ascribed to one man alone, to a +governor actuated by personal malice, and with the death of the tyrant +the victim is reconciled to the government of his nation. But in a +country dominated by a foreign race, even the justest act of severity +is construed as injustice and oppression, because it is ordered by a +foreigner, who is unsympathetic or is an enemy of the country, and the +offense hurts not only the victim but his entire race, because it is +not usually regarded as personal, and so the resentment naturally +spreads to the whole governing race and does not die out with the +offender. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name= +"pb100">100</a>]</span></p> +<p>Hence the great prudence and fine tact that should be exercised by +colonizing countries, and the fact that government regards the colonies +in general, and our colonial office in particular, as training schools, +contributes notably to the fulfillment of the great law that the +colonies sooner or later declare themselves independent.</p> +<p>Such is the descent down which the peoples are precipitated. In +proportion as they are bathed in blood and drenched in tears and gall, +the colony, if it has any vitality, learns how to struggle and perfect +itself in fighting, while the mother country, whose colonial life +depends upon peace and the submission of the subjects, is constantly +weakened, and, even though she make heroic efforts, as her number is +less and she has only a fictitious existence, she finally perishes. She +is like the rich voluptuary accustomed to be waited upon by a crowd of +servants toiling and planting for him, and who, on the day his slaves +refuse him obedience, as he does not live by his own efforts, must die. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= +"pb101">101</a>]</span></p> +<p>Reprisals, wrongs and suspicions on one part and on the other the +sentiment of patriotism and liberty, which is aroused in these +incessant conflicts, insurrections and uprisings, operate to generalize +the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. The struggle will +be brief, for it will amount to a slavery much more cruel than death +for the people and to a dishonorable loss of prestige for the +dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.</p> +<p>Spain, from the number of her inhabitants, from the condition of her +army and navy, from the distance she is situated from the Islands, from +her scanty knowledge of them, and from struggling against a people +whose love and good will she has alienated, will necessarily have to +give way, if she does not wish to risk not only her other possessions +and her future in Africa, but also her very independence in Europe. All +this at the cost of bloodshed and crime, after mortal conflicts, +murders, conflagrations, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href= +"#pb102" name="pb102">102</a>]</span>military executions, famine and +misery.</p> +<p>The Spaniard is gallant and patriotic, and sacrifices everything, in +favorable moments, for his country’s good. He has the intrepidity +of his bull. The Filipino loves his country no less, and although he is +quieter, more peaceful, and with difficulty stirred up, when he is once +aroused he does not hesitate and for him the struggle means death to +one or the other combatant. He has all the meekness and all the +tenacity and ferocity of his carabao. Climate affects bipeds in the +same way that it does quadrupeds.</p> +<p>The terrible lessons and the hard teachings that these conflicts +will have afforded the Filipinos will operate to improve and strengthen +their ethical nature. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the +Spain of the eighth. With their bitter experience, instead of intestine +conflicts of some islands against others, as is generally feared, they +will extend mutual support, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href= +"#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>like shipwrecked persons when they +reach an island after a fearful night of storm. Nor may it be said that +we shall partake of the fate of the small American republics. They +achieved their independence easily, and their inhabitants are animated +by a different spirit from what the Filipinos are. Besides, the danger +of falling again into other hands, English or German, for example, will +force the Filipinos to be sensible and prudent. Absence of any great +preponderance of one race over the others will free their imagination +from all mad ambitions of domination, and as the tendency of countries +that have been tyrannized over, when they once shake off the yoke, is +to adopt the freest government, like a boy leaving school, like the +beat of the pendulum, by a law of reaction the Islands will probably +declare themselves a federal republic.</p> +<p>If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and +stubborn conflicts, they can <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href= +"#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span>rest assured that neither England, +nor Germany, nor France, and still less Holland, will dare to take up +what Spain has been unable to hold. Within a few years Africa will +completely absorb the attention of the Europeans, and there is no +sensible nation which, in order to secure a group of poor and hostile +islands, will neglect the immense territory offered by the Dark +Continent, untouched, undeveloped and almost undefended. England has +enough colonies in the Orient and is not going to risk losing her +balance. She is not going to sacrifice her Indian Empire for the poor +Philippine Islands—if she had entertained such an intention she +would not have restored Manila in 1763, but would have kept some point +in the Philippines, whence she might gradually expand. Moreover, what +need has John Bull the trader to exhaust himself for the Philippines, +when he is already lord of the Orient, when he has there Singapore, +Hongkong and Shanghai? It is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href= +"#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>probable that England will look +favorably upon the independence of the Philippines, for it will open +their ports to her and afford greater freedom to her commerce. +Furthermore, there exist in the United Kingdom tendencies and opinions +to the effect that she already has too many colonies, that they are +harmful, that they greatly weaken the sovereign country.