diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:42 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:42 -0700 |
| commit | 6e63e78e37a056f8661aa761454eb1b5edcc41a5 (patch) | |
| tree | f199fcd1deb1d918458f6569eabb21ea114ec2ed | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-0.txt | 7366 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 79165 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-8.txt | 7372 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 78798 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 97973 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900-h/35900-h.htm | 8383 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900.txt | 7372 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 35900.zip | bin | 0 -> 78577 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
11 files changed, 30509 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/35900-0.txt b/35900-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7436ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7366 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without + note. Greek text appears as originally printed. + + + + + THE + + RIVER-NAMES + + OF + + EUROPE. + + + BY ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE, + 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; + AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH, + CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL. + + 1862. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The object of the present work is to arrange and explain the names of +European Rivers on a more comprehensive principle than has hitherto been +attempted in England, or, to the best of my belief, in Germany. + +I am conscious that, like every other work of the same sort, it must +necessarily, and without thereby impugning its general system, be +subject to correction in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a more exact +knowledge of the characteristics of the various rivers than can possibly +in all cases come within the scope of individual research. + +Among the writers to whom I am most indebted is Ernst Förstemann, who, +in the second volume of his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first +consisting of the names of persons), has collected, explained, and where +possible, identified, the ancient names of places in Germany. The dates +affixed to most of the German rivers are taken from this work, and refer +to the earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere. + +I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as usual, given the +titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's "Local Etymology," and to the +work of Gluck, entitled "Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommende Keltische +namen." + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The first wave of Asian immigration that swept over Europe gave names to +the great features of nature, such as the rivers, long before the +wandering tribes that composed it settled down into fixed habitations, +and gave names to their dwellings and their lands. The names thus given +at the outset may be taken therefore to contain some of the most ancient +forms of the Indo-European speech. And once given, they have in many, if +not in most cases remained to the present day, for nothing affords such +strong resistance to change as the name of a river. The smaller streams, +variously called in England and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and whose shores were portioned out +among but a few settlers, readily yielded up their ancient names at the +bidding of their new masters. But the river that flowed past, coming +they knew not whence, and going they knew not whither--upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as themselves, and all as much +entitled to give it a name as they--was naturally, as a matter of common +convenience, allowed to retain its original appellation. + +Nevertheless, it might happen that a river such as the Danube, which +runs more than a thousand miles as the crow flies--being divided between +two great and perfectly distinct races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two different names. So we find +that while in its upper part it was called the Danube, in its lower part +it was known as the Ister--the former, says Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian name. So the Saone also +was anciently known both as the Arar and the Sauconna--the latter, +according to Zeuss, being its Celtic name. And Latham, (_Tacitus_, +_Germania_,) makes a similar suggestion respecting the Rhine--"It is not +likely that the Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of Switzerland, +gave the same name to the very different parts of their common river." +It does not follow then as a matter of course--though we must accept it +as the general rule--that the name by which a river is known at the +present day, when it happens to be different from that recorded in +history, is in all cases the less ancient of the two. There might +originally have been two names, one of which has been preserved in +history, and the other retained in modern use. + +It is also to be observed, that in the case of one race coming after +another--say Germans or Slaves after Celts--while the newcomers retained +the old names, they yet often added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are compounded of two words of +different languages, and in not a few cases both signifying water. + +The names thus given at the outset were of the utmost simplicity, +rarely, if ever, containing a compound idea. They were indeed for the +most part simple appellatives, being most commonly nothing more than +words signifying water. But these words, once established as names, +entered into a different category. The words might perish, but the names +endured. The words might change, but the names did not follow their +changes. Inasmuch as they were both subject to the same influences, they +would most probably in the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of the language, they would not +be regulated in their changes by it. Moreover, in their case a fresh +element came into operation, for, being frequently adopted by races +speaking a different language, they became subject to the special +phonetic tendencies of the new tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the same word, appear in a variety +of different forms. The most important phonetic modifications I take to +be those of the kind referred to in the next chapter. + +There is no branch of philological enquiry which demands a wider range +than that of the origin of the names of rivers. All trace of a name may +be lost in the language in which it was given--we may have to seek for +its likeness through the whole Indo-European family--and perhaps not +find it till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. Thus the name of +the Humber is probably of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words that +we find are the Lat. _imber_ and the Gr. ὄμβρος, till we come to the +Sansc. _ambu_, water. Celtic also probably are the names of the Hodder +and the Otter, but the words most nearly cognate are the Gr. ὕδωρ and +the Lith. _audra_, (fluctus), till we come to the Sansc. _ud_, water. + +Again, there are others on which we can find nothing whatever to throw +light till we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the Drave and the Trave, +for which Bopp proposes Sansc. _dravas_, flowing. And the Arve in Savoy, +which I cannot explain till I come to the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to +ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. _orbo_, Eng. _orphan_, &c. And--far +as we have to seek for it--how true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and how it will come home to the +frequenters of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember how, within the +last few years, its pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, and their +ruined tenants driven out like "orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted snows, cast its waters into +the Rhone, that it seems to drive back the latter river into the lake +from whence it issues. And Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current of the Rhone were made for +some hours to revolve in the opposite direction, and to grind their corn +backwards. + +Thus then, though we may take it that the prevailing element in the +river-names of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for assistance to all +the languages that are cognate. And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, we shall often find that the +nearer we come to the fountain-head, the clearer and the more distinct +will be the derivation. It will be seen also throughout the whole of +these pages that, in examining the names of rivers, we must take not +only a wide range of philological enquiry, but also an extensive +comparison of these names one with another. + +The first step in the investigation is of course to ascertain, whenever +it is possible, the most ancient forms in which these names are found. +We should scarcely suspect a relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the ancient name of the one was +Icene, and of the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose that the Rodden of +Shropshire was identical with the French Rhone, did we not know that +the original name of the latter was the Rhodănus. + +In this, as in most other departments of philology, the industry of the +Germans has been the most conspicuous. And Ernst Förstemann in +particular, who has extracted and collated the ancient names of places +in Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished a store of the most +valuable materials. + +And yet after all there will be occasions on which all the resources of +philology will be unavailing. Then we can but gather together the +members of the family and wait till science shall reveal us something of +their parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders among the pleasant meads of +Devon--the Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of the thrifty +Dutch--the Alma that courses through the dark pine forests of the far +North--the Almo that waters the sacred vale of Egeria--and the Alma, +whose name brings sorrow and pride to many an English household--all +contain one wide-spread and forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +ON THE ENDINGS _a_, _en_, _er_, _es_, _et_, _el_. + + +We find that while there are many names of rivers which contain nothing +more than the simple root from which they are derived, as the Cam, the +Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, &c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal are _a_, _en_, _er_, +_es_, _et_, _el_. Thus the Roth in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, and the Röt(el) in Germany, +contain the same with four different endings. The German Ise shows a +simple root, and the Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch Yss(el), +Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the Tham(es), &c. The question +is--what is the value and meaning of these various additions? + +With respect to the ending in _a_, found in some English rivers, there +is reason to think that it is a word signifying water--the Old Norse +_â_, Goth. _ahva_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. So that the _a_ in Rotha may be the +same as the _a_ in the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea--as the +_au_ in the Germ. Donau (Danube)--and as the _ava_ in the Moldava of +Austrian Poland. + +Others of these endings have by different writers been supposed to be +also words signifying water. Thus Donaldson (_Varronianus_), takes the +ending _es_ to have that meaning. And Förstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for the termination _ar_ or _er_. +"I allow myself here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names which +contain an _ar_ as the concluding part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to assume a simple suffix seems to +me in this case rather niggardly." So also the ending _en_ has been +supposed by some of our own Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh _aven_, Gael. _amhainn_, water or river, an +opinion which has also, though to a more limited extent, received the +sanction of Pott. + +There are various minor objections to the above theories which I forbear +to urge, because I think that the main argument against them is to be +found in the manner in which these endings run through the whole +European system of river-names. And it seems to me therefore more +reasonable to refer them to a general principle which pervades the +Indo-European languages, than to a particular word of a particular +language. The principle I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, and it +is that upon which the above word _aven_ or _amhainn_, is itself formed +from a simple root, by one of the very endings in question, that in +_en_. Instead then of explaining--as the followers of the above system +have done--the Saone (Sagonna) by the Celt. _sogh-an_, "sluggish river", +I prefer to point to the general principle upon which the root _sogh_ +has the power, so to speak, of making itself into _soghan_ (_e.g._, in +Lat. _segn-is_.) + +Not but that the principle contended for by the above writers may obtain +in some cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the Garonne, looks like one +of them, though even in this case I think that the latter may be the +proper form, and the former only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna. + +Then again the question arises whether, seeing that _en_ and _es_ in the +Celtic tongues, and _el_ in the Germanic, have the force of diminution, +this may not be the meaning in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (_Die +Deutschen_), suggests this in the case of the Havel and the Moselle; but +seeing that one of these rivers has a course of 180 and the other of 265 +miles, I think they might rather be adduced to prove that these endings +are not diminutive. We may cite also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), +both large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany we have two +rivers close together, the great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or +Arila)--here seems the very case for a diminutive, yet both rivers have +the same ending. Not but that there are instances of a diminutive in +river-names, but they seem of later formation. Thus there is no reason +to doubt that the French Loiret, which is a small river falling into the +large one, means "the little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts. + +Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to the opinion, which seems in the +main that of Förstemann, that, at least as the general rule, these +endings are simply phonetic, and that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, _en_ is the principal phonetic +particle--_e.g._, English bow, Germ. bog_en_--Germ. rabe, Eng. +rav_en_--Lat. virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg_in_. But we have also traces +in English of a similar phonetic _er_, (_see Latham's Handbook of the +Eng. Language, p. 199_). The general reader will understand better what +is here intended by comparing our words maid and maid_en_. Between these +two words there is not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning--the ending _en_ is merely added for the sake of the sound, or, +in other words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference then that there +is between our words maid and maiden I take to be between the names of +our rivers Lid and Lidden. The ending in both cases serves, if I may use +the expression, to give a sort of finish to the word. + +The question then arises--supposing these endings to be phonetic--were +they given in the first instance, or have they accrued in after times? +It is probable that both ways might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been the case. Thus the Medina in +the Isle of Wight was once called the Mede, and the Shannon of Ireland +stands in Ptolemy as the Senus. On the other hand cases are more +frequent in which the ending has been dropped. Thus the Yare is called +by Ptolemy the Garrhuenus, _i.e._, the Garron or Yarron. And the Teme +appears in Anglo-Saxon charters as the Taméde or Teméde. Indeed the +Thames itself would almost seem, by having become a monosyllable, to +have taken the first step of a change which has been arrested for ever. +So in Germany the Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in charters of +the 8th and 9th cent., as the Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And in +France the Isara and the Oscara have in modern times become respectively +the Oise and the Ousche; in both these two cases the ending _er_ has +been dropped; for Oise=_is_, not _isar_; and Ousche=_osc_, not _oscar_. + +This latter principle is indeed only in accordance with the general +tendency of language towards what Max Müller terms "phonetic decay"--a +principle which seems less active in the rude than in the cultivated +stages of society. It would appear as if civilization sought to +compensate itself for the increased requirements of its expression, by +the simplification of its forms, and the rejection of its superfluous +sounds. + +Upon the whole then I think that as the general rule these endings have +been given in the first instance, and that they have but rarely accrued +in after times. Such being the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing to the sense, yet in another +point of view they may be called formative, as being the particles by +means of which words are constructed out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in some language, or in some +dialect, are still living words. And those that are not, are formed +regularly upon the same principle, common to the Indo-European system. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES. + + +The names of rivers may be divided into two classes, appellative and +descriptive--or in other words, into those which describe a river simply +as "the water" or "the river," and those which refer to some special +quality or property of its own. + +In the case of a descriptive name we may be sure that it has been +given--not from any fine-drawn attribute, but from some obvious +characteristic--not from anything which we have to seek, but from +something which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." If a stream be +very rapid and impetuous--if its course be winding and tortuous--if its +waters be very clear or very turbid--these are all marked features which +would naturally give it a name. + +But such derivations as the following from Bullet can only serve to +provoke a smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he says--"Abounding in +excellent trouts--_van_, good, _dluz_, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the derivation, and not the +derivation for the trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says--"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt signifies surprising, prodigious, +marvellous." Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though nothing can be more +childish than many of his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually the notable feature in +each case under consideration, a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect. + +River-names, in relation to their meaning, may be ranked under seven +heads. + + 1. Those which describe a river simply as "the water," "the river." + Parallel with this, and under the same head, we may take the words + which describe a river as "that which flows," because the + root-meaning of most of the words signifying water is, that which + flows, that which runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, there may + be sometimes fine shades of difference which we cannot now + perceive, and which would remove the names out of this class into + the next one. + + 2. Those which, passing out of the appellative into the descriptive, + characterize a river as that which runs violently, that which + flows gently, or that which spreads widely. + + 3. Those which describe a river by the nature of its course, as + winding, crooked, or otherwise. + + 4. Those which refer to the quality of its waters, as clear, bright, + turbid, or otherwise. + + 5. Those which refer to the sound made by its waters. + + 6. Those which refer to the nature of its source, or the manner of its + formation, as by the confluence of two or more streams. + + 7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or as a protection. + +Under one or other of the above heads may be classed the greater part of +the river-names of Europe. + +And how dry and unimaginative a list it is! We dive deep into the +ancient language of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but we recall +none of the religious veneration to the personified river which is so +strikingly manifest even to the present day. As we read in the Vedas of +three thousand years ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit of +the stream for a safe passage, so we read in the newspapers of to-day of +the pilgrims, as the train rattled over the iron bridge, casting their +propitiatory offerings into the river below. We seek for word-meanings +in the classical tongue of Greece, but they come up tinged with no +colour of its graceful myths. Few and far between are the cases--and +even these are doubtful, to say the least--in which anything of fancy, +of poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in the river-names of +Europe. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +APPELLATIVES. + + +The great river of India, which has given its name to that country, is +derived from Sansc. _sindu_, Persian _hindu_, water or sea. It was known +to the ancients under its present name 500 years B.C. Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly the Sansc. form, as the Indus +does the Persian. It will be seen that there are some other instances of +this word in the ancient or modern river-names of Europe. + + 1. _India._ The INDUS and the SINDE. + _Asia Minor._ INDUS ant., now the Tavas. + _France._ INDIS ant., now the Dain. + _Germany._ INDA, 9th cent. The INDE near Aix-la-Chapelle. + _Norway._ The INDA. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The INDRE. Joins the Loire. + +The most widely spread root is the Sansc. _ap_, Goth. _ahva_, Old High +Germ. _aha_, Old Norse _â_, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. With the +form _ahva_ Fürst connects Ahava as the name of a river in the district +of Babylon, mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21--"Then I proclaimed a fast +there at the river of Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would rather +seem that Ahava was a place and not a river--"and I gathered them +together to the river that _runneth_ to Ahava." The place might +certainly, as in many other cases, take its name from the river on which +it stood, but this is one step further into the dark. From the root _ab_ +or _ap_ is formed Latin _amnis_, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. _abnas_. Also the Celt. _auwon_, _avon_, +_abhain_, or _amhain_, of the same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. _abh_, water. The Old German _aha_, _awa_, _ava_, or +_afa_, signifying water or river, is added to many names of that country +which are themselves probably of Celtic or other origin; the form in +Modern German is generally _ach_ or _au_. The ending in _a_ of some +English rivers, as the Rotha, Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; this form corresponds most +nearly with the Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the Caldew in +Cumberland, which seem to show the Germ. form _au_ or _ow_. The ending +_ick_ or _ock_ in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock and the Errick, +may be from a word of similar meaning, most probably the obs. Gael. +_oich_. + +I divide the widely spread forms from this root for convenience into two +groups, _ap_ or _av_, and _ach_ or _ah_. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. ἵππος, Lat. _equus_, Ang.-Sax. _eoh_, +horse, three words similarly formed from one root. The European names in +the following group I take to be most probably from the Celtic--the +Asiatic, if they come in, must be referred to the Sanscrit, or a kindred +and coeval tongue. + + 1. _England._ The IVE. Cumberland. + _Portugal._ The AVIA. + _Germany._ IPFA, 8th cent., now the IPF--here? + _Asia Minor._ HYPIUS ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis._ + _England._ The AVON and EVAN. Many rivers in England, Scotland, + and Wales. + _Scotland._ The AMON, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, + called the ALMOND. + _France._ The AVEN. Dep. Finistère. + _Germany._ AMANA, 8th cent., now the OHM. + _Hindostan._ HYPANIS ant., now the Sutledge--here? + _Asia Minor._ EVENUS ant., now the Sandarli--here? AMNIAS ant., + probably here. + _Syria._ ABANA ant., now the Barrada--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The AVRE. Dep. Eure. + _Germany._ IVARUS, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. EPAR(AHA), 8th + cent., now the EBR(ACH). + _Spain._ IBERUS ant., now the EBRO. + _Thrace._ HEBRUS ant., now the Maritza. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IVEL.[1] Somers. + _Germany._ APULA, 9th cent. The APPEL(BACH). + _Hungary._ The IPOLY or EYPEL. Joins the Danube. + + 5. _With the ending es._[2] + _Germany._ IBISA, 8th cent. The IPS. + _Portugal._ The AVIZ. + _Sicily._ HYPSAS ant., now the Belici. + _Illyria._ APSUS ant., now the Beratinos. + +A related form to No. 2 of the above group I take to be _ain_ = Manx +_aon_ for _avon_. + + _England._ The AUNE, Devonshire. The EHEN, Cumberland. The INNEY, + Cornwall. + _Germany._ The AENUS of Tacitus, now the INN. The IHNA, Prussia. + _Greece._ OENUS ant.--here? + +And I place here also a form _annas_, which I take to be = Sansc. +_abnas_, Latin _amnis_. + + _India._ The ANNAS. Gwalior. + _Germany._ ANISA, 8th cent. The ENS in Austria. + _Piedmont._ The ANZA. Joins the Tosa. + +In the other form _ah_, _ach_, there may be more admixture of the German +element. But the English names, I take it, are all Celtic. The form +_ock_ comes nearest to the obs. Gael. _oich_. + + 1. _England._ The OCK, Berks. The OKE, Devon. + _Scotland._ The OICH, river and lake. The AWE, Argyle. The EYE, + Berwicks. + _France._ The AA. Dep. Nord. + _Germany._ The AACH and the AU. + _Holland._ The AA in Brabant. + _Russia._ The OKA and the AA. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The OIKELL. Sutherland. + _Germany._ AQUILA, 8th cent., now the EICHEL. + +With the Sanscrit root _ab_ or _ap_ is to be connected Sanscrit _ambu_, +_ambhas_, water, whence Latin _imber_ and Gr. ὄμβρος. If the Abus of +Ptolemy was the name of the river Humber, it contains the oldest and +simplest form of the root. But the river is called the Humbre in the +earliest Ang.-Sax. records. I class in this group also the forms in _am_ +and _em_. + + 1. _England._ The EMME. Berkshire. + _Switzerland._ The EMME. + _Holland._ EMA, 10th ct., now the EEM--here? + _Sweden._ The UMEA. + _Asia._ The EMBA, also called the Djem. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The EMMEN. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The HUMBER. Humbre, _Cod. Dip._ + The AMBER. Derbyshire. + _Germany._ AMBRA, 8th cent., now the AMMER, and the EMMER. + _Italy._ UMBRO ant., now the OMBRONE. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The AMBLE or HAMBLE. Hants. + The AMELE or EMELE, now the Mole, in Surrey. + _Germany._ The HAMEL. Hanover. + _Belgium._ AMBL(AVA), 9th cent., now the AMBL(ÈVE). + + 5. _With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water._ + _England._ The HAMPS. Stafford. + _France._ The AMASSE. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ AMISIA, 1st cent. The EMS in Westphalia. + EMISA, 8th cent. The EMS in Nassau. + + 6. _With the ending st._[3] + _Asia._ AMBASTUS ant. Now the Camboja. + + +The whole of the above forms are to be traced back to the Sanscrit verb +_ab_ or _amb_, signifying to move; and that probably to a more simple +verb _â_. The Old Norse _â_, Ang.-Sax. _eâ_, water or river, contain +then a root as primitive as language can show. We can resolve it into +nothing simpler--we can trace it back to nothing older. And it is +curious to note how the Latin _aqua_ has, in the present French word +_eau_, come round again once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions many of the words, as the +Avon, the Humber, &c., have grown, and yet without adding one particle +of meaning, as I hold, to the primeval _â_. + +The root of the following group seems to be Sansc. _ux_ or _uks_, to +water, whence Welsh _wysg_, Irish _uisg_, Old Belg. _achaz_, water or +river. Hence also Eng. _ooze_, and according to Eichoff (_Parrallele des +langues_), also _wash_. + + 1. _England._ The AXE, Devon. The AXE, Somers. + The ASH, Wilts. _Cod. Dip._ ASCE. + The ISACA, or ISCA (Ptolemy). The EXE. + The ESK, Cumb. ESKE, Yorks. + The ESK, in Scotland, five rivers. + The USK, in Monmouthshire. + _France._ The ISAC. Dep. Mayenne. + The ESQUE. Normandy. + The ACHASE. Dauphiné. + _Germany._ ACHAZA, 10th cent., now the ESCHAZ. + ACARSE,[4] 11th cent., now the AXE. + The AHSE. Prussia. + _Mœsia._ ŒSCUS ant. + _Asia._ ACES ant. (Herodotus), now the OXUS or Amou. + _Greece._ AXIUS ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.[5] AXUS or + OAXES in Crete, still retains its name. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ AXONA ant. (Cæsar.) Now the AISNE. + _Asia._ ASCANIA ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other + in Bithynia. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ UXELLA ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be + the Parret. + The ESKLE, Hereford. + _Germany._ ISCALA, 8th cent. The ISCHL. + _Russia._ The OSKOL. Joins the Donetz. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _France._ OSCARA ant., now the OUSCHE. + _Belgium._ HISSCAR, 9th cent., seems not to be identified. + +I am inclined to bring in here the root _is_, respecting which +Förstemann observes that it is "a word found in river-names over a great +part of Europe, but the etymology of which is as yet entirely unknown." +I connect it with the above group, referring also to the Old Norse _is_ +motus, _isia_, proruere, as perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name OUSE either in this group or the last, for two at +least of the rivers so called are so very tortuous in their course as to +make us think of the Welsh _osgo_, obliquity. + + 1. _Germany._ The ISE and the EIS(ACH). + _Syria._ ISSUS ant., now the Baias--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ISANA, 8th cent. The ISEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ISARA, 1st cent. B.C. The ISÈRE and the OISE.[6] + _Germany._ ISARA ant. The ISAR. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The ISLA. Two rivers. + _France._ The ISOLÉ. + _Holland._ ISELA, 8th cent., now the YSSEL. + _Spain._ The ESLA. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The ISIS, vulg. Ouse. + + 6. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The ISSET. Joins the Tobol. + + 7. _In a compound form._ + The ISTER, or Danube, perhaps = IS-STER, from a word _ster_, a river, + hereafter noticed. + ISMENUS ant., in Bœotia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word + _man_ or _mon_, probably signifying water or river, and found in + several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the + Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmühl, the Haliacmon + of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c. + HESUDROS, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. _udra_, water), + may also come in. + +From the Sansc. _ud_, water--in comp. _udra_, as in _samudra,_ the sea, +_i.e._, collection of waters, (see also Hesudros above)--come Sansc. +_udon_, Gr. ὕδωρ, Slav. _woda_, Goth. _wato_, Germ. _wasser_, Eng. +_water_, Lith. _audra_, fluctus, &c. + + 1. _Italy._ ADUA ant., now the ADDA. + _Bohemia._ The WAT(AWA). + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?_ + _France._ The ODON. + _Germany._ ADEN(OUA), 10th cent., now the ADEN(AU). + + 3. _With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c._ + _England._ The ODDER and the OTTER. + The WODER, Dorset. Woder, _Cod. Dip._ + The ADUR in Sussex. + The VEDRA of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to + Pott, comes in here. + _France._ ATURUS ant., now the ADOUR. + AUDURA ant., now the EURE. + _Germany._ ODORA ant., now the ODER. + WETTER(AHA), 8th cent., now the WETTER.[7] + + 4. _With the ending rn._[8] + _Germany._ ADRANA, 1st cent., now the EDER. + _Asia Minor._ The EDRENOS. Anc. Rhyndacus. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Russia._ The VODLA. Lake and river. + +To the above root I also put a form in _ed_, corresponding with Welsh +_eddain_, to flow, Ang.-Sax. _edre_, a water-course, &c. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The EDEN. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy. + _Scotland._ The EDEN and the YTHAN. + _France._ The ITON. Joins the Eure. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The ETTR(ICK). Joins the Tweed. + _Germany._ EITER(AHA), 8th cent. The EITR(ACH)[9], the EITER(ACH), + and the AITER(ACH). + _Denmark._ EIDORA ant., now the EIDER. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IDLE. Notts. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ IDASA, 11th cent., now the ITZ. + +With the above may perhaps also be classed the Celtic _and_ or +_ant_,[10] to which Mone, (_Die Gallische sprache_), gives the meaning +of water. + + 1. _England._ The ANT. Norfolk. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ANTON.[11] Hants. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ANDRIA ant. Now the Lindre. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The ANDELLE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ ANTIL(AHA), 10th cent., now the ANDEL(AU). + +To the Celt. _dubr_, Welsh _dwfr_, water, are by common consent referred +the names in the second division of the undermentioned. But the forms +_dub_, _duv_, which in accordance with the general system here +advocated, I take to be the older and simpler form of the word, are, by +Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._), as well as most English writers, referred to +Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black. + + 1. _England._ The DOVE. Staffordshire. + The DOW. Yorkshire. + _Wales._ TOBIUS ant., now the TOWY. + The DOVY, Merioneth. + _France._ DUBIS ant., now the DOUBS. + The DOUX, joins the Rhine. + + 2. _With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr._[12] + _Ireland._ DOBUR ant., retains its name.[13] + _France._ The TOUVRE. + _Germany._ DUBRA, 8th cent., now the TAUBER. + The DAUBR(AWA), Bohemia. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The DUBISSA. + +Another Celtic word for water is _dur_, which, however, seems more +common in the names of towns (situated upon waters) than in the names of +rivers. Is this word formed by syncope from the last, as _duber_ = +_dur_? Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. _drâ_ or _dur_, to +move? + + 1. _England._ The DURRA. Cornwall. + _Germany._ Δοῦρας, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar. + _Switz._ DURA, 9th cent. The THUR.[14] + _Italy._ DURIA ant., now the DORA. + TURRUS ant., now the TORRE. + _Spain._ DURIUS ant., now the DOURO. + _Russia._ The TURA. Siberia. + The TURIJA. Russ. Poland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ DURANIUS ant., now the DORDOGNE. + +In this chapter is to be included the root _ar_, respecting which I +quote the following remarks of Förstemann. "The meaning of river, water, +must have belonged to this wide-spread root, though I never find it +applied as an appellative, apart from the obsolete Dutch word _aar_, +which Pott produces. I also nowhere find even an attempt to explain the +following river-names from any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit itself shows me no likely +word approaching it, unless perhaps we think of _ara_, swift +(_Petersburger Wörterbuch_)." + +The root, I apprehend, like that of most other river-names, is to be +found in a verb signifying to move, to go--the Sansc. _ar_, _ir_ or +_ur_, Lat. _ire_, _errare_, &c. And we are not without an additional +trace of the sense we want, as the Basque has _ur_, water, _errio_, a +river, and the Hung. has _er_, a brook. The sense of swiftness, as +found in Sansc. _ara_, may perhaps intermix in the following names. But +there is also a word of precisely opposite meaning, the Gael. _ar_, +slow, whence Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives the name of +the Arar (or Saone), a river noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination see page 11. + + 1. _England._ The ARROW, Radnor. The ARROW, Worcester. + The ORE. Joins the Alde. + _Ireland._ ARROW, lake and river, Sligo. + _France._ The AURAY. Dep. Morbihan. + _Germany._ ARA, 8th cent. The AHR, near Bonn, the OHRE, + which joins the Elbe, and the OHRE in + Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of + Ara. + UR(AHA), 10th cent., now the AUR(ACH). + _Switzerland._ ARA, ant. The AAR. + _Italy._ The ERA. Joins the Arno. + _Spain._ URIUS ant., now the Rio Tinte. + _Russia._ OARUS (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ARUN, Sussex. + _Scotland._ The ORRIN and the EARNE. + _Ireland._ The ERNE, Ulster. + _Germany._ OORANA, 8th cent., now the ORRE. + ARN(APE), 8th cent., (_ap_, water), now the ERFT. + The OHRN. Wirtemberg. + _Tuscany._ ARNUS ant. The ARNO. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ERL(AHA), 11th cent. The ERLA. + URULA, 9th cent. The ERL. + ARLA, 10th cent. The ARL. + The ORLA. Joins the Saale. + _Savoy._ The ARLY. + _Aust. Slavonia._ The ORLY(AVA). + _Russia._ The URAL and the ORL(YK). + +From _ar_ and _ur_, to move, the Sanscrit forms _arch_ and _urj_, with +the same meaning, but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, if we may +judge by some of the derivatives, as Lat. _urgeo_, &c. In two of the +three appellatives which I find, the Basque _erreca_, brook, and the +Lettish _urga_, torrent, we may trace this sense; but in the third, +Mordvinian (a Finnish dialect), _erke_, lake, it is altogether wanting. +And on the whole, I cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. _arg_, white, which has been generally +adduced as the etymon of these names, may intermix. + + 1. _England._ The ARKE. Yorkshire. + The IRK. Lancashire. + _France._ The OURCQ. Dep. Aisne. + The ORGE and the ARC. + _Belgium._ The HERK. Prov. Limburg. + _Sardinia._ The ARC. Joins the Isère. + _Spain._ The ARGA. Joins the Aragon. + _Armenia._ ARAGUS ant., now the ARAK. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ARGUNA, 8th cent. The ARGEN. + _Russia._ The ARGUN. Two rivers. + _Spain._ The ARAGON. Joins the Ebro. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The IRKUT. Joins the Angara. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _France._ The ARQUES. + _Russia._ The IRGHIZ. Two rivers. + + 5. _With the ending enz._[15] + _Germany._ ARGENZA, 9th cent., now the ERGERS. + +From the Sansc. _ri_, to flow, Gr. ῥεω, Lat. _rigo_ (often applied to +rivers--"Qua Ister Getas rigat," _Tibullus_), Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, Old +Sax. _rîha_, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. _regen_, Eng. _rain_, Slav. _rêka_, a +stream, Welsh _rhe_, rapid, _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus derives from Germ. _regen_, +rain, in reference to the unusual amount of rain-fall which occurs in +the Böhmer-wald, where it has its source. Butmann derives it from Wend. +and Slav. _rêka_, a stream, connecting its name also with that of the +Rhine. Both these derivations I think rather too narrow. + +With respect to the Rhine I quote the following opinions. Armstrong +derives it from Celt. _reidh-an_, a smooth water, than which nothing can +be more unsuitable--the characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Cæsar and Tacitus downwards--being that of rapidity. +Donaldson compares it with Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and makes Rhine = +Anglo-Saxon _rin_, cursus aquæ. Grimm (_Deutsch. Gramm._) compares it +with Goth. _hrains_, pure, clear, and thinks that "in any case we must +dismiss the derivation from _rinnan_, fluere." Zeuss and Förstemann +support the opinion of Grimm; nevertheless, all three agree in thinking +that the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest word, as it seems to me, +is Welsh _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, cognate with Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, +Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and (as I suppose), with Goth. _hrains_, +pure. + + 1. _England._ The REA. Worcester. + The WREY. Devonshire. + _Ireland._ The RYE. Joins the Liffey. + _Germany._ The REGA. Pomerania. + _Holland._ The REGGE. Joins the Vecht. + _Spain._ The RIGA. Pyrenees. + _Russia._ RHA ant., now the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ REGIN, 9th cent. The REGEN. + RHENUS, 1st cent. B.C. The RHINE. + The RHIN. Joins the Havel. + The RHINE. A small stream near Cassel. + _Norway._ The REEN. + _Italy._ The RENO by Bologna. + _Asiat. Russ._ The RHION, ant. Phasis. + +The Sansc. _lî_, to wet, moisten, spreads into many forms through the +Indo-European languages. I divide them for convenience into two groups, +and take first Lat. _liqueo_, Old Norse _leka_, Ang.-Sax. _lecan_ +(stillare, rigare), Gael. and Ir. _li_, sea, Gael. _lia_, Welsh _lli_, +_llion_, a stream. Most of the following names, I take it, are Celtic. I +am not sure that the sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups. + + 1. _England._ The LEE. Cheshire. + The LEACH. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The LEE. Two rivers. + _Germany._ LICUS, 2nd cent., now the LECH. + LIA, 8th cent., now the LUHE. + _France._ LEGIA, 10th cent., now the LYS.[16] + _Belgium._ The LECK. Joins the Maas. + _Hindostan._ The LYE. Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream._ + _England._ The LEEN. Notts. + _Scotland._ The LYON and the LYNE. + _France._ The LIGNE. Dep. Ardéche. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LEGRE by Leicester, now the Soar. + _France._ LIGER ant. The LOIRE. + The LEGRE. Dep. Gironde. + +For the second group I take Lat. _lavo_, _luo_, Old Norse _lauga_, +lavare, Anglo-Saxon _lagu_, water, Gael. _lo_, water, Gael. and Ir. +_loin_, stream. In this group there may perhaps be something more of the +Germain element, _e.g._, in the rivers of Scandinavia. + + 1. _England._ The LUG. Hereford. + _Wales._ The LOOE. Two rivers. + _France._ The LOUE. Dep. Haute Vienne. + _Germany._ LOUCH(AHA), 11th cent. The LAUCHA. + LOUA, 10th cent., not identified. + _Holland._ The LAVE. + _Finland._ The LUGA or LOUGA. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LUNE. Lancashire. + The LAINE. Cornwall. + The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Scotland._ The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Ireland._ The LAGAN, near Belfast. + _France._ LUNA ant., now the LOING. + _Germany._ LOGAN(AHA), 8th cent., now the LAHN. + The LOWNA in Prussia. + _Norway._ The LOUGAN. Joins the Glommen. + The LOUVEN. Stift Christiana. + _Russia._ The LUGAN. + _Italy._ The LAVINO. + The lake LUGANO. + _India._ The LOONY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The LUGAR. Ayr. + _Wales._ The LLOUGHOR. Glamorgan. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Welsh _llifo_, to pour. + + 1. _Ireland._ The LIFFEY by Dublin. + _Germany._ LUPPIA, 1st cent. The LIPPE. + The LIP(KA). Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LIVER. Cornwall. + _Scotland._ The LIVER. Argyle. + _Ireland._ The LIFFAR. + +More remotely with the Sansc. _lî_, liquere, and directly with Welsh +_lleithio_, to moisten, _llyddo_, to pour, Gael. _lith_, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. _leithus_, Ang.-Sax. _lidh_, liquor, poculum, potus, I +connect the following. The rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out the +special idea of smoothness, which we might be apt to infer from the +root, and from the character of the mythological river Lethe. + + 1. _England._ The LID. Joins the Tamar. + _Scotland._ The LEITH. Co. Edinburgh. + _Wales._ The LAITH, now called the Dyfr. + _Germany._ LIT(AHA), 11th cent. The LEITHA. + _Sweden._ The LIDA. + _Hungary._ The LEITHA. Joins the Danube. + _Asia Minor._} + _Thessaly._ } LETHÆUS ant., three rivers--here? + _Crete._ } + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LIDDEN (Leden, _Cod. Dip._) Worcester. + _Scotland._ The LEITHAN. Peebles. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The LIDDLE. Joins the Esk. + +From the Sansc. _nî_, to move, comes _nîran_, water, corresponding with +the Mod. Greek νερόν of the same meaning. And that the Greek word is +no new importation into that language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. The Gr. ναω, fluo, the Gael. +_nigh_, to bathe, to wash, and the Obs. Gael. _near_, water, a river, +show a close relationship; the Heb. _nhar_, a river, also seems to be +allied. Compare the Nore, a name given to part of the estuary of the +Thames, with the Narra, the name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, an ancient canal from the +Tigris towards the Persian Gulf. And with the Curische Nehrung, a strip +of land which separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf in Prussia +from the waters of the Baltic. On this name Mr. Winning remarks,[17] "I +offer the conjecture that the word _nehrung_ is equivalent to our +break-water, and that it is derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term _neriene_, strength, bravery." I should propose to give it a +meaning analogous, but rather different--deriving it from the word in +question, _nar_ or _ner_, water, and some equivalent of Old Norse +_engia_, coarctare, making _nehrung_ to signify "that which confines the +waters" (of the lake). In all these cases there is something of the +sense of an estuary, or of a channel communicating with the sea--the +Curische Haf being a large lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. The following names I take +to be for the most part of Celtic origin. + + 1. _England._ The NOW. Derbyshire. + The NAR. Norfolk. + The NORE, part of the estuary the Thames. + _Ireland._ NEAGH. A lake, Ulster. + NORE. Joins the Shannon. + _Germany._ NOR(AHA), 8th cent., also called the NAHA. + _Italy._ NAR[18] ant. The NERA. + _Spain._ The NERJA. Malaga. + _Russia._ The NAR(OVA), and the NAREW. + _Europ. Turkey._ NARO ant., now the NARENTA. + _Mauretania._ NIA ant., now the Senegal--here? + _Hindostan._ NARRA, two branches of the Indus--here? + + 2. _With the ending en, = Sansc. nîran, water?_ + _Illyria._ The NARON. + _Scotland._ The NAREN or NAIRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The NEERS. Rhen. Pruss. + +From the Sansc. _nî_, to move, Gael. _nigh_, to bathe, to wash, comes, I +apprehend, the Welsh _nannaw_, _nennig_, _nant_, a small stream. + + _England._ The NENE or NEN. Northampton. + The NENT. Cumberland. + _Ireland._ The NENAGH. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The NENNY. + +Closely allied to _nî_, to move, I take to be Sansc. _niv_, to flow, +Welsh _nofio_, to swim, to float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, if not a false rendering, +might come in here. + + 1. _France._ The NIVE. Joins the Adour. + _Germany._ NABA, 1st cent., now the NAAB in Bavaria. + _Holland._ NABA or NAVA, 1st cent., now the NAHE or NAVE. + _Spain._ The NAVIA. Falls into the Bay of Biscay. + _Russia._ The NEVA and the NEIVA. + _Hindostan._ The NAAF. Falls into the Bay of Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Persia._ The NABON. Prov. Fars. + _Russ. Pol._ The NIEMEN.[19] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The NAVER. River and lake. + _Wales._ The NEVER. Merioneth. + _France._ NIVERIS ant., now the NIEVRE. + _Danub. Prov._ NAPARIS (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France and} The NIVELLE. Pyrenees. + Spain._ } + _Holland._ NABALIS (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Scotland._ The NEVIS. Rises on Ben Nevis. + +From the same root, _nî_, to move, and closely connected with the last +group, I take to be Sansc. _nis_, to flow, to water. Zeuss (_Die +Deutschen_) takes the word, as far as it relates to the rivers of +Germany, to be of Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word found as +the second part of some Slavonic river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it +is also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican has _naoz_, a brook, +and the German has _nasz_, wet, _nässen_, to be wet. + + 1. _Scotland._ The NESS. River and lake. + _Germany._ NISA, 11th cent. The NEISSE, two rivers, both of which + join the Oder. + _Servia._ The NISS(AVA). Joins the Morava. + _Sicily._ The NISI. + + 2. _With the ending st._[20] + _France._ The NESTE. Hautes Pyrenees. + _Thrace._ NESTUS ant. + + +From the Greek ναω, fluo, comes νᾶμα, a stream, ναματιᾶιον ὕδωρ, running +water. Hence seems to be NAMADUS, the name given by the Greek +geographers to the Nerbudda of India. + +Another form which I take to be derived from the above Sanscrit root +_nî_, by the prefix _s_, is Sansc. _snu_, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. _schnee_, Eng. _snow_, &c.) + + _Germany._ ZNUUIA, 11th cent., now the SCHNEI. + _Russia._ The ZNA or TZNA. + +A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. _snidh_ or _snith_, to ooze +through, distil, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _snuadh_, to flow, and _snuadh_, a +river, whence I take the following. Förstemann refers to Old High German +_snidan_, Modern German _schneiden_, to divide, in the sense of a +boundary, which is a root suitable enough in itself, though I think it +ought to yield the preference to the direct sense of water. + + _England._ The SNYTE. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ SNEID(BACH), 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue. + SMID(AHA), 9th cent., now the SCHMIDA, which joins the + Danube. For Snidaha? + +The form _snid_ or _snith_ introduces the form _nid_ or _nith_, and +suggests the enquiry whether that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (_Varronianus_), referring to a word Nethuns, "found +on a Tuscan mirror over a figure manifestly intended for Neptune," +observes that "there can be little doubt that _nethu_ means water in the +Tuscan language." Assuming the correctness of the premises, I think that +this must be the case; and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), contain +the Greek ναω; as Nereus (a water-god), contains the word _ner_ before +referred to; as Neptune contains the Greek νίπτω, in each case +involving the signification of water, so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must +contain a related word _neth_ or _nethun_ of the same meaning. Also that +this word comes in its place here, as a derivative of the root _nî_, and +as a corresponding form to the Celtic _snidh_ or _snith_. + +There are, however, two other meanings which might intermix in the +following names; the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., Welsh +_nyddu_, to turn or twist, in the sense of tortuousness; and the other +is Old Norse _nidr_, fremor, strepitus. + + 1. _England._ The NIDD. Yorkshire. + _Scotland._ The NITH. Dumfriesshire. + _Wales._ The NEATH. Glamorgan. + _France._ The NIED. Joins the Sarre. + _Belgium._ The NETHE. Joins the Ruppel. + _Germany._ NIDA, 8th cent., now the NIDDA. + The NETHE. Joins the Weser. + _Norway._ The NIDA. + _Poland._ The NIDDA. + _Greece._ NEDA ant., now the Buzi in Elis. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The NETHAN. Lesmahago. + + 3. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _Germany._ NITORNE, 9th cent., now the NIDDER. + +There can hardly be a doubt that the words _sar_, _sor_, _sur_, so +widely spread in the names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +_sar_, _sri_, to move, to go, _sru_, to flow, whence _saras_, water, +_sarit_, _srôta_, river. The Permic and two kindred dialects of the +Finnic class have the simple form _sor_ or _sur_, a river, and the +Gaelic and Irish have the derived form _sruth_, to flow, _sroth_, +_sruth_, river. In the names Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the +guttural to have accrued. + + 1. _England._ The SOAR. Leicester. + The SARK, forms the boundary between England and + Scotland. + _France._ The SERRE. Joins the Oise. + _Germany._ SARAVUS ant., now the SAAR. + SORAHA, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now + unnamed. + SURA, 7th cent. The SURE and the SUR. + The SORG. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The SARE and the SUR. + _Norway._ The SURA. + _Russia._ The SURA. Joins the Volga. + The SVIR, falls into Lake Ladoga. + _Lombardy._ The SERIO. Joins the Adda. + The SERCHIO or SARCO. + _Portugal._ The SORA. Joins the Tagus. + _Asia._ SERUS ant., now the Meinam. + _Asia Minor._ SARUS ant., now the Sihon. + _India._ SARAYU[21] ant., now the Sardju. + _Armenia._ ARIUS[22] ant., now the Heri Rud. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SERAN. Joins the Rhone. + The SERAIN. Joins the Yonne. + _Germany._ SORNA, 8th cent. The ZORN. + _Switzerland._ The SUREN. Cant. Aargau. + _Naples._ SARNUS ant. The SARNO. + _Persia._ SARNIUS ant., now the Atrek. + +The form _saras_, water, seems to be found in the following two names. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SARSONNE. Dep. Corrèze. + + 2. _Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water._ + _India._ The SARASWATI, which still retains its ancient name. + +And the Sansc. _sarit_, Gael. and Ir. _sroth_, _sruth_, a river, seem to +be found in the following. + + _Ireland._ The SWORDS river near Dublin. + _France._ The SARTHE. Joins the Mayenne. + _Galicia._ The SERED. Joins the Dniester. + _Moldavia._ The SERETH. Ant. Ararus. + _Russia._ The SARAT(OVKA).[23] Gov. Saratov. + + +It would seem that the foregoing forms _sri_, _sru_, _srot_, sometimes +take a phonetic _t_, and become _stri_, _stru_, _strot_. Thus one Celtic +dialect, the Armorican, changes _sur_ into _ster_, and another, the +Cornish, changes _sruth_ into _struth_--both words signifying a river. +But indeed the natural tendency towards it is too obvious to require +much comment. Hence we may take the names Stry and Streu. But is the +form Stur from this source also? Förstemann finds an etymon in Old High +German _stur_, Old Norse _stôr_, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is hardly suited for those of +England and Italy, none of which are large. The root, moreover, seems +too widely spread, if, as I suspect, it is this which forms the ending +of many ancient names as the Cayster, the Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, +Ister, Danastris, &c. The Armorican _ster_, a river, seems to be the +word most nearly concerned. + + 1. _The form stry, stru, stur._ + _England._ STURIUS (Ptolemy). The STOUR. There are six rivers + of this name. + _Germany._ STROWA, 8th cent. The STREU. + _Holstein._ STURIA, 10th cent. The STÖR. + _Italy._ STURA, two rivers. + STORAS (Strabo), now the ASTURA. + _Aust. Poland._ The STRY. Joins the Dniester. + The STYR. Joins the Pripet. + + 2. _The form struth._ + _England._ The STROUD. Gloucester. + The STORT. Essex. + _Germany._ The UNSTRUT Förstemann places here, as far as the + ending _strut_ is concerned. + +From the Sanscrit root _su_, liquere, come Sansc. _sava_, water, Old +High German _sou_, Lat. _succus_, moisture, Gael. _sûgh_, a wave, &c.; +(on the apparent resemblance between Sansc. _sava_, water and Goth. +_saivs_, sea, Diefenbach observes, we must not build). Hence I take to +be the following; but a word very liable to intermix is Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness is very marked, I have +taken them under that head. + + 1. _England._ The SOW. Warwickshire. + _Ireland._ The SUCK. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The SAVE. Joins the Garonne. + _Belgium._ SABIS, 1st cent. B.C., now the Sambre. + _Germany._ SAVUS ant. The SAVE or SAU. + The SÖVE. Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ The SEVA. + _Italy._ The SAVIO. Pont. States. + The SIEVE. Joins the Arno. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The SAVENA or SAONA. Piedmont. + _Armenia._ The SEVAN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ SEVERUS ant. The SUIRE. + _Germany._ SEVIRA, 9th cent. The ZEYER. + _France._ The SEVRE. Two rivers. + _Spain._ SUCRO ant. The XUCAR. + _Portugal._ The SABOR. + + 4. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _England._ SABRINA ant. The SEVERN. + _France._ The SEVRON. Dep. Saône-et-Loire. + _Russ. Pol._ The SAVRAN(KA). Gov. Podolia. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Lombardy._ The SAVEZO near Milano. + +In the Sanscrit _mih_, to flow, to pour, Old Norse _mîga_, scaturire, +Anglo-Saxon _migan_, _mihan_, to water, Sansc. _maighas_, rain, Old +Norse _mîgandi_, a torrent--("unde," says Haldorsen, "nomina propria +multorum torrentium"), Obs. Gael. and Ir. _machd_, a wave, I find the +root of the following. Most of the names are no doubt from the Celtic, +though the traces of the root are more faint in that tongue than in the +Teutonic. This I take to be the word, which in the forms _ma_, and _man_ +or _men_, forms the ending of several river-names. + + 1. _Scotland._ The MAY. Perthshire. + _Ireland._ The MAIG and the MOY. + _Wales._ The MAY and the MAW. + _France._ The MAY. + _Siberia._ The MAIA. Joins the Aldon. + _India._ The MHYE. Bombay. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The MAWN. Notts. + The MEON. Hants. (Meôn eâ, _Cod. Dip._) + _Ireland._ The MAIN and the MOYNE. + _France._ The MAINE. Two rivers. + _Belgium._ The MEHAIGNE. Joins the Scheldt. + _Germany._ MOENUS ant. The MAIN. + _Sardinia._ The MAINA. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The MAIN. Joins the Anadyr. + _India._ The MEGNA. Prov. Bengal. + The MAHANUDDY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ The MAGRA. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The MEAL. Shropshire. + _Denmark._ The MIELE. Falls into the German Ocean. + + 5. _With the ending st._[24] + _Asia Minor._ The MACESTUS. Joins the Rhyndacus. + +From the root _mî_, to flow, come also Sansc. _mîras_, Lat. _mare_, +Goth. _marei_, Ang.-Sax. _mêr_, Germ. _meer_, Welsh _mar_, _mor_, Gael. +and Ir. _muir_, Slav. _morie_, &c., sea or lake. I should be more +inclined however to derive most of the following from the cognate Sansc. +_mærj_, to wash, to water, Lat. _mergo_, &c. Also, the Celtic _murg_, in +the more definite sense of a morass, may come in for some of the forms. + + 1. _France._ The MORGE. Dep. Isère. + _Germany._ MARUS (Tacitus). The MARCH, Slav. MOR(AVA). + MUORA, 8th cent. The MUHR. + MURRA, 10th cent. The MURR. + _Belgium._ MURGA, 7th cent. The MURG. + The MARK. Joins the Scheldt. + _Switzerland._ The MURG. Cant. Thurgau. + _Sardinia._ The MORA. Div. Novara. + _Servia._ MARGUS ant. The MORAVA. + _Italy._ The MARECCHIA. Pont. States--here? + _India._ The MERGUI--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The MOURNE. Ulster. + _Germany._ MARNE, 11th cent., now the MARE. + MERINA, 11th cent. The MÖRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The MERSEY. Lancashire. + _Germany._ MUORIZA, 10th cent. The MURZ. + _Dacia._ MARISUS ant. The MAROSCH. + _Phrygia._ MARSYAS ant. + +Another form of Sansc. _marj_, to wet, to wash, is _masj_, whence I take +the following. + + _Ireland._ MASK, a lake in Connaught. + _Russia._ The MOSK(VA), by Moscow, to which it gives the name. + +From the Sanscrit _vag_ or _vah_, to move, comes _vahas_, course, flux, +current, cognate with which are Goth. _wegs_, Germ. _woge_, Eng. _wave_, +&c. An allied Celtic word is found as the ending of many British +river-names, as the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the Elwy, &c. Hence +I take to be the following, in the sense of water or river. + + 1. _England._ The WEY. Dorset. + The WEY. Surrey. + _Hungary._ The WAAG. Joins the Danube. + _Russia._ The VAGA. Joins the Dwina. + The VAGAI and the VAKH in Siberia. + _India._ The VAYAH. Madras. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WAVENEY. Norf. and Suffolk. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WAVER. Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Netherlands._ VAHALIS, 1st cent. B.C. The WAAL. + + 5. _With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?_ + _France._ VOGESUS ant. The VOSGES. + +An allied form to the above is found in Sansc. _vi_, _vîc_, to move, +Lat. _via_, &c., and to which I put the following. + + 1. _England._ The WYE. Monmouthshire. + _Scotland._ The WICK. Caithness. + _France._ The VIE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The VIG. Forms lake VIGO. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ VIGENNA ant. The VIENNE. + _Germany._ The WIEN, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. + Wien). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Switzerland._ The WIGGER. Cant. Lucerne. + _France._ The VEGRE. Dep. Sarthe. + The VIAUR--probably here. + _Poland._ The WEGIER(KA). + _India._ The VEGIAUR, Madras--here? + +Formed on the root _vi_, to move, is probably also the Sansc. _vip_ or +_vaip_, to move, to agitate, Latin _vibrare_, perhaps _vivere_, Old +Norse _vippa_, _vipra_, gyrare, Eng. _viper_, &c. I cannot trace in the +following the sense of rapidity, which we might suspect from the root. +Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the sense of tortuousness, so +strongly brought out in some of its derivatives. + + 1. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WEAVER. Cheshire. + The VEVER. Devonshire. + _Germany._ WIPPERA, 10th cent. The WIPPER (two rivers), and + the WUPPER. + + 2. _With the ending es._ + _India._ VIPASA, the Sanscrit name of the Beas. + _Switzerland._ VIBSICUS ant. (properly Vibissus?) The VEVEYSE by + Vevay. + +From the root _vip_, to move, taking the prefix _s_, is formed _swip_, +which I have dealt with in the next chapter. + +In the Sansc. _par_, to move, we find the root of Gael. _beathra_ +(pronounced _beara_), Old Celt. _ber_, water, Pers. _baran_, rain, &c., +to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The BERE. Dorset. + _Ireland._ BARGUS (Ptolemy). The BARROW. + _France._ The BAR. Dep. Ardennes. + The BERRE. Dep. Aude. + _Germany._ The BAHR, the BEHR, the BEHRE, the PAAR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Bohemia._ The BERAUN near Prague. + _India._ The BEHRUN. + _Russia._ The PERNAU. Gulf of Riga. + +From the Sansc. _plu_, to flow, Lat. _pluo_ and _fluo_, come Sansc. +_plavas_, flux, Lat. _pluvia_ and _fluvius_, Gr. πλυνω, lavo, +Ang.-Sax. _flôwe_, _flum_, Lat. _flumen_, river, &c. Hence we get the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The PLAU, river and lake.[25] Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Holland._ FLEVO, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, + between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called + VLIE. + _Aust. Italy._ PLAVIS ant. The PIAVE, falls into the Adriatic. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The PLAINE. Joins the Meurthe. + _Germany._ The PLONE. Joins the Haff. + The PLAN-SEE, a lake in the Tyrol. + _Holstein._ PLOEN. A lake. + _Poland._ The PLONNA. Prov. Plock. + +From the above root come also the following, which compare with Sansc. +_plavas_, Mid. High Germ. _vlieze_, Mod. Germ. _fliess_, Old Fries. +_flêt_, Old Norse _fliot_, stream. And I think that some at least of +this group are German. + + 1. _England._ The FLEET. Joins the Trent. + The FLEET, now called the Fleetditch in London. + _Scotland._ The FLEET. Kirkcudbright. + _Germany._ BLEISA, 10th cent. The PLEISSE. + _Holland._ FLIETA, 9th cent. The VLIET. + _Russia._ The PLIUSA. Gulf of Finland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ FLIEDINA, 8th cent. The FLIEDEN. + The FLIETN(ITZ). Pruss. Pom. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Holland._ The VLIEST. + _Greece._ PLEISTUS ant., near Delphi. + +There are two more forms from the same root, the former of which we may +refer to the Irish and Gael. _fluisg_, a flushing or flowing. The latter +shows a form nearest to the Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. _flum_, Lat. +_flumen_, though I think that the names must be rather Celtic. + + 1. _Ireland._ The FLISK. Falls into the Lake of Killarney. + _Germany._ The PLEISKE. Joins the Oder. + + 2. _England._ The PLYM, by Plymouth. + _Scotland._ The PALME, by Palmton. + _Siberia._ The PELYM. Gov. Tobolsk. + +From the Sansc. _gam_, to go, is derived, according to Bopp and Monier +Williams, the name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Gangâ. The word is in fact +the same as the Scotch "gang," which seems to be derived more +immediately from the Old Norse _ganga_. In the sense of "that which +goes," the Hindostanee has formed _gung_, a river, found in the names of +the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, the Chittagong, and other rivers of +India. The same ending is found by Förstemann in the old names of one or +two German rivers, as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th cent. was +called the LIUGANGA. Another name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in the myth of its rising from the +foot of Vishnoo. But as _pad_ and _gam_ in Sanscrit have both the same +meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each other. + + 1. _India._ The GANGES. Sanscrit GANGA. + The GINGY. Pondicherry. + _Russia._ The KHANK(OVA). Joins the Don. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Greece._ GANGITUS ant., in Macedonia. + +The Sansc. verb _gam_, to go, along with its allied forms, is formed on +a simpler verb _gâ_, of the same meaning. To this I put the following. + + 1. _Holland._ The GOUW. Joins the Yssel. + _Persia._ CHOES or CHO(ASPES)[26] ant. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GEWIN(AHA), 9th cent., now the JAHN(BACH). + + 3. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Asia Minor._ The CAYSTER and CESTRUS--here? + + +The Sansc. _ikh_, to move, must, I think, contain the root of the +following, though I find no derivatives in any sense nearer to that of +water or river. + + 1. _Russia._ The IK. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ICENA (_Cod. Dip._) The ITCHEN. + _France._ ICAUNA ant. The IONNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Moravia._ The IGLA or IGL(AWA). + _France._ The ECOLLE. Dep. Seine-et-Oise. + +From the Sansc. _dravas_, flowing, are derived, according to Bopp, the +Drave and the Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, _drâ_, to move. Hence +I have suggested, p. 37, may be the Welsh _dwr_, water. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARF, several small rivers--here? + _Germany._ DRAVUS, 1st cent. The DRAVE, Germ. DRAU. + _Italy._ The TREBBIA. Joins the Po. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ TRAVENA, 10th cent., now the TRAVE. + TREWINA, 9th cent. The DRAN. + DRONA, 9th cent. The DRONE. + TRUNA, 7th cent. The TRAUN. + _France._ The DRONNE. Joins the Isle. + +In the Sansc. _dram_, to move, to run, Gr. δρέμω, whence _dromedary_, +&c., is to be found the root of the following. But _dram_, as I take it, +is an interchanged form with the preceding _drav_, as _amon_ = _avon_, +&c., _ante_. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TROME and the TRUIM. Inverness. + _France._ The DROME and the DARME. + _Belgium._ The DURME. + _Germany._ The DARM, by Darmstadt. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Norway._ The DRAMMEN. Christiania Fjord. + +Another word of the same meaning as the last, and perhaps allied in its +root, is Sansc. _trag_, to run, Gr. τρέχω, Goth. _thragjan_. It will +be observed that the above Greek verb mixes up in its tenses with the +obsolete verb δρέμω of the preceding group. In all these words +signifying to run there may be something of rapidity, though I am not +able to remove them out of this category. + + 1. _France._ The DRAC. Joins the Isère. + _Prussia._ The DRAGE. + _Greece._ TRAGUS ant. + _Italy._ The TREJA. Joins the Tiber. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sicily._ The TRACHINO. Joins the Simeto. + +The Sansc. _il_, to move, Gr. ἑίλω, Old High Germ. _ilen_, Swed. _ila_, +Mod. Germ. _eilen_, to hasten, Fr. _aller_, &c., is a very widely spread +root in river-names. + + 1. _England._ The ILE. Somerset. + The ALLOW. Northumberland. + _France._ The ILL, the ILLE, and the ELLÉ. + _Germany._ ILLA, 9th cent. The ILL. + IL(AHA), 11th cent. The IL(ACH). + The ALLE. Prussia. + _Italy._ ALLIA ant., near Rome. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ALAUNUS (Ptolemy). Perhaps the AXE. + The ALNE, two rivers. + The ELLEN. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The ALLAN, two rivers. + _Ireland._ The ILEN. Cork. + _France._ The AULNE. Dep. Finistère. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ALARA, 8th cent. The ALLER. + ILARA, 10th cent. The ILLER. + _Piedmont._ The ELLERO. + +From the above root _al_ or _il_, to move, to go, I take to be the Gael. +_ald_ or _alt_, a stream, (an older form of which, according to +Armstrong, is _aled_); and the Old Norse _allda_, Finnish _aalto_, a +wave, billow. As an ending this word is found in the NAGOLD of Germany +(ant. NAGALTA), and in the HERAULT of France, Dep. Herault. Förstemann +makes the former word _nagalt_, and remarks on it as "unexplained." It +seems to me to be a compound word, of which the former part is probably +to be found in the root _nig_ or _nî_, p. 47. + + 1. _England._ The ALDE. Suffolk. + The ALT. Lancashire. + _France._ OLTIS ant., now the Lot. + _Germany._ The ELD. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Spain._ The ELDA. + _Russia._ The ALTA. Gov. Poltova. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ALDENA, 11th cent., now the Olle. + _Norway._ The ALTEN. + _Siberia._ The ALDAN. Joins the Lena. + +Also from the root _al_ or _il_, to move, I take to be the Old Norse +_elfa_, Dan. _elv_, Swed. _elf_, a river. The river Ἄλπις mentioned in +Herodotus is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn by Innsbrück. I think the +able Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient ground +for his supposition that Herodotus, in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of mountains. The former, it will +be seen, is an appellative for a river; the latter is found in the name +Carpino, of an affluent of the Tiber, and might be from the Celt. +_garbh_, violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, would make _garbh_ +into _carp_. But indeed the form _carp_ is that which comes nearest to +the original root, if I am correct in supposing it to be the Sansc. +_karp_, Lat. _carpo_, in the sense of violent action. In the following +list I should be inclined to take the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, +as nearest to the original form. + + 1. _Germany._ ALBIS, 1st cent. The ELBE. Also the ALB in Baden, and + the ALF in Pomerania. + ALPIS (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn. + ALAPA, 8th cent., now the Wölpe. + The AUPE. Joins the Elbe. + _France._ ALBA ant., now the AUBE. + The AUVE. Dep. Marne. + The HELPE. Joins the Sambre. + _Greece._ ALPHEUS ant., now the Rufio--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The ELVAN. Joins the Clyde. + _Germany._ ALBANA, 8th cent., now the ALBEN. + _Tuscany._ ALBINIA ant. The ALBEGNA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ELAVER ant., now the Allier. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ALBLA, 11th cent., not identified. + _Italy._ ALBULA, the ancient name of the Tiber. + _Russia._ The ILAVLA. Joins the Don. + +Förstemann seems to me to be right in his conjecture that the forms +_alis_, _els_, _ils_, are also extensions of the root _al_, _el_, _il_. +We see the same form in Gr. ἑλισσω, an extension of ἑιλω, and having +just the same meaning of verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this word, +which we find specially applied to rivers, is the one most concerned in +the following names, two of which, it will be seen moreover, belong to +Greece. Hence may perhaps be derived the name of the Elysii, +(wanderers?) a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus. And through them, of +many names of men, as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our own family +names Alice and Ellice.[27] + + 1. _France._ The ALISE. + _Germany._ ELZA, 10th cent., now the ELZ. + ILSA ant., now the ILSE. + The ALASS. Falls into the Gulf of Riga. + _Greece._ ILISSUS ant., still retains its name. + _Asia Minor._ HALYS ant., now the Kizil-Irmak. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ELISON, 3rd cent., now the Lise. + _Belgium._ ALISNA, 7th cent., not identified. + _Greece._ ELLISON or HELISSON ant. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ALZISSA, 9th cent., now the ALZ. + ILZISA, 11th cent., now the ILZ. + +The root _sal_ Förstemann takes to be Celtic, and to mean salt water. No +doubt saltness is a characteristic which would naturally give a name to +a river. So it does in the case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can hardly think that all the +many rivers called the SAALE are salt, and I am inclined to go deeper +for the meaning. The Sansc. has _sal_, to move, whence _salan_, water. +The first meaning then seems to be water--applied to the sea as _the_ +water--and then to salt as derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +άλς, the Old Norse _salt_, and the Gael. _sal_, all mean both salt, +and also the sea, the latter may be the original sense. From the above +root, _sal_, to move, the Lat. forms both _salire_ and _saltare_, as +from the same root come _sal_ and _salt_. I take the root _sal_ then in +river-names to mean, at least in some cases, water. In one or two +instances the sense of saltness comes before us as a known quality, and +in such case I have taken the names elsewhere. But failing the proper +proof, which would be that of tasting, I must leave the others where +they stand. + + 1. _Germany._ SALA, 1st cent. Five rivers called the SAALE. + SALIA, 8th cent. The SEILLE. + _France._ The SELLÉ. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The SAL. Joins the Don. + _Spain._ SALO ant., now the XALON. + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?_ + _Ireland._ The SLAAN and the SLANEY. + _France._ The SELUNE. Dep. Manche. + +It is possible that the root _als_, _ils_, found in the name of several +rivers, as the ALZ, ELZ, ILSE, may be a transposition of the above, just +as Gr. άλς = Lat. _sal_. But upon the whole I have thought another +derivation better, and have included them in a preceding group. + +From the Sansc. _var_ or _vars_, to bedew, moisten, whence _var_, water, +_varsas_, rain, Gr. ἐρση, dew, Gael. and Ir. _uaran_, fresh water, I +get the following, dividing them into the two forms, _var_ and _vars_. + + +_The form var._ + + 1. _England._ The VER. Herts. + _France._ VIRIA ant. The VIRE. + _Germany._ The WERRE in Thuringia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ WARINNA, 8th cent. The WERN. + The WARN(AU). Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Naples._ VARANO,[28] a lagoon on the Adriatic shore. + + +_The form vars._ + + 1. _England._ The WORSE. Shropshire. + _France._ The OURCE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ The WERS. Joins the EMS. + _Italy._ ARSIA ant.--here? + VARESE. Lake in Lombardy. + _Persia._ AROSIS ant., now the Tab--here? + _Armenia._ ARAXES[29] ant., now the ARAS--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ URSENA, 8th cent., now the OERTZE. + _Asia Minor._ ORSINUS ant., now the Hagisik--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URSELA, 8th cent. The URSEL. + HÖRSEL. Joins the Werre. + +In the above Sansc. _var_, to moisten, to water, is contained, as I take +it, the root of the Finnic _wirta_, a river, the only appellative I can +find for the following. + + 1. _Germany._ WERT(AHA), 10th cent., now the WERT(ACH). + _Poland._ The WARTA. Joins the Oder. + _Denmark._ The VARDE. Prov. Jütland. + _India._ The WURDAH. Joins the Godavery. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The VERDON. Dep. Var. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The VARTREY. Wicklow. + _France._ The VARDRE. + _Europ. Turkey._ The VARDAR, ant. Axius. + +The following names have been generally supposed to be derived from +Welsh _cledd_ or _cleddeu_, sword, and to be applied metaphorically to a +river. But I think it will be seen from the Sansc. _klid_, to water, +whence _klaidan_, flux, Gr. κλύδων, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. _glade_, +a river, brook, that the meaning of water lies at the very bottom of the +word. Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running stream and of a sharp +point often run parallel to each other, there may be in this case a +relationship between them. + + 1. _Scotland._ The CLYDE. (CLOTA, Ptolemy.) + _Wales._ The CLOYD, the CLWYD, and the CLEDDEU. + _Ireland._ The GLYDE. + _Greece._ CLADEUS ant.--here? + _Umbria._ CLIT(UMNUS)[30] ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The KLODN(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Greece._ The CLITORA in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient + Clitorium. + _Asia Min._ CLUDROS ant., in Caria. + +There are two Sanscrit roots from which the word _ag_, _ang_, _ing_, in +river-names might be deduced. One is the verb _ag_ or _aj_, to move, +whence _anjas_, movement, (or the verb _ac_ or _anc_, to traverse), and +the other is the verb _ag_ or _ang_, to contract, whence Latin _anguis_, +snake, _anguilla_, eel, Eng. _angle_, &c. The sense then might be either +the ordinary one of motion, the root-meaning of most river names, or it +might be the special sense of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word _anger_, a river, in the Tcheremissian dialect of +the Finnic (Bonaparte polyglott), I think it safer to follow the most +common sense, though the other may not improbably intermix. The +derivation of Mone, from Welsh _eog_, salmon, I do not think of. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ANKIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the ECKN(ACH). + _France._ The INGON. Dep. Somme. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ANKER. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ ACKARA, 10th cent. The AGGER. + AGARA, 8th cent. The EGER. + The ANGERAP (_ap_, water), Prussia. + _Siberia._ The ANGERA. + _Italy._ ACARIS ant. The AGRI. + _Servia?_ ANGRUS (Herodotus). + _India._ The AGHOR--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ANGEL, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia). + _Russia._ The INGUL. Joins the Bug. + + 4. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ AGASTA,[31] 8th cent., now the AISS. + +From the Sansc. _pî_, to drink, also to give to drink, to water, Gr. +πιω, πινω, we may get a form _pin_ in river-names. + + 1. _Germany._ The PEEN in Prussia. + _Holstein._ The PINAU. Joins the Elbe. + _Hungary._ The PINA. Joins the Pripet. + The PINKA--here?[32] + _Russia._ The PIANA. Joins the Volga. + The PINE(GA). Joins the Dwina. + _India._ The BINOA. Joins the Beas. + _Greece._ PENEUS ant. Two rivers--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Siberia._ The PENJINA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The PENNAR. Madras. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The PENZA. Joins the Sura. + +From the above Sansc. _pi_ we may also derive the form _pid_. The only +appellative I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +_pidele_, a thin stream, given by Kemble in the glossary to the _Cod. +Dip._; and hence the name PIDDLE, of several small streams. The only +name I find in the simple form, and that uncertain, is the PINDUS of +Greece. Then there is a form _peder_, which seems to be from a definite +word, and not from the simple suffix _er_. + + 1. _England._ The PEDDER. Somerset. + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + _India._ The PINDAR--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The PITREN(ICK), a small stream in Lanarkshire. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The PETTERIL in Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _England._ PÊDREDE (_Cod. Dip._) Now the PARRET. + +Also from the Sansc. root _pi_, to drink, to water, we get the form +_bib_ or _pip_, as found in Lat. _bibo_, and in Sansc. _pipâsas_, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one name--the BEUVE in France, +Dep. Gironde. In the form _biber_ there are many names, particularly in +Germany. Graff (_Sprachschatz_), seems to refer the word to _biber_, +beaver, but Förstemann, with more reason, as I think, suggests a lost +word for water or river. + + 1. _England._ The PEVER. Cheshire. + _Scotland._ The PEFFER. Ross-shire. + _France._ The BIÈVRE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ BIBER(AHA), 7th cent. The BEVER, the BIBRA, the + PEBR(ACH), and the BIBER(BACH). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ BIVERAN, 8th cent., now the BEVER. + _France._ The BEUVRON. Dep. Nièvre. + +Perhaps also from the root _pi_ we may derive the Ir. _buinn_, river, +_bual_, _biol_, water. From the former Mr. Charnock derives the name of +the Boyne, a derivation which I think suitable, even if we take the +ancient form Buvinda, (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._,) which might be more +properly Buvinna, as Gironde for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse _buna_, scaturire, might also be suggested. + + _Ireland._ The BOYNE. + _Germany._ BUN(AHA), 9th cent., now the BAUN(ACH). + +From the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, I derive the following, keeping out the +rivers of the Slavonic districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +_biala_, white. + + 1. _England._ The BEELA. Westmoreland. + _Ireland._ The BOYLE, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish + form is BUIL. + _France._ The BOL(BEC). Dep. Seine-Inf. + _Germany._ BOLL(AHA) ant. Not identified. + _Asia Minor._ BILLÆUS ant., now the Filyas. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ The BUHLER. Wirtemberg. + _Russia._ The BULLER. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The BULLOT. Baden. + _Russia._ The POLOTA. Joins the Dwina. + +A very obscure root in river-names is _gog_ or _cock_. The only +appellatives I find are in the Celtic, viz., Gael. _caochan_, a small +stream, Arm. _goagen_, wave; unless we think also of the word _jokk_, +_jöggi_, which in the Finnic dialects signifies a river; and in that +case the most probable root would be the Sansc. _yug_, to gush forth. To +the river Coquet, in Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar having been discovered bearing the +inscription "Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have been dedicated to the +genius of that river. Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in Greece, +a tributary of the river Acheron, invested with so many mysterious +terrors as supposed to be under the dominion of the King of Hades. +Possibly, however, it might only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something of the superstitious +reverence paid to the other. At all events, I can find nothing in the +etymology to bear out such a meaning. + + 1. _England._ COCBRÔC (_Cod. Dip._) This would seem to have + probably been a small stream called Cock, to + which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added + the word brook. + + 2. _Germany._ COCHIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the KOCHER.[33] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The COCKER. Cumberland. + The COKER. Lancashire. + _India._ The KOHARY--here? + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Transylvania._ The KOKEL, two rivers. + _England._ COCKLEY-BECK.[34] Cumberland. + _Germany._ CHUCHILIBACH, now Kuchelbach. + + 5. _With the ending et._ + _England._ The COQUET. Northumberland. + _Greece._ COCYTUS ant., now the Vuvo. + + 6. _In a compound form._ + _England._ The CUCKMARE, Sussex, with the word _mar_, p. 61. + +From the Sansc. _mid_, to soften, to melt, (perhaps formed on the root +_mi_, p. 59), come Sansc. _miditas_, fluid, Lat. _madidus_, wet. Herein +seems a sufficient root for river-names, but there is another which is +apt to intermix, Sansc. _math_, to move, whence, I take it, and not from +the former is Old Norse _môda_, a river. I separate a form _med_ or +_mid_, in which the sense of _medius_, and also that of _mitis_, is in +some cases clearly brought out; and another, _muth_ or _muot_, which, +though from the same root, as I take it, as _môda_, a river, (_math_, to +move), has more evidently the sense of speed. + + 1. _Germany._ MOTA, 8th cent., now the MEDE or MEHE. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The MADDER. Wiltshire. + _Germany._ MATRA, 8th cent., now the MODER. + _Italy._ METAURUS ant., the METAURO--here? + + 3. _With the ending ern._ + _France._ MATRŎNA[35] ant., now the Marne. + _Italy._ MATRINUS ant. in Picenum. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The MADEL. + +The only appellative for a river which I find derived from its sound is +the Sanscrit _nadi_, Hind. _nuddy_, from _nad_, sonare. Whether the +following names should come in here may be uncertain; I can find no +links between them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the root _nid_, p. 54, may +be suitable. + + 1. _France._ NODA ant., now the Noain. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The NODDER. (Noddre, _Cod. Dip._) + _Hungary._ The NEUTRA. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Venetia._ NATISO ant., now the NATISONE. + +The only words I can find at all bearing upon the following river-names +are the Serv. _jezor_, Bohem. and Illyr. _jezero_, lake, wherein may +probably lie a word _jez_, signifying water. But respecting its +etymology I am entirely in the dark. + + 1. _Germany._ JAZ(AHA), 8th cent., now the JOSS. + JEZ(AWA), 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein. + The JETZA. Joins the Elbe. + The JESS(AVA). Joins the Danube. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The JISDRA. Joins the Oka. + + 3. _Compounded with main, river._ + _Russia._ The JESMEN. Gov. Tchnerigov. + +Another word, of which the belongings are not clearly to be traced, is +the Armorican _houl_, _houlen_, unda, to which we may put the following. + + 1. _England._ The HULL. Joins the Humber. + _Finland._ The ULLEA. Gulf of Bothnia. + _Spain._ The ULLA in Galicia. + + 2. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Germany._ ULSTRA, 9th cent., now the ULSTER. + +In the Irish and Obs. Gael. _dothar_, water, Welsh _diod_, drink, +_diota_, to tipple--with which we may perhaps also connect the Lapp. +_dadno_, river, Albanian δέτ, sea, and Rhæt. _dutg_, torrent, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The DUYTE. Joins the Hase. + The DUDE, a small stream in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The DUDDON. Lake district. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The DODDER. + + 4. _Compounded with mal._[36] + _Germany._ DUTHMALA, 8th cent., now the DOMMEL. + +From the Welsh _wyl_, Ang.-Sax. _wyllan_, Eng. _well_, to flow or gush, +(Sansc. _vail_, to move?), we got the following. + + 1. _England._ The WILLY. Wiltshire. + _Denmark._ The VEILE, in Jutland. + _Norway._ The VILLA. + _Russia._ The VEL. Joins the Vaga. + The VILIA. Joins the Niemen. + The VILIU, (Siberia). Joins the Lena. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WELLAND, (properly Wellan?) + _Russia._ The VILNA. Gov. Minsk. + _Italy._ The VELINO. Joins the Nera. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The VELLAUR, Madras--here? + + 4. _With the ending s._ + _Germany._ The VILS, two rivers in Bavaria. + The WELSE. Joins the Oder. + _Spain._ The VELEZ. Prov. Malaga. + +A word which appears to have the meaning of water or river, but +respecting the etymology of which I am quite ignorant, is _asop_ or +_asp_. That it has the above meaning I infer only from finding it as the +second part of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an independent form it occurs in the +following. Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), referring to +Hespin as the name of sundry small streams in Wales, derives it from +_hespin_, a sheep that yields no milk, because these streams are almost +dry in summer. This derivation is unquestionably false so far as this, +that the two words are merely derived from the same origin, viz., Welsh +_hesp_ or _hysp_, dry, barren. But whether this word has anything to do +with the following names is doubtful; it seems at any rate unsuitable +for the large rivers, such as the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in Isper, as in Wipper, p. 64, a +word _per_, mountain, I entirely dissent. + + 1. _France._ The ASPE. Basses--Pyrenees. + _Germany._ HESAPA ant., now the HESPER. + _Greece._ ASOPUS ant. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ISPERA, 10th cent. The ISPER. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in +Ptolemy Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called +the Ischal, a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel. + +[2] It seems rather probable that the ending _es_ in these names is not +a mere suffix. The APSARUS, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, and +the IPSALA in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings _er_ and _el_, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word _abhas_, or +_aphas_, with the meaning of river. + +[3] This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings _er_ and +_st_, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In +the present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic +form of _ss_, and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other +cases, as that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. _nisitas_, +fluid, it seems to be formative. + +[4] This looks like a mistake for Acasse. + +[5] So that there _is_ a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon. + +[6] "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(_Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens._) This seems not improbably to refer to +the Oise. + +[7] If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. _water_, the +Wetter would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as +Roth and Weigand, connect it with Germ. _wetter_, Eng. _weather_, in the +sense, according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by +rain. + +[8] This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic _n_ +to the ending _er_; or it may be from a word _ren_, channel, river, +hereafter noticed. + +[9] The Scotch ETTRICK and the Germ. EITRACH I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (_See p. 25_) + +[10] Hence perhaps Anitabha (_abha_, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India. + +[11] Tacitus gives this name to the Avon--in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But _anton_ and _avon_ seem to have +been synonymous words for a river. + +[12] Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea. + +[13] Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (_Gramm. Celt._)? + +[14] Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum. + +[15] Perhaps formed from _ez_ by a phonetic _n_. + +[16] I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of _lys_, a lily, is no doubt +only suggested by the similarity of sound. + +[17] Manual of Comparative Philology. + +[18] Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Phœn. _naharo_, a river. + +[19] Niemen may perhaps = Nieven--_m_ for _v_, as in Amon for Avon, p. +26. + +[20] Perhaps to be found in Sansc. _nistas_, wet, fluid. Here we get +something of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has +no doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place." + +[21] "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhyâ, one of the +earliest capitals of India, the modern Oude."--_Max Müller, Science of +Language._ + +[22] I place this here on the authority of Max Müller, who, pointing out +that the initial _h_ in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit _s_, thinks +that the river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or +Heri, and to the country of Herat. + +[23] This name seems formed at thrice--first Sarit--then ov, (perhaps +_av_ river)--lastly, the Slavish affix _ka_. + +[24] See note p. 29. + +[25] In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is +frequent in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. _pluewe_. + +[26] The word _asp_ comes before us in some other river-names, but +respecting its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which +it occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it +seems rather likely to have the meaning of water or river. + +[27] Also ALLISON and ELLISON, which may be either patronymic forms in +_son_; or formed with the ending in _en_, like the above river-names. +For the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points +run parallel to each other. + +[28] Following strictly the above Celt. word _uaran_, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay." + +[29] The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Græcism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form. + +[30] Containing the Latin _amnis_, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. 13. + +[31] I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, _st_ is only +a phonetic form of _ss_, and that the Mod. name _Aiss_ points truly to +the ancient form as _Agass_, see note, p. 29. + +[32] I should without hesitation have taken the PINKA, as well as the +Russian PINEGA, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix _ga_ or +_ka_. But the English river PENK in Staffordshire introduces an element +of doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending _ick_ +common in the rivers of Scotland. See p. 25. + +[33] This river seems also to have been called anciently CHOCHARA. + +[34] Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbrôc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name. + +[35] I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more +self-denying than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let +a Gallic river stand in the way of a lively dactyl. + +[36] I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like _man_ or _main_, an extension of _may_, and to +signify water or river. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY. + + +In the preceding chapter I have included the words from which I have not +been able to extract any other sense than that of water. As I have +before mentioned, it is probable that in some instances there may be +fine shades of difference which would remove them out of that category, +but whenever I have thought to have got upon the trace of another +meaning, something has in each case turned up to disappoint the +conditions. + +In the present chapter, which comprehends the words which describe a +river as that which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, that which +spreads widely, there may still in some cases be something of an +appellative sense, because there may be a general word to denote a +rapid, a smooth, or a spreading stream. + +Among the rivers noted for their rapidity is the Rhone. This is the +characteristic remarked by all the Latin poets-- + + Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna. + _Tibullus._ + + Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis + In mare fert Ararim. + _Silv. Ital._ + + Præcipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis. + _Ausonius._ + +I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably wrong in making the +name of this river Rho-dan-us, from a word _dan_, water. Still more +unreasonable is a derivation in the _Cod. Vind._, from _roth_, violent, +and _dan_, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._) +remarks--"The syllable _an_ of the word Rhodanus is without doubt only +derivative, and we have nothing here to do with a judge; nevertheless +the meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to be impugned." The +word in question seems to be found in Welsh _rhedu_, to run, to race, +Gael. _roth_, a wheel, &c. But there is a word of opposite meaning, +Gael. _reidh_, smooth, which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +_roth_, red, may come in, though I do not think that Förstemann has +reason in placing all the German rivers to it. + + 1. _England._ The ROTHA. Lake district. + _Germany._ ROT(AHA), 8th cent. The ROTH, two rivers, the ROTT, + three rivers, the ROD(AU), the ROD(ACH), and the + ROTT(ACH), all seem to have had the same ancient + name. + RAD(AHA) ant., now the ROD(ACH). + _Holland._ The ROTTE, by Rotterdam. + _Asia Min._ RHODIUS ant.[37] Mysia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The RODDEN. Shropshire. + _France._ RHODĂNUS ant., now the Rhone. + _Germany._ The ROTHAINE near Strassburg, seems to have been + formerly ROT(AHA). + + 3. _With the ending ent._[38] + _Germany._ RADANTIA, 8th cent., now the REDNITZ. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ROTHER in Sussex. + The ROTHER, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ RAOTULA, 8th cent., now the RÖTEL. + +Allied to the last word is the Eng. _race_, and the many cognate words +in the Indo-European languages which have the sense of rapid motion, as +Welsh _rhysu_, &c. + + 1. _Scotland._ The RASAY. Rosshire. + _Ireland._ The ROSS. + _Germany._ The RISS. Wirtemberg. + _Switzerland._ The REUSS. Joins the Aar. + _Russia._ The RASA. + _Spain._ The RIAZA. + _Asia Min._ RHESUS of Homer not identified. + _India._ RASA, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ROSSL(AU). Joins the Elbe. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The REZAT. Joins the Rednitz. + +From the Gael. _garbh_, Welsh _garw_, violent, Armstrong derives the +name of the Garonne and other rivers.[39] The root seems to be found in +Sansc. _karv_ or _karp_, Latin _carpo_, &c., implying violent action. +The Lat. _carpo_ is applied by the poets to denote rapid progress, as of +a river, through a country. So likewise more metaphorically to the +manner in which a bold and steep mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said-- + + Behind the valley topmost Gargarus + Stands up and _takes_ the morning-- + +Hence this root is found in the names of mountains as well as +rivers--_e.g._, the Carpathians (Carpātes), and the Isle of Carpăthus, +which "consists for the most part of bare mountains, rising to a central +height of 4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible coast."[40] + + 1. _Scotland._ GARF water, a burn in Lanarkshire. + The GRYFFE. Renfrew. + _Germany._ The GRABOW. Pruss. Pom. + _Danub. Prov._ CARPIS, Herodotus, see p. 73. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GIRVAN. Ayr. + _Italy._ The CARPINO. Joins the Tiber. + The GRAVINO. Naples. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Italy._ CERBALUS[41] ant., now the CERVARO--here? + +From the Sansc. _su_, to shoot forth, _sûs_, _sûtis_, rushing or +darting, Gr. σουσις, cursus, I take to be the following. Among the +derived words, the Gael. _sûth_, a billow, seems to be that which comes +nearest to the sense required. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The SUSS. + _Denmark._ The SUUS(AA). + _Bohemia._ The SAZ(AWA). Joins the Moldau. + _Portugal._ The SOUZA. + _Siberia._ The SOS(VA), two rivers. + _India._ The SUT(OODRA), or Sutledge--here?[42] + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SUZON. + _Russia._ The SOSNA, two rivers. + +Probably to the above we may put a form _sest_, _sost_, found in the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The SOESTE. Oldenburg. + _Italy._ SESSITES ant., now the Sesia. + _Persia._ SOASTUS or SUASTUS ant. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The SESTRA. Gov. Moskow. + _Germany._ The SOSTER(BACH). Joins the Lippe. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Old High German _schuzzen_, Ang.-Sax. _sceotan_, Eng. +_shoot_, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _sciot_, dart, arrow.[43] + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ SCUZNA, 8th cent., now the SCHUSSEN. + SCUZEN ant., now the SCHOZACH. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ SCUTARA, 10th cent., now the SCHUTTER, two rivers. + SCUNTRA, 8th cent., now the SCHONDRA and the SCHUNTER. + +From the Germ. _jagen_, to hunt, to drive or ride fast, Bender derives +the name of the Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting also a +comparison with the ancient Jaxartes of Asia. Förstemann considers both +suggestions doubtful, but the former seems to me to be reasonable +enough. The older sense of _jagen_ is found in the Sansc. _yug_, to +dart forth, formed on the simple verb _ya_, to go. And appellatives are +found in the Finnic words _jokk_, _jöggi_, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the more correct form would be +Jazartes, and that it contains the word _jezer_, before referred to. + + 1. _Russia._ The JUG. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Italy._ JACTUS ant. Affluent of the Po. + _Persia._ The JAGHATU. + _Germany._ The JAHDE,[44] in Oldenburg. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ JAGISTA ant., now the _Jaxt_ or _Jagst_. + +From the root _vip_, to move, p. 64, by the prefix _s_, is formed Old +Norse _svipa_, Ang.-Sax. _swîfan_, Eng. _sweep_, &c. In these the sense +varies between going fast and going round, and the same may be the case +in the following names. + + _France._ The SUIPPE. Joins the Aisne. + _Germany._ SUEVUS, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to + Zeuss, the Oder. + SUAB(AHA), 8th cent., now the SCHWAB(ACH). + +From the Obs. Gael. _sgiap_, _sgiob_, to move rapidly, Eng. _skip_, may +be the following. + + 1. _England._ The SHEAF, by Sheffield. + _Germany._ SCIFFA, 9th cent., now the SCHUPF. + _Asia Min._ SCOPAS ant., now the Aladan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKIPPON. Joins the Wyre. + +In the Gael. _brais_, impetuous, related perhaps to Lat. _verso_, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The BIRSE. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The BIRSE. Cant. Berne. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BROSNA. Leinster. + _Transylvania._ The BURZEN. Joins the Aluta. + _Pruss. Pol._ The PROSNA. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The BRESLE. Enters the English Channel. + + 4. _With the ending ent._ + _Germany._ The PERSANTE. Pruss. Pom. + +From the Sansc. _rab_ or _rav_, to dart forth, whence (in a somewhat +changed sense) Eng. _rave_, French _ravir_, Lat. _rabidus_, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great flood, or as Cotgrave expresses +it--"A ravine or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth all things that +come in its way." + + 1. _Ireland._ The ROBE. Connaught. + _India._ The RAVEE or Iraotee--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ Various small streams called RAVEN, RAVENBECK, &c. + _France._ The ROUBION, affluent of the Rhone--here? + +From the Sansc. _math_, to move, are derived, as I take it, Old High +German _muot_, Mod. Germ. _muth_, Ang.-Sax. _môd_, courage or spirit, +Welsh _mwyth_, swift, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The MUOTTA. Cant. Schwytz. + + 2. _Compounded with vey, stream or river._ + _Wales._ The MUTHVEY. Three rivers. + +The Sansc. _sphar_, _sphurj_, to burst forth, shews the root of a number +of words such as _spark_, _spring_, _spirt_, _spruce_, _spry_, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the +Sansc. _sphar_ or _spar_ must be traced back to a simpler form _spa_ or +_spe_, as found in _spew_, to vomit, and in the word _spa_, now confined +to medicinal springs. + + 1. _Scotland._ The SPEY. Elgin. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAR. + _Germany._ SPIRA, 8th cent., now the SPEIER. + The SPREE. Joins the Havel. + +Derived forms from the above root are also the following, which +correspond more closely with Germ. _sprütsen_, Ang.-Sax. _sprytan_, Eng. +_spirt_, Ital. _sprizzare_. And I think that most of these names are +probably German. + + _England._ The SPRINT, a small stream in Westmoreland. + _Germany._ SPRAZAH, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. + The SPROTTA in Silesia. + SPRENZALA, 8th cent., now the SPRENZEL. + SPURCHINE(BACH),[45] 9th cent., now the + SPIRCKEL(BACH). + _Eu. Turkey._ The SPRESSA. Joins the Bosna. + +In the preceding chapter I have treated of the root _al_, _el_, _il_, to +go, and various of its derivations. There is another, _alac_, _alc_, +_ilc_, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of +swiftness, as in the Lat. _alacer_, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +ἑλικος, I include in this place. + + 1. _Russia._ The ILEK. Joins the Ural. + _Sicily._ HALYCUS ant., now the Platani. + _Asia Minor._ ALCES ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _Compounded with may, main, river._ + _Siberia._ The OLEKMA. Joins the Lena. + _Germany._ ALKMANA, 8th century, now the Altmühl. + _Greece._ HALIACMON ant., now the Vistritsa. + +From the Welsh _tarddu_, to burst forth, we may take the following. +There does not seem any connection between this and the root of _dart_ +(jaculum); the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in +river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or +transparency. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARTH. Lanarkshire. + _Libya._ DARĂDUS ant., now the Rio di Ouro. + _Armenia._ DARADAX[46] ant. (Xenophon). + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The TARDOIRE. Dep. Charente. + _Aust. Italy._ The TARTARO. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Spain._ TARTESSUS ant., now the Guadalquiver. + +With the Sansc. _till_, to move, to agitate, we may probably connect the +Gael. _dile_ and _tuil_, Welsh _diluw_, _dylif_, _dylwch_, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. _dilgian_, German _tilgen_, to overthrow, +destroy, &c. The Ang.-Sax. _dêlan_, Germ. _thielen_, to divide, in the +sense of boundary, may however intermix in these names. + + 1. _England._ The TILL. Northumberland. + _Ireland._ The DEEL. Limerick. + _Germany._ The DILL. Nassau. + _Belgium._ THILIA, 9th cent., now the DYLE in Bravant. + _Switzerland._ The THIELE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The TOLLEN. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The DILLAR burn. Lesmahagow. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The TILSE, by Tilsit. + +With the two Welsh forms _dylif_ and _dylwch_, deluge, we may perhaps +connect the following, though for the former the Ang.-Sax. _delfan_, to +dig, _delf_, a ditch, may also be suitable. + + _Germany._ DELV(UNDA), 9th century, now the DELVEN(AU). + DELCHANA, 11th century, now the DALCKE. + +From the Gael. and Ir. _taosg_, to pour, _tias_, tide, flood, may be the +following. Perhaps the special sense of cataract may come in, at least +in some cases, as two of the under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls. + + 1. _England._ The TEES. Durham. + _Switzerland._ The TÖSS. Cant. Zurich. + _Piedmont._ The TOSA. + _Russia._ The TESCHA. Joins the Oka. + _Hungary._ TYSIA ant., now the THEISS. + _Greece._ TIASA ant. Laconia. + _India._ The TOUSE--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The TESSIN or TICINO. + _Germany._ The DESNA. Joins the Dnieper. + _France._ The TACON. Dep. Jura. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ TUSSALE (_Genitive_), 11th cent., now the DUSSEL + by Düsseldorf. + + 4. _With the ending st._[47] + _England._ The TEST. Hants. + _Germany._ The DISTA. Prussia. + _India._ The TEESTA--here? + +From the Sansc. _gad_ or _gand_, Ang.-Sax. _geôtan_, Suio-Goth. _gjuta_, +Danish _gyde_, Old Norse _giosa_, Old High Ger. _giezen_, Obs. Gael. +_guis_, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," we get the following. The +Gotha or Gœta of Sweden may probably derive its name from the well-known +fall which it makes at Trolhætta. So also the Gaddada of Hindostan is +noted for its falls; and the Giessbach is of European celebrity. But in +some of the other names the sense may not extend beyond that of +wandering, as we find it in Eng. _gad_, which I take to be also from +this root. Or that of stream, as in Old High Germ. _giozo_, Gael. and +Ir. _gaisidh_, rivulus. + + 1. _England._ The GADE. Herts. + _Scotland._ GADA ant.,[48] now the JED by Jedburgh. + _Germany._ The GOSE. Joins the Ocker. + GEIS(AHA), 8th cent., now the GEISA. + The GANDE, Brunswick--here, or to _can_, _cand_, + pure? + _Switzerland._ The GIESS(BACH). Lake of Brienz. + _Spain._ The GATA. Joins the Alagon. + _Sweden._ The GOTHA or GŒTA. + The GIDEA, enters the G. of Bothnia. + _Asia._ GYNDES (_Herodotus_), perhaps the Diala--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ CYDNUS ant., now the Tersoos Chai. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Persia._ The GADER. + _Sardinia._ CÆDRIUS ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ GISIL(AHA), 8th cent., now the GIESEL--here? + + 5. _With the ending ed._ + _India._ The GADDADA. + + 6. _Compounded with main, stream._ + _Switzerland._ The GADMEN. + +From the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. +_orbo_, &c., may be the following. To the very marked characteristic of +the Arve in Savoy I have referred at p. 6. But there is a word of +precisely opposite meaning, the Celt. _arab_, Welsh _araf_, gentle, +which is very liable to intermix. + + 1. _France._ The ARVE and the ERVE. + _Germany._ ORB(AHA), 11th cent., now the ORB. + _Sardinia._ The ARVE and the ORBE. + _Hungary._ The ARVA. Joins the Waag. + _Spain._ The ARVA, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The IRVINE. Co. Ayr. + _France._ ARVENNA ant., now the ORVANNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ARBALO, 1st cent., now the ERPE. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Asia Minor._ HARPĂSUS ant., now the HARPA. + +In the Sansc. _cal_, to move, and the derivatives Sansc. _calas_, Gr. +κελης, Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, Latin _celer_, all having the same +meaning--the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently marked to include them +in this chapter. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GALA. Roxburgh. + _Sicily._ GELA ant.[49] + _Illyria._ The GAIL. + _Greece._ CALLAS ant., in Eubœa. + _As. Turkey._ The CHALUS of Xenophon, now the Koweik. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The CALLAN. Armagh. + + 3. _With the ending er = Lat. celer?_ + _Italy._ CALOR ant., now the CALORE. + + 4. _With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?_ + _Germany._ CHALUSUS, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave. + The KELS, in Bavaria. + _India._ The CAILAS. + +I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of _cal_, and +perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, celer, the forms +_caled_, _calt_, _gelt_. That the Germ. _kalt_, Eng. _cold_, may +intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English +rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it +in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (_i.e._, cold brook), and it seems +natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold +river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or +Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and +_conformed_ to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation +is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. +Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form +_gelt_ Förstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse +_gelta_, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the +Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach +the nearest to the original form. + + 1. _England._ The GELT. Cumberland. + The CHELT by Cheltenham--here? + The CALD(EW). Cumberland. + _Germany._ The CALD(HOWA), (_Adam Brem._), now seems to be called + the Aue. + _Russia._ The KALIT(VA). Joins the Donetz. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GELTEN(AHA), 11th cent., now the GELTN(ACH). + _Greece._ CELYDNUS ant. Epirus. + CELADON ant. Elis. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CALDER. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The CALDER. Joins the Clyde. + _Belgium._ GALTHERA, 9th cent. + +I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of _cal_, the +word _calip_, _calb_, _kelp_. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word _kelp_, sea-weed, and the Scottish _kelpie_, a water-spirit, +wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for +water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a +conjecture. + + 1. _Germany._ KALB(AHA), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach). + The KULPA. Aust. Croatia. + _Hungary._ COLAPIS ant., affluent of the Drave. + _Spain._ The CHELVA. Prov. Valentia. + _Portugal._ CALLĬPUS ant., now the Sadao. + _Asia Minor._ CALBIS ant. Caria. + CALPAS ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The KELVIN. Stirling. + +The Sansc. _car_, to move, Lat. _curro_, like some other words of the +same sort, branches out into two different meanings--that of going fast, +and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in +some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness; and +these two senses are somewhat at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected with slowness. Separating the +two meanings as well as I can, I bring in the following here. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GARRY. Perthshire. + The YARROW. Selkirkshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ GARRHUENUS ant., now the YARE. + _France._ GARUMNA or GARUNNA ant. The GARONNE. + The GIRON. Joins the Garonne. + _Greece._ GERANIUS ant., and GERON ant., two rivers of Elis, + according to Strabo. + + 3. _With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c._ + _France._ The GERS. Joins the Garonne. + CHARES ant., now the CHIERS. + _Germany._ The KERSCH. Joins the Neckar. + _Italy._ The GARZA, by Brescia. + _Hungary._ GERĂSUS ant., now the KOROS. + _Asia Minor._ The CARESUS of Homer in the plain of Troy. + _Syria._ CERSUS ant., now the Merkez. + +There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or +rapidity is brought out by the preposition _pra_, _pro_, _fro_, in +composition with a verb. Thus the Welsh _ffre-uo_, to gush, whence +_ffrau_, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. _pra-i_, Lat. +_præ-eo_, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, +say _yu_, to gush, and presume a Sansc. _pra-yu_ = Welsh _ffre-uo_. In +the Albanian πρό, a torrent, corresponding with Welsh _ffrau_, there +seems, however, no trace of a verb. + + 1. _Wales._ The FRAW, by Aberfraw. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FROON. Falls into L. Lomond. + _Russia._ The PRONIA. + +The Welsh _ffrydio_, to stream, to gush, appears to be formed similarly +from the preposition _fra_, joined with the verb _eddu_, to press on, to +go, corresponding with Sansc. _it_, Latin _ito_, &c. Hence it would +correspond with a Sansc. _pra-it_, Lat. _præ-ito_, &c. From the verb +comes the appellative _ffrwd_, a torrent, corresponding with the Bohem. +_praud_, of the same meaning. + + _Scotland._ The FORTH. Co. Stirling. + _Danub. Prov._ PORATA (Herodotus). The PRUTH. + _Russia._ The PORT(VA). Gov. Kaluga. + +I also bring in here, as much suggestively as determinately, the +following. + + _Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. præ-peto, &c., to rush forth._ + _Russ. Pol._ The PRIPET. Joins the Dnieper. + _Bulgaria._ The PRAVADI. Falls into the Black Sea. + + _Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. 