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diff --git a/35900.txt b/35900.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9732f --- /dev/null +++ b/35900.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7372 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without + note. Greek text has been transliterated and is shown between + {braces}. Diacritical marks are represented as follows: + + [)x] letter _x_ with upper breve. + [=x] letter _x_ with upper macron. + [oe] oe ligature. + + + + + THE + + RIVER-NAMES + + OF + + EUROPE. + + + BY ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + WILLIAMS & NORGATE, + 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; + AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH, + CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL. + + 1862. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The object of the present work is to arrange and explain the names of +European Rivers on a more comprehensive principle than has hitherto been +attempted in England, or, to the best of my belief, in Germany. + +I am conscious that, like every other work of the same sort, it must +necessarily, and without thereby impugning its general system, be +subject to correction in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a more exact +knowledge of the characteristics of the various rivers than can possibly +in all cases come within the scope of individual research. + +Among the writers to whom I am most indebted is Ernst Foerstemann, who, +in the second volume of his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first +consisting of the names of persons), has collected, explained, and where +possible, identified, the ancient names of places in Germany. The dates +affixed to most of the German rivers are taken from this work, and refer +to the earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere. + +I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as usual, given the +titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's "Local Etymology," and to the +work of Gluck, entitled "Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommende Keltische +namen." + + ROBERT FERGUSON. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The first wave of Asian immigration that swept over Europe gave names to +the great features of nature, such as the rivers, long before the +wandering tribes that composed it settled down into fixed habitations, +and gave names to their dwellings and their lands. The names thus given +at the outset may be taken therefore to contain some of the most ancient +forms of the Indo-European speech. And once given, they have in many, if +not in most cases remained to the present day, for nothing affords such +strong resistance to change as the name of a river. The smaller streams, +variously called in England and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and whose shores were portioned out +among but a few settlers, readily yielded up their ancient names at the +bidding of their new masters. But the river that flowed past, coming +they knew not whence, and going they knew not whither--upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as themselves, and all as much +entitled to give it a name as they--was naturally, as a matter of common +convenience, allowed to retain its original appellation. + +Nevertheless, it might happen that a river such as the Danube, which +runs more than a thousand miles as the crow flies--being divided between +two great and perfectly distinct races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two different names. So we find +that while in its upper part it was called the Danube, in its lower part +it was known as the Ister--the former, says Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian name. So the Saone also +was anciently known both as the Arar and the Sauconna--the latter, +according to Zeuss, being its Celtic name. And Latham, (_Tacitus_, +_Germania_,) makes a similar suggestion respecting the Rhine--"It is not +likely that the Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of Switzerland, +gave the same name to the very different parts of their common river." +It does not follow then as a matter of course--though we must accept it +as the general rule--that the name by which a river is known at the +present day, when it happens to be different from that recorded in +history, is in all cases the less ancient of the two. There might +originally have been two names, one of which has been preserved in +history, and the other retained in modern use. + +It is also to be observed, that in the case of one race coming after +another--say Germans or Slaves after Celts--while the newcomers retained +the old names, they yet often added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are compounded of two words of +different languages, and in not a few cases both signifying water. + +The names thus given at the outset were of the utmost simplicity, +rarely, if ever, containing a compound idea. They were indeed for the +most part simple appellatives, being most commonly nothing more than +words signifying water. But these words, once established as names, +entered into a different category. The words might perish, but the names +endured. The words might change, but the names did not follow their +changes. Inasmuch as they were both subject to the same influences, they +would most probably in the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of the language, they would not +be regulated in their changes by it. Moreover, in their case a fresh +element came into operation, for, being frequently adopted by races +speaking a different language, they became subject to the special +phonetic tendencies of the new tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the same word, appear in a variety +of different forms. The most important phonetic modifications I take to +be those of the kind referred to in the next chapter. + +There is no branch of philological enquiry which demands a wider range +than that of the origin of the names of rivers. All trace of a name may +be lost in the language in which it was given--we may have to seek for +its likeness through the whole Indo-European family--and perhaps not +find it till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. Thus the name of +the Humber is probably of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words that +we find are the Lat. _imber_ and the Gr. {ombros}, till we come to the +Sansc. _ambu_, water. Celtic also probably are the names of the Hodder +and the Otter, but the words most nearly cognate are the Gr. {hydor} and +the Lith. _audra_, (fluctus), till we come to the Sansc. _ud_, water. + +Again, there are others on which we can find nothing whatever to throw +light till we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the Drave and the Trave, +for which Bopp proposes Sansc. _dravas_, flowing. And the Arve in Savoy, +which I cannot explain till I come to the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to +ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. _orbo_, Eng. _orphan_, &c. And--far +as we have to seek for it--how true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and how it will come home to the +frequenters of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember how, within the +last few years, its pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, and their +ruined tenants driven out like "orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted snows, cast its waters into +the Rhone, that it seems to drive back the latter river into the lake +from whence it issues. And Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current of the Rhone were made for +some hours to revolve in the opposite direction, and to grind their corn +backwards. + +Thus then, though we may take it that the prevailing element in the +river-names of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for assistance to all +the languages that are cognate. And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, we shall often find that the +nearer we come to the fountain-head, the clearer and the more distinct +will be the derivation. It will be seen also throughout the whole of +these pages that, in examining the names of rivers, we must take not +only a wide range of philological enquiry, but also an extensive +comparison of these names one with another. + +The first step in the investigation is of course to ascertain, whenever +it is possible, the most ancient forms in which these names are found. +We should scarcely suspect a relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the ancient name of the one was +Icene, and of the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose that the Rodden of +Shropshire was identical with the French Rhone, did we not know that +the original name of the latter was the Rhod[)a]nus. + +In this, as in most other departments of philology, the industry of the +Germans has been the most conspicuous. And Ernst Foerstemann in +particular, who has extracted and collated the ancient names of places +in Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished a store of the most +valuable materials. + +And yet after all there will be occasions on which all the resources of +philology will be unavailing. Then we can but gather together the +members of the