</p> +<p>For the same reasons Germany will not care to run any risk, and +because a scattering of her forces and a war in distant countries will +endanger her existence on the continent. Thus we see her attitude, as +much in the Pacific as in Africa, is confined to conquering easy +territory that belongs to nobody. Germany avoids any foreign +complications.</p> +<p>France has enough to do and sees more of a future in Tongking and +China, besides the fact that the French spirit does not shine in zeal +for colonization. France loves glory, but the glory and laurels that +grow on the battlefields of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href= +"#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>Europe. The echo from battlefields +in the Far East hardly satisfies her craving for renown, for it reaches +her quite faintly. She has also other obligations, both internally and +on the continent.</p> +<p>Holland is sensible and will be content to keep the Moluccas and +Java. Sumatra offers her a greater future than the Philippines, whose +seas and coasts have a sinister omen for Dutch expeditions. Holland +proceeds with great caution in Sumatra and Borneo, from fear of losing +everything.</p> +<p>China will consider herself fortunate if she succeeds in keeping +herself intact and is not dismembered or partitioned among the European +powers that are colonizing the continent of Asia.</p> +<p>The same is true of Japan. On the north she has Russia, who envies +and watches her; on the south England, with whom she is in accord even +to her official language. She is, moreover, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name= +"pb107">107</a>]</span>under such diplomatic pressure from Europe that +she can not think of outside affairs until she is freed from it, which +will not be an easy matter. True it is that she has an excess of +population, but Korea attracts her more than the Philippines and is, +also, easier to seize.</p> +<p>Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the +Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may some day +dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example is +contagious, covetousness and ambition are among the strongest vices, +and Harrison manifested something of this sort in the Samoan question. +But the Panama Canal is not opened nor the territory of the States +congested with inhabitants, and in case she should openly attempt it +the European powers would not allow her to proceed, for they know very +well that the appetite is sharpened by the first bites. North America +would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get into +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name= +"pb108">108</a>]</span>the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to +her traditions.</p> +<p>Very likely the Philippines will defend with inexpressible valor the +liberty secured at the price of so much blood and sacrifice. With the +new men that will spring from their soil and with the recollection of +their past, they will perhaps strive to enter freely upon the wide road +of progress, and all will labor together to strengthen their +fatherland, both internally and externally, with the same enthusiasm +with which a youth falls again to tilling the land of his ancestors, so +long wasted and abandoned through the neglect of those who have +withheld it from him. Then the mines will be made to give up their gold +for relieving distress, iron for weapons, copper, lead and coal. +Perhaps the country will revive the maritime and mercantile life for +which the islanders are fitted by their nature, ability and instincts, +and once more free, like the bird that leaves its cage, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span>like +the flower that unfolds to the air, will recover the pristine virtues +that are gradually dying out and will again become addicted to +peace—cheerful, happy, joyous, hospitable and daring.</p> +<p>These and many other things may come to pass within something like a +hundred years. But the most logical prognostication, the prophecy based +on the best probabilities, may err through remote and insignificant +causes. An octopus that seized Mark Antony’s ship altered the +face of the world; a cross on Cavalry and a just man nailed thereon +changed the ethics of half the human race, and yet before Christ, how +many just men wrongfully perished and how many crosses were raised on +that hill! The death of the just sanctified his work and made his +teaching unanswerable. A sunken road at the battle of Waterloo buried +all the glories of two brilliant decades, the whole Napoleonic world, +and freed Europe. Upon what chance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" +href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span>accidents will the destiny of +the Philippines depend?