112._ + _Prussia._ The PREGEL. Enters the Frische-Haff. + + _Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow._ + _India._ The PURALLY. + +According to the opinion of Zeuss and Gluck, the DANUBE, (ant. Danubius +and Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come in here. These writers +derive it from Gael. _dan_, Ir. _dana_, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is no doubt the most striking +characteristic of the river, but it might also not inappropriately be +placed to the root _tan_, to extend, whence the names of some other +large rivers. Gluck considers the ending _vius_ to be simply derivative, +and suggests that the Germans, with a natural striving after a meaning, +altered this derivative ending into their word _ava_, _aha_, _ach_, or +_au_, signifying river. Though Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I +have great respect, and though this is the principle for which I myself +have been all along contending, yet I am rather inclined to think that +in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), there is contained a definite +appellative, qualified by a prefixed adjective: this seems to me to be +brought out more clearly in the Medway, and in the names connected with +it. + +The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, is the Thracian name of the +Danube, I have elsewhere referred to the Armorican _ster_, a river. Not +that I mean to infer therefrom that the name is Celtic, because _ster_ +is only a particular form of an Indo-European word _sur_. If we refer +the prefix _is_ to the Old Norse _isia_, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to Danubius. But the derivation of +Mone, who explains it by _y_, the Welsh definite article, and _ster_, a +river, making Ister = "The river," I hold with Gluck to be--like other +derivations proceeding on the same principle--opposed to all sound +philology. + +Among the rivers noted for the slowness of their course, the most +conspicuous is the Arar or Saone. Cæsar (_de Bell. Gall._) describes it +as flowing "with such incredible gentleness that the eye can scarcely +judge which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as a type of +indecision--"the Arar in doubt which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets--"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, tardusque." The name +Sauconna, Sagonna, Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the 4th cent., +yet there does not seem any reason to doubt that it is as old as the +other. Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_) and the Editor of "Smith's Ancient +Geography" take this as the true Gallic name. And though Armstrong +explains both the Arar and the Saone from the Celtic--referring the +former to the Obs. Gael. _ar_, slow, and the latter to Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably be correct, yet it by no +means follows that the name of the Arar is Celtic, for _ar_ is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. To the same root as the Saone +I also put the Seine (Sequăna), and the Segre (Sicŏris), comparing +them with Lat. _seg-nis_. The former of these rivers is navigable for +350 miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in Lucian as "stagnantem +Sicorim." Some other rivers, in which the characteristic is less +distinct, I also venture to place here, separating this root as well as +I can from another p. 58. + + 1. _Germany._ SIGA, 10th cent. The SIEG. + _Russia._ The SOJA. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ SAUCONNA ant. The SAÔNE. + SEQUANA ant. The SEINE. + The SEUGNE. Dep. Charente-Inf. + _Russia._ The SUCHONA. Joins the Dwina. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Spain._ SICORIS ant. The SEGRE. + The SEGURA. Enters the Med. Sea. + +Perhaps allied in its root to the last is the Gael. _saimh_, quiet, +tranquil, to which I put the following. + + 1. _Belgium._ The SEMOY. + _Russia._ The SEM or SEIM. Joins the Desna. + SAIMA, a lake in Finland. + _Asia Minor._ The SIMOIS of Homer--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The SIMMEN, in the Simmen-Thal. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ SAMARA, ant., now the SOMME. + The SAMBRE, ant. Sabis. + _Germany._ The SIMMER. Joins the Nahe. + _Russia._ The SAMARA. Two rivers. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ SEMITA, 8th cent. The SEMPT. + +In the Gael. _ar_, slow, (whence the Arar, p. 118,) is to be found, as I +take it, the root of the Welsh _araf_, mild, gentle. From this Zeuss +(_Gramm. Celt._), derives the name of the Arrăbo, now the Raab. This +root is liable to mix with another, _arv_, p. 109, of precisely opposite +meaning. + + _Hungary._ ARRABO ant., now the Raab. + _India._ ARABIS ant., now the Purally. + _Ireland._ The AROB(EG),[50] Co. Cork--here? + +I bring in here the word _aram_ or _arm_, which, both in the names of +rivers, and in the ancient names of men, as the German hero Arminius, +needs explanation. The authority of Dr. Donaldson may probably have been +the cause of the reproduction, even in some of the latest English works, +of the mistake of confounding the name Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the +word _hermann_, warrior, (from _her_, army, _mann_, homo). That it is +not so is shown by its appearance in the ancient names of women, as +Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,[51] (daughter of Dagobert the 2nd). And by +the manner in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, Irminric, +Irminger,[52] Ermingaud, Irminher, &c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, forms other compounds in ancient +names. Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, (which is found as +early as the 7th cent.), is formed from the word _her_, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be Her-mann-her. The fact then, +as I take it, is that, both in the names of rivers and of men, the root +is simply _arm_ or _irm_, and _armin_ or _irmin_ an extended form, like +those found all throughout these pages. As to its etymology, the word +_aram_, _arm_, in the Teutonic dialects signifying poor or weak, is in +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original meaning may perhaps +rather have been mild or gentle. The root seems to be found in the Gael. +_ar_, slow; and _aram_ may be a corresponding word to the Welsh _araf_. +Baxter, who, though his general system of river-names I hold to be +fallacious, was, for his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort. + + 1. _England._ The ARME. Devon. + _Russia._ The URJUM(KA)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ ARIMINUS ant., now the Marecchia. + The ARMINE. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ARMISIA ant., now the ERMS. + +In this place I am inclined to bring in the Medway, and some other names +connected with it. Among the various derivations which have been +suggested for this name, that of Grimm deserves the first place, though +I much fear that it is too poetical to be true. He observes, (_Gesch. d. +Deutsch. Sprach._), comparing it with another name--"In Carl's +campaign, A.D. 779, there is a place mentioned in the vicinity of the +Weser, called Medofulli, Midufulli; _medoful_ means poculum mulsi, +(_Hel._ 62, 10); it appears to have been a river, which at present bears +some other name. Of just a similar meaning is the name of the river +Medway flowing through the county of Kent into the Thames--_i.e._, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege Medvaege (_Cod. Dip._), from _vaege_, +Old Sax. _wêgi_, Old Norse _veig_, poculum.... I suggest here a +mythological reference: as the rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so may also the rivers and +brooks of our ancestors, in a similar mythic fashion, have sprung from +the over-turned mead-cup." + +It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, coming too as it does from +the highest authority, but I much fear that on a comparison of this name +with all its related forms, it can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone--the prefix _med_ is found in several names in +which the second part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, and the +ending _way_ is found in several names of which the former part cannot +mean mulsum. In any case, it seems to me that a Saxon derivation can +hardly be sustained. For Medoăcus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the ancient +name of a river in Venetia--this appears to be precisely the same name +as that of the Medwag or Medway--and in Venetia we can account for a +Celtic element, but not for a German. In Nennius the name stands as +Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this with a river called the +Medvied(itza) or Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather probable +that the form is not altogether false, but that only it should be Medwed +instead of Megwed. In that case it would probably be only another form +of Medweg, for _d_ and _g_ sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic _uidh_ and _uigh_, via, a word which indeed I take to +be related to the one in question. Again, in the Meduāna of France +and the English Medwin, we have a third form of ending, _wân_ or _win_. +And this may probably only be one of those extended forms in _n_ so +common in the Celtic languages.[53] So that the endings _way_, _wân_, +_wied_, in Medway, Meduāna, Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. 62, 63), qualified by the prefix +_med_, which we have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" _med_ is explained as _medius_--Medway = medium flumen--the +river flowing through the middle of the county of Kent--and this I think +is the general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, (ant. Mede), +which divides the Isle of Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of the Medway it seems to me a +feature scarcely sufficiently obvious to give the name. And I should on +the whole prefer a derivation from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. _mid_, to soften, Lat. _mitis_, Gael. _meath_, soft, +mild--finding in Old Norse _mida_, to move slowly or softly, the word +most nearly approximating to the sense, and thus deriving the name of +the Medway from its gentle flow. + +Nevertheless it must be observed that as well as the supposed river +Medofulli referred to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter of the +10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, which seems evidently to contain +the Gael. _mealach_, sweet, and to mean "sweet as mead." This river is +near Medemblik on the Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of the +place is corrupted from it. + +The following names I place here, though with uncertainty in the case of +some of them. + + 1. _France._ The MIDOU. Dep. Landes. + _Persia._ MEDUS ant., now the Pulwan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Russia._ The MEDIN(KA). Gov. Kaluga. + + 3. _Compounded with way, wân, wied, see above._ + _England._ The MEDWAY. Kent. + The MEDWIN. + _France._ MEDUĀNA ant., now the Mayenne. + _Italy._ MEDOĂCUS ant., now the Brenta. + _Russia._ The MEDVIED(ITZA). + + 4. _Compounded with ma, river, p. 60._ + _Germany?_ METEMA, in a charter of the 11th cent. + +I think, upon the whole, that the general meaning of the root _lam_, +_lem_, _lim_, is smoothness. Though the root-meaning seems rather that +of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found in Sansc. _limpas_, Gr. λιπος, +Lat. _limus_, Old Sax. _lêmo_, Mod. Germ. _lehm_, Eng. _lime_, &c.[54] +In the Gr. λιμνη, lake, the sense becomes that of smooth or standing +water: this, as I take it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word most immediately concerned is +the Gaelic _liobh_, _liomh_, Welsh _llyfnu_, to smooth; and the Loch +Lomond, (properly Lomon), was also formerly called, as the river which +issues from it is still, Leven, being just another form of the same +word--_v_ and _m_ interchanging as elsewhere noticed. Hence the Welsh +_llifo_, to pour, p. 46, might be apt to intermix in the following. The +Lat. _lambo_, the primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied to +the gentle washing of a river against its banks--"Quæ loca lambit +Hydaspes,"--_Horace_. Dugdale observes that "at this day divers of those +artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy channels through which the water +hath a dull or slow passage." In the following names the sense may be +sometimes then that of muddiness, though in general, as I take it, that +of sluggishness. + + 1. _England._ The LEAM by Leamington. + The LYME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ LAMMA, 11th cent. The LAMME. + LAIM(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + LEMPHIA, 8th cent. The LEMPE. + _Russia._ The LAMA. Joins the Volga. + The LAM(OV). Gov. Penza. + _Italy._ The LIMA. Joins the Serchio. + _Spain._ LIMÆA ant., now the LIMA. + _Asia Minor._ LAMUS ant., in Cilicia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LEMAN. Devonshire. + The LIMEN in Kent. (Limeneâ _Cod. Dip._) + _Scotland._ Loch LOMOND, formerly also called LEVEN. + _Switzerland._ Lake LEMAN, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. LEMANNUS.) + _Italy._ The LAMONE in Tuscany. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LAMER, 11th cent. The LAMMER. + _Italy._ The LAMBRO. + _Asia Minor._ LIMYRUS ant., in Lycia. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Switzerland._ The LIMMAT. Cant. Zurich. + +From the above form _lam_, _lem_, _lim_, I take to be formed by +metathesis _alm_, _elm_, _ilm_. And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to +be in effect the same word as the lake Leman in Switzerland. In the name +of another lake in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems to occur as +an appellative. A certain amount of doubt is imported by the coincidence +of two names in which we find a sacred character--the river Almo, which +was sacred to Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned in Hesiod. +The coincidence, however, may be only accidental. + + 1. _England._ The ALME. Devonshire. + The HELME. Sussex. + ALUM Bay in the Isle of Wight? + _Germany._ ILMA, 8th cent. The ILM, two rivers. + The HELME in Prussia. + _Holland._ The ALM in Brabant. + _Norway._ The ALMA. + _Spain._ The ALHAMA. Prov. Navarra. + _Italy._ The ALMO near Rome. + _Russia._ The ALMA in the Crimea. + _Siberia._ The ILLIM. + _Greece._ OLMEIUS ant. Bœotia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The ILMEN(AU). Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ ILMEN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Holland._ The ALMELO. Prov. Overijssel. + +Perhaps from the Gael. _foil_, slow, gentle, we may get the following. + + 1. _England._ The FAL by Falmouth. + _Ireland._ The FOIL(AGH). Cork. + The FEALE. Munster. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FILLAN. Perthshire. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ FILISA, 8th cent. The FILS and the VILS. + +In the third division of this chapter I put the names in which the sense +of spreading seems to be found. This sense may have three different +acceptations--first, that, generally, of a wide river--secondly, that of +a river relatively broad and shallow--thirdly, that of a river forming +an estuary at its mouth. + +I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek +author quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the pine-trees, "called in +the Gallic tongue _padi_," of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with common sense, for it is +unreasonable to suppose that the Gauls, coming upon this fine river, +gave it no name until they had tracked it up to its source, and there +made the not very notable discovery that it was surrounded by +pine-trees. Much more probable is it that they came first upon its +mouth, and much more striking would be the appearance that would be +presented to them. For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the Po, and +of the rivers emptying themselves into it was originally a vast bay of +the sea," which by gradual embanking was confined within its present +channels. As then the mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so in the +Gael. _badh_, a bay or estuary, I find the explanation of the name. The +root, I apprehend, is Sansc. _pat_, Lat. _pateo_, _pando_, &c., to +spread, and hence, I take it, the name Bander, of several small bays on +the S.W. coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and of Boderia, the +name given by Ptolemy to the Firth of Forth. + + 1. _Italy._ PADUS ant. The Po. + _Germany._ BADA, 9th cent., now the BODE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BANDON. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary). + _Italy._ PANTANUS ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon + on the Adriatic. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ PATRA, 9th cent., now the PADER. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ PATHISSUS ant., now the TEMES.[55] + +In the Sansc. _parth_, to spread or extend, we may perhaps find the +origin of the following. Can the name of the Parthians be hence derived, +in reference to their well-known mode of fighting? + + 1. _Germany._ The PARDE. Joins the Elster. + The BORD, in Moravia--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ PARTHENIUS ant.--here?[56] + +In the sense of "that which spreads" I am inclined to bring in the root +_ta_, _tav_, _tan_, _tam_. While in the Gaelic we find _tain_, and the +Obs. _ta_, water, _taif_, sea--in the Welsh we have the verbs _taenu_ +and _tafu_, to expand or spread. The latter, I think, must contain the +root-meaning; and the appellatives must rather signify water of a +spreading character. In this sense we find the words _to_, _tû_, _tau_, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. The Sansc. has _tan_, to +extend, but we must presume a simpler form _ta_, corresponding with the +above Obs. Gael. word for water. Mone explains _tab_, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one with a broad mouth." This +sense no doubt obtains in many of the names of this group, for, as well +as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, Teign, and Tamar, all have this character +in a more or less notable degree. In other cases the sense may be that +of comparative broadness--thus the Timavus, though little more than a +mile long, is 50 yards broad close to its source. So the characteristic +of the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, is that it is "broad +and shallow." And the feature which strikes the topographer is of course +that which would naturally give the name. There are, however, some other +roots which might intermix, as Sansc. _tan_, resonare, Lat. _tono_, +Germ. _tönen_, &c. Also Gael. and Ir. _taam_, to pour; Gael. and Ir. +_tom_, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. _ton_, unda. + + +_The form Ta, Tab, Tav._ + + 1. _England._ The TAVY and the TAW. Devon. + DEVA ant., the DEE--here? + _Scotland._ TAVUS ant. The TAY. + The DEE, two rivers--here? + _Wales._ The TAW, the TIVY, and the TAVE. + _Ireland._ The TAY. Waterford. + Loch TA in Wexford. + _France._ The DIVE, Dep. Vienne--here? + _Germany._ The THAYA in Moravia. + _Spain._ The DEVA by Placentia--here? + + 2. _With the ending d or t._ + _Scotland._ The TEVIOT in Roxburghshire--here? + _Holland._ TABUDA ant., now the Scheldt. + _Siberia._ The TAVDA. + _India._ The TAPTEE--here? + + +_The form Tan, Tam._ + + 1. _England._ The TEIGN and the TEANE. + The DANE and the DEANE. + The TAME, three rivers. + _Scotland._ The TEMA. Selkirkshire. + DANUS ant., now the DON. + _France._ DANUS ant., now the Ain. + The DAHME and the DÉAUME. + _Norway._ The TANA. + _Italy._ TIMAVUS ant., now the TIMAO. + _Russia._ TANAIS ant., now the DON. + The TIM and the TOM. + _Greece._ TANUS ant., now the Luku. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The TAMAR. Cornwall. + _Belgium._ The DEMER. + _Italy._ TANARUS ant., now the TANARO. + _Spain._ TAMARIS ant., now the TAMBRE. + _Syria._ TAMYRAS ant., (Strabo)--here? + + 3. _With the ending d._ + _England._ TAMEDE (_Cod. Dip._), now the TEME. + _Mauretania._ TAMUDA ant. (_Pliny._) + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The THAMES. Tamesis (_Cæsar_), Tamesa (_Tacitus_), + Tamese, Temis (_Cod. Dip._), Welsh Tain. + _Hungary._ The TEMES ant. Pathisus, (_see note p. 132_). + +From the root _tan_, to extend, we may probably also derive the word +_tang_ found in Hung. _tenger_, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect of the +Finnic class) _tangat_, river, and in the Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, which +probably contains a trace of an older sense. + + 1. _Holland._ The DONGE in Brabant. + _Norway._ The TENGS. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ TONGERA, 10th cent., now the TANGER. + _Italy._ TANAGER ant., now the TANAGRO--here? + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[37] This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of +Pliny. + +[38] Perhaps formed from _et_ by a phonetic _n_. So the Eamont in +Cumberland seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot. + +[39] It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it. + +[40] Smith's Ancient Geography. + +[41] This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly +violent in winter. + +[42] "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." _Johnston's Gazetteer._ + +[43] The derivation of Mone, who makes _scuz_ and _scut_ altered forms +of _srot_ or _srut_, is not to be entertained. + +[44] I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. _jade_, North. Eng. _yawd_). There are +three rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It +rather seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and +named them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse. + +[45] Förstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. _spurcha_, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream +at least is to be explained better from the Sansc. _sphurj_, to burst +forth, Lat. _spargo_. + +[46] The ending _x_ I take to be a Græcism for _s_. + +[47] In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. _dest_, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian +Gazetteer, it is explained as "_tishta_, standing still,"--a derivation +which seems hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its +"quick stream." + +[48] Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni--"Quid enim Gadeni nisi +ad Gadam amnem geniti?" + +[49] The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following +description of Ovid bears witness. + + "Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela." + _Fasti. 4, 470._ + +[50] This ending may be the same as the Scotch _eck_ or _ick_, p. 25. + +[51] Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen). + +[52] The names ARMINE and ARMINGER, (of which IREMONGER may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And ARMINGAUD is +one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France. + +[53] E. G. Welsh _lli_, _llion_, stream, _llif_, _llifon_, flood, +_srann_, _srannan_, humming, &c. + +[54] Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog. + +[55] The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. I +know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other. + +[56] The derivation of Strabo, from _parthenos_, virgin, in reference to +the flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CHARACTER OF COURSE. + + +In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, as deciphered in the +Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates is +called the Irat, which is conjectured by the translator to have been a +local name. It seems to be from the Sansc. _irat_ (=Latin _errans_, Eng. +_errant_), from the verb _ir_, Lat. _erro_, to wander. The same word +seems to be found in the Irati of Spain--perhaps also in the Orontes +(=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, +though I am rather inclined to agree with Latham that the word contained +therein is only _ridan_.[57] Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in +river-names may be a contracted form of _irat_, as we find it in the +Germ. _irrthum_, a mistake. + + 1. _England._ The IRT. Cumberland. + URTIUS ant., now the IRTHING. + _Belgium._ URTA, 9th cent., now the OURT. + The ERENS. + _Spain._ The IRATI. Prov. Navarra. + _Asia._ IRAT, a name of the Euphrates. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URTELLA, 9th cent., now the Sensbach. + +From the Sansc. _bhuj_, Goth. _bjugan_, Welsh _bwäu_, Gael. _bogh_, Eng. +_bow_, &c., in the sense of tortuousness, we may take the following. + + 1. _England._ The BOWE. Shropshire. + _Scotland._ The BOGIE. Aberdeen. + _Russia._ The BUG. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The BOGEN. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Scotland._ The BUCKET. Aberdeen. + +From the Gael. and Welsh _cam_, to bend, Sansc. _kamp_, Gr. καμπω, are +the following. + + _England._ The CAM by Cambridge. + _Germany._ CAMBA, 8th cent. The KAMP. + The CHAM in Bavaria. + _Switzerland._ The KAM. + _Norway._ The KAM. Joins the Glommen. + _Russia._ The KAMA. Joins the Volga. + The KEMI. Two rivers. + +The Sansc. root _car_, to move, branches out into two different +meanings, that of rapidity and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. In the latter sense we +have the Gael. _car_ or _char_, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. _cêrran_, to +turn or bend, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The CHAR. Dorsetshire. + The CHOR. Lancashire. + The KERR. Middlesex. + _Scotland._ COR(ABONA)[58] ant. The CARRON. + _France._ The CHER. Joins the Loire. + _Greece._ CHARES ant. Colchis. + _Persia._ CYRUS ant., now the KUR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ CIRENUS ant. The CHURNE (Gloucestershire). + _France._ The CHARENTE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Greece._ CORĂLIS ant. Bœotia. + CURALIUS ant. Thessaly. + _Russia._ The KOROL. Joins the Dnieper. + + +From the Old High Germ. _crumb_, Mod. German _krumm_, Danish _krumme_, +Gael. and Welsh _crom_, curving or bending, we may take the following. +The root seems to be found in the Sansc. _kram_, to move, to go, which, +as in other similar cases, may also diverge into the meaning of +rapidity. + + 1. _England._ The CRUMM(OCK), formerly CRUM(BECK), which forms the + lake of the same name. + _Germany._ CRUMB(AHA), 10th cent., now the GRUMB(ACH). + _Russia._ The KROMA. Gov. Orel. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ CHRUMBIN(BACH), 8th cent., now the KRUM(BACH). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ CREMERA ant. in Etruria. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The KREMS. Joins the Danube. + _Sicily._ CREMISUS ant. + +For the root _sid_ we have the Welsh _sid_, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon +_sîd_, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in +the following, though both words may be from the same root. + + 1. _England._ The SID. Devonshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SEATON. Cornwall. + + 3. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Switzerland._ SITERUNA, 8th cent., now the SITTER or SITTERN. + +Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from Welsh _derwyn_, to wind, appears +to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form Druentia), from +_dru_, oak, seems insufficient; because the number of names, all in the +same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something +more than _dru_. That of Armstrong, from _dear_, great, _amhain_, river, +is founded upon a careless hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland is +the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the +case. + + _England._ The DERWENT. Four rivers. + TREONTA ant. The TRENT. + _France._ DRUENTIA ant., now the DURANCE. + _Germany._ The DREWENZ. Prussia. + _Italy._ TRUENTIUS ant., now the TRENTO. + _Russia._ TURUNTUS ant., now the DUNA. + +In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the following, +referring them to Old Norse _meis_, curvatura, Eng. _maze_, &c. This +seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or +Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we +think of the Welsh _mydu_, to arch, to vault. The other word which might +put in a claim is _mos_, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced +both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name +of the ancient Mysia or Mœsia. + + 1. _England._ The MAESE. Derbyshire. + _Scotland._ The MASIE. Aberdeen. + _France, &c._ MOSA, 1st cent. B.C. The MAAS, MAES, or MEUSE. + _Germany._ MISS(AHA), 8th cent. The MEISS(AU). + The MIES in Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The MUSONE. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ MOSELLA, 1st cent. The MOSELLE. + +The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the +foregoing are the BEINA of Norway, and the BANE of Lincolnshire, which +seem to be from Old Norse _beinn_, North Eng. _bain_, straight, direct. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the +Baltic, (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to +Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, +without any geographical position or character.--_See an article by Sir +G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 1858._ + +[58] In this case the ending _en_ is very clearly a contraction of +_abon_ or _avon_, river. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +QUALITY OF WATERS. + + +There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, +brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. _cand_, to +shine, Lat. _candeo_, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael. _can_, white, +clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., _caoin_, soft, +gentle, is a word liable to intermix. + + 1. _England._ The CANN. Essex. + The KEN or KENT. Westmoreland. + The KENNE. Devonshire. + _Scotland._ The KEN. Joins the Dee. + The CONN. CONA of Ossian. + CANDY burn. Lanarkshire. + _Wales._ The CAIN. Merioneth. + _Germany._ CONE, 9th cent., now the COND. + _Russia._ The KANA. Gov. Yeniseisk. + _India._ The CANE or KEN--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The CONAN. Dingwall. + _Italy._ The CANTIANO. Pont. States. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CONDER. Lancashire. + The CONNER. Cornwall. + _Switzerland._ The KANDER. + + 4. _Compounded with vi, wy, river._ + _Wales._ CONOVIUS ant. The CONWAY. + +The Old Celtic word _vind_, found in many ancient names of persons and +places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,[59] Vindobona, Vindobala, &c., +represents the present Welsh _gwyn_ (=_gwynd_), and the Ir. _finn_ +(=_find_), white. "The Celt. _vind_," observes Gluck, "comes from the +same root as the Goth. _hveit_; it stands for _cvind_ with an intrusive +_n_; the root is _cvid_ = the Germ. root _hvit_." The meaning in +river-names is bright, clear, pure. + + 1. _England._ The VENT. Cumberland. + The QUENNY. Shropshire. + _Wales._ The GWYNEDD (=GWYND?) + _Ireland._ The FINN. Ulster. + _France._ The VENDÉE. Dep. Vendée. + _Russia._ The VIND(AU) or WIND(AU). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FINNAN. Inverness. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The lake WINDER(MERE)?[60] + _Ireland._ WINDERIUS; _Ptolemy_, a river not identified. + + 4. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Scotland._ The FINDHORN. Inverness. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The WANDLE. Surrey. + _Germany._ FINOLA, 8th cent., now the VEHNE. + +From the Welsh _llwys_, clear, pure, Gael. _las_, to shine, Gael. and +Ir. _leus_, light, cognate with Old Norse _lios_, clear, pure, Lat. +_luceo_, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. _lâ_, _lo_, day, must, I +think, contain the root. + + 1. _England._ The LIZA. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The LOSSIE. Elgin. + _France._ The LEZ. Dep. Herault. + _Belgium._ The LESSE. + _Germany._ The LOOSE. Pruss. Sax. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The LIZENA. + _Sweden._ The LJUSNE. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LESURA, 11th cent., now the LIESER. + LYSERA, 10th cent., now the LEISER. + +From the root of the above, by the prefix _g_, is formed Gael. and Welsh +_glas_, blue or green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), and the +Old Norse _gladr_, Old High Germ. _glatt_, shining. + + _Scotland._ The GLASS. Inverness. + GLASS. A lake, Rosshire. + _Germany._ The GLATT. Hohenzollern Sig. + _Switzerland._ GLATA, 8th cent. The GLATT. + +Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. _glan_, Welsh _glain_, +pure, clear, Eng. _clean_. + + _England._ The GLEN. Northumberland. + The GLEN. Lincolnshire. + The CLUN. Shropshire. + _France._ The GLANE. + _Germany._ GLANA, 8th cent. The GLAN, two rivers, and the + GLON, three rivers. + _Switzerland._ The KLÖN, a small but beautiful lake in the + Klönthal--here, or to _klein_, little? + _Italy._ CLANIS ant., now the CHIANA. + CLANIUS ant., in Campania. + _Illyria._ The GLAN, in Carinthia. + +From the Old High Germ. _hlutar_, Mod. Germ. _lauter_, pure, Förstemann +derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of +Lauterbrunnen (_brunnen_, fountain), in Switzerland. + + _Germany._ HLUTR(AHA), 7th cent. The LAUTER, the LUDER, the LUTTER. + The SOMMERLAUTER in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title + of pureness only in summer. + +The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as +the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh +_gloew_, clear, and _dwr_, water, they would have the same meaning. + + _England._ The LOWTHER. Westmoreland. + _Scotland._ The LAUDER. Berwickshire. + _France._ The LAUTER. + +In the Gael. and Ir. _ban_, white, we may probably find the meaning of +the following. + + _Ireland._ The BANN. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The BANN(OCK) by Bannockburn. + _Bohemia._ The BAN(ITZ). + +Of the two following names the former may be referred to the Welsh +_claer_, and the latter to the Swed. _klar_, both same as Eng. _clear_. + + _Ireland._ The CLARE. Connaught. + _Sweden._ The KLARA (_â_, river). + +From the Welsh _têr_, pure, clear, we may get the following. The root is +found in Sansc. _tar_, to penetrate, whence _taras_, transparent. + + 1. _Italy._ The TARO. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The TARA. Joins the Tobol. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The TEARNE. Shropshire. + The DEARNE. Yorkshire. + _France._ The TARN. Joins the Garonne. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ The TARISA. + +The following two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Förstemann, be +referred to Old High Germ. _flât_, pure, bright. + + 1. _Germany._ FLAD(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + + 2. _With the ending enz._ + _Germany._ FLADINZ, 11th cent., now the FLADNITZ. + +The root _bil_ I have, in river-names generally, referred at p. 84 to +the Celtic _biol_, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may also +think of the Slav. _biala_, white, though we cannot say but that even +there the Celtic word may intermix. + + _Germany._ The BILA in Bohemia. + The BIALA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The BIELAYA. Joins the Kama. + The BIALY. Joins the Narew. + +From the Old High Germ. _swarz_, Mod. Germ. _schwarz_, black, are the +names of several rivers of Germany, as the SCHWARZA, the SCHWARZAU, the +SCHWARZBACH, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers called SVART ELV, and +in Sweden the SVART AN, which falls into the Mälar Lake. From the Old +Norse _doeckr_, dark, may be the DOKKA in Norway, but for the DOCKER of +Lancashire the Gael. _doich_, swift, may be more suitable. + +The Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black, probably occurs in river-names, but +I have taken, p. 36, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael. _dob_, +to be the general one. The Welsh _dulas_, dark or blackish blue, is +found in the DOWLES of Shropshire, and in several streams of Wales. The +DOUGLAS of Lanarkshire shews the original form of the word, from _du_, +black, and _glas_, blue. + +The root _sal_ I have taken at p. 76 to have in some cases the simple +meaning of water. But in the following the quality of saltness comes +before us as a known characteristic. + + _Germany._ SALZ(AHA), 8th cent. The SALZA by Salzburg. + SALISUS, 8th cent., now the SELSE. + The SALZE. Joins the Werre. + _Hungary._ The SZALA.[61] Falls into Lake Balaton. + +Of an opposite character are the following, which we may refer to Welsh +_melus_, Gael. and Ir. _milis_, sweet, _millse_, sweetness. Some other +rivers, as the ancient MELAS in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black +river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to +Gr. μελας, black. + + _Germany._ MILZISSA, 8th cent., now the Mülmisch. + MILSIBACH, 11th cent. + _Portugal._ MELSUS ant. (Strabo). + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[59] The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names WINDOW, WINDUS, VINDIN; though Windo and +Winidin were also ancient German names.--(_Förstemann's Altdeutsches +Namenbuch._) The Welsh name GWYN and the Irish FINN represent the later +form of the word. + +[60] Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district. + +[61] The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. + + +The GRETA in the English Lake District has been generally derived from +Old Norse _grâta_, Scotch _greet_, to weep or mourn, in allusion to the +wailing sound made by its waters. There is also a GRETA in Westmoreland +and a GRETA BECK in Yorkshire. In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., _greath_ also +signifies a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible that the original +Celtic name may have been retained in the same sense. + +Of an opposite meaning to the above is the name BLYTHE of several small +rivers in England. I do not see how this can be otherwise derived than +from the Ang.-Sax. _blithe_, merry. And how appropriate this is to many +of our English streams we hardly need poetic illustration to tell us. + +Of a corresponding meaning with the Saxon name Blythe may be the AVOCA +or OVOCA of Wicklow, the OBOKA of Ptolemy. Baxter refers it to Welsh +_awchus_, acer, a word of no very cheerful association for the spot +where + + "Nature has spread o'er the scene + Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green." + +The Gael. _abhach_, blithe, sportive, would seem to give a better etymon +for the bright waters of Avoca. Whether the OCKER of Germany (ant. +OBOCRA, OVOCRA, OVOKARE), may be derived from the same word I do not +know sufficient to judge. + +From the Gr. βρέμω, Lat. _fremo_, Ang.-Sax. _bremman_, to roar, Old +Norse _brim_, roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh _ffrom_, fuming, +Gael. _faram_, din, I take the following. The following description +given by Strabo[62] of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness of the +derivation. "There is also an extraordinary fissure in the mountain, +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... On account of the +winding of its course, the great contraction of the stream, and the +depth of the ravine, _a noise, like that of thunder, strikes at a +distance on the ears of those who approach it_." + + 1. _England._ The FROME. Five rivers. + The FRAME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ BRAM(AHA) or BREM(AHA), 9th cent., a stream in + Odenwald. + PRIMMA, 9th cent. Near Worms. + The PRÜM in Prussia. + _Denmark._ The BRAM(AUE) in Holstein. + _Italy._ FORMIO ant. in Venetia. + _Asia Minor._ PYRAMUS ant., now the Jihun. + + 2. _With the ending t._ + _Germany._ The PFREIMT in Bavaria. + + 3. _With the ending nt._ + _Germany._ PREMANTIA, 9th cent., now the PRIMS. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Greece._ PERMESSUS ant. Bœotia. + +In the Gael. _fuair_, sound, _faoi_, a noisy stream, we may perhaps find +the origin of the FOWEY in Cornwall, and of the FOYERS in Inverness, the +latter of which is noted as forming one of the finest falls in Britain. +From the Gael. _gaoir_, din, we may derive the GAUIR in Perthshire; and +from _toirm_ of the same meaning, perhaps the TERMON in Ulster. Hence +might also be the TROME and the TRUIM, elsewhere derived at p. 70. + +From the Gael. _durd_, _durdan_, Welsh _dwrdd_, humming or murmur, Lhuyd +derives the name DOURDWY, of some brawling streams in Wales; but quoting +the derivations of some other writers, he adds, with more humility than +authors generally possess--"Eligat Lector quod maxime placet." To the +same origin may probably also be referred the DOURDON in France, Dep. +Seine-Inf. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[62] Bohn's Translation. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS. + + +There are several river-names which contain the idea, either of the +junction of two streams, or of the separation of a river into two +branches. The Vistula, Visula, or Wysla, (for in these various forms it +appears in ancient records), is referred by Müller,[63] rightly as I +think, to Old Norse _quisl_, Germ. _zwiesel_, branch, as of a river. A +simpler form of _quisl_ is contained in Old Norse _quistr_, ramus, and +the root is to be found in Sansc. _dwis_, to separate, Gael. and Ir. +_dis_, two. The Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according to Grimm +(_Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385_), was Vana-quisl. The word _whistle_, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as Haltwhistle in Northumberland, +and Osbaldwhistle in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old Norse _quisl_: +the sense might be that of the branching off of two roads or two +streams. In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, for which I am +indebted to the kindness of a Friend, there is a burn called +Galawhistle, which compares with the above Old Norse Vana-quisl. In +connection with the Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, which +has been generally considered to be merely another form of the same +word--Reichard[64] being, as I believe, the only writer who considers it +to be a different river. It seems to me a curious thing that it has +never occurred to any one to identify it with the Wisloka, which joins +the Vistula near Baranov. The modern name must contain the correct form, +for Wisloka = an Old High Germ. Wisilacha, from _acha_ or _aha_, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, from _afa_ or _apa_, river. +The following names I take to be all variations of the same word. + + 1. _France._ The OUST. Dep. Côtes-du-Nord. + _Germany._ The TWISTE. Joins the Diemel. + The QUEISS. Pruss. Silesia. + _Russia._ The UIST. Joins the Tobol. + The USTE. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ QUISTINA, 11th cent., now the KÖSTEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The VISTRE. Dep. Gard. + _Belgium._ The VESDRE. Joins the Ourt. + _Germany._ The VEISTR(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 4. _With the ending rn._ + _Germany._ QUISTIRNA, 8th cent., now the TWISTE, joins the Oste. + + 5. _With the ending el = O. N. quisl._ + _Germany, &c._ VISTULA, 1st cent., Germ. WEICHSEL. + WISL(OKA), joins the Vistula. (_See above._) + The WISL(OK). Joins the San. + WISIL(AFFA), 11th cent., now the WISL(AUF). + _France._ The VESLE. Joins the Aisne. + +The following seem also to contain the Germ. _zwei_, Eng. _two_, and to +have something of a similar meaning to the foregoing. + + 1. _Germany._ The ZWITT(AWA) or ZWITT(AU) in Moravia. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ZWETTEL in Austria. + +I include also here the SCHELDT or SCHELDE, (the SCALDIS of Cæsar), +which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse _skildr_, Dan. +_skilt_, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the +North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the SCHILT(ACH) of +Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. + +From the Gael. _caraid_, duplex, may probably be the two CARTS in the +County of Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde +near Glasgow. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[63] Die marken des Vaterlandes. + +[64] Germanien unter den Römern. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. + + +The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a +more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the +earliest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is +not quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning Owls," in Horrebow's +Natural History of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that +"There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island"--it will be seen +that the number of names is very small in which such a meaning is to be +traced. + +The word _gard_, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other +tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have +something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather +be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. + + 1. _France._ The GARD. Joins the Rhone. + _Germany._ GARD(AHA), 8th cent. The GART(ACH). + The KART(HAUE) in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GAIRDEN. Joins the Dee. + _France._ The GARDON. Joins the Rhone. + _Greece._ JARDANUS ant. in Crete--here? + +In the Gael. _sgia_, Welsh _ysgw_, guard, protection, and in the Welsh +_ysgi_, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter +may be more suitable for the following. The Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker +in Bulgaria: in an etymological point of view this seems probable, for +as Scius = Welsh _ysgi_, so Isker = Welsh _ysgar_ of the same meaning. + + _Netherlands._ The SCHIE by Schiedam. + _Danub. Prov._ SCIUS ant., now the ISKER? + +From the Gael. _scar_, _sgar_, Welsh _ysgar_, Ang.-Sax. _scêran_, to +divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the following. The small river +Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six miles a boundary between different +parishes.[65] + + 1. _England._ The SHERE. Kent. + _Scotland._ The SCARR. Dumfriesshire. + The SHIRA. Argyle. + _Germany._ SCERE, 11th cent. The SCHEER. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKERNE. Durham. + _Germany._ SCHYRNE, 11th cent., not identified. + +Any names in which the sense of _land_, terra, occurs, may, I think, be +explained most reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the FULDA of Germany, FULD(AHA), 8th +cent., referring it to Old High Germ. _fulta_, Ang.-Sax. _folde_, earth, +ground. + +Perhaps also to a similar origin may be referred the MOLD(AU) in +Bohemia, and the MOLD(AVA) of Moldavia. But the Gael. and Ir. _malda_, +_malta_, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. _milde_, Eng. _mild_, may be perhaps +more suitable: the MULDE, which joins the Elbe, and which in the 8th +cent. appears as MILDA, seems more probably from this origin. + +The BORD(AU), formerly BORDINE, which forms for some distance the +boundary between East and West Friesland, may, as suggested by +Förstemann, be derived from Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon _bord_, border. +Another river of the same name (p. 33) may perhaps be otherwise derived. + +I am inclined to bring in here the GRANTA, and to suggest that it may +have been a Sax. or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain part of the +Cam. This river seems to have formed one of the boundaries of the +country of the Gyrvii;[66] its name appears in Henry of Huntingdon as +Grenta; and the Old Norse _grend_, Mod. Germ. _grenze_, boundary, seems +a probable etymon. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[65] Statistical account of Scotland. + +[66] See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archæological Journal for Sept., 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. + + +In this chapter I include some names which do not come under any of the +foregoing heads, or which have been omitted in their places. + +The following have generally been referred to Gael. _caol_, straight, +narrow. + + 1. _England._ The COLE. Warwickshire. + The COLY. Devon. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The COLNE. Three rivers. + +But even if this derivation is to be received, we must seek another +meaning for the KOLA in Russian Lapland, and the KOLI(MA) in +Siberia--the latter in particular being a large river, with a wide +estuary. + +The Gael. and Ir. _beag_, little, forms the ending of some Irish +river-names, as the AWBEG, the OWENBEG, and the AROBEG.[67] The meaning +in all these cases is "little river"--_owen_ being the same as _avon_, +_aw_ the simple form _av_ of the same word, and _aro_ an appellative as +at p. 38, now lost in the Celtic. + +From the Gael. _suail_, small, have also been derived the Swale and +other following rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as inconsistent +with the character of the rivers, though the derivation which he +proposes to substitute, from _ys-wall_, a sheltered place, affords, it +must be admitted, no very happy alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German _swal_, Old Norse _svelgr_, gurges, +Eng. _swell_, though it is wanting in the Celtic. + + 1. _England._ The SWALE. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire. + The SWILY. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The SWELLY. Donegal. + The SWILLY. Ulster. + _Germany._ SUALA ant. The SCHWALE. + _France._ SULGAS ant., now the Sorgue. + _Russia._ The SULA--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The SULLANE. + +The following must be referred to Old High Germ. _sualm_, gurges, an +extension of the previous word _sual_. + + _Germany._ SUALMAN(AHA), 8th century. The SCHWALM. + SULMANA, 8th cent. The SULM. + _Belgium._ The SALM. Prov. Liège. + _France._ The SOLMAN. Dep. Jura. + +The Shannon has by some writers been derived from Ir. _sean_ or _shean_, +old. But inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise than old, the +term could only be used in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, however, seems to me to be found +in Ir. and Obs. Gael. _siona_, delay; this corresponds with the Gaelic +form of the name, Sionan, given by Armstrong. + + _Scotland._ The SHIN. Sutherland. + _Ireland._ SENUS (Ptolemy). The SHANNON. + _Germany._ SINNA, 8th cent. The SINN. + _Belgium._ The SENNE. Joins the Dyle. + _Italy._ SENA ant., now the Nevola. + _Aust. Pol._ The SAN, two rivers--here? + _India._ The SEENA--here? + +From the Gael. _cobhair_, Ir. _cubhair_, foam, froth, appear to be the +following. + + _England._ The COBER. Cornwall. + The COVER. Yorkshire. + _Russia._ The CHOPER. + _Asia._ CHABORAS ant., now the KHABUR--here? + _India._ CHABERIS ant., now the CAVERI--here? + +From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. _breath_, pure, clear, I take to be the +following. + + _England._ The BRATHA. Lake District. + _Scotland._ The BROTH(OCK). Forfar. + _Germany._ The BRETT(ACH). Joins the Kocher. + The BRAT(AWA) in Bohemia. + BRAHT(AHA),[68] 10th century. The BRACHT--here? + _Asia Minor._ PRACTIUS ant.--here? + +And from the Ir. _brag_, running water, I follow Mone in taking the +following. + + 1. _England._ The BRAY. Devon. + _Ireland._ The BRAY. Wicklow. + _France._ The BRAY. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ The BREGE, in the Scharwarzwald. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The BRAINE. Joins the Blackwater. + _Ireland._ BREAGNA, an old name for the Boyne. + +A root for river-names, to which might be put the following, is found by +Förstemann in Old High Germ. _rôr_, Mod. Germ. _rohr_, arundo, Eng. +_rush_. + + _Germany._ ROR(AHA), 11th century, now the ROHRBACH. + RURA, 8th cent. The RUHR. + _Holland._ The ROER. Joins the Maas. + +The word _sil_ in river-names would seem to have the meaning of still or +sluggish water. The Gael. has _sil_, to drop, rain, drip; and the Arm. +has _sila_, to filter. (The Old Fries. _sil_, canal, seems hardly a +related word; it appears more probably to be connected with Old Norse +_sîla_, to cut, to furrow.) According to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other Scythian rivers had the same +name, (_Grimm, Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) In this point of view the +above derivation might seem too restricted, and we might think of _sil_, +as of _sal_, (p. 75), as formed by the prefix _s_ from the root _al_ or +_il_, to go, (p. 71), in the simple meaning of water. According to +Strabo and Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property of petrifying +any plant thrown into it; but as, according to Cluvier, the modern +inhabitants of its banks know nothing of any such property, it would +rather seem as if the story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with _silex_, flint. + + 1. _Switzerland._ SIL(AHA), 11th cent. The SIHL. + _Italy._ SILIS ant., now the SILE. + _Scotland._ The SHIEL in Argyleshire--here? + _Germany._ The SCHYL (ant. Tiarantus)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sweden._ SILJAN. Lake. + _Russia._ The SHELON--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Naples._ SILARIS ant., now the SILARO. + +The form _silv_ I take to be an extension of _sil_, similar to others +previously noticed. + + 1. _Russia._ The SILVA. Gov. Perm. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The SILVER. Devon. + +The SIMOIS in the Plain of Troy I have suggestively placed at p. 119 to +Gael. _saimh_, slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet _lubricus_ +applied to it by Horace, we might perhaps seek a stronger sense from +the same root, as found in Welsh _seimio_, to grease, _saim_, tallow. + +The water of the LIPARIS in Cilicia, according to Polyclitus, as quoted +by Pliny, was of such an unctuous quality that it was used in place of +oil. Probably only for the purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. Hence no doubt its name, +from Sansc. _lip_, to be greasy, Gr. λιπαρος, unctuous. + +Grimm (_Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) suggests a similar origin for the +Ister, p. 117, referring it to Old Norse _istra_, Dan. _ister_, fat, +grease, Gr. στέαρ. He puts it, however, in a metaphorical sense, as +"the fattening, fructifying river." With deference, however, to so high +an authority, this explanation seems to me rather doubtful. For the +ending _ster_, as I have elsewhere observed, is common to many +river-names, and I have taken it to be, like the Arm. _ster_, formed by +a phonetic _t_, from the Sansc. _sri_, to flow. + +Also, from the root of the Sansc. _sri_, to flow, I take to be Gael. +_sruam_, and again taking the phonetic _t_, the word _stream_, _strom_, +common to all the Teutonic dialects. In these two forms we find the +ancient names of two rivers--the SYRMUS of Thrace, and the STRYMON or +STRUMON, the present STRUMA, of Macedonia. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[67] The derivation at p. 120 I must retract, finding _beg_ as a +termination of other Irish river-names. + +[68] Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. _braht_, fremitus. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +CONCLUSION. + + +The names of rivers form a striking commentary on the history of +language, so admirably expounded to the general reader in the recent +work of Professor Max Müller. + +When we review the long list of words that must have once had the +meaning of water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck with the +number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants +and animals." + +We see too how large a portion of this long list of appellatives may +ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few +primary roots may perhaps be resolved into a still smaller number of yet +more simple forms. + +I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the +Sansc. root _î_, _â_, or _ay_, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse _â_, +Anglo-Sax. _aê_, water, river. But whether they directly represent the +root, or whether, like the French _eau_, p. 30, they have only withered +down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not +take upon me to determine. + +Then we have the roots, also of the kind called primary, _ab_, _ar_, +_ir_, _ag_, _ikh_, _il_, _it_, all having the same general meaning, to +move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a +number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are +formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root _î_, _â_, or _ay_, +and that the following remarks made by Max Müller respecting secondary +roots, may be extended also to them. "We can frequently observe that one +of the consonants, in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is +liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is +slightly modified and determined by the changes of the final +consonants." He instances the Sansc. _tud_, _tup_, _tubh_, _tuj_, _tur_, +_tuh_, _tus_, all having the same general meaning, to strike. + +Again--there are forms such as _ang_, _amb_, _and_, &c., which are +merely a strengthening of the roots _ag_, _ab_, _ad_, or _at_, and which +also are found in a number of appellative forms. + +We might pursue the subject still further, and enquire whether the +secondary forms, such as _sar_, _sal_, _car_, _cal_, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a +consonant, on the roots _ar_ and _al_, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root _î_ or _â_. + +As also the silent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and +the most common emblem of the efflux of time; so in the same root is to +be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. +The Gr. αει, the Goth. _aiv_, the Anglo-Sax. _awa_, Eng. _ever_ and +_aye_, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and +express the same idea which speaks-- + + "For men may come, and men may go, + But I go on for ever." + + + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + +P. 25. + +To the root _ab_ or _ap_, water, place the Lith. and Lett. _uppe_, +river, whence the following. + + _Germany._ The OPPA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The UPA. Joins the Oka. + The UFA. Joins the Bielaya. + + +P. 33. + +To the root _ud_ place as an appellative the Obs. Gael. _ad_, water. And +add to form No. 1 the following names. + + _Russia._ The UDA. Gov. Kharkov. + _France._ The ODDE. Dep. Allier. + + +P. 35. + +The Celt. word _and_ or _ant_, water, is nothing more than a +strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. _ad_. + + +P. 40. + +In referring to the root _ark_, _erk_, I have omitted the Ir. _earc_, +water, the appellative most nearly concerned. The Basque _erreca_, +brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in +the same language the more primitive words _ur_ and _errio_, p. 38, +which seem to form a link with the Indo-European languages. + + +P. 49. + +To the root _nig_, _ni_, place-- + + 1. _France._ The NÉ. Joins the Charente. + _Norway._ The NIA. Stift Trondjem. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The NERUSSA. Gov. Orel. + + +P. 63. + +To the root _wig_, _wic_, _wy_, place the two following names. The Welsh +_gwy_, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group. + + _England._ The WYCK. Buckinghamshire. + _Russia._ The UI. Gov. Orenburg. + + +P. 64. + +To the root _vip_ place as an appellative the Welsh _gwibio_, to rove, +wander, _gwibiau_, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense +of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1. + + _Spain._ The QUIPAR. Joins the Segura. + + +P. 70. + +The Celtic languages have a trace of the word _trag_, to run, in the Old +Ir. _traig_, foot (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._) + + +P. 83. + + For + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + Read + _Thrace._ PYDARAS ant. + + +P. 84. + +To the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, water, place the following names. + + _England._ The BEAULIEU, also called the Exe, in Hampshire. + _Scotland._ The BEAULY. Inverness. + _Italy._ PAULO ant., now the Paglione. + + +P. 85. + +I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day +the Ancient British deity Cocidis is not considered to have any +connection with the river Coquet. + + +P. 91. + +It seems probable that the word _asp_ in river-names is formed by +metathesis from the word _aps_, p. 27, form 5. + + +P. 97. + +The GRYFFE and the GIRVAN may perhaps be better derived from the Gael. +_grib_, swift. + + +P. 132. + +To the root _pad_ or _pand_, to spread, may probably be placed-- + + _England._ The PANT. Essex. + + +P. 135. + +From the root _tan_, may be derived the DNIESTER, (=Danaster), from +_ster_, river. Or it might be from the root _dan_, as in Danube, p. 116. + + +P. 136. + +The Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected with any word +signifying water: it represents the Old Norse _tag_, twig. + + +P. 145. + +To the root _vind_, white, clear, place-- + + _England._ The WENTE. Yorkshire. + + +P. 149. + +To the Sansc. _taras_, Welsh _têr_, pure, clear, place-- + + _Thrace._ TEARUS ant. + + + + +INDEX. + +(_Ancient Names in Italics._) + + + Aa, 28 + + Aach, 28 + + Aar, 39 + + _Abana_, 26 + + _Acaris_, 81 + + Achaza, 31 + + Adda, 34 + + Adenau, 34 + + Adour, 34 + + Adur, 34 + + _Aenus_, 27 + + Agger, 81 + + Aghor, 81 + + Agri, 81 + + Ahr, 39 + + Ahse, 31 + + Ain, 135 + + Aisne, 31 + + Aiss, 81 + + Aiterach, 35 + + Alass, 75 + + _Alaunus_, 71 + + Alb, 73 + + Albegna, 74 + + Alben, 74 + + _Albla_, 74 + + _Albula_, 74 + + _Alces_, 104 + + Aldan, 72 + + Alde, 72 + + Alf, 73 + + Alhama, 130 + + Alise, 75 + + _Alisna_ 75 + + Allan, 71 + + Alle, 71 + + Aller, 71 + + _Allia_, 71 + + Allier, 74 + + Allow, 71 + + Alm, 130 + + Alma, 130 + + Alme, 130 + + Almelo, 130 + + Almo, 130 + + Alne, 71 + + _Alpheus_, 74 + + _Alpis_, 73 + + Alt, 72 + + Alta, 72 + + Alten, 72 + + Altmühl, 104 + + Alum Bay, 130 + + Alz, 75 + + Amasse, 29 + + _Ambastus_, 29 + + Amber, 29 + + Amble, 29 + + Amblève, 29 + + Amele, 29 + + Ammer, 29 + + _Amnias_, 26 + + Amon, 26 + + Andelau, 36 + + Andelle, 36 + + Angel, 81 + + Angera, 81 + + Angerap, 81 + + _Angrus_, 81 + + _Anitabha_, 35--Note. + + Anker, 81 + + Annas, 27 + + Ant, 35 + + Anton, 36 + + Anza, 27 + + Appelbach, 26 + + _Apsarus_, 27--Note. + + _Apsus_, 27 + + _Arabis_, 120 + + Aragon, 41, 176 + + Arak, 41, 176 + + _Arar_, 117 + + Aras, 78 + + _Araxes_, 78 + + Arc, 41, 176 + + Arga, 41, 176 + + Argen, 41, 176 + + _Arius_, 56 + + _Ariminus_, 122 + + Arke, 41, 176 + + Arl, 40 + + Arly, 40 + + Arme, 122 + + Armine, 122 + + Arno, 40 + + Arobeg, 164 + + _Arosis_, 78 + + Arques, 41 + + _Arrabo_, 120 + + Arrow, 39 + + _Arsia_, 78 + + Arun, 39 + + Arva, 109 + + Arve, 109 + + _Ascania_, 31 + + Ash, 31 + + _Asopus_, 92, 178 + + Aspe, 92, 178 + + Astura, 58 + + Au, 28 + + Aube, 73 + + Aulne, 71 + + Aune, 27 + + Aupe, 73 + + Aurach, 39 + + Auray, 39 + + Auve, 74 + + Aven, 26 + + Avia, 25 + + Aviz, 27 + + Avoca, 153 + + Avon, 26 + + Avre, 26 + + Awbeg, 164 + + Awe, 28 + + Axe, 30 + + _Axius_, 31 + + _Axona_, 31 + + _Axus_, 31 + + + Bahr, 65 + + Bandon, 132 + + Bane, 143 + + Banitz, 148 + + Bann, 148 + + Bannock, 148 + + Bar, 65 + + Barrow, 65 + + Baunach, 84 + + Beaulieu, 178 + + Beauly, 178 + + Beela, 84 + + Behr, 65 + + Behrun, 65 + + Beina, 143 + + Beraun, 65 + + Bere, 65 + + Berre, 65 + + Beuvron, 84 + + Bever, 84 + + Biala, 150 + + Bialy, 150 + + Biberbach, 84 + + Bibra, 84 + + Bielaya, 150 + + Bièvre, 83 + + Bila, 150 + + _Billæus_, 85 + + Binoa, 82 + + Birse, 101 + + Blythe, 152 + + Bode, 132 + + _Boderia_, 132 + + Bogen, 138 + + Bogie, 138 + + Bolbec, 85 + + _Bollaha_, 85 + + Bord, 133 + + Bordau, 163 + + Bowe, 138 + + Boyle, 85 + + Boyne, 84 + + Bracht, 167 + + Braine, 167 + + Bramaue, 154 + + Bratawa, 167 + + Bratha, 167 + + Bray, 167 + + _Breagna_, 167 + + Brege, 167 + + Bresle, 101 + + Brettach, 167 + + Brosna, 101 + + Brothock, 167 + + Bucket, 138 + + Bug, 138 + + Buhler, 85 + + Buller, 85 + + Bullot, 85 + + Burzen, 101 + + + _Cædrius_, 108 + + Cailas, 110 + + Cain, 144 + + _Calbis_, 113 + + _Caldhowa_, 112 + + Calder, 112 + + Caldew, 112 + + Callan, 110 + + _Callas_, 110 + + _Callipus_, 113 + + Calore, 110 + + _Calpas_, 113 + + Cam, 138 + + Candy Burn, 144 + + Cane, 144 + + Cann, 144 + + Cantiano, 145 + + _Caresus_, 114 + + Carpino, 97 + + _Carpis_, 97 + + Carron, 139 + + Cart, 159 + + Caveri, 167 + + _Cayster_, 68 + + _Celadon_, 112 + + _Celydnus_, 112 + + _Cerbalus_, 98 + + _Cersus_, 114 + + _Cestrus_, 68 + + _Chalus_, 110 + + _Chalusus_, 110 + + Cham, 138 + + Char, 139 + + Charente, 139 + + _Chares_, 139 + + Chelt, 112 + + Chelva, 113 + + Cher, 139 + + Chiana, 147 + + Chiers, 114 + + _Choaspes_, 68, 178 + + Choper, 167 + + Chor, 139 + + Churne, 139 + + _Cladeus_, 80 + + _Clanius_, 147 + + Clare, 149 + + Cleddeu, 79 + + _Clitora_, 80 + + _Clitumnus_, 80 + + Cloyd, 79 + + _Cludros_, 80 + + Clun, 147 + + Clwyd, 79 + + Clyde, 79 + + Cober, 167 + + _Cocbrôc_, 86 + + Cocker, 86 + + Cockley-beck, 87 + + _Cocytus_, 87 + + Coker, 86 + + _Colapis_, 113 + + Cole, 164 + + Colne, 164 + + Coly, 164 + + Conan, 145 + + Cond, 144 + + Conder, 145 + + Conn, 144 + + Conner, 145 + + Conway, 145 + + Coquet, 87 + + _Coralis_, 139 + + Cover, 167 + + _Cremera_, 140 + + _Cremisus_, 140 + + Crummock, 140 + + Cuckmare, 87 + + _Curalius_, 139 + + _Cydnus_, 108 + + _Cyrus_, 139 + + + Dahme, 135 + + Dalcke, 106 + + Dane, 135 + + Danube, 116 + + _Daradax_, 105 + + _Daradus_, 105 + + Darme, 70 + + Daubrawa, 37 + + Deane, 135 + + Déaume, 135 + + Dee, 134 + + Deel, 105 + + Delvenau, 106 + + Demer, 135 + + Derwent, 141 + + Desna, 107 + + Deva, 135 + + Dill, 105 + + Dillar Burn, 106 + + Dista, 107 + + Dive, 135 + + Dniester, 179 + + Dobur, 37 + + Docker, 150 + + Dodder, 90 + + Dokka, 150 + + Dommel, 90 + + Don, 135 + + Donge, 136 + + Dora, 37 + + Dordogne, 38 + + Doubs, 36 + + Douglas, 150 + + Dourdon, 155 + + Dourdwy, 155 + + Douro, 37 + + Doux, 36 + + Dove, 36 + + Dovy, 36 + + Dow, 36 + + Dowles, 150 + + Drac, 70 + + Drage, 70 + + Drammen, 70 + + Dran, 69 + + Drave, 69 + + Drewenz, 141 + + Drome, 70 + + Drone, 69 + + Dronne, 69 + + Dubissa, 37 + + Duddon, 90 + + Dude, 90 + + Durance, 141 + + Durme, 70 + + Durra, 37 + + Dussel, 107 + + Duyte, 90 + + Dyle, 106 + + + Earne, 40 + + Ebrach, 26 + + Ebro, 26 + + Ecolle, 69 + + Eden, 35 + + Eder, 34 + + Edrenos, 34 + + Eem, 28 + + Eger, 81 + + Ehen, 27 + + Eichel, 28 + + Eider, 35 + + Eisach, 32 + + Eitrach, 35 + + Elbe, 73 + + Eld, 72 + + Elda, 72 + + Ellé, 71 + + Ellen, 71 + + Ellero, 71 + + Ellison, 75 + + Elvan, 74 + + Elz, 75 + + Emba, 29 + + Emele, 29 + + Emme, 28 + + Emmen, 29 + + Emmer, 29 + + Ems, 29 + + Ens, 27 + + Era, 39 + + Erens, 138 + + Erft, 40 + + Ergers, 41 + + Erl, 40 + + Erla, 40 + + Erms, 122 + + Erpe, 109 + + Erve, 109 + + Eschaz, 31 + + Esk, 31 + + Eskle, 31 + + Esla, 33 + + Esque, 31 + + Ettrick, 35 + + Eure, 34 + + Evan, 26 + + _Evenus_, 26 + + Eye, 28 + + Eypel, 27 + + Exe, 31 + + + Fal, 130 + + Feale, 130 + + Fillan, 130 + + Fils, 130 + + Findhorn, 146 + + Finn, 146 + + Finnan, 146 + + _Fladaha_, 149 + + Fladnitz, 149 + + Fleet, 66 + + Flieden, 66 + + Flietnitz, 66 + + Flisk, 67 + + Foilagh, 130 + + Formio, 154 + + Forth, 115 + + Fowey, 154 + + Foyers, 154 + + Frame, 154 + + Fraw, 115 + + Frome, 154 + + Froon, 115 + + Fulda, 162 + + + _Gada_, 108 + + Gaddada, 109 + + Gade, 108 + + Gader, 108 + + Gadmen, 109 + + Gail, 110 + + Gairden, 161 + + Gala, 110 + + _Galthera_, 112 + + Gande, 108 + + Ganges, 68 + + _Gangitus_, 68 + + Gard, 161 + + Gardon, 161 + + Garf water, 97 + + Garonne, 13, 114 + + _Garrhuenus_, 113 + + Garry, 113 + + Gartach, 161 + + Garza, 114 + + Gata, 108 + + Gauir, 155 + + Geisa, 108 + + _Gela_, 110 + + Gelt, 112 + + Geltnach, 112 + + _Geranius_, 114 + + _Geron_, 114 + + Gers, 114 + + Gidea, 108 + + Giesel, 109 + + Giessbach, 108 + + Gingy, 68 + + Giron, 114 + + Girvan, 97, 178 + + Glan, 147 + + Glass, 147 + + Glatt, 147 + + Glen, 147 + + Glon, 147 + + Glyde, 80 + + Gose, 108 + + Gotha, 108 + + Gouw, 68 + + Grabow, 97 + + Granta, 163 + + Gravino, 97 + + Greta, 152 + + Grumbach, 140 + + Gryffe, 97, 178 + + Gwynedd, 145 + + _Gyndes_, 108 + + + Haase, 100--Note. + + _Haliacmon_, 104 + + _Halycus_, 104 + + _Halys_, 75 + + Hamel, 29 + + Hamps, 29 + + Harpa, 109 + + _Harpasus_, 109 + + _Hebrus_, 26 + + _Helisson_, 75 + + Helme, 130 + + Helpe, 74 + + Herk, 41, 176 + + Hesper, 92, 178 + + Hespin, 91 + + _Hesudros_, 33 + + _Hisscar_, 32 + + Hörsel, 78 + + Hull, 89 + + Humber, 29 + + Hunte, 100 + + _Hypanis_, 26 + + _Hypius_, 26 + + _Hypsas_, 27 + + + _Iberus_, 26 + + Idle, 35 + + Igla, 69 + + Iglawa, 69 + + Ihna, 27 + + Ik, 69 + + Ilach, 71 + + Ilavla, 74 + + Ile, 71 + + Ilen, 71 + + Ilek, 104 + + _Ilissus_, 75 + + Ill, 71 + + Ille, 71 + + Iller, 71 + + Illim, 130 + + Ilm, 130 + + Ilmen, 130 + + Ilmenau, 130 + + Ilse, 75 + + Ilz, 75 + + Inda, 23 + + Inde, 23 + + Indus, 23 + + Indre, 23 + + Ingon, 81 + + Ingul, 81 + + Inn, 27 + + Inney, 27 + + Ionne, 69 + + Ipf, 26 + + Ipoly, 27 + + Ips, 27 + + _Irat_, 138 + + Irati, 138 + + Irghiz, 41 + + Irk, 41 + + Irkut, 41 + + Irt, 138 + + Irthing, 138 + + Irvine, 109 + + Isac, 31 + + Isar, 33 + + Ischl, 31 + + Ise, 32 + + Isen, 32 + + Isère, 32 + + Isis, 33 + + Isla, 33 + + Isker, 161 + + _Ismenus_, 33 + + Isolé, 33 + + Isper, 92 + + Isset, 33 + + _Issus_, 32 + + _Ister_, 33, 117, 170 + + Itchen, 69 + + Iton, 35 + + Itz, 35 + + Ive, 25 + + Ivel, 26 + + + _Jactus_, 100 + + Jaghatu, 100 + + Jahde, 100 + + Jahnbach, 68 + + _Jardanus_, 161 + + Jaxt, 100 + + Jesmen, 89 + + Jessava, 89 + + Jetza, 89 + + _Jezawa_, 89 + + Jisdra, 89 + + Joss, 89 + + Jug, 100 + + + Kalitva, 112 + + Kam, 139 + + Kama, 139 + + Kamp, 138 + + Kana, 144 + + Kander, 145 + + Karthaue, 161 + + Kels, 110 + + Kelvin, 113 + + Kemi, 139 + + Kenne, 144 + + Kent, 144 + + Kerr, 139 + + Kersch, 114 + + Khabur, 167 + + Khankova, 68 + + Klara, 149 + + Klodnitz, 80 + + Klön, 147 + + Kocher, 86 + + Kohary, 86 + + Kohlbach, 113 + + Kokel, 86 + + Kola, 164 + + Kolima, 164 + + Korol, 139 + + Koros, 114 + + Kösten, 158 + + Krems, 140 + + Kroma, 140 + + Krumbach, 140 + + Kuchelbach, 87 + + Kulpa, 113 + + Kur, 139 + + + Lagan, 45 + + Lahn, 45 + + _Laimaha_, 128 + + Laine, 45 + + Laith, 46 + + Lama, 128 + + Lambro, 129 + + Lamme, 128 + + Lammer, 129 + + Lamone, 129 + + Lamov, 128 + + _Lamus_, 129 + + Laucha, 45 + + Lauder, 148 + + Lauter, 148 + + Lave, 45 + + Lavino, 45 + + Leach, 44 + + Leam, 128 + + Lech, 44 + + Leck, 44 + + Lee, 44 + + Leen, 44 + + Legre, 44 + + Leiser, 147 + + Leith, 46 + + Leitha, 46 + + Leithan, 47 + + Leman, 129 + + Leman (Lake), 129 + + Lempe, 128 + + Lesse, 146 + + _Lethæus_, 47 + + Leven, 45 + + Lez, 146 + + Lid, 46 + + Lida, 46 + + Lidden, 47 + + Liddle, 47 + + Lieser, 147 + + Liffar, 46 + + Liffey, 46 + + Ligne, 44 + + Lima, 128 + + Limen, 129 + + Limmat, 129 + + _Limyrus_, 129 + + _Liparis_, 170 + + Lipka, 46 + + Lippe, 46 + + Liver, 46 + + Liza, 146 + + Lizena, 146 + + Ljusne, 147 + + Lloughor, 45 + + Loing, 45 + + Loire, 44 + + Loiret, 14 + + Lomond (Loch), 129 + + Looe, 45 + + Loony, 45 + + Loose, 146 + + Lossie, 146 + + Lot, 72 + + Loue, 45 + + Louga, 45 + + Lougan, 45 + + Louven, 45 + + Lowna, 45 + + Lowther, 148 + + Luder, 148 + + Lug, 45 + + Lugan, 45 + + Lugano (Lake), 45 + + Lugar, 45 + + Luhe, 44 + + Lune, 45 + + Lutter, 148 + + Lye, 44 + + Lyme, 128 + + Lyon, 44 + + Lys, 44 + + + Maas, 142 + + Macestus, 61 + + Madder, 88 + + Madel, 88 + + Maese, 142 + + Magra, 60 + + Mahanuddy, 60 + + Maia, 60 + + Maig, 60 + + Main, 60 + + Maina, 60 + + March, 61 + + Mare, 62 + + Marecchia, 62 + + Mark, 61 + + Marne, 88 + + Marosch, 62 + + _Marsyas_, 62 + + Masie, 142 + + Mask (Lake), 62 + + _Matrinus_, 88 + + _Matrona_, 88 + + Maw, 60 + + Mawn, 60 + + May, 60 + + Mayenne, 127 + + Meal, 61 + + Mede, 88 + + _Medemelacha_, 126 + + Medinka, 126 + + _Medoacus_, 127 + + _Medofulli_, 126 + + Medvieditza, 127 + + Medway, 126 + + Medwin, 127 + + Megna, 60 + + Mehaigne, 60 + + Mehe, 88 + + Meissau, 142 + + _Melsus_, 151 + + Meon, 60 + + Mergui, 62 + + Mersey, 62 + + Metauro, 88 + + _Metema_, 127 + + Meuse, 142 + + Mhye, 60 + + Midou, 126 + + Miele, 61 + + Mies, 142 + + Milsibach, 151 + + Moder, 88 + + Moldau, 162 + + Moldava, 162 + + Mora, 61 + + Morava, 61 + + Morge, 61 + + Mörn, 62 + + Moselle, 142 + + Moskva, 62 + + Mourne, 62 + + Moy, 60 + + Moyne, 60 + + Muhr, 61 + + Mulde, 162 + + Mülmisch, 151 + + Muotta, 102 + + Murg, 61 + + Murr, 61 + + Murz, 62 + + Musone, 142 + + Muthvey, 102 + + + Naab, 50 + + Naaf, 50 + + _Nabalis_, 51 + + Nabon, 50 + + Nahe, 50 + + Nairn, 49 + + _Namadus_, 52 + + _Naparis_, 50 + + Nar, 49 + + Narenta, 49 + + Narew, 49 + + Naron, 49 + + Narova, 49 + + Narra, 49 + + Natisone, 88 + + Nave, 50 + + Naver, 50 + + Navia, 50 + + Ne, 177 + + Neagh (Lake), 49 + + Neath, 54 + + _Neda_, 54 + + Neers, 49 + + Neisse, 51 + + Nenagh, 49 + + Nene, 49 + + Nenny, 49 + + Nent, 49 + + Nera, 49 + + Nerja, 49 + + Nerussa, 177 + + Ness, 51 + + Neste, 51 + + _Nestus_, 51 + + Nethan, 54 + + Nethe, 54 + + Neutra, 88 + + Neva, 50 + + Never, 50 + + Nevis, 51 + + Nia, 177 + + _Nia_, 49 + + Nidd, 54 + + Nidder, 54 + + Nied, 54 + + Niemen, 50 + + Nievre, 50 + + Nisi, 51 + + Nissava, 51 + + Nith, 54 + + Nive, 50 + + Nivelle, 50 + + Noain, 88 + + Nodder, 88 + + _Noraha_, 49 + + Nore, 49 + + Now, 49 + + + _Oarus_, 39 + + Ock, 28 + + Ocker, 153 + + Odde, 176 + + Odder, 34 + + Oder, 34 + + Odon, 34 + + _Oenus_, 27 + + Oertze, 78 + + Ohm, 26 + + Ohre, 39 + + Ohrn, 40 + + Oich, 28 + + Oikell, 28 + + Oise, 32 + + Oka, 28 + + Oke, 28 + + Olle, 72 + + _Olmeius_, 130 + + _Oltis_, 72 + + Ombrone, 29 + + Oppa, 176 + + Orb, 109 + + Ore, 39 + + Orge, 41 + + Orla, 40 + + Orlyava, 40 + + Orlyk, 40 + + Orre, 40 + + Orrin, 40 + + _Orsinus_, 78 + + Orvanne, 109 + + _Œscus_, 31 + + Oskol, 31 + + Otter, 34 + + Ource, 78 + + Ourcq, 41 + + Ourt, 138 + + Ousche, 32 + + Oust, 158 + + Owenbeg, 164 + + Ovoca, 153 + + Oxus, 31 + + + Paar, 65 + + Pader, 132 + + _Padus_, 132 + + Palme, 67 + + Pant, 178 + + _Pantanus_, 132 + + Parde, 133 + + Parret, 83 + + _Parthenius_, 133 + + _Pathissus_, 132 + + _Paulo_, 178 + + Pebrach, 84 + + Pedder, 83 + + Peen, 81 + + Peffer, 83 + + Pelym, 67 + + _Peneus_, 82 + + Penjina, 82 + + Penk, 82--Note. + + Pennar, 82 + + Penza, 82 + + _Permessus_, 154 + + Pernau, 65 + + Persante, 101 + + Petteril, 83 + + Pever, 83 + + Pfreimt, 154 + + Piana, 82 + + Piave, 65 + + Piddle, 82 + + Pina, 82 + + Pinau, 82 + + Pindar, 83 + + _Pindus_, 82 + + Pinega, 82 + + Pinka, 82 + + Pitrenick, 83 + + Plaine, 65 + + Plau, 65 + + Plan-see (Lake), 66 + + Pleiske, 67 + + Pleisse, 66 + + _Pleistus_, 66 + + Pliusa, 66 + + Ploen (Lake), 66 + + Plone, 66 + + Plonna, 66 + + Plym, 67 + + Po, 131 + + Polota, 85 + + _Porata_, 115 + + Portva, 115 + + _Practius_, 167 + + Pravadi, 115 + + Pregel, 115 + + Primma, 154 + + Prims, 154 + + Pripet, 115 + + Pronia, 115 + + Prosna, 101 + + Prüm, 154 + + Pruth, 115 + + Purally, 115 + + _Pydaras_, 83 + + _Pyramus_, 154 + + + Queiss, 158 + + Quenny, 145 + + Quipar, 177 + + + Raab, 120 + + _Rasa_, 96 + + Rasay, 96 + + Ravee, 102 + + Raven, 102 + + Rea, 43 + + Rednitz, 95 + + Reen, 43 + + Rega, 43 + + Regen, 43 + + Regge, 43 + + Reno, 43 + + Reuss, 96 + + Rezat, 96 + + _Rha_, 43 + + _Rhesus_, 96 + + Rhine, 43 + + Rhion, 43 + + _Rhodanus_, 95 + + _Rhodius_, 95 + + Rhone, 95 + + Riaza, 96 + + Riga, 43 + + Riss, 96 + + Robe, 102 + + Rodach, 95 + + Rodau, 95 + + Rodden, 95 + + Roer, 168 + + Rohrbach, 168 + + Ross, 96 + + Rosslau, 96 + + Rötel, 96 + + Roth, 95 + + Rotha, 95 + + Rothaine, 95 + + Rother, 96 + + Rott, 95 + + Rottach, 95 + + Roubion, 102 + + Ruhr, 168 + + Rye, 43 + + + Saale, 76 + + Saar, 55 + + _Sabis_, 59 + + Sabor, 59 + + _Sabrina_, 59 + + Saima (Lake), 119 + + Sal, 77 + + Salm, 166 + + _Salo_, 77 + + Salza, 151 + + Samara, 119 + + Sambre, 59, 119 + + San, 166 + + Saone, 119 + + Saraswati, 56 + + Saratovka, 56 + + _Sarayu_, 55 + + Sare, 55 + + Sark, 55 + + Sarnius, 56 + + Sarno, 56 + + Sarsonne, 56 + + Sarthe, 56 + + Sau, 59 + + _Sauconna_, 119 + + Save, 59 + + Savena, 59 + + Savezo, 59 + + Savio, 59 + + Savranka, 59 + + Sazawa, 98 + + _Scaldis_, 159 + + Scarr, 162 + + Scheer, 162 + + Scheldt, 159 + + Schie, 161 + + Schiltach, 159 + + Schmida, 53 + + Schnei, 52 + + Schondra, 99 + + Schozach, 99 + + Schunter, 99 + + Schupf, 101 + + Schussen, 99 + + Schutter, 99 + + Schwabach, 101 + + Schwale, 165 + + Schwalm, 166 + + Schwarza, 150 + + Schyrne, 162 + + _Scius_, 161 + + _Scopas_, 101 + + Seaton, 141 + + Seena, 166 + + Segre, 119 + + Segura, 119 + + Seille, 76 + + Seine, 119 + + Selle, 76 + + Selse, 151 + + Selune, 77 + + Sem, 119 + + Semoy, 119 + + Sempt, 119 + + Sena, 166 + + Senne, 166 + + _Senus_, 166 + + Seran, 56 + + Serchio, 55 + + Sered, 56 + + Sereth, 56 + + Serio, 55 + + Serre, 55 + + Serus, 55 + + _Sessites_, 98 + + Sestra, 99 + + Seugne, 119 + + Seva, 59 + + Sevan, 59 + + Severn, 59 + + _Severus_, 59 + + Sevre, 59 + + Sevron, 59 + + Shannon, 166 + + Sheaf, 101 + + Shere, 162 + + Shiel, 169 + + Shin, 166 + + Shira, 162 + + _Sicoris_, 119 + + Sid, 141 + + Sieg, 119 + + Sieve, 59 + + Sihl, 169 + + Silaro, 169 + + Sile, 169 + + Simmen, 119 + + Simmer, 119 + + _Simois_, 119, 169 + + Sinde, 23 + + Sitter, 141 + + Skerne, 162 + + Skippon, 101 + + Slaan, 77 + + Slaney, 77 + + Sneidbach, 52 + + Snyte, 52 + + Soar, 55 + + _Soastus_, 98 + + Soeste, 98 + + Soja, 119 + + Solman, 166 + + Somme, 119 + + Sora, 55 + + Sorg, 55 + + Sosna, 98 + + Sosterbach, 99 + + Sosva, 98 + + Souza, 98 + + Sow, 59 + + Söve, 59 + + Spean, 103 + + Spear, 103 + + Speier, 103 + + Spey, 103 + + Sprazah, 103 + + Spree, 103 + + Sprenzel, 104 + + Spressa, 104 + + Sprint, 103 + + Sprotta, 103 + + Stör, 58 + + _Storas_, 58 + + Stort, 58 + + Stour, 58 + + Streu, 58 + + Stroud, 58 + + Strumon, 171 + + Stry, 58 + + Stura, 58 + + Styr, 58 + + Suchona, 119 + + Suck, 59 + + _Sucro_, 59 + + _Suevus_, 101 + + Suippe, 101 + + Suire, 59 + + Sula, 165 + + _Sulgas_, 165 + + Sullane, 165 + + Sulm, 166 + + Sur, 55 + + Sura, 55 + + Sure, 55 + + Suren, 56 + + Suss, 98 + + Sutledge, 26, 98 + + Sutoodra, 98 + + Suusaa, 98 + + Suzon, 98 + + Svart, 150 + + Svir, 55 + + Swale, 165 + + Swelly, 165 + + Swilly, 165 + + Swords, 56 + + _Syrmus_, 171 + + Szala, 151 + + + Ta (Loch), 135 + + _Tabuda_, 135 + + Tacon, 107 + + Tamar, 135 + + _Tamaris_, 135 + + Tambre, 135 + + Tame, 135 + + Tamuda, 136 + + Tamyras, 136 + + Tana, 135 + + Tanagro, 136 + + _Tanais_, 135 + + Tanaro, 135 + + Tanger, 136 + + _Tanus_, 135 + + Taptee, 135 + + Tara, 149 + + Tardoire, 105 + + Tarf, 69 + + Tarisa, 149 + + Tarn, 149 + + Taro, 149 + + Tartaro, 105 + + _Tartessus_, 105 + + Tarth, 105 + + Tauber, 37 + + Tavda, 135 + + Tave, 135 + + Tavus, 135 + + Tavy, 134 + + Taw, 134, 135 + + Tay, 135 + + Teane, 135 + + Tearne, 149 + + _Tearus_, 179 + + Tees, 106 + + Teesta, 107 + + Teign, 135 + + Tema, 135 + + Teme, 136 + + Temes, 136 + + Tengs, 136 + + Termon, 155 + + Tescha, 107 + + Tessin, 107 + + Test, 107 + + Teviot, 135 + + Thames, 136 + + Thaya, 136 + + Theiss, 107 + + Thiele, 106 + + Thur, 37 + + _Tiasa_, 107 + + Ticino, 107 + + Till, 105 + + Tilse, 106 + + Tim, 135 + + Timao, 135 + + _Timavus_, 135 + + Tivy, 135 + + Tollen, 106 + + Tom, 135 + + Torre, 37 + + Tosa, 107 + + Töss, 107 + + Touse, 107 + + Touvre, 37 + + Towy, 36 + + Trachino, 71 + + _Tragus_, 70 + + Traun, 69 + + Trave, 69 + + Trebbia, 69 + + Treja, 70 + + Trent, 141 + + Trento, 141 + + Trome, 70, 155 + + _Truentius_, 141 + + Truim, 70, 155 + + Tura, 37 + + Turija, 37 + + Turuntus, 141 + + Twiste, 158 + + Tzna, 52 + + + Uda, 176 + + Ufa, 176 + + Ui, 177 + + Uist, 158 + + Ulla, 89 + + Ullea, 89 + + Ulster, 89 + + _Umbro_, 28 + + Umea, 28 + + Unstrut, 58 + + Upa, 176 + + Ural, 40 + + _Urius_, 39 + + Urjumka, 122 + + Ursel, 78 + + Usk, 31 + + Uste, 158 + + _Uxella_, 31 + + + Vaga, 63 + + Vagai, 63 + + _Vahalis_, 63 + + Vakh, 63 + + Varano, 78 + + Vardar, 79 + + Varde, 79 + + Vardre, 79 + + Varese (Lake), 78 + + Vartrey, 79 + + Vayah, 63 + + Vegiaur, 64 + + Vegre, 63 + + Vehne, 146 + + Veile, 90 + + Veistritz, 158 + + Vel, 90 + + Velez, 91 + + Velino, 91 + + Vellaur, 91 + + Vendée, 146 + + Vent, 145 + + Ver, 77 + + Verdon, 79 + + Vesdre, 158 + + Vesle, 158 + + Vever, 64 + + Veveyse, 64 + + Viaur, 63 + + Vie, 63 + + Vienne, 63 + + Vig, 63 + + Vilia, 90 + + Viliu, 90 + + Villa, 90 + + Vilna, 90 + + Vils, 91 + + Vindau, 146 + + _Vipasa_, 64 + + Vire, 77 + + Vistre, 158 + + Vistula, 158 + + Vlie, 65 + + Vliest, 66 + + Vliet, 66 + + Vodla, 34 + + Vosges, 63 + + + Waag, 63 + + Waal, 63 + + Wandle, 146 + + Warnau, 77 + + Warta, 79 + + Watawa, 34 + + Waveney, 63 + + Waver, 63 + + Wear, 34 + + Weaver, 64 + + Wegierka, 64 + + Weichsel, 158 + + Welland, 90 + + Welse, 91 + + Wente, 179 + + Wern, 77 + + Werre, 77 + + Wers, 78 + + Wertach, 78 + + Wetter, 34 + + Wey, 63 + + Wick, 63 + + Wien, 63 + + Wigger, 63 + + Willy, 90 + + Windau, 146 + + _Winderius_, 146 + + Windermere (Lake), 146 + + Wipper, 64 + + Wislauf, 158 + + Wisloka, 158 + + Woder, 34 + + Worse, 78 + + Wölpe, 73 + + Wupper, 64 + + Wurdah, 79 + + Wyck, 177 + + Wye, 63 + + + Xalon, 77 + + Xucar, 59 + + + Yssel, 33 + + Ythan, 35 + + + Zeyer, 59 + + Zorn, 56 + + Zna, 52 + + Zwettel, 158 + + Zwittau, 158 + + Zwittawa, 158 + + + + +R. AND J. STEEL, PRINTERS, 57, ENGLISH ST., CARLISLE. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900-0.txt or 35900-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/35900-0.zip b/35900-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..88e5cb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-0.zip diff --git a/35900-8.txt b/35900-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b774813 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7372 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without + note. Greek text has been transliterated and is shown between + {braces}. Diacritical marks are represented as follows: + + [)x] letter _x_ with upper breve. + [=x] letter _x_ with upper macron. + [oe] oe ligature. + + + + + THE + + RIVER-NAMES + + OF + + EUROPE. + + + BY ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE, + 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; + AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH, + CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL. + + 1862. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The object of the present work is to arrange and explain the names of +European Rivers on a more comprehensive principle than has hitherto been +attempted in England, or, to the best of my belief, in Germany. + +I am conscious that, like every other work of the same sort, it must +necessarily, and without thereby impugning its general system, be +subject to correction in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a more exact +knowledge of the characteristics of the various rivers than can possibly +in all cases come within the scope of individual research. + +Among the writers to whom I am most indebted is Ernst Frstemann, who, +in the second volume of his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first +consisting of the names of persons), has collected, explained, and where +possible, identified, the ancient names of places in Germany. The dates +affixed to most of the German rivers are taken from this work, and refer +to the earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere. + +I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as usual, given the +titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's "Local Etymology," and to the +work of Gluck, entitled "Die bei C. Julius Csar vorkommende Keltische +namen." + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The first wave of Asian immigration that swept over Europe gave names to +the great features of nature, such as the rivers, long before the +wandering tribes that composed it settled down into fixed habitations, +and gave names to their dwellings and their lands. The names thus given +at the outset may be taken therefore to contain some of the most ancient +forms of the Indo-European speech. And once given, they have in many, if +not in most cases remained to the present day, for nothing affords such +strong resistance to change as the name of a river. The smaller streams, +variously called in England and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and whose shores were portioned out +among but a few settlers, readily yielded up their ancient names at the +bidding of their new masters. But the river that flowed past, coming +they knew not whence, and going they knew not whither--upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as themselves, and all as much +entitled to give it a name as they--was naturally, as a matter of common +convenience, allowed to retain its original appellation. + +Nevertheless, it might happen that a river such as the Danube, which +runs more than a thousand miles as the crow flies--being divided between +two great and perfectly distinct races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two different names. So we find +that while in its upper part it was called the Danube, in its lower part +it was known as the Ister--the former, says Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian name. So the Saone also +was anciently known both as the Arar and the Sauconna--the latter, +according to Zeuss, being its Celtic name. And Latham, (_Tacitus_, +_Germania_,) makes a similar suggestion respecting the Rhine--"It is not +likely that the Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of Switzerland, +gave the same name to the very different parts of their common river." +It does not follow then as a matter of course--though we must accept it +as the general rule--that the name by which a river is known at the +present day, when it happens to be different from that recorded in +history, is in all cases the less ancient of the two. There might +originally have been two names, one of which has been preserved in +history, and the other retained in modern use. + +It is also to be observed, that in the case of one race coming after +another--say Germans or Slaves after Celts--while the newcomers retained +the old names, they yet often added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are compounded of two words of +different languages, and in not a few cases both signifying water. + +The names thus given at the outset were of the utmost simplicity, +rarely, if ever, containing a compound idea. They were indeed for the +most part simple appellatives, being most commonly nothing more than +words signifying water. But these words, once established as names, +entered into a different category. The words might perish, but the names +endured. The words might change, but the names did not follow their +changes. Inasmuch as they were both subject to the same influences, they +would most probably in the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of the language, they would not +be regulated in their changes by it. Moreover, in their case a fresh +element came into operation, for, being frequently adopted by races +speaking a different language, they became subject to the special +phonetic tendencies of the new tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the same word, appear in a variety +of different forms. The most important phonetic modifications I take to +be those of the kind referred to in the next chapter. + +There is no branch of philological enquiry which demands a wider range +than that of the origin of the names of rivers. All trace of a name may +be lost in the language in which it was given--we may have to seek for +its likeness through the whole Indo-European family--and perhaps not +find it till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. Thus the name of +the Humber is probably of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words that +we find are the Lat. _imber_ and the Gr. {ombros}, till we come to the +Sansc. _ambu_, water. Celtic also probably are the names of the Hodder +and the Otter, but the words most nearly cognate are the Gr. {hydr} and +the Lith. _audra_, (fluctus), till we come to the Sansc. _ud_, water. + +Again, there are others on which we can find nothing whatever to throw +light till we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the Drave and the Trave, +for which Bopp proposes Sansc. _dravas_, flowing. And the Arve in Savoy, +which I cannot explain till I come to the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to +ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. _orbo_, Eng. _orphan_, &c. And--far +as we have to seek for it--how true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and how it will come home to the +frequenters of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember how, within the +last few years, its pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, and their +ruined tenants driven out like "orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted snows, cast its waters into +the Rhone, that it seems to drive back the latter river into the lake +from whence it issues. And Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current of the Rhone were made for +some hours to revolve in the opposite direction, and to grind their corn +backwards. + +Thus then, though we may take it that the prevailing element in the +river-names of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for assistance to all +the languages that are cognate. And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, we shall often find that the +nearer we come to the fountain-head, the clearer and the more distinct +will be the derivation. It will be seen also throughout the whole of +these pages that, in examining the names of rivers, we must take not +only a wide range of philological enquiry, but also an extensive +comparison of these names one with another. + +The first step in the investigation is of course to ascertain, whenever +it is possible, the most ancient forms in which these names are found. +We should scarcely suspect a relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the ancient name of the one was +Icene, and of the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose that the Rodden of +Shropshire was identical with the French Rhone, did we not know that +the original name of the latter was the Rhod[)a]nus. + +In this, as in most other departments of philology, the industry of the +Germans has been the most conspicuous. And Ernst Frstemann in +particular, who has extracted and collated the ancient names of places +in Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished a store of the most +valuable materials. + +And yet after all there will be occasions on which all the resources of +philology will be unavailing. Then we can but gather together the +members of the family and wait till science shall reveal us something of +their parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders among the pleasant meads of +Devon--the Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of the thrifty +Dutch--the Alma that courses through the dark pine forests of the far +North--the Almo that waters the sacred vale of Egeria--and the Alma, +whose name brings sorrow and pride to many an English household--all +contain one wide-spread and forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +ON THE ENDINGS _a_, _en_, _er_, _es_, _et_, _el_. + + +We find that while there are many names of rivers which contain nothing +more than the simple root from which they are derived, as the Cam, the +Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, &c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal are _a_, _en_, _er_, +_es_, _et_, _el_. Thus the Roth in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, and the Rt(el) in Germany, +contain the same with four different endings. The German Ise shows a +simple root, and the Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch Yss(el), +Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the Tham(es), &c. The question +is--what is the value and meaning of these various additions? + +With respect to the ending in _a_, found in some English rivers, there +is reason to think that it is a word signifying water--the Old Norse +__, Goth. _ahva_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. So that the _a_ in Rotha may be the +same as the _a_ in the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea--as the +_au_ in the Germ. Donau (Danube)--and as the _ava_ in the Moldava of +Austrian Poland. + +Others of these endings have by different writers been supposed to be +also words signifying water. Thus Donaldson (_Varronianus_), takes the +ending _es_ to have that meaning. And Frstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for the termination _ar_ or _er_. +"I allow myself here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names which +contain an _ar_ as the concluding part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to assume a simple suffix seems to +me in this case rather niggardly." So also the ending _en_ has been +supposed by some of our own Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh _aven_, Gael. _amhainn_, water or river, an +opinion which has also, though to a more limited extent, received the +sanction of Pott. + +There are various minor objections to the above theories which I forbear +to urge, because I think that the main argument against them is to be +found in the manner in which these endings run through the whole +European system of river-names. And it seems to me therefore more +reasonable to refer them to a general principle which pervades the +Indo-European languages, than to a particular word of a particular +language. The principle I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, and it +is that upon which the above word _aven_ or _amhainn_, is itself formed +from a simple root, by one of the very endings in question, that in +_en_. Instead then of explaining--as the followers of the above system +have done--the Saone (Sagonna) by the Celt. _sogh-an_, "sluggish river", +I prefer to point to the general principle upon which the root _sogh_ +has the power, so to speak, of making itself into _soghan_ (_e.g._, in +Lat. _segn-is_.) + +Not but that the principle contended for by the above writers may obtain +in some cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the Garonne, looks like one +of them, though even in this case I think that the latter may be the +proper form, and the former only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna. + +Then again the question arises whether, seeing that _en_ and _es_ in the +Celtic tongues, and _el_ in the Germanic, have the force of diminution, +this may not be the meaning in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (_Die +Deutschen_), suggests this in the case of the Havel and the Moselle; but +seeing that one of these rivers has a course of 180 and the other of 265 +miles, I think they might rather be adduced to prove that these endings +are not diminutive. We may cite also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), +both large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany we have two +rivers close together, the great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or +Arila)--here seems the very case for a diminutive, yet both rivers have +the same ending. Not but that there are instances of a diminutive in +river-names, but they seem of later formation. Thus there is no reason +to doubt that the French Loiret, which is a small river falling into the +large one, means "the little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts. + +Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to the opinion, which seems in the +main that of Frstemann, that, at least as the general rule, these +endings are simply phonetic, and that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, _en_ is the principal phonetic +particle--_e.g._, English bow, Germ. bog_en_--Germ. rabe, Eng. +rav_en_--Lat. virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg_in_. But we have also traces +in English of a similar phonetic _er_, (_see Latham's Handbook of the +Eng. Language, p. 199_). The general reader will understand better what +is here intended by comparing our words maid and maid_en_. Between these +two words there is not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning--the ending _en_ is merely added for the sake of the sound, or, +in other words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference then that there +is between our words maid and maiden I take to be between the names of +our rivers Lid and Lidden. The ending in both cases serves, if I may use +the expression, to give a sort of finish to the word. + +The question then arises--supposing these endings to be phonetic--were +they given in the first instance, or have they accrued in after times? +It is probable that both ways might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been the case. Thus the Medina in +the Isle of Wight was once called the Mede, and the Shannon of Ireland +stands in Ptolemy as the Senus. On the other hand cases are more +frequent in which the ending has been dropped. Thus the Yare is called +by Ptolemy the Garrhuenus, _i.e._, the Garron or Yarron. And the Teme +appears in Anglo-Saxon charters as the Tamde or Temde. Indeed the +Thames itself would almost seem, by having become a monosyllable, to +have taken the first step of a change which has been arrested for ever. +So in Germany the Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in charters of +the 8th and 9th cent., as the Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And in +France the Isara and the Oscara have in modern times become respectively +the Oise and the Ousche; in both these two cases the ending _er_ has +been dropped; for Oise=_is_, not _isar_; and Ousche=_osc_, not _oscar_. + +This latter principle is indeed only in accordance with the general +tendency of language towards what Max Mller terms "phonetic decay"--a +principle which seems less active in the rude than in the cultivated +stages of society. It would appear as if civilization sought to +compensate itself for the increased requirements of its expression, by +the simplification of its forms, and the rejection of its superfluous +sounds. + +Upon the whole then I think that as the general rule these endings have +been given in the first instance, and that they have but rarely accrued +in after times. Such being the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing to the sense, yet in another +point of view they may be called formative, as being the particles by +means of which words are constructed out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in some language, or in some +dialect, are still living words. And those that are not, are formed +regularly upon the same principle, common to the Indo-European system. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES. + + +The names of rivers may be divided into two classes, appellative and +descriptive--or in other words, into those which describe a river simply +as "the water" or "the river," and those which refer to some special +quality or property of its own. + +In the case of a descriptive name we may be sure that it has been +given--not from any fine-drawn attribute, but from some obvious +characteristic--not from anything which we have to seek, but from +something which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." If a stream be +very rapid and impetuous--if its course be winding and tortuous--if its +waters be very clear or very turbid--these are all marked features which +would naturally give it a name. + +But such derivations as the following from Bullet can only serve to +provoke a smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he says--"Abounding in +excellent trouts--_van_, good, _dluz_, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the derivation, and not the +derivation for the trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says--"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt signifies surprising, prodigious, +marvellous." Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though nothing can be more +childish than many of his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually the notable feature in +each case under consideration, a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect. + +River-names, in relation to their meaning, may be ranked under seven +heads. + + 1. Those which describe a river simply as "the water," "the river." + Parallel with this, and under the same head, we may take the words + which describe a river as "that which flows," because the + root-meaning of most of the words signifying water is, that which + flows, that which runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, there may + be sometimes fine shades of difference which we cannot now + perceive, and which would remove the names out of this class into + the next one. + + 2. Those which, passing out of the appellative into the descriptive, + characterize a river as that which runs violently, that which + flows gently, or that which spreads widely. + + 3. Those which describe a river by the nature of its course, as + winding, crooked, or otherwise. + + 4. Those which refer to the quality of its waters, as clear, bright, + turbid, or otherwise. + + 5. Those which refer to the sound made by its waters. + + 6. Those which refer to the nature of its source, or the manner of its + formation, as by the confluence of two or more streams. + + 7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or as a protection. + +Under one or other of the above heads may be classed the greater part of +the river-names of Europe. + +And how dry and unimaginative a list it is! We dive deep into the +ancient language of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but we recall +none of the religious veneration to the personified river which is so +strikingly manifest even to the present day. As we read in the Vedas of +three thousand years ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit of +the stream for a safe passage, so we read in the newspapers of to-day of +the pilgrims, as the train rattled over the iron bridge, casting their +propitiatory offerings into the river below. We seek for word-meanings +in the classical tongue of Greece, but they come up tinged with no +colour of its graceful myths. Few and far between are the cases--and +even these are doubtful, to say the least--in which anything of fancy, +of poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in the river-names of +Europe. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +APPELLATIVES. + + +The great river of India, which has given its name to that country, is +derived from Sansc. _sindu_, Persian _hindu_, water or sea. It was known +to the ancients under its present name 500 years B.C. Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly the Sansc. form, as the Indus +does the Persian. It will be seen that there are some other instances of +this word in the ancient or modern river-names of Europe. + + 1. _India._ The INDUS and the SINDE. + _Asia Minor._ INDUS ant., now the Tavas. + _France._ INDIS ant., now the Dain. + _Germany._ INDA, 9th cent. The INDE near Aix-la-Chapelle. + _Norway._ The INDA. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The INDRE. Joins the Loire. + +The most widely spread root is the Sansc. _ap_, Goth. _ahva_, Old High +Germ. _aha_, Old Norse __, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. With the +form _ahva_ Frst connects Ahava as the name of a river in the district +of Babylon, mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21--"Then I proclaimed a fast +there at the river of Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would rather +seem that Ahava was a place and not a river--"and I gathered them +together to the river that _runneth_ to Ahava." The place might +certainly, as in many other cases, take its name from the river on which +it stood, but this is one step further into the dark. From the root _ab_ +or _ap_ is formed Latin _amnis_, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. _abnas_. Also the Celt. _auwon_, _avon_, +_abhain_, or _amhain_, of the same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. _abh_, water. The Old German _aha_, _awa_, _ava_, or +_afa_, signifying water or river, is added to many names of that country +which are themselves probably of Celtic or other origin; the form in +Modern German is generally _ach_ or _au_. The ending in _a_ of some +English rivers, as the Rotha, Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; this form corresponds most +nearly with the Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the Caldew in +Cumberland, which seem to show the Germ. form _au_ or _ow_. The ending +_ick_ or _ock_ in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock and the Errick, +may be from a word of similar meaning, most probably the obs. Gael. +_oich_. + +I divide the widely spread forms from this root for convenience into two +groups, _ap_ or _av_, and _ach_ or _ah_. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. {hippos}, Lat. _equus_, Ang.-Sax. _eoh_, +horse, three words similarly formed from one root. The European names in +the following group I take to be most probably from the Celtic--the +Asiatic, if they come in, must be referred to the Sanscrit, or a kindred +and coeval tongue. + + 1. _England._ The IVE. Cumberland. + _Portugal._ The AVIA. + _Germany._ IPFA, 8th cent., now the IPF--here? + _Asia Minor._ HYPIUS ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis._ + _England._ The AVON and EVAN. Many rivers in England, Scotland, + and Wales. + _Scotland._ The AMON, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, + called the ALMOND. + _France._ The AVEN. Dep. Finistre. + _Germany._ AMANA, 8th cent., now the OHM. + _Hindostan._ HYPANIS ant., now the Sutledge--here? + _Asia Minor._ EVENUS ant., now the Sandarli--here? AMNIAS ant., + probably here. + _Syria._ ABANA ant., now the Barrada--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The AVRE. Dep. Eure. + _Germany._ IVARUS, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. EPAR(AHA), 8th + cent., now the EBR(ACH). + _Spain._ IBERUS ant., now the EBRO. + _Thrace._ HEBRUS ant., now the Maritza. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IVEL.[1] Somers. + _Germany._ APULA, 9th cent. The APPEL(BACH). + _Hungary._ The IPOLY or EYPEL. Joins the Danube. + + 5. _With the ending es._[2] + _Germany._ IBISA, 8th cent. The IPS. + _Portugal._ The AVIZ. + _Sicily._ HYPSAS ant., now the Belici. + _Illyria._ APSUS ant., now the Beratinos. + +A related form to No. 2 of the above group I take to be _ain_ = Manx +_aon_ for _avon_. + + _England._ The AUNE, Devonshire. The EHEN, Cumberland. The INNEY, + Cornwall. + _Germany._ The AENUS of Tacitus, now the INN. The IHNA, Prussia. + _Greece._ OENUS ant.--here? + +And I place here also a form _annas_, which I take to be = Sansc. +_abnas_, Latin _amnis_. + + _India._ The ANNAS. Gwalior. + _Germany._ ANISA, 8th cent. The ENS in Austria. + _Piedmont._ The ANZA. Joins the Tosa. + +In the other form _ah_, _ach_, there may be more admixture of the German +element. But the English names, I take it, are all Celtic. The form +_ock_ comes nearest to the obs. Gael. _oich_. + + 1. _England._ The OCK, Berks. The OKE, Devon. + _Scotland._ The OICH, river and lake. The AWE, Argyle. The EYE, + Berwicks. + _France._ The AA. Dep. Nord. + _Germany._ The AACH and the AU. + _Holland._ The AA in Brabant. + _Russia._ The OKA and the AA. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The OIKELL. Sutherland. + _Germany._ AQUILA, 8th cent., now the EICHEL. + +With the Sanscrit root _ab_ or _ap_ is to be connected Sanscrit _ambu_, +_ambhas_, water, whence Latin _imber_ and Gr. {ombros}. If the Abus of +Ptolemy was the name of the river Humber, it contains the oldest and +simplest form of the root. But the river is called the Humbre in the +earliest Ang.-Sax. records. I class in this group also the forms in _am_ +and _em_. + + 1. _England._ The EMME. Berkshire. + _Switzerland._ The EMME. + _Holland._ EMA, 10th ct., now the EEM--here? + _Sweden._ The UMEA. + _Asia._ The EMBA, also called the Djem. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The EMMEN. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The HUMBER. Humbre, _Cod. Dip._ + The AMBER. Derbyshire. + _Germany._ AMBRA, 8th cent., now the AMMER, and the EMMER. + _Italy._ UMBRO ant., now the OMBRONE. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The AMBLE or HAMBLE. Hants. + The AMELE or EMELE, now the Mole, in Surrey. + _Germany._ The HAMEL. Hanover. + _Belgium._ AMBL(AVA), 9th cent., now the AMBL(VE). + + 5. _With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water._ + _England._ The HAMPS. Stafford. + _France._ The AMASSE. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ AMISIA, 1st cent. The EMS in Westphalia. + EMISA, 8th cent. The EMS in Nassau. + + 6. _With the ending st._[3] + _Asia._ AMBASTUS ant. Now the Camboja. + + +The whole of the above forms are to be traced back to the Sanscrit verb +_ab_ or _amb_, signifying to move; and that probably to a more simple +verb __. The Old Norse __, Ang.-Sax. _e_, water or river, contain +then a root as primitive as language can show. We can resolve it into +nothing simpler--we can trace it back to nothing older. And it is +curious to note how the Latin _aqua_ has, in the present French word +_eau_, come round again once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions many of the words, as the +Avon, the Humber, &c., have grown, and yet without adding one particle +of meaning, as I hold, to the primeval __. + +The root of the following group seems to be Sansc. _ux_ or _uks_, to +water, whence Welsh _wysg_, Irish _uisg_, Old Belg. _achaz_, water or +river. Hence also Eng. _ooze_, and according to Eichoff (_Parrallele des +langues_), also _wash_. + + 1. _England._ The AXE, Devon. The AXE, Somers. + The ASH, Wilts. _Cod. Dip._ ASCE. + The ISACA, or ISCA (Ptolemy). The EXE. + The ESK, Cumb. ESKE, Yorks. + The ESK, in Scotland, five rivers. + The USK, in Monmouthshire. + _France._ The ISAC. Dep. Mayenne. + The ESQUE. Normandy. + The ACHASE. Dauphin. + _Germany._ ACHAZA, 10th cent., now the ESCHAZ. + ACARSE,[4] 11th cent., now the AXE. + The AHSE. Prussia. + _M[oe]sia._ [OE]SCUS ant. + _Asia._ ACES ant. (Herodotus), now the OXUS or Amou. + _Greece._ AXIUS ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.[5] AXUS or + OAXES in Crete, still retains its name. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ AXONA ant. (Csar.) Now the AISNE. + _Asia._ ASCANIA ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other + in Bithynia. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ UXELLA ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be + the Parret. + The ESKLE, Hereford. + _Germany._ ISCALA, 8th cent. The ISCHL. + _Russia._ The OSKOL. Joins the Donetz. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _France._ OSCARA ant., now the OUSCHE. + _Belgium._ HISSCAR, 9th cent., seems not to be identified. + +I am inclined to bring in here the root _is_, respecting which +Frstemann observes that it is "a word found in river-names over a great +part of Europe, but the etymology of which is as yet entirely unknown." +I connect it with the above group, referring also to the Old Norse _is_ +motus, _isia_, proruere, as perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name OUSE either in this group or the last, for two at +least of the rivers so called are so very tortuous in their course as to +make us think of the Welsh _osgo_, obliquity. + + 1. _Germany._ The ISE and the EIS(ACH). + _Syria._ ISSUS ant., now the Baias--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ISANA, 8th cent. The ISEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ISARA, 1st cent. B.C. The ISRE and the OISE.[6] + _Germany._ ISARA ant. The ISAR. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The ISLA. Two rivers. + _France._ The ISOL. + _Holland._ ISELA, 8th cent., now the YSSEL. + _Spain._ The ESLA. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The ISIS, vulg. Ouse. + + 6. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The ISSET. Joins the Tobol. + + 7. _In a compound form._ + The ISTER, or Danube, perhaps = IS-STER, from a word _ster_, a river, + hereafter noticed. + ISMENUS ant., in B[oe]otia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word + _man_ or _mon_, probably signifying water or river, and found in + several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the + Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmhl, the Haliacmon + of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c. + HESUDROS, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. _udra_, water), + may also come in. + +From the Sansc. _ud_, water--in comp. _udra_, as in _samudra,_ the sea, +_i.e._, collection of waters, (see also Hesudros above)--come Sansc. +_udon_, Gr. {hydr}, Slav. _woda_, Goth. _wato_, Germ. _wasser_, Eng. +_water_, Lith. _audra_, fluctus, &c. + + 1. _Italy._ ADUA ant., now the ADDA. + _Bohemia._ The WAT(AWA). + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?_ + _France._ The ODON. + _Germany._ ADEN(OUA), 10th cent., now the ADEN(AU). + + 3. _With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c._ + _England._ The ODDER and the OTTER. + The WODER, Dorset. Woder, _Cod. Dip._ + The ADUR in Sussex. + The VEDRA of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to + Pott, comes in here. + _France._ ATURUS ant., now the ADOUR. + AUDURA ant., now the EURE. + _Germany._ ODORA ant., now the ODER. + WETTER(AHA), 8th cent., now the WETTER.[7] + + 4. _With the ending rn._[8] + _Germany._ ADRANA, 1st cent., now the EDER. + _Asia Minor._ The EDRENOS. Anc. Rhyndacus. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Russia._ The VODLA. Lake and river. + +To the above root I also put a form in _ed_, corresponding with Welsh +_eddain_, to flow, Ang.-Sax. _edre_, a water-course, &c. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The EDEN. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy. + _Scotland._ The EDEN and the YTHAN. + _France._ The ITON. Joins the Eure. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The ETTR(ICK). Joins the Tweed. + _Germany._ EITER(AHA), 8th cent. The EITR(ACH)[9], the EITER(ACH), + and the AITER(ACH). + _Denmark._ EIDORA ant., now the EIDER. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IDLE. Notts. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ IDASA, 11th cent., now the ITZ. + +With the above may perhaps also be classed the Celtic _and_ or +_ant_,[10] to which Mone, (_Die Gallische sprache_), gives the meaning +of water. + + 1. _England._ The ANT. Norfolk. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ANTON.[11] Hants. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ANDRIA ant. Now the Lindre. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The ANDELLE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ ANTIL(AHA), 10th cent., now the ANDEL(AU). + +To the Celt. _dubr_, Welsh _dwfr_, water, are by common consent referred +the names in the second division of the undermentioned. But the forms +_dub_, _duv_, which in accordance with the general system here +advocated, I take to be the older and simpler form of the word, are, by +Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._), as well as most English writers, referred to +Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black. + + 1. _England._ The DOVE. Staffordshire. + The DOW. Yorkshire. + _Wales._ TOBIUS ant., now the TOWY. + The DOVY, Merioneth. + _France._ DUBIS ant., now the DOUBS. + The DOUX, joins the Rhine. + + 2. _With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr._[12] + _Ireland._ DOBUR ant., retains its name.