family and wait till science shall reveal us something of +their parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders among the pleasant meads of +Devon--the Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of the thrifty +Dutch--the Alma that courses through the dark pine forests of the far +North--the Almo that waters the sacred vale of Egeria--and the Alma, +whose name brings sorrow and pride to many an English household--all +contain one wide-spread and forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +ON THE ENDINGS _a_, _en_, _er_, _es_, _et_, _el_. + + +We find that while there are many names of rivers which contain nothing +more than the simple root from which they are derived, as the Cam, the +Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, &c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal are _a_, _en_, _er_, +_es_, _et_, _el_. Thus the Roth in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, and the Roet(el) in Germany, +contain the same with four different endings. The German Ise shows a +simple root, and the Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch Yss(el), +Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the Tham(es), &c. The question +is--what is the value and meaning of these various additions? + +With respect to the ending in _a_, found in some English rivers, there +is reason to think that it is a word signifying water--the Old Norse +_a_, Goth. _ahva_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. So that the _a_ in Rotha may be the +same as the _a_ in the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea--as the +_au_ in the Germ. Donau (Danube)--and as the _ava_ in the Moldava of +Austrian Poland. + +Others of these endings have by different writers been supposed to be +also words signifying water. Thus Donaldson (_Varronianus_), takes the +ending _es_ to have that meaning. And Foerstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for the termination _ar_ or _er_. +"I allow myself here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names which +contain an _ar_ as the concluding part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to assume a simple suffix seems to +me in this case rather niggardly." So also the ending _en_ has been +supposed by some of our own Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh _aven_, Gael. _amhainn_, water or river, an +opinion which has also, though to a more limited extent, received the +sanction of Pott. + +There are various minor objections to the above theories which I forbear +to urge, because I think that the main argument against them is to be +found in the manner in which these endings run through the whole +European system of river-names. And it seems to me therefore more +reasonable to refer them to a general principle which pervades the +Indo-European languages, than to a particular word of a particular +language. The principle I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, and it +is that upon which the above word _aven_ or _amhainn_, is itself formed +from a simple root, by one of the very endings in question, that in +_en_. Instead then of explaining--as the followers of the above system +have done--the Saone (Sagonna) by the Celt. _sogh-an_, "sluggish river", +I prefer to point to the general principle upon which the root _sogh_ +has the power, so to speak, of making itself into _soghan_ (_e.g._, in +Lat. _segn-is_.) + +Not but that the principle contended for by the above writers may obtain +in some cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the Garonne, looks like one +of them, though even in this case I think that the latter may be the +proper form, and the former only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna. + +Then again the question arises whether, seeing that _en_ and _es_ in the +Celtic tongues, and _el_ in the Germanic, have the force of diminution, +this may not be the meaning in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (_Die +Deutschen_), suggests this in the case of the Havel and the Moselle; but +seeing that one of these rivers has a course of 180 and the other of 265 +miles, I think they might rather be adduced to prove that these endings +are not diminutive. We may cite also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), +both large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany we have two +rivers close together, the great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or +Arila)--here seems the very case for a diminutive, yet both rivers have +the same ending. Not but that there are instances of a diminutive in +river-names, but they seem of later formation. Thus there is no reason +to doubt that the French Loiret, which is a small river falling into the +large one, means "the little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts. + +Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to the opinion, which seems in the +main that of Foerstemann, that, at least as the general rule, these +endings are simply phonetic, and that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, _en_ is the principal phonetic +particle--_e.g._, English bow, Germ. bog_en_--Germ. rabe, Eng. +rav_en_--Lat. virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg_in_. But we have also traces +in English of a similar phonetic _er_, (_see Latham's Handbook of the +Eng. Language, p. 199_). The general reader will understand better what +is here intended by comparing our words maid and maid_en_. Between these +two words there is not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning--the ending _en_ is merely added for the sake of the sound, or, +in other words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference then that there +is between our words maid and maiden I take to be between the names of +our rivers Lid and Lidden. The ending in both cases serves, if I may use +the expression, to give a sort of finish to the word. + +The question then arises--supposing these endings to be phonetic--were +they given in the first instance, or have they accrued in after times? +It is probable that both ways might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been the case. Thus the Medina in +the Isle of Wight was once called the Mede, and the Shannon of Ireland +stands in Ptolemy as the Senus. On the other hand cases are more +frequent in which the ending has been dropped. Thus the Yare is called +by Ptolemy the Garrhuenus, _i.e._, the Garron or Yarron. And the Teme +appears in Anglo-Saxon charters as the Tamede or Temede. Indeed the +Thames itself would almost seem, by having become a monosyllable, to +have taken the first step of a change which has been arrested for ever. +So in Germany the Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in charters of +the 8th and 9th cent., as the Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And in +France the Isara and the Oscara have in modern times become respectively +the Oise and the Ousche; in both these two cases the ending _er_ has +been dropped; for Oise=_is_, not _isar_; and Ousche=_osc_, not _oscar_. + +This latter principle is indeed only in accordance with the general +tendency of language towards what Max Mueller terms "phonetic decay"--a +principle which seems less active in the rude than in the cultivated +stages of society. It would appear as if civilization sought to +compensate itself for the increased requirements of its expression, by +the simplification of its forms, and the rejection of its superfluous +sounds. + +Upon the whole then I think that as the general rule these endings have +been given in the first instance, and that they have but rarely accrued +in after times. Such being the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing to the sense, yet in another +point of view they may be called formative, as being the particles by +means of which words are constructed out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in some language, or in some +dialect, are still living words. And those that are not, are formed +regularly upon the same principle, common to the Indo-European system. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES. + + +The names of rivers may be divided into two classes, appellative and +descriptive--or in other words, into those which describe a river simply +as "the water" or "the river," and those which refer to some special +quality or property of its own. + +In the case of a descriptive name we may be sure that it has been +given--not from any fine-drawn attribute, but from some obvious +characteristic--not from anything which we have to seek, but from +something which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." If a stream be +very rapid and impetuous--if its course be winding and tortuous--if its +waters be very clear or very turbid--these are all marked features which +would naturally give it a name. + +But such derivations as the following from Bullet can only serve to +provoke a smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he says--"Abounding in +excellent trouts--_van_, good, _dluz_, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the derivation, and not the +derivation for the trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says--"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt signifies surprising, prodigious, +marvellous." Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though nothing can be more +childish than many of his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually the notable feature in +each case under consideration, a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect. + +River-names, in relation to their meaning, may be ranked under seven +heads. + + 1. Those which describe a river simply as "the water," "the river." + Parallel with this, and under the same head, we may take the words + which describe a river as "that which flows," because the + root-meaning of most of the words signifying water is, that which + flows, that which runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, there may + be sometimes fine shades of difference which we cannot now + perceive, and which would remove the names out of this class into + the next one. + + 2. Those which, passing out of the appellative into the descriptive, + characterize a river as that which runs violently, that which + flows gently, or that which spreads widely. + + 3. Those which describe a river by the nature of its course, as + winding, crooked, or otherwise. + + 4. Those which refer to the quality of its waters, as clear, bright, + turbid, or otherwise. + + 5. Those which refer to the sound made by its waters. + + 6. Those which refer to the nature of its source, or the manner of its + formation, as by the confluence of two or more streams. + + 7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or as a protection. + +Under one or other of the above heads may be classed the greater part of +the river-names of Europe. + +And how dry and unimaginative a list it is! We dive deep into the +ancient language of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but we recall +none of the religious veneration to the personified river which is so +strikingly manifest even to the present day. As we read in the Vedas of +three thousand years ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit of +the stream for a safe passage, so we read in the newspapers of to-day of +the pilgrims, as the train rattled over the iron bridge, casting their +propitiatory offerings into the river below. We seek for word-meanings +in the classical tongue of Greece, but they come up tinged with no +colour of its graceful myths. Few and far between are the cases--and +even these are doubtful, to say the least--in which anything of fancy, +of poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in the river-names of +Europe. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +APPELLATIVES. + + +The great river of India, which has given its name to that country, is +derived from Sansc. _sindu_, Persian _hindu_, water or sea. It was known +to the ancients under its present name 500 years B.C. Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly the Sansc. form, as the Indus +does the Persian. It will be seen that there are some other instances of +this word in the ancient or modern river-names of Europe. + + 1. _India._ The INDUS and the SINDE. + _Asia Minor._ INDUS ant., now the Tavas. + _France._ INDIS ant., now the Dain. + _Germany._ INDA, 9th cent. The INDE near Aix-la-Chapelle. + _Norway._ The INDA. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The INDRE. Joins the Loire. + +The most widely spread root is the Sansc. _ap_, Goth. _ahva_, Old High +Germ. _aha_, Old Norse _a_, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, Lat. _aqua_, &c. With the +form _ahva_ Fuerst connects Ahava as the name of a river in the district +of Babylon, mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21--"Then I proclaimed a fast +there at the river of Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would rather +seem that Ahava was a place and not a river--"and I gathered them +together to the river that _runneth_ to Ahava." The place might +certainly, as in many other cases, take its name from the river on which +it stood, but this is one step further into the dark. From the root _ab_ +or _ap_ is formed Latin _amnis_, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. _abnas_. Also the Celt. _auwon_, _avon_, +_abhain_, or _amhain_, of the same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. _abh_, water. The Old German _aha_, _awa_, _ava_, or +_afa_, signifying water or river, is added to many names of that country +which are themselves probably of Celtic or other origin; the form in +Modern German is generally _ach_ or _au_. The ending in _a_ of some +English rivers, as the Rotha, Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; this form corresponds most +nearly with the Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the Caldew in +Cumberland, which seem to show the Germ. form _au_ or _ow_. The ending +_ick_ or _ock_ in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock and the Errick, +may be from a word of similar meaning, most probably the obs. Gael. +_oich_. + +I divide the widely spread forms from this root for convenience into two +groups, _ap_ or _av_, and _ach_ or _ah_. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. {hippos}, Lat. _equus_, Ang.-Sax. _eoh_, +horse, three words similarly formed from one root. The European names in +the following group I take to be most probably from the Celtic--the +Asiatic, if they come in, must be referred to the Sanscrit, or a kindred +and coeval tongue. + + 1. _England._ The IVE. Cumberland. + _Portugal._ The AVIA. + _Germany._ IPFA, 8th cent., now the IPF--here? + _Asia Minor._ HYPIUS ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis._ + _England._ The AVON and EVAN. Many rivers in England, Scotland, + and Wales. + _Scotland._ The AMON, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, + called the ALMOND. + _France._ The AVEN. Dep. Finistere. + _Germany._ AMANA, 8th cent., now the OHM. + _Hindostan._ HYPANIS ant., now the Sutledge--here? + _Asia Minor._ EVENUS ant., now the Sandarli--here? AMNIAS ant., + probably here. + _Syria._ ABANA ant., now the Barrada--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The AVRE. Dep. Eure. + _Germany._ IVARUS, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. EPAR(AHA), 8th + cent., now the EBR(ACH). + _Spain._ IBERUS ant., now the EBRO. + _Thrace._ HEBRUS ant., now the Maritza. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IVEL.[1] Somers. + _Germany._ APULA, 9th cent. The APPEL(BACH). + _Hungary._ The IPOLY or EYPEL. Joins the Danube. + + 5. _With the ending es._[2] + _Germany._ IBISA, 8th cent. The IPS. + _Portugal._ The AVIZ. + _Sicily._ HYPSAS ant., now the Belici. + _Illyria._ APSUS ant., now the Beratinos. + +A related form to No. 2 of the above group I take to be _ain_ = Manx +_aon_ for _avon_. + + _England._ The AUNE, Devonshire. The EHEN, Cumberland. The INNEY, + Cornwall. + _Germany._ The AENUS of Tacitus, now the INN. The IHNA, Prussia. + _Greece._ OENUS ant.--here? + +And I place here also a form _annas_, which I take to be = Sansc. +_abnas_, Latin _amnis_. + + _India._ The ANNAS. Gwalior. + _Germany._ ANISA, 8th cent. The ENS in Austria. + _Piedmont._ The ANZA. Joins the Tosa. + +In the other form _ah_, _ach_, there may be more admixture of the German +element. But the English names, I take it, are all Celtic. The form +_ock_ comes nearest to the obs. Gael. _oich_. + + 1. _England._ The OCK, Berks. The OKE, Devon. + _Scotland._ The OICH, river and lake. The AWE, Argyle. The EYE, + Berwicks. + _France._ The AA. Dep. Nord. + _Germany._ The AACH and the AU. + _Holland._ The AA in Brabant. + _Russia._ The OKA and the AA. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The OIKELL. Sutherland. + _Germany._ AQUILA, 8th cent., now the EICHEL. + +With the Sanscrit root _ab_ or _ap_ is to be connected Sanscrit _ambu_, +_ambhas_, water, whence Latin _imber_ and Gr. {ombros}. If the Abus of +Ptolemy was the name of the river Humber, it contains the oldest and +simplest form of the root. But the river is called the Humbre in the +earliest Ang.-Sax. records. I class in this group also the forms in _am_ +and _em_. + + 1. _England._ The EMME. Berkshire. + _Switzerland._ The EMME. + _Holland._ EMA, 10th ct., now the EEM--here? + _Sweden._ The UMEA. + _Asia._ The EMBA, also called the Djem. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The EMMEN. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The HUMBER. Humbre, _Cod. Dip._ + The AMBER. Derbyshire. + _Germany._ AMBRA, 8th cent., now the AMMER, and the EMMER. + _Italy._ UMBRO ant., now the OMBRONE. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The AMBLE or HAMBLE. Hants. + The AMELE or EMELE, now the Mole, in Surrey. + _Germany._ The HAMEL. Hanover. + _Belgium._ AMBL(AVA), 9th cent., now the AMBL(EVE). + + 5. _With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water._ + _England._ The HAMPS. Stafford. + _France._ The AMASSE. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ AMISIA, 1st cent. The EMS in Westphalia. + EMISA, 8th cent. The EMS in Nassau. + + 6. _With the ending st._[3] + _Asia._ AMBASTUS ant. Now the Camboja. + + +The whole of the above forms are to be traced back to the Sanscrit verb +_ab_ or _amb_, signifying to move; and that probably to a more simple +verb _a_. The Old Norse _a_, Ang.