</p> +<p>Nevertheless, it is not well to trust to accident, for there is +sometimes an imperceptible and incomprehensible logic in the workings +of history. Fortunately, peoples as well as governments are subject to +it.</p> +<p>Therefore, we repeat, and we will ever repeat, while there is time, +that it is better to keep pace with the desires of a people than to +give way before them: the former begets sympathy and love, the latter +contempt and anger. Since it is necessary to grant six million +Filipinos their rights, so that they may be in fact Spaniards, let the +government grant these rights freely and spontaneously, without +damaging reservations, without irritating mistrust. We shall never tire +of repeating this while a ray of hope is left us, for we prefer this +unpleasant task to the need of some day saying to the mother country: +“Spain, we have spent our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" +href="#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span>youth in serving thy +interests in the interests of our country; we have looked to thee, we +have expended the whole light of our intellects, all the fervor and +enthusiasm of our hearts in working for the good of what was thine, to +draw from thee a glance of love, a liberal policy that would assure us +the peace of our native land and thy sway over loyal but unfortunate +islands! Spain, thou hast remained deaf, and, wrapped up in thy pride, +hast pursued thy fatal course and accused us of being traitors, merely +because we love our country, because we tell thee the truth and hate +all kinds of injustice. What dost thou wish us to tell our wretched +country, when it asks about the result of our efforts? Must we say to +it that, since for it we have lost everything—youth, future, +hope, peace, family; since in its service we have exhausted all the +resources of hope, all the disillusions of desire, it also <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e854" title="Source: take">takes</span> the residue +which we can not use, the blood from our veins and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span>the +strength left in our arms? Spain, must we some day tell Filipinas that +thou hast no ear for her woes and that if she wishes to be saved she +must redeem herself?” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href= +"#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e466" href="#xd20e466src" name="xd20e466">1</a></span> An +<i>encomendero</i> was a Spanish soldier who as a reward for faithful +service was set over a district with power to collect tribute and the +duty of providing the people with legal protection and religious +instruction. This arrangement is memorable in early Philippine +<span class="corr" id="xd20e471" title="Source: anuals">annals</span> +chiefly for the flagrant abuses that appear to have characterized +it.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e489" href="#xd20e489src" name="xd20e489">2</a></span> No official +was allowed to leave the Islands at the expiration of his term of +office until his successor or a council appointed by the sovereign +inquired into all the acts of his administration and approved them. +(This residencia was a <span class="corr" id="xd20e491" title= +"Source: fertle">fertile</span> source of recrimination and +retaliation, so the author quite aptly refers to it a little further on +as “the ancient <i>show</i> of justice.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e509" href="#xd20e509src" name="xd20e509">3</a></span> The penal +code was promulgated in the Islands by Royal Order of September 4, +1884.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e615" href="#xd20e615src" name="xd20e615">4</a></span> +Cervantes’ “<a class="pglink" title= +"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5946">Don Quijote</a>,” Part II, +chapter 47.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e860" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e861" class="main">Rizal’s Farewell Address</h2> +<h2 class="main">Address to Some Filipinos</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">“Countrymen: On my return from Spain I learned +that my name had been in use, among some who were in arms, as a +war-cry. The news came as a painful surprise, but, believing it already +closed, I kept silent over an incident which I considered irremediable. +Now I notice indications of the disturbances continuing, and if any +still, in good or bad faith, are availing themselves of my name, to +stop this abuse and undeceive the unwary I hasten to address you these +lines that the truth may be known.</p> +<p>“From the very beginning, when I first had notice of what was +being planned, I opposed it, and demonstrated its absolute +impossibility. This is the fact, and witnesses to my words are now +living. I was convinced that the scheme <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>was utterly absurd, +and, what was worse, would bring great suffering.</p> +<p>“I did even more. When later, against my advice, the movement +materialized, of my own accord I offered not alone my good offices, but +my very life, and even my name, to be used in whatever way might seem +best, toward stifling the rebellion; for, convinced of the ills which +it would bring, I considered myself fortunate, if, at any sacrifice, I +could prevent such useless misfortunes. This equally is of record. My +countrymen, I have given proofs that I am one most anxious for +liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of them. <i>But I +place as a prior condition the education of the people</i>, that by +means of instruction and industry our country may have an individuality +of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties. I have +recommended in my writings the study of civic virtues, without which +there is no redemption. I have written likewise (and repeat my words) +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name= +"pb117">117</a>]</span>that reforms, to be beneficial, must come from +<i>above</i>, that those which come from below are irregularly gained +and uncertain.