[13] + _France._ The TOUVRE. + _Germany._ DUBRA, 8th cent., now the TAUBER. + The DAUBR(AWA), Bohemia. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The DUBISSA. + +Another Celtic word for water is _dur_, which, however, seems more +common in the names of towns (situated upon waters) than in the names of +rivers. Is this word formed by syncope from the last, as _duber_ = +_dur_? Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. _dr_ or _dur_, to +move? + + 1. _England._ The DURRA. Cornwall. + _Germany._ {Douras}, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar. + _Switz._ DURA, 9th cent. The THUR.[14] + _Italy._ DURIA ant., now the DORA. + TURRUS ant., now the TORRE. + _Spain._ DURIUS ant., now the DOURO. + _Russia._ The TURA. Siberia. + The TURIJA. Russ. Poland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ DURANIUS ant., now the DORDOGNE. + +In this chapter is to be included the root _ar_, respecting which I +quote the following remarks of Frstemann. "The meaning of river, water, +must have belonged to this wide-spread root, though I never find it +applied as an appellative, apart from the obsolete Dutch word _aar_, +which Pott produces. I also nowhere find even an attempt to explain the +following river-names from any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit itself shows me no likely +word approaching it, unless perhaps we think of _ara_, swift +(_Petersburger Wrterbuch_)." + +The root, I apprehend, like that of most other river-names, is to be +found in a verb signifying to move, to go--the Sansc. _ar_, _ir_ or +_ur_, Lat. _ire_, _errare_, &c. And we are not without an additional +trace of the sense we want, as the Basque has _ur_, water, _errio_, a +river, and the Hung. has _er_, a brook. The sense of swiftness, as +found in Sansc. _ara_, may perhaps intermix in the following names. But +there is also a word of precisely opposite meaning, the Gael. _ar_, +slow, whence Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives the name of +the Arar (or Saone), a river noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination see page 11. + + 1. _England._ The ARROW, Radnor. The ARROW, Worcester. + The ORE. Joins the Alde. + _Ireland._ ARROW, lake and river, Sligo. + _France._ The AURAY. Dep. Morbihan. + _Germany._ ARA, 8th cent. The AHR, near Bonn, the OHRE, + which joins the Elbe, and the OHRE in + Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of + Ara. + UR(AHA), 10th cent., now the AUR(ACH). + _Switzerland._ ARA, ant. The AAR. + _Italy._ The ERA. Joins the Arno. + _Spain._ URIUS ant., now the Rio Tinte. + _Russia._ OARUS (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ARUN, Sussex. + _Scotland._ The ORRIN and the EARNE. + _Ireland._ The ERNE, Ulster. + _Germany._ OORANA, 8th cent., now the ORRE. + ARN(APE), 8th cent., (_ap_, water), now the ERFT. + The OHRN. Wirtemberg. + _Tuscany._ ARNUS ant. The ARNO. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ERL(AHA), 11th cent. The ERLA. + URULA, 9th cent. The ERL. + ARLA, 10th cent. The ARL. + The ORLA. Joins the Saale. + _Savoy._ The ARLY. + _Aust. Slavonia._ The ORLY(AVA). + _Russia._ The URAL and the ORL(YK). + +From _ar_ and _ur_, to move, the Sanscrit forms _arch_ and _urj_, with +the same meaning, but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, if we may +judge by some of the derivatives, as Lat. _urgeo_, &c. In two of the +three appellatives which I find, the Basque _erreca_, brook, and the +Lettish _urga_, torrent, we may trace this sense; but in the third, +Mordvinian (a Finnish dialect), _erke_, lake, it is altogether wanting. +And on the whole, I cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. _arg_, white, which has been generally +adduced as the etymon of these names, may intermix. + + 1. _England._ The ARKE. Yorkshire. + The IRK. Lancashire. + _France._ The OURCQ. Dep. Aisne. + The ORGE and the ARC. + _Belgium._ The HERK. Prov. Limburg. + _Sardinia._ The ARC. Joins the Isre. + _Spain._ The ARGA. Joins the Aragon. + _Armenia._ ARAGUS ant., now the ARAK. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ARGUNA, 8th cent. The ARGEN. + _Russia._ The ARGUN. Two rivers. + _Spain._ The ARAGON. Joins the Ebro. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The IRKUT. Joins the Angara. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _France._ The ARQUES. + _Russia._ The IRGHIZ. Two rivers. + + 5. _With the ending enz._[15] + _Germany._ ARGENZA, 9th cent., now the ERGERS. + +From the Sansc. _ri_, to flow, Gr. {rhe}, Lat. _rigo_ (often applied to +rivers--"Qua Ister Getas rigat," _Tibullus_), Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, Old +Sax. _rha_, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. _regen_, Eng. _rain_, Slav. _rka_, a +stream, Welsh _rhe_, rapid, _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus derives from Germ. _regen_, +rain, in reference to the unusual amount of rain-fall which occurs in +the Bhmer-wald, where it has its source. Butmann derives it from Wend. +and Slav. _rka_, a stream, connecting its name also with that of the +Rhine. Both these derivations I think rather too narrow. + +With respect to the Rhine I quote the following opinions. Armstrong +derives it from Celt. _reidh-an_, a smooth water, than which nothing can +be more unsuitable--the characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Csar and Tacitus downwards--being that of rapidity. +Donaldson compares it with Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and makes Rhine = +Anglo-Saxon _rin_, cursus aqu. Grimm (_Deutsch. Gramm._) compares it +with Goth. _hrains_, pure, clear, and thinks that "in any case we must +dismiss the derivation from _rinnan_, fluere." Zeuss and Frstemann +support the opinion of Grimm; nevertheless, all three agree in thinking +that the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest word, as it seems to me, +is Welsh _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, cognate with Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, +Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and (as I suppose), with Goth. _hrains_, +pure. + + 1. _England._ The REA. Worcester. + The WREY. Devonshire. + _Ireland._ The RYE. Joins the Liffey. + _Germany._ The REGA. Pomerania. + _Holland._ The REGGE. Joins the Vecht. + _Spain._ The RIGA. Pyrenees. + _Russia._ RHA ant., now the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ REGIN, 9th cent. The REGEN. + RHENUS, 1st cent. B.C. The RHINE. + The RHIN. Joins the Havel. + The RHINE. A small stream near Cassel. + _Norway._ The REEN. + _Italy._ The RENO by Bologna. + _Asiat. Russ._ The RHION, ant. Phasis. + +The Sansc. _l_, to wet, moisten, spreads into many forms through the +Indo-European languages. I divide them for convenience into two groups, +and take first Lat. _liqueo_, Old Norse _leka_, Ang.-Sax. _lecan_ +(stillare, rigare), Gael. and Ir. _li_, sea, Gael. _lia_, Welsh _lli_, +_llion_, a stream. Most of the following names, I take it, are Celtic. I +am not sure that the sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups. + + 1. _England._ The LEE. Cheshire. + The LEACH. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The LEE. Two rivers. + _Germany._ LICUS, 2nd cent., now the LECH. + LIA, 8th cent., now the LUHE. + _France._ LEGIA, 10th cent., now the LYS.[16] + _Belgium._ The LECK. Joins the Maas. + _Hindostan._ The LYE. Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream._ + _England._ The LEEN. Notts. + _Scotland._ The LYON and the LYNE. + _France._ The LIGNE. Dep. Ardche. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LEGRE by Leicester, now the Soar. + _France._ LIGER ant. The LOIRE. + The LEGRE. Dep. Gironde. + +For the second group I take Lat. _lavo_, _luo_, Old Norse _lauga_, +lavare, Anglo-Saxon _lagu_, water, Gael. _lo_, water, Gael. and Ir. +_loin_, stream. In this group there may perhaps be something more of the +Germain element, _e.g._, in the rivers of Scandinavia. + + 1. _England._ The LUG. Hereford. + _Wales._ The LOOE. Two rivers. + _France._ The LOUE. Dep. Haute Vienne. + _Germany._ LOUCH(AHA), 11th cent. The LAUCHA. + LOUA, 10th cent., not identified. + _Holland._ The LAVE. + _Finland._ The LUGA or LOUGA. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LUNE. Lancashire. + The LAINE. Cornwall. + The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Scotland._ The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Ireland._ The LAGAN, near Belfast. + _France._ LUNA ant., now the LOING. + _Germany._ LOGAN(AHA), 8th cent., now the LAHN. + The LOWNA in Prussia. + _Norway._ The LOUGAN. Joins the Glommen. + The LOUVEN. Stift Christiana. + _Russia._ The LUGAN. + _Italy._ The LAVINO. + The lake LUGANO. + _India._ The LOONY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The LUGAR. Ayr. + _Wales._ The LLOUGHOR. Glamorgan. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Welsh _llifo_, to pour. + + 1. _Ireland._ The LIFFEY by Dublin. + _Germany._ LUPPIA, 1st cent. The LIPPE. + The LIP(KA). Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LIVER. Cornwall. + _Scotland._ The LIVER. Argyle. + _Ireland._ The LIFFAR. + +More remotely with the Sansc. _l_, liquere, and directly with Welsh +_lleithio_, to moisten, _llyddo_, to pour, Gael. _lith_, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. _leithus_, Ang.-Sax. _lidh_, liquor, poculum, potus, I +connect the following. The rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out the +special idea of smoothness, which we might be apt to infer from the +root, and from the character of the mythological river Lethe. + + 1. _England._ The LID. Joins the Tamar. + _Scotland._ The LEITH. Co. Edinburgh. + _Wales._ The LAITH, now called the Dyfr. + _Germany._ LIT(AHA), 11th cent. The LEITHA. + _Sweden._ The LIDA. + _Hungary._ The LEITHA. Joins the Danube. + _Asia Minor._} + _Thessaly._ } LETHUS ant., three rivers--here? + _Crete._ } + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LIDDEN (Leden, _Cod. Dip._) Worcester. + _Scotland._ The LEITHAN. Peebles. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The LIDDLE. Joins the Esk. + +From the Sansc. _n_, to move, comes _nran_, water, corresponding with +the Mod. Greek {neron} of the same meaning. And that the Greek word is +no new importation into that language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. The Gr. {na}, fluo, the Gael. +_nigh_, to bathe, to wash, and the Obs. Gael. _near_, water, a river, +show a close relationship; the Heb. _nhar_, a river, also seems to be +allied. Compare the Nore, a name given to part of the estuary of the +Thames, with the Narra, the name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, an ancient canal from the +Tigris towards the Persian Gulf. And with the Curische Nehrung, a strip +of land which separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf in Prussia +from the waters of the Baltic. On this name Mr. Winning remarks,[17] "I +offer the conjecture that the word _nehrung_ is equivalent to our +break-water, and that it is derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term _neriene_, strength, bravery." I should propose to give it a +meaning analogous, but rather different--deriving it from the word in +question, _nar_ or _ner_, water, and some equivalent of Old Norse +_engia_, coarctare, making _nehrung_ to signify "that which confines the +waters" (of the lake). In all these cases there is something of the +sense of an estuary, or of a channel communicating with the sea--the +Curische Haf being a large lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. The following names I take +to be for the most part of Celtic origin. + + 1. _England._ The NOW. Derbyshire. + The NAR. Norfolk. + The NORE, part of the estuary the Thames. + _Ireland._ NEAGH. A lake, Ulster. + NORE. Joins the Shannon. + _Germany._ NOR(AHA), 8th cent., also called the NAHA. + _Italy._ NAR[18] ant. The NERA. + _Spain._ The NERJA. Malaga. + _Russia._ The NAR(OVA), and the NAREW. + _Europ. Turkey._ NARO ant., now the NARENTA. + _Mauretania._ NIA ant., now the Senegal--here? + _Hindostan._ NARRA, two branches of the Indus--here? + + 2. _With the ending en, = Sansc. nran, water?_ + _Illyria._ The NARON. + _Scotland._ The NAREN or NAIRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The NEERS. Rhen. Pruss. + +From the Sansc. _n_, to move, Gael. _nigh_, to bathe, to wash, comes, I +apprehend, the Welsh _nannaw_, _nennig_, _nant_, a small stream. + + _England._ The NENE or NEN. Northampton. + The NENT. Cumberland. + _Ireland._ The NENAGH. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The NENNY. + +Closely allied to _n_, to move, I take to be Sansc. _niv_, to flow, +Welsh _nofio_, to swim, to float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, if not a false rendering, +might come in here. + + 1. _France._ The NIVE. Joins the Adour. + _Germany._ NABA, 1st cent., now the NAAB in Bavaria. + _Holland._ NABA or NAVA, 1st cent., now the NAHE or NAVE. + _Spain._ The NAVIA. Falls into the Bay of Biscay. + _Russia._ The NEVA and the NEIVA. + _Hindostan._ The NAAF. Falls into the Bay of Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Persia._ The NABON. Prov. Fars. + _Russ. Pol._ The NIEMEN.[19] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The NAVER. River and lake. + _Wales._ The NEVER. Merioneth. + _France._ NIVERIS ant., now the NIEVRE. + _Danub. Prov._ NAPARIS (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France and} The NIVELLE. Pyrenees. + Spain._ } + _Holland._ NABALIS (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Scotland._ The NEVIS. Rises on Ben Nevis. + +From the same root, _n_, to move, and closely connected with the last +group, I take to be Sansc. _nis_, to flow, to water. Zeuss (_Die +Deutschen_) takes the word, as far as it relates to the rivers of +Germany, to be of Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word found as +the second part of some Slavonic river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it +is also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican has _naoz_, a brook, +and the German has _nasz_, wet, _nssen_, to be wet. + + 1. _Scotland._ The NESS. River and lake. + _Germany._ NISA, 11th cent. The NEISSE, two rivers, both of which + join the Oder. + _Servia._ The NISS(AVA). Joins the Morava. + _Sicily._ The NISI. + + 2. _With the ending st._[20] + _France._ The NESTE. Hautes Pyrenees. + _Thrace._ NESTUS ant. + + +From the Greek {na}, fluo, comes {nama}, a stream, {namatiaion hydr}, +running water. Hence seems to be NAMADUS, the name given by the Greek +geographers to the Nerbudda of India. + +Another form which I take to be derived from the above Sanscrit root +_n_, by the prefix _s_, is Sansc. _snu_, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. _schnee_, Eng. _snow_, &c.) + + _Germany._ ZNUUIA, 11th cent., now the SCHNEI. + _Russia._ The ZNA or TZNA. + +A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. _snidh_ or _snith_, to ooze +through, distil, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _snuadh_, to flow, and _snuadh_, a +river, whence I take the following. Frstemann refers to Old High German +_snidan_, Modern German _schneiden_, to divide, in the sense of a +boundary, which is a root suitable enough in itself, though I think it +ought to yield the preference to the direct sense of water. + + _England._ The SNYTE. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ SNEID(BACH), 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue. + SMID(AHA), 9th cent., now the SCHMIDA, which joins the + Danube. For Snidaha? + +The form _snid_ or _snith_ introduces the form _nid_ or _nith_, and +suggests the enquiry whether that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (_Varronianus_), referring to a word Nethuns, "found +on a Tuscan mirror over a figure manifestly intended for Neptune," +observes that "there can be little doubt that _nethu_ means water in the +Tuscan language." Assuming the correctness of the premises, I think that +this must be the case; and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), contain +the Greek {na}; as Nereus (a water-god), contains the word _ner_ before +referred to; as Neptune contains the Greek {nipt}, in each case +involving the signification of water, so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must +contain a related word _neth_ or _nethun_ of the same meaning. Also that +this word comes in its place here, as a derivative of the root _n_, and +as a corresponding form to the Celtic _snidh_ or _snith_. + +There are, however, two other meanings which might intermix in the +following names; the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., Welsh +_nyddu_, to turn or twist, in the sense of tortuousness; and the other +is Old Norse _nidr_, fremor, strepitus. + + 1. _England._ The NIDD. Yorkshire. + _Scotland._ The NITH. Dumfriesshire. + _Wales._ The NEATH. Glamorgan. + _France._ The NIED. Joins the Sarre. + _Belgium._ The NETHE. Joins the Ruppel. + _Germany._ NIDA, 8th cent., now the NIDDA. + The NETHE. Joins the Weser. + _Norway._ The NIDA. + _Poland._ The NIDDA. + _Greece._ NEDA ant., now the Buzi in Elis. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The NETHAN. Lesmahago. + + 3. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _Germany._ NITORNE, 9th cent., now the NIDDER. + +There can hardly be a doubt that the words _sar_, _sor_, _sur_, so +widely spread in the names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +_sar_, _sri_, to move, to go, _sru_, to flow, whence _saras_, water, +_sarit_, _srta_, river. The Permic and two kindred dialects of the +Finnic class have the simple form _sor_ or _sur_, a river, and the +Gaelic and Irish have the derived form _sruth_, to flow, _sroth_, +_sruth_, river. In the names Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the +guttural to have accrued. + + 1. _England._ The SOAR. Leicester. + The SARK, forms the boundary between England and + Scotland. + _France._ The SERRE. Joins the Oise. + _Germany._ SARAVUS ant., now the SAAR. + SORAHA, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now + unnamed. + SURA, 7th cent. The SURE and the SUR. + The SORG. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The SARE and the SUR. + _Norway._ The SURA. + _Russia._ The SURA. Joins the Volga. + The SVIR, falls into Lake Ladoga. + _Lombardy._ The SERIO. Joins the Adda. + The SERCHIO or SARCO. + _Portugal._ The SORA. Joins the Tagus. + _Asia._ SERUS ant., now the Meinam. + _Asia Minor._ SARUS ant., now the Sihon. + _India._ SARAYU[21] ant., now the Sardju. + _Armenia._ ARIUS[22] ant., now the Heri Rud. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SERAN. Joins the Rhone. + The SERAIN. Joins the Yonne. + _Germany._ SORNA, 8th cent. The ZORN. + _Switzerland._ The SUREN. Cant. Aargau. + _Naples._ SARNUS ant. The SARNO. + _Persia._ SARNIUS ant., now the Atrek. + +The form _saras_, water, seems to be found in the following two names. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SARSONNE. Dep. Corrze. + + 2. _Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water._ + _India._ The SARASWATI, which still retains its ancient name. + +And the Sansc. _sarit_, Gael. and Ir. _sroth_, _sruth_, a river, seem to +be found in the following. + + _Ireland._ The SWORDS river near Dublin. + _France._ The SARTHE. Joins the Mayenne. + _Galicia._ The SERED. Joins the Dniester. + _Moldavia._ The SERETH. Ant. Ararus. + _Russia._ The SARAT(OVKA).[23] Gov. Saratov. + + +It would seem that the foregoing forms _sri_, _sru_, _srot_, sometimes +take a phonetic _t_, and become _stri_, _stru_, _strot_. Thus one Celtic +dialect, the Armorican, changes _sur_ into _ster_, and another, the +Cornish, changes _sruth_ into _struth_--both words signifying a river. +But indeed the natural tendency towards it is too obvious to require +much comment. Hence we may take the names Stry and Streu. But is the +form Stur from this source also? Frstemann finds an etymon in Old High +German _stur_, Old Norse _str_, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is hardly suited for those of +England and Italy, none of which are large. The root, moreover, seems +too widely spread, if, as I suspect, it is this which forms the ending +of many ancient names as the Cayster, the Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, +Ister, Danastris, &c. The Armorican _ster_, a river, seems to be the +word most nearly concerned. + + 1. _The form stry, stru, stur._ + _England._ STURIUS (Ptolemy). The STOUR. There are six rivers + of this name. + _Germany._ STROWA, 8th cent. The STREU. + _Holstein._ STURIA, 10th cent. The STR. + _Italy._ STURA, two rivers. + STORAS (Strabo), now the ASTURA. + _Aust. Poland._ The STRY. Joins the Dniester. + The STYR. Joins the Pripet. + + 2. _The form struth._ + _England._ The STROUD. Gloucester. + The STORT. Essex. + _Germany._ The UNSTRUT Frstemann places here, as far as the + ending _strut_ is concerned. + +From the Sanscrit root _su_, liquere, come Sansc. _sava_, water, Old +High German _sou_, Lat. _succus_, moisture, Gael. _sgh_, a wave, &c.; +(on the apparent resemblance between Sansc. _sava_, water and Goth. +_saivs_, sea, Diefenbach observes, we must not build). Hence I take to +be the following; but a word very liable to intermix is Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness is very marked, I have +taken them under that head. + + 1. _England._ The SOW. Warwickshire. + _Ireland._ The SUCK. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The SAVE. Joins the Garonne. + _Belgium._ SABIS, 1st cent. B.C., now the Sambre. + _Germany._ SAVUS ant. The SAVE or SAU. + The SVE. Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ The SEVA. + _Italy._ The SAVIO. Pont. States. + The SIEVE. Joins the Arno. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The SAVENA or SAONA. Piedmont. + _Armenia._ The SEVAN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ SEVERUS ant. The SUIRE. + _Germany._ SEVIRA, 9th cent. The ZEYER. + _France._ The SEVRE. Two rivers. + _Spain._ SUCRO ant. The XUCAR. + _Portugal._ The SABOR. + + 4. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _England._ SABRINA ant. The SEVERN. + _France._ The SEVRON. Dep. Sane-et-Loire. + _Russ. Pol._ The SAVRAN(KA). Gov. Podolia. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Lombardy._ The SAVEZO near Milano. + +In the Sanscrit _mih_, to flow, to pour, Old Norse _mga_, scaturire, +Anglo-Saxon _migan_, _mihan_, to water, Sansc. _maighas_, rain, Old +Norse _mgandi_, a torrent--("unde," says Haldorsen, "nomina propria +multorum torrentium"), Obs. Gael. and Ir. _machd_, a wave, I find the +root of the following. Most of the names are no doubt from the Celtic, +though the traces of the root are more faint in that tongue than in the +Teutonic. This I take to be the word, which in the forms _ma_, and _man_ +or _men_, forms the ending of several river-names. + + 1. _Scotland._ The MAY. Perthshire. + _Ireland._ The MAIG and the MOY. + _Wales._ The MAY and the MAW. + _France._ The MAY. + _Siberia._ The MAIA. Joins the Aldon. + _India._ The MHYE. Bombay. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The MAWN. Notts. + The MEON. Hants. (Men e, _Cod. Dip._) + _Ireland._ The MAIN and the MOYNE. + _France._ The MAINE. Two rivers. + _Belgium._ The MEHAIGNE. Joins the Scheldt. + _Germany._ MOENUS ant. The MAIN. + _Sardinia._ The MAINA. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The MAIN. Joins the Anadyr. + _India._ The MEGNA. Prov. Bengal. + The MAHANUDDY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ The MAGRA. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The MEAL. Shropshire. + _Denmark._ The MIELE. Falls into the German Ocean. + + 5. _With the ending st._[24] + _Asia Minor._ The MACESTUS. Joins the Rhyndacus. + +From the root _m_, to flow, come also Sansc. _mras_, Lat. _mare_, +Goth. _marei_, Ang.-Sax. _mr_, Germ. _meer_, Welsh _mar_, _mor_, Gael. +and Ir. _muir_, Slav. _morie_, &c., sea or lake. I should be more +inclined however to derive most of the following from the cognate Sansc. +_mrj_, to wash, to water, Lat. _mergo_, &c. Also, the Celtic _murg_, in +the more definite sense of a morass, may come in for some of the forms. + + 1. _France._ The MORGE. Dep. Isre. + _Germany._ MARUS (Tacitus). The MARCH, Slav. MOR(AVA). + MUORA, 8th cent. The MUHR. + MURRA, 10th cent. The MURR. + _Belgium._ MURGA, 7th cent. The MURG. + The MARK. Joins the Scheldt. + _Switzerland._ The MURG. Cant. Thurgau. + _Sardinia._ The MORA. Div. Novara. + _Servia._ MARGUS ant. The MORAVA. + _Italy._ The MARECCHIA. Pont. States--here? + _India._ The MERGUI--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The MOURNE. Ulster. + _Germany._ MARNE, 11th cent., now the MARE. + MERINA, 11th cent. The MRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The MERSEY. Lancashire. + _Germany._ MUORIZA, 10th cent. The MURZ. + _Dacia._ MARISUS ant. The MAROSCH. + _Phrygia._ MARSYAS ant. + +Another form of Sansc. _marj_, to wet, to wash, is _masj_, whence I take +the following. + + _Ireland._ MASK, a lake in Connaught. + _Russia._ The MOSK(VA), by Moscow, to which it gives the name. + +From the Sanscrit _vag_ or _vah_, to move, comes _vahas_, course, flux, +current, cognate with which are Goth. _wegs_, Germ. _woge_, Eng. _wave_, +&c. An allied Celtic word is found as the ending of many British +river-names, as the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the Elwy, &c. Hence +I take to be the following, in the sense of water or river. + + 1. _England._ The WEY. Dorset. + The WEY. Surrey. + _Hungary._ The WAAG. Joins the Danube. + _Russia._ The VAGA. Joins the Dwina. + The VAGAI and the VAKH in Siberia. + _India._ The VAYAH. Madras. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WAVENEY. Norf. and Suffolk. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WAVER. Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Netherlands._ VAHALIS, 1st cent. B.C. The WAAL. + + 5. _With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?_ + _France._ VOGESUS ant. The VOSGES. + +An allied form to the above is found in Sansc. _vi_, _vc_, to move, +Lat. _via_, &c., and to which I put the following. + + 1. _England._ The WYE. Monmouthshire. + _Scotland._ The WICK. Caithness. + _France._ The VIE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The VIG. Forms lake VIGO. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ VIGENNA ant. The VIENNE. + _Germany._ The WIEN, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. + Wien). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Switzerland._ The WIGGER. Cant. Lucerne. + _France._ The VEGRE. Dep. Sarthe. + The VIAUR--probably here. + _Poland._ The WEGIER(KA). + _India._ The VEGIAUR, Madras--here? + +Formed on the root _vi_, to move, is probably also the Sansc. _vip_ or +_vaip_, to move, to agitate, Latin _vibrare_, perhaps _vivere_, Old +Norse _vippa_, _vipra_, gyrare, Eng. _viper_, &c. I cannot trace in the +following the sense of rapidity, which we might suspect from the root. +Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the sense of tortuousness, so +strongly brought out in some of its derivatives. + + 1. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WEAVER. Cheshire. + The VEVER. Devonshire. + _Germany._ WIPPERA, 10th cent. The WIPPER (two rivers), and + the WUPPER. + + 2. _With the ending es._ + _India._ VIPASA, the Sanscrit name of the Beas. + _Switzerland._ VIBSICUS ant. (properly Vibissus?) The VEVEYSE by + Vevay. + +From the root _vip_, to move, taking the prefix _s_, is formed _swip_, +which I have dealt with in the next chapter. + +In the Sansc. _par_, to move, we find the root of Gael. _beathra_ +(pronounced _beara_), Old Celt. _ber_, water, Pers. _baran_, rain, &c., +to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The BERE. Dorset. + _Ireland._ BARGUS (Ptolemy). The BARROW. + _France._ The BAR. Dep. Ardennes. + The BERRE. Dep. Aude. + _Germany._ The BAHR, the BEHR, the BEHRE, the PAAR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Bohemia._ The BERAUN near Prague. + _India._ The BEHRUN. + _Russia._ The PERNAU. Gulf of Riga. + +From the Sansc. _plu_, to flow, Lat. _pluo_ and _fluo_, come Sansc. +_plavas_, flux, Lat. _pluvia_ and _fluvius_, Gr. {plyn}, lavo, +Ang.-Sax. _flwe_, _flum_, Lat. _flumen_, river, &c. Hence we get the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The PLAU, river and lake.[25] Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Holland._ FLEVO, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, + between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called + VLIE. + _Aust. Italy._ PLAVIS ant. The PIAVE, falls into the Adriatic. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The PLAINE. Joins the Meurthe. + _Germany._ The PLONE. Joins the Haff. + The PLAN-SEE, a lake in the Tyrol. + _Holstein._ PLOEN. A lake. + _Poland._ The PLONNA. Prov. Plock. + +From the above root come also the following, which compare with Sansc. +_plavas_, Mid. High Germ. _vlieze_, Mod. Germ. _fliess_, Old Fries. +_flt_, Old Norse _fliot_, stream. And I think that some at least of +this group are German. + + 1. _England._ The FLEET. Joins the Trent. + The FLEET, now called the Fleetditch in London. + _Scotland._ The FLEET. Kirkcudbright. + _Germany._ BLEISA, 10th cent. The PLEISSE. + _Holland._ FLIETA, 9th cent. The VLIET. + _Russia._ The PLIUSA. Gulf of Finland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ FLIEDINA, 8th cent. The FLIEDEN. + The FLIETN(ITZ). Pruss. Pom. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Holland._ The VLIEST. + _Greece._ PLEISTUS ant., near Delphi. + +There are two more forms from the same root, the former of which we may +refer to the Irish and Gael. _fluisg_, a flushing or flowing. The latter +shows a form nearest to the Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. _flum_, Lat. +_flumen_, though I think that the names must be rather Celtic. + + 1. _Ireland._ The FLISK. Falls into the Lake of Killarney. + _Germany._ The PLEISKE. Joins the Oder. + + 2. _England._ The PLYM, by Plymouth. + _Scotland._ The PALME, by Palmton. + _Siberia._ The PELYM. Gov. Tobolsk. + +From the Sansc. _gam_, to go, is derived, according to Bopp and Monier +Williams, the name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Gang. The word is in fact +the same as the Scotch "gang," which seems to be derived more +immediately from the Old Norse _ganga_. In the sense of "that which +goes," the Hindostanee has formed _gung_, a river, found in the names of +the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, the Chittagong, and other rivers of +India. The same ending is found by Frstemann in the old names of one or +two German rivers, as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th cent. was +called the LIUGANGA. Another name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in the myth of its rising from the +foot of Vishnoo. But as _pad_ and _gam_ in Sanscrit have both the same +meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each other. + + 1. _India._ The GANGES. Sanscrit GANGA. + The GINGY. Pondicherry. + _Russia._ The KHANK(OVA). Joins the Don. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Greece._ GANGITUS ant., in Macedonia. + +The Sansc. verb _gam_, to go, along with its allied forms, is formed on +a simpler verb _g_, of the same meaning. To this I put the following. + + 1. _Holland._ The GOUW. Joins the Yssel. + _Persia._ CHOES or CHO(ASPES)[26] ant. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GEWIN(AHA), 9th cent., now the JAHN(BACH). + + 3. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Asia Minor._ The CAYSTER and CESTRUS--here? + + +The Sansc. _ikh_, to move, must, I think, contain the root of the +following, though I find no derivatives in any sense nearer to that of +water or river. + + 1. _Russia._ The IK. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ICENA (_Cod. Dip._) The ITCHEN. + _France._ ICAUNA ant. The IONNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Moravia._ The IGLA or IGL(AWA). + _France._ The ECOLLE. Dep. Seine-et-Oise. + +From the Sansc. _dravas_, flowing, are derived, according to Bopp, the +Drave and the Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, _dr_, to move. Hence +I have suggested, p. 37, may be the Welsh _dwr_, water. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARF, several small rivers--here? + _Germany._ DRAVUS, 1st cent. The DRAVE, Germ. DRAU. + _Italy._ The TREBBIA. Joins the Po. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ TRAVENA, 10th cent., now the TRAVE. + TREWINA, 9th cent. The DRAN. + DRONA, 9th cent. The DRONE. + TRUNA, 7th cent. The TRAUN. + _France._ The DRONNE. Joins the Isle. + +In the Sansc. _dram_, to move, to run, Gr. {drem}, whence _dromedary_, +&c., is to be found the root of the following. But _dram_, as I take it, +is an interchanged form with the preceding _drav_, as _amon_ = _avon_, +&c., _ante_. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TROME and the TRUIM. Inverness. + _France._ The DROME and the DARME. + _Belgium._ The DURME. + _Germany._ The DARM, by Darmstadt. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Norway._ The DRAMMEN. Christiania Fjord. + +Another word of the same meaning as the last, and perhaps allied in its +root, is Sansc. _trag_, to run, Gr. {trech}, Goth. _thragjan_. It will +be observed that the above Greek verb mixes up in its tenses with the +obsolete verb {drem} of the preceding group. In all these words +signifying to run there may be something of rapidity, though I am not +able to remove them out of this category. + + 1. _France._ The DRAC. Joins the Isre. + _Prussia._ The DRAGE. + _Greece._ TRAGUS ant. + _Italy._ The TREJA. Joins the Tiber. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sicily._ The TRACHINO. Joins the Simeto. + +The Sansc. _il_, to move, Gr. {heil}, Old High Germ. _ilen_, Swed. +_ila_, Mod. Germ. _eilen_, to hasten, Fr. _aller_, &c., is a very widely +spread root in river-names. + + 1. _England._ The ILE. Somerset. + The ALLOW. Northumberland. + _France._ The ILL, the ILLE, and the ELL. + _Germany._ ILLA, 9th cent. The ILL. + IL(AHA), 11th cent. The IL(ACH). + The ALLE. Prussia. + _Italy._ ALLIA ant., near Rome. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ALAUNUS (Ptolemy). Perhaps the AXE. + The ALNE, two rivers. + The ELLEN. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The ALLAN, two rivers. + _Ireland._ The ILEN. Cork. + _France._ The AULNE. Dep. Finistre. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ALARA, 8th cent. The ALLER. + ILARA, 10th cent. The ILLER. + _Piedmont._ The ELLERO. + +From the above root _al_ or _il_, to move, to go, I take to be the Gael. +_ald_ or _alt_, a stream, (an older form of which, according to +Armstrong, is _aled_); and the Old Norse _allda_, Finnish _aalto_, a +wave, billow. As an ending this word is found in the NAGOLD of Germany +(ant. NAGALTA), and in the HERAULT of France, Dep. Herault. Frstemann +makes the former word _nagalt_, and remarks on it as "unexplained." It +seems to me to be a compound word, of which the former part is probably +to be found in the root _nig_ or _n_, p. 47. + + 1. _England._ The ALDE. Suffolk. + The ALT. Lancashire. + _France._ OLTIS ant., now the Lot. + _Germany._ The ELD. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Spain._ The ELDA. + _Russia._ The ALTA. Gov. Poltova. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ALDENA, 11th cent., now the Olle. + _Norway._ The ALTEN. + _Siberia._ The ALDAN. Joins the Lena. + +Also from the root _al_ or _il_, to move, I take to be the Old Norse +_elfa_, Dan. _elv_, Swed. _elf_, a river. The river {Alpis} mentioned in +Herodotus is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn by Innsbrck. I think the +able Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient ground +for his supposition that Herodotus, in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of mountains. The former, it will +be seen, is an appellative for a river; the latter is found in the name +Carpino, of an affluent of the Tiber, and might be from the Celt. +_garbh_, violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, would make _garbh_ +into _carp_. But indeed the form _carp_ is that which comes nearest to +the original root, if I am correct in supposing it to be the Sansc. +_karp_, Lat. _carpo_, in the sense of violent action. In the following +list I should be inclined to take the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, +as nearest to the original form. + + 1. _Germany._ ALBIS, 1st cent. The ELBE. Also the ALB in Baden, and + the ALF in Pomerania. + ALPIS (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn. + ALAPA, 8th cent., now the Wlpe. + The AUPE. Joins the Elbe. + _France._ ALBA ant., now the AUBE. + The AUVE. Dep. Marne. + The HELPE. Joins the Sambre. + _Greece._ ALPHEUS ant., now the Rufio--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The ELVAN. Joins the Clyde. + _Germany._ ALBANA, 8th cent., now the ALBEN. + _Tuscany._ ALBINIA ant. The ALBEGNA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ELAVER ant., now the Allier. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ALBLA, 11th cent., not identified. + _Italy._ ALBULA, the ancient name of the Tiber. + _Russia._ The ILAVLA. Joins the Don. + +Frstemann seems to me to be right in his conjecture that the forms +_alis_, _els_, _ils_, are also extensions of the root _al_, _el_, _il_. +We see the same form in Gr. {heliss}, an extension of {heil}, and +having just the same meaning of verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this +word, which we find specially applied to rivers, is the one most +concerned in the following names, two of which, it will be seen +moreover, belong to Greece. Hence may perhaps be derived the name of the +Elysii, (wanderers?) a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus. And through +them, of many names of men, as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our +own family names Alice and Ellice.[27] + + 1. _France._ The ALISE. + _Germany._ ELZA, 10th cent., now the ELZ. + ILSA ant., now the ILSE. + The ALASS. Falls into the Gulf of Riga. + _Greece._ ILISSUS ant., still retains its name. + _Asia Minor._ HALYS ant., now the Kizil-Irmak. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ELISON, 3rd cent., now the Lise. + _Belgium._ ALISNA, 7th cent., not identified. + _Greece._ ELLISON or HELISSON ant. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ALZISSA, 9th cent., now the ALZ. + ILZISA, 11th cent., now the ILZ. + +The root _sal_ Frstemann takes to be Celtic, and to mean salt water. No +doubt saltness is a characteristic which would naturally give a name to +a river. So it does in the case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can hardly think that all the +many rivers called the SAALE are salt, and I am inclined to go deeper +for the meaning. The Sansc. has _sal_, to move, whence _salan_, water. +The first meaning then seems to be water--applied to the sea as _the_ +water--and then to salt as derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +{als}, the Old Norse _salt_, and the Gael. _sal_, all mean both salt, +and also the sea, the latter may be the original sense. From the above +root, _sal_, to move, the Lat. forms both _salire_ and _saltare_, as +from the same root come _sal_ and _salt_. I take the root _sal_ then in +river-names to mean, at least in some cases, water. In one or two +instances the sense of saltness comes before us as a known quality, and +in such case I have taken the names elsewhere. But failing the proper +proof, which would be that of tasting, I must leave the others where +they stand. + + 1. _Germany._ SALA, 1st cent. Five rivers called the SAALE. + SALIA, 8th cent. The SEILLE. + _France._ The SELL. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The SAL. Joins the Don. + _Spain._ SALO ant., now the XALON. + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?_ + _Ireland._ The SLAAN and the SLANEY. + _France._ The SELUNE. Dep. Manche. + +It is possible that the root _als_, _ils_, found in the name of several +rivers, as the ALZ, ELZ, ILSE, may be a transposition of the above, just +as Gr. {als} = Lat. _sal_. But upon the whole I have thought another +derivation better, and have included them in a preceding group. + +From the Sansc. _var_ or _vars_, to bedew, moisten, whence _var_, water, +_varsas_, rain, Gr. {ers}, dew, Gael. and Ir. _uaran_, fresh water, I +get the following, dividing them into the two forms, _var_ and _vars_. + + +_The form var._ + + 1. _England._ The VER. Herts. + _France._ VIRIA ant. The VIRE. + _Germany._ The WERRE in Thuringia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ WARINNA, 8th cent. The WERN. + The WARN(AU). Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Naples._ VARANO,[28] a lagoon on the Adriatic shore. + + +_The form vars._ + + 1. _England._ The WORSE. Shropshire. + _France._ The OURCE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ The WERS. Joins the EMS. + _Italy._ ARSIA ant.--here? + VARESE. Lake in Lombardy. + _Persia._ AROSIS ant., now the Tab--here? + _Armenia._ ARAXES[29] ant., now the ARAS--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ URSENA, 8th cent., now the OERTZE. + _Asia Minor._ ORSINUS ant., now the Hagisik--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URSELA, 8th cent. The URSEL. + HRSEL. Joins the Werre. + +In the above Sansc. _var_, to moisten, to water, is contained, as I take +it, the root of the Finnic _wirta_, a river, the only appellative I can +find for the following. + + 1. _Germany._ WERT(AHA), 10th cent., now the WERT(ACH). + _Poland._ The WARTA. Joins the Oder. + _Denmark._ The VARDE. Prov. Jtland. + _India._ The WURDAH. Joins the Godavery. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The VERDON. Dep. Var. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The VARTREY. Wicklow. + _France._ The VARDRE. + _Europ. Turkey._ The VARDAR, ant. Axius. + +The following names have been generally supposed to be derived from +Welsh _cledd_ or _cleddeu_, sword, and to be applied metaphorically to a +river. But I think it will be seen from the Sansc. _klid_, to water, +whence _klaidan_, flux, Gr. {klydn}, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. _glade_, +a river, brook, that the meaning of water lies at the very bottom of the +word. Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running stream and of a sharp +point often run parallel to each other, there may be in this case a +relationship between them. + + 1. _Scotland._ The CLYDE. (CLOTA, Ptolemy.) + _Wales._ The CLOYD, the CLWYD, and the CLEDDEU. + _Ireland._ The GLYDE. + _Greece._ CLADEUS ant.--here? + _Umbria._ CLIT(UMNUS)[30] ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The KLODN(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Greece._ The CLITORA in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient + Clitorium. + _Asia Min._ CLUDROS ant., in Caria. + +There are two Sanscrit roots from which the word _ag_, _ang_, _ing_, in +river-names might be deduced. One is the verb _ag_ or _aj_, to move, +whence _anjas_, movement, (or the verb _ac_ or _anc_, to traverse), and +the other is the verb _ag_ or _ang_, to contract, whence Latin _anguis_, +snake, _anguilla_, eel, Eng. _angle_, &c. The sense then might be either +the ordinary one of motion, the root-meaning of most river names, or it +might be the special sense of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word _anger_, a river, in the Tcheremissian dialect of +the Finnic (Bonaparte polyglott), I think it safer to follow the most +common sense, though the other may not improbably intermix. The +derivation of Mone, from Welsh _eog_, salmon, I do not think of. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ANKIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the ECKN(ACH). + _France._ The INGON. Dep. Somme. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ANKER. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ ACKARA, 10th cent. The AGGER. + AGARA, 8th cent. The EGER. + The ANGERAP (_ap_, water), Prussia. + _Siberia._ The ANGERA. + _Italy._ ACARIS ant. The AGRI. + _Servia?_ ANGRUS (Herodotus). + _India._ The AGHOR--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ANGEL, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia). + _Russia._ The INGUL. Joins the Bug. + + 4. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ AGASTA,[31] 8th cent., now the AISS. + +From the Sansc. _p_, to drink, also to give to drink, to water, Gr. +{pi}, {pin}, we may get a form _pin_ in river-names. + + 1. _Germany._ The PEEN in Prussia. + _Holstein._ The PINAU. Joins the Elbe. + _Hungary._ The PINA. Joins the Pripet. + The PINKA--here?[32] + _Russia._ The PIANA. Joins the Volga. + The PINE(GA). Joins the Dwina. + _India._ The BINOA. Joins the Beas. + _Greece._ PENEUS ant. Two rivers--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Siberia._ The PENJINA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The PENNAR. Madras. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The PENZA. Joins the Sura. + +From the above Sansc. _pi_ we may also derive the form _pid_. The only +appellative I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +_pidele_, a thin stream, given by Kemble in the glossary to the _Cod. +Dip._; and hence the name PIDDLE, of several small streams. The only +name I find in the simple form, and that uncertain, is the PINDUS of +Greece. Then there is a form _peder_, which seems to be from a definite +word, and not from the simple suffix _er_. + + 1. _England._ The PEDDER. Somerset. + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + _India._ The PINDAR--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The PITREN(ICK), a small stream in Lanarkshire. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The PETTERIL in Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _England._ PDREDE (_Cod. Dip._) Now the PARRET. + +Also from the Sansc. root _pi_, to drink, to water, we get the form +_bib_ or _pip_, as found in Lat. _bibo_, and in Sansc. _pipsas_, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one name--the BEUVE in France, +Dep. Gironde. In the form _biber_ there are many names, particularly in +Germany. Graff (_Sprachschatz_), seems to refer the word to _biber_, +beaver, but Frstemann, with more reason, as I think, suggests a lost +word for water or river. + + 1. _England._ The PEVER. Cheshire. + _Scotland._ The PEFFER. Ross-shire. + _France._ The BIVRE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ BIBER(AHA), 7th cent. The BEVER, the BIBRA, the + PEBR(ACH), and the BIBER(BACH). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ BIVERAN, 8th cent., now the BEVER. + _France._ The BEUVRON. Dep. Nivre. + +Perhaps also from the root _pi_ we may derive the Ir. _buinn_, river, +_bual_, _biol_, water. From the former Mr. Charnock derives the name of +the Boyne, a derivation which I think suitable, even if we take the +ancient form Buvinda, (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._,) which might be more +properly Buvinna, as Gironde for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse _buna_, scaturire, might also be suggested. + + _Ireland._ The BOYNE. + _Germany._ BUN(AHA), 9th cent., now the BAUN(ACH). + +From the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, I derive the following, keeping out the +rivers of the Slavonic districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +_biala_, white. + + 1. _England._ The BEELA. Westmoreland. + _Ireland._ The BOYLE, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish + form is BUIL. + _France._ The BOL(BEC). Dep. Seine-Inf. + _Germany._ BOLL(AHA) ant. Not identified. + _Asia Minor._ BILLUS ant., now the Filyas. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ The BUHLER. Wirtemberg. + _Russia._ The BULLER. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The BULLOT. Baden. + _Russia._ The POLOTA. Joins the Dwina. + +A very obscure root in river-names is _gog_ or _cock_. The only +appellatives I find are in the Celtic, viz., Gael. _caochan_, a small +stream, Arm. _goagen_, wave; unless we think also of the word _jokk_, +_jggi_, which in the Finnic dialects signifies a river; and in that +case the most probable root would be the Sansc. _yug_, to gush forth. To +the river Coquet, in Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar having been discovered bearing the +inscription "Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have been dedicated to the +genius of that river. Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in Greece, +a tributary of the river Acheron, invested with so many mysterious +terrors as supposed to be under the dominion of the King of Hades. +Possibly, however, it might only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something of the superstitious +reverence paid to the other. At all events, I can find nothing in the +etymology to bear out such a meaning. + + 1. _England._ COCBRC (_Cod. Dip._) This would seem to have + probably been a small stream called Cock, to + which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added + the word brook. + + 2. _Germany._ COCHIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the KOCHER.[33] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The COCKER. Cumberland. + The COKER. Lancashire. + _India._ The KOHARY--here? + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Transylvania._ The KOKEL, two rivers. + _England._ COCKLEY-BECK.[34] Cumberland. + _Germany._ CHUCHILIBACH, now Kuchelbach. + + 5. _With the ending et._ + _England._ The COQUET. Northumberland. + _Greece._ COCYTUS ant., now the Vuvo. + + 6. _In a compound form._ + _England._ The CUCKMARE, Sussex, with the word _mar_, p. 61. + +From the Sansc. _mid_, to soften, to melt, (perhaps formed on the root +_mi_, p. 59), come Sansc. _miditas_, fluid, Lat. _madidus_, wet. Herein +seems a sufficient root for river-names, but there is another which is +apt to intermix, Sansc. _math_, to move, whence, I take it, and not from +the former is Old Norse _mda_, a river. I separate a form _med_ or +_mid_, in which the sense of _medius_, and also that of _mitis_, is in +some cases clearly brought out; and another, _muth_ or _muot_, which, +though from the same root, as I take it, as _mda_, a river, (_math_, to +move), has more evidently the sense of speed. + + 1. _Germany._ MOTA, 8th cent., now the MEDE or MEHE. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The MADDER. Wiltshire. + _Germany._ MATRA, 8th cent., now the MODER. + _Italy._ METAURUS ant., the METAURO--here? + + 3. _With the ending ern._ + _France._ MATR[)O]NA[35] ant., now the Marne. + _Italy._ MATRINUS ant. in Picenum. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The MADEL. + +The only appellative for a river which I find derived from its sound is +the Sanscrit _nadi_, Hind. _nuddy_, from _nad_, sonare. Whether the +following names should come in here may be uncertain; I can find no +links between them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the root _nid_, p. 54, may +be suitable. + + 1. _France._ NODA ant., now the Noain. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The NODDER. (Noddre, _Cod. Dip._) + _Hungary._ The NEUTRA. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Venetia._ NATISO ant., now the NATISONE. + +The only words I can find at all bearing upon the following river-names +are the Serv. _jezor_, Bohem. and Illyr. _jezero_, lake, wherein may +probably lie a word _jez_, signifying water. But respecting its +etymology I am entirely in the dark. + + 1. _Germany._ JAZ(AHA), 8th cent., now the JOSS. + JEZ(AWA), 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein. + The JETZA. Joins the Elbe. + The JESS(AVA). Joins the Danube. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The JISDRA. Joins the Oka. + + 3. _Compounded with main, river._ + _Russia._ The JESMEN. Gov. Tchnerigov. + +Another word, of which the belongings are not clearly to be traced, is +the Armorican _houl_, _houlen_, unda, to which we may put the following. + + 1. _England._ The HULL. Joins the Humber. + _Finland._ The ULLEA. Gulf of Bothnia. + _Spain._ The ULLA in Galicia. + + 2. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Germany._ ULSTRA, 9th cent., now the ULSTER. + +In the Irish and Obs. Gael. _dothar_, water, Welsh _diod_, drink, +_diota_, to tipple--with which we may perhaps also connect the Lapp. +_dadno_, river, Albanian {det}, sea, and Rht. _dutg_, torrent, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The DUYTE. Joins the Hase. + The DUDE, a small stream in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The DUDDON. Lake district. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The DODDER. + + 4. _Compounded with mal._[36] + _Germany._ DUTHMALA, 8th cent., now the DOMMEL. + +From the Welsh _wyl_, Ang.-Sax. _wyllan_, Eng. _well_, to flow or gush, +(Sansc. _vail_, to move?), we got the following. + + 1. _England._ The WILLY. Wiltshire. + _Denmark._ The VEILE, in Jutland. + _Norway._ The VILLA. + _Russia._ The VEL. Joins the Vaga. + The VILIA. Joins the Niemen. + The VILIU, (Siberia). Joins the Lena. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WELLAND, (properly Wellan?) + _Russia._ The VILNA. Gov. Minsk. + _Italy._ The VELINO. Joins the Nera. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The VELLAUR, Madras--here? + + 4. _With the ending s._ + _Germany._ The VILS, two rivers in Bavaria. + The WELSE. Joins the Oder. + _Spain._ The VELEZ. Prov. Malaga. + +A word which appears to have the meaning of water or river, but +respecting the etymology of which I am quite ignorant, is _asop_ or +_asp_. That it has the above meaning I infer only from finding it as the +second part of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an independent form it occurs in the +following. Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), referring to +Hespin as the name of sundry small streams in Wales, derives it from +_hespin_, a sheep that yields no milk, because these streams are almost +dry in summer. This derivation is unquestionably false so far as this, +that the two words are merely derived from the same origin, viz., Welsh +_hesp_ or _hysp_, dry, barren. But whether this word has anything to do +with the following names is doubtful; it seems at any rate unsuitable +for the large rivers, such as the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in Isper, as in Wipper, p. 64, a +word _per_, mountain, I entirely dissent. + + 1. _France._ The ASPE. Basses--Pyrenees. + _Germany._ HESAPA ant., now the HESPER. + _Greece._ ASOPUS ant. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ISPERA, 10th cent. The ISPER. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in +Ptolemy Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called +the Ischal, a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel. + +[2] It seems rather probable that the ending _es_ in these names is not +a mere suffix. The APSARUS, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, and +the IPSALA in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings _er_ and _el_, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word _abhas_, or +_aphas_, with the meaning of river. + +[3] This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings _er_ and +_st_, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In +the present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic +form of _ss_, and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other +cases, as that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. _nisitas_, +fluid, it seems to be formative. + +[4] This looks like a mistake for Acasse. + +[5] So that there _is_ a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon. + +[6] "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(_Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens._) This seems not improbably to refer to +the Oise. + +[7] If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. _water_, the +Wetter would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as +Roth and Weigand, connect it with Germ. _wetter_, Eng. _weather_, in the +sense, according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by +rain. + +[8] This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic _n_ +to the ending _er_; or it may be from a word _ren_, channel, river, +hereafter noticed. + +[9] The Scotch ETTRICK and the Germ. EITRACH I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (_See p. 25_) + +[10] Hence perhaps Anitabha (_abha_, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India. + +[11] Tacitus gives this name to the Avon--in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But _anton_ and _avon_ seem to have +been synonymous words for a river. + +[12] Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea. + +[13] Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (_Gramm. Celt._)? + +[14] Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum. + +[15] Perhaps formed from _ez_ by a phonetic _n_. + +[16] I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of _lys_, a lily, is no doubt +only suggested by the similarity of sound. + +[17] Manual of Comparative Philology. + +[18] Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Ph[oe]n. _naharo_, a river. + +[19] Niemen may perhaps = Nieven--_m_ for _v_, as in Amon for Avon, p. +26. + +[20] Perhaps to be found in Sansc. _nistas_, wet, fluid. Here we get +something of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has +no doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place." + +[21] "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhy, one of the +earliest capitals of India, the modern Oude."--_Max Mller, Science of +Language._ + +[22] I place this here on the authority of Max Mller, who, pointing out +that the initial _h_ in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit _s_, thinks +that the river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or +Heri, and to the country of Herat. + +[23] This name seems formed at thrice--first Sarit--then ov, (perhaps +_av_ river)--lastly, the Slavish affix _ka_. + +[24] See note p. 29. + +[25] In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is +frequent in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. _pluewe_. + +[26] The word _asp_ comes before us in some other river-names, but +respecting its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which +it occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it +seems rather likely to have the meaning of water or river. + +[27] Also ALLISON and ELLISON, which may be either patronymic forms in +_son_; or formed with the ending in _en_, like the above river-names. +For the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points +run parallel to each other. + +[28] Following strictly the above Celt. word _uaran_, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay." + +[29] The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Grcism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form. + +[30] Containing the Latin _amnis_, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. 13. + +[31] I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, _st_ is only +a phonetic form of _ss_, and that the Mod. name _Aiss_ points truly to +the ancient form as _Agass_, see note, p. 29. + +[32] I should without hesitation have taken the PINKA, as well as the +Russian PINEGA, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix _ga_ or +_ka_. But the English river PENK in Staffordshire introduces an element +of doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending _ick_ +common in the rivers of Scotland. See p. 25. + +[33] This river seems also to have been called anciently CHOCHARA. + +[34] Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbrc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name. + +[35] I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more +self-denying than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let +a Gallic river stand in the way of a lively dactyl. + +[36] I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like _man_ or _main_, an extension of _may_, and to +signify water or river. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY. + + +In the preceding chapter I have included the words from which I have not +been able to extract any other sense than that of water. As I have +before mentioned, it is probable that in some instances there may be +fine shades of difference which would remove them out of that category, +but whenever I have thought to have got upon the trace of another +meaning, something has in each case turned up to disappoint the +conditions. + +In the present chapter, which comprehends the words which describe a +river as that which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, that which +spreads widely, there may still in some cases be something of an +appellative sense, because there may be a general word to denote a +rapid, a smooth, or a spreading stream. + +Among the rivers noted for their rapidity is the Rhone. This is the +characteristic remarked by all the Latin poets-- + + Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna. + _Tibullus._ + + Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis + In mare fert Ararim. + _Silv. Ital._ + + Prcipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis. + _Ausonius._ + +I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably wrong in making the +name of this river Rho-dan-us, from a word _dan_, water. Still more +unreasonable is a derivation in the _Cod. Vind._, from _roth_, violent, +and _dan_, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._) +remarks--"The syllable _an_ of the word Rhodanus is without doubt only +derivative, and we have nothing here to do with a judge; nevertheless +the meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to be impugned." The +word in question seems to be found in Welsh _rhedu_, to run, to race, +Gael. _roth_, a wheel, &c. But there is a word of opposite meaning, +Gael. _reidh_, smooth, which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +_roth_, red, may come in, though I do not think that Frstemann has +reason in placing all the German rivers to it. + + 1. _England._ The ROTHA. Lake district. + _Germany._ ROT(AHA), 8th cent. The ROTH, two rivers, the ROTT, + three rivers, the ROD(AU), the ROD(ACH), and the + ROTT(ACH), all seem to have had the same ancient + name. + RAD(AHA) ant., now the ROD(ACH). + _Holland._ The ROTTE, by Rotterdam. + _Asia Min._ RHODIUS ant.[37] Mysia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The RODDEN. Shropshire. + _France._ RHOD[)A]NUS ant., now the Rhone. + _Germany._ The ROTHAINE near Strassburg, seems to have been + formerly ROT(AHA). + + 3. _With the ending ent._[38] + _Germany._ RADANTIA, 8th cent., now the REDNITZ. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ROTHER in Sussex. + The ROTHER, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ RAOTULA, 8th cent., now the RTEL. + +Allied to the last word is the Eng. _race_, and the many cognate words +in the Indo-European languages which have the sense of rapid motion, as +Welsh _rhysu_, &c. + + 1. _Scotland._ The RASAY. Rosshire. + _Ireland._ The ROSS. + _Germany._ The RISS. Wirtemberg. + _Switzerland._ The REUSS. Joins the Aar. + _Russia._ The RASA. + _Spain._ The RIAZA. + _Asia Min._ RHESUS of Homer not identified. + _India._ RASA, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ROSSL(AU). Joins the Elbe. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The REZAT. Joins the Rednitz. + +From the Gael. _garbh_, Welsh _garw_, violent, Armstrong derives the +name of the Garonne and other rivers.[39] The root seems to be found in +Sansc. _karv_ or _karp_, Latin _carpo_, &c., implying violent action. +The Lat. _carpo_ is applied by the poets to denote rapid progress, as of +a river, through a country. So likewise more metaphorically to the +manner in which a bold and steep mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said-- + + Behind the valley topmost Gargarus + Stands up and _takes_ the morning-- + +Hence this root is found in the names of mountains as well as +rivers--_e.g._, the Carpathians (Carp[=a]tes), and the Isle of +Carp[)a]thus, which "consists for the most part of bare mountains, +rising to a central height of 4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible +coast."[40] + + 1. _Scotland._ GARF water, a burn in Lanarkshire. + The GRYFFE. Renfrew. + _Germany._ The GRABOW. Pruss. Pom. + _Danub. Prov._ CARPIS, Herodotus, see p. 73. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GIRVAN. Ayr. + _Italy._ The CARPINO. Joins the Tiber. + The GRAVINO. Naples. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Italy._ CERBALUS[41] ant., now the CERVARO--here? + +From the Sansc. _su_, to shoot forth, _ss_, _stis_, rushing or +darting, Gr. {sousis}, cursus, I take to be the following. Among the +derived words, the Gael. _sth_, a billow, seems to be that which comes +nearest to the sense required. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The SUSS. + _Denmark._ The SUUS(AA). + _Bohemia._ The SAZ(AWA). Joins the Moldau. + _Portugal._ The SOUZA. + _Siberia._ The SOS(VA), two rivers. + _India._ The SUT(OODRA), or Sutledge--here?[42] + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SUZON. + _Russia._ The SOSNA, two rivers. + +Probably to the above we may put a form _sest_, _sost_, found in the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The SOESTE. Oldenburg. + _Italy._ SESSITES ant., now the Sesia. + _Persia._ SOASTUS or SUASTUS ant. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The SESTRA. Gov. Moskow. + _Germany._ The SOSTER(BACH). Joins the Lippe. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Old High German _schuzzen_, Ang.-Sax. _sceotan_, Eng. +_shoot_, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _sciot_, dart, arrow.[43] + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ SCUZNA, 8th cent., now the SCHUSSEN. + SCUZEN ant., now the SCHOZACH. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ SCUTARA, 10th cent., now the SCHUTTER, two rivers. + SCUNTRA, 8th cent., now the SCHONDRA and the SCHUNTER. + +From the Germ. _jagen_, to hunt, to drive or ride fast, Bender derives +the name of the Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting also a +comparison with the ancient Jaxartes of Asia. Frstemann considers both +suggestions doubtful, but the former seems to me to be reasonable +enough. The older sense of _jagen_ is found in the Sansc. _yug_, to +dart forth, formed on the simple verb _ya_, to go. And appellatives are +found in the Finnic words _jokk_, _jggi_, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the more correct form would be +Jazartes, and that it contains the word _jezer_, before referred to. + + 1. _Russia._ The JUG. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Italy._ JACTUS ant. Affluent of the Po. + _Persia._ The JAGHATU. + _Germany._ The JAHDE,[44] in Oldenburg. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ JAGISTA ant., now the _Jaxt_ or _Jagst_. + +From the root _vip_, to move, p. 64, by the prefix _s_, is formed Old +Norse _svipa_, Ang.-Sax. _swfan_, Eng. _sweep_, &c. In these the sense +varies between going fast and going round, and the same may be the case +in the following names. + + _France._ The SUIPPE. Joins the Aisne. + _Germany._ SUEVUS, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to + Zeuss, the Oder. + SUAB(AHA), 8th cent., now the SCHWAB(ACH). + +From the Obs. Gael. _sgiap_, _sgiob_, to move rapidly, Eng. _skip_, may +be the following. + + 1. _England._ The SHEAF, by Sheffield. + _Germany._ SCIFFA, 9th cent., now the SCHUPF. + _Asia Min._ SCOPAS ant., now the Aladan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKIPPON. Joins the Wyre. + +In the Gael. _brais_, impetuous, related perhaps to Lat. _verso_, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The BIRSE. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The BIRSE. Cant. Berne. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BROSNA. Leinster. + _Transylvania._ The BURZEN. Joins the Aluta. + _Pruss. Pol._ The PROSNA. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The BRESLE. Enters the English Channel. + + 4. _With the ending ent._ + _Germany._ The PERSANTE. Pruss. Pom. + +From the Sansc. _rab_ or _rav_, to dart forth, whence (in a somewhat +changed sense) Eng. _rave_, French _ravir_, Lat. _rabidus_, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great flood, or as Cotgrave expresses +it--"A ravine or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth all things that +come in its way." + + 1. _Ireland._ The ROBE. Connaught. + _India._ The RAVEE or Iraotee--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ Various small streams called RAVEN, RAVENBECK, &c. + _France._ The ROUBION, affluent of the Rhone--here? + +From the Sansc. _math_, to move, are derived, as I take it, Old High +German _muot_, Mod. Germ. _muth_, Ang.-Sax. _md_, courage or spirit, +Welsh _mwyth_, swift, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The MUOTTA. Cant. Schwytz. + + 2. _Compounded with vey, stream or river._ + _Wales._ The MUTHVEY. Three rivers. + +The Sansc. _sphar_, _sphurj_, to burst forth, shews the root of a number +of words such as _spark_, _spring_, _spirt_, _spruce_, _spry_, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the +Sansc. _sphar_ or _spar_ must be traced back to a simpler form _spa_ or +_spe_, as found in _spew_, to vomit, and in the word _spa_, now confined +to medicinal springs. + + 1. _Scotland._ The SPEY. Elgin. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAR. + _Germany._ SPIRA, 8th cent., now the SPEIER. + The SPREE. Joins the Havel. + +Derived forms from the above root are also the following, which +correspond more closely with Germ. _sprtsen_, Ang.-Sax. _sprytan_, Eng. +_spirt_, Ital. _sprizzare_. And I think that most of these names are +probably German. + + _England._ The SPRINT, a small stream in Westmoreland. + _Germany._ SPRAZAH, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. + The SPROTTA in Silesia. + SPRENZALA, 8th cent., now the SPRENZEL. + SPURCHINE(BACH),[45] 9th cent., now the + SPIRCKEL(BACH). + _Eu. Turkey._ The SPRESSA. Joins the Bosna. + +In the preceding chapter I have treated of the root _al_, _el_, _il_, to +go, and various of its derivations. There is another, _alac_, _alc_, +_ilc_, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of +swiftness, as in the Lat. _alacer_, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +{helikos}, I include in this place. + + 1. _Russia._ The ILEK. Joins the Ural. + _Sicily._ HALYCUS ant., now the Platani. + _Asia Minor._ ALCES ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _Compounded with may, main, river._ + _Siberia._ The OLEKMA. Joins the Lena. + _Germany._ ALKMANA, 8th century, now the Altmhl. + _Greece._ HALIACMON ant., now the Vistritsa. + +From the Welsh _tarddu_, to burst forth, we may take the following. +There does not seem any connection between this and the root of _dart_ +(jaculum); the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in +river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or +transparency. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARTH. Lanarkshire. + _Libya._ DAR[)A]DUS ant., now the Rio di Ouro. + _Armenia._ DARADAX[46] ant. (Xenophon). + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The TARDOIRE. Dep. Charente. + _Aust. Italy._ The TARTARO. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Spain._ TARTESSUS ant., now the Guadalquiver. + +With the Sansc. _till_, to move, to agitate, we may probably connect the +Gael. _dile_ and _tuil_, Welsh _diluw_, _dylif_, _dylwch_, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. _dilgian_, German _tilgen_, to overthrow, +destroy, &c. The Ang.-Sax. _dlan_, Germ. _thielen_, to divide, in the +sense of boundary, may however intermix in these names. + + 1. _England._ The TILL. Northumberland. + _Ireland._ The DEEL. Limerick. + _Germany._ The DILL. Nassau. + _Belgium._ THILIA, 9th cent., now the DYLE in Bravant. + _Switzerland._ The THIELE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The TOLLEN. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The DILLAR burn. Lesmahagow. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The TILSE, by Tilsit. + +With the two Welsh forms _dylif_ and _dylwch_, deluge, we may perhaps +connect the following, though for the former the Ang.-Sax. _delfan_, to +dig, _delf_, a ditch, may also be suitable. + + _Germany._ DELV(UNDA), 9th century, now the DELVEN(AU). + DELCHANA, 11th century, now the DALCKE. + +From the Gael. and Ir. _taosg_, to pour, _tias_, tide, flood, may be the +following. Perhaps the special sense of cataract may come in, at least +in some cases, as two of the under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls. + + 1. _England._ The TEES. Durham. + _Switzerland._ The TSS. Cant. Zurich. + _Piedmont._ The TOSA. + _Russia._ The TESCHA. Joins the Oka. + _Hungary._ TYSIA ant., now the THEISS. + _Greece._ TIASA ant. Laconia. + _India._ The TOUSE--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The TESSIN or TICINO. + _Germany._ The DESNA. Joins the Dnieper. + _France._ The TACON. Dep. Jura. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ TUSSALE (_Genitive_), 11th cent., now the DUSSEL + by Dsseldorf. + + 4. _With the ending st._[47] + _England._ The TEST. Hants. + _Germany._ The DISTA. Prussia. + _India._ The TEESTA--here? + +From the Sansc. _gad_ or _gand_, Ang.-Sax. _getan_, Suio-Goth. _gjuta_, +Danish _gyde_, Old Norse _giosa_, Old High Ger. _giezen_, Obs. Gael. +_guis_, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," we get the following. The +Gotha or G[oe]ta of Sweden may probably derive its name from the +well-known fall which it makes at Trolhtta. So also the Gaddada of +Hindostan is noted for its falls; and the Giessbach is of European +celebrity. But in some of the other names the sense may not extend +beyond that of wandering, as we find it in Eng. _gad_, which I take to +be also from this root. Or that of stream, as in Old High Germ. _giozo_, +Gael. and Ir. _gaisidh_, rivulus. + + 1. _England._ The GADE. Herts. + _Scotland._ GADA ant.,[48] now the JED by Jedburgh. + _Germany._ The GOSE. Joins the Ocker. + GEIS(AHA), 8th cent., now the GEISA. + The GANDE, Brunswick--here, or to _can_, _cand_, + pure? + _Switzerland._ The GIESS(BACH). Lake of Brienz. + _Spain._ The GATA. Joins the Alagon. + _Sweden._ The GOTHA or G[OE]TA. + The GIDEA, enters the G. of Bothnia. + _Asia._ GYNDES (_Herodotus_), perhaps the Diala--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ CYDNUS ant., now the Tersoos Chai. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Persia._ The GADER. + _Sardinia._ CDRIUS ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ GISIL(AHA), 8th cent., now the GIESEL--here? + + 5. _With the ending ed._ + _India._ The GADDADA. + + 6. _Compounded with main, stream._ + _Switzerland._ The GADMEN. + +From the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. +_orbo_, &c., may be the following. To the very marked characteristic of +the Arve in Savoy I have referred at p. 6. But there is a word of +precisely opposite meaning, the Celt. _arab_, Welsh _araf_, gentle, +which is very liable to intermix. + + 1. _France._ The ARVE and the ERVE. + _Germany._ ORB(AHA), 11th cent., now the ORB. + _Sardinia._ The ARVE and the ORBE. + _Hungary._ The ARVA. Joins the Waag. + _Spain._ The ARVA, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The IRVINE. Co. Ayr. + _France._ ARVENNA ant., now the ORVANNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ARBALO, 1st cent., now the ERPE. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Asia Minor._ HARP[)A]SUS ant., now the HARPA. + +In the Sansc. _cal_, to move, and the derivatives Sansc. _calas_, Gr. +{kels}, Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, Latin _celer_, all having the same +meaning--the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently marked to include them +in this chapter. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GALA. Roxburgh. + _Sicily._ GELA ant.[49] + _Illyria._ The GAIL. + _Greece._ CALLAS ant., in Eub[oe]a. + _As. Turkey._ The CHALUS of Xenophon, now the Koweik. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The CALLAN. Armagh. + + 3. _With the ending er = Lat. celer?_ + _Italy._ CALOR ant., now the CALORE. + + 4. _With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?_ + _Germany._ CHALUSUS, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave. + The KELS, in Bavaria. + _India._ The CAILAS. + +I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of _cal_, and +perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, celer, the forms +_caled_, _calt_, _gelt_. That the Germ. _kalt_, Eng. _cold_, may +intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English +rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it +in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (_i.e._, cold brook), and it seems +natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold +river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or +Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and +_conformed_ to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation +is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. +Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form +_gelt_ Frstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse +_gelta_, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the +Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach +the nearest to the original form. + + 1. _England._ The GELT. Cumberland. + The CHELT by Cheltenham--here? + The CALD(EW). Cumberland. + _Germany._ The CALD(HOWA), (_Adam Brem._), now seems to be called + the Aue. + _Russia._ The KALIT(VA). Joins the Donetz. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GELTEN(AHA), 11th cent., now the GELTN(ACH). + _Greece._ CELYDNUS ant. Epirus. + CELADON ant. Elis. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CALDER. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The CALDER. Joins the Clyde. + _Belgium._ GALTHERA, 9th cent. + +I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of _cal_, the +word _calip_, _calb_, _kelp_. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word _kelp_, sea-weed, and the Scottish _kelpie_, a water-spirit, +wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for +water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a +conjecture. + + 1. _Germany._ KALB(AHA), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach). + The KULPA. Aust. Croatia. + _Hungary._ COLAPIS ant., affluent of the Drave. + _Spain._ The CHELVA. Prov. Valentia. + _Portugal._ CALL[)I]PUS ant., now the Sadao. + _Asia Minor._ CALBIS ant. Caria. + CALPAS ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The KELVIN. Stirling. + +The Sansc. _car_, to move, Lat. _curro_, like some other words of the +same sort, branches out into two different meanings--that of going fast, +and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in +some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness; and +these two senses are somewhat at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected with slowness. Separating the +two meanings as well as I can, I bring in the following here. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GARRY. Perthshire. + The YARROW. Selkirkshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ GARRHUENUS ant., now the YARE. + _France._ GARUMNA or GARUNNA ant. The GARONNE. + The GIRON. Joins the Garonne. + _Greece._ GERANIUS ant., and GERON ant., two rivers of Elis, + according to Strabo. + + 3. _With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c._ + _France._ The GERS. Joins the Garonne. + CHARES ant., now the CHIERS. + _Germany._ The KERSCH. Joins the Neckar. + _Italy._ The GARZA, by Brescia. + _Hungary._ GER[)A]SUS ant., now the KOROS. + _Asia Minor._ The CARESUS of Homer in the plain of Troy. + _Syria._ CERSUS ant., now the Merkez. + +There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or +rapidity is brought out by the preposition _pra_, _pro_, _fro_, in +composition with a verb. Thus the Welsh _ffre-uo_, to gush, whence +_ffrau_, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. _pra-i_, Lat. +_pr-eo_, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, +say _yu_, to gush, and presume a Sansc. _pra-yu_ = Welsh _ffre-uo_. In +the Albanian {pro}, a torrent, corresponding with Welsh _ffrau_, there +seems, however, no trace of a verb. + + 1. _Wales._ The FRAW, by Aberfraw. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FROON. Falls into L. Lomond. + _Russia._ The PRONIA. + +The Welsh _ffrydio_, to stream, to gush, appears to be formed similarly +from the preposition _fra_, joined with the verb _eddu_, to press on, to +go, corresponding with Sansc. _it_, Latin _ito_, &c. Hence it would +correspond with a Sansc. _pra-it_, Lat. _pr-ito_, &c. From the verb +comes the appellative _ffrwd_, a torrent, corresponding with the Bohem. +_praud_, of the same meaning. + + _Scotland._ The FORTH. Co. Stirling. + _Danub. Prov._ PORATA (Herodotus). The PRUTH. + _Russia._ The PORT(VA). Gov. Kaluga. + +I also bring in here, as much suggestively as determinately, the +following. + + _Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. pr-peto, &c., to rush forth._ + _Russ. Pol._ The PRIPET. Joins the Dnieper. + _Bulgaria._ The PRAVADI. Falls into the Black Sea. + + _Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. 112._ + _Prussia._ The PREGEL. Enters the Frische-Haff. + + _Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow._ + _India._ The PURALLY. + +According to the opinion of Zeuss and Gluck, the DANUBE, (ant. Danubius +and Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come in here. These writers +derive it from Gael. _dan_, Ir. _dana_, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is no doubt the most striking +characteristic of the river, but it might also not inappropriately be +placed to the root _tan_, to extend, whence the names of some other +large rivers. Gluck considers the ending _vius_ to be simply derivative, +and suggests that the Germans, with a natural striving after a meaning, +altered this derivative ending into their word _ava_, _aha_, _ach_, or +_au_, signifying river. Though Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I +have great respect, and though this is the principle for which I myself +have been all along contending, yet I am rather inclined to think that +in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), there is contained a definite +appellative, qualified by a prefixed adjective: this seems to me to be +brought out more clearly in the Medway, and in the names connected with +it. + +The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, is the Thracian name of the +Danube, I have elsewhere referred to the Armorican _ster_, a river. Not +that I mean to infer therefrom that the name is Celtic, because _ster_ +is only a particular form of an Indo-European word _sur_. If we refer +the prefix _is_ to the Old Norse _isia_, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to Danubius. But the derivation of +Mone, who explains it by _y_, the Welsh definite article, and _ster_, a +river, making Ister = "The river," I hold with Gluck to be--like other +derivations proceeding on the same principle--opposed to all sound +philology. + +Among the rivers noted for the slowness of their course, the most +conspicuous is the Arar or Saone. Csar (_de Bell. Gall._) describes it +as flowing "with such incredible gentleness that the eye can scarcely +judge which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as a type of +indecision--"the Arar in doubt which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets--"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, tardusque." The name +Sauconna, Sagonna, Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the 4th cent., +yet there does not seem any reason to doubt that it is as old as the +other. Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_) and the Editor of "Smith's Ancient +Geography" take this as the true Gallic name. And though Armstrong +explains both the Arar and the Saone from the Celtic--referring the +former to the Obs. Gael. _ar_, slow, and the latter to Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably be correct, yet it by no +means follows that the name of the Arar is Celtic, for _ar_ is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. To the same root as the Saone +I also put the Seine (Sequ[)a]na), and the Segre (Sic[)o]ris), comparing +them with Lat. _seg-nis_. The former of these rivers is navigable for +350 miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in Lucian as "stagnantem +Sicorim." Some other rivers, in which the characteristic is less +distinct, I also venture to place here, separating this root as well as +I can from another p. 58. + + 1. _Germany._ SIGA, 10th cent. The SIEG. + _Russia._ The SOJA. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ SAUCONNA ant. The SANE. + SEQUANA ant. The SEINE. + The SEUGNE. Dep. Charente-Inf. + _Russia._ The SUCHONA. Joins the Dwina. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Spain._ SICORIS ant. The SEGRE. + The SEGURA. Enters the Med. Sea. + +Perhaps allied in its root to the last is the Gael. _saimh_, quiet, +tranquil, to which I put the following. + + 1. _Belgium._ The SEMOY. + _Russia._ The SEM or SEIM. Joins the Desna. + SAIMA, a lake in Finland. + _Asia Minor._ The SIMOIS of Homer--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The SIMMEN, in the Simmen-Thal. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ SAMARA, ant., now the SOMME. + The SAMBRE, ant. Sabis. + _Germany._ The SIMMER. Joins the Nahe. + _Russia._ The SAMARA. Two rivers. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ SEMITA, 8th cent. The SEMPT. + +In the Gael. _ar_, slow, (whence the Arar, p. 118,) is to be found, as I +take it, the root of the Welsh _araf_, mild, gentle. From this Zeuss +(_Gramm. Celt._), derives the name of the Arr[)a]bo, now the Raab. This +root is liable to mix with another, _arv_, p. 109, of precisely opposite +meaning. + + _Hungary._ ARRABO ant., now the Raab. + _India._ ARABIS ant., now the Purally. + _Ireland._ The AROB(EG),[50] Co. Cork--here? + +I bring in here the word _aram_ or _arm_, which, both in the names of +rivers, and in the ancient names of men, as the German hero Arminius, +needs explanation. The authority of Dr. Donaldson may probably have been +the cause of the reproduction, even in some of the latest English works, +of the mistake of confounding the name Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the +word _hermann_, warrior, (from _her_, army, _mann_, homo). That it is +not so is shown by its appearance in the ancient names of women, as +Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,[51] (daughter of Dagobert the 2nd). And by +the manner in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, Irminric, +Irminger,[52] Ermingaud, Irminher, &c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, forms other compounds in ancient +names. Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, (which is found as +early as the 7th cent.), is formed from the word _her_, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be Her-mann-her. The fact then, +as I take it, is that, both in the names of rivers and of men, the root +is simply _arm_ or _irm_, and _armin_ or _irmin_ an extended form, like +those found all throughout these pages. As to its etymology, the word +_aram_, _arm_, in the Teutonic dialects signifying poor or weak, is in +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original meaning may perhaps +rather have been mild or gentle. The root seems to be found in the Gael. +_ar_, slow; and _aram_ may be a corresponding word to the Welsh _araf_. +Baxter, who, though his general system of river-names I hold to be +fallacious, was, for his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort. + + 1. _England._ The ARME. Devon. + _Russia._ The URJUM(KA)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ ARIMINUS ant., now the Marecchia. + The ARMINE. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ARMISIA ant., now the ERMS. + +In this place I am inclined to bring in the Medway, and some other names +connected with it. Among the various derivations which have been +suggested for this name, that of Grimm deserves the first place, though +I much fear that it is too poetical to be true. He observes, (_Gesch. d. +Deutsch. Sprach._), comparing it with another name--"In Carl's +campaign, A.D. 779, there is a place mentioned in the vicinity of the +Weser, called Medofulli, Midufulli; _medoful_ means poculum mulsi, +(_Hel._ 62, 10); it appears to have been a river, which at present bears +some other name. Of just a similar meaning is the name of the river +Medway flowing through the county of Kent into the Thames--_i.e._, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege Medvaege (_Cod. Dip._), from _vaege_, +Old Sax. _wgi_, Old Norse _veig_, poculum.... I suggest here a +mythological reference: as the rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so may also the rivers and +brooks of our ancestors, in a similar mythic fashion, have sprung from +the over-turned mead-cup." + +It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, coming too as it does from +the highest authority, but I much fear that on a comparison of this name +with all its related forms, it can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone--the prefix _med_ is found in several names in +which the second part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, and the +ending _way_ is found in several names of which the former part cannot +mean mulsum. In any case, it seems to me that a Saxon derivation can +hardly be sustained. For Medo[)a]cus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the ancient +name of a river in Venetia--this appears to be precisely the same name +as that of the Medwag or Medway--and in Venetia we can account for a +Celtic element, but not for a German. In Nennius the name stands as +Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this with a river called the +Medvied(itza) or Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather probable +that the form is not altogether false, but that only it should be Medwed +instead of Megwed. In that case it would probably be only another form +of Medweg, for _d_ and _g_ sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic _uidh_ and _uigh_, via, a word which indeed I take to +be related to the one in question. Again, in the Medu[=a]na of France +and the English Medwin, we have a third form of ending, _wn_ or _win_. +And this may probably only be one of those extended forms in _n_ so +common in the Celtic languages.[53] So that the endings _way_, _wn_, +_wied_, in Medway, Medu[=a]na, Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. 62, 63), qualified by the prefix +_med_, which we have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" _med_ is explained as _medius_--Medway = medium flumen--the +river flowing through the middle of the county of Kent--and this I think +is the general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, (ant. Mede), +which divides the Isle of Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of the Medway it seems to me a +feature scarcely sufficiently obvious to give the name. And I should on +the whole prefer a derivation from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. _mid_, to soften, Lat. _mitis_, Gael. _meath_, soft, +mild--finding in Old Norse _mida_, to move slowly or softly, the word +most nearly approximating to the sense, and thus deriving the name of +the Medway from its gentle flow. + +Nevertheless it must be observed that as well as the supposed river +Medofulli referred to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter of the +10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, which seems evidently to contain +the Gael. _mealach_, sweet, and to mean "sweet as mead." This river is +near Medemblik on the Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of the +place is corrupted from it. + +The following names I place here, though with uncertainty in the case of +some of them. + + 1. _France._ The MIDOU. Dep. Landes. + _Persia._ MEDUS ant., now the Pulwan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Russia._ The MEDIN(KA). Gov. Kaluga. + + 3. _Compounded with way, wn, wied, see above._ + _England._ The MEDWAY. Kent. + The MEDWIN. + _France._ MEDU[=A]NA ant., now the Mayenne. + _Italy._ MEDO[)A]CUS ant., now the Brenta. + _Russia._ The MEDVIED(ITZA). + + 4. _Compounded with ma, river, p. 60._ + _Germany?_ METEMA, in a charter of the 11th cent. + +I think, upon the whole, that the general meaning of the root _lam_, +_lem_, _lim_, is smoothness. Though the root-meaning seems rather that +of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found in Sansc. _limpas_, Gr. {lipos}, +Lat. _limus_, Old Sax. _lmo_, Mod. Germ. _lehm_, Eng. _lime_, &c.[54] +In the Gr. {limn}, lake, the sense becomes that of smooth or standing +water: this, as I take it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word most immediately concerned is +the Gaelic _liobh_, _liomh_, Welsh _llyfnu_, to smooth; and the Loch +Lomond, (properly Lomon), was also formerly called, as the river which +issues from it is still, Leven, being just another form of the same +word--_v_ and _m_ interchanging as elsewhere noticed. Hence the Welsh +_llifo_, to pour, p. 46, might be apt to intermix in the following. The +Lat. _lambo_, the primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied to +the gentle washing of a river against its banks--"Qu loca lambit +Hydaspes,"--_Horace_. Dugdale observes that "at this day divers of those +artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy channels through which the water +hath a dull or slow passage." In the following names the sense may be +sometimes then that of muddiness, though in general, as I take it, that +of sluggishness. + + 1. _England._ The LEAM by Leamington. + The LYME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ LAMMA, 11th cent. The LAMME. + LAIM(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + LEMPHIA, 8th cent. The LEMPE. + _Russia._ The LAMA. Joins the Volga. + The LAM(OV). Gov. Penza. + _Italy._ The LIMA. Joins the Serchio. + _Spain._ LIMA ant., now the LIMA. + _Asia Minor._ LAMUS ant., in Cilicia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LEMAN. Devonshire. + The LIMEN in Kent. (Limene _Cod. Dip._) + _Scotland._ Loch LOMOND, formerly also called LEVEN. + _Switzerland._ Lake LEMAN, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. LEMANNUS.) + _Italy._ The LAMONE in Tuscany. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LAMER, 11th cent. The LAMMER. + _Italy._ The LAMBRO. + _Asia Minor._ LIMYRUS ant., in Lycia. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Switzerland._ The LIMMAT. Cant. Zurich. + +From the above form _lam_, _lem_, _lim_, I take to be formed by +metathesis _alm_, _elm_, _ilm_. And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to +be in effect the same word as the lake Leman in Switzerland. In the name +of another lake in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems to occur as +an appellative. A certain amount of doubt is imported by the coincidence +of two names in which we find a sacred character--the river Almo, which +was sacred to Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned in Hesiod. +The coincidence, however, may be only accidental. + + 1. _England._ The ALME. Devonshire. + The HELME. Sussex. + ALUM Bay in the Isle of Wight? + _Germany._ ILMA, 8th cent. The ILM, two rivers. + The HELME in Prussia. + _Holland._ The ALM in Brabant. + _Norway._ The ALMA. + _Spain._ The ALHAMA. Prov. Navarra. + _Italy._ The ALMO near Rome. + _Russia._ The ALMA in the Crimea. + _Siberia._ The ILLIM. + _Greece._ OLMEIUS ant. B[oe]otia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The ILMEN(AU). Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ ILMEN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Holland._ The ALMELO. Prov. Overijssel. + +Perhaps from the Gael. _foil_, slow, gentle, we may get the following. + + 1. _England._ The FAL by Falmouth. + _Ireland._ The FOIL(AGH). Cork. + The FEALE. Munster. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FILLAN. Perthshire. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ FILISA, 8th cent. The FILS and the VILS. + +In the third division of this chapter I put the names in which the sense +of spreading seems to be found. This sense may have three different +acceptations--first, that, generally, of a wide river--secondly, that of +a river relatively broad and shallow--thirdly, that of a river forming +an estuary at its mouth. + +I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek +author quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the pine-trees, "called in +the Gallic tongue _padi_," of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with common sense, for it is +unreasonable to suppose that the Gauls, coming upon this fine river, +gave it no name until they had tracked it up to its source, and there +made the not very notable discovery that it was surrounded by +pine-trees. Much more probable is it that they came first upon its +mouth, and much more striking would be the appearance that would be +presented to them. For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the Po, and +of the rivers emptying themselves into it was originally a vast bay of +the sea," which by gradual embanking was confined within its present +channels. As then the mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so in the +Gael. _badh_, a bay or estuary, I find the explanation of the name. The +root, I apprehend, is Sansc. _pat_, Lat. _pateo_, _pando_, &c., to +spread, and hence, I take it, the name Bander, of several small bays on +the S.W. coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and of Boderia, the +name given by Ptolemy to the Firth of Forth. + + 1. _Italy._ PADUS ant. The Po. + _Germany._ BADA, 9th cent., now the BODE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BANDON. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary). + _Italy._ PANTANUS ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon + on the Adriatic. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ PATRA, 9th cent., now the PADER. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ PATHISSUS ant., now the TEMES.[55] + +In the Sansc. _parth_, to spread or extend, we may perhaps find the +origin of the following. Can the name of the Parthians be hence derived, +in reference to their well-known mode of fighting? + + 1. _Germany._ The PARDE. Joins the Elster. + The BORD, in Moravia--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ PARTHENIUS ant.--here?[56] + +In the sense of "that which spreads" I am inclined to bring in the root +_ta_, _tav_, _tan_, _tam_. While in the Gaelic we find _tain_, and the +Obs. _ta_, water, _taif_, sea--in the Welsh we have the verbs _taenu_ +and _tafu_, to expand or spread. The latter, I think, must contain the +root-meaning; and the appellatives must rather signify water of a +spreading character. In this sense we find the words _to_, _t_, _tau_, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. The Sansc. has _tan_, to +extend, but we must presume a simpler form _ta_, corresponding with the +above Obs. Gael. word for water. Mone explains _tab_, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one with a broad mouth." This +sense no doubt obtains in many of the names of this group, for, as well +as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, Teign, and Tamar, all have this character +in a more or less notable degree. In other cases the sense may be that +of comparative broadness--thus the Timavus, though little more than a +mile long, is 50 yards broad close to its source. So the characteristic +of the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, is that it is "broad +and shallow." And the feature which strikes the topographer is of course +that which would naturally give the name. There are, however, some other +roots which might intermix, as Sansc. _tan_, resonare, Lat. _tono_, +Germ. _tnen_, &c. Also Gael. and Ir. _taam_, to pour; Gael. and Ir. +_tom_, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. _ton_, unda. + + +_The form Ta, Tab, Tav._ + + 1. _England._ The TAVY and the TAW. Devon. + DEVA ant., the DEE--here? + _Scotland._ TAVUS ant. The TAY. + The DEE, two rivers--here? + _Wales._ The TAW, the TIVY, and the TAVE. + _Ireland._ The TAY. Waterford. + Loch TA in Wexford. + _France._ The DIVE, Dep. Vienne--here? + _Germany._ The THAYA in Moravia. + _Spain._ The DEVA by Placentia--here? + + 2. _With the ending d or t._ + _Scotland._ The TEVIOT in Roxburghshire--here? + _Holland._ TABUDA ant., now the Scheldt. + _Siberia._ The TAVDA. + _India._ The TAPTEE--here? + + +_The form Tan, Tam._ + + 1. _England._ The TEIGN and the TEANE. + The DANE and the DEANE. + The TAME, three rivers. + _Scotland._ The TEMA. Selkirkshire. + DANUS ant., now the DON. + _France._ DANUS ant., now the Ain. + The DAHME and the DAUME. + _Norway._ The TANA. + _Italy._ TIMAVUS ant., now the TIMAO. + _Russia._ TANAIS ant., now the DON. + The TIM and the TOM. + _Greece._ TANUS ant., now the Luku. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The TAMAR. Cornwall. + _Belgium._ The DEMER. + _Italy._ TANARUS ant., now the TANARO. + _Spain._ TAMARIS ant., now the TAMBRE. + _Syria._ TAMYRAS ant., (Strabo)--here? + + 3. _With the ending d._ + _England._ TAMEDE (_Cod. Dip._), now the TEME. + _Mauretania._ TAMUDA ant. (_Pliny._) + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The THAMES. Tamesis (_Csar_), Tamesa (_Tacitus_), + Tamese, Temis (_Cod. Dip._), Welsh Tain. + _Hungary._ The TEMES ant. Pathisus, (_see note p. 132_). + +From the root _tan_, to extend, we may probably also derive the word +_tang_ found in Hung. _tenger_, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect of the +Finnic class) _tangat_, river, and in the Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, which +probably contains a trace of an older sense. + + 1. _Holland._ The DONGE in Brabant. + _Norway._ The TENGS. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ TONGERA, 10th cent., now the TANGER. + _Italy._ TANAGER ant., now the TANAGRO--here? + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[37] This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of +Pliny. + +[38] Perhaps formed from _et_ by a phonetic _n_. So the Eamont in +Cumberland seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot. + +[39] It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it. + +[40] Smith's Ancient Geography. + +[41] This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly +violent in winter. + +[42] "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." _Johnston's Gazetteer._ + +[43] The derivation of Mone, who makes _scuz_ and _scut_ altered forms +of _srot_ or _srut_, is not to be entertained. + +[44] I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. _jade_, North. Eng. _yawd_). There are +three rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It +rather seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and +named them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse. + +[45] Frstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. _spurcha_, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream +at least is to be explained better from the Sansc. _sphurj_, to burst +forth, Lat. _spargo_. + +[46] The ending _x_ I take to be a Grcism for _s_. + +[47] In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. _dest_, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian +Gazetteer, it is explained as "_tishta_, standing still,"--a derivation +which seems hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its +"quick stream." + +[48] Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni--"Quid enim Gadeni nisi +ad Gadam amnem geniti?" + +[49] The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following +description of Ovid bears witness. + + "Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela." + _Fasti. 4, 470._ + +[50] This ending may be the same as the Scotch _eck_ or _ick_, p. 25. + +[51] Frstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen). + +[52] The names ARMINE and ARMINGER, (of which IREMONGER may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And ARMINGAUD is +one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France. + +[53] E. G. Welsh _lli_, _llion_, stream, _llif_, _llifon_, flood, +_srann_, _srannan_, humming, &c. + +[54] Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog. + +[55] The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. I +know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other. + +[56] The derivation of Strabo, from _parthenos_, virgin, in reference to +the flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CHARACTER OF COURSE. + + +In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, as deciphered in the +Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates is +called the Irat, which is conjectured by the translator to have been a +local name. It seems to be from the Sansc. _irat_ (=Latin _errans_, Eng. +_errant_), from the verb _ir_, Lat. _erro_, to wander. The same word +seems to be found in the Irati of Spain--perhaps also in the Orontes +(=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, +though I am rather inclined to agree with Latham that the word contained +therein is only _ridan_.[57] Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in +river-names may be a contracted form of _irat_, as we find it in the +Germ. _irrthum_, a mistake. + + 1. _England._ The IRT. Cumberland. + URTIUS ant., now the IRTHING. + _Belgium._ URTA, 9th cent., now the OURT. + The ERENS. + _Spain._ The IRATI. Prov. Navarra. + _Asia._ IRAT, a name of the Euphrates. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URTELLA, 9th cent., now the Sensbach. + +From the Sansc. _bhuj_, Goth. _bjugan_, Welsh _bwu_, Gael. _bogh_, Eng. +_bow_, &c., in the sense of tortuousness, we may take the following. + + 1. _England._ The BOWE. Shropshire. + _Scotland._ The BOGIE. Aberdeen. + _Russia._ The BUG. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The BOGEN. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Scotland._ The BUCKET. Aberdeen. + +From the Gael. and Welsh _cam_, to bend, Sansc. _kamp_, Gr. {kamp}, are +the following. + + _England._ The CAM by Cambridge. + _Germany._ CAMBA, 8th cent. The KAMP. + The CHAM in Bavaria. + _Switzerland._ The KAM. + _Norway._ The KAM. Joins the Glommen. + _Russia._ The KAMA. Joins the Volga. + The KEMI. Two rivers. + +The Sansc. root _car_, to move, branches out into two different +meanings, that of rapidity and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. In the latter sense we +have the Gael. _car_ or _char_, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. _crran_, to +turn or bend, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The CHAR. Dorsetshire. + The CHOR. Lancashire. + The KERR. Middlesex. + _Scotland._ COR(ABONA)[58] ant. The CARRON. + _France._ The CHER. Joins the Loire. + _Greece._ CHARES ant. Colchis. + _Persia._ CYRUS ant., now the KUR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ CIRENUS ant. The CHURNE (Gloucestershire). + _France._ The CHARENTE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Greece._ COR[)A]LIS ant. B[oe]otia. + CURALIUS ant. Thessaly. + _Russia._ The KOROL. Joins the Dnieper. + + +From the Old High Germ. _crumb_, Mod. German _krumm_, Danish _krumme_, +Gael. and Welsh _crom_, curving or bending, we may take the following. +The root seems to be found in the Sansc. _kram_, to move, to go, which, +as in other similar cases, may also diverge into the meaning of +rapidity. + + 1. _England._ The CRUMM(OCK), formerly CRUM(BECK), which forms the + lake of the same name. + _Germany._ CRUMB(AHA), 10th cent., now the GRUMB(ACH). + _Russia._ The KROMA. Gov. Orel. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ CHRUMBIN(BACH), 8th cent., now the KRUM(BACH). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ CREMERA ant. in Etruria. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The KREMS. Joins the Danube. + _Sicily._ CREMISUS ant. + +For the root _sid_ we have the Welsh _sid_, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon +_sd_, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in +the following, though both words may be from the same root. + + 1. _England._ The SID. Devonshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SEATON. Cornwall. + + 3. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Switzerland._ SITERUNA, 8th cent., now the SITTER or SITTERN. + +Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from Welsh _derwyn_, to wind, appears +to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form Druentia), from +_dru_, oak, seems insufficient; because the number of names, all in the +same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something +more than _dru_. That of Armstrong, from _dear_, great, _amhain_, river, +is founded upon a careless hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland is +the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the +case. + + _England._ The DERWENT. Four rivers. + TREONTA ant. The TRENT. + _France._ DRUENTIA ant., now the DURANCE. + _Germany._ The DREWENZ. Prussia. + _Italy._ TRUENTIUS ant., now the TRENTO. + _Russia._ TURUNTUS ant., now the DUNA. + +In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the following, +referring them to Old Norse _meis_, curvatura, Eng. _maze_, &c. This +seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or +Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we +think of the Welsh _mydu_, to arch, to vault. The other word which might +put in a claim is _mos_, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced +both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name +of the ancient Mysia or M[oe]sia. + + 1. _England._ The MAESE. Derbyshire. + _Scotland._ The MASIE. Aberdeen. + _France, &c._ MOSA, 1st cent. B.C. The MAAS, MAES, or MEUSE. + _Germany._ MISS(AHA), 8th cent. The MEISS(AU). + The MIES in Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The MUSONE. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ MOSELLA, 1st cent. The MOSELLE. + +The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the +foregoing are the BEINA of Norway, and the BANE of Lincolnshire, which +seem to be from Old Norse _beinn_, North Eng. _bain_, straight, direct. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the +Baltic, (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to +Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, +without any geographical position or character.--_See an article by Sir +G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 1858._ + +[58] In this case the ending _en_ is very clearly a contraction of +_abon_ or _avon_, river. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +QUALITY OF WATERS. + + +There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, +brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. _cand_, to +shine, Lat. _candeo_, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael. _can_, white, +clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., _caoin_, soft, +gentle, is a word liable to intermix. + + 1. _England._ The CANN. Essex. + The KEN or KENT. Westmoreland. + The KENNE. Devonshire. + _Scotland._ The KEN. Joins the Dee. + The CONN. CONA of Ossian. + CANDY burn. Lanarkshire. + _Wales._ The CAIN. Merioneth. + _Germany._ CONE, 9th cent., now the COND. + _Russia._ The KANA. Gov. Yeniseisk. + _India._ The CANE or KEN--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The CONAN. Dingwall. + _Italy._ The CANTIANO. Pont. States. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CONDER. Lancashire. + The CONNER. Cornwall. + _Switzerland._ The KANDER. + + 4. _Compounded with vi, wy, river._ + _Wales._ CONOVIUS ant. The CONWAY. + +The Old Celtic word _vind_, found in many ancient names of persons and +places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,[59] Vindobona, Vindobala, &c., +represents the present Welsh _gwyn_ (=_gwynd_), and the Ir. _finn_ +(=_find_), white. "The Celt. _vind_," observes Gluck, "comes from the +same root as the Goth. _hveit_; it stands for _cvind_ with an intrusive +_n_; the root is _cvid_ = the Germ. root _hvit_." The meaning in +river-names is bright, clear, pure. + + 1. _England._ The VENT. Cumberland. + The QUENNY. Shropshire. + _Wales._ The GWYNEDD (=GWYND?) + _Ireland._ The FINN. Ulster. + _France._ The VENDE. Dep. Vende. + _Russia._ The VIND(AU) or WIND(AU). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FINNAN. Inverness. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The lake WINDER(MERE)?[60] + _Ireland._ WINDERIUS; _Ptolemy_, a river not identified. + + 4. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Scotland._ The FINDHORN. Inverness. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The WANDLE. Surrey. + _Germany._ FINOLA, 8th cent., now the VEHNE. + +From the Welsh _llwys_, clear, pure, Gael. _las_, to shine, Gael. and +Ir. _leus_, light, cognate with Old Norse _lios_, clear, pure, Lat. +_luceo_, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. _l_, _lo_, day, must, I +think, contain the root. + + 1. _England._ The LIZA. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The LOSSIE. Elgin. + _France._ The LEZ. Dep. Herault. + _Belgium._ The LESSE. + _Germany._ The LOOSE. Pruss. Sax. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The LIZENA. + _Sweden._ The LJUSNE. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LESURA, 11th cent., now the LIESER. + LYSERA, 10th cent., now the LEISER. + +From the root of the above, by the prefix _g_, is formed Gael. and Welsh +_glas_, blue or green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), and the +Old Norse _gladr_, Old High Germ. _glatt_, shining. + + _Scotland._ The GLASS. Inverness. + GLASS. A lake, Rosshire. + _Germany._ The GLATT. Hohenzollern Sig. + _Switzerland._ GLATA, 8th cent. The GLATT. + +Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. _glan_, Welsh _glain_, +pure, clear, Eng. _clean_. + + _England._ The GLEN. Northumberland. + The GLEN. Lincolnshire. + The CLUN. Shropshire. + _France._ The GLANE. + _Germany._ GLANA, 8th cent. The GLAN, two rivers, and the + GLON, three rivers. + _Switzerland._ The KLN, a small but beautiful lake in the + Klnthal--here, or to _klein_, little? + _Italy._ CLANIS ant., now the CHIANA. + CLANIUS ant., in Campania. + _Illyria._ The GLAN, in Carinthia. + +From the Old High Germ. _hlutar_, Mod. Germ. _lauter_, pure, Frstemann +derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of +Lauterbrunnen (_brunnen_, fountain), in Switzerland. + + _Germany._ HLUTR(AHA), 7th cent. The LAUTER, the LUDER, the LUTTER. + The SOMMERLAUTER in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title + of pureness only in summer. + +The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as +the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh +_gloew_, clear, and _dwr_, water, they would have the same meaning. + + _England._ The LOWTHER. Westmoreland. + _Scotland._ The LAUDER. Berwickshire. + _France._ The LAUTER. + +In the Gael. and Ir. _ban_, white, we may probably find the meaning of +the following. + + _Ireland._ The BANN. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The BANN(OCK) by Bannockburn. + _Bohemia._ The BAN(ITZ). + +Of the two following names the former may be referred to the Welsh +_claer_, and the latter to the Swed. _klar_, both same as Eng. _clear_. + + _Ireland._ The CLARE. Connaught. + _Sweden._ The KLARA (__, river). + +From the Welsh _tr_, pure, clear, we may get the following. The root is +found in Sansc. _tar_, to penetrate, whence _taras_, transparent. + + 1. _Italy._ The TARO. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The TARA. Joins the Tobol. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The TEARNE. Shropshire. + The DEARNE. Yorkshire. + _France._ The TARN. Joins the Garonne. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ The TARISA. + +The following two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Frstemann, be +referred to Old High Germ. _flt_, pure, bright. + + 1. _Germany._ FLAD(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + + 2. _With the ending enz._ + _Germany._ FLADINZ, 11th cent., now the FLADNITZ. + +The root _bil_ I have, in river-names generally, referred at p. 84 to +the Celtic _biol_, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may also +think of the Slav. _biala_, white, though we cannot say but that even +there the Celtic word may intermix. + + _Germany._ The BILA in Bohemia. + The BIALA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The BIELAYA. Joins the Kama. + The BIALY. Joins the Narew. + +From the Old High Germ. _swarz_, Mod. Germ. _schwarz_, black, are the +names of several rivers of Germany, as the SCHWARZA, the SCHWARZAU, the +SCHWARZBACH, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers called SVART ELV, and +in Sweden the SVART AN, which falls into the Mlar Lake. From the Old +Norse _doeckr_, dark, may be the DOKKA in Norway, but for the DOCKER of +Lancashire the Gael. _doich_, swift, may be more suitable. + +The Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black, probably occurs in river-names, but +I have taken, p. 36, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael. _dob_, +to be the general one. The Welsh _dulas_, dark or blackish blue, is +found in the DOWLES of Shropshire, and in several streams of Wales. The +DOUGLAS of Lanarkshire shews the original form of the word, from _du_, +black, and _glas_, blue. + +The root _sal_ I have taken at p. 76 to have in some cases the simple +meaning of water. But in the following the quality of saltness comes +before us as a known characteristic. + + _Germany._ SALZ(AHA), 8th cent. The SALZA by Salzburg. + SALISUS, 8th cent., now the SELSE. + The SALZE. Joins the Werre. + _Hungary._ The SZALA.[61] Falls into Lake Balaton. + +Of an opposite character are the following, which we may refer to Welsh +_melus_, Gael. and Ir. _milis_, sweet, _millse_, sweetness. Some other +rivers, as the ancient MELAS in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black +river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to +Gr. {melas}, black. + + _Germany._ MILZISSA, 8th cent., now the Mlmisch. + MILSIBACH, 11th cent. + _Portugal._ MELSUS ant. (Strabo). + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[59] The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names WINDOW, WINDUS, VINDIN; though Windo and +Winidin were also ancient German names.--(_Frstemann's Altdeutsches +Namenbuch._) The Welsh name GWYN and the Irish FINN represent the later +form of the word. + +[60] Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district. + +[61] The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. + + +The GRETA in the English Lake District has been generally derived from +Old Norse _grta_, Scotch _greet_, to weep or mourn, in allusion to the +wailing sound made by its waters. There is also a GRETA in Westmoreland +and a GRETA BECK in Yorkshire. In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., _greath_ also +signifies a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible that the original +Celtic name may have been retained in the same sense. + +Of an opposite meaning to the above is the name BLYTHE of several small +rivers in England. I do not see how this can be otherwise derived than +from the Ang.-Sax. _blithe_, merry. And how appropriate this is to many +of our English streams we hardly need poetic illustration to tell us. + +Of a corresponding meaning with the Saxon name Blythe may be the AVOCA +or OVOCA of Wicklow, the OBOKA of Ptolemy. Baxter refers it to Welsh +_awchus_, acer, a word of no very cheerful association for the spot +where + + "Nature has spread o'er the scene + Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green." + +The Gael. _abhach_, blithe, sportive, would seem to give a better etymon +for the bright waters of Avoca. Whether the OCKER of Germany (ant. +OBOCRA, OVOCRA, OVOKARE), may be derived from the same word I do not +know sufficient to judge. + +From the Gr. {brem}, Lat. _fremo_, Ang.-Sax. _bremman_, to roar, Old +Norse _brim_, roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh _ffrom_, fuming, +Gael. _faram_, din, I take the following. The following description +given by Strabo[62] of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness of the +derivation. "There is also an extraordinary fissure in the mountain, +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... On account of the +winding of its course, the great contraction of the stream, and the +depth of the ravine, _a noise, like that of thunder, strikes at a +distance on the ears of those who approach it_." + + 1. _England._ The FROME. Five rivers. + The FRAME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ BRAM(AHA) or BREM(AHA), 9th cent., a stream in + Odenwald. + PRIMMA, 9th cent. Near Worms. + The PRM in Prussia. + _Denmark._ The BRAM(AUE) in Holstein. + _Italy._ FORMIO ant. in Venetia. + _Asia Minor._ PYRAMUS ant., now the Jihun. + + 2. _With the ending t._ + _Germany._ The PFREIMT in Bavaria. + + 3. _With the ending nt._ + _Germany._ PREMANTIA, 9th cent., now the PRIMS. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Greece._ PERMESSUS ant. B[oe]otia. + +In the Gael. _fuair_, sound, _faoi_, a noisy stream, we may perhaps find +the origin of the FOWEY in Cornwall, and of the FOYERS in Inverness, the +latter of which is noted as forming one of the finest falls in Britain. +From the Gael. _gaoir_, din, we may derive the GAUIR in Perthshire; and +from _toirm_ of the same meaning, perhaps the TERMON in Ulster. Hence +might also be the TROME and the TRUIM, elsewhere derived at p. 70. + +From the Gael. _durd_, _durdan_, Welsh _dwrdd_, humming or murmur, Lhuyd +derives the name DOURDWY, of some brawling streams in Wales; but quoting +the derivations of some other writers, he adds, with more humility than +authors generally possess--"Eligat Lector quod maxime placet." To the +same origin may probably also be referred the DOURDON in France, Dep. +Seine-Inf. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[62] Bohn's Translation. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS. + + +There are several river-names which contain the idea, either of the +junction of two streams, or of the separation of a river into two +branches. The Vistula, Visula, or Wysla, (for in these various forms it +appears in ancient records), is referred by Mller,[63] rightly as I +think, to Old Norse _quisl_, Germ. _zwiesel_, branch, as of a river. A +simpler form of _quisl_ is contained in Old Norse _quistr_, ramus, and +the root is to be found in Sansc. _dwis_, to separate, Gael. and Ir. +_dis_, two. The Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according to Grimm +(_Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385_), was Vana-quisl. The word _whistle_, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as Haltwhistle in Northumberland, +and Osbaldwhistle in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old Norse _quisl_: +the sense might be that of the branching off of two roads or two +streams. In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, for which I am +indebted to the kindness of a Friend, there is a burn called +Galawhistle, which compares with the above Old Norse Vana-quisl. In +connection with the Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, which +has been generally considered to be merely another form of the same +word--Reichard[64] being, as I believe, the only writer who considers it +to be a different river. It seems to me a curious thing that it has +never occurred to any one to identify it with the Wisloka, which joins +the Vistula near Baranov. The modern name must contain the correct form, +for Wisloka = an Old High Germ. Wisilacha, from _acha_ or _aha_, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, from _afa_ or _apa_, river. +The following names I take to be all variations of the same word. + + 1. _France._ The OUST. Dep. Ctes-du-Nord. + _Germany._ The TWISTE. Joins the Diemel. + The QUEISS. Pruss. Silesia. + _Russia._ The UIST. Joins the Tobol. + The USTE. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ QUISTINA, 11th cent., now the KSTEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The VISTRE. Dep. Gard. + _Belgium._ The VESDRE. Joins the Ourt. + _Germany._ The VEISTR(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 4. _With the ending rn._ + _Germany._ QUISTIRNA, 8th cent., now the TWISTE, joins the Oste. + + 5. _With the ending el = O. N. quisl._ + _Germany, &c._ VISTULA, 1st cent., Germ. WEICHSEL. + WISL(OKA), joins the Vistula. (_See above._) + The WISL(OK). Joins the San. + WISIL(AFFA), 11th cent., now the WISL(AUF). + _France._ The VESLE. Joins the Aisne. + +The following seem also to contain the Germ. _zwei_, Eng. _two_, and to +have something of a similar meaning to the foregoing. + + 1. _Germany._ The ZWITT(AWA) or ZWITT(AU) in Moravia. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ZWETTEL in Austria. + +I include also here the SCHELDT or SCHELDE, (the SCALDIS of Csar), +which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse _skildr_, Dan. +_skilt_, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the +North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the SCHILT(ACH) of +Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. + +From the Gael. _caraid_, duplex, may probably be the two CARTS in the +County of Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde +near Glasgow. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[63] Die marken des Vaterlandes. + +[64] Germanien unter den Rmern. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. + + +The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a +more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the +earliest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is +not quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning Owls," in Horrebow's +Natural History of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that +"There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island"--it will be seen +that the number of names is very small in which such a meaning is to be +traced. + +The word _gard_, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other +tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have +something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather +be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. + + 1. _France._ The GARD. Joins the Rhone. + _Germany._ GARD(AHA), 8th cent. The GART(ACH). + The KART(HAUE) in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GAIRDEN. Joins the Dee. + _France._ The GARDON. Joins the Rhone. + _Greece._ JARDANUS ant. in Crete--here? + +In the Gael. _sgia_, Welsh _ysgw_, guard, protection, and in the Welsh +_ysgi_, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter +may be more suitable for the following. The Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker +in Bulgaria: in an etymological point of view this seems probable, for +as Scius = Welsh _ysgi_, so Isker = Welsh _ysgar_ of the same meaning. + + _Netherlands._ The SCHIE by Schiedam. + _Danub. Prov._ SCIUS ant., now the ISKER? + +From the Gael. _scar_, _sgar_, Welsh _ysgar_, Ang.-Sax. _scran_, to +divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the following. The small river +Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six miles a boundary between different +parishes.[65] + + 1. _England._ The SHERE. Kent. + _Scotland._ The SCARR. Dumfriesshire. + The SHIRA. Argyle. + _Germany._ SCERE, 11th cent. The SCHEER. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKERNE. Durham. + _Germany._ SCHYRNE, 11th cent., not identified. + +Any names in which the sense of _land_, terra, occurs, may, I think, be +explained most reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the FULDA of Germany, FULD(AHA), 8th +cent., referring it to Old High Germ. _fulta_, Ang.-Sax. _folde_, earth, +ground. + +Perhaps also to a similar origin may be referred the MOLD(AU) in +Bohemia, and the MOLD(AVA) of Moldavia. But the Gael. and Ir. _malda_, +_malta_, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. _milde_, Eng. _mild_, may be perhaps +more suitable: the MULDE, which joins the Elbe, and which in the 8th +cent. appears as MILDA, seems more probably from this origin. + +The BORD(AU), formerly BORDINE, which forms for some distance the +boundary between East and West Friesland, may, as suggested by +Frstemann, be derived from Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon _bord_, border. +Another river of the same name (p. 33) may perhaps be otherwise derived. + +I am inclined to bring in here the GRANTA, and to suggest that it may +have been a Sax. or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain part of the +Cam. This river seems to have formed one of the boundaries of the +country of the Gyrvii;[66] its name appears in Henry of Huntingdon as +Grenta; and the Old Norse _grend_, Mod. Germ. _grenze_, boundary, seems +a probable etymon. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[65] Statistical account of Scotland. + +[66] See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archological Journal for Sept., 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. + + +In this chapter I include some names which do not come under any of the +foregoing heads, or which have been omitted in their places. + +The following have generally been referred to Gael. _caol_, straight, +narrow. + + 1. _England._ The COLE. Warwickshire. + The COLY. Devon. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The COLNE. Three rivers. + +But even if this derivation is to be received, we must seek another +meaning for the KOLA in Russian Lapland, and the KOLI(MA) in +Siberia--the latter in particular being a large river, with a wide +estuary. + +The Gael. and Ir. _beag_, little, forms the ending of some Irish +river-names, as the AWBEG, the OWENBEG, and the AROBEG.[67] The meaning +in all these cases is "little river"--_owen_ being the same as _avon_, +_aw_ the simple form _av_ of the same word, and _aro_ an appellative as +at p. 38, now lost in the Celtic. + +From the Gael. _suail_, small, have also been derived the Swale and +other following rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as inconsistent +with the character of the rivers, though the derivation which he +proposes to substitute, from _ys-wall_, a sheltered place, affords, it +must be admitted, no very happy alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German _swal_, Old Norse _svelgr_, gurges, +Eng. _swell_, though it is wanting in the Celtic. + + 1. _England._ The SWALE. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire. + The SWILY. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The SWELLY. Donegal. + The SWILLY. Ulster. + _Germany._ SUALA ant. The SCHWALE. + _France._ SULGAS ant., now the Sorgue. + _Russia._ The SULA--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The SULLANE. + +The following must be referred to Old High Germ. _sualm_, gurges, an +extension of the previous word _sual_. + + _Germany._ SUALMAN(AHA), 8th century. The SCHWALM. + SULMANA, 8th cent. The SULM. + _Belgium._ The SALM. Prov. Lige. + _France._ The SOLMAN. Dep. Jura. + +The Shannon has by some writers been derived from Ir. _sean_ or _shean_, +old. But inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise than old, the +term could only be used in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, however, seems to me to be found +in Ir. and Obs. Gael. _siona_, delay; this corresponds with the Gaelic +form of the name, Sionan, given by Armstrong. + + _Scotland._ The SHIN. Sutherland. + _Ireland._ SENUS (Ptolemy). The SHANNON. + _Germany._ SINNA, 8th cent. The SINN. + _Belgium._ The SENNE. Joins the Dyle. + _Italy._ SENA ant., now the Nevola. + _Aust. Pol._ The SAN, two rivers--here? + _India._ The SEENA--here? + +From the Gael. _cobhair_, Ir. _cubhair_, foam, froth, appear to be the +following. + + _England._ The COBER. Cornwall. + The COVER. Yorkshire. + _Russia._ The CHOPER. + _Asia._ CHABORAS ant., now the KHABUR--here? + _India._ CHABERIS ant., now the CAVERI--here? + +From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. _breath_, pure, clear, I take to be the +following. + + _England._ The BRATHA. Lake District. + _Scotland._ The BROTH(OCK). Forfar. + _Germany._ The BRETT(ACH). Joins the Kocher. + The BRAT(AWA) in Bohemia. + BRAHT(AHA),[68] 10th century. The BRACHT--here? + _Asia Minor._ PRACTIUS ant.--here? + +And from the Ir. _brag_, running water, I follow Mone in taking the +following. + + 1. _England._ The BRAY. Devon. + _Ireland._ The BRAY. Wicklow. + _France._ The BRAY. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ The BREGE, in the Scharwarzwald. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The BRAINE. Joins the Blackwater. + _Ireland._ BREAGNA, an old name for the Boyne. + +A root for river-names, to which might be put the following, is found by +Frstemann in Old High Germ. _rr_, Mod. Germ. _rohr_, arundo, Eng. +_rush_. + + _Germany._ ROR(AHA), 11th century, now the ROHRBACH. + RURA, 8th cent. The RUHR. + _Holland._ The ROER. Joins the Maas. + +The word _sil_ in river-names would seem to have the meaning of still or +sluggish water. The Gael. has _sil_, to drop, rain, drip; and the Arm. +has _sila_, to filter. (The Old Fries. _sil_, canal, seems hardly a +related word; it appears more probably to be connected with Old Norse +_sla_, to cut, to furrow.) According to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other Scythian rivers had the same +name, (_Grimm, Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) In this point of view the +above derivation might seem too restricted, and we might think of _sil_, +as of _sal_, (p. 75), as formed by the prefix _s_ from the root _al_ or +_il_, to go, (p. 71), in the simple meaning of water. According to +Strabo and Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property of petrifying +any plant thrown into it; but as, according to Cluvier, the modern +inhabitants of its banks know nothing of any such property, it would +rather seem as if the story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with _silex_, flint. + + 1. _Switzerland._ SIL(AHA), 11th cent. The SIHL. + _Italy._ SILIS ant., now the SILE. + _Scotland._ The SHIEL in Argyleshire--here? + _Germany._ The SCHYL (ant. Tiarantus)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sweden._ SILJAN. Lake. + _Russia._ The SHELON--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Naples._ SILARIS ant., now the SILARO. + +The form _silv_ I take to be an extension of _sil_, similar to others +previously noticed. + + 1. _Russia._ The SILVA. Gov. Perm. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The SILVER. Devon. + +The SIMOIS in the Plain of Troy I have suggestively placed at p. 119 to +Gael. _saimh_, slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet _lubricus_ +applied to it by Horace, we might perhaps seek a stronger sense from +the same root, as found in Welsh _seimio_, to grease, _saim_, tallow. + +The water of the LIPARIS in Cilicia, according to Polyclitus, as quoted +by Pliny, was of such an unctuous quality that it was used in place of +oil. Probably only for the purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. Hence no doubt its name, +from Sansc. _lip_, to be greasy, Gr. {liparos}, unctuous. + +Grimm (_Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) suggests a similar origin for the +Ister, p. 117, referring it to Old Norse _istra_, Dan. _ister_, fat, +grease, Gr. {stear}. He puts it, however, in a metaphorical sense, as +"the fattening, fructifying river." With deference, however, to so high +an authority, this explanation seems to me rather doubtful. For the +ending _ster_, as I have elsewhere observed, is common to many +river-names, and I have taken it to be, like the Arm. _ster_, formed by +a phonetic _t_, from the Sansc. _sri_, to flow. + +Also, from the root of the Sansc. _sri_, to flow, I take to be Gael. +_sruam_, and again taking the phonetic _t_, the word _stream_, _strom_, +common to all the Teutonic dialects. In these two forms we find the +ancient names of two rivers--the SYRMUS of Thrace, and the STRYMON or +STRUMON, the present STRUMA, of Macedonia. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[67] The derivation at p. 120 I must retract, finding _beg_ as a +termination of other Irish river-names. + +[68] Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. _braht_, fremitus. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +CONCLUSION. + + +The names of rivers form a striking commentary on the history of +language, so admirably expounded to the general reader in the recent +work of Professor Max Mller. + +When we review the long list of words that must have once had the +meaning of water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck with the +number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants +and animals." + +We see too how large a portion of this long list of appellatives may +ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few +primary roots may perhaps be resolved into a still smaller number of yet +more simple forms. + +I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the +Sansc. root __, __, or _ay_, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse __, +Anglo-Sax. _a_, water, river. But whether they directly represent the +root, or whether, like the French _eau_, p. 30, they have only withered +down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not +take upon me to determine. + +Then we have the roots, also of the kind called primary, _ab_, _ar_, +_ir_, _ag_, _ikh_, _il_, _it_, all having the same general meaning, to +move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a +number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are +formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root __, __, or _ay_, +and that the following remarks made by Max Mller respecting secondary +roots, may be extended also to them. "We can frequently observe that one +of the consonants, in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is +liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is +slightly modified and determined by the changes of the final +consonants." He instances the Sansc. _tud_, _tup_, _tubh_, _tuj_, _tur_, +_tuh_, _tus_, all having the same general meaning, to strike. + +Again--there are forms such as _ang_, _amb_, _and_, &c., which are +merely a strengthening of the roots _ag_, _ab_, _ad_, or _at_, and which +also are found in a number of appellative forms. + +We might pursue the subject still further, and enquire whether the +secondary forms, such as _sar_, _sal_, _car_, _cal_, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a +consonant, on the roots _ar_ and _al_, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root __ or __. + +As also the silent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and +the most common emblem of the efflux of time; so in the same root is to +be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. +The Gr. {aei}, the Goth. _aiv_, the Anglo-Sax. _awa_, Eng. _ever_ and +_aye_, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and +express the same idea which speaks-- + + "For men may come, and men may go, + But I go on for ever." + + + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + +P. 25. + +To the root _ab_ or _ap_, water, place the Lith. and Lett. _uppe_, +river, whence the following. + + _Germany._ The OPPA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The UPA. Joins the Oka. + The UFA. Joins the Bielaya. + + +P. 33. + +To the root _ud_ place as an appellative the Obs. Gael. _ad_, water. And +add to form No. 1 the following names. + + _Russia._ The UDA. Gov. Kharkov. + _France._ The ODDE. Dep. Allier. + + +P. 35. + +The Celt. word _and_ or _ant_, water, is nothing more than a +strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. _ad_. + + +P. 40. + +In referring to the root _ark_, _erk_, I have omitted the Ir. _earc_, +water, the appellative most nearly concerned. The Basque _erreca_, +brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in +the same language the more primitive words _ur_ and _errio_, p. 38, +which seem to form a link with the Indo-European languages. + + +P. 49. + +To the root _nig_, _ni_, place-- + + 1. _France._ The N. Joins the Charente. + _Norway._ The NIA. Stift Trondjem. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The NERUSSA. Gov. Orel. + + +P. 63. + +To the root _wig_, _wic_, _wy_, place the two following names. The Welsh +_gwy_, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group. + + _England._ The WYCK. Buckinghamshire. + _Russia._ The UI. Gov. Orenburg. + + +P. 64. + +To the root _vip_ place as an appellative the Welsh _gwibio_, to rove, +wander, _gwibiau_, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense +of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1. + + _Spain._ The QUIPAR. Joins the Segura. + + +P. 70. + +The Celtic languages have a trace of the word _trag_, to run, in the Old +Ir. _traig_, foot (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._) + + +P. 83. + + For + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + Read + _Thrace._ PYDARAS ant. + + +P. 84. + +To the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, water, place the following names. + + _England._ The BEAULIEU, also called the Exe, in Hampshire. + _Scotland._ The BEAULY. Inverness. + _Italy._ PAULO ant., now the Paglione. + + +P. 85. + +I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day +the Ancient British deity Cocidis is not considered to have any +connection with the river Coquet. + + +P. 91. + +It seems probable that the word _asp_ in river-names is formed by +metathesis from the word _aps_, p. 27, form 5. + + +P. 97. + +The GRYFFE and the GIRVAN may perhaps be better derived from the Gael. +_grib_, swift. + + +P. 132. + +To the root _pad_ or _pand_, to spread, may probably be placed-- + + _England._ The PANT. Essex. + + +P. 135. + +From the root _tan_, may be derived the DNIESTER, (=Danaster), from +_ster_, river. Or it might be from the root _dan_, as in Danube, p. 116. + + +P. 136. + +The Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected with any word +signifying water: it represents the Old Norse _tag_, twig. + + +P. 145. + +To the root _vind_, white, clear, place-- + + _England._ The WENTE. Yorkshire. + + +P. 149. + +To the Sansc. _taras_, Welsh _tr_, pure, clear, place-- + + _Thrace._ TEARUS ant. + + + + +INDEX. + +(_Ancient Names in Italics._) + + + Aa, 28 + + Aach, 28 + + Aar, 39 + + _Abana_, 26 + + _Acaris_, 81 + + Achaza, 31 + + Adda, 34 + + Adenau, 34 + + Adour, 34 + + Adur, 34 + + _Aenus_, 27 + + Agger, 81 + + Aghor, 81 + + Agri, 81 + + Ahr, 39 + + Ahse, 31 + + Ain, 135 + + Aisne, 31 + + Aiss, 81 + + Aiterach, 35 + + Alass, 75 + + _Alaunus_, 71 + + Alb, 73 + + Albegna, 74 + + Alben, 74 + + _Albla_, 74 + + _Albula_, 74 + + _Alces_, 104 + + Aldan, 72 + + Alde, 72 + + Alf, 73 + + Alhama, 130 + + Alise, 75 + + _Alisna_ 75 + + Allan, 71 + + Alle, 71 + + Aller, 71 + + _Allia_, 71 + + Allier, 74 + + Allow, 71 + + Alm, 130 + + Alma, 130 + + Alme, 130 + + Almelo, 130 + + Almo, 130 + + Alne, 71 + + _Alpheus_, 74 + + _Alpis_, 73 + + Alt, 72 + + Alta, 72 + + Alten, 72 + + Altmhl, 104 + + Alum Bay, 130 + + Alz, 75 + + Amasse, 29 + + _Ambastus_, 29 + + Amber, 29 + + Amble, 29 + + Amblve, 29 + + Amele, 29 + + Ammer, 29 + + _Amnias_, 26 + + Amon, 26 + + Andelau, 36 + + Andelle, 36 + + Angel, 81 + + Angera, 81 + + Angerap, 81 + + _Angrus_, 81 + + _Anitabha_, 35--Note. + + Anker, 81 + + Annas, 27 + + Ant, 35 + + Anton, 36 + + Anza, 27 + + Appelbach, 26 + + _Apsarus_, 27--Note. + + _Apsus_, 27 + + _Arabis_, 120 + + Aragon, 41, 176 + + Arak, 41, 176 + + _Arar_, 117 + + Aras, 78 + + _Araxes_, 78 + + Arc, 41, 176 + + Arga, 41, 176 + + Argen, 41, 176 + + _Arius_, 56 + + _Ariminus_, 122 + + Arke, 41, 176 + + Arl, 40 + + Arly, 40 + + Arme, 122 + + Armine, 122 + + Arno, 40 + + Arobeg, 164 + + _Arosis_, 78 + + Arques, 41 + + _Arrabo_, 120 + + Arrow, 39 + + _Arsia_, 78 + + Arun, 39 + + Arva, 109 + + Arve, 109 + + _Ascania_, 31 + + Ash, 31 + + _Asopus_, 92, 178 + + Aspe, 92, 178 + + Astura, 58 + + Au, 28 + + Aube, 73 + + Aulne, 71 + + Aune, 27 + + Aupe, 73 + + Aurach, 39 + + Auray, 39 + + Auve, 74 + + Aven, 26 + + Avia, 25 + + Aviz, 27 + + Avoca, 153 + + Avon, 26 + + Avre, 26 + + Awbeg, 164 + + Awe, 28 + + Axe, 30 + + _Axius_, 31 + + _Axona_, 31 + + _Axus_, 31 + + + Bahr, 65 + + Bandon, 132 + + Bane, 143 + + Banitz, 148 + + Bann, 148 + + Bannock, 148 + + Bar, 65 + + Barrow, 65 + + Baunach, 84 + + Beaulieu, 178 + + Beauly, 178 + + Beela, 84 + + Behr, 65 + + Behrun, 65 + + Beina, 143 + + Beraun, 65 + + Bere, 65 + + Berre, 65 + + Beuvron, 84 + + Bever, 84 + + Biala, 150 + + Bialy, 150 + + Biberbach, 84 + + Bibra, 84 + + Bielaya, 150 + + Bivre, 83 + + Bila, 150 + + _Billus_, 85 + + Binoa, 82 + + Birse, 101 + + Blythe, 152 + + Bode, 132 + + _Boderia_, 132 + + Bogen, 138 + + Bogie, 138 + + Bolbec, 85 + + _Bollaha_, 85 + + Bord, 133 + + Bordau, 163 + + Bowe, 138 + + Boyle, 85 + + Boyne, 84 + + Bracht, 167 + + Braine, 167 + + Bramaue, 154 + + Bratawa, 167 + + Bratha, 167 + + Bray, 167 + + _Breagna_, 167 + + Brege, 167 + + Bresle, 101 + + Brettach, 167 + + Brosna, 101 + + Brothock, 167 + + Bucket, 138 + + Bug, 138 + + Buhler, 85 + + Buller, 85 + + Bullot, 85 + + Burzen, 101 + + + _Cdrius_, 108 + + Cailas, 110 + + Cain, 144 + + _Calbis_, 113 + + _Caldhowa_, 112 + + Calder, 112 + + Caldew, 112 + + Callan, 110 + + _Callas_, 110 + + _Callipus_, 113 + + Calore, 110 + + _Calpas_, 113 + + Cam, 138 + + Candy Burn, 144 + + Cane, 144 + + Cann, 144 + + Cantiano, 145 + + _Caresus_, 114 + + Carpino, 97 + + _Carpis_, 97 + + Carron, 139 + + Cart, 159 + + Caveri, 167 + + _Cayster_, 68 + + _Celadon_, 112 + + _Celydnus_, 112 + + _Cerbalus_, 98 + + _Cersus_, 114 + + _Cestrus_, 68 + + _Chalus_, 110 + + _Chalusus_, 110 + + Cham, 138 + + Char, 139 + + Charente, 139 + + _Chares_, 139 + + Chelt, 112 + + Chelva, 113 + + Cher, 139 + + Chiana, 147 + + Chiers, 114 + + _Choaspes_, 68, 178 + + Choper, 167 + + Chor, 139 + + Churne, 139 + + _Cladeus_, 80 + + _Clanius_, 147 + + Clare, 149 + + Cleddeu, 79 + + _Clitora_, 80 + + _Clitumnus_, 80 + + Cloyd, 79 + + _Cludros_, 80 + + Clun, 147 + + Clwyd, 79 + + Clyde, 79 + + Cober, 167 + + _Cocbrc_, 86 + + Cocker, 86 + + Cockley-beck, 87 + + _Cocytus_, 87 + + Coker, 86 + + _Colapis_, 113 + + Cole, 164 + + Colne, 164 + + Coly, 164 + + Conan, 145 + + Cond, 144 + + Conder, 145 + + Conn, 144 + + Conner, 145 + + Conway, 145 + + Coquet, 87 + + _Coralis_, 139 + + Cover, 167 + + _Cremera_, 140 + + _Cremisus_, 140 + + Crummock, 140 + + Cuckmare, 87 + + _Curalius_, 139 + + _Cydnus_, 108 + + _Cyrus_, 139 + + + Dahme, 135 + + Dalcke, 106 + + Dane, 135 + + Danube, 116 + + _Daradax_, 105 + + _Daradus_, 105 + + Darme, 70 + + Daubrawa, 37 + + Deane, 135 + + Daume, 135 + + Dee, 134 + + Deel, 105 + + Delvenau, 106 + + Demer, 135 + + Derwent, 141 + + Desna, 107 + + Deva, 135 + + Dill, 105 + + Dillar Burn, 106 + + Dista, 107 + + Dive, 135 + + Dniester, 179 + + Dobur, 37 + + Docker, 150 + + Dodder, 90 + + Dokka, 150 + + Dommel, 90 + + Don, 135 + + Donge, 136 + + Dora, 37 + + Dordogne, 38 + + Doubs, 36 + + Douglas, 150 + + Dourdon, 155 + + Dourdwy, 155 + + Douro, 37 + + Doux, 36 + + Dove, 36 + + Dovy, 36 + + Dow, 36 + + Dowles, 150 + + Drac, 70 + + Drage, 70 + + Drammen, 70 + + Dran, 69 + + Drave, 69 + + Drewenz, 141 + + Drome, 70 + + Drone, 69 + + Dronne, 69 + + Dubissa, 37 + + Duddon, 90 + + Dude, 90 + + Durance, 141 + + Durme, 70 + + Durra, 37 + + Dussel, 107 + + Duyte, 90 + + Dyle, 106 + + + Earne, 40 + + Ebrach, 26 + + Ebro, 26 + + Ecolle, 69 + + Eden, 35 + + Eder, 34 + + Edrenos, 34 + + Eem, 28 + + Eger, 81 + + Ehen, 27 + + Eichel, 28 + + Eider, 35 + + Eisach, 32 + + Eitrach, 35 + + Elbe, 73 + + Eld, 72 + + Elda, 72 + + Ell, 71 + + Ellen, 71 + + Ellero, 71 + + Ellison, 75 + + Elvan, 74 + + Elz, 75 + + Emba, 29 + + Emele, 29 + + Emme, 28 + + Emmen, 29 + + Emmer, 29 + + Ems, 29 + + Ens, 27 + + Era, 39 + + Erens, 138 + + Erft, 40 + + Ergers, 41 + + Erl, 40 + + Erla, 40 + + Erms, 122 + + Erpe, 109 + + Erve, 109 + + Eschaz, 31 + + Esk, 31 + + Eskle, 31 + + Esla, 33 + + Esque, 31 + + Ettrick, 35 + + Eure, 34 + + Evan, 26 + + _Evenus_, 26 + + Eye, 28 + + Eypel, 27 + + Exe, 31 + + + Fal, 130 + + Feale, 130 + + Fillan, 130 + + Fils, 130 + + Findhorn, 146 + + Finn, 146 + + Finnan, 146 + + _Fladaha_, 149 + + Fladnitz, 149 + + Fleet, 66 + + Flieden, 66 + + Flietnitz, 66 + + Flisk, 67 + + Foilagh, 130 + + Formio, 154 + + Forth, 115 + + Fowey, 154 + + Foyers, 154 + + Frame, 154 + + Fraw, 115 + + Frome, 154 + + Froon, 115 + + Fulda, 162 + + + _Gada_, 108 + + Gaddada, 109 + + Gade, 108 + + Gader, 108 + + Gadmen, 109 + + Gail, 110 + + Gairden, 161 + + Gala, 110 + + _Galthera_, 112 + + Gande, 108 + + Ganges, 68 + + _Gangitus_, 68 + + Gard, 161 + + Gardon, 161 + + Garf water, 97 + + Garonne, 13, 114 + + _Garrhuenus_, 113 + + Garry, 113 + + Gartach, 161 + + Garza, 114 + + Gata, 108 + + Gauir, 155 + + Geisa, 108 + + _Gela_, 110 + + Gelt, 112 + + Geltnach, 112 + + _Geranius_, 114 + + _Geron_, 114 + + Gers, 114 + + Gidea, 108 + + Giesel, 109 + + Giessbach, 108 + + Gingy, 68 + + Giron, 114 + + Girvan, 97, 178 + + Glan, 147 + + Glass, 147 + + Glatt, 147 + + Glen, 147 + + Glon, 147 + + Glyde, 80 + + Gose, 108 + + Gotha, 108 + + Gouw, 68 + + Grabow, 97 + + Granta, 163 + + Gravino, 97 + + Greta, 152 + + Grumbach, 140 + + Gryffe, 97, 178 + + Gwynedd, 145 + + _Gyndes_, 108 + + + Haase, 100--Note. + + _Haliacmon_, 104 + + _Halycus_, 104 + + _Halys_, 75 + + Hamel, 29 + + Hamps, 29 + + Harpa, 109 + + _Harpasus_, 109 + + _Hebrus_, 26 + + _Helisson_, 75 + + Helme, 130 + + Helpe, 74 + + Herk, 41, 176 + + Hesper, 92, 178 + + Hespin, 91 + + _Hesudros_, 33 + + _Hisscar_, 32 + + Hrsel, 78 + + Hull, 89 + + Humber, 29 + + Hunte, 100 + + _Hypanis_, 26 + + _Hypius_, 26 + + _Hypsas_, 27 + + + _Iberus_, 26 + + Idle, 35 + + Igla, 69 + + Iglawa, 69 + + Ihna, 27 + + Ik, 69 + + Ilach, 71 + + Ilavla, 74 + + Ile, 71 + + Ilen, 71 + + Ilek, 104 + + _Ilissus_, 75 + + Ill, 71 + + Ille, 71 + + Iller, 71 + + Illim, 130 + + Ilm, 130 + + Ilmen, 130 + + Ilmenau, 130 + + Ilse, 75 + + Ilz, 75 + + Inda, 23 + + Inde, 23 + + Indus, 23 + + Indre, 23 + + Ingon, 81 + + Ingul, 81 + + Inn, 27 + + Inney, 27 + + Ionne, 69 + + Ipf, 26 + + Ipoly, 27 + + Ips, 27 + + _Irat_, 138 + + Irati, 138 + + Irghiz, 41 + + Irk, 41 + + Irkut, 41 + + Irt, 138 + + Irthing, 138 + + Irvine, 109 + + Isac, 31 + + Isar, 33 + + Ischl, 31 + + Ise, 32 + + Isen, 32 + + Isre, 32 + + Isis, 33 + + Isla, 33 + + Isker, 161 + + _Ismenus_, 33 + + Isol, 33 + + Isper, 92 + + Isset, 33 + + _Issus_, 32 + + _Ister_, 33, 117, 170 + + Itchen, 69 + + Iton, 35 + + Itz, 35 + + Ive, 25 + + Ivel, 26 + + + _Jactus_, 100 + + Jaghatu, 100 + + Jahde, 100 + + Jahnbach, 68 + + _Jardanus_, 161 + + Jaxt, 100 + + Jesmen, 89 + + Jessava, 89 + + Jetza, 89 + + _Jezawa_, 89 + + Jisdra, 89 + + Joss, 89 + + Jug, 100 + + + Kalitva, 112 + + Kam, 139 + + Kama, 139 + + Kamp, 138 + + Kana, 144 + + Kander, 145 + + Karthaue, 161 + + Kels, 110 + + Kelvin, 113 + + Kemi, 139 + + Kenne, 144 + + Kent, 144 + + Kerr, 139 + + Kersch, 114 + + Khabur, 167 + + Khankova, 68 + + Klara, 149 + + Klodnitz, 80 + + Kln, 147 + + Kocher, 86 + + Kohary, 86 + + Kohlbach, 113 + + Kokel, 86 + + Kola, 164 + + Kolima, 164 + + Korol, 139 + + Koros, 114 + + Ksten, 158 + + Krems, 140 + + Kroma, 140 + + Krumbach, 140 + + Kuchelbach, 87 + + Kulpa, 113 + + Kur, 139 + + + Lagan, 45 + + Lahn, 45 + + _Laimaha_, 128 + + Laine, 45 + + Laith, 46 + + Lama, 128 + + Lambro, 129 + + Lamme, 128 + + Lammer, 129 + + Lamone, 129 + + Lamov, 128 + + _Lamus_, 129 + + Laucha, 45 + + Lauder, 148 + + Lauter, 148 + + Lave, 45 + + Lavino, 45 + + Leach, 44 + + Leam, 128 + + Lech, 44 + + Leck, 44 + + Lee, 44 + + Leen, 44 + + Legre, 44 + + Leiser, 147 + + Leith, 46 + + Leitha, 46 + + Leithan, 47 + + Leman, 129 + + Leman (Lake), 129 + + Lempe, 128 + + Lesse, 146 + + _Lethus_, 47 + + Leven, 45 + + Lez, 146 + + Lid, 46 + + Lida, 46 + + Lidden, 47 + + Liddle, 47 + + Lieser, 147 + + Liffar, 46 + + Liffey, 46 + + Ligne, 44 + + Lima, 128 + + Limen, 129 + + Limmat, 129 + + _Limyrus_, 129 + + _Liparis_, 170 + + Lipka, 46 + + Lippe, 46 + + Liver, 46 + + Liza, 146 + + Lizena, 146 + + Ljusne, 147 + + Lloughor, 45 + + Loing, 45 + + Loire, 44 + + Loiret, 14 + + Lomond (Loch), 129 + + Looe, 45 + + Loony, 45 + + Loose, 146 + + Lossie, 146 + + Lot, 72 + + Loue, 45 + + Louga, 45 + + Lougan, 45 + + Louven, 45 + + Lowna, 45 + + Lowther, 148 + + Luder, 148 + + Lug, 45 + + Lugan, 45 + + Lugano (Lake), 45 + + Lugar, 45 + + Luhe, 44 + + Lune, 45 + + Lutter, 148 + + Lye, 44 + + Lyme, 128 + + Lyon, 44 + + Lys, 44 + + + Maas, 142 + + Macestus, 61 + + Madder, 88 + + Madel, 88 + + Maese, 142 + + Magra, 60 + + Mahanuddy, 60 + + Maia, 60 + + Maig, 60 + + Main, 60 + + Maina, 60 + + March, 61 + + Mare, 62 + + Marecchia, 62 + + Mark, 61 + + Marne, 88 + + Marosch, 62 + + _Marsyas_, 62 + + Masie, 142 + + Mask (Lake), 62 + + _Matrinus_, 88 + + _Matrona_, 88 + + Maw, 60 + + Mawn, 60 + + May, 60 + + Mayenne, 127 + + Meal, 61 + + Mede, 88 + + _Medemelacha_, 126 + + Medinka, 126 + + _Medoacus_, 127 + + _Medofulli_, 126 + + Medvieditza, 127 + + Medway, 126 + + Medwin, 127 + + Megna, 60 + + Mehaigne, 60 + + Mehe, 88 + + Meissau, 142 + + _Melsus_, 151 + + Meon, 60 + + Mergui, 62 + + Mersey, 62 + + Metauro, 88 + + _Metema_, 127 + + Meuse, 142 + + Mhye, 60 + + Midou, 126 + + Miele, 61 + + Mies, 142 + + Milsibach, 151 + + Moder, 88 + + Moldau, 162 + + Moldava, 162 + + Mora, 61 + + Morava, 61 + + Morge, 61 + + Mrn, 62 + + Moselle, 142 + + Moskva, 62 + + Mourne, 62 + + Moy, 60 + + Moyne, 60 + + Muhr, 61 + + Mulde, 162 + + Mlmisch, 151 + + Muotta, 102 + + Murg, 61 + + Murr, 61 + + Murz, 62 + + Musone, 142 + + Muthvey, 102 + + + Naab, 50 + + Naaf, 50 + + _Nabalis_, 51 + + Nabon, 50 + + Nahe, 50 + + Nairn, 49 + + _Namadus_, 52 + + _Naparis_, 50 + + Nar, 49 + + Narenta, 49 + + Narew, 49 + + Naron, 49 + + Narova, 49 + + Narra, 49 + + Natisone, 88 + + Nave, 50 + + Naver, 50 + + Navia, 50 + + Ne, 177 + + Neagh (Lake), 49 + + Neath, 54 + + _Neda_, 54 + + Neers, 49 + + Neisse, 51 + + Nenagh, 49 + + Nene, 49 + + Nenny, 49 + + Nent, 49 + + Nera, 49 + + Nerja, 49 + + Nerussa, 177 + + Ness, 51 + + Neste, 51 + + _Nestus_, 51 + + Nethan, 54 + + Nethe, 54 + + Neutra, 88 + + Neva, 50 + + Never, 50 + + Nevis, 51 + + Nia, 177 + + _Nia_, 49 + + Nidd, 54 + + Nidder, 54 + + Nied, 54 + + Niemen, 50 + + Nievre, 50 + + Nisi, 51 + + Nissava, 51 + + Nith, 54 + + Nive, 50 + + Nivelle, 50 + + Noain, 88 + + Nodder, 88 + + _Noraha_, 49 + + Nore, 49 + + Now, 49 + + + _Oarus_, 39 + + Ock, 28 + + Ocker, 153 + + Odde, 176 + + Odder, 34 + + Oder, 34 + + Odon, 34 + + _Oenus_, 27 + + Oertze, 78 + + Ohm, 26 + + Ohre, 39 + + Ohrn, 40 + + Oich, 28 + + Oikell, 28 + + Oise, 32 + + Oka, 28 + + Oke, 28 + + Olle, 72 + + _Olmeius_, 130 + + _Oltis_, 72 + + Ombrone, 29 + + Oppa, 176 + + Orb, 109 + + Ore, 39 + + Orge, 41 + + Orla, 40 + + Orlyava, 40 + + Orlyk, 40 + + Orre, 40 + + Orrin, 40 + + _Orsinus_, 78 + + Orvanne, 109 + + _[OE]scus_, 31 + + Oskol, 31 + + Otter, 34 + + Ource, 78 + + Ourcq, 41 + + Ourt, 138 + + Ousche, 32 + + Oust, 158 + + Owenbeg, 164 + + Ovoca, 153 + + Oxus, 31 + + + Paar, 65 + + Pader, 132 + + _Padus_, 132 + + Palme, 67 + + Pant, 178 + + _Pantanus_, 132 + + Parde, 133 + + Parret, 83 + + _Parthenius_, 133 + + _Pathissus_, 132 + + _Paulo_, 178 + + Pebrach, 84 + + Pedder, 83 + + Peen, 81 + + Peffer, 83 + + Pelym, 67 + + _Peneus_, 82 + + Penjina, 82 + + Penk, 82--Note. + + Pennar, 82 + + Penza, 82 + + _Permessus_, 154 + + Pernau, 65 + + Persante, 101 + + Petteril, 83 + + Pever, 83 + + Pfreimt, 154 + + Piana, 82 + + Piave, 65 + + Piddle, 82 + + Pina, 82 + + Pinau, 82 + + Pindar, 83 + + _Pindus_, 82 + + Pinega, 82 + + Pinka, 82 + + Pitrenick, 83 + + Plaine, 65 + + Plau, 65 + + Plan-see (Lake), 66 + + Pleiske, 67 + + Pleisse, 66 + + _Pleistus_, 66 + + Pliusa, 66 + + Ploen (Lake), 66 + + Plone, 66 + + Plonna, 66 + + Plym, 67 + + Po, 131 + + Polota, 85 + + _Porata_, 115 + + Portva, 115 + + _Practius_, 167 + + Pravadi, 115 + + Pregel, 115 + + Primma, 154 + + Prims, 154 + + Pripet, 115 + + Pronia, 115 + + Prosna, 101 + + Prm, 154 + + Pruth, 115 + + Purally, 115 + + _Pydaras_, 83 + + _Pyramus_, 154 + + + Queiss, 158 + + Quenny, 145 + + Quipar, 177 + + + Raab, 120 + + _Rasa_, 96 + + Rasay, 96 + + Ravee, 102 + + Raven, 102 + + Rea, 43 + + Rednitz, 95 + + Reen, 43 + + Rega, 43 + + Regen, 43 + + Regge, 43 + + Reno, 43 + + Reuss, 96 + + Rezat, 96 + + _Rha_, 43 + + _Rhesus_, 96 + + Rhine, 43 + + Rhion, 43 + + _Rhodanus_, 95 + + _Rhodius_, 95 + + Rhone, 95 + + Riaza, 96 + + Riga, 43 + + Riss, 96 + + Robe, 102 + + Rodach, 95 + + Rodau, 95 + + Rodden, 95 + + Roer, 168 + + Rohrbach, 168 + + Ross, 96 + + Rosslau, 96 + + Rtel, 96 + + Roth, 95 + + Rotha, 95 + + Rothaine, 95 + + Rother, 96 + + Rott, 95 + + Rottach, 95 + + Roubion, 102 + + Ruhr, 168 + + Rye, 43 + + + Saale, 76 + + Saar, 55 + + _Sabis_, 59 + + Sabor, 59 + + _Sabrina_, 59 + + Saima (Lake), 119 + + Sal, 77 + + Salm, 166 + + _Salo_, 77 + + Salza, 151 + + Samara, 119 + + Sambre, 59, 119 + + San, 166 + + Saone, 119 + + Saraswati, 56 + + Saratovka, 56 + + _Sarayu_, 55 + + Sare, 55 + + Sark, 55 + + Sarnius, 56 + + Sarno, 56 + + Sarsonne, 56 + + Sarthe, 56 + + Sau, 59 + + _Sauconna_, 119 + + Save, 59 + + Savena, 59 + + Savezo, 59 + + Savio, 59 + + Savranka, 59 + + Sazawa, 98 + + _Scaldis_, 159 + + Scarr, 162 + + Scheer, 162 + + Scheldt, 159 + + Schie, 161 + + Schiltach, 159 + + Schmida, 53 + + Schnei, 52 + + Schondra, 99 + + Schozach, 99 + + Schunter, 99 + + Schupf, 101 + + Schussen, 99 + + Schutter, 99 + + Schwabach, 101 + + Schwale, 165 + + Schwalm, 166 + + Schwarza, 150 + + Schyrne, 162 + + _Scius_, 161 + + _Scopas_, 101 + + Seaton, 141 + + Seena, 166 + + Segre, 119 + + Segura, 119 + + Seille, 76 + + Seine, 119 + + Selle, 76 + + Selse, 151 + + Selune, 77 + + Sem, 119 + + Semoy, 119 + + Sempt, 119 + + Sena, 166 + + Senne, 166 + + _Senus_, 166 + + Seran, 56 + + Serchio, 55 + + Sered, 56 + + Sereth, 56 + + Serio, 55 + + Serre, 55 + + Serus, 55 + + _Sessites_, 98 + + Sestra, 99 + + Seugne, 119 + + Seva, 59 + + Sevan, 59 + + Severn, 59 + + _Severus_, 59 + + Sevre, 59 + + Sevron, 59 + + Shannon, 166 + + Sheaf, 101 + + Shere, 162 + + Shiel, 169 + + Shin, 166 + + Shira, 162 + + _Sicoris_, 119 + + Sid, 141 + + Sieg, 119 + + Sieve, 59 + + Sihl, 169 + + Silaro, 169 + + Sile, 169 + + Simmen, 119 + + Simmer, 119 + + _Simois_, 119, 169 + + Sinde, 23 + + Sitter, 141 + + Skerne, 162 + + Skippon, 101 + + Slaan, 77 + + Slaney, 77 + + Sneidbach, 52 + + Snyte, 52 + + Soar, 55 + + _Soastus_, 98 + + Soeste, 98 + + Soja, 119 + + Solman, 166 + + Somme, 119 + + Sora, 55 + + Sorg, 55 + + Sosna, 98 + + Sosterbach, 99 + + Sosva, 98 + + Souza, 98 + + Sow, 59 + + Sve, 59 + + Spean, 103 + + Spear, 103 + + Speier, 103 + + Spey, 103 + + Sprazah, 103 + + Spree, 103 + + Sprenzel, 104 + + Spressa, 104 + + Sprint, 103 + + Sprotta, 103 + + Str, 58 + + _Storas_, 58 + + Stort, 58 + + Stour, 58 + + Streu, 58 + + Stroud, 58 + + Strumon, 171 + + Stry, 58 + + Stura, 58 + + Styr, 58 + + Suchona, 119 + + Suck, 59 + + _Sucro_, 59 + + _Suevus_, 101 + + Suippe, 101 + + Suire, 59 + + Sula, 165 + + _Sulgas_, 165 + + Sullane, 165 + + Sulm, 166 + + Sur, 55 + + Sura, 55 + + Sure, 55 + + Suren, 56 + + Suss, 98 + + Sutledge, 26, 98 + + Sutoodra, 98 + + Suusaa, 98 + + Suzon, 98 + + Svart, 150 + + Svir, 55 + + Swale, 165 + + Swelly, 165 + + Swilly, 165 + + Swords, 56 + + _Syrmus_, 171 + + Szala, 151 + + + Ta (Loch), 135 + + _Tabuda_, 135 + + Tacon, 107 + + Tamar, 135 + + _Tamaris_, 135 + + Tambre, 135 + + Tame, 135 + + Tamuda, 136 + + Tamyras, 136 + + Tana, 135 + + Tanagro, 136 + + _Tanais_, 135 + + Tanaro, 135 + + Tanger, 136 + + _Tanus_, 135 + + Taptee, 135 + + Tara, 149 + + Tardoire, 105 + + Tarf, 69 + + Tarisa, 149 + + Tarn, 149 + + Taro, 149 + + Tartaro, 105 + + _Tartessus_, 105 + + Tarth, 105 + + Tauber, 37 + + Tavda, 135 + + Tave, 135 + + Tavus, 135 + + Tavy, 134 + + Taw, 134, 135 + + Tay, 135 + + Teane, 135 + + Tearne, 149 + + _Tearus_, 179 + + Tees, 106 + + Teesta, 107 + + Teign, 135 + + Tema, 135 + + Teme, 136 + + Temes, 136 + + Tengs, 136 + + Termon, 155 + + Tescha, 107 + + Tessin, 107 + + Test, 107 + + Teviot, 135 + + Thames, 136 + + Thaya, 136 + + Theiss, 107 + + Thiele, 106 + + Thur, 37 + + _Tiasa_, 107 + + Ticino, 107 + + Till, 105 + + Tilse, 106 + + Tim, 135 + + Timao, 135 + + _Timavus_, 135 + + Tivy, 135 + + Tollen, 106 + + Tom, 135 + + Torre, 37 + + Tosa, 107 + + Tss, 107 + + Touse, 107 + + Touvre, 37 + + Towy, 36 + + Trachino, 71 + + _Tragus_, 70 + + Traun, 69 + + Trave, 69 + + Trebbia, 69 + + Treja, 70 + + Trent, 141 + + Trento, 141 + + Trome, 70, 155 + + _Truentius_, 141 + + Truim, 70, 155 + + Tura, 37 + + Turija, 37 + + Turuntus, 141 + + Twiste, 158 + + Tzna, 52 + + + Uda, 176 + + Ufa, 176 + + Ui, 177 + + Uist, 158 + + Ulla, 89 + + Ullea, 89 + + Ulster, 89 + + _Umbro_, 28 + + Umea, 28 + + Unstrut, 58 + + Upa, 176 + + Ural, 40 + + _Urius_, 39 + + Urjumka, 122 + + Ursel, 78 + + Usk, 31 + + Uste, 158 + + _Uxella_, 31 + + + Vaga, 63 + + Vagai, 63 + + _Vahalis_, 63 + + Vakh, 63 + + Varano, 78 + + Vardar, 79 + + Varde, 79 + + Vardre, 79 + + Varese (Lake), 78 + + Vartrey, 79 + + Vayah, 63 + + Vegiaur, 64 + + Vegre, 63 + + Vehne, 146 + + Veile, 90 + + Veistritz, 158 + + Vel, 90 + + Velez, 91 + + Velino, 91 + + Vellaur, 91 + + Vende, 146 + + Vent, 145 + + Ver, 77 + + Verdon, 79 + + Vesdre, 158 + + Vesle, 158 + + Vever, 64 + + Veveyse, 64 + + Viaur, 63 + + Vie, 63 + + Vienne, 63 + + Vig, 63 + + Vilia, 90 + + Viliu, 90 + + Villa, 90 + + Vilna, 90 + + Vils, 91 + + Vindau, 146 + + _Vipasa_, 64 + + Vire, 77 + + Vistre, 158 + + Vistula, 158 + + Vlie, 65 + + Vliest, 66 + + Vliet, 66 + + Vodla, 34 + + Vosges, 63 + + + Waag, 63 + + Waal, 63 + + Wandle, 146 + + Warnau, 77 + + Warta, 79 + + Watawa, 34 + + Waveney, 63 + + Waver, 63 + + Wear, 34 + + Weaver, 64 + + Wegierka, 64 + + Weichsel, 158 + + Welland, 90 + + Welse, 91 + + Wente, 179 + + Wern, 77 + + Werre, 77 + + Wers, 78 + + Wertach, 78 + + Wetter, 34 + + Wey, 63 + + Wick, 63 + + Wien, 63 + + Wigger, 63 + + Willy, 90 + + Windau, 146 + + _Winderius_, 146 + + Windermere (Lake), 146 + + Wipper, 64 + + Wislauf, 158 + + Wisloka, 158 + + Woder, 34 + + Worse, 78 + + Wlpe, 73 + + Wupper, 64 + + Wurdah, 79 + + Wyck, 177 + + Wye, 63 + + + Xalon, 77 + + Xucar, 59 + + + Yssel, 33 + + Ythan, 35 + + + Zeyer, 59 + + Zorn, 56 + + Zna, 52 + + Zwettel, 158 + + Zwittau, 158 + + Zwittawa, 158 + + + + +R. AND J. STEEL, PRINTERS, 57, ENGLISH ST., CARLISLE. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900-8.txt or 35900-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/35900-8.zip b/35900-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e53ba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-8.zip diff --git a/35900-h.zip b/35900-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b36707 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-h.zip diff --git a/35900-h/35900-h.htm b/35900-h/35900-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dadf953 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-h/35900-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8383 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + h1,h2,h3 {clear: both; font-weight: normal;} + h1 {line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 2em;} + body > h3 {margin-bottom: 2em;} + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto; clear: both;} + table {margin: 1em auto;} + td {vertical-align: top;} + .tr1 td {padding-top: .75em;} + .td1 {text-align: justify; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; width: 20em;} + .td2 {text-align: left; padding-right: 2em; padding-left: .5em;} + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; right: 1%; font-size: small; font-style: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0;} + .center,h1,h2,h3,.hd1 {text-align: center;} + .rgt {text-align: right;} + .smcap,.smcapl {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcapl {text-transform: lowercase;} + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px; margin-top: 2em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; font-size: .8em;} + .poem {margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; width: 23em;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i16 {display: block; margin-left: 16em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .trn {border: solid 1px; margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: justify;} + a:link,a:visited {text-decoration: none;} + ul {list-style-type: none;} + .bk1 {margin-top: 6em;} + .p1 {padding-left: 4em; text-indent: -4em;} + .sp1 {font-size: 150%;} + .hd1 {margin-top: 2em; font-size: large;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trn"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> +Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Greek text appears as originally printed, but with a mouse-hover transliteration, <span title="Biblos">Βιβλος</span>.</div> + +<hr /> + +<h1><small><small>THE</small></small><br /> +<big>RIVER-NAMES</big><br /> +<small><small><small>OF</small></small></small><br /> +EUROPE.</h1> + +<h2><big>BY ROBERT FERGUSON.</big></h2> + +<div class="bk1 center">WILLIAMS & NORGATE,<br /> +<small>14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON;<br /> +AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH,<br /> +CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL.<br /> +<br /> +1862.</small></div> + +<hr /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>The object of the present work is to arrange and +explain the names of European Rivers on a more +comprehensive principle than has hitherto been attempted +in England, or, to the best of my belief, in +Germany.</p> + +<p>I am conscious that, like every other work of the +same sort, it must necessarily, and without thereby +impugning its general system, be subject to correction +in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a +more exact knowledge of the characteristics of the +various rivers than can possibly in all cases come +within the scope of individual research.</p> + +<p>Among the writers to whom I am most indebted +is Ernst Förstemann, who, in the second volume of +his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first consisting of +the names of persons), has collected, explained, and +where possible, identified, the ancient names of places +in Germany. The dates affixed to most of the German +rivers are taken from this work, and refer to the +earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere.</p> + +<p>I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as +usual, given the titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's +"Local Etymology," and to the work of Gluck, +entitled "Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommende Keltische +namen."</p> + +<p class="rgt">ROBERT FERGUSON.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<p>The first wave of Asian immigration that +swept over Europe gave names to the great +features of nature, such as the rivers, long +before the wandering tribes that composed +it settled down into fixed habitations, and +gave names to their dwellings and their +lands. The names thus given at the outset +may be taken therefore to contain some of +the most ancient forms of the Indo-European +speech. And once given, they have in many, +if not in most cases remained to the present +day, for nothing affords such strong resistance +to change as the name of a river. The +smaller streams, variously called in England +and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and +whose shores were portioned out among +but a few settlers, readily yielded up their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +ancient names at the bidding of their new +masters. But the river that flowed past, +coming they knew not whence, and going +they knew not whither—upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as +themselves, and all as much entitled to +give it a name as they—was naturally, as a +matter of common convenience, allowed to +retain its original appellation.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, it might happen that a river +such as the Danube, which runs more than +a thousand miles as the crow flies—being +divided between two great and perfectly distinct +races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two +different names. So we find that while in +its upper part it was called the Danube, in +its lower part it was known as the Ister—the +former, says Zeuss (<i>Die Deutschen</i>), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian +name. So the Saone also was anciently +known both as the Arar and the Sauconna—the +latter, according to Zeuss, being its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +Celtic name. And Latham, (<i>Tacitus</i>, <i>Germania</i>,) +makes a similar suggestion respecting +the Rhine—"It is not likely that the +Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of +Switzerland, gave the same name to the very +different parts of their common river." It +does not follow then as a matter of course—though +we must accept it as the general rule—that +the name by which a river is known +at the present day, when it happens to be +different from that recorded in history, is in +all cases the less ancient of the two. There +might originally have been two names, one +of which has been preserved in history, and +the other retained in modern use.</p> + +<p>It is also to be observed, that in the case +of one race coming after another—say Germans +or Slaves after Celts—while the newcomers +retained the old names, they yet often +added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are +compounded of two words of different languages, +and in not a few cases both signifying +water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + +<p>The names thus given at the outset were +of the utmost simplicity, rarely, if ever, containing +a compound idea. They were indeed +for the most part simple appellatives, being +most commonly nothing more than words +signifying water. But these words, once established +as names, entered into a different +category. The words might perish, but the +names endured. The words might change, +but the names did not follow their changes. +Inasmuch as they were both subject to the +same influences, they would most probably in +the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of +the language, they would not be regulated +in their changes by it. Moreover, in their +case a fresh element came into operation, for, +being frequently adopted by races speaking +a different language, they became subject to +the special phonetic tendencies of the new +tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the +same word, appear in a variety of different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +forms. The most important phonetic modifications +I take to be those of the kind referred +to in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>There is no branch of philological enquiry +which demands a wider range than that of +the origin of the names of rivers. All trace +of a name may be lost in the language in +which it was given—we may have to seek +for its likeness through the whole Indo-European +family—and perhaps not find it +till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. +Thus the name of the Humber is probably +of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words +that we find are the Lat. <i>imber</i> and the +Gr. <span title="ombros">ὄμβρος</span>, till we come to the Sansc. <i>ambu</i>, +water. Celtic also probably are the names +of the Hodder and the Otter, but the words +most nearly cognate are the Gr. <span title="hydôr">ὕδωρ</span> and the +Lith. <i>audra</i>, (fluctus), till we come to the +Sansc. <i>ud</i>, water.</p> + +<p>Again, there are others on which we can +find nothing whatever to throw light till +we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +Drave and the Trave, for which Bopp proposes +Sansc. <i>dravas</i>, flowing. And the Arve +in Savoy, which I cannot explain till I come +to the Sansc. <i>arb</i> or <i>arv</i>, to ravage or destroy, +cognate with Lat. <i>orbo</i>, Eng. <i>orphan</i>, +&c. And—far as we have to seek for it—how +true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and +how it will come home to the frequenters +of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember +how, within the last few years, its +pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, +and their ruined tenants driven out like +"orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted +snows, cast its waters into the Rhone, +that it seems to drive back the latter river +into the lake from whence it issues. And +Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current +of the Rhone were made for some hours +to revolve in the opposite direction, and to +grind their corn backwards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus then, though we may take it that +the prevailing element in the river-names +of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for +assistance to all the languages that are cognate. +And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, +we shall often find that the nearer we come +to the fountain-head, the clearer and the +more distinct will be the derivation. It will +be seen also throughout the whole of these +pages that, in examining the names of rivers, +we must take not only a wide range of philological +enquiry, but also an extensive comparison +of these names one with another.</p> + +<p>The first step in the investigation is of +course to ascertain, whenever it is possible, +the most ancient forms in which these names +are found. We should scarcely suspect a +relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the +ancient name of the one was Icene, and of +the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose +that the Rodden of Shropshire was identical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +with the French Rhone, did we not know +that the original name of the latter was the +Rhodănus.</p> + +<p>In this, as in most other departments of +philology, the industry of the Germans has +been the most conspicuous. And Ernst +Förstemann in particular, who has extracted +and collated the ancient names of places in +Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished +a store of the most valuable materials.</p> + +<p>And yet after all there will be occasions +on which all the resources of philology will +be unavailing. Then we can but gather +together the members of the family and wait +till science shall reveal us something of their +parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders +among the pleasant meads of Devon—the +Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of +the thrifty Dutch—the Alma that courses +through the dark pine forests of the far +North—the Almo that waters the sacred +vale of Egeria—and the Alma, whose name +brings sorrow and pride to many an English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +household—all contain one wide-spread and +forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>ON THE ENDINGS <i>a</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>er</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>el</i>.</h3> + +<p>We find that while there are many names +of rivers which contain nothing more than +the simple root from which they are derived, +as the Cam, the Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, +&c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal +are <i>a</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>er</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>el</i>. Thus the Roth +in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, +and the Röt(el) in Germany, contain +the same with four different endings. The +German Ise shows a simple root, and the +Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch +Yss(el), Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with +five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the +Tham(es), &c. The question is—what is +the value and meaning of these various additions?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<p>With respect to the ending in <i>a</i>, found in +some English rivers, there is reason to think +that it is a word signifying water—the Old +Norse <i>â</i>, Goth. <i>ahva</i>, Lat. <i>aqua</i>, &c. So that +the <i>a</i> in Rotha may be the same as the <i>a</i> in +the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea—as +the <i>au</i> in the Germ. Donau (Danube)—and +as the <i>ava</i> in the Moldava of Austrian +Poland.</p> + +<p>Others of these endings have by different +writers been supposed to be also words signifying +water. Thus Donaldson (<i>Varronianus</i>), +takes the ending <i>es</i> to have that +meaning. And Förstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for +the termination <i>ar</i> or <i>er</i>. "I allow myself +here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names +which contain an <i>ar</i> as the concluding +part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to +assume a simple suffix seems to me in this +case rather niggardly." So also the ending +<i>en</i> has been supposed by some of our own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh <i>aven</i>, Gael. +<i>amhainn</i>, water or river, an opinion which +has also, though to a more limited extent, +received the sanction of Pott.</p> + +<p>There are various minor objections to the +above theories which I forbear to urge, because +I think that the main argument against them +is to be found in the manner in which these +endings run through the whole European +system of river-names. And it seems to me +therefore more reasonable to refer them to a +general principle which pervades the Indo-European +languages, than to a particular +word of a particular language. The principle +I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, +and it is that upon which the above word +<i>aven</i> or <i>amhainn</i>, is itself formed from a +simple root, by one of the very endings in +question, that in <i>en</i>. Instead then of explaining—as +the followers of the above system +have done—the Saone (Sagonna) by +the Celt. <i>sogh-an</i>, "sluggish river", I prefer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +to point to the general principle upon which +the root <i>sogh</i> has the power, so to speak, of +making itself into <i>soghan</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, in Lat. <i>segn-is</i>.)</p> + +<p>Not but that the principle contended for +by the above writers may obtain in some +cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the +Garonne, looks like one of them, though +even in this case I think that the latter +may be the proper form, and the former +only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna.</p> + +<p>Then again the question arises whether, +seeing that <i>en</i> and <i>es</i> in the Celtic tongues, +and <i>el</i> in the Germanic, have the force of +diminution, this may not be the meaning +in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (<i>Die +Deutschen</i>), suggests this in the case of +the Havel and the Moselle; but seeing +that one of these rivers has a course of 180 +and the other of 265 miles, I think they +might rather be adduced to prove that these +endings are not diminutive. We may cite +also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany +we have two rivers close together, the +great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or Arila)—here +seems the very case for a diminutive, +yet both rivers have the same ending. Not +but that there are instances of a diminutive +in river-names, but they seem of later formation. +Thus there is no reason to doubt +that the French Loiret, which is a small +river falling into the large one, means "the +little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to +the opinion, which seems in the main that of +Förstemann, that, at least as the general +rule, these endings are simply phonetic, and +that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, <i>en</i> is +the principal phonetic particle—<i>e.g.</i>, English +bow, Germ. bog<i>en</i>—Germ. rabe, Eng. rav<i>en</i>—Lat. +virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg<i>in</i>. But +we have also traces in English of a similar +phonetic <i>er</i>, (<i>see Latham's Handbook of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +the Eng. Language, p. 199</i>). The general +reader will understand better what is here +intended by comparing our words maid and +maid<i>en</i>. Between these two words there is +not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning—the ending <i>en</i> is merely +added for the sake of the sound, or, in other +words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference +then that there is between our words +maid and maiden I take to be between the +names of our rivers Lid and Lidden. The +ending in both cases serves, if I may use the +expression, to give a sort of finish to the +word.</p> + +<p>The question then arises—supposing these +endings to be phonetic—were they given in +the first instance, or have they accrued in +after times? It is probable that both ways +might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been +the case. Thus the Medina in the Isle of +Wight was once called the Mede, and the +Shannon of Ireland stands in Ptolemy as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +the Senus. On the other hand cases are +more frequent in which the ending has been +dropped. Thus the Yare is called by Ptolemy +the Garrhuenus, <i>i.e.</i>, the Garron or +Yarron. And the Teme appears in Anglo-Saxon +charters as the Taméde or Teméde. +Indeed the Thames itself would almost seem, +by having become a monosyllable, to have +taken the first step of a change which has +been arrested for ever. So in Germany the +Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in +charters of the 8th and 9th cent., as the +Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And +in France the Isara and the Oscara have in +modern times become respectively the Oise +and the Ousche; in both these two cases +the ending <i>er</i> has been dropped; for Oise=<i>is</i>, +not <i>isar</i>; and Ousche=<i>osc</i>, not <i>oscar</i>.</p> + +<p>This latter principle is indeed only in +accordance with the general tendency of +language towards what Max Müller terms +"phonetic decay"—a principle which seems +less active in the rude than in the cultivated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +stages of society. It would appear as if +civilization sought to compensate itself for +the increased requirements of its expression, +by the simplification of its forms, and the +rejection of its superfluous sounds.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole then I think that as the +general rule these endings have been given +in the first instance, and that they have but +rarely accrued in after times. Such being +the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing +to the sense, yet in another point of view +they may be called formative, as being the +particles by means of which words are constructed +out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in +some language, or in some dialect, are still +living words. And those that are not, are +formed regularly upon the same principle, +common to the Indo-European system.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES.</h3> + +<p>The names of rivers may be divided into +two classes, appellative and descriptive—or +in other words, into those which describe a +river simply as "the water" or "the river," +and those which refer to some special quality +or property of its own.</p> + +<p>In the case of a descriptive name we may +be sure that it has been given—not from +any fine-drawn attribute, but from some +obvious characteristic—not from anything +which we have to seek, but from something +which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." +If a stream be very rapid and impetuous—if +its course be winding and tortuous—if +its waters be very clear or very turbid—these +are all marked features which would +naturally give it a name.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<p>But such derivations as the following +from Bullet can only serve to provoke a +smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he +says—"Abounding in excellent trouts—<i>van</i>, +good, <i>dluz</i>, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the +derivation, and not the derivation for the +trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says—"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt +signifies surprising, prodigious, marvellous." +Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though +nothing can be more childish than many of +his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually +the notable feature in each case under consideration, +a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect.</p> + +<p>River-names, in relation to their meaning, +may be ranked under seven heads.</p> + +<p class="p1">1. Those which describe a river simply as +"the water," "the river." Parallel with +this, and under the same head, we may +take the words which describe a river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +as "that which flows," because the root-meaning +of most of the words signifying +water is, that which flows, that which +runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, +there may be sometimes fine shades of +difference which we cannot now perceive, +and which would remove the +names out of this class into the next +one.</p> + +<p class="p1">2. Those which, passing out of the appellative +into the descriptive, characterize a +river as that which runs violently, that +which flows gently, or that which +spreads widely.</p> + +<p class="p1">3. Those which describe a river by the +nature of its course, as winding, crooked, +or otherwise.</p> + +<p class="p1">4. Those which refer to the quality of its +waters, as clear, bright, turbid, or otherwise.</p> + +<p class="p1">5. Those which refer to the sound made by +its waters.</p> + +<p class="p1">6. Those which refer to the nature of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +source, or the manner of its formation, +as by the confluence of two or more +streams.</p> + +<p class="p1">7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or +as a protection.</p> + +<p>Under one or other of the above heads +may be classed the greater part of the river-names +of Europe.</p> + +<p>And how dry and unimaginative a list it +is! We dive deep into the ancient language +of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but +we recall none of the religious veneration to +the personified river which is so strikingly +manifest even to the present day. As we +read in the Vedas of three thousand years +ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit +of the stream for a safe passage, so we read +in the newspapers of to-day of the pilgrims, +as the train rattled over the iron bridge, +casting their propitiatory offerings into the +river below. We seek for word-meanings in +the classical tongue of Greece, but they +come up tinged with no colour of its graceful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +myths. Few and far between are the +cases—and even these are doubtful, to say +the least—in which anything of fancy, of +poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in +the river-names of Europe.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>APPELLATIVES.</h3> + +<p>The great river of India, which has given +its name to that country, is derived from +Sansc. <i>sindu</i>, Persian <i>hindu</i>, water or sea. +It was known to the ancients under its present +name 500 years <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly +the Sansc. form, as the Indus does the Persian. +It will be seen that there are some +other instances of this word in the ancient +or modern river-names of Europe.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Indus</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sinde</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Indus</span> ant., now the Tavas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Indis</span> ant., now the Dain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Inda</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Inde</span> near Aix-la-Chapelle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Inda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Indre</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The most widely spread root is the Sansc. +<i>ap</i>, Goth. <i>ahva</i>, Old High Germ. <i>aha</i>, Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +Norse <i>â</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>ea</i>, Lat. <i>aqua</i>, &c. With +the form <i>ahva</i> Fürst connects Ahava as the +name of a river in the district of Babylon, +mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21—"Then +I proclaimed a fast there at the river of +Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would +rather seem that Ahava was a place and not +a river—"and I gathered them together to +the river that <i>runneth</i> to Ahava." The place +might certainly, as in many other cases, take +its name from the river on which it stood, +but this is one step further into the dark. +From the root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i> is formed Latin +<i>amnis</i>, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. <i>abnas</i>. Also the +Celt. <i>auwon</i>, <i>avon</i>, <i>abhain</i>, or <i>amhain</i>, of the +same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. <i>abh</i>, water. The Old German +<i>aha</i>, <i>awa</i>, <i>ava</i>, or <i>afa</i>, signifying water +or river, is added to many names of that +country which are themselves probably of +Celtic or other origin; the form in Modern +German is generally <i>ach</i> or <i>au</i>. The ending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +in <i>a</i> of some English rivers, as the Rotha, +Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; +this form corresponds most nearly with the +Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the +Caldew in Cumberland, which seem to show +the Germ. form <i>au</i> or <i>ow</i>. The ending <i>ick</i> +or <i>ock</i> in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock +and the Errick, may be from a word of +similar meaning, most probably the obs. +Gael. <i>oich</i>.</p> + +<p>I divide the widely spread forms from this +root for convenience into two groups, <i>ap</i> or +<i>av</i>, and <i>ach</i> or <i>ah</i>. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. <span title="hippos">ἵππος</span>, Lat. +<i>equus</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>eoh</i>, horse, three words similarly +formed from one root. The European +names in the following group I take to be +most probably from the Celtic—the Asiatic, +if they come in, must be referred to the +Sanscrit, or a kindred and coeval tongue.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="1"> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ive</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avia</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ipfa</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ipf</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypius</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avon</span> and <span class="smcap">Evan</span>. Many rivers in England, Scotland, and Wales.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amon</span>, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, called the <span class="smcap">Almond</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aven</span>. Dep. Finistère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Amana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ohm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypanis</span> ant., now the Sutledge—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Evenus</span> ant., now the Sandarli—here? <span class="smcap">Amnias</span> ant., probably here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Abana</span> ant., now the Barrada—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avre</span>. Dep. Eure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ivarus</span>, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. <span class="smcap">Epar(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ebr(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Iberus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ebro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hebrus</span> ant., now the Maritza.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ivel</span>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Somers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Apula</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Appel(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ipoly</span> or <span class="smcap">Eypel</span>. Joins the Danube.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ibisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ips</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aviz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypsas</span> ant., now the Belici.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Apsus</span> ant., now the Beratinos.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A related form to No. 2 of the above +group I take to be <i>ain</i> = Manx <i>aon</i> for <i>avon</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aune</span>, Devonshire. The <span class="smcap">Ehen</span>, Cumberland. The <span class="smcap">Inney</span>, Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aenus</span> of Tacitus, now the <span class="smcap">Inn</span>. The <span class="smcap">Ihna</span>, Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oenus</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And I place here also a form <i>annas</i>, +which I take to be = Sansc. <i>abnas</i>, Latin +<i>amnis</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Annas</span>. Gwalior.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Anisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ens</span> in Austria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anza</span>. Joins the Tosa.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the other form <i>ah</i>, <i>ach</i>, there may be +more admixture of the German element.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +But the English names, I take it, are all +Celtic. The form <i>ock</i> comes nearest to the +obs. Gael. <i>oich</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ock</span>, Berks. The <span class="smcap">Oke</span>, Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oich</span>, river and lake. The <span class="smcap">Awe</span>, Argyle. The <span class="smcap">Eye</span>, Berwicks.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aa</span>. Dep. Nord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aach</span> and the <span class="smcap">Au</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aa</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oka</span> and the <span class="smcap">Aa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oikell</span>. Sutherland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aquila</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eichel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the Sanscrit root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i> is to be +connected Sanscrit <i>ambu</i>, <i>ambhas</i>, water, +whence Latin <i>imber</i> and Gr. <span title="ombros">ὄμβρος</span>. If the +Abus of Ptolemy was the name of the river +Humber, it contains the oldest and simplest +form of the root. But the river is called +the Humbre in the earliest Ang.-Sax. records. +I class in this group also the forms in <i>am</i> +and <i>em</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emme</span>. Berkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ema</span>, 10th ct., now the <span class="smcap">Eem</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Umea</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emba</span>, also called the Djem.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emmen</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Humber</span>. Humbre, <i>Cod. Dip.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amber</span>. Derbyshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ammer</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Emmer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Umbro</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ombrone</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amble</span> or <span class="smcap">Hamble</span>. Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amele</span> or <span class="smcap">Emele</span>, now the Mole, in Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hamel</span>. Hanover.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambl(ava)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ambl(ève)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hamps</span>. Stafford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amasse</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Amisia</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Ems</span> in Westphalia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Emisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ems</span> in Nassau.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambastus</span> ant. Now the Camboja.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>The whole of the above forms are to be +traced back to the Sanscrit verb <i>ab</i> or <i>amb</i>, +signifying to move; and that probably to a +more simple verb <i>â</i>. The Old Norse <i>â</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>eâ</i>, water or river, contain then a root +as primitive as language can show. We can +resolve it into nothing simpler—we can trace +it back to nothing older. And it is curious +to note how the Latin <i>aqua</i> has, in the +present French word <i>eau</i>, come round again +once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions +many of the words, as the Avon, the Humber, +&c., have grown, and yet without adding +one particle of meaning, as I hold, to the +primeval <i>â</i>.</p> + +<p>The root of the following group seems to +be Sansc. <i>ux</i> or <i>uks</i>, to water, whence Welsh +<i>wysg</i>, Irish <i>uisg</i>, Old Belg. <i>achaz</i>, water or +river. Hence also Eng. <i>ooze</i>, and according +to Eichoff (<i>Parrallele des langues</i>), also +<i>wash</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="15">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="6"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Axe</span>, Devon. The <span class="smcap">Axe</span>, Somers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ash</span>, Wilts. <i>Cod. Dip.</i> <span class="smcap">Asce</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isaca</span>, or <span class="smcap">Isca</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Exe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esk</span>, Cumb. <span class="smcap">Eske</span>, Yorks.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esk</span>, in Scotland, five rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Usk</span>, in Monmouthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isac</span>. Dep. Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esque</span>. Normandy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Achase</span>. Dauphiné.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Achaza</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eschaz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Acarse</span>,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Axe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ahse</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mœsia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Œscus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aces</span> ant. (Herodotus), now the <span class="smcap">Oxus</span> or Amou.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Axius</span> ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> <span class="smcap">Axus</span> or <span class="smcap">Oaxes</span> in Crete, still retains its name.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Axona</span> ant. (Cæsar.) Now the <span class="smcap">Aisne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ascania</span> ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other in Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Uxella</span> ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be the Parret.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eskle</span>, Hereford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Iscala</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ischl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oskol</span>. Joins the Donetz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oscara</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ousche</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hisscar</span>, 9th cent., seems not to be identified.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here the root <i>is</i>, +respecting which Förstemann observes that +it is "a word found in river-names over a +great part of Europe, but the etymology of +which is as yet entirely unknown." I connect +it with the above group, referring also +to the Old Norse <i>is</i> motus, <i>isia</i>, proruere, as +perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name <span class="smcap">Ouse</span> either in this group +or the last, for two at least of the rivers so +called are so very tortuous in their course +as to make us think of the Welsh <i>osgo</i>, +obliquity.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ise</span> and the <span class="smcap">Eis(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Issus</span> ant., now the Baias—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Isen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isara</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Isère</span> and the <span class="smcap">Oise</span>.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isara</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Isar</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isla</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isolé</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isela</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Yssel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esla</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isis</span>, vulg. Ouse.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isset</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">7.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>In a compound form.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2">The <span class="smcap">Ister</span>, or Danube, perhaps = <span class="smcap">Is-ster</span>, from a word <i>ster</i>, a river, hereafter noticed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Ismenus</span> ant., in Bœotia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word <i>man</i> or <i>mon</i>, probably signifying water or river, and found in several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmühl, the Haliacmon of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Hesudros</span>, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. <i>udra</i>, water), may also come in.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>ud</i>, water—in comp. +<i>udra</i>, as in <i>samudra,</i> the sea, <i>i.e.</i>, collection +of waters, (see also Hesudros above)—come +Sansc. <i>udon</i>, Gr. <span title="hydôr">ὕδωρ</span>, Slav. <i>woda</i>, Goth. +<i>wato</i>, Germ. <i>wasser</i>, Eng. <i>water</i>, Lith. <i>audra</i>, +fluctus, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Adua</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Adda</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wat(awa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aden(oua)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aden(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odder</span> and the <span class="smcap">Otter</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Woder</span>, Dorset. Woder, <i>Cod. Dip.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Adur</span> in Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vedra</span> of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to Pott, comes in here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aturus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Adour</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Audura</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Eure</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Odora</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Oder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wetter(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wetter</span>.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn.</i><a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Adrana</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Edrenos</span>. Anc. Rhyndacus.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vodla</span>. Lake and river.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>To the above root I also put a form in <i>ed</i>, +corresponding with Welsh <i>eddain</i>, to flow, +Ang.-Sax. <i>edre</i>, a water-course, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eden</span>. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eden</span> and the <span class="smcap">Ythan</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Iton</span>. Joins the Eure.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ettr(ick)</span>. Joins the Tweed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Eiter(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Eitr(ach)</span><a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>, the <span class="smcap">Eiter(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Aiter(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Eidora</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Eider</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Idle</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Idasa</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Itz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the above may perhaps also be +classed the Celtic <i>and</i> or <i>ant</i>,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> to which +Mone, (<i>Die Gallische sprache</i>), gives the +meaning of water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ant</span>. Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anton</span>.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Hants.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Andria</span> ant. Now the Lindre.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Andelle</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Antil(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Andel(au)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>To the Celt. <i>dubr</i>, Welsh <i>dwfr</i>, water, +are by common consent referred the names +in the second division of the undermentioned. +But the forms <i>dub</i>, <i>duv</i>, which in +accordance with the general system here advocated, +I take to be the older and simpler +form of the word, are, by Zeuss (<i>Gramm. +Celt.</i>), as well as most English writers, referred +to Welsh <i>du</i>, Gael. <i>dubh</i>, black.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dove</span>. Staffordshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dow</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tobius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Towy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dovy</span>, Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dubis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Doubs</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Doux</span>, joins the Rhine.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr.</i><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dobur</span> ant., retains its name.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Touvre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dubra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Tauber</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Daubr(awa)</span>, Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dubissa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another Celtic word for water is <i>dur</i>, +which, however, seems more common in the +names of towns (situated upon waters) than +in the names of rivers. Is this word formed +by syncope from the last, as <i>duber</i> = <i>dur</i>? +Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. +<i>drâ</i> or <i>dur</i>, to move?</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Durra</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span title="Douras">Δοῦρας</span>, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switz.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dura</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Thur</span>.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duria</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Dora</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Turrus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Torre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Durius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Douro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tura</span>. Siberia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Turija</span>. Russ. Poland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duranius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Dordogne</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In this chapter is to be included the +root <i>ar</i>, respecting which I quote the following +remarks of Förstemann. "The meaning +of river, water, must have belonged to +this wide-spread root, though I never find +it applied as an appellative, apart from the +obsolete Dutch word <i>aar</i>, which Pott produces. +I also nowhere find even an attempt +to explain the following river-names from +any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit +itself shows me no likely word approaching +it, unless perhaps we think of <i>ara</i>, swift +(<i>Petersburger Wörterbuch</i>)."</p> + +<p>The root, I apprehend, like that of most +other river-names, is to be found in a verb +signifying to move, to go—the Sansc. <i>ar</i>, <i>ir</i> +or <i>ur</i>, Lat. <i>ire</i>, <i>errare</i>, &c. And we are not +without an additional trace of the sense we +want, as the Basque has <i>ur</i>, water, <i>errio</i>, a +river, and the Hung. has <i>er</i>, a brook. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +sense of swiftness, as found in Sansc. <i>ara</i>, +may perhaps intermix in the following names. +But there is also a word of precisely opposite +meaning, the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, whence +Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives +the name of the Arar (or Saone), a river +noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination +see page 11.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, Radnor. The <span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ore</span>. Joins the Alde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, lake and river, Sligo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Auray</span>. Dep. Morbihan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ahr</span>, near Bonn, the <span class="smcap">Ohre</span>, which joins the Elbe, and the <span class="smcap">Ohre</span> in Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of Ara.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ur(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aur(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ara</span>, ant. The <span class="smcap">Aar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Era</span>. Joins the Arno.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urius</span> ant., now the Rio Tinte.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oarus</span> (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arun</span>, Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orrin</span> and the <span class="smcap">Earne</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Erne</span>, Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oorana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Orre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arn(ape)</span>, 8th cent., (<i>ap</i>, water), now the <span class="smcap">Erft</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ohrn</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Tuscany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arnus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Arno</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Erl(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Erla</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urula</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Erl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arla</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Arl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orla</span>. Joins the Saale.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Savoy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arly</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Slavonia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orly(ava)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ural</span> and the <span class="smcap">Orl(yk)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From <i>ar</i> and <i>ur</i>, to move, the Sanscrit +forms <i>arch</i> and <i>urj</i>, with the same meaning, +but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, +if we may judge by some of the derivatives, +as Lat. <i>urgeo</i>, &c. In two of the three appellatives +which I find, the Basque <i>erreca</i>, +brook, and the Lettish <i>urga</i>, torrent, we may +trace this sense; but in the third, Mordvinian +(a Finnish dialect), <i>erke</i>, lake, it is +altogether wanting. And on the whole, I +cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. <i>arg</i>, white, +which has been generally adduced as the +etymon of these names, may intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arke</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irk</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ourcq</span>. Dep. Aisne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orge</span> and the <span class="smcap">Arc</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Herk</span>. Prov. Limburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arc</span>. Joins the Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arga</span>. Joins the Aragon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aragus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Arak</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arguna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Argen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Argun</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aragon</span>. Joins the Ebro.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irkut</span>. Joins the Angara.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arques</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irghiz</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending enz.</i><a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Argenza</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ergers</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>ri</i>, to flow, Gr. <span title="rheô">ῥεω</span>, Lat. +<i>rigo</i> (often applied to rivers—"Qua Ister +Getas rigat," <i>Tibullus</i>), Sansc. <i>rinas</i>, fluid, +Old Sax. <i>rîha</i>, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. <i>regen</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +Eng. <i>rain</i>, Slav. <i>rêka</i>, a stream, Welsh <i>rhe</i>, +rapid, <i>rhean</i>, <i>rhen</i>, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus +derives from Germ. <i>regen</i>, rain, in reference +to the unusual amount of rain-fall which +occurs in the Böhmer-wald, where it has its +source. Butmann derives it from Wend. and +Slav. <i>rêka</i>, a stream, connecting its name +also with that of the Rhine. Both these +derivations I think rather too narrow.</p> + +<p>With respect to the Rhine I quote the +following opinions. Armstrong derives it +from Celt. <i>reidh-an</i>, a smooth water, than +which nothing can be more unsuitable—the +characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Cæsar and Tacitus downwards—being +that of rapidity. Donaldson +compares it with Old Norse <i>renna</i>, fluere, +and makes Rhine = Anglo-Saxon <i>rin</i>, cursus +aquæ. Grimm (<i>Deutsch. Gramm.</i>) compares +it with Goth. <i>hrains</i>, pure, clear, and thinks +that "in any case we must dismiss the derivation +from <i>rinnan</i>, fluere." Zeuss and Förstemann<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +support the opinion of Grimm; +nevertheless, all three agree in thinking that +the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest +word, as it seems to me, is Welsh <i>rhean</i>, +<i>rhen</i>, a stream, cognate with Sansc. <i>rinas</i>, +fluid, Old Norse <i>renna</i>, fluere, and (as I +suppose), with Goth. <i>hrains</i>, pure.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rea</span>. Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wrey</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rye</span>. Joins the Liffey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rega</span>. Pomerania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Regge</span>. Joins the Vecht.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riga</span>. Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rha</span> ant., now the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Regin</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Regen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhenus</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Rhine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhin</span>. Joins the Havel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhine</span>. A small stream near Cassel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reno</span> by Bologna.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asiat. Russ.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhion</span>, ant. Phasis.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>lî</i>, to wet, moisten, spreads into +many forms through the Indo-European languages. +I divide them for convenience into +two groups, and take first Lat. <i>liqueo</i>, Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +Norse <i>leka</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>lecan</i> (stillare, rigare), +Gael. and Ir. <i>li</i>, sea, Gael. <i>lia</i>, Welsh <i>lli</i>, +<i>llion</i>, a stream. Most of the following names, +I take it, are Celtic. I am not sure that the +sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lee</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leach</span>. Gloucestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lee</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Licus</span>, 2nd cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lech</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lia</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Luhe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Legia</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lys</span>.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leck</span>. Joins the Maas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lye</span>. Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leen</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lyon</span> and the <span class="smcap">Lyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ligne</span>. Dep. Ardéche.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Legre</span> by Leicester, now the Soar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Liger</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Loire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Legre</span>. Dep. Gironde.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>For the second group I take Lat. <i>lavo</i>, <i>luo</i>, +Old Norse <i>lauga</i>, lavare, Anglo-Saxon <i>lagu</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +water, Gael. <i>lo</i>, water, Gael. and Ir. <i>loin</i>, +stream. In this group there may perhaps +be something more of the Germain element, +<i>e.g.</i>, in the rivers of Scandinavia.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lug</span>. Hereford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Looe</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loue</span>. Dep. Haute Vienne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Louch(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Laucha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Loua</span>, 10th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Finland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Luga</span> or <span class="smcap">Louga</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="15">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lune</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Laine</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leven</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leven</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lagan</span>, near Belfast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Luna</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Loing</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Logan(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lahn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lowna</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lougan</span>. Joins the Glommen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Louven</span>. Stift Christiana.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lugan</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lavino</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The lake <span class="smcap">Lugano</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loony</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lugar</span>. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lloughor</span>. Glamorgan.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>To the above root I also place the following, +corresponding more distinctly with +Welsh <i>llifo</i>, to pour.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liffey</span> by Dublin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Luppia</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Lippe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lip(ka)</span>. Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liver</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liver</span>. Argyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liffar</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>More remotely with the Sansc. <i>lî</i>, liquere, +and directly with Welsh <i>lleithio</i>, to moisten, +<i>llyddo</i>, to pour, Gael. <i>lith</i>, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. <i>leithus</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>lidh</i>, liquor, +poculum, potus, I connect the following. The +rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out +the special idea of smoothness, which we +might be apt to infer from the root, and +from the character of the mythological river +Lethe.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td rowspan="6"></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lid</span>. Joins the Tamar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leith</span>. Co. Edinburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Laith</span>, now called the Dyfr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lit(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Leitha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lida</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leitha</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="center" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 300%;">}</span></td><td class="td1" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="smcap">Lethæus</span> ant., three rivers—here?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thessaly.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Crete.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lidden</span> (Leden, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>) Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leithan</span>. Peebles.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liddle</span>. Joins the Esk.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>nî</i>, to move, comes <i>nîran</i>, +water, corresponding with the Mod. Greek +<span title="neron">νερόν</span> of the same meaning. And that the +Greek word is no new importation into that +language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. +The Gr. <span title="naô">ναω</span>, fluo, the Gael. <i>nigh</i>, to bathe, +to wash, and the Obs. Gael. <i>near</i>, water, a +river, show a close relationship; the Heb. +<i>nhar</i>, a river, also seems to be allied. Compare +the Nore, a name given to part of the +estuary of the Thames, with the Narra, the +name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, +an ancient canal from the Tigris towards +the Persian Gulf. And with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +Curische Nehrung, a strip of land which +separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf +in Prussia from the waters of the Baltic. On +this name Mr. Winning remarks,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> "I offer +the conjecture that the word <i>nehrung</i> is +equivalent to our break-water, and that it is +derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term <i>neriene</i>, strength, bravery." I should +propose to give it a meaning analogous, but +rather different—deriving it from the word +in question, <i>nar</i> or <i>ner</i>, water, and some +equivalent of Old Norse <i>engia</i>, coarctare, +making <i>nehrung</i> to signify "that which confines +the waters" (of the lake). In all these +cases there is something of the sense of an +estuary, or of a channel communicating with +the sea—the Curische Haf being a large +lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. +The following names I take to be for the +most part of Celtic origin.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Now</span>. Derbyshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nar</span>. Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nore</span>, part of the estuary the Thames.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Neagh</span>. A lake, Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nore</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nor(aha)</span>, 8th cent., also called the <span class="smcap">Naha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nar</span><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> ant. The <span class="smcap">Nera</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nerja</span>. Malaga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nar(ova)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Narew</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Europ. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naro</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Narenta</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mauretania.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nia</span> ant., now the Senegal—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Narra</span>, two branches of the Indus—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en, = Sansc. nîran, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naron</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naren</span> or <span class="smcap">Nairn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neers</span>. Rhen. Pruss.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>nî</i>, to move, Gael. <i>nigh</i>, +to bathe, to wash, comes, I apprehend, the +Welsh <i>nannaw</i>, <i>nennig</i>, <i>nant</i>, a small stream.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nene</span> or <span class="smcap">Nen</span>. Northampton.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nent</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nenagh</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nenny</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Closely allied to <i>nî</i>, to move, I take to be +Sansc. <i>niv</i>, to flow, Welsh <i>nofio</i>, to swim, to +float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, +if not a false rendering, might come in here.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nive</span>. Joins the Adour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naba</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Naab</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naba</span> or <span class="smcap">Nava</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nahe</span> or <span class="smcap">Nave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Navia</span>. Falls into the Bay of Biscay.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neva</span> and the <span class="smcap">Neiva</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naaf</span>. Falls into the Bay of Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nabon</span>. Prov. Fars.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Niemen</span>.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naver</span>. River and lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Never</span>. Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Niveris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Nievre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naparis</span> (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France and Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nivelle</span>. Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nabalis</span> (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nevis</span>. Rises on Ben Nevis.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the same root, <i>nî</i>, to move, and +closely connected with the last group, I take +to be Sansc. <i>nis</i>, to flow, to water. Zeuss +(<i>Die Deutschen</i>) takes the word, as far as it +relates to the rivers of Germany, to be of +Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word +found as the second part of some Slavonic +river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it is +also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican +has <i>naoz</i>, a brook, and the German +has <i>nasz</i>, wet, <i>nässen</i>, to be wet.