</p> +<p>“Holding these ideas, I cannot do less than condemn, and I do +condemn, this uprising,—as absurd, savage, and plotted behind my +back,—which dishonors us Filipinos and discredits those who could +plead our cause. I abhor its criminal methods and disclaim all part in +it, pitying from the bottom of my heart the unwary who have been +deceived.</p> +<p>“Return, then, to your homes, and may God pardon those who +have worked in bad faith.</p> +<p class="signed"><span class="sc">José Rizal.</span></p> +<p>“Fort Santiago, December 15th, 1896.</p> +<p>The Spanish judge-advocate-general commented upon the address:</p> +<p>“The preceding address to his countrymen which Dr. Rizal +proposes to direct to them, is not in substance the patriotic protest +against <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name= +"pb118">118</a>]</span>separatist manifestations and tendencies which +ought to come from those who claim to be loyal sons of Spain. According +to his declarations, Don José Rizal limits himself to condemning +the present insurrectionary movement as premature and because he +considers now its triumph impossible, but leaves it to be inferred that +the wished-for independence can be gained by procedures less +dishonorable than those now being followed by the rebels, when the +culture of the people shall be a most valuable asset for the combat and +guarantee its successful issue.</p> +<p>“For Rizal the question is of opportuneness, not of principles +nor of aims. His manifesto might be summarized in these words: +‘Because of my proofs of the rebellion’s certainty to fail, +lay down your arms, my countrymen. Later I shall lead you to the +Promised Land.’</p> +<p>“So far from being conducive to peace, it could advance in the +future the spirit of rebellion. For this reason the publication of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name= +"pb119">119</a>]</span>the proposed address seems impolitic, and I +would recommend to Your Excellency to forbid its being made public, but +to order that all these papers be forwarded to the Judge Advocate +therein and added to the case against Rizal.”</p> +<p class="dateline">“Manila, December 19th, 1896.<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e906" title="Not in source">”</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e910" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e911" class="main">Rizal’s Defence</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>These “Additions” were really Doctor +Rizal’s defence before the court martial which condemned him and +pretended to have tried him, on the charge of having organized +revolutionary societies and so being responsible for the +rebellion.</i></p> +<p><i>The only counsel permitted him, a young lieutenant selected from +the junior Spanish army officers, risked the displeasure of his +superiors in the few words he did say, but his argument was pitiably +weak. The court scene, where Rizal sat for hours with his elbows corded +back of him while the crowd, unrebuked by the court, clamored for his +death, recalls the stories of the bloody assizes of Judge Jeffreys and +of the bloodthirsty tribunals of the Reign of Terror. He was compelled +to testify himself, was not permitted to hear the testimony given for +the prosecution, no witness dared favor him, much less appear in his +behalf, and his own brother had been tortured, with the thumbscrews as +well as in other mediaeval and modern ways, in a vain endeavor to +extort a confession implicating the Doctor.</i> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name="pb125">125</a>]</span></p> +<div class="div2" id="xd20e922"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 id="xd20e923" class="main">Additions to My Defence</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Don José Rizal y Alonso respectfully requests +the Court Martial to consider well the following circumstances:</p> +<p>First.—Re the rebellion. From July 6th, 1892, I had absolutely +no connection with politics until July 1st of this year when, advised +by Don Pio Valenzuela that an uprising was proposed, I counselled +against it, trying to convince him with arguments. Don Pio Valenzuela +left me convinced apparently; so much so that instead of later taking +part in rebellion, he presented himself to the authorities for +pardon.</p> +<p>Secondly<span class="corr" id="xd20e931" title= +"Source: :">.</span>—A proof that I maintained no political +relation with any one, and of the falsity of the statement that I was +in the habit of sending letters by my family, is the fact that it +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name= +"pb126">126</a>]</span>was necessary to send Don Pio Valenzuela under +an assumed name, at considerable cost, when in the same steamer were +travelling five members of my family besides two servants. If what has +been charged were true, what occasion was there for Don Pio to attract +the attention of any one and incur large expenses? Besides, the mere +fact of Sr. Valenzuela’s coming to inform me of the rebellion +proves that I was not in correspondence with its promoters for if I had +been then I should have known of it, for making an uprising is a +sufficiently serious matter not to hide it from me. When they took the +step of sending Sr. Valenzuela, it proves that they were aware that I +knew nothing, that is to say, that I was not maintaining correspondence +with them. Another negative proof is that not a single letter of mine +can be shown.</p> +<p>Thirdly<span class="corr" id="xd20e938" title= +"Not in source">.</span>—They cruelly abused my name and at the +last hour wanted to surprise me. Why did they not communicate with me +before? <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name= +"pb127">127</a>]</span>They might say likewise that I was, if not +content, at least resigned to my fate, for I had refused various +propositions which a number of people made me to rescue me from that +place. Only in these last months, in consequence of certain domestic +affairs, having had differences with a missionary padre, I had sought +to go as a volunteer to Cuba. Don Pio Valenzuela came to warn me that I +might put myself in security, because, according to him, it was +possible that they might compromise me. As I considered myself wholly +innocent and was not posted on the details of the movement (besides +that I had convinced Sr. Valenzuela) I took no precautions, but when +His Excellency, the Governor General, wrote me announcing my departure +for Cuba, I embarked at once, leaving all my affairs unattended to. And +yet I could have gone to another part or simply have staid in Dapitan +for His Excellency’s letter was conditional. It +said—“If you persist in your idea of going to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name= +"pb128">128</a>]</span>Cuba, etc.” When the uprising occurred it +found me on board the warship “Castilla”, and I offered +myself unconditionally to His Excellency. Twelve or <span class="corr" +id="xd20e945" title="Source: fourten">fourteen</span> days later I set +out for Europe, and had I had an uneasy conscience I should have tried +to escape in some port en route, especially Singapore, where I went +ashore and when other passengers who had passports for Spain staid +over. I had an easy conscience and hoped to go to Cuba.</p> +<p>Fourthly.—In Dapitan I had boats and I was permitted to make +excursions along the coast and to the settlements, absences which +lasted as long as I wished, at times a week. If I had still had +intentions of political activity, I might have gotten away even in the +vintas of the Moros whom I knew in the settlements. Neither would I +have built my small hospital nor bought land nor invited my family to +live with me.</p> +<p>Fifthly.—Some one has said that I was the chief. What kind of +a chief is he who is ignored <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href= +"#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span>in the plotting and who is +notified only that he may escape? How is he chief who when he says no, +they say yes?</p> +<p>—As to the “Liga”:</p> +<p>Sixthly.—It is true that I drafted its By-Laws whose aims were +to promote commerce, industry, the arts, etc<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e958" title="Not in source">.</span>, by means of united action, +as have testified witnesses not at all prejudiced in my favor, rather +the reverse.</p> +<p>Seventhly<span class="corr" id="xd20e963" title= +"Not in source">.</span>—The “Liga” never came into +real existence nor ever got to working, since after the first meeting +no one paid any attention to it, because I was exiled a few days +later.</p> +<p>Eighthly.—If it was reorganized nine months afterwards by +other persons, as now is said, I was ignorant of the fact.</p> +<p>Ninthly.—The “Liga” was not a society with harmful +tendencies and the proof is the fact that the radicals had to leave it, +organizing the Katipunan which was what answered their purposes. Had +the “Liga” lacked only a little of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name= +"pb130">130</a>]</span>being adapted for rebellion, the radicals would +not have left it but simply would have modified it; besides, if, as +some allege, I am the chief, out of consideration for me and for the +prestige of my name, they would have retained the name of +“Liga”. Their having abandoned it, name and all, proves +clearly that they neither counted on me nor did the “Liga” +serve their purposes, otherwise they would not have made another +society when they had one already organized.</p> +<p>Tenthly.—As to my letters, I beg of the court that, if there +are any bitter criticisms in them, it will consider the circumstances +under which they were written. Then we had been deprived of our two +dwellings, warehouses, lands, and besides all my brothers-in-law and my +brother were deported, in consequence of a suit arising from an inquiry +of the Administracion de Hacienda (tax-collecting branch of the +government), a case in which, according to our attorney (in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name= +"pb131">131</a>]</span>Madrid), Sr. Linares Rivas, we had the right on +our side.</p> +<p>Eleventhly.—That I have endured exile without complaint, not +because of the charge alleged, for that was not true, but for what I +had been able to write. And ask the politico-military commanders of the +district where I resided of my conduct during these four years of +exile, of the town, even of the very missionary parish priests despite +my personal differences with one of them.</p> +<p>Twelfthly.