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ness</span>. River and lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nisa</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Neisse</span>, two rivers, both of which join the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Niss(ava)</span>. Joins the Morava.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nisi</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neste</span>. Hautes Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nestus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>From the Greek <span title="naô">ναω</span>, fluo, comes <span title="nama">νᾶμα</span>, +a stream, <span title="namatiaion hydôr">ναματιᾶιον ὕδωρ</span>, running water. +Hence seems to be <span class="smcap">Namadus</span>, the name +given by the Greek geographers to the Nerbudda +of India.</p> + +<p>Another form which I take to be derived +from the above Sanscrit root <i>nî</i>, by the prefix +<i>s</i>, is Sansc. <i>snu</i>, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. <i>schnee</i>, Eng. <i>snow</i>, &c.)</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Znuuia</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schnei</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zna</span> or <span class="smcap">Tzna</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. +<i>snidh</i> or <i>snith</i>, to ooze through, distil, Obs. +Gael. and Ir. <i>snuadh</i>, to flow, and <i>snuadh</i>, a +river, whence I take the following. Förstemann +refers to Old High German <i>snidan</i>, +Modern German <i>schneiden</i>, to divide, in the +sense of a boundary, which is a root suitable +enough in itself, though I think it ought to +yield the preference to the direct sense of +water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Snyte</span>. Leicestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sneid(bach)</span>, 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Smid(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schmida</span>, which joins the Danube. For Snidaha?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>snid</i> or <i>snith</i> introduces the form +<i>nid</i> or <i>nith</i>, and suggests the enquiry whether +that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (<i>Varronianus</i>), referring +to a word Nethuns, "found on a Tuscan +mirror over a figure manifestly intended for +Neptune," observes that "there can be little +doubt that <i>nethu</i> means water in the Tuscan +language." Assuming the correctness of the +premises, I think that this must be the case; +and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), +contain the Greek <span title="naô">ναω</span>; as Nereus (a water-god), +contains the word <i>ner</i> before referred +to; as Neptune contains the Greek <span title="niptô">νίπτω</span>, in +each case involving the signification of water, +so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must contain a related +word <i>neth</i> or <i>nethun</i> of the same meaning. +Also that this word comes in its place +here, as a derivative of the root <i>nî</i>, and as a +corresponding form to the Celtic <i>snidh</i> or +<i>snith</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<p>There are, however, two other meanings +which might intermix in the following names; +the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., +Welsh <i>nyddu</i>, to turn or twist, in the sense +of tortuousness; and the other is Old Norse +<i>nidr</i>, fremor, strepitus.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nidd</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nith</span>. Dumfriesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neath</span>. Glamorgan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nied</span>. Joins the Sarre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethe</span>. Joins the Ruppel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nida</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nidda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethe</span>. Joins the Weser.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nida</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nidda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Neda</span> ant., now the Buzi in Elis.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethan</span>. Lesmahago.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn (see note p. <a href="#Footnote_8_8">34</a>).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nitorne</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nidder</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There can hardly be a doubt that the +words <i>sar</i>, <i>sor</i>, <i>sur</i>, so widely spread in the +names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +<i>sar</i>, <i>sri</i>, to move, to go, <i>sru</i>, to flow, whence +<i>saras</i>, water, <i>sarit</i>, <i>srôta</i>, river. The Permic +and two kindred dialects of the Finnic class<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +have the simple form <i>sor</i> or <i>sur</i>, a river, and +the Gaelic and Irish have the derived form +<i>sruth</i>, to flow, <i>sroth</i>, <i>sruth</i>, river. In the names +Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the guttural +to have accrued.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="18">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soar</span>. Leicester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sark</span>, forms the boundary between England and Scotland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serre</span>. Joins the Oise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Saravus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Saar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Soraha</span>, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now unnamed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sura</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sure</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sorg</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sare</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sura</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sura</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Svir</span>, falls into Lake Ladoga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Lombardy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serio</span>. Joins the Adda.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serchio</span> or <span class="smcap">Sarco</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sora</span>. Joins the Tagus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Serus</span> ant., now the Meinam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarus</span> ant., now the Sihon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarayu</span><a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> ant., now the Sardju.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arius</span><a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> ant., now the Heri Rud.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seran</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serain</span>. Joins the Yonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sorna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Zorn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suren</span>. Cant. Aargau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarnus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Sarno</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarnius</span> ant., now the Atrek.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>saras</i>, water, seems to be found +in the following two names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarsonne</span>. Dep. Corrèze.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Saraswati</span>, which still retains its ancient name.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And the Sansc. <i>sarit</i>, Gael. and Ir. <i>sroth</i>, +<i>sruth</i>, a river, seem to be found in the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swords</span> river near Dublin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarthe</span>. Joins the Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Galicia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sered</span>. Joins the Dniester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Moldavia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sereth</span>. Ant. Ararus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarat(ovka)</span>.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Gov. Saratov.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> +<p>It would seem that the foregoing forms +<i>sri</i>, <i>sru</i>, <i>srot</i>, sometimes take a phonetic <i>t</i>, +and become <i>stri</i>, <i>stru</i>, <i>strot</i>. Thus one +Celtic dialect, the Armorican, changes <i>sur</i> +into <i>ster</i>, and another, the Cornish, changes +<i>sruth</i> into <i>struth</i>—both words signifying a +river. But indeed the natural tendency +towards it is too obvious to require much +comment. Hence we may take the names +Stry and Streu. But is the form Stur from +this source also? Förstemann finds an etymon +in Old High German <i>stur</i>, Old Norse +<i>stôr</i>, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is +hardly suited for those of England and +Italy, none of which are large. The root, +moreover, seems too widely spread, if, as I +suspect, it is this which forms the ending of +many ancient names as the Cayster, the +Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, Ister, Danastris, +&c. The Armorican <i>ster</i>, a river, seems to +be the word most nearly concerned.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>The form stry, stru, stur.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sturius</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Stour</span>. There are six rivers of this name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Strowa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Streu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sturia</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Stör</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Stura</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Storas</span> (Strabo), now the <span class="smcap">Astura</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Aust. Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stry</span>. Joins the Dniester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Styr</span>. Joins the Pripet.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>The form struth.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stroud</span>. Gloucester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stort</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Unstrut</span> Förstemann places here, as far as the ending <i>strut</i> is concerned.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sanscrit root <i>su</i>, liquere, come +Sansc. <i>sava</i>, water, Old High German <i>sou</i>, +Lat. <i>succus</i>, moisture, Gael. <i>sûgh</i>, a wave, +&c.; (on the apparent resemblance between +Sansc. <i>sava</i>, water and Goth. <i>saivs</i>, sea, +Diefenbach observes, we must not build). +Hence I take to be the following; but a +word very liable to intermix is Gael. <i>sogh</i>, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness +is very marked, I have taken them +under that head.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sow</span>. Warwickshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suck</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Save</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sabis</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span>, now the Sambre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Savus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Save</span> or <span class="smcap">Sau</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Söve</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seva</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savio</span>. Pont. States.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sieve</span>. Joins the Arno.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savena</span> or <span class="smcap">Saona</span>. Piedmont.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevan</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Severus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Suire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sevira</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Zeyer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevre</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sucro</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Xucar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sabor</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn (see note p. <a href="#Footnote_8_8">34</a>).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sabrina</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Severn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevron</span>. Dep. Saône-et-Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savran(ka)</span>. Gov. Podolia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Lombardy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savezo</span> near Milano.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Sanscrit <i>mih</i>, to flow, to pour, Old +Norse <i>mîga</i>, scaturire, Anglo-Saxon <i>migan</i>, +<i>mihan</i>, to water, Sansc. <i>maighas</i>, rain, Old +Norse <i>mîgandi</i>, a torrent—("unde," says +Haldorsen, "nomina propria multorum torrentium"),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +Obs. Gael. and Ir. <i>machd</i>, a wave, +I find the root of the following. Most of the +names are no doubt from the Celtic, though +the traces of the root are more faint in that +tongue than in the Teutonic. This I take +to be the word, which in the forms <i>ma</i>, and +<i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, forms the ending of several +river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maig</span> and the <span class="smcap">Moy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span> and the <span class="smcap">Maw</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maia</span>. Joins the Aldon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mhye</span>. Bombay.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="11">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mawn</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Meon</span>. Hants. (Meôn eâ, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Main</span> and the <span class="smcap">Moyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maine</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mehaigne</span>. Joins the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Moenus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Main</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maina</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Main</span>. Joins the Anadyr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Megna</span>. Prov. Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mahanuddy</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Magra</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Meal</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Miele</span>. Falls into the German Ocean.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Macestus</span>. Joins the Rhyndacus.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>mî</i>, to flow, come also Sansc. +<i>mîras</i>, Lat. <i>mare</i>, Goth. <i>marei</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>mêr</i>, Germ. <i>meer</i>, Welsh <i>mar</i>, <i>mor</i>, Gael. +and Ir. <i>muir</i>, Slav. <i>morie</i>, &c., sea or lake. +I should be more inclined however to derive +most of the following from the cognate +Sansc. <i>mærj</i>, to wash, to water, Lat. <i>mergo</i>, +&c. Also, the Celtic <i>murg</i>, in the more +definite sense of a morass, may come in for +some of the forms.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="11">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Morge</span>. Dep. Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marus</span> (Tacitus). The <span class="smcap">March</span>, Slav. <span class="smcap">Mor(ava)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Muora</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Muhr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Murra</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Murga</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murg</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mark</span>. Joins the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Murg</span>. Cant. Thurgau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mora</span>. Div. Novara.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Margus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Morava</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Marecchia</span>. Pont. States—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mergui</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mourne</span>. Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marne</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Mare</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Merina</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Mörn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mersey</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Muoriza</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Dacia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marisus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Marosch</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Phrygia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marsyas</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another form of Sansc. <i>marj</i>, to wet, to +wash, is <i>masj</i>, whence I take the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mask</span>, a lake in Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mosk(va)</span>, by Moscow, to which it gives the name.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sanscrit <i>vag</i> or <i>vah</i>, to move, +comes <i>vahas</i>, course, flux, current, cognate +with which are Goth. <i>wegs</i>, Germ. <i>woge</i>, Eng. +<i>wave</i>, &c. An allied Celtic word is found as +the ending of many British river-names, as +the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the +Elwy, &c. Hence I take to be the following, +in the sense of water or river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wey</span>. Dorset.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wey</span>. Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waag</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vaga</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vagai</span> and the <span class="smcap">Vakh</span> in Siberia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vayah</span>. Madras.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waveney</span>. Norf. and Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waver</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Netherlands.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vahalis</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Waal</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vogesus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vosges</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>An allied form to the above is found in +Sansc. <i>vi</i>, <i>vîc</i>, to move, Lat. <i>via</i>, &c., and to +which I put the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wye</span>. Monmouthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wick</span>. Caithness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vie</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vig</span>. Forms lake <span class="smcap">Vigo</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vigenna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vienne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wien</span>, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. Wien).</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wigger</span>. Cant. Lucerne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vegre</span>. Dep. Sarthe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Viaur</span>—probably here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wegier(ka)</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vegiaur</span>, Madras—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Formed on the root <i>vi</i>, to move, is probably +also the Sansc. <i>vip</i> or <i>vaip</i>, to move, to +agitate, Latin <i>vibrare</i>, perhaps <i>vivere</i>, Old +Norse <i>vippa</i>, <i>vipra</i>, gyrare, Eng. <i>viper</i>, &c. +I cannot trace in the following the sense of +rapidity, which we might suspect from the +root. Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the +sense of tortuousness, so strongly brought +out in some of its derivatives.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Weaver</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vever</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wippera</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Wipper</span> (two rivers), and the <span class="smcap">Wupper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vipasa</span>, the Sanscrit name of the Beas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vibsicus</span> ant. (properly Vibissus?) The <span class="smcap">Veveyse</span> by Vevay.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>vip</i>, to move, taking the +prefix <i>s</i>, is formed <i>swip</i>, which I have dealt +with in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>In the Sansc. <i>par</i>, to move, we find the +root of Gael. <i>beathra</i> (pronounced <i>beara</i>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +Old Celt. <i>ber</i>, water, Pers. <i>baran</i>, rain, &c., +to which I place the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bere</span>. Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bargus</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Barrow</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bar</span>. Dep. Ardennes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Berre</span>. Dep. Aude.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bahr</span>, the <span class="smcap">Behr</span>, the <span class="smcap">Behre</span>, the <span class="smcap">Paar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beraun</span> near Prague.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Behrun</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pernau.</span> Gulf of Riga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>plu</i>, to flow, Lat. <i>pluo</i> +and <i>fluo</i>, come Sansc. <i>plavas</i>, flux, Lat. <i>pluvia</i> +and <i>fluvius</i>, Gr. <span title="plynô">πλυνω</span>, lavo, Ang.-Sax. +<i>flôwe</i>, <i>flum</i>, Lat. <i>flumen</i>, river, &c. Hence +we get the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plau</span>, river and lake.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flevo</span>, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called <span class="smcap">Vlie</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Plavis</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Piave</span>, falls into the Adriatic.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plaine</span>. Joins the Meurthe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plone</span>. Joins the Haff.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plan-see</span>, a lake in the Tyrol.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ploen.</span> A lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plonna</span>. Prov. Plock.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above root come also the following, +which compare with Sansc. <i>plavas</i>, +Mid. High Germ. <i>vlieze</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>fliess</i>, +Old Fries. <i>flêt</i>, Old Norse <i>fliot</i>, stream. And +I think that some at least of this group are +German.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>. Joins the Trent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>, now called the Fleetditch in London.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>. Kirkcudbright.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bleisa</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Pleisse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flieta</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Vliet</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pliusa</span>. Gulf of Finland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Fliedina</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Flieden</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Flietn(itz)</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vliest</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pleistus</span> ant., near Delphi.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There are two more forms from the same +root, the former of which we may refer to +the Irish and Gael. <i>fluisg</i>, a flushing or flowing. +The latter shows a form nearest to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. <i>flum</i>, Lat. +<i>flumen</i>, though I think that the names must +be rather Celtic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Flisk</span>. Falls into the Lake of Killarney.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pleiske</span>. Joins the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plym</span>, by Plymouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Palme</span>, by Palmton.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pelym</span>. Gov. Tobolsk.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>gam</i>, to go, is derived, +according to Bopp and Monier Williams, the +name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Gangâ. The +word is in fact the same as the Scotch +"gang," which seems to be derived more immediately +from the Old Norse <i>ganga</i>. In +the sense of "that which goes," the Hindostanee +has formed <i>gung</i>, a river, found in the +names of the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, +the Chittagong, and other rivers of India. +The same ending is found by Förstemann in +the old names of one or two German rivers, +as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th +cent. was called the <span class="smcap">Liuganga</span>. Another +name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in +the myth of its rising from the foot of Vishnoo. +But as <i>pad</i> and <i>gam</i> in Sanscrit have +both the same meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined +to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each +other.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ganges</span>. Sanscrit <span class="smcap">Ganga</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gingy</span>. Pondicherry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Khank(ova)</span>. Joins the Don.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gangitus</span> ant., in Macedonia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. verb <i>gam</i>, to go, along with +its allied forms, is formed on a simpler verb +<i>gâ</i>, of the same meaning. To this I put the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gouw</span>. Joins the Yssel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Choes</span> or <span class="smcap">Cho(aspes)</span><a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gewin(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Jahn(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ster, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cayster</span> and <span class="smcap">Cestrus</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>The Sansc. <i>ikh</i>, to move, must, I think, +contain the root of the following, though I +find no derivatives in any sense nearer to +that of water or river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ik</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Icena</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) The <span class="smcap">Itchen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Icauna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Ionne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Moravia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Igla</span> or <span class="smcap">Igl(awa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ecolle</span>. Dep. Seine-et-Oise.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>dravas</i>, flowing, are derived, +according to Bopp, the Drave and the +Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, <i>drâ</i>, to +move. Hence I have suggested, p. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, may +be the Welsh <i>dwr</i>, water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarf</span>, several small rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dravus</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Drave</span>, Germ. <span class="smcap">Drau</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trebbia</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Travena</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Trave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Trewina</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Dran</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Drona</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Drone</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Truna</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Traun</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dronne</span>. Joins the Isle.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>dram</i>, to move, to run, Gr. +<span title="dremô">δρέμω</span>, whence <i>dromedary</i>, &c., is to be found +the root of the following. But <i>dram</i>, as I +take it, is an interchanged form with the +preceding <i>drav</i>, as <i>amon</i> = <i>avon</i>, &c., <i>ante</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trome</span> and the <span class="smcap">Truim</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drome</span> and the <span class="smcap">Darme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Durme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Darm</span>, by Darmstadt.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drammen</span>. Christiania Fjord.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another word of the same meaning as the +last, and perhaps allied in its root, is Sansc. +<i>trag</i>, to run, Gr. <span title="trechô">τρέχω</span>, Goth. <i>thragjan</i>. It +will be observed that the above Greek verb +mixes up in its tenses with the obsolete verb +<span title="dremô">δρέμω</span> of the preceding group. In all these +words signifying to run there may be something +of rapidity, though I am not able to +remove them out of this category.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drac</span>. Joins the Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Prussia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drage</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tragus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Treja</span>. Joins the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trachino</span>. Joins the Simeto.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>il</i>, to move, Gr. <span title="heilô">ἑίλω</span>, Old High +Germ. <i>ilen</i>, Swed. <i>ila</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>eilen</i>, to +hasten, Fr. <i>aller</i>, &c., is a very widely spread +root in river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ile</span>. Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Allow</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ill</span>, the <span class="smcap">Ille</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Ellé</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Illa</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ill</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Il(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Il(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alle</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Allia</span> ant., near Rome.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alaunus</span> (Ptolemy). Perhaps the <span class="smcap">Axe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alne</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ellen</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Allan</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilen</span>. Cork.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aulne</span>. Dep. Finistère.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Aller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilara</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Iller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ellero</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to move, to +go, I take to be the Gael. <i>ald</i> or <i>alt</i>, a stream, +(an older form of which, according to Armstrong,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +is <i>aled</i>); and the Old Norse <i>allda</i>, +Finnish <i>aalto</i>, a wave, billow. As an ending +this word is found in the <span class="smcap">Nagold</span> of Germany +(ant. <span class="smcap">Nagalta</span>), and in the <span class="smcap">Herault</span> +of France, Dep. Herault. Förstemann makes +the former word <i>nagalt</i>, and remarks on it +as "unexplained." It seems to me to be a +compound word, of which the former part is +probably to be found in the root <i>nig</i> or <i>nî</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alde</span>. Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alt</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oltis</span> ant., now the Lot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eld</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Elda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alta</span>. Gov. Poltova.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aldena</span>, 11th cent., now the Olle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alten</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aldan</span>. Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to move, I take +to be the Old Norse <i>elfa</i>, Dan. <i>elv</i>, Swed. <i>elf</i>, +a river. The river <span title="Alpis">Ἄλπις</span> mentioned in Herodotus +is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn +by Innsbrück. I think the able Editor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient +ground for his supposition that Herodotus, +in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of +mountains. The former, it will be seen, is +an appellative for a river; the latter is found +in the name Carpino, of an affluent of the +Tiber, and might be from the Celt. <i>garbh</i>, +violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, +would make <i>garbh</i> into <i>carp</i>. But indeed +the form <i>carp</i> is that which comes nearest +to the original root, if I am correct in supposing +it to be the Sansc. <i>karp</i>, Lat. +<i>carpo</i>, in the sense of violent action. In the +following list I should be inclined to take +the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, as nearest +to the original form.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albis</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Elbe</span>. Also the <span class="smcap">Alb</span> in Baden, and the <span class="smcap">Alf</span> in Pomerania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alpis</span> (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alapa</span>, 8th cent., now the Wölpe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aupe</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alba</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Aube</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Auve</span>. Dep. Marne.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helpe</span>. Joins the Sambre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alpheus</span> ant., now the Rufio—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Elvan</span>. Joins the Clyde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Alben</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Tuscany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albinia</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Albegna</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elaver</span> ant., now the Allier.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albla</span>, 11th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albula</span>, the ancient name of the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilavla</span>. Joins the Don.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Förstemann seems to me to be right in his +conjecture that the forms <i>alis</i>, <i>els</i>, <i>ils</i>, are +also extensions of the root <i>al</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>il</i>. We see +the same form in Gr. <span title="helissô">ἑλισσω</span>, an extension of +<span title="heilô">ἑιλω</span>, and having just the same meaning of +verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this word, +which we find specially applied to rivers, is +the one most concerned in the following +names, two of which, it will be seen moreover, +belong to Greece. Hence may perhaps +be derived the name of the Elysii, (wanderers?) +a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +And through them, of many names of men, +as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our +own family names Alice and Ellice.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alise</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elza</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Elz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilsa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ilse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alass</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Riga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilissus</span> ant., still retains its name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Halys</span> ant., now the Kizil-Irmak.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elison</span>, 3rd cent., now the Lise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alisna</span>, 7th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ellison</span> or <span class="smcap">Helisson</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alzissa</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Alz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilzisa</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ilz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The root <i>sal</i> Förstemann takes to be Celtic, +and to mean salt water. No doubt saltness +is a characteristic which would naturally +give a name to a river. So it does in the +case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +hardly think that all the many rivers called +the <span class="smcap">Saale</span> are salt, and I am inclined to go +deeper for the meaning. The Sansc. has <i>sal</i>, +to move, whence <i>salan</i>, water. The first +meaning then seems to be water—applied to +the sea as <i>the</i> water—and then to salt as +derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +<span title="als">άλς</span>, the Old Norse <i>salt</i>, and the Gael. <i>sal</i>, all +mean both salt, and also the sea, the latter +may be the original sense. From the above +root, <i>sal</i>, to move, the Lat. forms both <i>salire</i> +and <i>saltare</i>, as from the same root come <i>sal</i> +and <i>salt</i>. I take the root <i>sal</i> then in river-names +to mean, at least in some cases, water. +In one or two instances the sense of saltness +comes before us as a known quality, and in +such case I have taken the names elsewhere. +But failing the proper proof, which would +be that of tasting, I must leave the others +where they stand.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sala</span>, 1st cent. Five rivers called the <span class="smcap">Saale</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salia</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Seille</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sellé</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sal</span>. Joins the Don.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salo</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Xalon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Slaan</span> and the <span class="smcap">Slaney</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Selune</span>. Dep. Manche.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It is possible that the root <i>als</i>, <i>ils</i>, found +in the name of several rivers, as the <span class="smcap">Alz</span>, +<span class="smcap">Elz</span>, <span class="smcap">Ilse</span>, may be a transposition of the +above, just as Gr. <span title="als">άλς</span> = Lat. <i>sal</i>. But upon +the whole I have thought another derivation +better, and have included them in a preceding +group.</p> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>var</i> or <i>vars</i>, to bedew, +moisten, whence <i>var</i>, water, <i>varsas</i>, rain, Gr. +<span title="ersê">ἐρση</span>, dew, Gael. and Ir. <i>uaran</i>, fresh water, +I get the following, dividing them into the +two forms, <i>var</i> and <i>vars</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form var.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ver</span>. Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Viria</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Werre</span> in Thuringia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Warinna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Wern</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Warn(au)</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Varano</span>,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> a lagoon on the Adriatic shore.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form vars.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Worse</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ource</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wers</span>. Joins the <span class="smcap">Ems</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arsia</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Varese</span>. Lake in Lombardy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arosis</span> ant., now the Tab—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Araxes</span><a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Aras</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ursena</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Oertze</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Orsinus</span> ant., now the Hagisik—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ursela</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ursel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hörsel</span>. Joins the Werre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the above Sansc. <i>var</i>, to moisten, to +water, is contained, as I take it, the root of +the Finnic <i>wirta</i>, a river, the only appellative +I can find for the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wert(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wert(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Warta</span>. Joins the Oder.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Varde</span>. Prov. Jütland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wurdah</span>. Joins the Godavery.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Verdon</span>. Dep. Var.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vartrey</span>. Wicklow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vardre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Europ. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vardar</span>, ant. Axius.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following names have been generally +supposed to be derived from Welsh <i>cledd</i> +or <i>cleddeu</i>, sword, and to be applied metaphorically +to a river. But I think it will be +seen from the Sansc. <i>klid</i>, to water, whence +<i>klaidan</i>, flux, Gr. <span title="klydôn">κλύδων</span>, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. +<i>glade</i>, a river, brook, that the meaning +of water lies at the very bottom of the word. +Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running +stream and of a sharp point often run parallel +to each other, there may be in this case a relationship +between them.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clyde</span>. (<span class="smcap">Clota</span>, Ptolemy.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cloyd</span>, the <span class="smcap">Clwyd</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Cleddeu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glyde</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cladeus</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Umbria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clit(umnus)</span><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klodn(itz)</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clitora</span> in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient Clitorium.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cludros</span> ant., in Caria.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There are two Sanscrit roots from which +the word <i>ag</i>, <i>ang</i>, <i>ing</i>, in river-names might +be deduced. One is the verb <i>ag</i> or <i>aj</i>, to +move, whence <i>anjas</i>, movement, (or the verb +<i>ac</i> or <i>anc</i>, to traverse), and the other is the +verb <i>ag</i> or <i>ang</i>, to contract, whence Latin +<i>anguis</i>, snake, <i>anguilla</i>, eel, Eng. <i>angle</i>, &c. +The sense then might be either the ordinary +one of motion, the root-meaning of most +river names, or it might be the special sense +of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word <i>anger</i>, a river, in the +Tcheremissian dialect of the Finnic (Bonaparte +polyglott), I think it safer to follow +the most common sense, though the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +may not improbably intermix. The derivation +of Mone, from Welsh <i>eog</i>, salmon, I do +not think of.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ankin(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eckn(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ingon</span>. Dep. Somme.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anker</span>. Leicestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ackara</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Agger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Agara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Eger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angerap</span> (<i>ap</i>, water), Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angera</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Acaris</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Agri</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia?</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Angrus</span> (Herodotus).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aghor</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angel</span>, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ingul</span>. Joins the Bug.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Agasta</span>,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aiss</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>pî</i>, to drink, also to give +to drink, to water, Gr. <span title="piô">πιω</span>, <span title="pinô">πινω</span>, we may get +a form <i>pin</i> in river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Peen</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pinau</span>. Joins the Elbe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pina</span>. Joins the Pripet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pinka</span>—here?<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Piana</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pine(ga)</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Binoa</span>. Joins the Beas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Peneus</span> ant. Two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Penjina</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pennar</span>. Madras.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Penza</span>. Joins the Sura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above Sansc. <i>pi</i> we may also +derive the form <i>pid</i>. The only appellative +I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +<i>pidele</i>, a thin stream, given by Kemble +in the glossary to the <i>Cod. Dip.</i>; and hence +the name <span class="smcap">Piddle</span>, of several small streams. +The only name I find in the simple form, +and that uncertain, is the <span class="smcap">Pindus</span> of Greece. +Then there is a form <i>peder</i>, which seems to +be from a definite word, and not from the +simple suffix <i>er</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pedder</span>. Somerset.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant. Thrace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pindar</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pitren(ick)</span>, a small stream in Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Petteril</span> in Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pêdrede</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) Now the <span class="smcap">Parret</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the Sansc. root <i>pi</i>, to drink, to +water, we get the form <i>bib</i> or <i>pip</i>, as found +in Lat. <i>bibo</i>, and in Sansc. <i>pipâsas</i>, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one +name—the <span class="smcap">Beuve</span> in France, Dep. Gironde. +In the form <i>biber</i> there are many names, +particularly in Germany. Graff (<i>Sprachschatz</i>), +seems to refer the word to <i>biber</i>, +beaver, but Förstemann, with more reason, +as I think, suggests a lost word for water or +river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pever</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Peffer</span>. Ross-shire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bièvre</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Biber(aha)</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Bever</span>, the <span class="smcap">Bibra</span>, the <span class="smcap">Pebr(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Biber(bach)</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Biveran</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Bever</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beuvron</span>. Dep. Nièvre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps also from the root <i>pi</i> we may +derive the Ir. <i>buinn</i>, river, <i>bual</i>, <i>biol</i>, water. +From the former Mr. Charnock derives the +name of the Boyne, a derivation which I +think suitable, even if we take the ancient +form Buvinda, (<i>Zeuss, Gramm. Celt.</i>,) which +might be more properly Buvinna, as Gironde +for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse <i>buna</i>, scaturire, +might also be suggested.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Boyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bun(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Baun(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Ir. <i>biol</i>, <i>buol</i>, I derive the following, +keeping out the rivers of the Slavonic +districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +<i>biala</i>, white.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beela</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Boyle</span>, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish form is <span class="smcap">Buil</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bol(bec)</span>. Dep. Seine-Inf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Boll(aha)</span> ant. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Billæus</span> ant., now the Filyas.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Buhler</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Buller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bullot</span>. Baden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Polota</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A very obscure root in river-names is <i>gog</i> +or <i>cock</i>. The only appellatives I find are in +the Celtic, viz., Gael. <i>caochan</i>, a small stream, +Arm. <i>goagen</i>, wave; unless we think also of +the word <i>jokk</i>, <i>jöggi</i>, which in the Finnic +dialects signifies a river; and in that case +the most probable root would be the Sansc. +<i>yug</i>, to gush forth. To the river Coquet, in +Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar +having been discovered bearing the inscription +"Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have +been dedicated to the genius of that river. +Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +Greece, a tributary of the river Acheron, invested +with so many mysterious terrors as +supposed to be under the dominion of the +King of Hades. Possibly, however, it might +only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something +of the superstitious reverence paid to +the other. At all events, I can find nothing +in the etymology to bear out such a meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cocbrôc</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) This would seem to have probably been a small stream called Cock, to which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added the word brook.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt">2.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cochin(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Kocher</span>.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cocker</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coker</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kohary</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Transylvania.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kokel</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cockley-beck.</span><a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Cumberland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chuchilibach</span>, now Kuchelbach.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coquet</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cocytus</span> ant., now the Vuvo.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>In a compound form.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cuckmare</span>, Sussex, with the word <i>mar</i>, p. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>mid</i>, to soften, to melt, +(perhaps formed on the root <i>mi</i>, p. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>), come +Sansc. <i>miditas</i>, fluid, Lat. <i>madidus</i>, wet. +Herein seems a sufficient root for river-names, +but there is another which is apt to +intermix, Sansc. <i>math</i>, to move, whence, I +take it, and not from the former is Old +Norse <i>môda</i>, a river. I separate a form +<i>med</i> or <i>mid</i>, in which the sense of <i>medius</i>, +and also that of <i>mitis</i>, is in some cases clearly +brought out; and another, <i>muth</i> or <i>muot</i>, +which, though from the same root, as I take +it, as <i>môda</i>, a river, (<i>math</i>, to move), has +more evidently the sense of speed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mota</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Mede</span> or <span class="smcap">Mehe</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Madder</span>. Wiltshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Moder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Metaurus</span> ant., the <span class="smcap">Metauro</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"> <i>With the ending ern.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matrŏna</span><a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> ant., now the Marne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matrinus</span> ant. in Picenum.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Madel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The only appellative for a river which I +find derived from its sound is the Sanscrit +<i>nadi</i>, Hind. <i>nuddy</i>, from <i>nad</i>, sonare. Whether +the following names should come in here +may be uncertain; I can find no links between +them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the +root <i>nid</i>, p. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, may be suitable.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Noda</span> ant., now the Noain.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nodder</span>. (Noddre, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neutra</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Venetia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Natiso</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Natisone</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>The only words I can find at all bearing +upon the following river-names are the Serv. +<i>jezor</i>, Bohem. and Illyr. <i>jezero</i>, lake, wherein +may probably lie a word <i>jez</i>, signifying water. +But respecting its etymology I am entirely +in the dark.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jaz(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Joss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jez(awa)</span>, 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jetza</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jess(ava)</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jisdra</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with main, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jesmen</span>. Gov. Tchnerigov.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another word, of which the belongings are +not clearly to be traced, is the Armorican +<i>houl</i>, <i>houlen</i>, unda, to which we may put the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hull</span>. Joins the Humber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Finland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ullea</span>. Gulf of Bothnia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ulla</span> in Galicia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ster, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ulstra</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ulster</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Irish and Obs. Gael. <i>dothar</i>, water, +Welsh <i>diod</i>, drink, <i>diota</i>, to tipple—with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +which we may perhaps also connect the +Lapp. <i>dadno</i>, river, Albanian <span title="det">δέτ</span>, sea, and +Rhæt. <i>dutg</i>, torrent, we may find the root of +the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Duyte</span>. Joins the Hase.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dude</span>, a small stream in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Duddon</span>. Lake district.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dodder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with mal.</i><a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duthmala</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dommel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>wyl</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>wyllan</i>, +Eng. <i>well</i>, to flow or gush, (Sansc. <i>vail</i>, to +move?), we got the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Willy</span>. Wiltshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Veile</span>, in Jutland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Villa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vel</span>. Joins the Vaga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vilia</span>. Joins the Niemen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Viliu</span>, (Siberia). Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Welland</span>, (properly Wellan?)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vilna</span>. Gov. Minsk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Velino</span>. Joins the Nera.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vellaur</span>, Madras—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending s.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vils</span>, two rivers in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Welse</span>. Joins the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Velez</span>. Prov. Malaga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A word which appears to have the meaning +of water or river, but respecting the etymology +of which I am quite ignorant, is <i>asop</i> +or <i>asp</i>. That it has the above meaning I +infer only from finding it as the second part +of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an +independent form it occurs in the following. +Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), +referring to Hespin as the name of +sundry small streams in Wales, derives it +from <i>hespin</i>, a sheep that yields no milk, +because these streams are almost dry in +summer. This derivation is unquestionably +false so far as this, that the two words are +merely derived from the same origin, viz., +Welsh <i>hesp</i> or <i>hysp</i>, dry, barren. But whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +this word has anything to do with the +following names is doubtful; it seems at any +rate unsuitable for the large rivers, such as +the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in +Isper, as in Wipper, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, a word <i>per</i>, mountain, +I entirely dissent.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aspe</span>. Basses—Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hesapa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Hesper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Asopus</span> ant. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ispera</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Isper</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in Ptolemy +Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called the Ischal, +a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It seems rather probable that the ending <i>es</i> in these names is not a +mere suffix. The <span class="smcap">Apsarus</span>, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, +and the <span class="smcap">Ipsala</span> in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings <i>er</i> and <i>el</i>, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word <i>abhas</i>, or <i>aphas</i>, +with the meaning of river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings <i>er</i> and +<i>st</i>, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In the +present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic form of <i>ss</i>, +and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other cases, as +that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. <i>nisitas</i>, fluid, it seems to +be formative.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> This looks like a mistake for Acasse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> So that there <i>is</i> a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(<i>Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens.</i>) This seems not improbably to refer to the +Oise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. <i>water</i>, the Wetter +would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as Roth +and Weigand, connect it with Germ. <i>wetter</i>, Eng. <i>weather</i>, in the sense, +according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by rain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic <i>n</i> to +the ending <i>er</i>; or it may be from a word <i>ren</i>, channel, river, hereafter +noticed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The Scotch <span class="smcap">Ettrick</span> and the Germ. <span class="smcap">Eitrach</span> I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (<i>See p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a></i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Hence perhaps Anitabha (<i>abha</i>, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Tacitus gives this name to the Avon—in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But <i>anton</i> and <i>avon</i> seem to have +been synonymous words for a river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>)?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Perhaps formed from <i>ez</i> by a phonetic <i>n</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of <i>lys</i>, a lily, is no doubt only suggested +by the similarity of sound.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Manual of Comparative Philology.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Phœn. <i>naharo</i>, a river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Niemen may perhaps = Nieven—<i>m</i> for <i>v</i>, as in Amon for Avon, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Perhaps to be found in Sansc. <i>nistas</i>, wet, fluid. Here we get something +of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has no +doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhyâ, one of the earliest +capitals of India, the modern Oude."—<i>Max Müller, Science of Language.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> I place this here on the authority of Max Müller, who, pointing out +that the initial <i>h</i> in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit <i>s</i>, thinks that the +river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or Heri, and to +the country of Herat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> This name seems formed at thrice—first Sarit—then ov, (perhaps +<i>av</i> river)—lastly, the Slavish affix <i>ka</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See note p. <a href="#Footnote_3_3">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is frequent +in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. <i>pluewe</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The word <i>asp</i> comes before us in some other river-names, but respecting +its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which it +occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it seems +rather likely to have the meaning of water or river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Also <span class="smcap">Allison</span> and <span class="smcap">Ellison</span>, which may be either patronymic forms +in <i>son</i>; or formed with the ending in <i>en</i>, like the above river-names. For +the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points run +parallel to each other.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Following strictly the above Celt. word <i>uaran</i>, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Græcism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Containing the Latin <i>amnis</i>, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, <i>st</i> is only a +phonetic form of <i>ss</i>, and that the Mod. name <i>Aiss</i> points truly to the +ancient form as <i>Agass</i>, see note, p. <a href="#Footnote_3_3">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> I should without hesitation have taken the <span class="smcap">Pinka</span>, as well as the +Russian <span class="smcap">Pinega</span>, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix <i>ga</i> or <i>ka</i>. +But the English river <span class="smcap">Penk</span> in Staffordshire introduces an element of +doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending <i>ick</i> common +in the rivers of Scotland. See p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This river seems also to have been called anciently <span class="smcap">Chochara</span>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbrôc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more self-denying +than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let a Gallic +river stand in the way of a lively dactyl.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like <i>man</i> or <i>main</i>, an extension of <i>may</i>, and to signify water +or river.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS +GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY.</h3> + +<p>In the preceding chapter I have included +the words from which I have not been able +to extract any other sense than that of water. +As I have before mentioned, it is probable +that in some instances there may be fine +shades of difference which would remove +them out of that category, but whenever I +have thought to have got upon the trace of +another meaning, something has in each case +turned up to disappoint the conditions.</p> + +<p>In the present chapter, which comprehends +the words which describe a river as that +which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, +that which spreads widely, there may still +in some cases be something of an appellative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +sense, because there may be a general word +to denote a rapid, a smooth, or a spreading +stream.</p> + +<p>Among the rivers noted for their rapidity +is the Rhone. This is the characteristic +remarked by all the Latin poets—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Tibullus.</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In mare fert Ararim.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Silv. Ital.</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Præcipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Ausonius.</i><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably +wrong in making the name of +this river Rho-dan-us, from a word <i>dan</i>, +water. Still more unreasonable is a derivation +in the <i>Cod. Vind.</i>, from <i>roth</i>, violent, +and <i>dan</i>, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this +Zeuss (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>) remarks—"The syllable +<i>an</i> of the word Rhodanus is without +doubt only derivative, and we have nothing +here to do with a judge; nevertheless the +meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +be impugned." The word in question seems +to be found in Welsh <i>rhedu</i>, to run, to race, +Gael. <i>roth</i>, a wheel, &c. But there is a word +of opposite meaning, Gael. <i>reidh</i>, smooth, +which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +<i>roth</i>, red, may come in, though I do not +think that Förstemann has reason in placing +all the German rivers to it.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rotha</span>. Lake district.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rot(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Roth</span>, two rivers, the <span class="smcap">Rott</span>, three rivers, the <span class="smcap">Rod(au)</span>, the <span class="smcap">Rod(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Rott(ach)</span>, all seem to have had the same ancient name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rad(aha)</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Rod(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rotte</span>, by Rotterdam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhodius</span> ant.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Mysia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rodden</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhodănus</span> ant., now the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rothaine</span> near Strassburg, seems to have been formerly <span class="smcap">Rot(aha)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ent.</i><a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Radantia</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Rednitz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rother</span> in Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rother</span>, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Raotula</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Rötel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Allied to the last word is the Eng. <i>race</i>, +and the many cognate words in the Indo-European +languages which have the sense +of rapid motion, as Welsh <i>rhysu</i>, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rasay</span>. Rosshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ross</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riss</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reuss</span>. Joins the Aar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rasa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riaza</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhesus</span> of Homer not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rasa</span>, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rossl(au)</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rezat</span>. Joins the Rednitz.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>garbh</i>, Welsh <i>garw</i>, violent, +Armstrong derives the name of the +Garonne and other rivers.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The root seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +to be found in Sansc. <i>karv</i> or <i>karp</i>, Latin +<i>carpo</i>, &c., implying violent action. The +Lat. <i>carpo</i> is applied by the poets to denote +rapid progress, as of a river, through a +country. So likewise more metaphorically +to the manner in which a bold and steep +mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said—</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 16em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Behind the valley topmost Gargarus<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stands up and <i>takes</i> the morning—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Hence this root is found in the names of +mountains as well as rivers—<i>e.g.</i>, the Carpathians +(Carpātes), and the Isle of Carpăthus, +which "consists for the most part of +bare mountains, rising to a central height of +4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible +coast."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garf</span> water, a burn in Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gryffe</span>. Renfrew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Grabow</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Carpis</span>, Herodotus, see p. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Girvan</span>. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Carpino</span>. Joins the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gravino</span>. Naples.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cerbalus</span><a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Cervaro</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>su</i>, to shoot forth, <i>sûs</i>, +<i>sûtis</i>, rushing or darting, Gr. <span title="sousis">σουσις</span>, cursus, +I take to be the following. Among the derived +words, the Gael. <i>sûth</i>, a billow, seems +to be that which comes nearest to the sense +required.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suus(aa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Saz(awa)</span>. Joins the Moldau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Souza</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sos(va)</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sut(oodra)</span>, or Sutledge—here?<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suzon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sosna</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Probably to the above we may put a form +<i>sest</i>, <i>sost</i>, found in the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soeste</span>. Oldenburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sessites</span> ant., now the Sesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Soastus</span> or <span class="smcap">Suastus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sestra</span>. Gov. Moskow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soster(bach)</span>. Joins the Lippe.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>To the above root I also place the following, +corresponding more distinctly with Old +High German <i>schuzzen</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>sceotan</i>, +Eng. <i>shoot</i>, Obs. Gael. and Ir. <i>sciot</i>, dart, +arrow.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuzna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schussen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuzen</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Schozach</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scutara</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schutter</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuntra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schondra</span> and the <span class="smcap">Schunter</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Germ. <i>jagen</i>, to hunt, to drive +or ride fast, Bender derives the name of the +Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting +also a comparison with the ancient Jaxartes +of Asia. Förstemann considers both suggestions +doubtful, but the former seems to me +to be reasonable enough. The older sense<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +of <i>jagen</i> is found in the Sansc. <i>yug</i>, to dart +forth, formed on the simple verb <i>ya</i>, to go. +And appellatives are found in the Finnic +words <i>jokk</i>, <i>jöggi</i>, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the +more correct form would be Jazartes, and +that it contains the word <i>jezer</i>, before referred +to.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jug</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jactus</span> ant. Affluent of the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jaghatu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jahde</span>,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> in Oldenburg.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jagista</span> ant., now the <i>Jaxt</i> or <i>Jagst</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>vip</i>, to move, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, by the +prefix <i>s</i>, is formed Old Norse <i>svipa</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>swîfan</i>, Eng. <i>sweep</i>, &c. In these the +sense varies between going fast and going +round, and the same may be the case in the +following names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suippe</span>. Joins the Aisne.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suevus</span>, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to Zeuss, the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suab(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schwab(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Obs. Gael. <i>sgiap</i>, <i>sgiob</i>, to move +rapidly, Eng. <i>skip</i>, may be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sheaf</span>, by Sheffield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sciffa</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schupf</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scopas</span> ant., now the Aladan.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Skippon</span>. Joins the Wyre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>brais</i>, impetuous, related perhaps +to Lat. <i>verso</i>, we may find the root of +the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Birse</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Birse</span>. Cant. Berne.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brosna</span>. Leinster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Transylvania.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Burzen</span>. Joins the Aluta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Pruss. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Prosna</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bresle</span>. Enters the English Channel.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ent.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Persante</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>From the Sansc. <i>rab</i> or <i>rav</i>, to dart forth, +whence (in a somewhat changed sense) Eng. +<i>rave</i>, French <i>ravir</i>, Lat. <i>rabidus</i>, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great +flood, or as Cotgrave expresses it—"A ravine +or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth +all things that come in its way."</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Robe</span>. Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ravee</span> or Iraotee—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">Various small streams called <span class="smcap">Raven</span>, <span class="smcap">Ravenbeck</span>, &c.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Roubion</span>, affluent of the Rhone—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>math</i>, to move, are derived, +as I take it, Old High German <i>muot</i>, +Mod. Germ. <i>muth</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>môd</i>, courage +or spirit, Welsh <i>mwyth</i>, swift, &c., to which +I place the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Muotta</span>. Cant. Schwytz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with vey, stream or river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Muthvey</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>sphar</i>, <i>sphurj</i>, to burst forth, +shews the root of a number of words such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +as <i>spark</i>, <i>spring</i>, <i>spirt</i>, <i>spruce</i>, <i>spry</i>, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more +or less contained. But the Sansc. <i>sphar</i> or +<i>spar</i> must be traced back to a simpler form +<i>spa</i> or <i>spe</i>, as found in <i>spew</i>, to vomit, and +in the word <i>spa</i>, now confined to medicinal +springs.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spey</span>. Elgin.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spean</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spear</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Spira</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Speier</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spree</span>. Joins the Havel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Derived forms from the above root are +also the following, which correspond more +closely with Germ. <i>sprütsen</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>sprytan</i>, +Eng. <i>spirt</i>, Ital. <i>sprizzare</i>. And I think +that most of these names are probably German.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sprint</span>, a small stream in Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sprazah</span>, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sprotta</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sprenzala</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Sprenzel</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Spurchine(bach)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Spirckel(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Eu. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spressa</span>. Joins the Bosna.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the preceding chapter I have treated +of the root <i>al</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>il</i>, to go, and various of its +derivations. There is another, <i>alac</i>, <i>alc</i>, <i>ilc</i>, +which, as it seems most probably either to +have the meaning of swiftness, as in the Lat. +<i>alacer</i>, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +<span title="helikos">ἑλικος</span>, I include in this place.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilek</span>. Joins the Ural.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Halycus</span> ant., now the Platani.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alces</span> ant. Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with may, main, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Olekma</span>. Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alkmana</span>, 8th century, now the Altmühl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Haliacmon</span> ant., now the Vistritsa.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>tarddu</i>, to burst forth, +we may take the following. There does not +seem any connection between this and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +root of <i>dart</i> (jaculum); the latter from the +first signifies penetration, and in river-names +comes before us in the oblique sense of +clearness or transparency.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarth</span>. Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Libya.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Darădus</span> ant., now the Rio di Ouro.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Daradax</span><a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> ant. (Xenophon).</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tardoire</span>. Dep. Charente.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tartaro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tartessus</span> ant., now the Guadalquiver.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the Sansc. <i>till</i>, to move, to agitate, +we may probably connect the Gael. <i>dile</i> and +<i>tuil</i>, Welsh <i>diluw</i>, <i>dylif</i>, <i>dylwch</i>, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. <i>dilgian</i>, German +<i>tilgen</i>, to overthrow, destroy, &c. The +Ang.-Sax. <i>dêlan</i>, Germ. <i>thielen</i>, to divide, +in the sense of boundary, may however intermix +in these names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Till</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Deel</span>. Limerick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dill</span>. Nassau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Thilia</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dyle</span> in Bravant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thiele</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tollen</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dillar</span> burn. Lesmahagow.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tilse</span>, by Tilsit.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the two Welsh forms <i>dylif</i> and +<i>dylwch</i>, deluge, we may perhaps connect +the following, though for the former the +Ang.-Sax. <i>delfan</i>, to dig, <i>delf</i>, a ditch, may +also be suitable.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Delv(unda)</span>, 9th century, now the <span class="smcap">Delven(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Delchana</span>, 11th century, now the <span class="smcap">Dalcke</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. and Ir. <i>taosg</i>, to pour, +<i>tias</i>, tide, flood, may be the following. Perhaps +the special sense of cataract may come +in, at least in some cases, as two of the +under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tees</span>. Durham.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Töss</span>. Cant. Zurich.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tosa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tescha</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tysia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Theiss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tiasa</span> ant. Laconia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Touse</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tessin</span> or <span class="smcap">Ticino</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Desna</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tacon</span>. Dep. Jura.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tussale</span> (<i>Genitive</i>), 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dussel</span> by Düsseldorf.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Test</span>. Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dista</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teesta</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>gad</i> or <i>gand</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>geôtan</i>, Suio-Goth. <i>gjuta</i>, Danish <i>gyde</i>, Old +Norse <i>giosa</i>, Old High Ger. <i>giezen</i>, Obs. Gael. +<i>guis</i>, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," +we get the following. The Gotha or Gœta +of Sweden may probably derive its name +from the well-known fall which it makes at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +Trolhætta. So also the Gaddada of Hindostan +is noted for its falls; and the Giessbach +is of European celebrity. But in some +of the other names the sense may not extend +beyond that of wandering, as we find it in +Eng. <i>gad</i>, which I take to be also from this +root. Or that of stream, as in Old High +Germ. <i>giozo</i>, Gael. and Ir. <i>gaisidh</i>, rivulus.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gade</span>. Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gada</span> ant.,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> now the <span class="smcap">Jed</span> by Jedburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gose</span>. Joins the Ocker.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Geis(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Geisa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gande</span>, Brunswick—here, or to <i>can</i>, <i>cand</i>, pure?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Giess(bach)</span>. Lake of Brienz.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gata</span>. Joins the Alagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gotha</span> or <span class="smcap">Gœta</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gidea</span>, enters the G. of Bothnia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gyndes</span> (<i>Herodotus</i>), perhaps the Diala—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cydnus</span> ant., now the Tersoos Chai.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gader</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cædrius</span> ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gisil(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Giesel</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ed.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gaddada</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with main, stream.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gadmen</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>arb</i> or <i>arv</i>, to ravage or +destroy, cognate with Lat. <i>orbo</i>, &c., may be +the following. To the very marked characteristic +of the Arve in Savoy I have referred +at p. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. But there is a word of precisely +opposite meaning, the Celt. <i>arab</i>, Welsh +<i>araf</i>, gentle, which is very liable to intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arve</span> and the <span class="smcap">Erve</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Orb(aha)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Orb</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arve</span> and the <span class="smcap">Orbe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arva</span>. Joins the Waag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arva</span>, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irvine</span>. Co. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arvenna</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Orvanne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arbalo</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Erpe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Harpăsus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Harpa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>cal</i>, to move, and the derivatives +Sansc. <i>calas</i>, Gr. <span title="kelês">κελης</span>, Obs. Gael. +<i>callaidh</i>, Latin <i>celer</i>, all having the same +meaning—the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently +marked to include them in this +chapter.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gala</span>. Roxburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gela</span> ant.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gail</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Callas</span> ant., in Eubœa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>As. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chalus</span> of Xenophon, now the Koweik.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Callan</span>. Armagh.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er = Lat. celer?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calor</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Calore</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chalusus</span>, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kels</span>, in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cailas</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative +form of <i>cal</i>, and perhaps corresponding +with the Obs. Gael. <i>callaidh</i>, celer, the forms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +<i>caled</i>, <i>calt</i>, <i>gelt</i>. That the Germ. <i>kalt</i>, Eng. +<i>cold</i>, may intermix, is very probable, but I +do not think that all the English rivers at +any rate can be placed to it. There is more +to be said for it in the case of the Caldew +than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (<i>i.e.</i>, cold +brook), and it seems natural that the whole +river should then assume the name of Caldew +(cold river). Yet there may be nothing +more in it than that the Saxons or Danes +who succeeded to the name, adopted it in +their own sense, and <i>conformed</i> to it. It is to +be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet +that the local pronunciation is invariably +Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the +Scandinavian form. Upon the whole however, +there is much doubt about this group; +the form <i>gelt</i> Förstemann refers, as I myself +had previously done, to Old Norse <i>gelta</i>, in +the sense of resonare. In the following +names I take the Kalit(va) of Russia, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to +approach the nearest to the original form.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gelt</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chelt</span> by Cheltenham—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cald(ew)</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cald(howa)</span>, (<i>Adam Brem.</i>), now seems to be called the Aue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kalit(va)</span>. Joins the Donetz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gelten(aha)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Geltn(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Celydnus</span> ant. Epirus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Celadon</span> ant. Elis.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Calder</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Calder</span>. Joins the Clyde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Galthera</span>, 9th cent.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am also inclined to bring in, as another +derivative form of <i>cal</i>, the word <i>calip</i>, <i>calb</i>, +<i>kelp</i>. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word <i>kelp</i>, sea-weed, and the Scottish +<i>kelpie</i>, a water-spirit, wherein, as in other +words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a +word for water. However, this can be considered +as nothing more than a conjecture.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Kalb(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kulpa</span>. Aust. Croatia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Colapis</span> ant., affluent of the Drave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chelva</span>. Prov. Valentia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Callĭpus</span> ant., now the Sadao.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calbis</span> ant. Caria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calpas</span> ant. Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kelvin</span>. Stirling.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>car</i>, to move, Lat. <i>curro</i>, like +some other words of the same sort, branches +out into two different meanings—that of +going fast, and that of going round. Hence +the river-names from this root have in some +cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of +tortuousness; and these two senses are somewhat +at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected +with slowness. Separating the two meanings +as well as I can, I bring in the following +here.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Garry</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Yarrow</span>. Selkirkshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garrhuenus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Yare</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garumna</span> or <span class="smcap">Garunna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Garonne</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Giron</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Geranius</span> ant., and <span class="smcap">Geron</span> ant., two rivers of Elis, according to Strabo.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gers</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chares</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Chiers</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kersch</span>. Joins the Neckar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Garza</span>, by Brescia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gerăsus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Koros</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Caresus</span> of Homer in the plain of Troy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cersus</span> ant., now the Merkez.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There appear to be several words in which +the sense of violence or rapidity is brought +out by the preposition <i>pra</i>, <i>pro</i>, <i>fro</i>, in composition +with a verb. Thus the Welsh +<i>ffre-uo</i>, to gush, whence <i>ffrau</i>, a torrent, +seems to correspond with the Sansc. <i>pra-i</i>, +Lat. <i>præ-eo</i>, &c. Or perhaps we should take +a verb with a stronger sense, say <i>yu</i>, to +gush, and presume a Sansc. <i>pra-yu</i> = Welsh +<i>ffre-uo</i>. In the Albanian <span title="pro">πρό</span>, a torrent, corresponding +with Welsh <i>ffrau</i>, there seems, +however, no trace of a verb.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fraw</span>, by Aberfraw.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Froon</span>. Falls into L. Lomond.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pronia</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Welsh <i>ffrydio</i>, to stream, to gush, +appears to be formed similarly from the preposition +<i>fra</i>, joined with the verb <i>eddu</i>, to +press on, to go, corresponding with Sansc. <i>it</i>, +Latin <i>ito</i>, &c. Hence it would correspond +with a Sansc. <i>pra-it</i>, Lat. <i>præ-ito</i>, &c. From +the verb comes the appellative <i>ffrwd</i>, a torrent, +corresponding with the Bohem. <i>praud</i>, +of the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Forth</span>. Co. Stirling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Porata</span> (Herodotus). The <span class="smcap">Pruth</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Port(va)</span>. Gov. Kaluga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I also bring in here, as much suggestively +as determinately, the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. præ-peto, &c., to rush forth.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pripet</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bulgaria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pravadi</span>. Falls into the Black Sea.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Prussia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pregel</span>. Enters the Frische-Haff.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Purally</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>According to the opinion of Zeuss and +Gluck, the <span class="smcap">Danube</span>, (ant. Danubius and +Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come +in here. These writers derive it from Gael. +<i>dan</i>, Ir. <i>dana</i>, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is +no doubt the most striking characteristic of +the river, but it might also not inappropriately +be placed to the root <i>tan</i>, to extend, +whence the names of some other large rivers. +Gluck considers the ending <i>vius</i> to be simply +derivative, and suggests that the Germans, +with a natural striving after a meaning, altered +this derivative ending into their word +<i>ava</i>, <i>aha</i>, <i>ach</i>, or <i>au</i>, signifying river. Though +Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I have +great respect, and though this is the principle +for which I myself have been all along +contending, yet I am rather inclined to think +that in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), +there is contained a definite appellative, +qualified by a prefixed adjective: this +seems to me to be brought out more clearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +in the Medway, and in the names connected +with it.</p> + +<p>The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, +is the Thracian name of the Danube, I have +elsewhere referred to the Armorican <i>ster</i>, a +river. Not that I mean to infer therefrom +that the name is Celtic, because <i>ster</i> is only +a particular form of an Indo-European word +<i>sur</i>. If we refer the prefix <i>is</i> to the Old +Norse <i>isia</i>, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to +Danubius. But the derivation of Mone, who +explains it by <i>y</i>, the Welsh definite article, +and <i>ster</i>, a river, making Ister = "The river," +I hold with Gluck to be—like other derivations +proceeding on the same principle—opposed +to all sound philology.</p> + +<p>Among the rivers noted for the slowness +of their course, the most conspicuous is the +Arar or Saone. Cæsar (<i>de Bell. Gall.</i>) describes +it as flowing "with such incredible +gentleness that the eye can scarcely judge +which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +a type of indecision—"the Arar in doubt +which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets—"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, +tardusque." The name Sauconna, Sagonna, +Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the +4th cent., yet there does not seem any reason +to doubt that it is as old as the other. Zeuss +(<i>Die Deutschen</i>) and the Editor of "Smith's +Ancient Geography" take this as the true +Gallic name. And though Armstrong explains +both the Arar and the Saone from the +Celtic—referring the former to the Obs. +Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, and the latter to Gael. <i>sogh</i>, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably +be correct, yet it by no means follows that +the name of the Arar is Celtic, for <i>ar</i> is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. +To the same root as the Saone I also put +the Seine (Sequăna), and the Segre (Sicŏris), +comparing them with Lat. <i>seg-nis</i>. The +former of these rivers is navigable for 350 +miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in +Lucian as "stagnantem Sicorim." Some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +other rivers, in which the characteristic is +less distinct, I also venture to place here, +separating this root as well as I can from +another p. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siga</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sieg</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soja</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sauconna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Saône</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sequana</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Seine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seugne</span>. Dep. Charente-Inf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suchona</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sicoris</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Segre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Segura</span>. Enters the Med. Sea.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps allied in its root to the last is +the Gael. <i>saimh</i>, quiet, tranquil, to which I +put the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Semoy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sem</span> or <span class="smcap">Seim</span>. Joins the Desna.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Saima</span>, a lake in Finland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simois</span> of Homer—here?</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simmen</span>, in the Simmen-Thal.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Samara</span>, ant., now the <span class="smcap">Somme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sambre</span>, ant. Sabis.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simmer</span>. Joins the Nahe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Samara</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Semita</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sempt</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, (whence the Arar, +p. <a href="#Page_118">118</a>,) is to be found, as I take it, the root +of the Welsh <i>araf</i>, mild, gentle. From this +Zeuss (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>), derives the name of +the Arrăbo, now the Raab. This root is +liable to mix with another, <i>arv</i>, p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, of +precisely opposite meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arrabo</span> ant., now the Raab.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arabis</span> ant., now the Purally.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arob(eg)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> Co. Cork—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I bring in here the word <i>aram</i> or <i>arm</i>, +which, both in the names of rivers, and in +the ancient names of men, as the German +hero Arminius, needs explanation. The authority +of Dr. Donaldson may probably have +been the cause of the reproduction, even +in some of the latest English works, of +the mistake of confounding the name +Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the word +<i>hermann</i>, warrior, (from <i>her</i>, army, <i>mann</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +homo). That it is not so is shown by its +appearance in the ancient names of women, +as Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> (daughter +of Dagobert the 2nd). And by the manner +in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, +Irminric, Irminger,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Ermingaud, Irminher, +&c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, +forms other compounds in ancient names. +Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, +(which is found as early as the 7th cent.), is +formed from the word <i>her</i>, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be +Her-mann-her. The fact then, as I take it, +is that, both in the names of rivers and of +men, the root is simply <i>arm</i> or <i>irm</i>, and +<i>armin</i> or <i>irmin</i> an extended form, like those +found all throughout these pages. As to its +etymology, the word <i>aram</i>, <i>arm</i>, in the Teutonic +dialects signifying poor or weak, is in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original +meaning may perhaps rather have been +mild or gentle. The root seems to be found +in the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow; and <i>aram</i> may be a +corresponding word to the Welsh <i>araf</i>. +Baxter, who, though his general system of +river-names I hold to be fallacious, was, for +his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arme</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Urjum(ka)</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ariminus</span> ant., now the Marecchia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Armine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Armisia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Erms</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In this place I am inclined to bring in the +Medway, and some other names connected +with it. Among the various derivations +which have been suggested for this name, +that of Grimm deserves the first place, +though I much fear that it is too poetical to +be true. He observes, (<i>Gesch. d. Deutsch. +Sprach.</i>), comparing it with another name—"In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +Carl's campaign, <span class="smcapl">A.D.</span> 779, there is a place +mentioned in the vicinity of the Weser, called +Medofulli, Midufulli; <i>medoful</i> means poculum +mulsi, (<i>Hel.</i> 62, 10); it appears to have +been a river, which at present bears some +other name. Of just a similar meaning is +the name of the river Medway flowing +through the county of Kent into the Thames—<i>i.e.</i>, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege +Medvaege (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), from <i>vaege</i>, Old Sax. +<i>wêgi</i>, Old Norse <i>veig</i>, poculum.... I suggest +here a mythological reference: as the +rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so +may also the rivers and brooks of our ancestors, +in a similar mythic fashion, have +sprung from the over-turned mead-cup."</p> + +<p>It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, +coming too as it does from the highest authority, +but I much fear that on a comparison +of this name with all its related forms, it +can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone—the prefix <i>med</i> is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +found in several names in which the second +part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, +and the ending <i>way</i> is found in several names +of which the former part cannot mean mulsum. +In any case, it seems to me that a +Saxon derivation can hardly be sustained. +For Medoăcus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the +ancient name of a river in Venetia—this appears +to be precisely the same name as that +of the Medwag or Medway—and in Venetia +we can account for a Celtic element, but not +for a German. In Nennius the name stands +as Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this +with a river called the Medvied(itza) or +Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather +probable that the form is not altogether false, +but that only it should be Medwed instead +of Megwed. In that case it would probably +be only another form of Medweg, for <i>d</i> and +<i>g</i> sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic <i>uidh</i> and <i>uigh</i>, via, a +word which indeed I take to be related to +the one in question. Again, in the Meduāna<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +of France and the English Medwin, +we have a third form of ending, <i>wân</i> or +<i>win</i>. And this may probably only be one +of those extended forms in <i>n</i> so common +in the Celtic languages.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> So that the +endings <i>way</i>, <i>wân</i>, <i>wied</i>, in Medway, Meduāna, +Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#Page_63">63</a>), qualified by the prefix <i>med</i>, which we +have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" <i>med</i> is explained as +<i>medius</i>—Medway = medium flumen—the +river flowing through the middle of the +county of Kent—and this I think is the +general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, +(ant. Mede), which divides the Isle of +Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of +the Medway it seems to me a feature scarcely +sufficiently obvious to give the name. And +I should on the whole prefer a derivation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. <i>mid</i>, to soften, Lat. <i>mitis</i>, Gael. <i>meath</i>, +soft, mild—finding in Old Norse <i>mida</i>, to +move slowly or softly, the word most nearly +approximating to the sense, and thus deriving +the name of the Medway from its gentle +flow.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless it must be observed that as +well as the supposed river Medofulli referred +to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter +of the 10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, +which seems evidently to contain the Gael. +<i>mealach</i>, sweet, and to mean "sweet as +mead." This river is near Medemblik on the +Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of +the place is corrupted from it.</p> + +<p>The following names I place here, though +with uncertainty in the case of some of them.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Midou</span>. Dep. Landes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Medus</span> ant., now the Pulwan.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medin(ka)</span>. Gov. Kaluga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with way, wân, wied, see above.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medway</span>. Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medwin</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Meduāna</span> ant., now the Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Medoăcus</span> ant., now the Brenta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medvied(itza)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ma, river, p. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany?</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Metema</span>, in a charter of the 11th cent.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I think, upon the whole, that the general +meaning of the root <i>lam</i>, <i>lem</i>, <i>lim</i>, is smoothness. +Though the root-meaning seems rather +that of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found +in Sansc. <i>limpas</i>, Gr. <span title="lipos">λιπος</span>, Lat. <i>limus</i>, Old +Sax. <i>lêmo</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>lehm</i>, Eng. <i>lime</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +In the Gr. <span title="limnê">λιμνη</span>, lake, the sense becomes that +of smooth or standing water: this, as I take +it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word +most immediately concerned is the Gaelic +<i>liobh</i>, <i>liomh</i>, Welsh <i>llyfnu</i>, to smooth; and +the Loch Lomond, (properly Lomon), was +also formerly called, as the river which issues +from it is still, Leven, being just another +form of the same word—<i>v</i> and <i>m</i> interchanging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +as elsewhere noticed. Hence the +Welsh <i>llifo</i>, to pour, p. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, might be apt to +intermix in the following. The Lat. <i>lambo</i>, the +primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied +to the gentle washing of a river against +its banks—"Quæ loca lambit Hydaspes,"—<i>Horace</i>. +Dugdale observes that "at this +day divers of those artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, +anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy +channels through which the water hath a +dull or slow passage." In the following +names the sense may be sometimes then that +of muddiness, though in general, as I take +it, that of sluggishness.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leam</span> by Leamington.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lyme</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamma</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lamme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Laim(aha)</span>, 8th cent. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lemphia</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lempe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lama</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lam(ov)</span>. Gov. Penza.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lima</span>. Joins the Serchio.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Limæa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Lima</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamus</span> ant., in Cilicia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leman</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Limen</span> in Kent. (Limeneâ <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">Loch <span class="smcap">Lomond</span>, formerly also called <span class="smcap">Leven</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">Lake <span class="smcap">Leman</span>, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. <span class="smcap">Lemannus</span>.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lamone</span> in Tuscany.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamer</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lammer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lambro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Limyrus</span> ant., in Lycia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Limmat</span>. Cant. Zurich.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above form <i>lam</i>, <i>lem</i>, <i>lim</i>, I take +to be formed by metathesis <i>alm</i>, <i>elm</i>, <i>ilm</i>. +And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to be +in effect the same word as the lake Leman +in Switzerland. In the name of another lake +in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems +to occur as an appellative. A certain amount +of doubt is imported by the coincidence of +two names in which we find a sacred character—the +river Almo, which was sacred to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned +in Hesiod. The coincidence, however, +may be only accidental.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alme</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helme</span>. Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alum</span> Bay in the Isle of Wight?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilma</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ilm</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helme</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alm</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alma</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alhama</span>. Prov. Navarra.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Almo</span> near Rome.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alma</span> in the Crimea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Illim</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Olmeius</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilmen(au)</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilmen</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Almelo</span>. Prov. Overijssel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps from the Gael. <i>foil</i>, slow, gentle, +we may get the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fal</span> by Falmouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Foil(agh)</span>. Cork.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Feale</span>. Munster.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fillan</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Filisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Fils</span> and the <span class="smcap">Vils</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>In the third division of this chapter I put +the names in which the sense of spreading +seems to be found. This sense may have +three different acceptations—first, that, generally, +of a wide river—secondly, that of a +river relatively broad and shallow—thirdly, +that of a river forming an estuary at its +mouth.</p> + +<p>I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, +by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek author +quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the +pine-trees, "called in the Gallic tongue <i>padi</i>," +of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with +common sense, for it is unreasonable to suppose +that the Gauls, coming upon this fine +river, gave it no name until they had tracked +it up to its source, and there made the not +very notable discovery that it was surrounded +by pine-trees. Much more probable +is it that they came first upon its mouth, +and much more striking would be the appearance +that would be presented to them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the +Po, and of the rivers emptying themselves +into it was originally a vast bay of the sea," +which by gradual embanking was confined +within its present channels. As then the +mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so +in the Gael. <i>badh</i>, a bay or estuary, I find +the explanation of the name. The root, I +apprehend, is Sansc. <i>pat</i>, Lat. <i>pateo</i>, <i>pando</i>, +&c., to spread, and hence, I take it, the name +Bander, of several small bays on the S.W. +coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and +of Boderia, the name given by Ptolemy to +the Firth of Forth.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Padus</span> ant. The Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bada</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Bode</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bandon</span>. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pantanus</span> ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon on the Adriatic.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Patra</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Pader</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pathissus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Temes</span>.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>parth</i>, to spread or extend, +we may perhaps find the origin of the following. +Can the name of the Parthians be +hence derived, in reference to their well-known +mode of fighting?</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Parde</span>. Joins the Elster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bord</span>, in Moravia—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Parthenius</span> ant.—here?<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the sense of "that which spreads" I am +inclined to bring in the root <i>ta</i>, <i>tav</i>, <i>tan</i>, <i>tam</i>. +While in the Gaelic we find <i>tain</i>, and the +Obs. <i>ta</i>, water, <i>taif</i>, sea—in the Welsh we +have the verbs <i>taenu</i> and <i>tafu</i>, to expand or +spread. The latter, I think, must contain +the root-meaning; and the appellatives must +rather signify water of a spreading character. +In this sense we find the words <i>to</i>, <i>tû</i>, <i>tau</i>, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. +The Sansc. has <i>tan</i>, to extend, but we must +presume a simpler form <i>ta</i>, corresponding +with the above Obs. Gael. word for water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +Mone explains <i>tab</i>, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one +with a broad mouth." This sense no doubt +obtains in many of the names of this group, +for, as well as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, +Teign, and Tamar, all have this character in +a more or less notable degree. In other +cases the sense may be that of comparative +broadness—thus the Timavus, though little +more than a mile long, is 50 yards broad +close to its source. So the characteristic of +the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, +is that it is "broad and shallow." +And the feature which strikes the topographer +is of course that which would naturally +give the name. There are, however, +some other roots which might intermix, as +Sansc. <i>tan</i>, resonare, Lat. <i>tono</i>, Germ. <i>tönen</i>, +&c. Also Gael. and Ir. <i>taam</i>, to pour; Gael. +and Ir. <i>tom</i>, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. <i>ton</i>, +unda.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form Ta, Tab, Tav.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tavy</span> and the <span class="smcap">Taw</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Deva</span> ant., the <span class="smcap">Dee</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tavus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Tay</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dee</span>, two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taw</span>, the <span class="smcap">Tivy</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Tave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tay</span>. Waterford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">Loch <span class="smcap">Ta</span> in Wexford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dive</span>, Dep. Vienne—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thaya</span> in Moravia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Deva</span> by Placentia—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending d or t.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teviot</span> in Roxburghshire—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tabuda</span> ant., now the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tavda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taptee</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form Tan, Tam.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teign</span> and the <span class="smcap">Teane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dane</span> and the <span class="smcap">Deane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tame</span>, three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tema</span>. Selkirkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Danus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Don</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Danus</span> ant., now the Ain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dahme</span> and the <span class="smcap">Déaume</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tana</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Timavus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Timao</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanais</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Don</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tim</span> and the <span class="smcap">Tom</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanus</span> ant., now the Luku.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tamar</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Demer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanarus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tanaro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamaris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tambre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamyras</span> ant., (Strabo)—here?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending d.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamede</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), now the <span class="smcap">Teme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mauretania.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamuda</span> ant. (<i>Pliny.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thames</span>. Tamesis (<i>Cæsar</i>), Tamesa (<i>Tacitus</i>), Tamese, Temis (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), Welsh Tain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Temes</span> ant. Pathisus, (<i>see note p. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">132</a></i>).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>tan</i>, to extend, we may probably +also derive the word <i>tang</i> found in +Hung. <i>tenger</i>, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect +of the Finnic class) <i>tangat</i>, river, and in the +Dan. <i>tang</i>, sea-weed, which probably contains +a trace of an older sense.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Donge</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tengs</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tongera</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Tanger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanager</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tanagro</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of Pliny.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Perhaps formed from <i>et</i> by a phonetic <i>n</i>. So the Eamont in Cumberland +seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Smith's Ancient Geography.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly violent +in winter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." <i>Johnston's Gazetteer.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The derivation of Mone, who makes <i>scuz</i> and <i>scut</i> altered forms of +<i>srot</i> or <i>srut</i>, is not to be entertained.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. <i>jade</i>, North. Eng. <i>yawd</i>). There are three +rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It rather +seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and named +them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Förstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. <i>spurcha</i>, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream at +least is to be explained better from the Sansc. <i>sphurj</i>, to burst forth, Lat. +<i>spargo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The ending <i>x</i> I take to be a Græcism for <i>s</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. <i>dest</i>, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian Gazetteer, +it is explained as "<i>tishta</i>, standing still,"—a derivation which seems +hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its "quick stream."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni—"Quid enim Gadeni +nisi ad Gadam amnem geniti?"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following description +of Ovid bears witness.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela."<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Fasti. 4, 470.</i><br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> This ending may be the same as the Scotch <i>eck</i> or <i>ick</i>, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The names <span class="smcap">Armine</span> and <span class="smcap">Arminger</span>, (of which <span class="smcap">Iremonger</span> may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And <span class="smcap">Armingaud</span> +is one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> E. G. Welsh <i>lli</i>, <i>llion</i>, stream, <i>llif</i>, <i>llifon</i>, flood, <i>srann</i>, <i>srannan</i>, +humming, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. +I know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The derivation of Strabo, from <i>parthenos</i>, virgin, in reference to the +flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>CHARACTER OF COURSE.</h3> + +<p>In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, +as deciphered in the Proceedings of the +Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates +is called the Irat, which is conjectured by +the translator to have been a local name. It +seems to be from the Sansc. <i>irat</i> (=Latin +<i>errans</i>, Eng. <i>errant</i>), from the verb <i>ir</i>, Lat. +<i>erro</i>, to wander. The same word seems to +be found in the Irati of Spain—perhaps also +in the Orontes (=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. +Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, though +I am rather inclined to agree with Latham +that the word contained therein is only +<i>ridan</i>.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +river-names may be a contracted form of +<i>irat</i>, as we find it in the Germ. <i>irrthum</i>, a +mistake.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irt</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urtius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Irthing</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urta</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ourt</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Erens</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irati</span>. Prov. Navarra.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Irat</span>, a name of the Euphrates.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urtella</span>, 9th cent., now the Sensbach.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>bhuj</i>, Goth. <i>bjugan</i>, Welsh +<i>bwäu</i>, Gael. <i>bogh</i>, Eng. <i>bow</i>, &c., in the sense +of tortuousness, we may take the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bowe</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bogie</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bug</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bogen</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bucket</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. and Welsh <i>cam</i>, to bend, +Sansc. <i>kamp</i>, Gr. <span title="kampô">καμπω</span>, are the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cam</span> by Cambridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Camba</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Kamp</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cham</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kam</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kam</span>. Joins the Glommen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kama</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kemi</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. root <i>car</i>, to move, branches out +into two different meanings, that of rapidity +and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. +In the latter sense we have the Gael. +<i>car</i> or <i>char</i>, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. <i>cêrran</i>, +to turn or bend, &c., to which I place the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Char</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chor</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kerr</span>. Middlesex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cor(abona)</span><a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> ant. The <span class="smcap">Carron</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cher</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chares</span> ant. Colchis.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cyrus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Kur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cirenus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Churne</span> (Gloucestershire).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Charente</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Corălis</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Curalius</span> ant. Thessaly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Korol</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>From the Old High Germ. <i>crumb</i>, Mod. +German <i>krumm</i>, Danish <i>krumme</i>, Gael. and +Welsh <i>crom</i>, curving or bending, we may +take the following. The root seems to be +found in the Sansc. <i>kram</i>, to move, to go, +which, as in other similar cases, may also +diverge into the meaning of rapidity.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Crumm(ock)</span>, formerly <span class="smcap">Crum(beck)</span>, which forms the lake of the same name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Crumb(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Grumb(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kroma</span>. Gov. Orel.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chrumbin(bach)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Krum(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cremera</span> ant. in Etruria.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Krems</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cremisus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>For the root <i>sid</i> we have the Welsh <i>sid</i>, +winding, and the Anglo-Saxon <i>sîd</i>, broad, +spreading. The former is, I think, the sense +contained in the following, though both +words may be from the same root.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sid</span>. Devonshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seaton</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn, p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siteruna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Sitter</span> or <span class="smcap">Sittern</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from +Welsh <i>derwyn</i>, to wind, appears to me the +most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the +form Druentia), from <i>dru</i>, oak, seems insufficient; +because the number of names, all in +the same form, seem to indicate that the +word contained must be something more +than <i>dru</i>. That of Armstrong, from <i>dear</i>, +great, <i>amhain</i>, river, is founded upon a careless +hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland +is the largest river in the North of +England, which is not by any means the +case.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Derwent</span>. Four rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Treonta</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Trent</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Druentia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Durance</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drewenz</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Truentius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Trento</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Turuntus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Duna</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined +to bring in the following, referring them to +Old Norse <i>meis</i>, curvatura, Eng. <i>maze</i>, &c. +This seems most suitable to the character of +the rivers, as the Maese or Meuse, and the +Moselle. The word seems wanting in the +Celtic, unless we think of the Welsh <i>mydu</i>, +to arch, to vault. The other word which +might put in a claim is <i>mos</i>, which, in the +sense of marsh, is to be traced both in the +Celtic and German speech, and whence, as +supposed, the name of the ancient Mysia or +Mœsia.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maese</span>. Derbyshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Masie</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France, &c.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mosa</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Maas</span>, <span class="smcap">Maes</span>, or <span class="smcap">Meuse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Miss(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Meiss(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mies</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Musone</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mosella</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Moselle</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The only names which appear to contain +an opposite sense to the foregoing are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Beina</span> of Norway, and the <span class="smcap">Bane</span> of Lincolnshire, +which seem to be from Old Norse +<i>beinn</i>, North Eng. <i>bain</i>, straight, direct.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the Baltic, +(the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to Heeren +and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, without any +geographical position or character.—<i>See an article by Sir G. Lewis in Notes +and Queries, July 3, 1858.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> In this case the ending <i>en</i> is very clearly a contraction of <i>abon</i> or +<i>avon</i>, river.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>QUALITY OF WATERS.</h3> + +<p>There are a number of river-names in +which the sense of clearness, brightness, or +transparency is to be traced. From the +Sansc. <i>cand</i>, to shine, Lat. <i>candeo</i>, Welsh, Ir. +Arm., and Obs. Gael. <i>can</i>, white, clear, pure, +we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., +<i>caoin</i>, soft, gentle, is a word liable to intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cann</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ken</span> or <span class="smcap">Kent</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kenne</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ken</span>. Joins the Dee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conn</span>. <span class="smcap">Cona</span> of Ossian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Candy</span> burn. Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cain</span>. Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cone</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Cond</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kana</span>. Gov. Yeniseisk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cane</span> or <span class="smcap">Ken</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conan</span>. Dingwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cantiano</span>. Pont. States.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conder</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conner</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kander</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with vi, wy, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Conovius</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Conway</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Old Celtic word <i>vind</i>, found in many +ancient names of persons and places, as +Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Vindobona, Vindobala, +&c., represents the present Welsh +<i>gwyn</i> (=<i>gwynd</i>), and the Ir. <i>finn</i> (=<i>find</i>), +white. "The Celt. <i>vind</i>," observes Gluck, +"comes from the same root as the Goth. +<i>hveit</i>; it stands for <i>cvind</i> with an intrusive +<i>n</i>; the root is <i>cvid</i> = the Germ. root <i>hvit</i>." +The meaning in river-names is bright, clear, +pure.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vent</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Quenny</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gwynedd</span> (=<span class="smcap">Gwynd</span>?)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Finn</span>. Ulster.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vendée</span>. Dep. Vendée.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vind(au)</span> or <span class="smcap">Wind(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Finnan</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The lake <span class="smcap">Winder(mere)</span>?<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Winderius</span>; <i>Ptolemy</i>, a river not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn, p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Findhorn</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wandle</span>. Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Finola</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Vehne</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>llwys</i>, clear, pure, Gael. +<i>las</i>, to shine, Gael. and Ir. <i>leus</i>, light, cognate +with Old Norse <i>lios</i>, clear, pure, Lat. +<i>luceo</i>, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. +<i>lâ</i>, <i>lo</i>, day, must, I think, contain the root.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liza</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lossie</span>. Elgin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lez</span>. Dep. Herault.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lesse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loose</span>. Pruss. Sax.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lizena</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ljusne</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lesura</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lieser</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lysera</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Leiser</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root of the above, by the prefix +<i>g</i>, is formed Gael. and Welsh <i>glas</i>, blue or +green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), +and the Old Norse <i>gladr</i>, Old High +Germ. <i>glatt</i>, shining.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glass</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glass</span>. A lake, Rosshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glatt</span>. Hohenzollern Sig.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glata</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Glatt</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., +and Arm. <i>glan</i>, Welsh <i>glain</i>, pure, clear, +Eng. <i>clean</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glen</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glen</span>. Lincolnshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clun</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Glan</span>, two rivers, and the <span class="smcap">Glon</span>, three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klön</span>, a small but beautiful lake in the Klönthal—here, or to <i>klein</i>, little?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clanis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Chiana</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clanius</span> ant., in Campania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glan</span>, in Carinthia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Old High Germ. <i>hlutar</i>, Mod.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +Germ. <i>lauter</i>, pure, Förstemann derives the +following rivers of Germany. Hence also +the name of Lauterbrunnen (<i>brunnen</i>, fountain), +in Switzerland.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hlutr(aha)</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lauter</span>, the <span class="smcap">Luder</span>, the <span class="smcap">Lutter</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sommerlauter</span> in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title of pureness only in summer.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following names I think can hardly +be referred to the same origin as the above, +though according to Lhuyd, who derives +them from Welsh <i>gloew</i>, clear, and <i>dwr</i>, +water, they would have the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lowther</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lauder</span>. Berwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lauter</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. and Ir. <i>ban</i>, white, we may +probably find the meaning of the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bann</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bann(ock)</span> by Bannockburn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ban(itz)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of the two following names the former +may be referred to the Welsh <i>claer</i>, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +latter to the Swed. <i>klar</i>, both same as Eng. +<i>clear</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clare</span>. Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klara</span> (<i>â</i>, river).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>têr</i>, pure, clear, we may +get the following. The root is found in +Sansc. <i>tar</i>, to penetrate, whence <i>taras</i>, transparent.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taro</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tara</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tearne</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dearne</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarn</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarisa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following two rivers of Germany may, +as suggested by Förstemann, be referred to +Old High Germ. <i>flât</i>, pure, bright.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flad(aha)</span>, 8th cent. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending enz.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Fladinz</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Fladnitz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The root <i>bil</i> I have, in river-names generally, +referred at p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a> to the Celtic <i>biol</i>, +water. But in the Slavonic districts we may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +also think of the Slav. <i>biala</i>, white, though +we cannot say but that even there the Celtic +word may intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bila</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Biala</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bielaya</span>. Joins the Kama.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bialy</span>. Joins the Narew.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Old High Germ. <i>swarz</i>, Mod. +Germ. <i>schwarz</i>, black, are the names of several +rivers of Germany, as the <span class="smcap">Schwarza</span>, +the <span class="smcap">Schwarzau</span>, the <span class="smcap">Schwarzbach</span>, &c. +Also in Norway we have two rivers called +<span class="smcap">Svart Elv</span>, and in Sweden the <span class="smcap">Svart An</span>, +which falls into the Mälar Lake. From the +Old Norse <i>doeckr</i>, dark, may be the <span class="smcap">Dokka</span> +in Norway, but for the <span class="smcap">Docker</span> of Lancashire +the Gael. <i>doich</i>, swift, may be more +suitable.</p> + +<p>The Welsh <i>du</i>, Gael. <i>dubh</i>, black, probably +occurs in river-names, but I have taken, +p. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. +Gael. <i>dob</i>, to be the general one. The Welsh +<i>dulas</i>, dark or blackish blue, is found in +the <span class="smcap">Dowles</span> of Shropshire, and in several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +streams of Wales. The <span class="smcap">Douglas</span> of Lanarkshire +shews the original form of the word, +from <i>du</i>, black, and <i>glas</i>, blue.</p> + +<p>The root <i>sal</i> I have taken at p. <a href="#Page_76">76</a> to have +in some cases the simple meaning of water. +But in the following the quality of saltness +comes before us as a known characteristic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salz(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Salza</span> by Salzburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salisus</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Selse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Salze</span>. Joins the Werre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Szala</span>.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Falls into Lake Balaton.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of an opposite character are the following, +which we may refer to Welsh <i>melus</i>, Gael. +and Ir. <i>milis</i>, sweet, <i>millse</i>, sweetness. Some +other rivers, as the ancient <span class="smcap">Melas</span> in Asia +Minor, now the Kara-su (Black river), and +three rivers of the same name in Greece, +must be referred to Gr. <span title="melas">μελας</span>, black.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Milzissa</span>, 8th cent., now the Mülmisch.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Milsibach</span>, 11th cent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Melsus</span> ant. (Strabo).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names <span class="smcap">Window</span>, <span class="smcap">Windus</span>, <span class="smcap">Vindin</span>; though +Windo and Winidin were also ancient German names.—(<i>Förstemann's +Altdeutsches Namenbuch.</i>) The Welsh name <span class="smcap">Gwyn</span> and the Irish <span class="smcap">Finn</span> +represent the later form of the word.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>THE SOUND OF THE WATERS.</h3> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Greta</span> in the English Lake District +has been generally derived from Old Norse +<i>grâta</i>, Scotch <i>greet</i>, to weep or mourn, in +allusion to the wailing sound made by its +waters. There is also a <span class="smcap">Greta</span> in Westmoreland +and a <span class="smcap">Greta beck</span> in Yorkshire. +In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., <i>greath</i> also signifies +a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible +that the original Celtic name may have been +retained in the same sense.</p> + +<p>Of an opposite meaning to the above is +the name <span class="smcap">Blythe</span> of several small rivers in +England. I do not see how this can be +otherwise derived than from the Ang.-Sax. +<i>blithe</i>, merry. And how appropriate this is +to many of our English streams we hardly +need poetic illustration to tell us.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of a corresponding meaning with the +Saxon name Blythe may be the <span class="smcap">Avoca</span> or +<span class="smcap">Ovoca</span> of Wicklow, the <span class="smcap">Oboka</span> of Ptolemy. +Baxter refers it to Welsh <i>awchus</i>, acer, a +word of no very cheerful association for the +spot where</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 19em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"Nature has spread o'er the scene<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The Gael. <i>abhach</i>, blithe, sportive, would +seem to give a better etymon for the bright +waters of Avoca. Whether the <span class="smcap">Ocker</span> of +Germany (ant. <span class="smcap">Obocra</span>, <span class="smcap">Ovocra</span>, <span class="smcap">Ovokare</span>), +may be derived from the same word I do +not know sufficient to judge.</p> + +<p>From the Gr. <span title="bremô">βρέμω</span>, Lat. <i>fremo</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>bremman</i>, to roar, Old Norse <i>brim</i>, +roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh <i>ffrom</i>, +fuming, Gael. <i>faram</i>, din, I take the following. +The following description given by +Strabo<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness +of the derivation. "There is also +an extraordinary fissure in the mountain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... +On account of the winding of +its course, the great contraction of the stream, +and the depth of the ravine, <i>a noise, like that +of thunder, strikes at a distance on the ears +of those who approach it</i>."</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Frome</span>. Five rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Frame</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bram(aha)</span> or <span class="smcap">Brem(aha)</span>, 9th cent., a stream in Odenwald.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Primma</span>, 9th cent. Near Worms.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Prüm</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bram(aue)</span> in Holstein.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Formio</span> ant. in Venetia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pyramus</span> ant., now the Jihun.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending t.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pfreimt</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending nt.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Premantia</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Prims</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Permessus</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>fuair</i>, sound, <i>faoi</i>, a noisy +stream, we may perhaps find the origin of +the <span class="smcap">Fowey</span> in Cornwall, and of the <span class="smcap">Foyers</span> +in Inverness, the latter of which is noted as +forming one of the finest falls in Britain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +From the Gael. <i>gaoir</i>, din, we may derive +the <span class="smcap">Gauir</span> in Perthshire; and from <i>toirm</i> of +the same meaning, perhaps the <span class="smcap">Termon</span> in +Ulster. Hence might also be the <span class="smcap">Trome</span> +and the <span class="smcap">Truim</span>, elsewhere derived at p. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>durd</i>, <i>durdan</i>, Welsh +<i>dwrdd</i>, humming or murmur, Lhuyd derives +the name <span class="smcap">Dourdwy</span>, of some brawling +streams in Wales; but quoting the derivations +of some other writers, he adds, with +more humility than authors generally possess—"Eligat +Lector quod maxime placet." +To the same origin may probably also be +referred the <span class="smcap">Dourdon</span> in France, Dep. Seine-Inf.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Bohn's Translation.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS.</h3> + +<p>There are several river-names which contain +the idea, either of the junction of two +streams, or of the separation of a river into +two branches. The Vistula, Visula, or +Wysla, (for in these various forms it appears +in ancient records), is referred by Müller,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> +rightly as I think, to Old Norse <i>quisl</i>, Germ. +<i>zwiesel</i>, branch, as of a river. A simpler +form of <i>quisl</i> is contained in Old Norse <i>quistr</i>, +ramus, and the root is to be found in Sansc. +<i>dwis</i>, to separate, Gael. and Ir. <i>dis</i>, two. The +Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according +to Grimm (<i>Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385</i>), +was Vana-quisl. The word <i>whistle</i>, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as +Haltwhistle in Northumberland, and Osbaldwhistle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old +Norse <i>quisl</i>: the sense might be that of the +branching off of two roads or two streams. +In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, +for which I am indebted to the kindness +of a Friend, there is a burn called Galawhistle, +which compares with the above Old +Norse Vana-quisl. In connection with the +Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, +which has been generally considered to be +merely another form of the same word—Reichard<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +being, as I believe, the only writer +who considers it to be a different river. It +seems to me a curious thing that it has never +occurred to any one to identify it with the +Wisloka, which joins the Vistula near Baranov. +The modern name must contain the +correct form, for Wisloka = an Old High +Germ. Wisilacha, from <i>acha</i> or <i>aha</i>, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, +from <i>afa</i> or <i>apa</i>, river. The following names +I take to be all variations of the same word.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oust</span>. Dep. Côtes-du-Nord.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Twiste</span>. Joins the Diemel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Queiss</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uist</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uste</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Quistina</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Kösten</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vistre</span>. Dep. Gard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vesdre</span>. Joins the Ourt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Veistr(itz)</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Quistirna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Twiste</span>, joins the Oste.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el = O. N. quisl.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany, &c.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vistula</span>, 1st cent., Germ. <span class="smcap">Weichsel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wisl(oka)</span>, joins the Vistula. (<i>See above.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wisl(ok)</span>. Joins the San.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wisil(affa)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wisl(auf)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vesle</span>. Joins the Aisne.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following seem also to contain the +Germ. <i>zwei</i>, Eng. <i>two</i>, and to have something +of a similar meaning to the foregoing.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zwitt(awa)</span> or <span class="smcap">Zwitt(au)</span> in Moravia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zwettel</span> in Austria.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I include also here the <span class="smcap">Scheldt</span> or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Schelde</span>, (the <span class="smcap">Scaldis</span> of Cæsar), which I +think is to be explained by the Old Norse +<i>skildr</i>, Dan. <i>skilt</i>, separated, in allusion to +the two mouths by which it enters the North +Sea. And to the same origin may be also +placed the <span class="smcap">Schilt(ach)</span> of Baden, which +falls into the Kinzig.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>caraid</i>, duplex, may probably +be the two <span class="smcap">Carts</span> in the County of +Renfrew, the united stream of which enters +the Firth of Clyde near Glasgow.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Die marken des Vaterlandes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Germanien unter den Römern.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION.</h3> + +<p>The idea of a river as a protection or as a +boundary seems to indicate a more settled +state of society, and therefore not to belong +to the earliest order of nomenclature. And +consequently, though this chapter is not +quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning +Owls," in Horrebow's Natural History +of Iceland, the sum and substance of +which is that "There are no owls of any kind +in the whole Island"—it will be seen that +the number of names is very small in which +such a meaning is to be traced.</p> + +<p>The word <i>gard</i>, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, +Slavonic, and other tongues has the +meaning of protection or defence, must, I +think, have something of the same meaning +in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +be that of boundary, for the two senses run +very much into each other.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gard</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gard(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Gart(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kart(haue)</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gairden</span>. Joins the Dee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gardon</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jardanus</span> ant. in Crete—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>sgia</i>, Welsh <i>ysgw</i>, guard, protection, +and in the Welsh <i>ysgi</i>, separation or +division, we have two senses, of which the +latter may be more suitable for the following. +The Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography +suggests that the Scius of Herodotus +may be the present Isker in Bulgaria: in an +etymological point of view this seems probable, +for as Scius = Welsh <i>ysgi</i>, so Isker = Welsh +<i>ysgar</i> of the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Netherlands.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Schie</span> by Schiedam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Isker</span>?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>scar</i>, <i>sgar</i>, Welsh <i>ysgar</i>, +Ang.-Sax. <i>scêran</i>, to divide, in the sense of +boundary, may be the following. The small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +river Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six +miles a boundary between different parishes.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shere</span>. Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Scarr</span>. Dumfriesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shira</span>. Argyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scere</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Scheer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Skerne</span>. Durham.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Schyrne</span>, 11th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Any names in which the sense of <i>land</i>, +terra, occurs, may, I think, be explained most +reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the +<span class="smcap">Fulda</span> of Germany, <span class="smcap">Fuld(aha)</span>, 8th cent., +referring it to Old High Germ. <i>fulta</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>folde</i>, earth, ground.</p> + +<p>Perhaps also to a similar origin may be +referred the <span class="smcap">Mold(au)</span> in Bohemia, and the +<span class="smcap">Mold(ava)</span> of Moldavia. But the Gael. +and Ir. <i>malda</i>, <i>malta</i>, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. +<i>milde</i>, Eng. <i>mild</i>, may be perhaps more +suitable: the <span class="smcap">Mulde</span>, which joins the Elbe, +and which in the 8th cent. appears as <span class="smcap">Milda</span>, +seems more probably from this origin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Bord(au)</span>, formerly <span class="smcap">Bordine</span>, which +forms for some distance the boundary between +East and West Friesland, may, as +suggested by Förstemann, be derived from +Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon <i>bord</i>, border. +Another river of the same name (p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>) may +perhaps be otherwise derived.</p> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here the <span class="smcap">Granta</span>, +and to suggest that it may have been a Sax. +or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain +part of the Cam. This river seems to have +formed one of the boundaries of the country +of the Gyrvii;<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> its name appears in Henry +of Huntingdon as Grenta; and the Old +Norse <i>grend</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>grenze</i>, boundary, +seems a probable etymon.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Statistical account of Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archæological Journal for Sept., 1861.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>VARIOUS DERIVATIONS.</h3> + +<p>In this chapter I include some names +which do not come under any of the foregoing +heads, or which have been omitted in +their places.</p> + +<p>The following have generally been referred +to Gael. <i>caol</i>, straight, narrow.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cole</span>. Warwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coly</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Colne</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>But even if this derivation is to be received, +we must seek another meaning for +the <span class="smcap">Kola</span> in Russian Lapland, and the +<span class="smcap">Koli(ma)</span> in Siberia—the latter in particular +being a large river, with a wide estuary.</p> + +<p>The Gael. and Ir. <i>beag</i>, little, forms the +ending of some Irish river-names, as the <span class="smcap">Awbeg</span>, +the <span class="smcap">Owenbeg</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Arobeg</span>.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +meaning in all these cases is "little river"—<i>owen</i> +being the same as <i>avon</i>, <i>aw</i> the simple +form <i>av</i> of the same word, and <i>aro</i> an appellative +as at p. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, now lost in the Celtic.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>suail</i>, small, have also +been derived the Swale and other following +rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as +inconsistent with the character of the rivers, +though the derivation which he proposes to +substitute, from <i>ys-wall</i>, a sheltered place, +affords, it must be admitted, no very happy +alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German <i>swal</i>, +Old Norse <i>svelgr</i>, gurges, Eng. <i>swell</i>, though +it is wanting in the Celtic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swale</span>. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swily</span>. Gloucestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swelly</span>. Donegal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swilly</span>. Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suala</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Schwale</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sulgas</span> ant., now the Sorgue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sula</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sullane</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following must be referred to Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +High Germ. <i>sualm</i>, gurges, an extension of +the previous word <i>sual</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sualman(aha)</span>, 8th century. The <span class="smcap">Schwalm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sulmana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sulm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Salm</span>. Prov. Liège.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Solman</span>. Dep. Jura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Shannon has by some writers been +derived from Ir. <i>sean</i> or <i>shean</i>, old. But +inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise +than old, the term could only be used +in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, +however, seems to me to be found in Ir. and +Obs. Gael. <i>siona</i>, delay; this corresponds +with the Gaelic form of the name, Sionan, +given by Armstrong.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shin</span>. Sutherland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Senus</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Shannon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sinna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sinn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Senne</span>. Joins the Dyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sena</span> ant., now the Nevola.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">San</span>, two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seena</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>cobhair</i>, Ir. <i>cubhair</i>, foam,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +froth, appear to be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cober</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cover</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Choper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chaboras</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Khabur</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chaberis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Caveri</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. <i>breath</i>, pure, +clear, I take to be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bratha</span>. Lake District.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Broth(ock)</span>. Forfar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brett(ach)</span>. Joins the Kocher.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brat(awa)</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Braht(aha)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> 10th century. The <span class="smcap">Bracht</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Practius</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And from the Ir. <i>brag</i>, running water, I +follow Mone in taking the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Wicklow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brege</span>, in the Scharwarzwald.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Braine</span>. Joins the Blackwater.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Breagna</span>, an old name for the Boyne.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A root for river-names, to which might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +put the following, is found by Förstemann +in Old High Germ. <i>rôr</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>rohr</i>, +arundo, Eng. <i>rush</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ror(aha)</span>, 11th century, now the <span class="smcap">Rohrbach</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rura</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ruhr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Roer</span>. Joins the Maas.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The word <i>sil</i> in river-names would seem +to have the meaning of still or sluggish water. +The Gael. has <i>sil</i>, to drop, rain, drip; +and the Arm. has <i>sila</i>, to filter. (The Old +Fries. <i>sil</i>, canal, seems hardly a related word; +it appears more probably to be connected +with Old Norse <i>sîla</i>, to cut, to furrow.) According +to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other +Scythian rivers had the same name, (<i>Grimm, +Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach.</i>) In this point of +view the above derivation might seem too +restricted, and we might think of <i>sil</i>, as of +<i>sal</i>, (p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>), as formed by the prefix <i>s</i> from +the root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to go, (p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>), in the simple +meaning of water. According to Strabo and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property +of petrifying any plant thrown into it; but +as, according to Cluvier, the modern inhabitants +of its banks know nothing of any +such property, it would rather seem as if the +story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with <i>silex</i>, flint.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sil(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sihl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Silis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Sile</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shiel</span> in Argyleshire—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Schyl</span> (ant. Tiarantus)—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siljan</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shelon</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Silaris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Silaro</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>silv</i> I take to be an extension of +<i>sil</i>, similar to others previously noticed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Silva</span>. Gov. Perm.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Silver</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Simois</span> in the Plain of Troy I have +suggestively placed at p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a> to Gael. <i>saimh</i>, +slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet <i>lubricus</i> +applied to it by Horace, we might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +perhaps seek a stronger sense from the same +root, as found in Welsh <i>seimio</i>, to grease, +<i>saim</i>, tallow.</p> + +<p>The water of the <span class="smcap">Liparis</span> in Cilicia, according +to Polyclitus, as quoted by Pliny, +was of such an unctuous quality that it was +used in place of oil. Probably only for the +purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. +Hence no doubt its name, from Sansc. <i>lip</i>, +to be greasy, Gr. <span title="liparos">λιπαρος</span>, unctuous.</p> + +<p>Grimm (<i>Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach.</i>) suggests +a similar origin for the Ister, p. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, +referring it to Old Norse <i>istra</i>, Dan. <i>ister</i>, +fat, grease, Gr. <span title="stear">στέαρ</span>. He puts it, however, +in a metaphorical sense, as "the fattening, +fructifying river." With deference, however, +to so high an authority, this explanation +seems to me rather doubtful. For the ending +<i>ster</i>, as I have elsewhere observed, is +common to many river-names, and I have +taken it to be, like the Arm. <i>ster</i>, formed by +a phonetic <i>t</i>, from the Sansc. <i>sri</i>, to flow.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> + +<p>Also, from the root of the Sansc. <i>sri</i>, to +flow, I take to be Gael. <i>sruam</i>, and again +taking the phonetic <i>t</i>, the word <i>stream</i>, +<i>strom</i>, common to all the Teutonic dialects. +In these two forms we find the ancient +names of two rivers—the <span class="smcap">Syrmus</span> of Thrace, +and the <span class="smcap">Strymon</span> or <span class="smcap">Strumon</span>, the present +<span class="smcap">Struma</span>, of Macedonia.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The derivation at p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a> I must retract, finding <i>beg</i> as a termination +of other Irish river-names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. <i>braht</i>, fremitus.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>CONCLUSION.</h3> + +<p>The names of rivers form a striking commentary +on the history of language, so admirably +expounded to the general reader in +the recent work of Professor Max Müller.</p> + +<p>When we review the long list of words +that must have once had the meaning of +water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck +with the number that have succumbed in +what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous +words as much as among plants and animals."</p> + +<p>We see too how large a portion of this +long list of appellatives may ultimately be +traced back to a few primary roots. And +how even these few primary roots may perhaps +be resolved into a still smaller number +of yet more simple forms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> + +<p>I take for instance, as a primitive starting +point in river-names, the Sansc. root <i>î</i>, <i>â</i>, or +<i>ay</i>, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, +as the Old Norse <i>â</i>, Anglo-Sax. <i>aê</i>, water, +river. But whether they directly represent +the root, or whether, like the French <i>eau</i>, p. +<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, they have only withered down to it again, +after a process of germinating and sprouting, +I do not take upon me to determine.</p> + +<p>Then we have the roots, also of the kind +called primary, <i>ab</i>, <i>ar</i>, <i>ir</i>, <i>ag</i>, <i>ikh</i>, <i>il</i>, <i>it</i>, all +having the same general meaning, to move, +to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, +are also derived a number of appellatives for +water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest +that the whole of these are formed upon, and +are modifications of the simple root <i>î</i>, <i>â</i>, or +<i>ay</i>, and that the following remarks made by +Max Müller respecting secondary roots, may +be extended also to them. "We can frequently +observe that one of the consonants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +in the Aryan languages, generally the final, +is liable to modification. The root retains +its general meaning, which is slightly modified +and determined by the changes of the +final consonants." He instances the Sansc. +<i>tud</i>, <i>tup</i>, <i>tubh</i>, <i>tuj</i>, <i>tur</i>, <i>tuh</i>, <i>tus</i>, all having the +same general meaning, to strike.</p> + +<p>Again—there are forms such as <i>ang</i>, <i>amb</i>, +<i>and</i>, &c., which are merely a strengthening +of the roots <i>ag</i>, <i>ab</i>, <i>ad</i>, or <i>at</i>, and which also +are found in a number of appellative forms.</p> + +<p>We might pursue the subject still further, +and enquire whether the secondary forms, +such as <i>sar</i>, <i>sal</i>, <i>car</i>, <i>cal</i>, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be +formed, by the prefix of a consonant, on the +roots <i>ar</i> and <i>al</i>, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root <i>î</i> or <i>â</i>.</p> + +<p>As also the silent and ceaseless flow of +water is the most natural and the most common +emblem of the efflux of time; so in the +same root is to be found the origin of many +of the words which mean time and eternity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +The Gr. <span title="aei">αει</span>, the Goth. <i>aiv</i>, the Anglo-Sax. +<i>awa</i>, Eng. <i>ever</i> and <i>aye</i>, are all from this +same root, so widely spread in river-names, +and express the same idea which speaks—</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 17em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"For men may come, and men may go,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But I go on for ever."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> +<h2>ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</h2> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i>, water, place the Lith. and +Lett. <i>uppe</i>, river, whence the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oppa</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Upa</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ufa</span>. Joins the Bielaya.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>ud</i> place as an appellative the Obs. +Gael. <i>ad</i>, water. And add to form No. 1 the following +names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uda</span>. Gov. Kharkov.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odde</span>. Dep. Allier.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>The Celt. word <i>and</i> or <i>ant</i>, water, is nothing more +than a strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. <i>ad</i>.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>In referring to the root <i>ark</i>, <i>erk</i>, I have omitted +the Ir. <i>earc</i>, water, the appellative most nearly concerned. +The Basque <i>erreca</i>, brook, might be taken to +be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +same language the more primitive words <i>ur</i> and <i>errio</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, which seem to form a link with the Indo-European +languages.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>nig</i>, <i>ni</i>, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Né</span>. Joins the Charente.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nia</span>. Stift Trondjem.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nerussa</span>. Gov. Orel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>wig</i>, <i>wic</i>, <i>wy</i>, place the two following +names. The Welsh <i>gwy</i>, water, is the word most +nearly concerned in most of the group.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wyck</span>. Buckinghamshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ui</span>. Gov. Orenburg.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>vip</i> place as an appellative the Welsh +<i>gwibio</i>, to rove, wander, <i>gwibiau</i>, serpentine course. +Probably upon the whole the sense of tortuousness is +that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Quipar</span>. Joins the Segura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>The Celtic languages have a trace of the word <i>trag</i>, +to run, in the Old Ir. <i>traig</i>, foot (<i>Zeuss, Gramm. Celt.</i>)</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> + +<p>For</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant. Thrace.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Read</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p> + +<p>To the Ir. <i>biol</i>, <i>buol</i>, water, place the following +names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beaulieu</span>, also called the Exe, in Hampshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beauly</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Paulo</span> ant., now the Paglione.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p> + +<p>I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars +of the present day the Ancient British deity Cocidis +is not considered to have any connection with the +river Coquet.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p> + +<p>It seems probable that the word <i>asp</i> in river-names +is formed by metathesis from the word <i>aps</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, +form 5.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Gryffe</span> and the <span class="smcap">Girvan</span> may perhaps be better +derived from the Gael. <i>grib</i>, swift.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>pad</i> or <i>pand</i>, to spread, may probably +be placed—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pant</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> + +<p>From the root <i>tan</i>, may be derived the <span class="smcap">Dniester</span>, +(=Danaster), from <i>ster</i>, river. Or it might be from +the root <i>dan</i>, as in Danube, p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</p> + +<p>The Dan. <i>tang</i>, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected +with any word signifying water: it represents +the Old Norse <i>tag</i>, twig.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>vind</i>, white, clear, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wente</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>To the Sansc. <i>taras</i>, Welsh <i>têr</i>, pure, clear, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tearus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + +<p class="hd1">(<i>Ancient Names in Italics.</i>)</p> + +<ul><li>Aa, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aach, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aar, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li><i>Abana</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Acaris</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Achaza, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Adda, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adenau, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adour, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adur, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li><i>Aenus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Agger, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Aghor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Agri, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ahr, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ahse, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ain, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Aisne, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Aiss, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Aiterach, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Alass, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li><i>Alaunus</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alb, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Albegna, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Alben, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Albla</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Albula</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Alces</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Aldan, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alde, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alf, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Alhama, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alise, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li><i>Alisna</i> <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Allan, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alle, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Aller, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Allia</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Allier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Allow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alm, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alma, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alme, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Almelo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Almo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Alpheus</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Alpis</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Alt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alta, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alten, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Altmühl, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Alum Bay, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Amasse, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li><i>Ambastus</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amber, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amble, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amblève, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amele, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ammer, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li><i>Amnias</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Amon, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Andelau, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Andelle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Angel, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Angera, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Angerap, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li><i>Angrus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li><i>Anitabha</i>, <a href="#Footnote_10_10">35—Note</a>.</li> + +<li>Anker, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Annas, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ant, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Anton, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Anza, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Appelbach, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Apsarus</i>, <a href="#Footnote_2_2">27—Note</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Apsus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li><i>Arabis</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Aragon, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arak, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li><i>Arar</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Aras, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li><i>Araxes</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arc, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arga, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Argen, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li><i>Arius</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Ariminus</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Arke, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arl, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arly, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arme, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Armine, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Arno, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arobeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li><i>Arosis</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arques, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li><i>Arrabo</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Arrow, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li><i>Arsia</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arun, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Arva, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></li> + +<li>Arve, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Ascania</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ash, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Asopus</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Aspe, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Astura, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Au, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aube, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Aulne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Aune, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Aupe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Aurach, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Auray, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Auve, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Aven, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Avia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Aviz, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Avoca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Avon, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Avre, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Awbeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Awe, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Axe, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li><i>Axius</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Axona</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Axus</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Bahr, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Bandon, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Bane, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li>Banitz, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bann, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bannock, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bar, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Barrow, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Baunach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Beaulieu, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Beauly, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Beela, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Behr, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Behrun, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Beina, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li>Beraun, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Bere, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Berre, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Beuvron, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bever, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Biala, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Bialy, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Biberbach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bibra, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bielaya, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Bièvre, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Bila, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li><i>Billæus</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Binoa, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Birse, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Blythe, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Bode, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Boderia</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Bogen, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bogie, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bolbec, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li><i>Bollaha</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Bord, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Bordau, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Bowe, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Boyle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Boyne, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bracht, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Braine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bramaue, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Bratawa, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bratha, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bray, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Breagna</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Brege, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bresle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Brettach, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Brosna, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Brothock, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bucket, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bug, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Buhler, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Buller, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Bullot, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Burzen, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Cædrius</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Cailas, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Cain, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li><i>Calbis</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li><i>Caldhowa</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Calder, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Caldew, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Callan, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Callas</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Callipus</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Calore, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Calpas</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cam, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Candy Burn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cane, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cann, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cantiano, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li><i>Caresus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Carpino, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li><i>Carpis</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Carron, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Cart, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Caveri, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cayster</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Celadon</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Celydnus</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Cerbalus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li><i>Cersus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Cestrus</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Chalus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Chalusus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Cham, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Char, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Charente, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Chares</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Chelt, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Chelva, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cher, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Chiana, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Chiers, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Choaspes</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Choper, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Chor, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Churne, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Cladeus</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li><i>Clanius</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Clare, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Cleddeu, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li><i>Clitora</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li><i>Clitumnus</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></li> + +<li>Cloyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li><i>Cludros</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Clun, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Clwyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Clyde, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Cober, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cocbrôc</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Cocker, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Cockley-beck, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Cocytus</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Coker, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li><i>Colapis</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cole, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Colne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Coly, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Conan, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Cond, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Conder, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Conn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Conner, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Conway, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Coquet, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Coralis</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Cover, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cremera</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li><i>Cremisus</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Crummock, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Cuckmare, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Curalius</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Cydnus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li><i>Cyrus</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Dahme, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dalcke, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Dane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Danube, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li><i>Daradax</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li><i>Daradus</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Darme, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Daubrawa, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Deane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Déaume, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dee, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Deel, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Delvenau, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Demer, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Derwent, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Desna, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Deva, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dill, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Dillar Burn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Dista, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Dive, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dniester, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Dobur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Docker, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dodder, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dokka, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dommel, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Don, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Donge, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Dora, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Dordogne, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Doubs, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Douglas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dourdon, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Dourdwy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Douro, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Doux, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dove, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dovy, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dow, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dowles, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Drac, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drage, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drammen, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Dran, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Drave, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Drewenz, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Drome, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drone, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Dronne, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Dubissa, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Duddon, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dude, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Durance, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Durme, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Durra, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Dussel, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Duyte, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dyle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Earne, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Ebrach, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ebro, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ecolle, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Eden, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Edrenos, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Eem, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eger, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ehen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Eichel, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eider, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eisach, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Eitrach, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Elbe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Eld, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Elda, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Ellé, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellen, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellero, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellison, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Elvan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Elz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Emba, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emele, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emme, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Emmen, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emmer, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ems, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ens, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Era, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Erens, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Erft, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Ergers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Erl, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Erla, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Erms, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Erpe, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Erve, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Eschaz, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Esk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Eskle, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Esla, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Esque, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ettrick, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eure, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Evan, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Evenus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Eye, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eypel, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Exe, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Fal, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Feale, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Fillan, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Fils, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Findhorn, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Finn, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Finnan, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Fladaha</i>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Fladnitz, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Fleet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flieden, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flietnitz, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flisk, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Foilagh, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Formio, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Forth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Fowey, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Foyers, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Frame, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Fraw, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Frome, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Froon, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Fulda, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Gada</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gaddada, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Gade, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gader, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gadmen, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Gail, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Gairden, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Gala, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Galthera</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Gande, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Ganges, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Gangitus</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Gard, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Gardon, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Garf water, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Garonne, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Garrhuenus</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Garry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Gartach, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Garza, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gata, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gauir, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Geisa, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li><i>Gela</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Gelt, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Geltnach, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Geranius</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Geron</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gers, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gidea, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Giesel, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Giessbach, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gingy, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Giron, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Girvan, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Glan, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glatt, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glen, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glon, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glyde, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Gose, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gotha, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gouw, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Grabow, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Granta, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Gravino, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Greta, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Grumbach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Gryffe, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Gwynedd, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li><i>Gyndes</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Haase, <a href="#Footnote_44_44">100—Note</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Haliacmon</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Halycus</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Halys</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Hamel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Hamps, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Harpa, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Harpasus</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Hebrus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Helisson</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Helme, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Helpe, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Herk, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Hesper, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Hespin, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li><i>Hesudros</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li><i>Hisscar</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Hörsel, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Hull, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Humber, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Hunte, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypanis</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypius</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypsas</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Iberus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Idle, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Igla, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Iglawa, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ihna, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ik, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ilach, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilavla, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Ile, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilen, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilek, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Ilissus</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Ill, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ille, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Iller, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Illim, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilm, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilmen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilmenau, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilse, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Ilz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Inda, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Inde, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Indus, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Indre, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Ingon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ingul, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Inn, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Inney, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ionne, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ipf, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></li> + +<li>Ipoly, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ips, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li><i>Irat</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irati, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irghiz, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irk, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irkut, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irt, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irthing, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irvine, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Isac, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Isar, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Ischl, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ise, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isen, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isère, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isla, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isker, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li><i>Ismenus</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isolé, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isper, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Isset, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li><i>Issus</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li><i>Ister</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Itchen, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Iton, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Itz, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Ive, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Ivel, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Jactus</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jaghatu, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jahde, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jahnbach, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Jardanus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Jaxt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jesmen, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jessava, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jetza, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li><i>Jezawa</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jisdra, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Joss, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jug, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Kalitva, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Kam, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kama, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kamp, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Kana, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kander, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Karthaue, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Kels, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Kelvin, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kemi, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kenne, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kent, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kerr, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kersch, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Khabur, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Khankova, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Klara, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Klodnitz, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Klön, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Kocher, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kohary, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kohlbach, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kokel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kola, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Kolima, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Korol, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Koros, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Kösten, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Krems, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Kroma, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Krumbach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Kuchelbach, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Kulpa, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kur, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Lagan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lahn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li><i>Laimaha</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Laine, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Laith, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lama, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lambro, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamme, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lammer, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamone, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamov, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li><i>Lamus</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Laucha, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lauder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lauter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lave, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lavino, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Leach, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leam, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lech, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leck, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lee, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leen, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Legre, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leiser, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Leith, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Leitha, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Leithan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Leman, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Leman (Lake), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lempe, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lesse, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Lethæus</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Leven, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lez, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lid, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lida, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lidden, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Liddle, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Lieser, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Liffar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liffey, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Ligne, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lima, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Limen, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Limmat, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li><i>Limyrus</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li><i>Liparis</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Lipka, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lippe, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liver, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liza, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lizena, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Ljusne, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Lloughor, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loing, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loire, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Loiret, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></li> + +<li>Lomond (Loch), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Looe, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loony, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loose, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lossie, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lot, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Loue, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Louga, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lougan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Louven, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lowna, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lowther, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Luder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lug, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugano (Lake), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugar, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Luhe, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lune, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lutter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lye, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lyme, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lyon, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lys, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Maas, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Macestus, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Madder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Madel, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Maese, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Magra, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mahanuddy, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maia, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maig, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Main, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maina, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>March, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mare, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Marecchia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mark, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Marne, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Marosch, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li><i>Marsyas</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Masie, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Mask (Lake), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li><i>Matrinus</i>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Matrona</i>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Maw, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mawn, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>May, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mayenne, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Meal, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mede, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Medemelacha</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medinka, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li><i>Medoacus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li><i>Medofulli</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medvieditza, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Medway, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medwin, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Megna, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mehaigne, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mehe, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Meissau, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li><i>Melsus</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Meon, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mergui, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mersey, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Metauro, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Metema</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Meuse, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Mhye, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Midou, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Miele, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mies, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Milsibach, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Moder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Moldau, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Moldava, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Mora, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Morava, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Morge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mörn, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Moselle, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Moskva, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mourne, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Moy, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Moyne, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Muhr, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mulde, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Mülmisch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Muotta, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Murg, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Murr, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Murz, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Musone, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Muthvey, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Naab, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Naaf, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li><i>Nabalis</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nabon, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nahe, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nairn, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li><i>Namadus</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li><i>Naparis</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nar, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narenta, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narew, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Naron, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narova, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narra, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Natisone, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Nave, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Naver, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Navia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Ne, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Neagh (Lake), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Neath, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li><i>Neda</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Neers, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Neisse, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nenagh, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nene, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nenny, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nent, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nera, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nerja, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nerussa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Ness, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Neste, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li><i>Nestus</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nethan, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nethe, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Neutra, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Neva, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Never, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nevis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></li> + +<li>Nia, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li><i>Nia</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nidd, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nidder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nied, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Niemen, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nievre, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nisi, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nissava, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nith, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nive, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nivelle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Noain, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Nodder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Noraha</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nore, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Now, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Oarus</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ock, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Ocker, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Odde, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Odder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Oder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Odon, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li><i>Oenus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Oertze, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Ohm, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ohre, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ohrn, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Oich, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oikell, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oise, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Oka, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oke, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Olle, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li><i>Olmeius</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li><i>Oltis</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Ombrone, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Oppa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Orb, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Ore, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Orge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Orla, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orlyava, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orlyk, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orre, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orrin, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li><i>Orsinus</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Orvanne, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Œscus</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Oskol, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Otter, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Ource, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Ourcq, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Ourt, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Ousche, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Oust, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Owenbeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Ovoca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Oxus, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Paar, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Pader, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Padus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Palme, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Pant, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li><i>Pantanus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Parde, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Parret, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Parthenius</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li><i>Pathissus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Paulo</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Pebrach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Pedder, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Peen, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Peffer, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pelym, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li><i>Peneus</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penjina, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penk, <a href="#Footnote_32_32">82—Note</a>.