—All these facts and considerations destroy the +little-founded accusation of those who have testified against me, with +whom I have asked the Judge to be confronted. Is it possible that in a +single night I was able to line up all the filibusterism, at a +gathering which discussed commerce, etc., a gathering which went no +further for it died immediately afterwards? If the few who were present +had been influenced by my words they would not have <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span>let +the “Liga” die. Is it that those who formed part of the +“Liga” that night founded the Katipunan? I think not. Who +went to Dapitan to interview me? Persons entirely unknown to me. Why +was not an acquaintance sent, in whom I would have had more confidence? +Because those acquainted with me knew very well that I had forsaken +politics or that, realizing my views on rebellion, they must have +refused to undertake a mission useless and unpromising.</p> +<p>I trust that by these considerations I have demonstrated that +neither did I found a society for revolutionary purposes, nor have I +taken part since in others, nor have I been concerned in the rebellion, +but that on the contrary I have been opposed to it, as the making +public of a private conversation has proven.</p> +<p class="dateline">Fort Santiago, Dec. 26, 1896.</p> +<p class="signed"><i>JOSE RIZAL.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd20e994" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 id="xd20e995" class="main">Respecting the Rebellion.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The remarks about the rebellion are from a +photographic copy of the pencil notes used by Rizal for his brief +speech. The manuscript is now in the possession of Sr. Eduardo Lete, of +Saragossa, Spain.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">I had no notice at all of what was being planned until +the first or second of July, in 1896, when Pio Valenzuela came to see +me, saying that an uprising was being arranged. I told him that it was +absurd, etc., etc. and he answered me that they could bear no more. I +advised him that they should have patience, etc., etc. He added then +that he had been sent because they had compassion of my life and that +probably it would compromise me. I replied that they should have +patience and that if anything happened to me I would then prove my +innocence. “Besides, said I, don’t consider me but our +country which is the one that will suffer.” I went on to show how +absurd was the movement.—This later Pio Valenzuela +testified.—He did not tell me that my name was <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name= +"pb135">135</a>]</span>being used, neither did he suggest that I was +its chief, nor anything of that sort.</p> +<p>Those who testify that I am the chief (which I do not know nor do I +know of having ever treated with them), what proofs do they present of +my having accepted this chiefship or that I was in relations with them +or with their society? Either they have made use of my name for their +own purposes or they have been deceived by others who have. Where is +the chief who dictates no order nor makes any arrangement, who is not +consulted in any way about so important an enterprise until the last +moment, and then, when he decides against it, is disobeyed? Since the +seventh of July of 1892 I have entirely ceased political activity. It +seems some have wished to avail themselves of my name for their own +ends. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name= +"pb136">136</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<div class="lgouter"> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">One by one they have passed on,</p> +<p class="line">All I loved and moved among;</p> +<p class="line">Dead or married—from me gone,</p> +<p class="line">For all I place my heart upon</p> +<p class="line">By fate adverse are stung.</p> +</div> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">Go thou too, O Muse, depart;</p> +<p class="line">Other regions fairer find;</p> +<p class="line">For my land but offers art</p> +<p class="line">For the laurel, chains that bind,</p> +<p class="line">For a temple, prisons blind.</p> +</div> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">But before thou leavest me, speak;</p> +<p class="line">Tell me with thy voice sublime,</p> +<p class="line">Thou couldst ever from me seek</p> +<p class="line">A song of sorrow for the weak,</p> +<p class="line">Defiance to the tyrant’s crime.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e172"><i>From “A Mi Musa” (1884),<br> +requested by a young lady of Madrid.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div class="div1" id="toc"> +<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e258">9</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e318">Jagor’s +Prophecy</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e319">19</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e362">The Philippines A Century +Hence</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e363">31</a></span> +<ul> +<li><a href="#xd20e365">I.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e366">31</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e416">II.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e417">41</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e591">III.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e592">67</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e763">IV.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e764">93</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#xd20e860">Rizal’s Farewell Address: Address to Some +Filipinos</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e861">115</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#xd20e910">Rizal’s +Defence</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e911">123</a></span> +<ul> +<li><a href="#xd20e922">Additions to My +Defence</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><a class= +"pageref" href="#xd20e923">125</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#xd20e994">Respecting the +Rebellion.</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e995">134</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> +<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> +<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no +cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License +included with this eBook or online at <a class="exlink" title= +"External link" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href= +"https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> +<p>José Rizal, in this short work (which originally appeared in +Spanish in the Filipino newspaper La Solidaridad, September +1889–January 1890) gives a prediction of the future of the +Philippines. Today, more than a century later, it is still interesting +to read his insights.</p> +<p>The original Spanish is already in PG under the title <i><a class= +"pglink" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14839">Filipinas dentro de cien +años</a>.</i></p> +<p>An English translation of Jagor’s <i lang="de">Reisen in den +Philippinen</i>, mentioned in this book, is available in <i><a class= +"pglink" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10770">The Former Philippines thru +Foreign Eyes</a></i>.</p> +<p>The editor added to this work a few poems and other short writings +by Rizal.</p> +<p>Scans of this work are available on the Internet Archive (<a class= +"exlink" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023221975">1</a>, <a class= +"exlink" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/philippinescentu00rizauoft">2</a>, +<a class="exlink" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/philippinescentu00riza">3</a>).</p> +<p>Related Open Library catalog page: <a class="catlink" href= +"http://openlibrary.org/b/OL13521925M">OL13521925M</a>.</p> +<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> +<p class="first">The separate title pages of the various sections of +this work have either been removed (if the repeat the title), or have +been used as the argument of the sections the apply to (if they give +some additional information).</p> +<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> +<ul> +<li>2011-04-16 Started.</li> +</ul> +<h3 class="main">External References</h3> +<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These +links may not work for you.</p> +<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%" summary= +"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e208">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e211">N.A.</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e293">13</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sketchod</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sketched</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e442">44</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e557">59</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e733">85</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e938">126</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e958">129</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e963">129</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e471">48</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">anuals</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">annals</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e475">48</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">achievments</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">achievements</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e491">50</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fertle</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fertile</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e521">54</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">dicontented</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">discontented</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e554">59</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">betare</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">better</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e560">59</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">littles</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">little</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e635">71</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">is</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e742">86</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">soverign</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">sovereign</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e854">111</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">take</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">takes</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e906">119</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e931">125</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e945">128</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fourten</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">fourteen</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippines A Century Hence, by Jose Rizal + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE *** + +***** This file should be named 35899-h.htm or 35899-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/8/9/35899/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project +Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously +made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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