</li> + +<li>Pennar, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penza, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li><i>Permessus</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pernau, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Persante, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Petteril, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pever, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pfreimt, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Piana, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Piave, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Piddle, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pina, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinau, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pindar, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Pindus</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinega, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinka, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pitrenick, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Plaine, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Plau, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Plan-see (Lake), <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Pleiske, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Pleisse, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li><i>Pleistus</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Pliusa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Ploen (Lake), <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plone, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plonna, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plym, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Po, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li>Polota, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li><i>Porata</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Portva, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li><i>Practius</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Pravadi, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Pregel, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Primma, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Prims, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pripet, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Pronia, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Prosna, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Prüm, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pruth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Purally, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li><i>Pydaras</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Pyramus</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Queiss, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Quenny, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Quipar, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Raab, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li><i>Rasa</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rasay, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Ravee, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Raven, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Rea, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rednitz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></li> + +<li>Reen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rega, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Regen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Regge, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Reno, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Reuss, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rezat, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li><i>Rha</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhesus</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rhine, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rhion, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhodanus</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhodius</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rhone, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Riaza, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Riga, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Riss, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Robe, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Rodach, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rodau, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rodden, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Roer, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Rohrbach, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Ross, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rosslau, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rötel, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Roth, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rotha, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rothaine, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rother, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rott, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rottach, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Roubion, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Ruhr, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Rye, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Saale, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Saar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Sabis</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sabor, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sabrina</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Saima (Lake), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sal, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Salm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li><i>Salo</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Salza, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Samara, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sambre, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>San, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Saone, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Saraswati, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Saratovka, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Sarayu</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sare, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sark, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sarnius, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarno, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarsonne, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarthe, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sau, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sauconna</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Save, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savena, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savezo, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savio, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savranka, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sazawa, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li><i>Scaldis</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Scarr, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Scheer, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Scheldt, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Schie, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Schiltach, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Schmida, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Schnei, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Schondra, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schozach, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schunter, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schupf, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Schussen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schutter, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schwabach, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Schwale, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Schwalm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Schwarza, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Schyrne, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li><i>Scius</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li><i>Scopas</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Seaton, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Seena, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Segre, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Segura, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Seille, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Seine, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Selle, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Selse, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Selune, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Sem, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Semoy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sempt, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sena, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Senne, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li><i>Senus</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Seran, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Serchio, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sered, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sereth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Serio, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Serre, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Serus, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Sessites</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sestra, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Seugne, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Seva, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Severn, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Severus</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevre, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevron, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Shannon, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Sheaf, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Shere, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Shiel, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Shin, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Shira, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li><i>Sicoris</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sid, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Sieg, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sieve, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sihl, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Silaro, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Sile, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Simmen, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Simmer, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li><i>Simois</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Sinde, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Sitter, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Skerne, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></li> + +<li>Skippon, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Slaan, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Slaney, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Sneidbach, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Snyte, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Soar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Soastus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Soeste, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Soja, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Solman, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Somme, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sora, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sorg, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sosna, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sosterbach, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Sosva, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Souza, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sow, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Söve, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Spean, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spear, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Speier, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spey, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprazah, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spree, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprenzel, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Spressa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Sprint, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprotta, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Stör, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li><i>Storas</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stort, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stour, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Streu, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stroud, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Strumon, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Stry, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stura, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Styr, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Suchona, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Suck, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sucro</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Suevus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Suippe, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Suire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sula, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li><i>Sulgas</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Sullane, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Sulm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Sur, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sura, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sure, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Suren, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Suss, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sutledge, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sutoodra, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Suusaa, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Suzon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Svart, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Svir, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Swale, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swelly, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swilly, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swords, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Syrmus</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Szala, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Ta (Loch), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Tabuda</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tacon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Tamar, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Tamaris</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tambre, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tame, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tamuda, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tamyras, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tana, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanagro, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li><i>Tanais</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanaro, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanger, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li><i>Tanus</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Taptee, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tara, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tardoire, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tarf, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Tarisa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tarn, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Taro, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tartaro, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li><i>Tartessus</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tarth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tauber, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Tavda, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tave, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tavus, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tavy, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Taw, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tay, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Teane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tearne, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li><i>Tearus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Tees, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Teesta, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Teign, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tema, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Teme, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Temes, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tengs, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Termon, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Tescha, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Tessin, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Test, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Teviot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Thames, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Thaya, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Theiss, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Thiele, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Thur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li><i>Tiasa</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Ticino, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Till, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tilse, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Tim, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Timao, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Timavus</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tivy, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tollen, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Tom, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Torre, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Tosa, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Töss, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Touse, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Touvre, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Towy, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Trachino, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Tragus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Traun, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></li> + +<li>Trave, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Trebbia, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Treja, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Trent, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Trento, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Trome, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li><i>Truentius</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Truim, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Tura, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Turija, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Turuntus, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Twiste, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Tzna, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Uda, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ufa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ui, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Uist, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Ulla, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Ullea, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Ulster, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li><i>Umbro</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Umea, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Unstrut, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Upa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ural, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li><i>Urius</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Urjumka, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Ursel, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Usk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Uste, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li><i>Uxella</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Vaga, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vagai, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li><i>Vahalis</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vakh, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Varano, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Vardar, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Varde, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vardre, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Varese (Lake), <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Vartrey, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vayah, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vegiaur, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Vegre, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vehne, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Veile, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Veistritz, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vel, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Velez, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Velino, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vellaur, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vendée, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Vent, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Ver, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Verdon, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vesdre, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vesle, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vever, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Veveyse, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Viaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vie, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vienne, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vig, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vilia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Viliu, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Villa, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Vilna, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Vils, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vindau, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Vipasa</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Vire, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Vistre, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vistula, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vlie, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Vliest, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Vliet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Vodla, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Vosges, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Waag, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Waal, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wandle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Warnau, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Warta, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Watawa, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Waveney, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Waver, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wear, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Weaver, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wegierka, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Weichsel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Welland, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Welse, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Wente, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Wern, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Werre, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Wers, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wertach, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wetter, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Wey, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wick, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wien, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wigger, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Willy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Windau, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Winderius</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Windermere (Lake), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Wipper, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wislauf, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Wisloka, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Woder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Worse, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wölpe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Wupper, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wurdah, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Wyck, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Wye, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Xalon, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Xucar, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Yssel, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Ythan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Zeyer, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Zorn, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Zna, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Zwettel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Zwittau, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Zwittawa, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center smcap">R. and J. Steel, Printers, 57, English St., Carlisle.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900-h.htm or 35900-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/35900.txt b/35900.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9732f --- /dev/null +++ b/35900.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7372 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without + note. Greek text has been transliterated and is shown between + {braces}. Diacritical marks are represented as follows: + + [)x] letter _x_ with upper breve. + [=x] letter _x_ with upper macron. + [oe] oe ligature. + + + + + THE + + RIVER-NAMES + + OF + + EUROPE. + + + BY ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE, + 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; + AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH, + CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL. + + 1862. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The object of the present work is to arrange and explain the names of +European Rivers on a more comprehensive principle than has hitherto been +attempted in England, or, to the best of my belief, in Germany. + +I am conscious that, like every other work of the same sort, it must +necessarily, and without thereby impugning its general system, be +subject to correction in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a more exact +knowledge of the characteristics of the various rivers than can possibly +in all cases come within the scope of individual research. + +Among the writers to whom I am most indebted is Ernst Foerstemann, who, +in the second volume of his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first +consisting of the names of persons), has collected, explained, and where +possible, identified, the ancient names of places in Germany. The dates +affixed to most of the German rivers are taken from this work, and refer +to the earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere. + +I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as usual, given the +titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's "Local Etymology," and to the +work of Gluck, entitled "Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommende Keltische +namen." + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The first wave of Asian immigration that swept over Europe gave names to +the great features of nature, such as the rivers, long before the +wandering tribes that composed it settled down into fixed habitations, +and gave names to their dwellings and their lands. The names thus given +at the outset may be taken therefore to contain some of the most ancient +forms of the Indo-European speech. And once given, they have in many, if +not in most cases remained to the present day, for nothing affords such +strong resistance to change as the name of a river. The smaller streams, +variously called in England and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and whose shores were portioned out +among but a few settlers, readily yielded up their ancient names at the +bidding of their new masters. But the river that flowed past, coming +they knew not whence, and going they knew not whither--upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as themselves, and all as much +entitled to give it a name as they--was naturally, as a matter of common +convenience, allowed to retain its original appellation. + +Nevertheless, it might happen that a river such as the Danube, which +runs more than a thousand miles as the crow flies--being divided between +two great and perfectly distinct races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two different names. So we find +that while in its upper part it was called the Danube, in its lower part +it was known as the Ister--the former, says Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian name. So the Saone also +was anciently known both as the Arar and the Sauconna--the latter, +according to Zeuss, being its Celtic name. And Latham, (_Tacitus_, +_Germania_,) makes a similar suggestion respecting the Rhine--"It is not +likely that the Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of Switzerland, +gave the same name to the very different parts of their common river." +It does not follow then as a matter of course--though we must accept it +as the general rule--that the name by which a river is known at the +present day, when it happens to be different from that recorded in +history, is in all cases the less ancient of the two. There might +originally have been two names, one of which has been preserved in +history, and the other retained in modern use. + +It is also to be observed, that in the case of one race coming after +another--say Germans or Slaves after Celts--while the newcomers retained +the old names, they yet often added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are compounded of two words of +different languages, and in not a few cases both signifying water. + +The names thus given at the outset were of the utmost simplicity, +rarely, if ever, containing a compound idea. They were indeed for the +most part simple appellatives, being most commonly nothing more than +words signifying water. But these words, once established as names, +entered into a different category. The words might perish, but the names +endured. The words might change, but the names did not follow their +changes. Inasmuch as they were both subject to the same influences, they +would most probably in the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of the language, they would not +be regulated in their changes by it. Moreover, in their case a fresh +element came into operation, for, being frequently adopted by races +speaking a different language, they became subject to the special +phonetic tendencies of the new tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the same word, appear in a variety +of different forms. The most important phonetic modifications I take to +be those of the kind referred to in the next chapter. + +There is no branch of philological enquiry which demands a wider range +than that of the origin of the names of rivers. All trace of a name may +be lost in the language in which it was given--we may have to seek for +its likeness through the whole Indo-European family--and perhaps not +find it till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. Thus the name of +the Humber is probably of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words that +we find are the Lat. _imber_ and the Gr. {ombros}, till we come to the +Sansc. _ambu_, water. Celtic also probably are the names of the Hodder +and the Otter, but the words most nearly cognate are the Gr. {hydor} and +the Lith. _audra_, (fluctus), till we come to the Sansc. _ud_, water. + +Again, there are others on which we can find nothing whatever to throw +light till we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the Drave and the Trave, +for which Bopp proposes Sansc. _dravas_, flowing. And the Arve in Savoy, +which I cannot explain till I come to the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to +ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. _orbo_, Eng. _orphan_, &c. And--far +as we have to seek for it--how true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and how it will come home to the +frequenters of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember how, within the +last few years, its pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, and their +ruined tenants driven out like "orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted snows, cast its waters into +the Rhone, that it seems to drive back the latter river into the lake +from whence it issues. And Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current of the Rhone were made for +some hours to revolve in the opposite direction, and to grind their corn +backwards. + +Thus then, though we may take it that the prevailing element in the +river-names of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for assistance to all +the languages that are cognate. And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, we shall often find that the +nearer we come to the fountain-head, the clearer and the more distinct +will be the derivation. It will be seen also throughout the whole of +these pages that, in examining the names of rivers, we must take not +only a wide range of philological enquiry, but also an extensive +comparison of these names one with another. + +The first step in the investigation is of course to ascertain, whenever +it is possible, the most ancient forms in which these names are found. +We should scarcely suspect a relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the ancient name of the one was +Icene, and of the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose that the Rodden of +Shropshire was identical with the French Rhone, did we not know that +the original name of the latter was the Rhod[)a]nus. + +In this, as in most other departments of philology, the industry of the +Germans has been the most conspicuous. And Ernst Foerstemann in +particular, who has extracted and collated the ancient names of places +in Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished a store of the most +valuable materials. + +And yet after all there will be occasions on which all the resources of +philology will be unavailing. Then we can but gather together the +members of the family and wait till science shall reveal us something of +their parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders among the pleasant meads of +Devon--the Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of the thrifty +Dutch--the Alma that courses through the dark pine forests of the far +North--the Almo that waters the sacred vale of Egeria--and the Alma, +whose name brings sorrow and pride to many an English household--all +contain one wide-spread and forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +ON THE ENDINGS _a_, _en_, _er_, _es_, _et_, _el_. + + +We find that while there are many names of rivers which contain nothing +more than the simple root from which they are derived, as the Cam, the +Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, &c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal are _a_, _en_, _er_, +_es_, _et_, _el_. Thus the Roth in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, and the Roet(el) in Germany, +contain the same with four different endings. The German Ise shows a +simple root, and the Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch Yss(el), +Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the Tham(es), &c. The question +is--what is the value and meaning of these various additions? + +With respect to the ending in _a_, found in some English rivers, there +is reason to think that it is a word signifying water--the Old Norse +_a_, Goth. _ahva_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. So that the _a_ in Rotha may be the +same as the _a_ in the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea--as the +_au_ in the Germ. Donau (Danube)--and as the _ava_ in the Moldava of +Austrian Poland. + +Others of these endings have by different writers been supposed to be +also words signifying water. Thus Donaldson (_Varronianus_), takes the +ending _es_ to have that meaning. And Foerstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for the termination _ar_ or _er_. +"I allow myself here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names which +contain an _ar_ as the concluding part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to assume a simple suffix seems to +me in this case rather niggardly." So also the ending _en_ has been +supposed by some of our own Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh _aven_, Gael. _amhainn_, water or river, an +opinion which has also, though to a more limited extent, received the +sanction of Pott. + +There are various minor objections to the above theories which I forbear +to urge, because I think that the main argument against them is to be +found in the manner in which these endings run through the whole +European system of river-names. And it seems to me therefore more +reasonable to refer them to a general principle which pervades the +Indo-European languages, than to a particular word of a particular +language. The principle I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, and it +is that upon which the above word _aven_ or _amhainn_, is itself formed +from a simple root, by one of the very endings in question, that in +_en_. Instead then of explaining--as the followers of the above system +have done--the Saone (Sagonna) by the Celt. _sogh-an_, "sluggish river", +I prefer to point to the general principle upon which the root _sogh_ +has the power, so to speak, of making itself into _soghan_ (_e.g._, in +Lat. _segn-is_.) + +Not but that the principle contended for by the above writers may obtain +in some cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the Garonne, looks like one +of them, though even in this case I think that the latter may be the +proper form, and the former only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna. + +Then again the question arises whether, seeing that _en_ and _es_ in the +Celtic tongues, and _el_ in the Germanic, have the force of diminution, +this may not be the meaning in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (_Die +Deutschen_), suggests this in the case of the Havel and the Moselle; but +seeing that one of these rivers has a course of 180 and the other of 265 +miles, I think they might rather be adduced to prove that these endings +are not diminutive. We may cite also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), +both large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany we have two +rivers close together, the great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or +Arila)--here seems the very case for a diminutive, yet both rivers have +the same ending. Not but that there are instances of a diminutive in +river-names, but they seem of later formation. Thus there is no reason +to doubt that the French Loiret, which is a small river falling into the +large one, means "the little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts. + +Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to the opinion, which seems in the +main that of Foerstemann, that, at least as the general rule, these +endings are simply phonetic, and that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, _en_ is the principal phonetic +particle--_e.g._, English bow, Germ. bog_en_--Germ. rabe, Eng. +rav_en_--Lat. virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg_in_. But we have also traces +in English of a similar phonetic _er_, (_see Latham's Handbook of the +Eng. Language, p. 199_). The general reader will understand better what +is here intended by comparing our words maid and maid_en_. Between these +two words there is not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning--the ending _en_ is merely added for the sake of the sound, or, +in other words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference then that there +is between our words maid and maiden I take to be between the names of +our rivers Lid and Lidden. The ending in both cases serves, if I may use +the expression, to give a sort of finish to the word. + +The question then arises--supposing these endings to be phonetic--were +they given in the first instance, or have they accrued in after times? +It is probable that both ways might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been the case. Thus the Medina in +the Isle of Wight was once called the Mede, and the Shannon of Ireland +stands in Ptolemy as the Senus. On the other hand cases are more +frequent in which the ending has been dropped. Thus the Yare is called +by Ptolemy the Garrhuenus, _i.e._, the Garron or Yarron. And the Teme +appears in Anglo-Saxon charters as the Tamede or Temede. Indeed the +Thames itself would almost seem, by having become a monosyllable, to +have taken the first step of a change which has been arrested for ever. +So in Germany the Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in charters of +the 8th and 9th cent., as the Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And in +France the Isara and the Oscara have in modern times become respectively +the Oise and the Ousche; in both these two cases the ending _er_ has +been dropped; for Oise=_is_, not _isar_; and Ousche=_osc_, not _oscar_. + +This latter principle is indeed only in accordance with the general +tendency of language towards what Max Mueller terms "phonetic decay"--a +principle which seems less active in the rude than in the cultivated +stages of society. It would appear as if civilization sought to +compensate itself for the increased requirements of its expression, by +the simplification of its forms, and the rejection of its superfluous +sounds. + +Upon the whole then I think that as the general rule these endings have +been given in the first instance, and that they have but rarely accrued +in after times. Such being the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing to the sense, yet in another +point of view they may be called formative, as being the particles by +means of which words are constructed out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in some language, or in some +dialect, are still living words. And those that are not, are formed +regularly upon the same principle, common to the Indo-European system. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES. + + +The names of rivers may be divided into two classes, appellative and +descriptive--or in other words, into those which describe a river simply +as "the water" or "the river," and those which refer to some special +quality or property of its own. + +In the case of a descriptive name we may be sure that it has been +given--not from any fine-drawn attribute, but from some obvious +characteristic--not from anything which we have to seek, but from +something which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." If a stream be +very rapid and impetuous--if its course be winding and tortuous--if its +waters be very clear or very turbid--these are all marked features which +would naturally give it a name. + +But such derivations as the following from Bullet can only serve to +provoke a smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he says--"Abounding in +excellent trouts--_van_, good, _dluz_, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the derivation, and not the +derivation for the trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says--"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt signifies surprising, prodigious, +marvellous." Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though nothing can be more +childish than many of his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually the notable feature in +each case under consideration, a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect. + +River-names, in relation to their meaning, may be ranked under seven +heads. + + 1. Those which describe a river simply as "the water," "the river." + Parallel with this, and under the same head, we may take the words + which describe a river as "that which flows," because the + root-meaning of most of the words signifying water is, that which + flows, that which runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, there may + be sometimes fine shades of difference which we cannot now + perceive, and which would remove the names out of this class into + the next one. + + 2. Those which, passing out of the appellative into the descriptive, + characterize a river as that which runs violently, that which + flows gently, or that which spreads widely. + + 3. Those which describe a river by the nature of its course, as + winding, crooked, or otherwise. + + 4. Those which refer to the quality of its waters, as clear, bright, + turbid, or otherwise. + + 5. Those which refer to the sound made by its waters. + + 6. Those which refer to the nature of its source, or the manner of its + formation, as by the confluence of two or more streams. + + 7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or as a protection. + +Under one or other of the above heads may be classed the greater part of +the river-names of Europe. + +And how dry and unimaginative a list it is! We dive deep into the +ancient language of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but we recall +none of the religious veneration to the personified river which is so +strikingly manifest even to the present day. As we read in the Vedas of +three thousand years ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit of +the stream for a safe passage, so we read in the newspapers of to-day of +the pilgrims, as the train rattled over the iron bridge, casting their +propitiatory offerings into the river below. We seek for word-meanings +in the classical tongue of Greece, but they come up tinged with no +colour of its graceful myths. Few and far between are the cases--and +even these are doubtful, to say the least--in which anything of fancy, +of poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in the river-names of +Europe. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +APPELLATIVES. + + +The great river of India, which has given its name to that country, is +derived from Sansc. _sindu_, Persian _hindu_, water or sea. It was known +to the ancients under its present name 500 years B.C. Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly the Sansc. form, as the Indus +does the Persian. It will be seen that there are some other instances of +this word in the ancient or modern river-names of Europe. + + 1. _India._ The INDUS and the SINDE. + _Asia Minor._ INDUS ant., now the Tavas. + _France._ INDIS ant., now the Dain. + _Germany._ INDA, 9th cent. The INDE near Aix-la-Chapelle. + _Norway._ The INDA. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The INDRE. Joins the Loire. + +The most widely spread root is the Sansc. _ap_, Goth. _ahva_, Old High +Germ. _aha_, Old Norse _a_, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. With the +form _ahva_ Fuerst connects Ahava as the name of a river in the district +of Babylon, mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21--"Then I proclaimed a fast +there at the river of Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would rather +seem that Ahava was a place and not a river--"and I gathered them +together to the river that _runneth_ to Ahava." The place might +certainly, as in many other cases, take its name from the river on which +it stood, but this is one step further into the dark. From the root _ab_ +or _ap_ is formed Latin _amnis_, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. _abnas_. Also the Celt. _auwon_, _avon_, +_abhain_, or _amhain_, of the same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. _abh_, water. The Old German _aha_, _awa_, _ava_, or +_afa_, signifying water or river, is added to many names of that country +which are themselves probably of Celtic or other origin; the form in +Modern German is generally _ach_ or _au_. The ending in _a_ of some +English rivers, as the Rotha, Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; this form corresponds most +nearly with the Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the Caldew in +Cumberland, which seem to show the Germ. form _au_ or _ow_. The ending +_ick_ or _ock_ in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock and the Errick, +may be from a word of similar meaning, most probably the obs. Gael. +_oich_. + +I divide the widely spread forms from this root for convenience into two +groups, _ap_ or _av_, and _ach_ or _ah_. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. {hippos}, Lat. _equus_, Ang.-Sax. _eoh_, +horse, three words similarly formed from one root. The European names in +the following group I take to be most probably from the Celtic--the +Asiatic, if they come in, must be referred to the Sanscrit, or a kindred +and coeval tongue. + + 1. _England._ The IVE. Cumberland. + _Portugal._ The AVIA. + _Germany._ IPFA, 8th cent., now the IPF--here? + _Asia Minor._ HYPIUS ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis._ + _England._ The AVON and EVAN. Many rivers in England, Scotland, + and Wales. + _Scotland._ The AMON, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, + called the ALMOND. + _France._ The AVEN. Dep. Finistere. + _Germany._ AMANA, 8th cent., now the OHM. + _Hindostan._ HYPANIS ant., now the Sutledge--here? + _Asia Minor._ EVENUS ant., now the Sandarli--here? AMNIAS ant., + probably here. + _Syria._ ABANA ant., now the Barrada--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The AVRE. Dep. Eure. + _Germany._ IVARUS, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. EPAR(AHA), 8th + cent., now the EBR(ACH). + _Spain._ IBERUS ant., now the EBRO. + _Thrace._ HEBRUS ant., now the Maritza. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IVEL.[1] Somers. + _Germany._ APULA, 9th cent. The APPEL(BACH). + _Hungary._ The IPOLY or EYPEL. Joins the Danube. + + 5. _With the ending es._[2] + _Germany._ IBISA, 8th cent. The IPS. + _Portugal._ The AVIZ. + _Sicily._ HYPSAS ant., now the Belici. + _Illyria._ APSUS ant., now the Beratinos. + +A related form to No. 2 of the above group I take to be _ain_ = Manx +_aon_ for _avon_. + + _England._ The AUNE, Devonshire. The EHEN, Cumberland. The INNEY, + Cornwall. + _Germany._ The AENUS of Tacitus, now the INN. The IHNA, Prussia. + _Greece._ OENUS ant.--here? + +And I place here also a form _annas_, which I take to be = Sansc. +_abnas_, Latin _amnis_. + + _India._ The ANNAS. Gwalior. + _Germany._ ANISA, 8th cent. The ENS in Austria. + _Piedmont._ The ANZA. Joins the Tosa. + +In the other form _ah_, _ach_, there may be more admixture of the German +element. But the English names, I take it, are all Celtic. The form +_ock_ comes nearest to the obs. Gael. _oich_. + + 1. _England._ The OCK, Berks. The OKE, Devon. + _Scotland._ The OICH, river and lake. The AWE, Argyle. The EYE, + Berwicks. + _France._ The AA. Dep. Nord. + _Germany._ The AACH and the AU. + _Holland._ The AA in Brabant. + _Russia._ The OKA and the AA. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The OIKELL. Sutherland. + _Germany._ AQUILA, 8th cent., now the EICHEL. + +With the Sanscrit root _ab_ or _ap_ is to be connected Sanscrit _ambu_, +_ambhas_, water, whence Latin _imber_ and Gr. {ombros}. If the Abus of +Ptolemy was the name of the river Humber, it contains the oldest and +simplest form of the root. But the river is called the Humbre in the +earliest Ang.-Sax. records. I class in this group also the forms in _am_ +and _em_. + + 1. _England._ The EMME. Berkshire. + _Switzerland._ The EMME. + _Holland._ EMA, 10th ct., now the EEM--here? + _Sweden._ The UMEA. + _Asia._ The EMBA, also called the Djem. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The EMMEN. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The HUMBER. Humbre, _Cod. Dip._ + The AMBER. Derbyshire. + _Germany._ AMBRA, 8th cent., now the AMMER, and the EMMER. + _Italy._ UMBRO ant., now the OMBRONE. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The AMBLE or HAMBLE. Hants. + The AMELE or EMELE, now the Mole, in Surrey. + _Germany._ The HAMEL. Hanover. + _Belgium._ AMBL(AVA), 9th cent., now the AMBL(EVE). + + 5. _With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water._ + _England._ The HAMPS. Stafford. + _France._ The AMASSE. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ AMISIA, 1st cent. The EMS in Westphalia. + EMISA, 8th cent. The EMS in Nassau. + + 6. _With the ending st._[3] + _Asia._ AMBASTUS ant. Now the Camboja. + + +The whole of the above forms are to be traced back to the Sanscrit verb +_ab_ or _amb_, signifying to move; and that probably to a more simple +verb _a_. The Old Norse _a_, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, water or river, contain +then a root as primitive as language can show. We can resolve it into +nothing simpler--we can trace it back to nothing older. And it is +curious to note how the Latin _aqua_ has, in the present French word +_eau_, come round again once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions many of the words, as the +Avon, the Humber, &c., have grown, and yet without adding one particle +of meaning, as I hold, to the primeval _a_. + +The root of the following group seems to be Sansc. _ux_ or _uks_, to +water, whence Welsh _wysg_, Irish _uisg_, Old Belg. _achaz_, water or +river. Hence also Eng. _ooze_, and according to Eichoff (_Parrallele des +langues_), also _wash_. + + 1. _England._ The AXE, Devon. The AXE, Somers. + The ASH, Wilts. _Cod. Dip._ ASCE. + The ISACA, or ISCA (Ptolemy). The EXE. + The ESK, Cumb. ESKE, Yorks. + The ESK, in Scotland, five rivers. + The USK, in Monmouthshire. + _France._ The ISAC. Dep. Mayenne. + The ESQUE. Normandy. + The ACHASE. Dauphine. + _Germany._ ACHAZA, 10th cent., now the ESCHAZ. + ACARSE,[4] 11th cent., now the AXE. + The AHSE. Prussia. + _M[oe]sia._ [OE]SCUS ant. + _Asia._ ACES ant. (Herodotus), now the OXUS or Amou. + _Greece._ AXIUS ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.[5] AXUS or + OAXES in Crete, still retains its name. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ AXONA ant. (Caesar.) Now the AISNE. + _Asia._ ASCANIA ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other + in Bithynia. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ UXELLA ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be + the Parret. + The ESKLE, Hereford. + _Germany._ ISCALA, 8th cent. The ISCHL. + _Russia._ The OSKOL. Joins the Donetz. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _France._ OSCARA ant., now the OUSCHE. + _Belgium._ HISSCAR, 9th cent., seems not to be identified. + +I am inclined to bring in here the root _is_, respecting which +Foerstemann observes that it is "a word found in river-names over a great +part of Europe, but the etymology of which is as yet entirely unknown." +I connect it with the above group, referring also to the Old Norse _is_ +motus, _isia_, proruere, as perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name OUSE either in this group or the last, for two at +least of the rivers so called are so very tortuous in their course as to +make us think of the Welsh _osgo_, obliquity. + + 1. _Germany._ The ISE and the EIS(ACH). + _Syria._ ISSUS ant., now the Baias--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ISANA, 8th cent. The ISEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ISARA, 1st cent. B.C. The ISERE and the OISE.[6] + _Germany._ ISARA ant. The ISAR. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The ISLA. Two rivers. + _France._ The ISOLE. + _Holland._ ISELA, 8th cent., now the YSSEL. + _Spain._ The ESLA. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The ISIS, vulg. Ouse. + + 6. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The ISSET. Joins the Tobol. + + 7. _In a compound form._ + The ISTER, or Danube, perhaps = IS-STER, from a word _ster_, a river, + hereafter noticed. + ISMENUS ant., in B[oe]otia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word + _man_ or _mon_, probably signifying water or river, and found in + several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the + Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmuehl, the Haliacmon + of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c. + HESUDROS, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. _udra_, water), + may also come in. + +From the Sansc. _ud_, water--in comp. _udra_, as in _samudra,_ the sea, +_i.e._, collection of waters, (see also Hesudros above)--come Sansc. +_udon_, Gr. {hydor}, Slav. _woda_, Goth. _wato_, Germ. _wasser_, Eng. +_water_, Lith. _audra_, fluctus, &c. + + 1. _Italy._ ADUA ant., now the ADDA. + _Bohemia._ The WAT(AWA). + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?_ + _France._ The ODON. + _Germany._ ADEN(OUA), 10th cent., now the ADEN(AU). + + 3. _With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c._ + _England._ The ODDER and the OTTER. + The WODER, Dorset. Woder, _Cod. Dip._ + The ADUR in Sussex. + The VEDRA of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to + Pott, comes in here. + _France._ ATURUS ant., now the ADOUR. + AUDURA ant., now the EURE. + _Germany._ ODORA ant., now the ODER. + WETTER(AHA), 8th cent., now the WETTER.[7] + + 4. _With the ending rn._[8] + _Germany._ ADRANA, 1st cent., now the EDER. + _Asia Minor._ The EDRENOS. Anc. Rhyndacus. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Russia._ The VODLA. Lake and river. + +To the above root I also put a form in _ed_, corresponding with Welsh +_eddain_, to flow, Ang.-Sax. _edre_, a water-course, &c. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The EDEN. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy. + _Scotland._ The EDEN and the YTHAN. + _France._ The ITON. Joins the Eure. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The ETTR(ICK). Joins the Tweed. + _Germany._ EITER(AHA), 8th cent. The EITR(ACH)[9], the EITER(ACH), + and the AITER(ACH). + _Denmark._ EIDORA ant., now the EIDER. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IDLE. Notts. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ IDASA, 11th cent., now the ITZ. + +With the above may perhaps also be classed the Celtic _and_ or +_ant_,[10] to which Mone, (_Die Gallische sprache_), gives the meaning +of water. + + 1. _England._ The ANT. Norfolk. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ANTON.[11] Hants. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ANDRIA ant. Now the Lindre. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The ANDELLE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ ANTIL(AHA), 10th cent., now the ANDEL(AU). + +To the Celt. _dubr_, Welsh _dwfr_, water, are by common consent referred +the names in the second division of the undermentioned. But the forms +_dub_, _duv_, which in accordance with the general system here +advocated, I take to be the older and simpler form of the word, are, by +Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._), as well as most English writers, referred to +Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black. + + 1. _England._ The DOVE. Staffordshire. + The DOW. Yorkshire. + _Wales._ TOBIUS ant., now the TOWY. + The DOVY, Merioneth. + _France._ DUBIS ant., now the DOUBS. + The DOUX, joins the Rhine. + + 2. _With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr._[12] + _Ireland._ DOBUR ant., retains its name.[13] + _France._ The TOUVRE. + _Germany._ DUBRA, 8th cent., now the TAUBER. + The DAUBR(AWA), Bohemia. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The DUBISSA. + +Another Celtic word for water is _dur_, which, however, seems more +common in the names of towns (situated upon waters) than in the names of +rivers. Is this word formed by syncope from the last, as _duber_ = +_dur_? Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. _dra_ or _dur_, to +move? + + 1. _England._ The DURRA. Cornwall. + _Germany._ {Douras}, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar. + _Switz._ DURA, 9th cent. The THUR.[14] + _Italy._ DURIA ant., now the DORA. + TURRUS ant., now the TORRE. + _Spain._ DURIUS ant., now the DOURO. + _Russia._ The TURA. Siberia. + The TURIJA. Russ. Poland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ DURANIUS ant., now the DORDOGNE. + +In this chapter is to be included the root _ar_, respecting which I +quote the following remarks of Foerstemann. "The meaning of river, water, +must have belonged to this wide-spread root, though I never find it +applied as an appellative, apart from the obsolete Dutch word _aar_, +which Pott produces. I also nowhere find even an attempt to explain the +following river-names from any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit itself shows me no likely +word approaching it, unless perhaps we think of _ara_, swift +(_Petersburger Woerterbuch_)." + +The root, I apprehend, like that of most other river-names, is to be +found in a verb signifying to move, to go--the Sansc. _ar_, _ir_ or +_ur_, Lat. _ire_, _errare_, &c. And we are not without an additional +trace of the sense we want, as the Basque has _ur_, water, _errio_, a +river, and the Hung. has _er_, a brook. The sense of swiftness, as +found in Sansc. _ara_, may perhaps intermix in the following names. But +there is also a word of precisely opposite meaning, the Gael. _ar_, +slow, whence Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives the name of +the Arar (or Saone), a river noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination see page 11. + + 1. _England._ The ARROW, Radnor. The ARROW, Worcester. + The ORE. Joins the Alde. + _Ireland._ ARROW, lake and river, Sligo. + _France._ The AURAY. Dep. Morbihan. + _Germany._ ARA, 8th cent. The AHR, near Bonn, the OHRE, + which joins the Elbe, and the OHRE in + Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of + Ara. + UR(AHA), 10th cent., now the AUR(ACH). + _Switzerland._ ARA, ant. The AAR. + _Italy._ The ERA. Joins the Arno. + _Spain._ URIUS ant., now the Rio Tinte. + _Russia._ OARUS (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ARUN, Sussex. + _Scotland._ The ORRIN and the EARNE. + _Ireland._ The ERNE, Ulster. + _Germany._ OORANA, 8th cent., now the ORRE. + ARN(APE), 8th cent., (_ap_, water), now the ERFT. + The OHRN. Wirtemberg. + _Tuscany._ ARNUS ant. The ARNO. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ERL(AHA), 11th cent. The ERLA. + URULA, 9th cent. The ERL. + ARLA, 10th cent. The ARL. + The ORLA. Joins the Saale. + _Savoy._ The ARLY. + _Aust. Slavonia._ The ORLY(AVA). + _Russia._ The URAL and the ORL(YK). + +From _ar_ and _ur_, to move, the Sanscrit forms _arch_ and _urj_, with +the same meaning, but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, if we may +judge by some of the derivatives, as Lat. _urgeo_, &c. In two of the +three appellatives which I find, the Basque _erreca_, brook, and the +Lettish _urga_, torrent, we may trace this sense; but in the third, +Mordvinian (a Finnish dialect), _erke_, lake, it is altogether wanting. +And on the whole, I cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. _arg_, white, which has been generally +adduced as the etymon of these names, may intermix. + + 1. _England._ The ARKE. Yorkshire. + The IRK. Lancashire. + _France._ The OURCQ. Dep. Aisne. + The ORGE and the ARC. + _Belgium._ The HERK. Prov. Limburg. + _Sardinia._ The ARC. Joins the Isere. + _Spain._ The ARGA. Joins the Aragon. + _Armenia._ ARAGUS ant., now the ARAK. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ARGUNA, 8th cent. The ARGEN. + _Russia._ The ARGUN. Two rivers. + _Spain._ The ARAGON. Joins the Ebro. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The IRKUT. Joins the Angara. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _France._ The ARQUES. + _Russia._ The IRGHIZ. Two rivers. + + 5. _With the ending enz._[15] + _Germany._ ARGENZA, 9th cent., now the ERGERS. + +From the Sansc. _ri_, to flow, Gr. {rheo}, Lat. _rigo_ (often applied to +rivers--"Qua Ister Getas rigat," _Tibullus_), Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, Old +Sax. _riha_, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. _regen_, Eng. _rain_, Slav. _reka_, a +stream, Welsh _rhe_, rapid, _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus derives from Germ. _regen_, +rain, in reference to the unusual amount of rain-fall which occurs in +the Boehmer-wald, where it has its source. Butmann derives it from Wend. +and Slav. _reka_, a stream, connecting its name also with that of the +Rhine. Both these derivations I think rather too narrow. + +With respect to the Rhine I quote the following opinions. Armstrong +derives it from Celt. _reidh-an_, a smooth water, than which nothing can +be more unsuitable--the characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Caesar and Tacitus downwards--being that of rapidity. +Donaldson compares it with Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and makes Rhine = +Anglo-Saxon _rin_, cursus aquae. Grimm (_Deutsch. Gramm._) compares it +with Goth. _hrains_, pure, clear, and thinks that "in any case we must +dismiss the derivation from _rinnan_, fluere." Zeuss and Foerstemann +support the opinion of Grimm; nevertheless, all three agree in thinking +that the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest word, as it seems to me, +is Welsh _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, cognate with Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, +Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and (as I suppose), with Goth. _hrains_, +pure. + + 1. _England._ The REA. Worcester. + The WREY. Devonshire. + _Ireland._ The RYE. Joins the Liffey. + _Germany._ The REGA. Pomerania. + _Holland._ The REGGE. Joins the Vecht. + _Spain._ The RIGA. Pyrenees. + _Russia._ RHA ant., now the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ REGIN, 9th cent. The REGEN. + RHENUS, 1st cent. B.C. The RHINE. + The RHIN. Joins the Havel. + The RHINE. A small stream near Cassel. + _Norway._ The REEN. + _Italy._ The RENO by Bologna. + _Asiat. Russ._ The RHION, ant. Phasis. + +The Sansc. _li_, to wet, moisten, spreads into many forms through the +Indo-European languages. I divide them for convenience into two groups, +and take first Lat. _liqueo_, Old Norse _leka_, Ang.-Sax. _lecan_ +(stillare, rigare), Gael. and Ir. _li_, sea, Gael. _lia_, Welsh _lli_, +_llion_, a stream. Most of the following names, I take it, are Celtic. I +am not sure that the sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups. + + 1. _England._ The LEE. Cheshire. + The LEACH. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The LEE. Two rivers. + _Germany._ LICUS, 2nd cent., now the LECH. + LIA, 8th cent., now the LUHE. + _France._ LEGIA, 10th cent., now the LYS.[16] + _Belgium._ The LECK. Joins the Maas. + _Hindostan._ The LYE. Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream._ + _England._ The LEEN. Notts. + _Scotland._ The LYON and the LYNE. + _France._ The LIGNE. Dep. Ardeche. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LEGRE by Leicester, now the Soar. + _France._ LIGER ant. The LOIRE. + The LEGRE. Dep. Gironde. + +For the second group I take Lat. _lavo_, _luo_, Old Norse _lauga_, +lavare, Anglo-Saxon _lagu_, water, Gael. _lo_, water, Gael. and Ir. +_loin_, stream. In this group there may perhaps be something more of the +Germain element, _e.g._, in the rivers of Scandinavia. + + 1. _England._ The LUG. Hereford. + _Wales._ The LOOE. Two rivers. + _France._ The LOUE. Dep. Haute Vienne. + _Germany._ LOUCH(AHA), 11th cent. The LAUCHA. + LOUA, 10th cent., not identified. + _Holland._ The LAVE. + _Finland._ The LUGA or LOUGA. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LUNE. Lancashire. + The LAINE. Cornwall. + The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Scotland._ The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Ireland._ The LAGAN, near Belfast. + _France._ LUNA ant., now the LOING. + _Germany._ LOGAN(AHA), 8th cent., now the LAHN. + The LOWNA in Prussia. + _Norway._ The LOUGAN. Joins the Glommen. + The LOUVEN. Stift Christiana. + _Russia._ The LUGAN. + _Italy._ The LAVINO. + The lake LUGANO. + _India._ The LOONY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The LUGAR. Ayr. + _Wales._ The LLOUGHOR. Glamorgan. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Welsh _llifo_, to pour. + + 1. _Ireland._ The LIFFEY by Dublin. + _Germany._ LUPPIA, 1st cent. The LIPPE. + The LIP(KA). Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LIVER. Cornwall. + _Scotland._ The LIVER. Argyle. + _Ireland._ The LIFFAR. + +More remotely with the Sansc. _li_, liquere, and directly with Welsh +_lleithio_, to moisten, _llyddo_, to pour, Gael. _lith_, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. _leithus_, Ang.-Sax. _lidh_, liquor, poculum, potus, I +connect the following. The rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out the +special idea of smoothness, which we might be apt to infer from the +root, and from the character of the mythological river Lethe. + + 1. _England._ The LID. Joins the Tamar. + _Scotland._ The LEITH. Co. Edinburgh. + _Wales._ The LAITH, now called the Dyfr. + _Germany._ LIT(AHA), 11th cent. The LEITHA. + _Sweden._ The LIDA. + _Hungary._ The LEITHA. Joins the Danube. + _Asia Minor._} + _Thessaly._ } LETHAEUS ant., three rivers--here? + _Crete._ } + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LIDDEN (Leden, _Cod. Dip._) Worcester. + _Scotland._ The LEITHAN. Peebles. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The LIDDLE. Joins the Esk. + +From the Sansc. _ni_, to move, comes _niran_, water, corresponding with +the Mod. Greek {neron} of the same meaning. And that the Greek word is +no new importation into that language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. The Gr. {nao}, fluo, the Gael. +_nigh_, to bathe, to wash, and the Obs. Gael. _near_, water, a river, +show a close relationship; the Heb. _nhar_, a river, also seems to be +allied. Compare the Nore, a name given to part of the estuary of the +Thames, with the Narra, the name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, an ancient canal from the +Tigris towards the Persian Gulf. And with the Curische Nehrung, a strip +of land which separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf in Prussia +from the waters of the Baltic. On this name Mr. Winning remarks,[17] "I +offer the conjecture that the word _nehrung_ is equivalent to our +break-water, and that it is derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term _neriene_, strength, bravery." I should propose to give it a +meaning analogous, but rather different--deriving it from the word in +question, _nar_ or _ner_, water, and some equivalent of Old Norse +_engia_, coarctare, making _nehrung_ to signify "that which confines the +waters" (of the lake). In all these cases there is something of the +sense of an estuary, or of a channel communicating with the sea--the +Curische Haf being a large lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. The following names I take +to be for the most part of Celtic origin. + + 1. _England._ The NOW. Derbyshire. + The NAR. Norfolk. + The NORE, part of the estuary the Thames. + _Ireland._ NEAGH. A lake, Ulster. + NORE. Joins the Shannon. + _Germany._ NOR(AHA), 8th cent., also called the NAHA. + _Italy._ NAR[18] ant. The NERA. + _Spain._ The NERJA. Malaga. + _Russia._ The NAR(OVA), and the NAREW. + _Europ. Turkey._ NARO ant., now the NARENTA. + _Mauretania._ NIA ant., now the Senegal--here? + _Hindostan._ NARRA, two branches of the Indus--here? + + 2. _With the ending en, = Sansc. niran, water?_ + _Illyria._ The NARON. + _Scotland._ The NAREN or NAIRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The NEERS. Rhen. Pruss. + +From the Sansc. _ni_, to move, Gael. _nigh_, to bathe, to wash, comes, I +apprehend, the Welsh _nannaw_, _nennig_, _nant_, a small stream. + + _England._ The NENE or NEN. Northampton. + The NENT. Cumberland. + _Ireland._ The NENAGH. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The NENNY. + +Closely allied to _ni_, to move, I take to be Sansc. _niv_, to flow, +Welsh _nofio_, to swim, to float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, if not a false rendering, +might come in here. + + 1. _France._ The NIVE. Joins the Adour. + _Germany._ NABA, 1st cent., now the NAAB in Bavaria. + _Holland._ NABA or NAVA, 1st cent., now the NAHE or NAVE. + _Spain._ The NAVIA. Falls into the Bay of Biscay. + _Russia._ The NEVA and the NEIVA. + _Hindostan._ The NAAF. Falls into the Bay of Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Persia._ The NABON. Prov. Fars. + _Russ. Pol._ The NIEMEN.[19] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The NAVER. River and lake. + _Wales._ The NEVER. Merioneth. + _France._ NIVERIS ant., now the NIEVRE. + _Danub. Prov._ NAPARIS (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France and} The NIVELLE. Pyrenees. + Spain._ } + _Holland._ NABALIS (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Scotland._ The NEVIS. Rises on Ben Nevis. + +From the same root, _ni_, to move, and closely connected with the last +group, I take to be Sansc. _nis_, to flow, to water. Zeuss (_Die +Deutschen_) takes the word, as far as it relates to the rivers of +Germany, to be of Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word found as +the second part of some Slavonic river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it +is also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican has _naoz_, a brook, +and the German has _nasz_, wet, _naessen_, to be wet. + + 1. _Scotland._ The NESS. River and lake. + _Germany._ NISA, 11th cent. The NEISSE, two rivers, both of which + join the Oder. + _Servia._ The NISS(AVA). Joins the Morava. + _Sicily._ The NISI. + + 2. _With the ending st._[20] + _France._ The NESTE. Hautes Pyrenees. + _Thrace._ NESTUS ant. + + +From the Greek {nao}, fluo, comes {nama}, a stream, {namatiaion hydor}, +running water. Hence seems to be NAMADUS, the name given by the Greek +geographers to the Nerbudda of India. + +Another form which I take to be derived from the above Sanscrit root +_ni_, by the prefix _s_, is Sansc. _snu_, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. _schnee_, Eng. _snow_, &c.) + + _Germany._ ZNUUIA, 11th cent., now the SCHNEI. + _Russia._ The ZNA or TZNA. + +A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. _snidh_ or _snith_, to ooze +through, distil, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _snuadh_, to flow, and _snuadh_, a +river, whence I take the following. Foerstemann refers to Old High German +_snidan_, Modern German _schneiden_, to divide, in the sense of a +boundary, which is a root suitable enough in itself, though I think it +ought to yield the preference to the direct sense of water. + + _England._ The SNYTE. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ SNEID(BACH), 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue. + SMID(AHA), 9th cent., now the SCHMIDA, which joins the + Danube. For Snidaha? + +The form _snid_ or _snith_ introduces the form _nid_ or _nith_, and +suggests the enquiry whether that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (_Varronianus_), referring to a word Nethuns, "found +on a Tuscan mirror over a figure manifestly intended for Neptune," +observes that "there can be little doubt that _nethu_ means water in the +Tuscan language." Assuming the correctness of the premises, I think that +this must be the case; and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), contain +the Greek {nao}; as Nereus (a water-god), contains the word _ner_ before +referred to; as Neptune contains the Greek {nipto}, in each case +involving the signification of water, so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must +contain a related word _neth_ or _nethun_ of the same meaning. Also that +this word comes in its place here, as a derivative of the root _ni_, and +as a corresponding form to the Celtic _snidh_ or _snith_. + +There are, however, two other meanings which might intermix in the +following names; the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., Welsh +_nyddu_, to turn or twist, in the sense of tortuousness; and the other +is Old Norse _nidr_, fremor, strepitus. + + 1. _England._ The NIDD. Yorkshire. + _Scotland._ The NITH. Dumfriesshire. + _Wales._ The NEATH. Glamorgan. + _France._ The NIED. Joins the Sarre. + _Belgium._ The NETHE. Joins the Ruppel. + _Germany._ NIDA, 8th cent., now the NIDDA. + The NETHE. Joins the Weser. + _Norway._ The NIDA. + _Poland._ The NIDDA. + _Greece._ NEDA ant., now the Buzi in Elis. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The NETHAN. Lesmahago. + + 3. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _Germany._ NITORNE, 9th cent., now the NIDDER. + +There can hardly be a doubt that the words _sar_, _sor_, _sur_, so +widely spread in the names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +_sar_, _sri_, to move, to go, _sru_, to flow, whence _saras_, water, +_sarit_, _srota_, river. The Permic and two kindred dialects of the +Finnic class have the simple form _sor_ or _sur_, a river, and the +Gaelic and Irish have the derived form _sruth_, to flow, _sroth_, +_sruth_, river. In the names Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the +guttural to have accrued. + + 1. _England._ The SOAR. Leicester. + The SARK, forms the boundary between England and + Scotland. + _France._ The SERRE. Joins the Oise. + _Germany._ SARAVUS ant., now the SAAR. + SORAHA, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now + unnamed. + SURA, 7th cent. The SURE and the SUR. + The SORG. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The SARE and the SUR. + _Norway._ The SURA. + _Russia._ The SURA. Joins the Volga. + The SVIR, falls into Lake Ladoga. + _Lombardy._ The SERIO. Joins the Adda. + The SERCHIO or SARCO. + _Portugal._ The SORA. Joins the Tagus. + _Asia._ SERUS ant., now the Meinam. + _Asia Minor._ SARUS ant., now the Sihon. + _India._ SARAYU[21] ant., now the Sardju. + _Armenia._ ARIUS[22] ant., now the Heri Rud. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SERAN. Joins the Rhone. + The SERAIN. Joins the Yonne. + _Germany._ SORNA, 8th cent. The ZORN. + _Switzerland._ The SUREN. Cant. Aargau. + _Naples._ SARNUS ant. The SARNO. + _Persia._ SARNIUS ant., now the Atrek. + +The form _saras_, water, seems to be found in the following two names. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SARSONNE. Dep. Correze. + + 2. _Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water._ + _India._ The SARASWATI, which still retains its ancient name. + +And the Sansc. _sarit_, Gael. and Ir. _sroth_, _sruth_, a river, seem to +be found in the following. + + _Ireland._ The SWORDS river near Dublin. + _France._ The SARTHE. Joins the Mayenne. + _Galicia._ The SERED. Joins the Dniester. + _Moldavia._ The SERETH. Ant. Ararus. + _Russia._ The SARAT(OVKA).[23] Gov. Saratov. + + +It would seem that the foregoing forms _sri_, _sru_, _srot_, sometimes +take a phonetic _t_, and become _stri_, _stru_, _strot_. Thus one Celtic +dialect, the Armorican, changes _sur_ into _ster_, and another, the +Cornish, changes _sruth_ into _struth_--both words signifying a river. +But indeed the natural tendency towards it is too obvious to require +much comment. Hence we may take the names Stry and Streu. But is the +form Stur from this source also? Foerstemann finds an etymon in Old High +German _stur_, Old Norse _stor_, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is hardly suited for those of +England and Italy, none of which are large. The root, moreover, seems +too widely spread, if, as I suspect, it is this which forms the ending +of many ancient names as the Cayster, the Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, +Ister, Danastris, &c. The Armorican _ster_, a river, seems to be the +word most nearly concerned. + + 1. _The form stry, stru, stur._ + _England._ STURIUS (Ptolemy). The STOUR. There are six rivers + of this name. + _Germany._ STROWA, 8th cent. The STREU. + _Holstein._ STURIA, 10th cent. The STOeR. + _Italy._ STURA, two rivers. + STORAS (Strabo), now the ASTURA. + _Aust. Poland._ The STRY. Joins the Dniester. + The STYR. Joins the Pripet. + + 2. _The form struth._ + _England._ The STROUD. Gloucester. + The STORT. Essex. + _Germany._ The UNSTRUT Foerstemann places here, as far as the + ending _strut_ is concerned. + +From the Sanscrit root _su_, liquere, come Sansc. _sava_, water, Old +High German _sou_, Lat. _succus_, moisture, Gael. _sugh_, a wave, &c.; +(on the apparent resemblance between Sansc. _sava_, water and Goth. +_saivs_, sea, Diefenbach observes, we must not build). Hence I take to +be the following; but a word very liable to intermix is Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness is very marked, I have +taken them under that head. + + 1. _England._ The SOW. Warwickshire. + _Ireland._ The SUCK. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The SAVE. Joins the Garonne. + _Belgium._ SABIS, 1st cent. B.C., now the Sambre. + _Germany._ SAVUS ant. The SAVE or SAU. + The SOeVE. Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ The SEVA. + _Italy._ The SAVIO. Pont. States. + The SIEVE. Joins the Arno. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The SAVENA or SAONA. Piedmont. + _Armenia._ The SEVAN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ SEVERUS ant. The SUIRE. + _Germany._ SEVIRA, 9th cent. The ZEYER. + _France._ The SEVRE. Two rivers. + _Spain._ SUCRO ant. The XUCAR. + _Portugal._ The SABOR. + + 4. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _England._ SABRINA ant. The SEVERN. + _France._ The SEVRON. Dep. Saone-et-Loire. + _Russ. Pol._ The SAVRAN(KA). Gov. Podolia. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Lombardy._ The SAVEZO near Milano. + +In the Sanscrit _mih_, to flow, to pour, Old Norse _miga_, scaturire, +Anglo-Saxon _migan_, _mihan_, to water, Sansc. _maighas_, rain, Old +Norse _migandi_, a torrent--("unde," says Haldorsen, "nomina propria +multorum torrentium"), Obs. Gael. and Ir. _machd_, a wave, I find the +root of the following. Most of the names are no doubt from the Celtic, +though the traces of the root are more faint in that tongue than in the +Teutonic. This I take to be the word, which in the forms _ma_, and _man_ +or _men_, forms the ending of several river-names. + + 1. _Scotland._ The MAY. Perthshire. + _Ireland._ The MAIG and the MOY. + _Wales._ The MAY and the MAW. + _France._ The MAY. + _Siberia._ The MAIA. Joins the Aldon. + _India._ The MHYE. Bombay. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The MAWN. Notts. + The MEON. Hants. (Meon ea, _Cod. Dip._) + _Ireland._ The MAIN and the MOYNE. + _France._ The MAINE. Two rivers. + _Belgium._ The MEHAIGNE. Joins the Scheldt. + _Germany._ MOENUS ant. The MAIN. + _Sardinia._ The MAINA. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The MAIN. Joins the Anadyr. + _India._ The MEGNA. Prov. Bengal. + The MAHANUDDY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ The MAGRA. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The MEAL. Shropshire. + _Denmark._ The MIELE. Falls into the German Ocean. + + 5. _With the ending st._[24] + _Asia Minor._ The MACESTUS. Joins the Rhyndacus. + +From the root _mi_, to flow, come also Sansc. _miras_, Lat. _mare_, +Goth. _marei_, Ang.-Sax. _mer_, Germ. _meer_, Welsh _mar_, _mor_, Gael. +and Ir. _muir_, Slav. _morie_, &c., sea or lake. I should be more +inclined however to derive most of the following from the cognate Sansc. +_maerj_, to wash, to water, Lat. _mergo_, &c. Also, the Celtic _murg_, in +the more definite sense of a morass, may come in for some of the forms. + + 1. _France._ The MORGE. Dep. Isere. + _Germany._ MARUS (Tacitus). The MARCH, Slav. MOR(AVA). + MUORA, 8th cent. The MUHR. + MURRA, 10th cent. The MURR. + _Belgium._ MURGA, 7th cent. The MURG. + The MARK. Joins the Scheldt. + _Switzerland._ The MURG. Cant. Thurgau. + _Sardinia._ The MORA. Div. Novara. + _Servia._ MARGUS ant. The MORAVA. + _Italy._ The MARECCHIA. Pont. States--here? + _India._ The MERGUI--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The MOURNE. Ulster. + _Germany._ MARNE, 11th cent., now the MARE. + MERINA, 11th cent. The MOeRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The MERSEY. Lancashire. + _Germany._ MUORIZA, 10th cent. The MURZ. + _Dacia._ MARISUS ant. The MAROSCH. + _Phrygia._ MARSYAS ant. + +Another form of Sansc. _marj_, to wet, to wash, is _masj_, whence I take +the following. + + _Ireland._ MASK, a lake in Connaught. + _Russia._ The MOSK(VA), by Moscow, to which it gives the name. + +From the Sanscrit _vag_ or _vah_, to move, comes _vahas_, course, flux, +current, cognate with which are Goth. _wegs_, Germ. _woge_, Eng. _wave_, +&c. An allied Celtic word is found as the ending of many British +river-names, as the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the Elwy, &c. Hence +I take to be the following, in the sense of water or river. + + 1. _England._ The WEY. Dorset. + The WEY. Surrey. + _Hungary._ The WAAG. Joins the Danube. + _Russia._ The VAGA. Joins the Dwina. + The VAGAI and the VAKH in Siberia. + _India._ The VAYAH. Madras. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WAVENEY. Norf. and Suffolk. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WAVER. Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Netherlands._ VAHALIS, 1st cent. B.C. The WAAL. + + 5. _With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?_ + _France._ VOGESUS ant. The VOSGES. + +An allied form to the above is found in Sansc. _vi_, _vic_, to move, +Lat. _via_, &c., and to which I put the following. + + 1. _England._ The WYE. Monmouthshire. + _Scotland._ The WICK. Caithness. + _France._ The VIE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The VIG. Forms lake VIGO. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ VIGENNA ant. The VIENNE. + _Germany._ The WIEN, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. + Wien). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Switzerland._ The WIGGER. Cant. Lucerne. + _France._ The VEGRE. Dep. Sarthe. + The VIAUR--probably here. + _Poland._ The WEGIER(KA). + _India._ The VEGIAUR, Madras--here? + +Formed on the root _vi_, to move, is probably also the Sansc. _vip_ or +_vaip_, to move, to agitate, Latin _vibrare_, perhaps _vivere_, Old +Norse _vippa_, _vipra_, gyrare, Eng. _viper_, &c. I cannot trace in the +following the sense of rapidity, which we might suspect from the root. +Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the sense of tortuousness, so +strongly brought out in some of its derivatives. + + 1. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WEAVER. Cheshire. + The VEVER. Devonshire. + _Germany._ WIPPERA, 10th cent. The WIPPER (two rivers), and + the WUPPER. + + 2. _With the ending es._ + _India._ VIPASA, the Sanscrit name of the Beas. + _Switzerland._ VIBSICUS ant. (properly Vibissus?) The VEVEYSE by + Vevay. + +From the root _vip_, to move, taking the prefix _s_, is formed _swip_, +which I have dealt with in the next chapter. + +In the Sansc. _par_, to move, we find the root of Gael. _beathra_ +(pronounced _beara_), Old Celt. _ber_, water, Pers. _baran_, rain, &c., +to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The BERE. Dorset. + _Ireland._ BARGUS (Ptolemy). The BARROW. + _France._ The BAR. Dep. Ardennes. + The BERRE. Dep. Aude. + _Germany._ The BAHR, the BEHR, the BEHRE, the PAAR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Bohemia._ The BERAUN near Prague. + _India._ The BEHRUN. + _Russia._ The PERNAU. Gulf of Riga. + +From the Sansc. _plu_, to flow, Lat. _pluo_ and _fluo_, come Sansc. +_plavas_, flux, Lat. _pluvia_ and _fluvius_, Gr. {plyno}, lavo, +Ang.-Sax. _flowe_, _flum_, Lat. _flumen_, river, &c. Hence we get the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The PLAU, river and lake.[25] Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Holland._ FLEVO, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, + between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called + VLIE. + _Aust. Italy._ PLAVIS ant. The PIAVE, falls into the Adriatic. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The PLAINE. Joins the Meurthe. + _Germany._ The PLONE. Joins the Haff. + The PLAN-SEE, a lake in the Tyrol. + _Holstein._ PLOEN. A lake. + _Poland._ The PLONNA. Prov. Plock. + +From the above root come also the following, which compare with Sansc. +_plavas_, Mid. High Germ. _vlieze_, Mod. Germ. _fliess_, Old Fries. +_flet_, Old Norse _fliot_, stream. And I think that some at least of +this group are German. + + 1. _England._ The FLEET. Joins the Trent. + The FLEET, now called the Fleetditch in London. + _Scotland._ The FLEET. Kirkcudbright. + _Germany._ BLEISA, 10th cent. The PLEISSE. + _Holland._ FLIETA, 9th cent. The VLIET. + _Russia._ The PLIUSA. Gulf of Finland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ FLIEDINA, 8th cent. The FLIEDEN. + The FLIETN(ITZ). Pruss. Pom. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Holland._ The VLIEST. + _Greece._ PLEISTUS ant., near Delphi. + +There are two more forms from the same root, the former of which we may +refer to the Irish and Gael. _fluisg_, a flushing or flowing. The latter +shows a form nearest to the Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. _flum_, Lat. +_flumen_, though I think that the names must be rather Celtic. + + 1. _Ireland._ The FLISK. Falls into the Lake of Killarney. + _Germany._ The PLEISKE. Joins the Oder. + + 2. _England._ The PLYM, by Plymouth. + _Scotland._ The PALME, by Palmton. + _Siberia._ The PELYM. Gov. Tobolsk. + +From the Sansc. _gam_, to go, is derived, according to Bopp and Monier +Williams, the name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Ganga. The word is in fact +the same as the Scotch "gang," which seems to be derived more +immediately from the Old Norse _ganga_. In the sense of "that which +goes," the Hindostanee has formed _gung_, a river, found in the names of +the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, the Chittagong, and other rivers of +India. The same ending is found by Foerstemann in the old names of one or +two German rivers, as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th cent. was +called the LIUGANGA. Another name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in the myth of its rising from the +foot of Vishnoo. But as _pad_ and _gam_ in Sanscrit have both the same +meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each other. + + 1. _India._ The GANGES. Sanscrit GANGA. + The GINGY. Pondicherry. + _Russia._ The KHANK(OVA). Joins the Don. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Greece._ GANGITUS ant., in Macedonia. + +The Sansc. verb _gam_, to go, along with its allied forms, is formed on +a simpler verb _ga_, of the same meaning. To this I put the following. + + 1. _Holland._ The GOUW. Joins the Yssel. + _Persia._ CHOES or CHO(ASPES)[26] ant. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GEWIN(AHA), 9th cent., now the JAHN(BACH). + + 3. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Asia Minor._ The CAYSTER and CESTRUS--here? + + +The Sansc. _ikh_, to move, must, I think, contain the root of the +following, though I find no derivatives in any sense nearer to that of +water or river. + + 1. _Russia._ The IK. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ICENA (_Cod. Dip._) The ITCHEN. + _France._ ICAUNA ant. The IONNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Moravia._ The IGLA or IGL(AWA). + _France._ The ECOLLE. Dep. Seine-et-Oise. + +From the Sansc. _dravas_, flowing, are derived, according to Bopp, the +Drave and the Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, _dra_, to move. Hence +I have suggested, p. 37, may be the Welsh _dwr_, water. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARF, several small rivers--here? + _Germany._ DRAVUS, 1st cent. The DRAVE, Germ. DRAU. + _Italy._ The TREBBIA. Joins the Po. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ TRAVENA, 10th cent., now the TRAVE. + TREWINA, 9th cent. The DRAN. + DRONA, 9th cent. The DRONE. + TRUNA, 7th cent. The TRAUN. + _France._ The DRONNE. Joins the Isle. + +In the Sansc. _dram_, to move, to run, Gr. {dremo}, whence _dromedary_, +&c., is to be found the root of the following. But _dram_, as I take it, +is an interchanged form with the preceding _drav_, as _amon_ = _avon_, +&c., _ante_. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TROME and the TRUIM. Inverness. + _France._ The DROME and the DARME. + _Belgium._ The DURME. + _Germany._ The DARM, by Darmstadt. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Norway._ The DRAMMEN. Christiania Fjord. + +Another word of the same meaning as the last, and perhaps allied in its +root, is Sansc. _trag_, to run, Gr. {trecho}, Goth. _thragjan_. It will +be observed that the above Greek verb mixes up in its tenses with the +obsolete verb {dremo} of the preceding group. In all these words +signifying to run there may be something of rapidity, though I am not +able to remove them out of this category. + + 1. _France._ The DRAC. Joins the Isere. + _Prussia._ The DRAGE. + _Greece._ TRAGUS ant. + _Italy._ The TREJA. Joins the Tiber. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sicily._ The TRACHINO. Joins the Simeto. + +The Sansc. _il_, to move, Gr. {heilo}, Old High Germ. _ilen_, Swed. +_ila_, Mod. Germ. _eilen_, to hasten, Fr. _aller_, &c., is a very widely +spread root in river-names. + + 1. _England._ The ILE. Somerset. + The ALLOW. Northumberland. + _France._ The ILL, the ILLE, and the ELLE. + _Germany._ ILLA, 9th cent. The ILL. + IL(AHA), 11th cent. The IL(ACH). + The ALLE. Prussia. + _Italy._ ALLIA ant., near Rome. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ALAUNUS (Ptolemy). Perhaps the AXE. + The ALNE, two rivers. + The ELLEN. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The ALLAN, two rivers. + _Ireland._ The ILEN. Cork. + _France._ The AULNE. Dep. Finistere. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ALARA, 8th cent. The ALLER. + ILARA, 10th cent. The ILLER. + _Piedmont._ The ELLERO. + +From the above root _al_ or _il_, to move, to go, I take to be the Gael. +_ald_ or _alt_, a stream, (an older form of which, according to +Armstrong, is _aled_); and the Old Norse _allda_, Finnish _aalto_, a +wave, billow. As an ending this word is found in the NAGOLD of Germany +(ant. NAGALTA), and in the HERAULT of France, Dep. Herault. Foerstemann +makes the former word _nagalt_, and remarks on it as "unexplained." It +seems to me to be a compound word, of which the former part is probably +to be found in the root _nig_ or _ni_, p. 47. + + 1. _England._ The ALDE. Suffolk. + The ALT. Lancashire. + _France._ OLTIS ant., now the Lot. + _Germany._ The ELD. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Spain._ The ELDA. + _Russia._ The ALTA. Gov. Poltova. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ALDENA, 11th cent., now the Olle. + _Norway._ The ALTEN. + _Siberia._ The ALDAN. Joins the Lena. + +Also from the root _al_ or _il_, to move, I take to be the Old Norse +_elfa_, Dan. _elv_, Swed. _elf_, a river. The river {Alpis} mentioned in +Herodotus is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn by Innsbrueck. I think the +able Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient ground +for his supposition that Herodotus, in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of mountains. The former, it will +be seen, is an appellative for a river; the latter is found in the name +Carpino, of an affluent of the Tiber, and might be from the Celt. +_garbh_, violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, would make _garbh_ +into _carp_. But indeed the form _carp_ is that which comes nearest to +the original root, if I am correct in supposing it to be the Sansc. +_karp_, Lat. _carpo_, in the sense of violent action. In the following +list I should be inclined to take the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, +as nearest to the original form. + + 1. _Germany._ ALBIS, 1st cent. The ELBE. Also the ALB in Baden, and + the ALF in Pomerania. + ALPIS (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn. + ALAPA, 8th cent., now the Woelpe. + The AUPE. Joins the Elbe. + _France._ ALBA ant., now the AUBE. + The AUVE. Dep. Marne. + The HELPE. Joins the Sambre. + _Greece._ ALPHEUS ant., now the Rufio--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The ELVAN. Joins the Clyde. + _Germany._ ALBANA, 8th cent., now the ALBEN. + _Tuscany._ ALBINIA ant. The ALBEGNA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ELAVER ant., now the Allier. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ALBLA, 11th cent., not identified. + _Italy._ ALBULA, the ancient name of the Tiber. + _Russia._ The ILAVLA. Joins the Don. + +Foerstemann seems to me to be right in his conjecture that the forms +_alis_, _els_, _ils_, are also extensions of the root _al_, _el_, _il_. +We see the same form in Gr. {helisso}, an extension of {heilo}, and +having just the same meaning of verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this +word, which we find specially applied to rivers, is the one most +concerned in the following names, two of which, it will be seen +moreover, belong to Greece. Hence may perhaps be derived the name of the +Elysii, (wanderers?) a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus. And through +them, of many names of men, as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our +own family names Alice and Ellice.[27] + + 1. _France._ The ALISE. + _Germany._ ELZA, 10th cent., now the ELZ. + ILSA ant., now the ILSE. + The ALASS. Falls into the Gulf of Riga. + _Greece._ ILISSUS ant., still retains its name. + _Asia Minor._ HALYS ant., now the Kizil-Irmak. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ELISON, 3rd cent., now the Lise. + _Belgium._ ALISNA, 7th cent., not identified. + _Greece._ ELLISON or HELISSON ant. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ALZISSA, 9th cent., now the ALZ. + ILZISA, 11th cent., now the ILZ. + +The root _sal_ Foerstemann takes to be Celtic, and to mean salt water. No +doubt saltness is a characteristic which would naturally give a name to +a river. So it does in the case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can hardly think that all the +many rivers called the SAALE are salt, and I am inclined to go deeper +for the meaning. The Sansc. has _sal_, to move, whence _salan_, water. +The first meaning then seems to be water--applied to the sea as _the_ +water--and then to salt as derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +{als}, the Old Norse _salt_, and the Gael. _sal_, all mean both salt, +and also the sea, the latter may be the original sense. From the above +root, _sal_, to move, the Lat. forms both _salire_ and _saltare_, as +from the same root come _sal_ and _salt_. I take the root _sal_ then in +river-names to mean, at least in some cases, water. In one or two +instances the sense of saltness comes before us as a known quality, and +in such case I have taken the names elsewhere. But failing the proper +proof, which would be that of tasting, I must leave the others where +they stand. + + 1. _Germany._ SALA, 1st cent. Five rivers called the SAALE. + SALIA, 8th cent. The SEILLE. + _France._ The SELLE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The SAL. Joins the Don. + _Spain._ SALO ant., now the XALON. + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?_ + _Ireland._ The SLAAN and the SLANEY. + _France._ The SELUNE. Dep. Manche. + +It is possible that the root _als_, _ils_, found in the name of several +rivers, as the ALZ, ELZ, ILSE, may be a transposition of the above, just +as Gr. {als} = Lat. _sal_. But upon the whole I have thought another +derivation better, and have included them in a preceding group. + +From the Sansc. _var_ or _vars_, to bedew, moisten, whence _var_, water, +_varsas_, rain, Gr. {erse}, dew, Gael. and Ir. _uaran_, fresh water, I +get the following, dividing them into the two forms, _var_ and _vars_. + + +_The form var._ + + 1. _England._ The VER. Herts. + _France._ VIRIA ant. The VIRE. + _Germany._ The WERRE in Thuringia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ WARINNA, 8th cent. The WERN. + The WARN(AU). Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Naples._ VARANO,[28] a lagoon on the Adriatic shore. + + +_The form vars._ + + 1. _England._ The WORSE. Shropshire. + _France._ The OURCE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ The WERS. Joins the EMS. + _Italy._ ARSIA ant.--here? + VARESE. Lake in Lombardy. + _Persia._ AROSIS ant., now the Tab--here? + _Armenia._ ARAXES[29] ant., now the ARAS--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ URSENA, 8th cent., now the OERTZE. + _Asia Minor._ ORSINUS ant., now the Hagisik--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URSELA, 8th cent. The URSEL. + HOeRSEL. Joins the Werre. + +In the above Sansc. _var_, to moisten, to water, is contained, as I take +it, the root of the Finnic _wirta_, a river, the only appellative I can +find for the following. + + 1. _Germany._ WERT(AHA), 10th cent., now the WERT(ACH). + _Poland._ The WARTA. Joins the Oder. + _Denmark._ The VARDE. Prov. Juetland. + _India._ The WURDAH. Joins the Godavery. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The VERDON. Dep. Var. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The VARTREY. Wicklow. + _France._ The VARDRE. + _Europ. Turkey._ The VARDAR, ant. Axius. + +The following names have been generally supposed to be derived from +Welsh _cledd_ or _cleddeu_, sword, and to be applied metaphorically to a +river. But I think it will be seen from the Sansc. _klid_, to water, +whence _klaidan_, flux, Gr. {klydon}, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. _glade_, +a river, brook, that the meaning of water lies at the very bottom of the +word. Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running stream and of a sharp +point often run parallel to each other, there may be in this case a +relationship between them. + + 1. _Scotland._ The CLYDE. (CLOTA, Ptolemy.) + _Wales._ The CLOYD, the CLWYD, and the CLEDDEU. + _Ireland._ The GLYDE. + _Greece._ CLADEUS ant.--here? + _Umbria._ CLIT(UMNUS)[30] ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The KLODN(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Greece._ The CLITORA in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient + Clitorium. + _Asia Min._ CLUDROS ant., in Caria. + +There are two Sanscrit roots from which the word _ag_, _ang_, _ing_, in +river-names might be deduced. One is the verb _ag_ or _aj_, to move, +whence _anjas_, movement, (or the verb _ac_ or _anc_, to traverse), and +the other is the verb _ag_ or _ang_, to contract, whence Latin _anguis_, +snake, _anguilla_, eel, Eng. _angle_, &c. The sense then might be either +the ordinary one of motion, the root-meaning of most river names, or it +might be the special sense of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word _anger_, a river, in the Tcheremissian dialect of +the Finnic (Bonaparte polyglott), I think it safer to follow the most +common sense, though the other may not improbably intermix. The +derivation of Mone, from Welsh _eog_, salmon, I do not think of. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ANKIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the ECKN(ACH). + _France._ The INGON. Dep. Somme. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ANKER. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ ACKARA, 10th cent. The AGGER. + AGARA, 8th cent. The EGER. + The ANGERAP (_ap_, water), Prussia. + _Siberia._ The ANGERA. + _Italy._ ACARIS ant. The AGRI. + _Servia?_ ANGRUS (Herodotus). + _India._ The AGHOR--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ANGEL, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia). + _Russia._ The INGUL. Joins the Bug. + + 4. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ AGASTA,[31] 8th cent., now the AISS. + +From the Sansc. _pi_, to drink, also to give to drink, to water, Gr. +{pio}, {pino}, we may get a form _pin_ in river-names. + + 1. _Germany._ The PEEN in Prussia. + _Holstein._ The PINAU. Joins the Elbe. + _Hungary._ The PINA. Joins the Pripet. + The PINKA--here?[32] + _Russia._ The PIANA. Joins the Volga. + The PINE(GA). Joins the Dwina. + _India._ The BINOA. Joins the Beas. + _Greece._ PENEUS ant. Two rivers--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Siberia._ The PENJINA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The PENNAR. Madras. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The PENZA. Joins the Sura. + +From the above Sansc. _pi_ we may also derive the form _pid_. The only +appellative I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +_pidele_, a thin stream, given by Kemble in the glossary to the _Cod. +Dip._; and hence the name PIDDLE, of several small streams. The only +name I find in the simple form, and that uncertain, is the PINDUS of +Greece. Then there is a form _peder_, which seems to be from a definite +word, and not from the simple suffix _er_. + + 1. _England._ The PEDDER. Somerset. + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + _India._ The PINDAR--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The PITREN(ICK), a small stream in Lanarkshire. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The PETTERIL in Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _England._ PEDREDE (_Cod. Dip._) Now the PARRET. + +Also from the Sansc. root _pi_, to drink, to water, we get the form +_bib_ or _pip_, as found in Lat. _bibo_, and in Sansc. _pipasas_, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one name--the BEUVE in France, +Dep. Gironde. In the form _biber_ there are many names, particularly in +Germany. Graff (_Sprachschatz_), seems to refer the word to _biber_, +beaver, but Foerstemann, with more reason, as I think, suggests a lost +word for water or river. + + 1. _England._ The PEVER. Cheshire. + _Scotland._ The PEFFER. Ross-shire. + _France._ The BIEVRE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ BIBER(AHA), 7th cent. The BEVER, the BIBRA, the + PEBR(ACH), and the BIBER(BACH). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ BIVERAN, 8th cent., now the BEVER. + _France._ The BEUVRON. Dep. Nievre. + +Perhaps also from the root _pi_ we may derive the Ir. _buinn_, river, +_bual_, _biol_, water. From the former Mr. Charnock derives the name of +the Boyne, a derivation which I think suitable, even if we take the +ancient form Buvinda, (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._,) which might be more +properly Buvinna, as Gironde for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse _buna_, scaturire, might also be suggested. + + _Ireland._ The BOYNE. + _Germany._ BUN(AHA), 9th cent., now the BAUN(ACH). + +From the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, I derive the following, keeping out the +rivers of the Slavonic districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +_biala_, white. + + 1. _England._ The BEELA. Westmoreland. + _Ireland._ The BOYLE, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish + form is BUIL. + _France._ The BOL(BEC). Dep. Seine-Inf. + _Germany._ BOLL(AHA) ant. Not identified. + _Asia Minor._ BILLAEUS ant., now the Filyas. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ The BUHLER. Wirtemberg. + _Russia._ The BULLER. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The BULLOT. Baden. + _Russia._ The POLOTA. Joins the Dwina. + +A very obscure root in river-names is _gog_ or _cock_. The only +appellatives I find are in the Celtic, viz., Gael. _caochan_, a small +stream, Arm. _goagen_, wave; unless we think also of the word _jokk_, +_joeggi_, which in the Finnic dialects signifies a river; and in that +case the most probable root would be the Sansc. _yug_, to gush forth. To +the river Coquet, in Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar having been discovered bearing the +inscription "Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have been dedicated to the +genius of that river. Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in Greece, +a tributary of the river Acheron, invested with so many mysterious +terrors as supposed to be under the dominion of the King of Hades. +Possibly, however, it might only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something of the superstitious +reverence paid to the other. At all events, I can find nothing in the +etymology to bear out such a meaning. + + 1. _England._ COCBROC (_Cod. Dip._) This would seem to have + probably been a small stream called Cock, to + which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added + the word brook. + + 2. _Germany._ COCHIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the KOCHER.[33] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The COCKER. Cumberland. + The COKER. Lancashire. + _India._ The KOHARY--here? + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Transylvania._ The KOKEL, two rivers. + _England._ COCKLEY-BECK.[34] Cumberland. + _Germany._ CHUCHILIBACH, now Kuchelbach. + + 5. _With the ending et._ + _England._ The COQUET. Northumberland. + _Greece._ COCYTUS ant., now the Vuvo. + + 6. _In a compound form._ + _England._ The CUCKMARE, Sussex, with the word _mar_, p. 61. + +From the Sansc. _mid_, to soften, to melt, (perhaps formed on the root +_mi_, p. 59), come Sansc. _miditas_, fluid, Lat. _madidus_, wet. Herein +seems a sufficient root for river-names, but there is another which is +apt to intermix, Sansc. _math_, to move, whence, I take it, and not from +the former is Old Norse _moda_, a river. I separate a form _med_ or +_mid_, in which the sense of _medius_, and also that of _mitis_, is in +some cases clearly brought out; and another, _muth_ or _muot_, which, +though from the same root, as I take it, as _moda_, a river, (_math_, to +move), has more evidently the sense of speed. + + 1. _Germany._ MOTA, 8th cent., now the MEDE or MEHE. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The MADDER. Wiltshire. + _Germany._ MATRA, 8th cent., now the MODER. + _Italy._ METAURUS ant., the METAURO--here? + + 3. _With the ending ern._ + _France._ MATR[)O]NA[35] ant., now the Marne. + _Italy._ MATRINUS ant. in Picenum. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The MADEL. + +The only appellative for a river which I find derived from its sound is +the Sanscrit _nadi_, Hind. _nuddy_, from _nad_, sonare. Whether the +following names should come in here may be uncertain; I can find no +links between them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the root _nid_, p. 54, may +be suitable. + + 1. _France._ NODA ant., now the Noain. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The NODDER. (Noddre, _Cod. Dip._) + _Hungary._ The NEUTRA. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Venetia._ NATISO ant., now the NATISONE. + +The only words I can find at all bearing upon the following river-names +are the Serv. _jezor_, Bohem. and Illyr. _jezero_, lake, wherein may +probably lie a word _jez_, signifying water. But respecting its +etymology I am entirely in the dark. + + 1. _Germany._ JAZ(AHA), 8th cent., now the JOSS. + JEZ(AWA), 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein. + The JETZA. Joins the Elbe. + The JESS(AVA). Joins the Danube. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The JISDRA. Joins the Oka. + + 3. _Compounded with main, river._ + _Russia._ The JESMEN. Gov. Tchnerigov. + +Another word, of which the belongings are not clearly to be traced, is +the Armorican _houl_, _houlen_, unda, to which we may put the following. + + 1. _England._ The HULL. Joins the Humber. + _Finland._ The ULLEA. Gulf of Bothnia. + _Spain._ The ULLA in Galicia. + + 2. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Germany._ ULSTRA, 9th cent., now the ULSTER. + +In the Irish and Obs. Gael. _dothar_, water, Welsh _diod_, drink, +_diota_, to tipple--with which we may perhaps also connect the Lapp. +_dadno_, river, Albanian {det}, sea, and Rhaet. _dutg_, torrent, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The DUYTE. Joins the Hase. + The DUDE, a small stream in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The DUDDON. Lake district. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The DODDER. + + 4. _Compounded with mal._[36] + _Germany._ DUTHMALA, 8th cent., now the DOMMEL. + +From the Welsh _wyl_, Ang.-Sax. _wyllan_, Eng. _well_, to flow or gush, +(Sansc. _vail_, to move?), we got the following. + + 1. _England._ The WILLY. Wiltshire. + _Denmark._ The VEILE, in Jutland. + _Norway._ The VILLA. + _Russia._ The VEL. Joins the Vaga. + The VILIA. Joins the Niemen. + The VILIU, (Siberia). Joins the Lena. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WELLAND, (properly Wellan?) + _Russia._ The VILNA. Gov. Minsk. + _Italy._ The VELINO. Joins the Nera. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The VELLAUR, Madras--here? + + 4. _With the ending s._ + _Germany._ The VILS, two rivers in Bavaria. + The WELSE. Joins the Oder. + _Spain._ The VELEZ. Prov. Malaga. + +A word which appears to have the meaning of water or river, but +respecting the etymology of which I am quite ignorant, is _asop_ or +_asp_. That it has the above meaning I infer only from finding it as the +second part of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an independent form it occurs in the +following. Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), referring to +Hespin as the name of sundry small streams in Wales, derives it from +_hespin_, a sheep that yields no milk, because these streams are almost +dry in summer. This derivation is unquestionably false so far as this, +that the two words are merely derived from the same origin, viz., Welsh +_hesp_ or _hysp_, dry, barren. But whether this word has anything to do +with the following names is doubtful; it seems at any rate unsuitable +for the large rivers, such as the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in Isper, as in Wipper, p. 64, a +word _per_, mountain, I entirely dissent. + + 1. _France._ The ASPE. Basses--Pyrenees. + _Germany._ HESAPA ant., now the HESPER. + _Greece._ ASOPUS ant. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ISPERA, 10th cent. The ISPER. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in +Ptolemy Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called +the Ischal, a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel. + +[2] It seems rather probable that the ending _es_ in these names is not +a mere suffix. The APSARUS, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, and +the IPSALA in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings _er_ and _el_, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word _abhas_, or +_aphas_, with the meaning of river. + +[3] This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings _er_ and +_st_, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In +the present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic +form of _ss_, and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other +cases, as that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. _nisitas_, +fluid, it seems to be formative. + +[4] This looks like a mistake for Acasse. + +[5] So that there _is_ a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon. + +[6] "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(_Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens._) This seems not improbably to refer to +the Oise. + +[7] If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. _water_, the +Wetter would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as +Roth and Weigand, connect it with Germ. _wetter_, Eng. _weather_, in the +sense, according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by +rain. + +[8] This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic _n_ +to the ending _er_; or it may be from a word _ren_, channel, river, +hereafter noticed. + +[9] The Scotch ETTRICK and the Germ. EITRACH I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (_See p. 25_) + +[10] Hence perhaps Anitabha (_abha_, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India. + +[11] Tacitus gives this name to the Avon--in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But _anton_ and _avon_ seem to have +been synonymous words for a river. + +[12] Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea. + +[13] Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (_Gramm. Celt._)? + +[14] Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum. + +[15] Perhaps formed from _ez_ by a phonetic _n_. + +[16] I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of _lys_, a lily, is no doubt +only suggested by the similarity of sound. + +[17] Manual of Comparative Philology. + +[18] Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Ph[oe]n. _naharo_, a river. + +[19] Niemen may perhaps = Nieven--_m_ for _v_, as in Amon for Avon, p. +26. + +[20] Perhaps to be found in Sansc. _nistas_, wet, fluid. Here we get +something of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has +no doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place." + +[21] "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhya, one of the +earliest capitals of India, the modern Oude."--_Max Mueller, Science of +Language._ + +[22] I place this here on the authority of Max Mueller, who, pointing out +that the initial _h_ in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit _s_, thinks +that the river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or +Heri, and to the country of Herat. + +[23] This name seems formed at thrice--first Sarit--then ov, (perhaps +_av_ river)--lastly, the Slavish affix _ka_. + +[24] See note p. 29. + +[25] In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is +frequent in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. _pluewe_. + +[26] The word _asp_ comes before us in some other river-names, but +respecting its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which +it occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it +seems rather likely to have the meaning of water or river. + +[27] Also ALLISON and ELLISON, which may be either patronymic forms in +_son_; or formed with the ending in _en_, like the above river-names. +For the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points +run parallel to each other. + +[28] Following strictly the above Celt. word _uaran_, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay." + +[29] The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Graecism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form. + +[30] Containing the Latin _amnis_, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. 13. + +[31] I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, _st_ is only +a phonetic form of _ss_, and that the Mod. name _Aiss_ points truly to +the ancient form as _Agass_, see note, p. 29. + +[32] I should without hesitation have taken the PINKA, as well as the +Russian PINEGA, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix _ga_ or +_ka_. But the English river PENK in Staffordshire introduces an element +of doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending _ick_ +common in the rivers of Scotland. See p. 25. + +[33] This river seems also to have been called anciently CHOCHARA. + +[34] Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbroc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name. + +[35] I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more +self-denying than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let +a Gallic river stand in the way of a lively dactyl. + +[36] I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like _man_ or _main_, an extension of _may_, and to +signify water or river. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY. + + +In the preceding chapter I have included the words from which I have not +been able to extract any other sense than that of water. As I have +before mentioned, it is probable that in some instances there may be +fine shades of difference which would remove them out of that category, +but whenever I have thought to have got upon the trace of another +meaning, something has in each case turned up to disappoint the +conditions. + +In the present chapter, which comprehends the words which describe a +river as that which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, that which +spreads widely, there may still in some cases be something of an +appellative sense, because there may be a general word to denote a +rapid, a smooth, or a spreading stream. + +Among the rivers noted for their rapidity is the Rhone. This is the +characteristic remarked by all the Latin poets-- + + Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna. + _Tibullus._ + + Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis + In mare fert Ararim. + _Silv. Ital._ + + Praecipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis. + _Ausonius._ + +I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably wrong in making the +name of this river Rho-dan-us, from a word _dan_, water. Still more +unreasonable is a derivation in the _Cod. Vind._, from _roth_, violent, +and _dan_, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._) +remarks--"The syllable _an_ of the word Rhodanus is without doubt only +derivative, and we have nothing here to do with a judge; nevertheless +the meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to be impugned." The +word in question seems to be found in Welsh _rhedu_, to run, to race, +Gael. _roth_, a wheel, &c. But there is a word of opposite meaning, +Gael. _reidh_, smooth, which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +_roth_, red, may come in, though I do not think that Foerstemann has +reason in placing all the German rivers to it. + + 1. _England._ The ROTHA. Lake district. + _Germany._ ROT(AHA), 8th cent. The ROTH, two rivers, the ROTT, + three rivers, the ROD(AU), the ROD(ACH), and the + ROTT(ACH), all seem to have had the same ancient + name. + RAD(AHA) ant., now the ROD(ACH). + _Holland._ The ROTTE, by Rotterdam. + _Asia Min._ RHODIUS ant.[37] Mysia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The RODDEN. Shropshire. + _France._ RHOD[)A]NUS ant., now the Rhone. + _Germany._ The ROTHAINE near Strassburg, seems to have been + formerly ROT(AHA). + + 3. _With the ending ent._[38] + _Germany._ RADANTIA, 8th cent., now the REDNITZ. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ROTHER in Sussex. + The ROTHER, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ RAOTULA, 8th cent., now the ROeTEL. + +Allied to the last word is the Eng. _race_, and the many cognate words +in the Indo-European languages which have the sense of rapid motion, as +Welsh _rhysu_, &c. + + 1. _Scotland._ The RASAY. Rosshire. + _Ireland._ The ROSS. + _Germany._ The RISS. Wirtemberg. + _Switzerland._ The REUSS. Joins the Aar. + _Russia._ The RASA. + _Spain._ The RIAZA. + _Asia Min._ RHESUS of Homer not identified. + _India._ RASA, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ROSSL(AU). Joins the Elbe. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The REZAT. Joins the Rednitz. + +From the Gael. _garbh_, Welsh _garw_, violent, Armstrong derives the +name of the Garonne and other rivers.[39] The root seems to be found in +Sansc. _karv_ or _karp_, Latin _carpo_, &c., implying violent action. +The Lat. _carpo_ is applied by the poets to denote rapid progress, as of +a river, through a country. So likewise more metaphorically to the +manner in which a bold and steep mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said-- + + Behind the valley topmost Gargarus + Stands up and _takes_ the morning-- + +Hence this root is found in the names of mountains as well as +rivers--_e.g._, the Carpathians (Carp[=a]tes), and the Isle of +Carp[)a]thus, which "consists for the most part of bare mountains, +rising to a central height of 4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible +coast."[40] + + 1. _Scotland._ GARF water, a burn in Lanarkshire. + The GRYFFE. Renfrew. + _Germany._ The GRABOW. Pruss. Pom. + _Danub. Prov._ CARPIS, Herodotus, see p. 73. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GIRVAN. Ayr. + _Italy._ The CARPINO. Joins the Tiber. + The GRAVINO. Naples. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Italy._ CERBALUS[41] ant., now the CERVARO--here? + +From the Sansc. _su_, to shoot forth, _sus_, _sutis_, rushing or +darting, Gr. {sousis}, cursus, I take to be the following. Among the +derived words, the Gael. _suth_, a billow, seems to be that which comes +nearest to the sense required. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The SUSS. + _Denmark._ The SUUS(AA). + _Bohemia._ The SAZ(AWA). Joins the Moldau. + _Portugal._ The SOUZA. + _Siberia._ The SOS(VA), two rivers. + _India._ The SUT(OODRA), or Sutledge--here?[42] + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SUZON. + _Russia._ The SOSNA, two rivers. + +Probably to the above we may put a form _sest_, _sost_, found in the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The SOESTE. Oldenburg. + _Italy._ SESSITES ant., now the Sesia. + _Persia._ SOASTUS or SUASTUS ant. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The SESTRA. Gov. Moskow. + _Germany._ The SOSTER(BACH). Joins the Lippe. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Old High German _schuzzen_, Ang.-Sax. _sceotan_, Eng. +_shoot_, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _sciot_, dart, arrow.[43] + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ SCUZNA, 8th cent., now the SCHUSSEN. + SCUZEN ant., now the SCHOZACH. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ SCUTARA, 10th cent., now the SCHUTTER, two rivers. + SCUNTRA, 8th cent., now the SCHONDRA and the SCHUNTER. + +From the Germ. _jagen_, to hunt, to drive or ride fast, Bender derives +the name of the Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting also a +comparison with the ancient Jaxartes of Asia. Foerstemann considers both +suggestions doubtful, but the former seems to me to be reasonable +enough. The older sense of _jagen_ is found in the Sansc. _yug_, to +dart forth, formed on the simple verb _ya_, to go. And appellatives are +found in the Finnic words _jokk_, _joeggi_, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the more correct form would be +Jazartes, and that it contains the word _jezer_, before referred to. + + 1. _Russia._ The JUG. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Italy._ JACTUS ant. Affluent of the Po. + _Persia._ The JAGHATU. + _Germany._ The JAHDE,[44] in Oldenburg. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ JAGISTA ant., now the _Jaxt_ or _Jagst_. + +From the root _vip_, to move, p. 64, by the prefix _s_, is formed Old +Norse _svipa_, Ang.-Sax. _swifan_, Eng. _sweep_, &c. In these the sense +varies between going fast and going round, and the same may be the case +in the following names. + + _France._ The SUIPPE. Joins the Aisne. + _Germany._ SUEVUS, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to + Zeuss, the Oder. + SUAB(AHA), 8th cent., now the SCHWAB(ACH). + +From the Obs. Gael. _sgiap_, _sgiob_, to move rapidly, Eng. _skip_, may +be the following. + + 1. _England._ The SHEAF, by Sheffield. + _Germany._ SCIFFA, 9th cent., now the SCHUPF. + _Asia Min._ SCOPAS ant., now the Aladan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKIPPON. Joins the Wyre. + +In the Gael. _brais_, impetuous, related perhaps to Lat. _verso_, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The BIRSE. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The BIRSE. Cant. Berne. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BROSNA. Leinster. + _Transylvania._ The BURZEN. Joins the Aluta. + _Pruss. Pol._ The PROSNA. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The BRESLE. Enters the English Channel. + + 4. _With the ending ent._ + _Germany._ The PERSANTE. Pruss. Pom. + +From the Sansc. _rab_ or _rav_, to dart forth, whence (in a somewhat +changed sense) Eng. _rave_, French _ravir_, Lat. _rabidus_, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great flood, or as Cotgrave expresses +it--"A ravine or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth all things that +come in its way." + + 1. _Ireland._ The ROBE. Connaught. + _India._ The RAVEE or Iraotee--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ Various small streams called RAVEN, RAVENBECK, &c. + _France._ The ROUBION, affluent of the Rhone--here? + +From the Sansc. _math_, to move, are derived, as I take it, Old High +German _muot_, Mod. Germ. _muth_, Ang.-Sax. _mod_, courage or spirit, +Welsh _mwyth_, swift, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The MUOTTA. Cant. Schwytz. + + 2. _Compounded with vey, stream or river._ + _Wales._ The MUTHVEY. Three rivers. + +The Sansc. _sphar_, _sphurj_, to burst forth, shews the root of a number +of words such as _spark_, _spring_, _spirt_, _spruce_, _spry_, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the +Sansc. _sphar_ or _spar_ must be traced back to a simpler form _spa_ or +_spe_, as found in _spew_, to vomit, and in the word _spa_, now confined +to medicinal springs. + + 1. _Scotland._ The SPEY. Elgin. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAR. + _Germany._ SPIRA, 8th cent., now the SPEIER. + The SPREE. Joins the Havel. + +Derived forms from the above root are also the following, which +correspond more closely with Germ. _spruetsen_, Ang.-Sax. _sprytan_, Eng. +_spirt_, Ital. _sprizzare_. And I think that most of these names are +probably German. + + _England._ The SPRINT, a small stream in Westmoreland. + _Germany._ SPRAZAH, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. + The SPROTTA in Silesia. + SPRENZALA, 8th cent., now the SPRENZEL. + SPURCHINE(BACH),[45] 9th cent., now the + SPIRCKEL(BACH). + _Eu. Turkey._ The SPRESSA. Joins the Bosna. + +In the preceding chapter I have treated of the root _al_, _el_, _il_, to +go, and various of its derivations. There is another, _alac_, _alc_, +_ilc_, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of +swiftness, as in the Lat. _alacer_, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +{helikos}, I include in this place. + + 1. _Russia._ The ILEK. Joins the Ural. + _Sicily._ HALYCUS ant., now the Platani. + _Asia Minor._ ALCES ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _Compounded with may, main, river._ + _Siberia._ The OLEKMA. Joins the Lena. + _Germany._ ALKMANA, 8th century, now the Altmuehl. + _Greece._ HALIACMON ant., now the Vistritsa. + +From the Welsh _tarddu_, to burst forth, we may take the following. +There does not seem any connection between this and the root of _dart_ +(jaculum); the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in +river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or +transparency. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARTH. Lanarkshire. + _Libya._ DAR[)A]DUS ant., now the Rio di Ouro. + _Armenia._ DARADAX[46] ant. (Xenophon). + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The TARDOIRE. Dep. Charente. + _Aust. Italy._ The TARTARO. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Spain._ TARTESSUS ant., now the Guadalquiver. + +With the Sansc. _till_, to move, to agitate, we may probably connect the +Gael. _dile_ and _tuil_, Welsh _diluw_, _dylif_, _dylwch_, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. _dilgian_, German _tilgen_, to overthrow, +destroy, &c. The Ang.-Sax. _delan_, Germ. _thielen_, to divide, in the +sense of boundary, may however intermix in these names. + + 1. _England._ The TILL. Northumberland. + _Ireland._ The DEEL. Limerick. + _Germany._ The DILL. Nassau. + _Belgium._ THILIA, 9th cent., now the DYLE in Bravant. + _Switzerland._ The THIELE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The TOLLEN. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The DILLAR burn. Lesmahagow. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The TILSE, by Tilsit. + +With the two Welsh forms _dylif_ and _dylwch_, deluge, we may perhaps +connect the following, though for the former the Ang.-Sax. _delfan_, to +dig, _delf_, a ditch, may also be suitable. + + _Germany._ DELV(UNDA), 9th century, now the DELVEN(AU). + DELCHANA, 11th century, now the DALCKE. + +From the Gael. and Ir. _taosg_, to pour, _tias_, tide, flood, may be the +following. Perhaps the special sense of cataract may come in, at least +in some cases, as two of the under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls. + + 1. _England._ The TEES. Durham. + _Switzerland._ The TOeSS. Cant. Zurich. + _Piedmont._ The TOSA. + _Russia._ The TESCHA. Joins the Oka. + _Hungary._ TYSIA ant., now the THEISS. + _Greece._ TIASA ant. Laconia. + _India._ The TOUSE--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The TESSIN or TICINO. + _Germany._ The DESNA. Joins the Dnieper. + _France._ The TACON. Dep. Jura. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ TUSSALE (_Genitive_), 11th cent., now the DUSSEL + by Duesseldorf. + + 4. _With the ending st._[47] + _England._ The TEST. Hants. + _Germany._ The DISTA. Prussia. + _India._ The TEESTA--here? + +From the Sansc. _gad_ or _gand_, Ang.-Sax. _geotan_, Suio-Goth. _gjuta_, +Danish _gyde_, Old Norse _giosa_, Old High Ger. _giezen_, Obs. Gael. +_guis_, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," we get the following. The +Gotha or G[oe]ta of Sweden may probably derive its name from the +well-known fall which it makes at Trolhaetta. So also the Gaddada of +Hindostan is noted for its falls; and the Giessbach is of European +celebrity. But in some of the other names the sense may not extend +beyond that of wandering, as we find it in Eng. _gad_, which I take to +be also from this root. Or that of stream, as in Old High Germ. _giozo_, +Gael. and Ir. _gaisidh_, rivulus. + + 1. _England._ The GADE. Herts. + _Scotland._ GADA ant.,[48] now the JED by Jedburgh. + _Germany._ The GOSE. Joins the Ocker. + GEIS(AHA), 8th cent., now the GEISA. + The GANDE, Brunswick--here, or to _can_, _cand_, + pure? + _Switzerland._ The GIESS(BACH). Lake of Brienz. + _Spain._ The GATA. Joins the Alagon. + _Sweden._ The GOTHA or G[OE]TA. + The GIDEA, enters the G. of Bothnia. + _Asia._ GYNDES (_Herodotus_), perhaps the Diala--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ CYDNUS ant., now the Tersoos Chai. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Persia._ The GADER. + _Sardinia._ CAEDRIUS ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ GISIL(AHA), 8th cent., now the GIESEL--here? + + 5. _With the ending ed._ + _India._ The GADDADA. + + 6. _Compounded with main, stream._ + _Switzerland._ The GADMEN. + +From the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. +_orbo_, &c., may be the following. To the very marked characteristic of +the Arve in Savoy I have referred at p. 6. But there is a word of +precisely opposite meaning, the Celt. _arab_, Welsh _araf_, gentle, +which is very liable to intermix. + + 1. _France._ The ARVE and the ERVE. + _Germany._ ORB(AHA), 11th cent., now the ORB. + _Sardinia._ The ARVE and the ORBE. + _Hungary._ The ARVA. Joins the Waag. + _Spain._ The ARVA, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The IRVINE. Co. Ayr. + _France._ ARVENNA ant., now the ORVANNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ARBALO, 1st cent., now the ERPE. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Asia Minor._ HARP[)A]SUS ant., now the HARPA. + +In the Sansc. _cal_, to move, and the derivatives Sansc. _calas_, Gr. +{keles}, Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, Latin _celer_, all having the same +meaning--the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently marked to include them +in this chapter. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GALA. Roxburgh. + _Sicily._ GELA ant.[49] + _Illyria._ The GAIL. + _Greece._ CALLAS ant., in Eub[oe]a. + _As. Turkey._ The CHALUS of Xenophon, now the Koweik. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The CALLAN. Armagh. + + 3. _With the ending er = Lat. celer?_ + _Italy._ CALOR ant., now the CALORE. + + 4. _With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?_ + _Germany._ CHALUSUS, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave. + The KELS, in Bavaria. + _India._ The CAILAS. + +I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of _cal_, and +perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, celer, the forms +_caled_, _calt_, _gelt_. That the Germ. _kalt_, Eng. _cold_, may +intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English +rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it +in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (_i.e._, cold brook), and it seems +natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold +river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or +Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and +_conformed_ to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation +is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. +Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form +_gelt_ Foerstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse +_gelta_, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the +Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach +the nearest to the original form. + + 1. _England._ The GELT. Cumberland. + The CHELT by Cheltenham--here? + The CALD(EW). Cumberland. + _Germany._ The CALD(HOWA), (_Adam Brem._), now seems to be called + the Aue. + _Russia._ The KALIT(VA). Joins the Donetz. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GELTEN(AHA), 11th cent., now the GELTN(ACH). + _Greece._ CELYDNUS ant. Epirus. + CELADON ant. Elis. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CALDER. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The CALDER. Joins the Clyde. + _Belgium._ GALTHERA, 9th cent. + +I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of _cal_, the +word _calip_, _calb_, _kelp_. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word _kelp_, sea-weed, and the Scottish _kelpie_, a water-spirit, +wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for +water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a +conjecture. + + 1. _Germany._ KALB(AHA), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach). + The KULPA. Aust. Croatia. + _Hungary._ COLAPIS ant., affluent of the Drave. + _Spain._ The CHELVA. Prov. Valentia. + _Portugal._ CALL[)I]PUS ant., now the Sadao. + _Asia Minor._ CALBIS ant. Caria. + CALPAS ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The KELVIN. Stirling. + +The Sansc. _car_, to move, Lat. _curro_, like some other words of the +same sort, branches out into two different meanings--that of going fast, +and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in +some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness; and +these two senses are somewhat at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected with slowness. Separating the +two meanings as well as I can, I bring in the following here. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GARRY. Perthshire. + The YARROW. Selkirkshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ GARRHUENUS ant., now the YARE. + _France._ GARUMNA or GARUNNA ant. The GARONNE. + The GIRON. Joins the Garonne. + _Greece._ GERANIUS ant., and GERON ant., two rivers of Elis, + according to Strabo. + + 3. _With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c._ + _France._ The GERS. Joins the Garonne. + CHARES ant., now the CHIERS. + _Germany._ The KERSCH. Joins the Neckar. + _Italy._ The GARZA, by Brescia. + _Hungary._ GER[)A]SUS ant., now the KOROS. + _Asia Minor._ The CARESUS of Homer in the plain of Troy. + _Syria._ CERSUS ant., now the Merkez. + +There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or +rapidity is brought out by the preposition _pra_, _pro_, _fro_, in +composition with a verb. Thus the Welsh _ffre-uo_, to gush, whence +_ffrau_, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. _pra-i_, Lat. +_prae-eo_, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, +say _yu_, to gush, and presume a Sansc. _pra-yu_ = Welsh _ffre-uo_. In +the Albanian {pro}, a torrent, corresponding with Welsh _ffrau_, there +seems, however, no trace of a verb. + + 1. _Wales._ The FRAW, by Aberfraw. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FROON. Falls into L. Lomond. + _Russia._ The PRONIA. + +The Welsh _ffrydio_, to stream, to gush, appears to be formed similarly +from the preposition _fra_, joined with the verb _eddu_, to press on, to +go, corresponding with Sansc. _it_, Latin _ito_, &c. Hence it would +correspond with a Sansc. _pra-it_, Lat. _prae-ito_, &c. From the verb +comes the appellative _ffrwd_, a torrent, corresponding with the Bohem. +_praud_, of the same meaning. + + _Scotland._ The FORTH. Co. Stirling. + _Danub. Prov._ PORATA (Herodotus). The PRUTH. + _Russia._ The PORT(VA). Gov. Kaluga. + +I also bring in here, as much suggestively as determinately, the +following. + + _Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. prae-peto, &c., to rush forth._ + _Russ. Pol._ The PRIPET. Joins the Dnieper. + _Bulgaria._ The PRAVADI. Falls into the Black Sea. + + _Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. 112._ + _Prussia._ The PREGEL. Enters the Frische-Haff. + + _Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow._ + _India._ The PURALLY. + +According to the opinion of Zeuss and Gluck, the DANUBE, (ant. Danubius +and Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come in here. These writers +derive it from Gael. _dan_, Ir. _dana_, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is no doubt the most striking +characteristic of the river, but it might also not inappropriately be +placed to the root _tan_, to extend, whence the names of some other +large rivers. Gluck considers the ending _vius_ to be simply derivative, +and suggests that the Germans, with a natural striving after a meaning, +altered this derivative ending into their word _ava_, _aha_, _ach_, or +_au_, signifying river. Though Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I +have great respect, and though this is the principle for which I myself +have been all along contending, yet I am rather inclined to think that +in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), there is contained a definite +appellative, qualified by a prefixed adjective: this seems to me to be +brought out more clearly in the Medway, and in the names connected with +it. + +The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, is the Thracian name of the +Danube, I have elsewhere referred to the Armorican _ster_, a river. Not +that I mean to infer therefrom that the name is Celtic, because _ster_ +is only a particular form of an Indo-European word _sur_. If we refer +the prefix _is_ to the Old Norse _isia_, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to Danubius. But the derivation of +Mone, who explains it by _y_, the Welsh definite article, and _ster_, a +river, making Ister = "The river," I hold with Gluck to be--like other +derivations proceeding on the same principle--opposed to all sound +philology. + +Among the rivers noted for the slowness of their course, the most +conspicuous is the Arar or Saone. Caesar (_de Bell. Gall._) describes it +as flowing "with such incredible gentleness that the eye can scarcely +judge which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as a type of +indecision--"the Arar in doubt which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets--"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, tardusque." The name +Sauconna, Sagonna, Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the 4th cent., +yet there does not seem any reason to doubt that it is as old as the +other. Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_) and the Editor of "Smith's Ancient +Geography" take this as the true Gallic name. And though Armstrong +explains both the Arar and the Saone from the Celtic--referring the +former to the Obs. Gael. _ar_, slow, and the latter to Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably be correct, yet it by no +means follows that the name of the Arar is Celtic, for _ar_ is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. To the same root as the Saone +I also put the Seine (Sequ[)a]na), and the Segre (Sic[)o]ris), comparing +them with Lat. _seg-nis_. The former of these rivers is navigable for +350 miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in Lucian as "stagnantem +Sicorim." Some other rivers, in which the characteristic is less +distinct, I also venture to place here, separating this root as well as +I can from another p. 58. + + 1. _Germany._ SIGA, 10th cent. The SIEG. + _Russia._ The SOJA. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ SAUCONNA ant. The SAONE. + SEQUANA ant. The SEINE. + The SEUGNE. Dep. Charente-Inf. + _Russia._ The SUCHONA. Joins the Dwina. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Spain._ SICORIS ant. The SEGRE. + The SEGURA. Enters the Med. Sea. + +Perhaps allied in its root to the last is the Gael. _saimh_, quiet, +tranquil, to which I put the following. + + 1. _Belgium._ The SEMOY. + _Russia._ The SEM or SEIM. Joins the Desna. + SAIMA, a lake in Finland. + _Asia Minor._ The SIMOIS of Homer--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The SIMMEN, in the Simmen-Thal. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ SAMARA, ant., now the SOMME. + The SAMBRE, ant. Sabis. + _Germany._ The SIMMER. Joins the Nahe. + _Russia._ The SAMARA. Two rivers. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ SEMITA, 8th cent. The SEMPT. + +In the Gael. _ar_, slow, (whence the Arar, p. 118,) is to be found, as I +take it, the root of the Welsh _araf_, mild, gentle. From this Zeuss +(_Gramm. Celt._), derives the name of the Arr[)a]bo, now the Raab. This +root is liable to mix with another, _arv_, p. 109, of precisely opposite +meaning. + + _Hungary._ ARRABO ant., now the Raab. + _India._ ARABIS ant., now the Purally. + _Ireland._ The AROB(EG),[50] Co. Cork--here? + +I bring in here the word _aram_ or _arm_, which, both in the names of +rivers, and in the ancient names of men, as the German hero Arminius, +needs explanation. The authority of Dr. Donaldson may probably have been +the cause of the reproduction, even in some of the latest English works, +of the mistake of confounding the name Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the +word _hermann_, warrior, (from _her_, army, _mann_, homo). That it is +not so is shown by its appearance in the ancient names of women, as +Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,[51] (daughter of Dagobert the 2nd). And by +the manner in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, Irminric, +Irminger,[52] Ermingaud, Irminher, &c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, forms other compounds in ancient +names. Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, (which is found as +early as the 7th cent.), is formed from the word _her_, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be Her-mann-her. The fact then, +as I take it, is that, both in the names of rivers and of men, the root +is simply _arm_ or _irm_, and _armin_ or _irmin_ an extended form, like +those found all throughout these pages. As to its etymology, the word +_aram_, _arm_, in the Teutonic dialects signifying poor or weak, is in +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original meaning may perhaps +rather have been mild or gentle. The root seems to be found in the Gael. +_ar_, slow; and _aram_ may be a corresponding word to the Welsh _araf_. +Baxter, who, though his general system of river-names I hold to be +fallacious, was, for his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort. + + 1. _England._ The ARME. Devon. + _Russia._ The URJUM(KA)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ ARIMINUS ant., now the Marecchia. + The ARMINE. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ARMISIA ant., now the ERMS. + +In this place I am inclined to bring in the Medway, and some other names +connected with it. Among the various derivations which have been +suggested for this name, that of Grimm deserves the first place, though +I much fear that it is too poetical to be true. He observes, (_Gesch. d. +Deutsch. Sprach._), comparing it with another name--"In Carl's +campaign, A.D. 779, there is a place mentioned in the vicinity of the +Weser, called Medofulli, Midufulli; _medoful_ means poculum mulsi, +(_Hel._ 62, 10); it appears to have been a river, which at present bears +some other name. Of just a similar meaning is the name of the river +Medway flowing through the county of Kent into the Thames--_i.e._, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege Medvaege (_Cod. Dip._), from _vaege_, +Old Sax. _wegi_, Old Norse _veig_, poculum.... I suggest here a +mythological reference: as the rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so may also the rivers and +brooks of our ancestors, in a similar mythic fashion, have sprung from +the over-turned mead-cup." + +It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, coming too as it does from +the highest authority, but I much fear that on a comparison of this name +with all its related forms, it can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone--the prefix _med_ is found in several names in +which the second part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, and the +ending _way_ is found in several names of which the former part cannot +mean mulsum. In any case, it seems to me that a Saxon derivation can +hardly be sustained. For Medo[)a]cus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the ancient +name of a river in Venetia--this appears to be precisely the same name +as that of the Medwag or Medway--and in Venetia we can account for a +Celtic element, but not for a German. In Nennius the name stands as +Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this with a river called the +Medvied(itza) or Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather probable +that the form is not altogether false, but that only it should be Medwed +instead of Megwed. In that case it would probably be only another form +of Medweg, for _d_ and _g_ sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic _uidh_ and _uigh_, via, a word which indeed I take to +be related to the one in question. Again, in the Medu[=a]na of France +and the English Medwin, we have a third form of ending, _wan_ or _win_. +And this may probably only be one of those extended forms in _n_ so +common in the Celtic languages.[53] So that the endings _way_, _wan_, +_wied_, in Medway, Medu[=a]na, Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. 62, 63), qualified by the prefix +_med_, which we have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" _med_ is explained as _medius_--Medway = medium flumen--the +river flowing through the middle of the county of Kent--and this I think +is the general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, (ant. Mede), +which divides the Isle of Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of the Medway it seems to me a +feature scarcely sufficiently obvious to give the name. And I should on +the whole prefer a derivation from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. _mid_, to soften, Lat. _mitis_, Gael. _meath_, soft, +mild--finding in Old Norse _mida_, to move slowly or softly, the word +most nearly approximating to the sense, and thus deriving the name of +the Medway from its gentle flow. + +Nevertheless it must be observed that as well as the supposed river +Medofulli referred to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter of the +10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, which seems evidently to contain +the Gael. _mealach_, sweet, and to mean "sweet as mead." This river is +near Medemblik on the Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of the +place is corrupted from it. + +The following names I place here, though with uncertainty in the case of +some of them. + + 1. _France._ The MIDOU. Dep. Landes. + _Persia._ MEDUS ant., now the Pulwan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Russia._ The MEDIN(KA). Gov. Kaluga. + + 3. _Compounded with way, wan, wied, see above._ + _England._ The MEDWAY. Kent. + The MEDWIN. + _France._ MEDU[=A]NA ant., now the Mayenne. + _Italy._ MEDO[)A]CUS ant., now the Brenta. + _Russia._ The MEDVIED(ITZA). + + 4. _Compounded with ma, river, p. 60._ + _Germany?_ METEMA, in a charter of the 11th cent. + +I think, upon the whole, that the general meaning of the root _lam_, +_lem_, _lim_, is smoothness. Though the root-meaning seems rather that +of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found in Sansc. _limpas_, Gr. {lipos}, +Lat. _limus_, Old Sax. _lemo_, Mod. Germ. _lehm_, Eng. _lime_, &c.[54] +In the Gr. {limne}, lake, the sense becomes that of smooth or standing +water: this, as I take it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word most immediately concerned is +the Gaelic _liobh_, _liomh_, Welsh _llyfnu_, to smooth; and the Loch +Lomond, (properly Lomon), was also formerly called, as the river which +issues from it is still, Leven, being just another form of the same +word--_v_ and _m_ interchanging as elsewhere noticed. Hence the Welsh +_llifo_, to pour, p. 46, might be apt to intermix in the following. The +Lat. _lambo_, the primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied to +the gentle washing of a river against its banks--"Quae loca lambit +Hydaspes,"--_Horace_. Dugdale observes that "at this day divers of those +artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy channels through which the water +hath a dull or slow passage." In the following names the sense may be +sometimes then that of muddiness, though in general, as I take it, that +of sluggishness. + + 1. _England._ The LEAM by Leamington. + The LYME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ LAMMA, 11th cent. The LAMME. + LAIM(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + LEMPHIA, 8th cent. The LEMPE. + _Russia._ The LAMA. Joins the Volga. + The LAM(OV). Gov. Penza. + _Italy._ The LIMA. Joins the Serchio. + _Spain._ LIMAEA ant., now the LIMA. + _Asia Minor._ LAMUS ant., in Cilicia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LEMAN. Devonshire. + The LIMEN in Kent. (Limenea _Cod. Dip._) + _Scotland._ Loch LOMOND, formerly also called LEVEN. + _Switzerland._ Lake LEMAN, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. LEMANNUS.) + _Italy._ The LAMONE in Tuscany. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LAMER, 11th cent. The LAMMER. + _Italy._ The LAMBRO. + _Asia Minor._ LIMYRUS ant., in Lycia. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Switzerland._ The LIMMAT. Cant. Zurich. + +From the above form _lam_, _lem_, _lim_, I take to be formed by +metathesis _alm_, _elm_, _ilm_. And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to +be in effect the same word as the lake Leman in Switzerland. In the name +of another lake in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems to occur as +an appellative. A certain amount of doubt is imported by the coincidence +of two names in which we find a sacred character--the river Almo, which +was sacred to Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned in Hesiod. +The coincidence, however, may be only accidental. + + 1. _England._ The ALME. Devonshire. + The HELME. Sussex. + ALUM Bay in the Isle of Wight? + _Germany._ ILMA, 8th cent. The ILM, two rivers. + The HELME in Prussia. + _Holland._ The ALM in Brabant. + _Norway._ The ALMA. + _Spain._ The ALHAMA. Prov. Navarra. + _Italy._ The ALMO near Rome. + _Russia._ The ALMA in the Crimea. + _Siberia._ The ILLIM. + _Greece._ OLMEIUS ant. B[oe]otia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The ILMEN(AU). Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ ILMEN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Holland._ The ALMELO. Prov. Overijssel. + +Perhaps from the Gael. _foil_, slow, gentle, we may get the following. + + 1. _England._ The FAL by Falmouth. + _Ireland._ The FOIL(AGH). Cork. + The FEALE. Munster. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FILLAN. Perthshire. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ FILISA, 8th cent. The FILS and the VILS. + +In the third division of this chapter I put the names in which the sense +of spreading seems to be found. This sense may have three different +acceptations--first, that, generally, of a wide river--secondly, that of +a river relatively broad and shallow--thirdly, that of a river forming +an estuary at its mouth. + +I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek +author quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the pine-trees, "called in +the Gallic tongue _padi_," of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with common sense, for it is +unreasonable to suppose that the Gauls, coming upon this fine river, +gave it no name until they had tracked it up to its source, and there +made the not very notable discovery that it was surrounded by +pine-trees. Much more probable is it that they came first upon its +mouth, and much more striking would be the appearance that would be +presented to them. For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the Po, and +of the rivers emptying themselves into it was originally a vast bay of +the sea," which by gradual embanking was confined within its present +channels. As then the mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so in the +Gael. _badh_, a bay or estuary, I find the explanation of the name. The +root, I apprehend, is Sansc. _pat_, Lat. _pateo_, _pando_, &c., to +spread, and hence, I take it, the name Bander, of several small bays on +the S.W. coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and of Boderia, the +name given by Ptolemy to the Firth of Forth. + + 1. _Italy._ PADUS ant. The Po. + _Germany._ BADA, 9th cent., now the BODE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BANDON. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary). + _Italy._ PANTANUS ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon + on the Adriatic. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ PATRA, 9th cent., now the PADER. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ PATHISSUS ant., now the TEMES.[55] + +In the Sansc. _parth_, to spread or extend, we may perhaps find the +origin of the following. Can the name of the Parthians be hence derived, +in reference to their well-known mode of fighting? + + 1. _Germany._ The PARDE. Joins the Elster. + The BORD, in Moravia--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ PARTHENIUS ant.--here?[56] + +In the sense of "that which spreads" I am inclined to bring in the root +_ta_, _tav_, _tan_, _tam_. While in the Gaelic we find _tain_, and the +Obs. _ta_, water, _taif_, sea--in the Welsh we have the verbs _taenu_ +and _tafu_, to expand or spread. The latter, I think, must contain the +root-meaning; and the appellatives must rather signify water of a +spreading character. In this sense we find the words _to_, _tu_, _tau_, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. The Sansc. has _tan_, to +extend, but we must presume a simpler form _ta_, corresponding with the +above Obs. Gael. word for water. Mone explains _tab_, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one with a broad mouth." This +sense no doubt obtains in many of the names of this group, for, as well +as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, Teign, and Tamar, all have this character +in a more or less notable degree. In other cases the sense may be that +of comparative broadness--thus the Timavus, though little more than a +mile long, is 50 yards broad close to its source. So the characteristic +of the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, is that it is "broad +and shallow." And the feature which strikes the topographer is of course +that which would naturally give the name. There are, however, some other +roots which might intermix, as Sansc. _tan_, resonare, Lat. _tono_, +Germ. _toenen_, &c. Also Gael. and Ir. _taam_, to pour; Gael. and Ir. +_tom_, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. _ton_, unda. + + +_The form Ta, Tab, Tav._ + + 1. _England._ The TAVY and the TAW. Devon. + DEVA ant., the DEE--here? + _Scotland._ TAVUS ant. The TAY. + The DEE, two rivers--here? + _Wales._ The TAW, the TIVY, and the TAVE. + _Ireland._ The TAY. Waterford. + Loch TA in Wexford. + _France._ The DIVE, Dep. Vienne--here? + _Germany._ The THAYA in Moravia. + _Spain._ The DEVA by Placentia--here? + + 2. _With the ending d or t._ + _Scotland._ The TEVIOT in Roxburghshire--here? + _Holland._ TABUDA ant., now the Scheldt. + _Siberia._ The TAVDA. + _India._ The TAPTEE--here? + + +_The form Tan, Tam._ + + 1. _England._ The TEIGN and the TEANE. + The DANE and the DEANE. + The TAME, three rivers. + _Scotland._ The TEMA. Selkirkshire. + DANUS ant., now the DON. + _France._ DANUS ant., now the Ain. + The DAHME and the DEAUME. + _Norway._ The TANA. + _Italy._ TIMAVUS ant., now the TIMAO. + _Russia._ TANAIS ant., now the DON. + The TIM and the TOM. + _Greece._ TANUS ant., now the Luku. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The TAMAR. Cornwall. + _Belgium._ The DEMER. + _Italy._ TANARUS ant., now the TANARO. + _Spain._ TAMARIS ant., now the TAMBRE. + _Syria._ TAMYRAS ant., (Strabo)--here? + + 3. _With the ending d._ + _England._ TAMEDE (_Cod. Dip._), now the TEME. + _Mauretania._ TAMUDA ant. (_Pliny._) + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The THAMES. Tamesis (_Caesar_), Tamesa (_Tacitus_), + Tamese, Temis (_Cod. Dip._), Welsh Tain. + _Hungary._ The TEMES ant. Pathisus, (_see note p. 132_). + +From the root _tan_, to extend, we may probably also derive the word +_tang_ found in Hung. _tenger_, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect of the +Finnic class) _tangat_, river, and in the Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, which +probably contains a trace of an older sense. + + 1. _Holland._ The DONGE in Brabant. + _Norway._ The TENGS. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ TONGERA, 10th cent., now the TANGER. + _Italy._ TANAGER ant., now the TANAGRO--here? + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[37] This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of +Pliny. + +[38] Perhaps formed from _et_ by a phonetic _n_. So the Eamont in +Cumberland seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot. + +[39] It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it. + +[40] Smith's Ancient Geography. + +[41] This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly +violent in winter. + +[42] "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." _Johnston's Gazetteer._ + +[43] The derivation of Mone, who makes _scuz_ and _scut_ altered forms +of _srot_ or _srut_, is not to be entertained. + +[44] I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. _jade_, North. Eng. _yawd_). There are +three rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It +rather seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and +named them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse. + +[45] Foerstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. _spurcha_, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream +at least is to be explained better from the Sansc. _sphurj_, to burst +forth, Lat. _spargo_. + +[46] The ending _x_ I take to be a Graecism for _s_. + +[47] In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. _dest_, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian +Gazetteer, it is explained as "_tishta_, standing still,"--a derivation +which seems hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its +"quick stream." + +[48] Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni--"Quid enim Gadeni nisi +ad Gadam amnem geniti?" + +[49] The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following +description of Ovid bears witness. + + "Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela." + _Fasti. 4, 470._ + +[50] This ending may be the same as the Scotch _eck_ or _ick_, p. 25. + +[51] Foerstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen). + +[52] The names ARMINE and ARMINGER, (of which IREMONGER may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And ARMINGAUD is +one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France. + +[53] E. G. Welsh _lli_, _llion_, stream, _llif_, _llifon_, flood, +_srann_, _srannan_, humming, &c. + +[54] Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog. + +[55] The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. I +know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other. + +[56] The derivation of Strabo, from _parthenos_, virgin, in reference to +the flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CHARACTER OF COURSE. + + +In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, as deciphered in the +Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates is +called the Irat, which is conjectured by the translator to have been a +local name. It seems to be from the Sansc. _irat_ (=Latin _errans_, Eng. +_errant_), from the verb _ir_, Lat. _erro_, to wander. The same word +seems to be found in the Irati of Spain--perhaps also in the Orontes +(=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, +though I am rather inclined to agree with Latham that the word contained +therein is only _ridan_.[57] Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in +river-names may be a contracted form of _irat_, as we find it in the +Germ. _irrthum_, a mistake. + + 1. _England._ The IRT. Cumberland. + URTIUS ant., now the IRTHING. + _Belgium._ URTA, 9th cent., now the OURT. + The ERENS. + _Spain._ The IRATI. Prov. Navarra. + _Asia._ IRAT, a name of the Euphrates. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URTELLA, 9th cent., now the Sensbach. + +From the Sansc. _bhuj_, Goth. _bjugan_, Welsh _bwaeu_, Gael. _bogh_, Eng. +_bow_, &c., in the sense of tortuousness, we may take the following. + + 1. _England._ The BOWE. Shropshire. + _Scotland._ The BOGIE. Aberdeen. + _Russia._ The BUG. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The BOGEN. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Scotland._ The BUCKET. Aberdeen. + +From the Gael. and Welsh _cam_, to bend, Sansc. _kamp_, Gr. {kampo}, are +the following. + + _England._ The CAM by Cambridge. + _Germany._ CAMBA, 8th cent. The KAMP. + The CHAM in Bavaria. + _Switzerland._ The KAM. + _Norway._ The KAM. Joins the Glommen. + _Russia._ The KAMA. Joins the Volga. + The KEMI. Two rivers. + +The Sansc. root _car_, to move, branches out into two different +meanings, that of rapidity and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. In the latter sense we +have the Gael. _car_ or _char_, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. _cerran_, to +turn or bend, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The CHAR. Dorsetshire. + The CHOR. Lancashire. + The KERR. Middlesex. + _Scotland._ COR(ABONA)[58] ant. The CARRON. + _France._ The CHER. Joins the Loire. + _Greece._ CHARES ant. Colchis. + _Persia._ CYRUS ant., now the KUR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ CIRENUS ant. The CHURNE (Gloucestershire). + _France._ The CHARENTE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Greece._ COR[)A]LIS ant. B[oe]otia. + CURALIUS ant. Thessaly. + _Russia._ The KOROL. Joins the Dnieper. + + +From the Old High Germ. _crumb_, Mod. German _krumm_, Danish _krumme_, +Gael. and Welsh _crom_, curving or bending, we may take the following. +The root seems to be found in the Sansc. _kram_, to move, to go, which, +as in other similar cases, may also diverge into the meaning of +rapidity. + + 1. _England._ The CRUMM(OCK), formerly CRUM(BECK), which forms the + lake of the same name. + _Germany._ CRUMB(AHA), 10th cent., now the GRUMB(ACH). + _Russia._ The KROMA. Gov. Orel. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ CHRUMBIN(BACH), 8th cent., now the KRUM(BACH). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ CREMERA ant. in Etruria. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The KREMS. Joins the Danube. + _Sicily._ CREMISUS ant. + +For the root _sid_ we have the Welsh _sid_, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon +_sid_, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in +the following, though both words may be from the same root. + + 1. _England._ The SID. Devonshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SEATON. Cornwall. + + 3. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Switzerland._ SITERUNA, 8th cent., now the SITTER or SITTERN. + +Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from Welsh _derwyn_, to wind, appears +to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form Druentia), from +_dru_, oak, seems insufficient; because the number of names, all in the +same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something +more than _dru_. That of Armstrong, from _dear_, great, _amhain_, river, +is founded upon a careless hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland is +the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the +case. + + _England._ The DERWENT. Four rivers. + TREONTA ant. The TRENT. + _France._ DRUENTIA ant., now the DURANCE. + _Germany._ The DREWENZ. Prussia. + _Italy._ TRUENTIUS ant., now the TRENTO. + _Russia._ TURUNTUS ant., now the DUNA. + +In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the following, +referring them to Old Norse _meis_, curvatura, Eng. _maze_, &c. This +seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or +Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we +think of the Welsh _mydu_, to arch, to vault. The other word which might +put in a claim is _mos_, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced +both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name +of the ancient Mysia or M[oe]sia. + + 1. _England._ The MAESE. Derbyshire. + _Scotland._ The MASIE. Aberdeen. + _France, &c._ MOSA, 1st cent. B.C. The MAAS, MAES, or MEUSE. + _Germany._ MISS(AHA), 8th cent. The MEISS(AU). + The MIES in Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The MUSONE. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ MOSELLA, 1st cent. The MOSELLE. + +The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the +foregoing are the BEINA of Norway, and the BANE of Lincolnshire, which +seem to be from Old Norse _beinn_, North Eng. _bain_, straight, direct. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the +Baltic, (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to +Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, +without any geographical position or character.--_See an article by Sir +G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 1858._ + +[58] In this case the ending _en_ is very clearly a contraction of +_abon_ or _avon_, river. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +QUALITY OF WATERS. + + +There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, +brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. _cand_, to +shine, Lat. _candeo_, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael. _can_, white, +clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., _caoin_, soft, +gentle, is a word liable to intermix. + + 1. _England._ The CANN. Essex. + The KEN or KENT. Westmoreland. + The KENNE. Devonshire. + _Scotland._ The KEN. Joins the Dee. + The CONN. CONA of Ossian. + CANDY burn. Lanarkshire. + _Wales._ The CAIN. Merioneth. + _Germany._ CONE, 9th cent., now the COND. + _Russia._ The KANA. Gov. Yeniseisk. + _India._ The CANE or KEN--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The CONAN. Dingwall. + _Italy._ The CANTIANO. Pont. States. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CONDER. Lancashire. + The CONNER. Cornwall. + _Switzerland._ The KANDER. + + 4. _Compounded with vi, wy, river._ + _Wales._ CONOVIUS ant. The CONWAY. + +The Old Celtic word _vind_, found in many ancient names of persons and +places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,[59] Vindobona, Vindobala, &c., +represents the present Welsh _gwyn_ (=_gwynd_), and the Ir. _finn_ +(=_find_), white. "The Celt. _vind_," observes Gluck, "comes from the +same root as the Goth. _hveit_; it stands for _cvind_ with an intrusive +_n_; the root is _cvid_ = the Germ. root _hvit_." The meaning in +river-names is bright, clear, pure. + + 1. _England._ The VENT. Cumberland. + The QUENNY. Shropshire. + _Wales._ The GWYNEDD (=GWYND?) + _Ireland._ The FINN. Ulster. + _France._ The VENDEE. Dep. Vendee. + _Russia._ The VIND(AU) or WIND(AU). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FINNAN. Inverness. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The lake WINDER(MERE)?[60] + _Ireland._ WINDERIUS; _Ptolemy_, a river not identified. + + 4. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Scotland._ The FINDHORN. Inverness. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The WANDLE. Surrey. + _Germany._ FINOLA, 8th cent., now the VEHNE. + +From the Welsh _llwys_, clear, pure, Gael. _las_, to shine, Gael. and +Ir. _leus_, light, cognate with Old Norse _lios_, clear, pure, Lat. +_luceo_, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. _la_, _lo_, day, must, I +think, contain the root. + + 1. _England._ The LIZA. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The LOSSIE. Elgin. + _France._ The LEZ. Dep. Herault. + _Belgium._ The LESSE. + _Germany._ The LOOSE. Pruss. Sax. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The LIZENA. + _Sweden._ The LJUSNE. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LESURA, 11th cent., now the LIESER. + LYSERA, 10th cent., now the LEISER. + +From the root of the above, by the prefix _g_, is formed Gael. and Welsh +_glas_, blue or green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), and the +Old Norse _gladr_, Old High Germ. _glatt_, shining. + + _Scotland._ The GLASS. Inverness. + GLASS. A lake, Rosshire. + _Germany._ The GLATT. Hohenzollern Sig. + _Switzerland._ GLATA, 8th cent. The GLATT. + +Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. _glan_, Welsh _glain_, +pure, clear, Eng. _clean_. + + _England._ The GLEN. Northumberland. + The GLEN. Lincolnshire. + The CLUN. Shropshire. + _France._ The GLANE. + _Germany._ GLANA, 8th cent. The GLAN, two rivers, and the + GLON, three rivers. + _Switzerland._ The KLOeN, a small but beautiful lake in the + Kloenthal--here, or to _klein_, little? + _Italy._ CLANIS ant., now the CHIANA. + CLANIUS ant., in Campania. + _Illyria._ The GLAN, in Carinthia. + +From the Old High Germ. _hlutar_, Mod. Germ. _lauter_, pure, Foerstemann +derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of +Lauterbrunnen (_brunnen_, fountain), in Switzerland. + + _Germany._ HLUTR(AHA), 7th cent. The LAUTER, the LUDER, the LUTTER. + The SOMMERLAUTER in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title + of pureness only in summer. + +The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as +the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh +_gloew_, clear, and _dwr_, water, they would have the same meaning. + + _England._ The LOWTHER. Westmoreland. + _Scotland._ The LAUDER. Berwickshire. + _France._ The LAUTER. + +In the Gael. and Ir. _ban_, white, we may probably find the meaning of +the following. + + _Ireland._ The BANN. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The BANN(OCK) by Bannockburn. + _Bohemia._ The BAN(ITZ). + +Of the two following names the former may be referred to the Welsh +_claer_, and the latter to the Swed. _klar_, both same as Eng. _clear_. + + _Ireland._ The CLARE. Connaught. + _Sweden._ The KLARA (_a_, river). + +From the Welsh _ter_, pure, clear, we may get the following. The root is +found in Sansc. _tar_, to penetrate, whence _taras_, transparent. + + 1. _Italy._ The TARO. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The TARA. Joins the Tobol. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The TEARNE. Shropshire. + The DEARNE. Yorkshire. + _France._ The TARN. Joins the Garonne. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ The TARISA. + +The following two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Foerstemann, be +referred to Old High Germ. _flat_, pure, bright. + + 1. _Germany._ FLAD(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + + 2. _With the ending enz._ + _Germany._ FLADINZ, 11th cent., now the FLADNITZ. + +The root _bil_ I have, in river-names generally, referred at p. 84 to +the Celtic _biol_, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may also +think of the Slav. _biala_, white, though we cannot say but that even +there the Celtic word may intermix. + + _Germany._ The BILA in Bohemia. + The BIALA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The BIELAYA. Joins the Kama. + The BIALY. Joins the Narew. + +From the Old High Germ. _swarz_, Mod. Germ. _schwarz_, black, are the +names of several rivers of Germany, as the SCHWARZA, the SCHWARZAU, the +SCHWARZBACH, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers called SVART ELV, and +in Sweden the SVART AN, which falls into the Maelar Lake. From the Old +Norse _doeckr_, dark, may be the DOKKA in Norway, but for the DOCKER of +Lancashire the Gael. _doich_, swift, may be more suitable. + +The Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black, probably occurs in river-names, but +I have taken, p. 36, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael. _dob_, +to be the general one. The Welsh _dulas_, dark or blackish blue, is +found in the DOWLES of Shropshire, and in several streams of Wales. The +DOUGLAS of Lanarkshire shews the original form of the word, from _du_, +black, and _glas_, blue. + +The root _sal_ I have taken at p. 76 to have in some cases the simple +meaning of water. But in the following the quality of saltness comes +before us as a known characteristic. + + _Germany._ SALZ(AHA), 8th cent. The SALZA by Salzburg. + SALISUS, 8th cent., now the SELSE. + The SALZE. Joins the Werre. + _Hungary._ The SZALA.[61] Falls into Lake Balaton. + +Of an opposite character are the following, which we may refer to Welsh +_melus_, Gael. and Ir. _milis_, sweet, _millse_, sweetness. Some other +rivers, as the ancient MELAS in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black +river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to +Gr. {melas}, black. + + _Germany._ MILZISSA, 8th cent., now the Muelmisch. + MILSIBACH, 11th cent. + _Portugal._ MELSUS ant. (Strabo). + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[59] The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names WINDOW, WINDUS, VINDIN; though Windo and +Winidin were also ancient German names.--(_Foerstemann's Altdeutsches +Namenbuch._) The Welsh name GWYN and the Irish FINN represent the later +form of the word. + +[60] Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district. + +[61] The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. + + +The GRETA in the English Lake District has been generally derived from +Old Norse _grata_, Scotch _greet_, to weep or mourn, in allusion to the +wailing sound made by its waters. There is also a GRETA in Westmoreland +and a GRETA BECK in Yorkshire. In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., _greath_ also +signifies a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible that the original +Celtic name may have been retained in the same sense. + +Of an opposite meaning to the above is the name BLYTHE of several small +rivers in England. I do not see how this can be otherwise derived than +from the Ang.-Sax. _blithe_, merry. And how appropriate this is to many +of our English streams we hardly need poetic illustration to tell us. + +Of a corresponding meaning with the Saxon name Blythe may be the AVOCA +or OVOCA of Wicklow, the OBOKA of Ptolemy. Baxter refers it to Welsh +_awchus_, acer, a word of no very cheerful association for the spot +where + + "Nature has spread o'er the scene + Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green." + +The Gael. _abhach_, blithe, sportive, would seem to give a better etymon +for the bright waters of Avoca. Whether the OCKER of Germany (ant. +OBOCRA, OVOCRA, OVOKARE), may be derived from the same word I do not +know sufficient to judge. + +From the Gr. {bremo}, Lat. _fremo_, Ang.-Sax. _bremman_, to roar, Old +Norse _brim_, roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh _ffrom_, fuming, +Gael. _faram_, din, I take the following. The following description +given by Strabo[62] of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness of the +derivation. "There is also an extraordinary fissure in the mountain, +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... On account of the +winding of its course, the great contraction of the stream, and the +depth of the ravine, _a noise, like that of thunder, strikes at a +distance on the ears of those who approach it_." + + 1. _England._ The FROME. Five rivers. + The FRAME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ BRAM(AHA) or BREM(AHA), 9th cent., a stream in + Odenwald. + PRIMMA, 9th cent. Near Worms. + The PRUeM in Prussia. + _Denmark._ The BRAM(AUE) in Holstein. + _Italy._ FORMIO ant. in Venetia. + _Asia Minor._ PYRAMUS ant., now the Jihun. + + 2. _With the ending t._ + _Germany._ The PFREIMT in Bavaria. + + 3. _With the ending nt._ + _Germany._ PREMANTIA, 9th cent., now the PRIMS. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Greece._ PERMESSUS ant. B[oe]otia. + +In the Gael. _fuair_, sound, _faoi_, a noisy stream, we may perhaps find +the origin of the FOWEY in Cornwall, and of the FOYERS in Inverness, the +latter of which is noted as forming one of the finest falls in Britain. +From the Gael. _gaoir_, din, we may derive the GAUIR in Perthshire; and +from _toirm_ of the same meaning, perhaps the TERMON in Ulster. Hence +might also be the TROME and the TRUIM, elsewhere derived at p. 70. + +From the Gael. _durd_, _durdan_, Welsh _dwrdd_, humming or murmur, Lhuyd +derives the name DOURDWY, of some brawling streams in Wales; but quoting +the derivations of some other writers, he adds, with more humility than +authors generally possess--"Eligat Lector quod maxime placet." To the +same origin may probably also be referred the DOURDON in France, Dep. +Seine-Inf. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[62] Bohn's Translation. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS. + + +There are several river-names which contain the idea, either of the +junction of two streams, or of the separation of a river into two +branches. The Vistula, Visula, or Wysla, (for in these various forms it +appears in ancient records), is referred by Mueller,[63] rightly as I +think, to Old Norse _quisl_, Germ. _zwiesel_, branch, as of a river. A +simpler form of _quisl_ is contained in Old Norse _quistr_, ramus, and +the root is to be found in Sansc. _dwis_, to separate, Gael. and Ir. +_dis_, two. The Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according to Grimm +(_Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385_), was Vana-quisl. The word _whistle_, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as Haltwhistle in Northumberland, +and Osbaldwhistle in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old Norse _quisl_: +the sense might be that of the branching off of two roads or two +streams. In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, for which I am +indebted to the kindness of a Friend, there is a burn called +Galawhistle, which compares with the above Old Norse Vana-quisl. In +connection with the Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, which +has been generally considered to be merely another form of the same +word--Reichard[64] being, as I believe, the only writer who considers it +to be a different river. It seems to me a curious thing that it has +never occurred to any one to identify it with the Wisloka, which joins +the Vistula near Baranov. The modern name must contain the correct form, +for Wisloka = an Old High Germ. Wisilacha, from _acha_ or _aha_, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, from _afa_ or _apa_, river. +The following names I take to be all variations of the same word. + + 1. _France._ The OUST. Dep. Cotes-du-Nord. + _Germany._ The TWISTE. Joins the Diemel. + The QUEISS. Pruss. Silesia. + _Russia._ The UIST. Joins the Tobol. + The USTE. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ QUISTINA, 11th cent., now the KOeSTEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The VISTRE. Dep. Gard. + _Belgium._ The VESDRE. Joins the Ourt. + _Germany._ The VEISTR(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 4. _With the ending rn._ + _Germany._ QUISTIRNA, 8th cent., now the TWISTE, joins the Oste. + + 5. _With the ending el = O. N. quisl._ + _Germany, &c._ VISTULA, 1st cent., Germ. WEICHSEL. + WISL(OKA), joins the Vistula. (_See above._) + The WISL(OK). Joins the San. + WISIL(AFFA), 11th cent., now the WISL(AUF). + _France._ The VESLE. Joins the Aisne. + +The following seem also to contain the Germ. _zwei_, Eng. _two_, and to +have something of a similar meaning to the foregoing. + + 1. _Germany._ The ZWITT(AWA) or ZWITT(AU) in Moravia. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ZWETTEL in Austria. + +I include also here the SCHELDT or SCHELDE, (the SCALDIS of Caesar), +which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse _skildr_, Dan. +_skilt_, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the +North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the SCHILT(ACH) of +Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. + +From the Gael. _caraid_, duplex, may probably be the two CARTS in the +County of Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde +near Glasgow. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[63] Die marken des Vaterlandes. + +[64] Germanien unter den Roemern. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. + + +The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a +more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the +earliest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is +not quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning Owls," in Horrebow's +Natural History of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that +"There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island"--it will be seen +that the number of names is very small in which such a meaning is to be +traced. + +The word _gard_, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other +tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have +something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather +be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. + + 1. _France._ The GARD. Joins the Rhone. + _Germany._ GARD(AHA), 8th cent. The GART(ACH). + The KART(HAUE) in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GAIRDEN. Joins the Dee. + _France._ The GARDON. Joins the Rhone. + _Greece._ JARDANUS ant. in Crete--here? + +In the Gael. _sgia_, Welsh _ysgw_, guard, protection, and in the Welsh +_ysgi_, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter +may be more suitable for the following. The Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker +in Bulgaria: in an etymological point of view this seems probable, for +as Scius = Welsh _ysgi_, so Isker = Welsh _ysgar_ of the same meaning. + + _Netherlands._ The SCHIE by Schiedam. + _Danub. Prov._ SCIUS ant., now the ISKER? + +From the Gael. _scar_, _sgar_, Welsh _ysgar_, Ang.-Sax. _sceran_, to +divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the following. The small river +Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six miles a boundary between different +parishes.[65] + + 1. _England._ The SHERE. Kent. + _Scotland._ The SCARR. Dumfriesshire. + The SHIRA. Argyle. + _Germany._ SCERE, 11th cent. The SCHEER. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKERNE. Durham. + _Germany._ SCHYRNE, 11th cent., not identified. + +Any names in which the sense of _land_, terra, occurs, may, I think, be +explained most reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the FULDA of Germany, FULD(AHA), 8th +cent., referring it to Old High Germ. _fulta_, Ang.-Sax. _folde_, earth, +ground. + +Perhaps also to a similar origin may be referred the MOLD(AU) in +Bohemia, and the MOLD(AVA) of Moldavia. But the Gael. and Ir. _malda_, +_malta_, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. _milde_, Eng. _mild_, may be perhaps +more suitable: the MULDE, which joins the Elbe, and which in the 8th +cent. appears as MILDA, seems more probably from this origin. + +The BORD(AU), formerly BORDINE, which forms for some distance the +boundary between East and West Friesland, may, as suggested by +Foerstemann, be derived from Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon _bord_, border. +Another river of the same name (p. 33) may perhaps be otherwise derived. + +I am inclined to bring in here the GRANTA, and to suggest that it may +have been a Sax. or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain part of the +Cam. This river seems to have formed one of the boundaries of the +country of the Gyrvii;[66] its name appears in Henry of Huntingdon as +Grenta; and the Old Norse _grend_, Mod. Germ. _grenze_, boundary, seems +a probable etymon. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[65] Statistical account of Scotland. + +[66] See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archaeological Journal for Sept., 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. + + +In this chapter I include some names which do not come under any of the +foregoing heads, or which have been omitted in their places. + +The following have generally been referred to Gael. _caol_, straight, +narrow. + + 1. _England._ The COLE. Warwickshire. + The COLY. Devon. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The COLNE. Three rivers. + +But even if this derivation is to be received, we must seek another +meaning for the KOLA in Russian Lapland, and the KOLI(MA) in +Siberia--the latter in particular being a large river, with a wide +estuary. + +The Gael. and Ir. _beag_, little, forms the ending of some Irish +river-names, as the AWBEG, the OWENBEG, and the AROBEG.[67] The meaning +in all these cases is "little river"--_owen_ being the same as _avon_, +_aw_ the simple form _av_ of the same word, and _aro_ an appellative as +at p. 38, now lost in the Celtic. + +From the Gael. _suail_, small, have also been derived the Swale and +other following rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as inconsistent +with the character of the rivers, though the derivation which he +proposes to substitute, from _ys-wall_, a sheltered place, affords, it +must be admitted, no very happy alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German _swal_, Old Norse _svelgr_, gurges, +Eng. _swell_, though it is wanting in the Celtic. + + 1. _England._ The SWALE. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire. + The SWILY. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The SWELLY. Donegal. + The SWILLY. Ulster. + _Germany._ SUALA ant. The SCHWALE. + _France._ SULGAS ant., now the Sorgue. + _Russia._ The SULA--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The SULLANE. + +The following must be referred to Old High Germ. _sualm_, gurges, an +extension of the previous word _sual_. + + _Germany._ SUALMAN(AHA), 8th century. The SCHWALM. + SULMANA, 8th cent. The SULM. + _Belgium._ The SALM. Prov. Liege. + _France._ The SOLMAN. Dep. Jura. + +The Shannon has by some writers been derived from Ir. _sean_ or _shean_, +old. But inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise than old, the +term could only be used in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, however, seems to me to be found +in Ir. and Obs. Gael. _siona_, delay; this corresponds with the Gaelic +form of the name, Sionan, given by Armstrong. + + _Scotland._ The SHIN. Sutherland. + _Ireland._ SENUS (Ptolemy). The SHANNON. + _Germany._ SINNA, 8th cent. The SINN. + _Belgium._ The SENNE. Joins the Dyle. + _Italy._ SENA ant., now the Nevola. + _Aust. Pol._ The SAN, two rivers--here? + _India._ The SEENA--here? + +From the Gael. _cobhair_, Ir. _cubhair_, foam, froth, appear to be the +following. + + _England._ The COBER. Cornwall. + The COVER. Yorkshire. + _Russia._ The CHOPER. + _Asia._ CHABORAS ant., now the KHABUR--here? + _India._ CHABERIS ant., now the CAVERI--here? + +From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. _breath_, pure, clear, I take to be the +following. + + _England._ The BRATHA. Lake District. + _Scotland._ The BROTH(OCK). Forfar. + _Germany._ The BRETT(ACH). Joins the Kocher. + The BRAT(AWA) in Bohemia. + BRAHT(AHA),[68] 10th century. The BRACHT--here? + _Asia Minor._ PRACTIUS ant.--here? + +And from the Ir. _brag_, running water, I follow Mone in taking the +following. + + 1. _England._ The BRAY. Devon. + _Ireland._ The BRAY. Wicklow. + _France._ The BRAY. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ The BREGE, in the Scharwarzwald. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The BRAINE. Joins the Blackwater. + _Ireland._ BREAGNA, an old name for the Boyne. + +A root for river-names, to which might be put the following, is found by +Foerstemann in Old High Germ. _ror_, Mod. Germ. _rohr_, arundo, Eng. +_rush_. + + _Germany._ ROR(AHA), 11th century, now the ROHRBACH. + RURA, 8th cent. The RUHR. + _Holland._ The ROER. Joins the Maas. + +The word _sil_ in river-names would seem to have the meaning of still or +sluggish water. The Gael. has _sil_, to drop, rain, drip; and the Arm. +has _sila_, to filter. (The Old Fries. _sil_, canal, seems hardly a +related word; it appears more probably to be connected with Old Norse +_sila_, to cut, to furrow.) According to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other Scythian rivers had the same +name, (_Grimm, Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) In this point of view the +above derivation might seem too restricted, and we might think of _sil_, +as of _sal_, (p. 75), as formed by the prefix _s_ from the root _al_ or +_il_, to go, (p. 71), in the simple meaning of water. According to +Strabo and Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property of petrifying +any plant thrown into it; but as, according to Cluvier, the modern +inhabitants of its banks know nothing of any such property, it would +rather seem as if the story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with _silex_, flint. + + 1. _Switzerland._ SIL(AHA), 11th cent. The SIHL. + _Italy._ SILIS ant., now the SILE. + _Scotland._ The SHIEL in Argyleshire--here? + _Germany._ The SCHYL (ant. Tiarantus)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sweden._ SILJAN. Lake. + _Russia._ The SHELON--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Naples._ SILARIS ant., now the SILARO. + +The form _silv_ I take to be an extension of _sil_, similar to others +previously noticed. + + 1. _Russia._ The SILVA. Gov. Perm. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The SILVER. Devon. + +The SIMOIS in the Plain of Troy I have suggestively placed at p. 119 to +Gael. _saimh_, slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet _lubricus_ +applied to it by Horace, we might perhaps seek a stronger sense from +the same root, as found in Welsh _seimio_, to grease, _saim_, tallow. + +The water of the LIPARIS in Cilicia, according to Polyclitus, as quoted +by Pliny, was of such an unctuous quality that it was used in place of +oil. Probably only for the purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. Hence no doubt its name, +from Sansc. _lip_, to be greasy, Gr. {liparos}, unctuous. + +Grimm (_Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) suggests a similar origin for the +Ister, p. 117, referring it to Old Norse _istra_, Dan. _ister_, fat, +grease, Gr. {stear}. He puts it, however, in a metaphorical sense, as +"the fattening, fructifying river." With deference, however, to so high +an authority, this explanation seems to me rather doubtful. For the +ending _ster_, as I have elsewhere observed, is common to many +river-names, and I have taken it to be, like the Arm. _ster_, formed by +a phonetic _t_, from the Sansc. _sri_, to flow. + +Also, from the root of the Sansc. _sri_, to flow, I take to be Gael. +_sruam_, and again taking the phonetic _t_, the word _stream_, _strom_, +common to all the Teutonic dialects. In these two forms we find the +ancient names of two rivers--the SYRMUS of Thrace, and the STRYMON or +STRUMON, the present STRUMA, of Macedonia. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[67] The derivation at p. 120 I must retract, finding _beg_ as a +termination of other Irish river-names. + +[68] Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. _braht_, fremitus. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +CONCLUSION. + + +The names of rivers form a striking commentary on the history of +language, so admirably expounded to the general reader in the recent +work of Professor Max Mueller. + +When we review the long list of words that must have once had the +meaning of water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck with the +number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants +and animals." + +We see too how large a portion of this long list of appellatives may +ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few +primary roots may perhaps be resolved into a still smaller number of yet +more simple forms. + +I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the +Sansc. root _i_, _a_, or _ay_, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse _a_, +Anglo-Sax. _ae_, water, river. But whether they directly represent the +root, or whether, like the French _eau_, p. 30, they have only withered +down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not +take upon me to determine. + +Then we have the roots, also of the kind called primary, _ab_, _ar_, +_ir_, _ag_, _ikh_, _il_, _it_, all having the same general meaning, to +move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a +number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are +formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root _i_, _a_, or _ay_, +and that the following remarks made by Max Mueller respecting secondary +roots, may be extended also to them. "We can frequently observe that one +of the consonants, in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is +liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is +slightly modified and determined by the changes of the final +consonants." He instances the Sansc. _tud_, _tup_, _tubh_, _tuj_, _tur_, +_tuh_, _tus_, all having the same general meaning, to strike. + +Again--there are forms such as _ang_, _amb_, _and_, &c., which are +merely a strengthening of the roots _ag_, _ab_, _ad_, or _at_, and which +also are found in a number of appellative forms. + +We might pursue the subject still further, and enquire whether the +secondary forms, such as _sar_, _sal_, _car_, _cal_, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a +consonant, on the roots _ar_ and _al_, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root _i_ or _a_. + +As also the silent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and +the most common emblem of the efflux of time; so in the same root is to +be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. +The Gr. {aei}, the Goth. _aiv_, the Anglo-Sax. _awa_, Eng. _ever_ and +_aye_, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and +express the same idea which speaks-- + + "For men may come, and men may go, + But I go on for ever." + + + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + +P. 25. + +To the root _ab_ or _ap_, water, place the Lith. and Lett. _uppe_, +river, whence the following. + + _Germany._ The OPPA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The UPA. Joins the Oka. + The UFA. Joins the Bielaya. + + +P. 33. + +To the root _ud_ place as an appellative the Obs. Gael. _ad_, water. And +add to form No. 1 the following names. + + _Russia._ The UDA. Gov. Kharkov. + _France._ The ODDE. Dep. Allier. + + +P. 35. + +The Celt. word _and_ or _ant_, water, is nothing more than a +strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. _ad_. + + +P. 40. + +In referring to the root _ark_, _erk_, I have omitted the Ir. _earc_, +water, the appellative most nearly concerned. The Basque _erreca_, +brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in +the same language the more primitive words _ur_ and _errio_, p. 38, +which seem to form a link with the Indo-European languages. + + +P. 49. + +To the root _nig_, _ni_, place-- + + 1. _France._ The NE. Joins the Charente. + _Norway._ The NIA. Stift Trondjem. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The NERUSSA. Gov. Orel. + + +P. 63. + +To the root _wig_, _wic_, _wy_, place the two following names. The Welsh +_gwy_, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group. + + _England._ The WYCK. Buckinghamshire. + _Russia._ The UI. Gov. Orenburg. + + +P. 64. + +To the root _vip_ place as an appellative the Welsh _gwibio_, to rove, +wander, _gwibiau_, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense +of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1. + + _Spain._ The QUIPAR. Joins the Segura. + + +P. 70. + +The Celtic languages have a trace of the word _trag_, to run, in the Old +Ir. _traig_, foot (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._) + + +P. 83. + + For + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + Read + _Thrace._ PYDARAS ant. + + +P. 84. + +To the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, water, place the following names. + + _England._ The BEAULIEU, also called the Exe, in Hampshire. + _Scotland._ The BEAULY. Inverness. + _Italy._ PAULO ant., now the Paglione. + + +P. 85. + +I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day +the Ancient British deity Cocidis is not considered to have any +connection with the river Coquet. + + +P. 91. + +It seems probable that the word _asp_ in river-names is formed by +metathesis from the word _aps_, p. 27, form 5. + + +P. 97. + +The GRYFFE and the GIRVAN may perhaps be better derived from the Gael. +_grib_, swift. + + +P. 132. + +To the root _pad_ or _pand_, to spread, may probably be placed-- + + _England._ The PANT. Essex. + + +P. 135. + +From the root _tan_, may be derived the DNIESTER, (=Danaster), from +_ster_, river. Or it might be from the root _dan_, as in Danube, p. 116. + + +P. 136. + +The Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected with any word +signifying water: it represents the Old Norse _tag_, twig. + + +P. 145. + +To the root _vind_, white, clear, place-- + + _England._ The WENTE. Yorkshire. + + +P. 149. + +To the Sansc. _taras_, Welsh _ter_, pure, clear, place-- + + _Thrace._ TEARUS ant. + + + + +INDEX. + +(_Ancient Names in Italics._) + + + Aa, 28 + + Aach, 28 + + Aar, 39 + + _Abana_, 26 + + _Acaris_, 81 + + Achaza, 31 + + Adda, 34 + + Adenau, 34 + + Adour, 34 + + Adur, 34 + + _Aenus_, 27 + + Agger, 81 + + Aghor, 81 + + Agri, 81 + + Ahr, 39 + + Ahse, 31 + + Ain, 135 + + Aisne, 31 + + Aiss, 81 + + Aiterach, 35 + + Alass, 75 + + _Alaunus_, 71 + + Alb, 73 + + Albegna, 74 + + Alben, 74 + + _Albla_, 74 + + _Albula_, 74 + + _Alces_, 104 + + Aldan, 72 + + Alde, 72 + + Alf, 73 + + Alhama, 130 + + Alise, 75 + + _Alisna_ 75 + + Allan, 71 + + Alle, 71 + + Aller, 71 + + _Allia_, 71 + + Allier, 74 + + Allow, 71 + + Alm, 130 + + Alma, 130 + + Alme, 130 + + Almelo, 130 + + Almo, 130 + + Alne, 71 + + _Alpheus_, 74 + + _Alpis_, 73 + + Alt, 72 + + Alta, 72 + + Alten, 72 + + Altmuehl, 104 + + Alum Bay, 130 + + Alz, 75 + + Amasse, 29 + + _Ambastus_, 29 + + Amber, 29 + + Amble, 29 + + Ambleve, 29 + + Amele, 29 + + Ammer, 29 + + _Amnias_, 26 + + Amon, 26 + + Andelau, 36 + + Andelle, 36 + + Angel, 81 + + Angera, 81 + + Angerap, 81 + + _Angrus_, 81 + + _Anitabha_, 35--Note. + + Anker, 81 + + Annas, 27 + + Ant, 35 + + Anton, 36 + + Anza, 27 + + Appelbach, 26 + + _Apsarus_, 27--Note. + + _Apsus_, 27 + + _Arabis_, 120 + + Aragon, 41, 176 + + Arak, 41, 176 + + _Arar_, 117 + + Aras, 78 + + _Araxes_, 78 + + Arc, 41, 176 + + Arga, 41, 176 + + Argen, 41, 176 + + _Arius_, 56 + + _Ariminus_, 122 + + Arke, 41, 176 + + Arl, 40 + + Arly, 40 + + Arme, 122 + + Armine, 122 + + Arno, 40 + + Arobeg, 164 + + _Arosis_, 78 + + Arques, 41 + + _Arrabo_, 120 + + Arrow, 39 + + _Arsia_, 78 + + Arun, 39 + + Arva, 109 + + Arve, 109 + + _Ascania_, 31 + + Ash, 31 + + _Asopus_, 92, 178 + + Aspe, 92, 178 + + Astura, 58 + + Au, 28 + + Aube, 73 + + Aulne, 71 + + Aune, 27 + + Aupe, 73 + + Aurach, 39 + + Auray, 39 + + Auve, 74 + + Aven, 26 + + Avia, 25 + + Aviz, 27 + + Avoca, 153 + + Avon, 26 + + Avre, 26 + + Awbeg, 164 + + Awe, 28 + + Axe, 30 + + _Axius_, 31 + + _Axona_, 31 + + _Axus_, 31 + + + Bahr, 65 + + Bandon, 132 + + Bane, 143 + + Banitz, 148 + + Bann, 148 + + Bannock, 148 + + Bar, 65 + + Barrow, 65 + + Baunach, 84 + + Beaulieu, 178 + + Beauly, 178 + + Beela, 84 + + Behr, 65 + + Behrun, 65 + + Beina, 143 + + Beraun, 65 + + Bere, 65 + + Berre, 65 + + Beuvron, 84 + + Bever, 84 + + Biala, 150 + + Bialy, 150 + + Biberbach, 84 + + Bibra, 84 + + Bielaya, 150 + + Bievre, 83 + + Bila, 150 + + _Billaeus_, 85 + + Binoa, 82 + + Birse, 101 + + Blythe, 152 + + Bode, 132 + + _Boderia_, 132 + + Bogen, 138 + + Bogie, 138 + + Bolbec, 85 + + _Bollaha_, 85 + + Bord, 133 + + Bordau, 163 + + Bowe, 138 + + Boyle, 85 + + Boyne, 84 + + Bracht, 167 + + Braine, 167 + + Bramaue, 154 + + Bratawa, 167 + + Bratha, 167 + + Bray, 167 + + _Breagna_, 167 + + Brege, 167 + + Bresle, 101 + + Brettach, 167 + + Brosna, 101 + + Brothock, 167 + + Bucket, 138 + + Bug, 138 + + Buhler, 85 + + Buller, 85 + + Bullot, 85 + + Burzen, 101 + + + _Caedrius_, 108 + + Cailas, 110 + + Cain, 144 + + _Calbis_, 113 + + _Caldhowa_, 112 + + Calder, 112 + + Caldew, 112 + + Callan, 110 + + _Callas_, 110 + + _Callipus_, 113 + + Calore, 110 + + _Calpas_, 113 + + Cam, 138 + + Candy Burn, 144 + + Cane, 144 + + Cann, 144 + + Cantiano, 145 + + _Caresus_, 114 + + Carpino, 97 + + _Carpis_, 97 + + Carron, 139 + + Cart, 159 + + Caveri, 167 + + _Cayster_, 68 + + _Celadon_, 112 + + _Celydnus_, 112 + + _Cerbalus_, 98 + + _Cersus_, 114 + + _Cestrus_, 68 + + _Chalus_, 110 + + _Chalusus_, 110 + + Cham, 138 + + Char, 139 + + Charente, 139 + + _Chares_, 139 + + Chelt, 112 + + Chelva, 113 + + Cher, 139 + + Chiana, 147 + + Chiers, 114 + + _Choaspes_, 68, 178 + + Choper, 167 + + Chor, 139 + + Churne, 139 + + _Cladeus_, 80 + + _Clanius_, 147 + + Clare, 149 + + Cleddeu, 79 + + _Clitora_, 80 + + _Clitumnus_, 80 + + Cloyd, 79 + + _Cludros_, 80 + + Clun, 147 + + Clwyd, 79 + + Clyde, 79 + + Cober, 167 + + _Cocbroc_, 86 + + Cocker, 86 + + Cockley-beck, 87 + + _Cocytus_, 87 + + Coker, 86 + + _Colapis_, 113 + + Cole, 164 + + Colne, 164 + + Coly, 164 + + Conan, 145 + + Cond, 144 + + Conder, 145 + + Conn, 144 + + Conner, 145 + + Conway, 145 + + Coquet, 87 + + _Coralis_, 139 + + Cover, 167 + + _Cremera_, 140 + + _Cremisus_, 140 + + Crummock, 140 + + Cuckmare, 87 + + _Curalius_, 139 + + _Cydnus_, 108 + + _Cyrus_, 139 + + + Dahme, 135 + + Dalcke, 106 + + Dane, 135 + + Danube, 116 + + _Daradax_, 105 + + _Daradus_, 105 + + Darme, 70 + + Daubrawa, 37 + + Deane, 135 + + Deaume, 135 + + Dee, 134 + + Deel, 105 + + Delvenau, 106 + + Demer, 135 + + Derwent, 141 + + Desna, 107 + + Deva, 135 + + Dill, 105 + + Dillar Burn, 106 + + Dista, 107 + + Dive, 135 + + Dniester, 179 + + Dobur, 37 + + Docker, 150 + + Dodder, 90 + + Dokka, 150 + + Dommel, 90 + + Don, 135 + + Donge, 136 + + Dora, 37 + + Dordogne, 38 + + Doubs, 36 + + Douglas, 150 + + Dourdon, 155 + + Dourdwy, 155 + + Douro, 37 + + Doux, 36 + + Dove, 36 + + Dovy, 36 + + Dow, 36 + + Dowles, 150 + + Drac, 70 + + Drage, 70 + + Drammen, 70 + + Dran, 69 + + Drave, 69 + + Drewenz, 141 + + Drome, 70 + + Drone, 69 + + Dronne, 69 + + Dubissa, 37 + + Duddon, 90 + + Dude, 90 + + Durance, 141 + + Durme, 70 + + Durra, 37 + + Dussel, 107 + + Duyte, 90 + + Dyle, 106 + + + Earne, 40 + + Ebrach, 26 + + Ebro, 26 + + Ecolle, 69 + + Eden, 35 + + Eder, 34 + + Edrenos, 34 + + Eem, 28 + + Eger, 81 + + Ehen, 27 + + Eichel, 28 + + Eider, 35 + + Eisach, 32 + + Eitrach, 35 + + Elbe, 73 + + Eld, 72 + + Elda, 72 + + Elle, 71 + + Ellen, 71 + + Ellero, 71 + + Ellison, 75 + + Elvan, 74 + + Elz, 75 + + Emba, 29 + + Emele, 29 + + Emme, 28 + + Emmen, 29 + + Emmer, 29 + + Ems, 29 + + Ens, 27 + + Era, 39 + + Erens, 138 + + Erft, 40 + + Ergers, 41 + + Erl, 40 + + Erla, 40 + + Erms, 122 + + Erpe, 109 + + Erve, 109 + + Eschaz, 31 + + Esk, 31 + + Eskle, 31 + + Esla, 33 + + Esque, 31 + + Ettrick, 35 + + Eure, 34 + + Evan, 26 + + _Evenus_, 26 + + Eye, 28 + + Eypel, 27 + + Exe, 31 + + + Fal, 130 + + Feale, 130 + + Fillan, 130 + + Fils, 130 + + Findhorn, 146 + + Finn, 146 + + Finnan, 146 + + _Fladaha_, 149 + + Fladnitz, 149 + + Fleet, 66 + + Flieden, 66 + + Flietnitz, 66 + + Flisk, 67 + + Foilagh, 130 + + Formio, 154 + + Forth, 115 + + Fowey, 154 + + Foyers, 154 + + Frame, 154 + + Fraw, 115 + + Frome, 154 + + Froon, 115 + + Fulda, 162 + + + _Gada_, 108 + + Gaddada, 109 + + Gade, 108 + + Gader, 108 + + Gadmen, 109 + + Gail, 110 + + Gairden, 161 + + Gala, 110 + + _Galthera_, 112 + + Gande, 108 + + Ganges, 68 + + _Gangitus_, 68 + + Gard, 161 + + Gardon, 161 + + Garf water, 97 + + Garonne, 13, 114 + + _Garrhuenus_, 113 + + Garry, 113 + + Gartach, 161 + + Garza, 114 + + Gata, 108 + + Gauir, 155 + + Geisa, 108 + + _Gela_, 110 + + Gelt, 112 + + Geltnach, 112 + + _Geranius_, 114 + + _Geron_, 114 + + Gers, 114 + + Gidea, 108 + + Giesel, 109 + + Giessbach, 108 + + Gingy, 68 + + Giron, 114 + + Girvan, 97, 178 + + Glan, 147 + + Glass, 147 + + Glatt, 147 + + Glen, 147 + + Glon, 147 + + Glyde, 80 + + Gose, 108 + + Gotha, 108 + + Gouw, 68 + + Grabow, 97 + + Granta, 163 + + Gravino, 97 + + Greta, 152 + + Grumbach, 140 + + Gryffe, 97, 178 + + Gwynedd, 145 + + _Gyndes_, 108 + + + Haase, 100--Note. + + _Haliacmon_, 104 + + _Halycus_, 104 + + _Halys_, 75 + + Hamel, 29 + + Hamps, 29 + + Harpa, 109 + + _Harpasus_, 109 + + _Hebrus_, 26 + + _Helisson_, 75 + + Helme, 130 + + Helpe, 74 + + Herk, 41, 176 + + Hesper, 92, 178 + + Hespin, 91 + + _Hesudros_, 33 + + _Hisscar_, 32 + + Hoersel, 78 + + Hull, 89 + + Humber, 29 + + Hunte, 100 + + _Hypanis_, 26 + + _Hypius_, 26 + + _Hypsas_, 27 + + + _Iberus_, 26 + + Idle, 35 + + Igla, 69 + + Iglawa, 69 + + Ihna, 27 + + Ik, 69 + + Ilach, 71 + + Ilavla, 74 + + Ile, 71 + + Ilen, 71 + + Ilek, 104 + + _Ilissus_, 75 + + Ill, 71 + + Ille, 71 + + Iller, 71 + + Illim, 130 + + Ilm, 130 + + Ilmen, 130 + + Ilmenau, 130 + + Ilse, 75 + + Ilz, 75 + + Inda, 23 + + Inde, 23 + + Indus, 23 + + Indre, 23 + + Ingon, 81 + + Ingul, 81 + + Inn, 27 + + Inney, 27 + + Ionne, 69 + + Ipf, 26 + + Ipoly, 27 + + Ips, 27 + + _Irat_, 138 + + Irati, 138 + + Irghiz, 41 + + Irk, 41 + + Irkut, 41 + + Irt, 138 + + Irthing, 138 + + Irvine, 109 + + Isac, 31 + + Isar, 33 + + Ischl, 31 + + Ise, 32 + + Isen, 32 + + Isere, 32 + + Isis, 33 + + Isla, 33 + + Isker, 161 + + _Ismenus_, 33 + + Isole, 33 + + Isper, 92 + + Isset, 33 + + _Issus_, 32 + + _Ister_, 33, 117, 170 + + Itchen, 69 + + Iton, 35 + + Itz, 35 + + Ive, 25 + + Ivel, 26 + + + _Jactus_, 100 + + Jaghatu, 100 + + Jahde, 100 + + Jahnbach, 68 + + _Jardanus_, 161 + + Jaxt, 100 + + Jesmen, 89 + + Jessava, 89 + + Jetza, 89 + + _Jezawa_, 89 + + Jisdra, 89 + + Joss, 89 + + Jug, 100 + + + Kalitva, 112 + + Kam, 139 + + Kama, 139 + + Kamp, 138 + + Kana, 144 + + Kander, 145 + + Karthaue, 161 + + Kels, 110 + + Kelvin, 113 + + Kemi, 139 + + Kenne, 144 + + Kent, 144 + + Kerr, 139 + + Kersch, 114 + + Khabur, 167 + + Khankova, 68 + + Klara, 149 + + Klodnitz, 80 + + Kloen, 147 + + Kocher, 86 + + Kohary, 86 + + Kohlbach, 113 + + Kokel, 86 + + Kola, 164 + + Kolima, 164 + + Korol, 139 + + Koros, 114 + + Koesten, 158 + + Krems, 140 + + Kroma, 140 + + Krumbach, 140 + + Kuchelbach, 87 + + Kulpa, 113 + + Kur, 139 + + + Lagan, 45 + + Lahn, 45 + + _Laimaha_, 128 + + Laine, 45 + + Laith, 46 + + Lama, 128 + + Lambro, 129 + + Lamme, 128 + + Lammer, 129 + + Lamone, 129 + + Lamov, 128 + + _Lamus_, 129 + + Laucha, 45 + + Lauder, 148 + + Lauter, 148 + + Lave, 45 + + Lavino, 45 + + Leach, 44 + + Leam, 128 + + Lech, 44 + + Leck, 44 + + Lee, 44 + + Leen, 44 + + Legre, 44 + + Leiser, 147 + + Leith, 46 + + Leitha, 46 + + Leithan, 47 + + Leman, 129 + + Leman (Lake), 129 + + Lempe, 128 + + Lesse, 146 + + _Lethaeus_, 47 + + Leven, 45 + + Lez, 146 + + Lid, 46 + + Lida, 46 + + Lidden, 47 + + Liddle, 47 + + Lieser, 147 + + Liffar, 46 + + Liffey, 46 + + Ligne, 44 + + Lima, 128 + + Limen, 129 + + Limmat, 129 + + _Limyrus_, 129 + + _Liparis_, 170 + + Lipka, 46 + + Lippe, 46 + + Liver, 46 + + Liza, 146 + + Lizena, 146 + + Ljusne, 147 + + Lloughor, 45 + + Loing, 45 + + Loire, 44 + + Loiret, 14 + + Lomond (Loch), 129 + + Looe, 45 + + Loony, 45 + + Loose, 146 + + Lossie, 146 + + Lot, 72 + + Loue, 45 + + Louga, 45 + + Lougan, 45 + + Louven, 45 + + Lowna, 45 + + Lowther, 148 + + Luder, 148 + + Lug, 45 + + Lugan, 45 + + Lugano (Lake), 45 + + Lugar, 45 + + Luhe, 44 + + Lune, 45 + + Lutter, 148 + + Lye, 44 + + Lyme, 128 + + Lyon, 44 + + Lys, 44 + + + Maas, 142 + + Macestus, 61 + + Madder, 88 + + Madel, 88 + + Maese, 142 + + Magra, 60 + + Mahanuddy, 60 + + Maia, 60 + + Maig, 60 + + Main, 60 + + Maina, 60 + + March, 61 + + Mare, 62 + + Marecchia, 62 + + Mark, 61 + + Marne, 88 + + Marosch, 62 + + _Marsyas_, 62 + + Masie, 142 + + Mask (Lake), 62 + + _Matrinus_, 88 + + _Matrona_, 88 + + Maw, 60 + + Mawn, 60 + + May, 60 + + Mayenne, 127 + + Meal, 61 + + Mede, 88 + + _Medemelacha_, 126 + + Medinka, 126 + + _Medoacus_, 127 + + _Medofulli_, 126 + + Medvieditza, 127 + + Medway, 126 + + Medwin, 127 + + Megna, 60 + + Mehaigne, 60 + + Mehe, 88 + + Meissau, 142 + + _Melsus_, 151 + + Meon, 60 + + Mergui, 62 + + Mersey, 62 + + Metauro, 88 + + _Metema_, 127 + + Meuse, 142 + + Mhye, 60 + + Midou, 126 + + Miele, 61 + + Mies, 142 + + Milsibach, 151 + + Moder, 88 + + Moldau, 162 + + Moldava, 162 + + Mora, 61 + + Morava, 61 + + Morge, 61 + + Moern, 62 + + Moselle, 142 + + Moskva, 62 + + Mourne, 62 + + Moy, 60 + + Moyne, 60 + + Muhr, 61 + + Mulde, 162 + + Muelmisch, 151 + + Muotta, 102 + + Murg, 61 + + Murr, 61 + + Murz, 62 + + Musone, 142 + + Muthvey, 102 + + + Naab, 50 + + Naaf, 50 + + _Nabalis_, 51 + + Nabon, 50 + + Nahe, 50 + + Nairn, 49 + + _Namadus_, 52 + + _Naparis_, 50 + + Nar, 49 + + Narenta, 49 + + Narew, 49 + + Naron, 49 + + Narova, 49 + + Narra, 49 + + Natisone, 88 + + Nave, 50 + + Naver, 50 + + Navia, 50 + + Ne, 177 + + Neagh (Lake), 49 + + Neath, 54 + + _Neda_, 54 + + Neers, 49 + + Neisse, 51 + + Nenagh, 49 + + Nene, 49 + + Nenny, 49 + + Nent, 49 + + Nera, 49 + + Nerja, 49 + + Nerussa, 177 + + Ness, 51 + + Neste, 51 + + _Nestus_, 51 + + Nethan, 54 + + Nethe, 54 + + Neutra, 88 + + Neva, 50 + + Never, 50 + + Nevis, 51 + + Nia, 177 + + _Nia_, 49 + + Nidd, 54 + + Nidder, 54 + + Nied, 54 + + Niemen, 50 + + Nievre, 50 + + Nisi, 51 + + Nissava, 51 + + Nith, 54 + + Nive, 50 + + Nivelle, 50 + + Noain, 88 + + Nodder, 88 + + _Noraha_, 49 + + Nore, 49 + + Now, 49 + + + _Oarus_, 39 + + Ock, 28 + + Ocker, 153 + + Odde, 176 + + Odder, 34 + + Oder, 34 + + Odon, 34 + + _Oenus_, 27 + + Oertze, 78 + + Ohm, 26 + + Ohre, 39 + + Ohrn, 40 + + Oich, 28 + + Oikell, 28 + + Oise, 32 + + Oka, 28 + + Oke, 28 + + Olle, 72 + + _Olmeius_, 130 + + _Oltis_, 72 + + Ombrone, 29 + + Oppa, 176 + + Orb, 109 + + Ore, 39 + + Orge, 41 + + Orla, 40 + + Orlyava, 40 + + Orlyk, 40 + + Orre, 40 + + Orrin, 40 + + _Orsinus_, 78 + + Orvanne, 109 + + _[OE]scus_, 31 + + Oskol, 31 + + Otter, 34 + + Ource, 78 + + Ourcq, 41 + + Ourt, 138 + + Ousche, 32 + + Oust, 158 + + Owenbeg, 164 + + Ovoca, 153 + + Oxus, 31 + + + Paar, 65 + + Pader, 132 + + _Padus_, 132 + + Palme, 67 + + Pant, 178 + + _Pantanus_, 132 + + Parde, 133 + + Parret, 83 + + _Parthenius_, 133 + + _Pathissus_, 132 + + _Paulo_, 178 + + Pebrach, 84 + + Pedder, 83 + + Peen, 81 + + Peffer, 83 + + Pelym, 67 + + _Peneus_, 82 + + Penjina, 82 + + Penk, 82--Note. + + Pennar, 82 + + Penza, 82 + + _Permessus_, 154 + + Pernau, 65 + + Persante, 101 + + Petteril, 83 + + Pever, 83 + + Pfreimt, 154 + + Piana, 82 + + Piave, 65 + + Piddle, 82 + + Pina, 82 + + Pinau, 82 + + Pindar, 83 + + _Pindus_, 82 + + Pinega, 82 + + Pinka, 82 + + Pitrenick, 83 + + Plaine, 65 + + Plau, 65 + + Plan-see (Lake), 66 + + Pleiske, 67 + + Pleisse, 66 + + _Pleistus_, 66 + + Pliusa, 66 + + Ploen (Lake), 66 + + Plone, 66 + + Plonna, 66 + + Plym, 67 + + Po, 131 + + Polota, 85 + + _Porata_, 115 + + Portva, 115 + + _Practius_, 167 + + Pravadi, 115 + + Pregel, 115 + + Primma, 154 + + Prims, 154 + + Pripet, 115 + + Pronia, 115 + + Prosna, 101 + + Pruem, 154 + + Pruth, 115 + + Purally, 115 + + _Pydaras_, 83 + + _Pyramus_, 154 + + + Queiss, 158 + + Quenny, 145 + + Quipar, 177 + + + Raab, 120 + + _Rasa_, 96 + + Rasay, 96 + + Ravee, 102 + + Raven, 102 + + Rea, 43 + + Rednitz, 95 + + Reen, 43 + + Rega, 43 + + Regen, 43 + + Regge, 43 + + Reno, 43 + + Reuss, 96 + + Rezat, 96 + + _Rha_, 43 + + _Rhesus_, 96 + + Rhine, 43 + + Rhion, 43 + + _Rhodanus_, 95 + + _Rhodius_, 95 + + Rhone, 95 + + Riaza, 96 + + Riga, 43 + + Riss, 96 + + Robe, 102 + + Rodach, 95 + + Rodau, 95 + + Rodden, 95 + + Roer, 168 + + Rohrbach, 168 + + Ross, 96 + + Rosslau, 96 + + Roetel, 96 + + Roth, 95 + + Rotha, 95 + + Rothaine, 95 + + Rother, 96 + + Rott, 95 + + Rottach, 95 + + Roubion, 102 + + Ruhr, 168 + + Rye, 43 + + + Saale, 76 + + Saar, 55 + + _Sabis_, 59 + + Sabor, 59 + + _Sabrina_, 59 + + Saima (Lake), 119 + + Sal, 77 + + Salm, 166 + + _Salo_, 77 + + Salza, 151 + + Samara, 119 + + Sambre, 59, 119 + + San, 166 + + Saone, 119 + + Saraswati, 56 + + Saratovka, 56 + + _Sarayu_, 55 + + Sare, 55 + + Sark, 55 + + Sarnius, 56 + + Sarno, 56 + + Sarsonne, 56 + + Sarthe, 56 + + Sau, 59 + + _Sauconna_, 119 + + Save, 59 + + Savena, 59 + + Savezo, 59 + + Savio, 59 + + Savranka, 59 + + Sazawa, 98 + + _Scaldis_, 159 + + Scarr, 162 + + Scheer, 162 + + Scheldt, 159 + + Schie, 161 + + Schiltach, 159 + + Schmida, 53 + + Schnei, 52 + + Schondra, 99 + + Schozach, 99 + + Schunter, 99 + + Schupf, 101 + + Schussen, 99 + + Schutter, 99 + + Schwabach, 101 + + Schwale, 165 + + Schwalm, 166 + + Schwarza, 150 + + Schyrne, 162 + + _Scius_, 161 + + _Scopas_, 101 + + Seaton, 141 + + Seena, 166 + + Segre, 119 + + Segura, 119 + + Seille, 76 + + Seine, 119 + + Selle, 76 + + Selse, 151 + + Selune, 77 + + Sem, 119 + + Semoy, 119 + + Sempt, 119 + + Sena, 166 + + Senne, 166 + + _Senus_, 166 + + Seran, 56 + + Serchio, 55 + + Sered, 56 + + Sereth, 56 + + Serio, 55 + + Serre, 55 + + Serus, 55 + + _Sessites_, 98 + + Sestra, 99 + + Seugne, 119 + + Seva, 59 + + Sevan, 59 + + Severn, 59 + + _Severus_, 59 + + Sevre, 59 + + Sevron, 59 + + Shannon, 166 + + Sheaf, 101 + + Shere, 162 + + Shiel, 169 + + Shin, 166 + + Shira, 162 + + _Sicoris_, 119 + + Sid, 141 + + Sieg, 119 + + Sieve, 59 + + Sihl, 169 + + Silaro, 169 + + Sile, 169 + + Simmen, 119 + + Simmer, 119 + + _Simois_, 119, 169 + + Sinde, 23 + + Sitter, 141 + + Skerne, 162 + + Skippon, 101 + + Slaan, 77 + + Slaney, 77 + + Sneidbach, 52 + + Snyte, 52 + + Soar, 55 + + _Soastus_, 98 + + Soeste, 98 + + Soja, 119 + + Solman, 166 + + Somme, 119 + + Sora, 55 + + Sorg, 55 + + Sosna, 98 + + Sosterbach, 99 + + Sosva, 98 + + Souza, 98 + + Sow, 59 + + Soeve, 59 + + Spean, 103 + + Spear, 103 + + Speier, 103 + + Spey, 103 + + Sprazah, 103 + + Spree, 103 + + Sprenzel, 104 + + Spressa, 104 + + Sprint, 103 + + Sprotta, 103 + + Stoer, 58 + + _Storas_, 58 + + Stort, 58 + + Stour, 58 + + Streu, 58 + + Stroud, 58 + + Strumon, 171 + + Stry, 58 + + Stura, 58 + + Styr, 58 + + Suchona, 119 + + Suck, 59 + + _Sucro_, 59 + + _Suevus_, 101 + + Suippe, 101 + + Suire, 59 + + Sula, 165 + + _Sulgas_, 165 + + Sullane, 165 + + Sulm, 166 + + Sur, 55 + + Sura, 55 + + Sure, 55 + + Suren, 56 + + Suss, 98 + + Sutledge, 26, 98 + + Sutoodra, 98 + + Suusaa, 98 + + Suzon, 98 + + Svart, 150 + + Svir, 55 + + Swale, 165 + + Swelly, 165 + + Swilly, 165 + + Swords, 56 + + _Syrmus_, 171 + + Szala, 151 + + + Ta (Loch), 135 + + _Tabuda_, 135 + + Tacon, 107 + + Tamar, 135 + + _Tamaris_, 135 + + Tambre, 135 + + Tame, 135 + + Tamuda, 136 + + Tamyras, 136 + + Tana, 135 + + Tanagro, 136 + + _Tanais_, 135 + + Tanaro, 135 + + Tanger, 136 + + _Tanus_, 135 + + Taptee, 135 + + Tara, 149 + + Tardoire, 105 + + Tarf, 69 + + Tarisa, 149 + + Tarn, 149 + + Taro, 149 + + Tartaro, 105 + + _Tartessus_, 105 + + Tarth, 105 + + Tauber, 37 + + Tavda, 135 + + Tave, 135 + + Tavus, 135 + + Tavy, 134 + + Taw, 134, 135 + + Tay, 135 + + Teane, 135 + + Tearne, 149 + + _Tearus_, 179 + + Tees, 106 + + Teesta, 107 + + Teign, 135 + + Tema, 135 + + Teme, 136 + + Temes, 136 + + Tengs, 136 + + Termon, 155 + + Tescha, 107 + + Tessin, 107 + + Test, 107 + + Teviot, 135 + + Thames, 136 + + Thaya, 136 + + Theiss, 107 + + Thiele, 106 + + Thur, 37 + + _Tiasa_, 107 + + Ticino, 107 + + Till, 105 + + Tilse, 106 + + Tim, 135 + + Timao, 135 + + _Timavus_, 135 + + Tivy, 135 + + Tollen, 106 + + Tom, 135 + + Torre, 37 + + Tosa, 107 + + Toess, 107 + + Touse, 107 + + Touvre, 37 + + Towy, 36 + + Trachino, 71 + + _Tragus_, 70 + + Traun, 69 + + Trave, 69 + + Trebbia, 69 + + Treja, 70 + + Trent, 141 + + Trento, 141 + + Trome, 70, 155 + + _Truentius_, 141 + + Truim, 70, 155 + + Tura, 37 + + Turija, 37 + + Turuntus, 141 + + Twiste, 158 + + Tzna, 52 + + + Uda, 176 + + Ufa, 176 + + Ui, 177 + + Uist, 158 + + Ulla, 89 + + Ullea, 89 + + Ulster, 89 + + _Umbro_, 28 + + Umea, 28 + + Unstrut, 58 + + Upa, 176 + + Ural, 40 + + _Urius_, 39 + + Urjumka, 122 + + Ursel, 78 + + Usk, 31 + + Uste, 158 + + _Uxella_, 31 + + + Vaga, 63 + + Vagai, 63 + + _Vahalis_, 63 + + Vakh, 63 + + Varano, 78 + + Vardar, 79 + + Varde, 79 + + Vardre, 79 + + Varese (Lake), 78 + + Vartrey, 79 + + Vayah, 63 + + Vegiaur, 64 + + Vegre, 63 + + Vehne, 146 + + Veile, 90 + + Veistritz, 158 + + Vel, 90 + + Velez, 91 + + Velino, 91 + + Vellaur, 91 + + Vendee, 146 + + Vent, 145 + + Ver, 77 + + Verdon, 79 + + Vesdre, 158 + + Vesle, 158 + + Vever, 64 + + Veveyse, 64 + + Viaur, 63 + + Vie, 63 + + Vienne, 63 + + Vig, 63 + + Vilia, 90 + + Viliu, 90 + + Villa, 90 + + Vilna, 90 + + Vils, 91 + + Vindau, 146 + + _Vipasa_, 64 + + Vire, 77 + + Vistre, 158 + + Vistula, 158 + + Vlie, 65 + + Vliest, 66 + + Vliet, 66 + + Vodla, 34 + + Vosges, 63 + + + Waag, 63 + + Waal, 63 + + Wandle, 146 + + Warnau, 77 + + Warta, 79 + + Watawa, 34 + + Waveney, 63 + + Waver, 63 + + Wear, 34 + + Weaver, 64 + + Wegierka, 64 + + Weichsel, 158 + + Welland, 90 + + Welse, 91 + + Wente, 179 + + Wern, 77 + + Werre, 77 + + Wers, 78 + + Wertach, 78 + + Wetter, 34 + + Wey, 63 + + Wick, 63 + + Wien, 63 + + Wigger, 63 + + Willy, 90 + + Windau, 146 + + _Winderius_, 146 + + Windermere (Lake), 146 + + Wipper, 64 + + Wislauf, 158 + + Wisloka, 158 + + Woder, 34 + + Worse, 78 + + Woelpe, 73 + + Wupper, 64 + + Wurdah, 79 + + Wyck, 177 + + Wye, 63 + + + Xalon, 77 + + Xucar, 59 + + + Yssel, 33 + + Ythan, 35 + + + Zeyer, 59 + + Zorn, 56 + + Zna, 52 + + Zwettel, 158 + + Zwittau, 158 + + Zwittawa, 158 + + + + +R. AND J. STEEL, PRINTERS, 57, ENGLISH ST., CARLISLE. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900.txt or 35900.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/35900.zip b/35900.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b54a8ca --- /dev/null +++ b/35900.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87f1464 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #35900 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35900) |