-Sax. _ea_, water or river, contain +then a root as primitive as language can show. We can resolve it into +nothing simpler--we can trace it back to nothing older. And it is +curious to note how the Latin _aqua_ has, in the present French word +_eau_, come round again once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions many of the words, as the +Avon, the Humber, &c., have grown, and yet without adding one particle +of meaning, as I hold, to the primeval _a_. + +The root of the following group seems to be Sansc. _ux_ or _uks_, to +water, whence Welsh _wysg_, Irish _uisg_, Old Belg. _achaz_, water or +river. Hence also Eng. _ooze_, and according to Eichoff (_Parrallele des +langues_), also _wash_. + + 1. _England._ The AXE, Devon. The AXE, Somers. + The ASH, Wilts. _Cod. Dip._ ASCE. + The ISACA, or ISCA (Ptolemy). The EXE. + The ESK, Cumb. ESKE, Yorks. + The ESK, in Scotland, five rivers. + The USK, in Monmouthshire. + _France._ The ISAC. Dep. Mayenne. + The ESQUE. Normandy. + The ACHASE. Dauphine. + _Germany._ ACHAZA, 10th cent., now the ESCHAZ. + ACARSE,[4] 11th cent., now the AXE. + The AHSE. Prussia. + _M[oe]sia._ [OE]SCUS ant. + _Asia._ ACES ant. (Herodotus), now the OXUS or Amou. + _Greece._ AXIUS ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.[5] AXUS or + OAXES in Crete, still retains its name. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ AXONA ant. (Caesar.) Now the AISNE. + _Asia._ ASCANIA ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other + in Bithynia. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ UXELLA ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be + the Parret. + The ESKLE, Hereford. + _Germany._ ISCALA, 8th cent. The ISCHL. + _Russia._ The OSKOL. Joins the Donetz. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _France._ OSCARA ant., now the OUSCHE. + _Belgium._ HISSCAR, 9th cent., seems not to be identified. + +I am inclined to bring in here the root _is_, respecting which +Foerstemann observes that it is "a word found in river-names over a great +part of Europe, but the etymology of which is as yet entirely unknown." +I connect it with the above group, referring also to the Old Norse _is_ +motus, _isia_, proruere, as perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name OUSE either in this group or the last, for two at +least of the rivers so called are so very tortuous in their course as to +make us think of the Welsh _osgo_, obliquity. + + 1. _Germany._ The ISE and the EIS(ACH). + _Syria._ ISSUS ant., now the Baias--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ISANA, 8th cent. The ISEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ISARA, 1st cent. B.C. The ISERE and the OISE.[6] + _Germany._ ISARA ant. The ISAR. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The ISLA. Two rivers. + _France._ The ISOLE. + _Holland._ ISELA, 8th cent., now the YSSEL. + _Spain._ The ESLA. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The ISIS, vulg. Ouse. + + 6. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The ISSET. Joins the Tobol. + + 7. _In a compound form._ + The ISTER, or Danube, perhaps = IS-STER, from a word _ster_, a river, + hereafter noticed. + ISMENUS ant., in B[oe]otia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word + _man_ or _mon_, probably signifying water or river, and found in + several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the + Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmuehl, the Haliacmon + of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c. + HESUDROS, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. _udra_, water), + may also come in. + +From the Sansc. _ud_, water--in comp. _udra_, as in _samudra,_ the sea, +_i.e._, collection of waters, (see also Hesudros above)--come Sansc. +_udon_, Gr. {hydor}, Slav. _woda_, Goth. _wato_, Germ. _wasser_, Eng. +_water_, Lith. _audra_, fluctus, &c. + + 1. _Italy._ ADUA ant., now the ADDA. + _Bohemia._ The WAT(AWA). + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?_ + _France._ The ODON. + _Germany._ ADEN(OUA), 10th cent., now the ADEN(AU). + + 3. _With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c._ + _England._ The ODDER and the OTTER. + The WODER, Dorset. Woder, _Cod. Dip._ + The ADUR in Sussex. + The VEDRA of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to + Pott, comes in here. + _France._ ATURUS ant., now the ADOUR. + AUDURA ant., now the EURE. + _Germany._ ODORA ant., now the ODER. + WETTER(AHA), 8th cent., now the WETTER.[7] + + 4. _With the ending rn._[8] + _Germany._ ADRANA, 1st cent., now the EDER. + _Asia Minor._ The EDRENOS. Anc. Rhyndacus. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Russia._ The VODLA. Lake and river. + +To the above root I also put a form in _ed_, corresponding with Welsh +_eddain_, to flow, Ang.-Sax. _edre_, a water-course, &c. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The EDEN. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy. + _Scotland._ The EDEN and the YTHAN. + _France._ The ITON. Joins the Eure. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The ETTR(ICK). Joins the Tweed. + _Germany._ EITER(AHA), 8th cent. The EITR(ACH)[9], the EITER(ACH), + and the AITER(ACH). + _Denmark._ EIDORA ant., now the EIDER. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The IDLE. Notts. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ IDASA, 11th cent., now the ITZ. + +With the above may perhaps also be classed the Celtic _and_ or +_ant_,[10] to which Mone, (_Die Gallische sprache_), gives the meaning +of water. + + 1. _England._ The ANT. Norfolk. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ANTON.[11] Hants. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ANDRIA ant. Now the Lindre. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The ANDELLE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ ANTIL(AHA), 10th cent., now the ANDEL(AU). + +To the Celt. _dubr_, Welsh _dwfr_, water, are by common consent referred +the names in the second division of the undermentioned. But the forms +_dub_, _duv_, which in accordance with the general system here +advocated, I take to be the older and simpler form of the word, are, by +Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._), as well as most English writers, referred to +Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black. + + 1. _England._ The DOVE. Staffordshire. + The DOW. Yorkshire. + _Wales._ TOBIUS ant., now the TOWY. + The DOVY, Merioneth. + _France._ DUBIS ant., now the DOUBS. + The DOUX, joins the Rhine. + + 2. _With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr._[12] + _Ireland._ DOBUR ant., retains its name.[13] + _France._ The TOUVRE. + _Germany._ DUBRA, 8th cent., now the TAUBER. + The DAUBR(AWA), Bohemia. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The DUBISSA. + +Another Celtic word for water is _dur_, which, however, seems more +common in the names of towns (situated upon waters) than in the names of +rivers. Is this word formed by syncope from the last, as _duber_ = +_dur_? Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. _dra_ or _dur_, to +move? + + 1. _England._ The DURRA. Cornwall. + _Germany._ {Douras}, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar. + _Switz._ DURA, 9th cent. The THUR.[14] + _Italy._ DURIA ant., now the DORA. + TURRUS ant., now the TORRE. + _Spain._ DURIUS ant., now the DOURO. + _Russia._ The TURA. Siberia. + The TURIJA. Russ. Poland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ DURANIUS ant., now the DORDOGNE. + +In this chapter is to be included the root _ar_, respecting which I +quote the following remarks of Foerstemann. "The meaning of river, water, +must have belonged to this wide-spread root, though I never find it +applied as an appellative, apart from the obsolete Dutch word _aar_, +which Pott produces. I also nowhere find even an attempt to explain the +following river-names from any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit itself shows me no likely +word approaching it, unless perhaps we think of _ara_, swift +(_Petersburger Woerterbuch_)." + +The root, I apprehend, like that of most other river-names, is to be +found in a verb signifying to move, to go--the Sansc. _ar_, _ir_ or +_ur_, Lat. _ire_, _errare_, &c. And we are not without an additional +trace of the sense we want, as the Basque has _ur_, water, _errio_, a +river, and the Hung. has _er_, a brook. The sense of swiftness, as +found in Sansc. _ara_, may perhaps intermix in the following names. But +there is also a word of precisely opposite meaning, the Gael. _ar_, +slow, whence Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives the name of +the Arar (or Saone), a river noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination see page 11. + + 1. _England._ The ARROW, Radnor. The ARROW, Worcester. + The ORE. Joins the Alde. + _Ireland._ ARROW, lake and river, Sligo. + _France._ The AURAY. Dep. Morbihan. + _Germany._ ARA, 8th cent. The AHR, near Bonn, the OHRE, + which joins the Elbe, and the OHRE in + Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of + Ara. + UR(AHA), 10th cent., now the AUR(ACH). + _Switzerland._ ARA, ant. The AAR. + _Italy._ The ERA. Joins the Arno. + _Spain._ URIUS ant., now the Rio Tinte. + _Russia._ OARUS (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The ARUN, Sussex. + _Scotland._ The ORRIN and the EARNE. + _Ireland._ The ERNE, Ulster. + _Germany._ OORANA, 8th cent., now the ORRE. + ARN(APE), 8th cent., (_ap_, water), now the ERFT. + The OHRN. Wirtemberg. + _Tuscany._ ARNUS ant. The ARNO. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ERL(AHA), 11th cent. The ERLA. + URULA, 9th cent. The ERL. + ARLA, 10th cent. The ARL. + The ORLA. Joins the Saale. + _Savoy._ The ARLY. + _Aust. Slavonia._ The ORLY(AVA). + _Russia._ The URAL and the ORL(YK). + +From _ar_ and _ur_, to move, the Sanscrit forms _arch_ and _urj_, with +the same meaning, but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, if we may +judge by some of the derivatives, as Lat. _urgeo_, &c. In two of the +three appellatives which I find, the Basque _erreca_, brook, and the +Lettish _urga_, torrent, we may trace this sense; but in the third, +Mordvinian (a Finnish dialect), _erke_, lake, it is altogether wanting. +And on the whole, I cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. _arg_, white, which has been generally +adduced as the etymon of these names, may intermix. + + 1. _England._ The ARKE. Yorkshire. + The IRK. Lancashire. + _France._ The OURCQ. Dep. Aisne. + The ORGE and the ARC. + _Belgium._ The HERK. Prov. Limburg. + _Sardinia._ The ARC. Joins the Isere. + _Spain._ The ARGA. Joins the Aragon. + _Armenia._ ARAGUS ant., now the ARAK. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ARGUNA, 8th cent. The ARGEN. + _Russia._ The ARGUN. Two rivers. + _Spain._ The ARAGON. Joins the Ebro. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Siberia._ The IRKUT. Joins the Angara. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _France._ The ARQUES. + _Russia._ The IRGHIZ. Two rivers. + + 5. _With the ending enz._[15] + _Germany._ ARGENZA, 9th cent., now the ERGERS. + +From the Sansc. _ri_, to flow, Gr. {rheo}, Lat. _rigo_ (often applied to +rivers--"Qua Ister Getas rigat," _Tibullus_), Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, Old +Sax. _riha_, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. _regen_, Eng. _rain_, Slav. _reka_, a +stream, Welsh _rhe_, rapid, _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus derives from Germ. _regen_, +rain, in reference to the unusual amount of rain-fall which occurs in +the Boehmer-wald, where it has its source. Butmann derives it from Wend. +and Slav. _reka_, a stream, connecting its name also with that of the +Rhine. Both these derivations I think rather too narrow. + +With respect to the Rhine I quote the following opinions. Armstrong +derives it from Celt. _reidh-an_, a smooth water, than which nothing can +be more unsuitable--the characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Caesar and Tacitus downwards--being that of rapidity. +Donaldson compares it with Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and makes Rhine = +Anglo-Saxon _rin_, cursus aquae. Grimm (_Deutsch. Gramm._) compares it +with Goth. _hrains_, pure, clear, and thinks that "in any case we must +dismiss the derivation from _rinnan_, fluere." Zeuss and Foerstemann +support the opinion of Grimm; nevertheless, all three agree in thinking +that the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest word, as it seems to me, +is Welsh _rhean_, _rhen_, a stream, cognate with Sansc. _rinas_, fluid, +Old Norse _renna_, fluere, and (as I suppose), with Goth. _hrains_, +pure. + + 1. _England._ The REA. Worcester. + The WREY. Devonshire. + _Ireland._ The RYE. Joins the Liffey. + _Germany._ The REGA. Pomerania. + _Holland._ The REGGE. Joins the Vecht. + _Spain._ The RIGA. Pyrenees. + _Russia._ RHA ant., now the Volga. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ REGIN, 9th cent. The REGEN. + RHENUS, 1st cent. B.C. The RHINE. + The RHIN. Joins the Havel. + The RHINE. A small stream near Cassel. + _Norway._ The REEN. + _Italy._ The RENO by Bologna. + _Asiat. Russ._ The RHION, ant. Phasis. + +The Sansc. _li_, to wet, moisten, spreads into many forms through the +Indo-European languages. I divide them for convenience into two groups, +and take first Lat. _liqueo_, Old Norse _leka_, Ang.-Sax. _lecan_ +(stillare, rigare), Gael. and Ir. _li_, sea, Gael. _lia_, Welsh _lli_, +_llion_, a stream. Most of the following names, I take it, are Celtic. I +am not sure that the sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups. + + 1. _England._ The LEE. Cheshire. + The LEACH. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The LEE. Two rivers. + _Germany._ LICUS, 2nd cent., now the LECH. + LIA, 8th cent., now the LUHE. + _France._ LEGIA, 10th cent., now the LYS.[16] + _Belgium._ The LECK. Joins the Maas. + _Hindostan._ The LYE. Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream._ + _England._ The LEEN. Notts. + _Scotland._ The LYON and the LYNE. + _France._ The LIGNE. Dep. Ardeche. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LEGRE by Leicester, now the Soar. + _France._ LIGER ant. The LOIRE. + The LEGRE. Dep. Gironde. + +For the second group I take Lat. _lavo_, _luo_, Old Norse _lauga_, +lavare, Anglo-Saxon _lagu_, water, Gael. _lo_, water, Gael. and Ir. +_loin_, stream. In this group there may perhaps be something more of the +Germain element, _e.g._, in the rivers of Scandinavia. + + 1. _England._ The LUG. Hereford. + _Wales._ The LOOE. Two rivers. + _France._ The LOUE. Dep. Haute Vienne. + _Germany._ LOUCH(AHA), 11th cent. The LAUCHA. + LOUA, 10th cent., not identified. + _Holland._ The LAVE. + _Finland._ The LUGA or LOUGA. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LUNE. Lancashire. + The LAINE. Cornwall. + The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Scotland._ The LEVEN. Two rivers. + _Ireland._ The LAGAN, near Belfast. + _France._ LUNA ant., now the LOING. + _Germany._ LOGAN(AHA), 8th cent., now the LAHN. + The LOWNA in Prussia. + _Norway._ The LOUGAN. Joins the Glommen. + The LOUVEN. Stift Christiana. + _Russia._ The LUGAN. + _Italy._ The LAVINO. + The lake LUGANO. + _India._ The LOONY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The LUGAR. Ayr. + _Wales._ The LLOUGHOR. Glamorgan. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Welsh _llifo_, to pour. + + 1. _Ireland._ The LIFFEY by Dublin. + _Germany._ LUPPIA, 1st cent. The LIPPE. + The LIP(KA). Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The LIVER. Cornwall. + _Scotland._ The LIVER. Argyle. + _Ireland._ The LIFFAR. + +More remotely with the Sansc. _li_, liquere, and directly with Welsh +_lleithio_, to moisten, _llyddo_, to pour, Gael. _lith_, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. _leithus_, Ang.-Sax. _lidh_, liquor, poculum, potus, I +connect the following. The rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out the +special idea of smoothness, which we might be apt to infer from the +root, and from the character of the mythological river Lethe. + + 1. _England._ The LID. Joins the Tamar. + _Scotland._ The LEITH. Co. Edinburgh. + _Wales._ The LAITH, now called the Dyfr. + _Germany._ LIT(AHA), 11th cent. The LEITHA. + _Sweden._ The LIDA. + _Hungary._ The LEITHA. Joins the Danube. + _Asia Minor._} + _Thessaly._ } LETHAEUS ant., three rivers--here? + _Crete._ } + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LIDDEN (Leden, _Cod. Dip._) Worcester. + _Scotland._ The LEITHAN. Peebles. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Scotland._ The LIDDLE. Joins the Esk. + +From the Sansc. _ni_, to move, comes _niran_, water, corresponding with +the Mod. Greek {neron} of the same meaning. And that the Greek word is +no new importation into that language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. The Gr. {nao}, fluo, the Gael. +_nigh_, to bathe, to wash, and the Obs. Gael. _near_, water, a river, +show a close relationship; the Heb. _nhar_, a river, also seems to be +allied. Compare the Nore, a name given to part of the estuary of the +Thames, with the Narra, the name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, an ancient canal from the +Tigris towards the Persian Gulf. And with the Curische Nehrung, a strip +of land which separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf in Prussia +from the waters of the Baltic. On this name Mr. Winning remarks,[17] "I +offer the conjecture that the word _nehrung_ is equivalent to our +break-water, and that it is derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term _neriene_, strength, bravery." I should propose to give it a +meaning analogous, but rather different--deriving it from the word in +question, _nar_ or _ner_, water, and some equivalent of Old Norse +_engia_, coarctare, making _nehrung_ to signify "that which confines the +waters" (of the lake). In all these cases there is something of the +sense of an estuary, or of a channel communicating with the sea--the +Curische Haf being a large lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. The following names I take +to be for the most part of Celtic origin. + + 1. _England._ The NOW. Derbyshire. + The NAR. Norfolk. + The NORE, part of the estuary the Thames. + _Ireland._ NEAGH. A lake, Ulster. + NORE. Joins the Shannon. + _Germany._ NOR(AHA), 8th cent., also called the NAHA. + _Italy._ NAR[18] ant. The NERA. + _Spain._ The NERJA. Malaga. + _Russia._ The NAR(OVA), and the NAREW. + _Europ. Turkey._ NARO ant., now the NARENTA. + _Mauretania._ NIA ant., now the Senegal--here? + _Hindostan._ NARRA, two branches of the Indus--here? + + 2. _With the ending en, = Sansc. niran, water?_ + _Illyria._ The NARON. + _Scotland._ The NAREN or NAIRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The NEERS. Rhen. Pruss. + +From the Sansc. _ni_, to move, Gael. _nigh_, to bathe, to wash, comes, I +apprehend, the Welsh _nannaw_, _nennig_, _nant_, a small stream. + + _England._ The NENE or NEN. Northampton. + The NENT. Cumberland. + _Ireland._ The NENAGH. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The NENNY. + +Closely allied to _ni_, to move, I take to be Sansc. _niv_, to flow, +Welsh _nofio_, to swim, to float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, if not a false rendering, +might come in here. + + 1. _France._ The NIVE. Joins the Adour. + _Germany._ NABA, 1st cent., now the NAAB in Bavaria. + _Holland._ NABA or NAVA, 1st cent., now the NAHE or NAVE. + _Spain._ The NAVIA. Falls into the Bay of Biscay. + _Russia._ The NEVA and the NEIVA. + _Hindostan._ The NAAF. Falls into the Bay of Bengal. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Persia._ The NABON. Prov. Fars. + _Russ. Pol._ The NIEMEN.[19] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The NAVER. River and lake. + _Wales._ The NEVER. Merioneth. + _France._ NIVERIS ant., now the NIEVRE. + _Danub. Prov._ NAPARIS (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _France and} The NIVELLE. Pyrenees. + Spain._ } + _Holland._ NABALIS (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Scotland._ The NEVIS. Rises on Ben Nevis. + +From the same root, _ni_, to move, and closely connected with the last +group, I take to be Sansc. _nis_, to flow, to water. Zeuss (_Die +Deutschen_) takes the word, as far as it relates to the rivers of +Germany, to be of Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word found as +the second part of some Slavonic river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it +is also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican has _naoz_, a brook, +and the German has _nasz_, wet, _naessen_, to be wet. + + 1. _Scotland._ The NESS. River and lake. + _Germany._ NISA, 11th cent. The NEISSE, two rivers, both of which + join the Oder. + _Servia._ The NISS(AVA). Joins the Morava. + _Sicily._ The NISI. + + 2. _With the ending st._[20] + _France._ The NESTE. Hautes Pyrenees. + _Thrace._ NESTUS ant. + + +From the Greek {nao}, fluo, comes {nama}, a stream, {namatiaion hydor}, +running water. Hence seems to be NAMADUS, the name given by the Greek +geographers to the Nerbudda of India. + +Another form which I take to be derived from the above Sanscrit root +_ni_, by the prefix _s_, is Sansc. _snu_, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. _schnee_, Eng. _snow_, &c.) + + _Germany._ ZNUUIA, 11th cent., now the SCHNEI. + _Russia._ The ZNA or TZNA. + +A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. _snidh_ or _snith_, to ooze +through, distil, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _snuadh_, to flow, and _snuadh_, a +river, whence I take the following. Foerstemann refers to Old High German +_snidan_, Modern German _schneiden_, to divide, in the sense of a +boundary, which is a root suitable enough in itself, though I think it +ought to yield the preference to the direct sense of water. + + _England._ The SNYTE. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ SNEID(BACH), 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue. + SMID(AHA), 9th cent., now the SCHMIDA, which joins the + Danube. For Snidaha? + +The form _snid_ or _snith_ introduces the form _nid_ or _nith_, and +suggests the enquiry whether that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (_Varronianus_), referring to a word Nethuns, "found +on a Tuscan mirror over a figure manifestly intended for Neptune," +observes that "there can be little doubt that _nethu_ means water in the +Tuscan language." Assuming the correctness of the premises, I think that +this must be the case; and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), contain +the Greek {nao}; as Nereus (a water-god), contains the word _ner_ before +referred to; as Neptune contains the Greek {nipto}, in each case +involving the signification of water, so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must +contain a related word _neth_ or _nethun_ of the same meaning. Also that +this word comes in its place here, as a derivative of the root _ni_, and +as a corresponding form to the Celtic _snidh_ or _snith_. + +There are, however, two other meanings which might intermix in the +following names; the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., Welsh +_nyddu_, to turn or twist, in the sense of tortuousness; and the other +is Old Norse _nidr_, fremor, strepitus. + + 1. _England._ The NIDD. Yorkshire. + _Scotland._ The NITH. Dumfriesshire. + _Wales._ The NEATH. Glamorgan. + _France._ The NIED. Joins the Sarre. + _Belgium._ The NETHE. Joins the Ruppel. + _Germany._ NIDA, 8th cent., now the NIDDA. + The NETHE. Joins the Weser. + _Norway._ The NIDA. + _Poland._ The NIDDA. + _Greece._ NEDA ant., now the Buzi in Elis. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The NETHAN. Lesmahago. + + 3. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _Germany._ NITORNE, 9th cent., now the NIDDER. + +There can hardly be a doubt that the words _sar_, _sor_, _sur_, so +widely spread in the names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +_sar_, _sri_, to move, to go, _sru_, to flow, whence _saras_, water, +_sarit_, _srota_, river. The Permic and two kindred dialects of the +Finnic class have the simple form _sor_ or _sur_, a river, and the +Gaelic and Irish have the derived form _sruth_, to flow, _sroth_, +_sruth_, river. In the names Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the +guttural to have accrued. + + 1. _England._ The SOAR. Leicester. + The SARK, forms the boundary between England and + Scotland. + _France._ The SERRE. Joins the Oise. + _Germany._ SARAVUS ant., now the SAAR. + SORAHA, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now + unnamed. + SURA, 7th cent. The SURE and the SUR. + The SORG. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The SARE and the SUR. + _Norway._ The SURA. + _Russia._ The SURA. Joins the Volga. + The SVIR, falls into Lake Ladoga. + _Lombardy._ The SERIO. Joins the Adda. + The SERCHIO or SARCO. + _Portugal._ The SORA. Joins the Tagus. + _Asia._ SERUS ant., now the Meinam. + _Asia Minor._ SARUS ant., now the Sihon. + _India._ SARAYU[21] ant., now the Sardju. + _Armenia._ ARIUS[22] ant., now the Heri Rud. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SERAN. Joins the Rhone. + The SERAIN. Joins the Yonne. + _Germany._ SORNA, 8th cent. The ZORN. + _Switzerland._ The SUREN. Cant. Aargau. + _Naples._ SARNUS ant. The SARNO. + _Persia._ SARNIUS ant., now the Atrek. + +The form _saras_, water, seems to be found in the following two names. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SARSONNE. Dep. Correze. + + 2. _Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water._ + _India._ The SARASWATI, which still retains its ancient name. + +And the Sansc. _sarit_, Gael. and Ir. _sroth_, _sruth_, a river, seem to +be found in the following. + + _Ireland._ The SWORDS river near Dublin. + _France._ The SARTHE. Joins the Mayenne. + _Galicia._ The SERED. Joins the Dniester. + _Moldavia._ The SERETH. Ant. Ararus. + _Russia._ The SARAT(OVKA).[23] Gov. Saratov. + + +It would seem that the foregoing forms _sri_, _sru_, _srot_, sometimes +take a phonetic _t_, and become _stri_, _stru_, _strot_. Thus one Celtic +dialect, the Armorican, changes _sur_ into _ster_, and another, the +Cornish, changes _sruth_ into _struth_--both words signifying a river. +But indeed the natural tendency towards it is too obvious to require +much comment. Hence we may take the names Stry and Streu. But is the +form Stur from this source also? Foerstemann finds an etymon in Old High +German _stur_, Old Norse _stor_, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is hardly suited for those of +England and Italy, none of which are large. The root, moreover, seems +too widely spread, if, as I suspect, it is this which forms the ending +of many ancient names as the Cayster, the Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, +Ister, Danastris, &c. The Armorican _ster_, a river, seems to be the +word most nearly concerned. + + 1. _The form stry, stru, stur._ + _England._ STURIUS (Ptolemy). The STOUR. There are six rivers + of this name. + _Germany._ STROWA, 8th cent. The STREU. + _Holstein._ STURIA, 10th cent. The STOeR. + _Italy._ STURA, two rivers. + STORAS (Strabo), now the ASTURA. + _Aust. Poland._ The STRY. Joins the Dniester. + The STYR. Joins the Pripet. + + 2. _The form struth._ + _England._ The STROUD. Gloucester. + The STORT. Essex. + _Germany._ The UNSTRUT Foerstemann places here, as far as the + ending _strut_ is concerned. + +From the Sanscrit root _su_, liquere, come Sansc. _sava_, water, Old +High German _sou_, Lat. _succus_, moisture, Gael. _sugh_, a wave, &c.; +(on the apparent resemblance between Sansc. _sava_, water and Goth. +_saivs_, sea, Diefenbach observes, we must not build). Hence I take to +be the following; but a word very liable to intermix is Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness is very marked, I have +taken them under that head. + + 1. _England._ The SOW. Warwickshire. + _Ireland._ The SUCK. Joins the Shannon. + _France._ The SAVE. Joins the Garonne. + _Belgium._ SABIS, 1st cent. B.C., now the Sambre. + _Germany._ SAVUS ant. The SAVE or SAU. + The SOeVE. Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ The SEVA. + _Italy._ The SAVIO. Pont. States. + The SIEVE. Joins the Arno. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The SAVENA or SAONA. Piedmont. + _Armenia._ The SEVAN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ SEVERUS ant. The SUIRE. + _Germany._ SEVIRA, 9th cent. The ZEYER. + _France._ The SEVRE. Two rivers. + _Spain._ SUCRO ant. The XUCAR. + _Portugal._ The SABOR. + + 4. _With the ending rn (see note p. 34)._ + _England._ SABRINA ant. The SEVERN. + _France._ The SEVRON. Dep. Saone-et-Loire. + _Russ. Pol._ The SAVRAN(KA). Gov. Podolia. + + 5. _With the ending es._ + _Lombardy._ The SAVEZO near Milano. + +In the Sanscrit _mih_, to flow, to pour, Old Norse _miga_, scaturire, +Anglo-Saxon _migan_, _mihan_, to water, Sansc. _maighas_, rain, Old +Norse _migandi_, a torrent--("unde," says Haldorsen, "nomina propria +multorum torrentium"), Obs. Gael. and Ir. _machd_, a wave, I find the +root of the following. Most of the names are no doubt from the Celtic, +though the traces of the root are more faint in that tongue than in the +Teutonic. This I take to be the word, which in the forms _ma_, and _man_ +or _men_, forms the ending of several river-names. + + 1. _Scotland._ The MAY. Perthshire. + _Ireland._ The MAIG and the MOY. + _Wales._ The MAY and the MAW. + _France._ The MAY. + _Siberia._ The MAIA. Joins the Aldon. + _India._ The MHYE. Bombay. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The MAWN. Notts. + The MEON. Hants. (Meon ea, _Cod. Dip._) + _Ireland._ The MAIN and the MOYNE. + _France._ The MAINE. Two rivers. + _Belgium._ The MEHAIGNE. Joins the Scheldt. + _Germany._ MOENUS ant. The MAIN. + _Sardinia._ The MAINA. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The MAIN. Joins the Anadyr. + _India._ The MEGNA. Prov. Bengal. + The MAHANUDDY--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ The MAGRA. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The MEAL. Shropshire. + _Denmark._ The MIELE. Falls into the German Ocean. + + 5. _With the ending st._[24] + _Asia Minor._ The MACESTUS. Joins the Rhyndacus. + +From the root _mi_, to flow, come also Sansc. _miras_, Lat. _mare_, +Goth. _marei_, Ang.-Sax. _mer_, Germ. _meer_, Welsh _mar_, _mor_, Gael. +and Ir. _muir_, Slav. _morie_, &c., sea or lake. I should be more +inclined however to derive most of the following from the cognate Sansc. +_maerj_, to wash, to water, Lat. _mergo_, &c. Also, the Celtic _murg_, in +the more definite sense of a morass, may come in for some of the forms. + + 1. _France._ The MORGE. Dep. Isere. + _Germany._ MARUS (Tacitus). The MARCH, Slav. MOR(AVA). + MUORA, 8th cent. The MUHR. + MURRA, 10th cent. The MURR. + _Belgium._ MURGA, 7th cent. The MURG. + The MARK. Joins the Scheldt. + _Switzerland._ The MURG. Cant. Thurgau. + _Sardinia._ The MORA. Div. Novara. + _Servia._ MARGUS ant. The MORAVA. + _Italy._ The MARECCHIA. Pont. States--here? + _India._ The MERGUI--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The MOURNE. Ulster. + _Germany._ MARNE, 11th cent., now the MARE. + MERINA, 11th cent. The MOeRN. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The MERSEY. Lancashire. + _Germany._ MUORIZA, 10th cent. The MURZ. + _Dacia._ MARISUS ant. The MAROSCH. + _Phrygia._ MARSYAS ant. + +Another form of Sansc. _marj_, to wet, to wash, is _masj_, whence I take +the following. + + _Ireland._ MASK, a lake in Connaught. + _Russia._ The MOSK(VA), by Moscow, to which it gives the name. + +From the Sanscrit _vag_ or _vah_, to move, comes _vahas_, course, flux, +current, cognate with which are Goth. _wegs_, Germ. _woge_, Eng. _wave_, +&c. An allied Celtic word is found as the ending of many British +river-names, as the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the Elwy, &c. Hence +I take to be the following, in the sense of water or river. + + 1. _England._ The WEY. Dorset. + The WEY. Surrey. + _Hungary._ The WAAG. Joins the Danube. + _Russia._ The VAGA. Joins the Dwina. + The VAGAI and the VAKH in Siberia. + _India._ The VAYAH. Madras. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WAVENEY. Norf. and Suffolk. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WAVER. Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Netherlands._ VAHALIS, 1st cent. B.C. The WAAL. + + 5. _With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?_ + _France._ VOGESUS ant. The VOSGES. + +An allied form to the above is found in Sansc. _vi_, _vic_, to move, +Lat. _via_, &c., and to which I put the following. + + 1. _England._ The WYE. Monmouthshire. + _Scotland._ The WICK. Caithness. + _France._ The VIE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The VIG. Forms lake VIGO. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ VIGENNA ant. The VIENNE. + _Germany._ The WIEN, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. + Wien). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Switzerland._ The WIGGER. Cant. Lucerne. + _France._ The VEGRE. Dep. Sarthe. + The VIAUR--probably here. + _Poland._ The WEGIER(KA). + _India._ The VEGIAUR, Madras--here? + +Formed on the root _vi_, to move, is probably also the Sansc. _vip_ or +_vaip_, to move, to agitate, Latin _vibrare_, perhaps _vivere_, Old +Norse _vippa_, _vipra_, gyrare, Eng. _viper_, &c. I cannot trace in the +following the sense of rapidity, which we might suspect from the root. +Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the sense of tortuousness, so +strongly brought out in some of its derivatives. + + 1. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The WEAVER. Cheshire. + The VEVER. Devonshire. + _Germany._ WIPPERA, 10th cent. The WIPPER (two rivers), and + the WUPPER. + + 2. _With the ending es._ + _India._ VIPASA, the Sanscrit name of the Beas. + _Switzerland._ VIBSICUS ant. (properly Vibissus?) The VEVEYSE by + Vevay. + +From the root _vip_, to move, taking the prefix _s_, is formed _swip_, +which I have dealt with in the next chapter. + +In the Sansc. _par_, to move, we find the root of Gael. _beathra_ +(pronounced _beara_), Old Celt. _ber_, water, Pers. _baran_, rain, &c., +to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The BERE. Dorset. + _Ireland._ BARGUS (Ptolemy). The BARROW. + _France._ The BAR. Dep. Ardennes. + The BERRE. Dep. Aude. + _Germany._ The BAHR, the BEHR, the BEHRE, the PAAR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Bohemia._ The BERAUN near Prague. + _India._ The BEHRUN. + _Russia._ The PERNAU. Gulf of Riga. + +From the Sansc. _plu_, to flow, Lat. _pluo_ and _fluo_, come Sansc. +_plavas_, flux, Lat. _pluvia_ and _fluvius_, Gr. {plyno}, lavo, +Ang.-Sax. _flowe_, _flum_, Lat. _flumen_, river, &c. Hence we get the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The PLAU, river and lake.[25] Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Holland._ FLEVO, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, + between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called + VLIE. + _Aust. Italy._ PLAVIS ant. The PIAVE, falls into the Adriatic. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The PLAINE. Joins the Meurthe. + _Germany._ The PLONE. Joins the Haff. + The PLAN-SEE, a lake in the Tyrol. + _Holstein._ PLOEN. A lake. + _Poland._ The PLONNA. Prov. Plock. + +From the above root come also the following, which compare with Sansc. +_plavas_, Mid. High Germ. _vlieze_, Mod. Germ. _fliess_, Old Fries. +_flet_, Old Norse _fliot_, stream. And I think that some at least of +this group are German. + + 1. _England._ The FLEET. Joins the Trent. + The FLEET, now called the Fleetditch in London. + _Scotland._ The FLEET. Kirkcudbright. + _Germany._ BLEISA, 10th cent. The PLEISSE. + _Holland._ FLIETA, 9th cent. The VLIET. + _Russia._ The PLIUSA. Gulf of Finland. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ FLIEDINA, 8th cent. The FLIEDEN. + The FLIETN(ITZ). Pruss. Pom. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Holland._ The VLIEST. + _Greece._ PLEISTUS ant., near Delphi. + +There are two more forms from the same root, the former of which we may +refer to the Irish and Gael. _fluisg_, a flushing or flowing. The latter +shows a form nearest to the Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. _flum_, Lat. +_flumen_, though I think that the names must be rather Celtic. + + 1. _Ireland._ The FLISK. Falls into the Lake of Killarney. + _Germany._ The PLEISKE. Joins the Oder. + + 2. _England._ The PLYM, by Plymouth. + _Scotland._ The PALME, by Palmton. + _Siberia._ The PELYM. Gov. Tobolsk. + +From the Sansc. _gam_, to go, is derived, according to Bopp and Monier +Williams, the name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Ganga. The word is in fact +the same as the Scotch "gang," which seems to be derived more +immediately from the Old Norse _ganga_. In the sense of "that which +goes," the Hindostanee has formed _gung_, a river, found in the names of +the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, the Chittagong, and other rivers of +India. The same ending is found by Foerstemann in the old names of one or +two German rivers, as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th cent. was +called the LIUGANGA. Another name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in the myth of its rising from the +foot of Vishnoo. But as _pad_ and _gam_ in Sanscrit have both the same +meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each other. + + 1. _India._ The GANGES. Sanscrit GANGA. + The GINGY. Pondicherry. + _Russia._ The KHANK(OVA). Joins the Don. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Greece._ GANGITUS ant., in Macedonia. + +The Sansc. verb _gam_, to go, along with its allied forms, is formed on +a simpler verb _ga_, of the same meaning. To this I put the following. + + 1. _Holland._ The GOUW. Joins the Yssel. + _Persia._ CHOES or CHO(ASPES)[26] ant. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GEWIN(AHA), 9th cent., now the JAHN(BACH). + + 3. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Asia Minor._ The CAYSTER and CESTRUS--here? + + +The Sansc. _ikh_, to move, must, I think, contain the root of the +following, though I find no derivatives in any sense nearer to that of +water or river. + + 1. _Russia._ The IK. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ICENA (_Cod. Dip._) The ITCHEN. + _France._ ICAUNA ant. The IONNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Moravia._ The IGLA or IGL(AWA). + _France._ The ECOLLE. Dep. Seine-et-Oise. + +From the Sansc. _dravas_, flowing, are derived, according to Bopp, the +Drave and the Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, _dra_, to move. Hence +I have suggested, p. 37, may be the Welsh _dwr_, water. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARF, several small rivers--here? + _Germany._ DRAVUS, 1st cent. The DRAVE, Germ. DRAU. + _Italy._ The TREBBIA. Joins the Po. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ TRAVENA, 10th cent., now the TRAVE. + TREWINA, 9th cent. The DRAN. + DRONA, 9th cent. The DRONE. + TRUNA, 7th cent. The TRAUN. + _France._ The DRONNE. Joins the Isle. + +In the Sansc. _dram_, to move, to run, Gr. {dremo}, whence _dromedary_, +&c., is to be found the root of the following. But _dram_, as I take it, +is an interchanged form with the preceding _drav_, as _amon_ = _avon_, +&c., _ante_. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TROME and the TRUIM. Inverness. + _France._ The DROME and the DARME. + _Belgium._ The DURME. + _Germany._ The DARM, by Darmstadt. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Norway._ The DRAMMEN. Christiania Fjord. + +Another word of the same meaning as the last, and perhaps allied in its +root, is Sansc. _trag_, to run, Gr. {trecho}, Goth. _thragjan_. It will +be observed that the above Greek verb mixes up in its tenses with the +obsolete verb {dremo} of the preceding group. In all these words +signifying to run there may be something of rapidity, though I am not +able to remove them out of this category. + + 1. _France._ The DRAC. Joins the Isere. + _Prussia._ The DRAGE. + _Greece._ TRAGUS ant. + _Italy._ The TREJA. Joins the Tiber. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sicily._ The TRACHINO. Joins the Simeto. + +The Sansc. _il_, to move, Gr. {heilo}, Old High Germ. _ilen_, Swed. +_ila_, Mod. Germ. _eilen_, to hasten, Fr. _aller_, &c., is a very widely +spread root in river-names. + + 1. _England._ The ILE. Somerset. + The ALLOW. Northumberland. + _France._ The ILL, the ILLE, and the ELLE. + _Germany._ ILLA, 9th cent. The ILL. + IL(AHA), 11th cent. The IL(ACH). + The ALLE. Prussia. + _Italy._ ALLIA ant., near Rome. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ ALAUNUS (Ptolemy). Perhaps the AXE. + The ALNE, two rivers. + The ELLEN. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The ALLAN, two rivers. + _Ireland._ The ILEN. Cork. + _France._ The AULNE. Dep. Finistere. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ALARA, 8th cent. The ALLER. + ILARA, 10th cent. The ILLER. + _Piedmont._ The ELLERO. + +From the above root _al_ or _il_, to move, to go, I take to be the Gael. +_ald_ or _alt_, a stream, (an older form of which, according to +Armstrong, is _aled_); and the Old Norse _allda_, Finnish _aalto_, a +wave, billow. As an ending this word is found in the NAGOLD of Germany +(ant. NAGALTA), and in the HERAULT of France, Dep. Herault. Foerstemann +makes the former word _nagalt_, and remarks on it as "unexplained." It +seems to me to be a compound word, of which the former part is probably +to be found in the root _nig_ or _ni_, p. 47. + + 1. _England._ The ALDE. Suffolk. + The ALT. Lancashire. + _France._ OLTIS ant., now the Lot. + _Germany._ The ELD. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Spain._ The ELDA. + _Russia._ The ALTA. Gov. Poltova. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ALDENA, 11th cent., now the Olle. + _Norway._ The ALTEN. + _Siberia._ The ALDAN. Joins the Lena. + +Also from the root _al_ or _il_, to move, I take to be the Old Norse +_elfa_, Dan. _elv_, Swed. _elf_, a river. The river {Alpis} mentioned in +Herodotus is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn by Innsbrueck. I think the +able Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient ground +for his supposition that Herodotus, in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of mountains. The former, it will +be seen, is an appellative for a river; the latter is found in the name +Carpino, of an affluent of the Tiber, and might be from the Celt. +_garbh_, violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, would make _garbh_ +into _carp_. But indeed the form _carp_ is that which comes nearest to +the original root, if I am correct in supposing it to be the Sansc. +_karp_, Lat. _carpo_, in the sense of violent action. In the following +list I should be inclined to take the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, +as nearest to the original form. + + 1. _Germany._ ALBIS, 1st cent. The ELBE. Also the ALB in Baden, and + the ALF in Pomerania. + ALPIS (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn. + ALAPA, 8th cent., now the Woelpe. + The AUPE. Joins the Elbe. + _France._ ALBA ant., now the AUBE. + The AUVE. Dep. Marne. + The HELPE. Joins the Sambre. + _Greece._ ALPHEUS ant., now the Rufio--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The ELVAN. Joins the Clyde. + _Germany._ ALBANA, 8th cent., now the ALBEN. + _Tuscany._ ALBINIA ant. The ALBEGNA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ ELAVER ant., now the Allier. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ALBLA, 11th cent., not identified. + _Italy._ ALBULA, the ancient name of the Tiber. + _Russia._ The ILAVLA. Joins the Don. + +Foerstemann seems to me to be right in his conjecture that the forms +_alis_, _els_, _ils_, are also extensions of the root _al_, _el_, _il_. +We see the same form in Gr. {helisso}, an extension of {heilo}, and +having just the same meaning of verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this +word, which we find specially applied to rivers, is the one most +concerned in the following names, two of which, it will be seen +moreover, belong to Greece. Hence may perhaps be derived the name of the +Elysii, (wanderers?) a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus. And through +them, of many names of men, as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our +own family names Alice and Ellice.[27] + + 1. _France._ The ALISE. + _Germany._ ELZA, 10th cent., now the ELZ. + ILSA ant., now the ILSE. + The ALASS. Falls into the Gulf of Riga. + _Greece._ ILISSUS ant., still retains its name. + _Asia Minor._ HALYS ant., now the Kizil-Irmak. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ELISON, 3rd cent., now the Lise. + _Belgium._ ALISNA, 7th cent., not identified. + _Greece._ ELLISON or HELISSON ant. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ALZISSA, 9th cent., now the ALZ. + ILZISA, 11th cent., now the ILZ. + +The root _sal_ Foerstemann takes to be Celtic, and to mean salt water. No +doubt saltness is a characteristic which would naturally give a name to +a river. So it does in the case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can hardly think that all the +many rivers called the SAALE are salt, and I am inclined to go deeper +for the meaning. The Sansc. has _sal_, to move, whence _salan_, water. +The first meaning then seems to be water--applied to the sea as _the_ +water--and then to salt as derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +{als}, the Old Norse _salt_, and the Gael. _sal_, all mean both salt, +and also the sea, the latter may be the original sense. From the above +root, _sal_, to move, the Lat. forms both _salire_ and _saltare_, as +from the same root come _sal_ and _salt_. I take the root _sal_ then in +river-names to mean, at least in some cases, water. In one or two +instances the sense of saltness comes before us as a known quality, and +in such case I have taken the names elsewhere. But failing the proper +proof, which would be that of tasting, I must leave the others where +they stand. + + 1. _Germany._ SALA, 1st cent. Five rivers called the SAALE. + SALIA, 8th cent. The SEILLE. + _France._ The SELLE. Two rivers. + _Russia._ The SAL. Joins the Don. + _Spain._ SALO ant., now the XALON. + + 2. _With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?_ + _Ireland._ The SLAAN and the SLANEY. + _France._ The SELUNE. Dep. Manche. + +It is possible that the root _als_, _ils_, found in the name of several +rivers, as the ALZ, ELZ, ILSE, may be a transposition of the above, just +as Gr. {als} = Lat. _sal_. But upon the whole I have thought another +derivation better, and have included them in a preceding group. + +From the Sansc. _var_ or _vars_, to bedew, moisten, whence _var_, water, +_varsas_, rain, Gr. {erse}, dew, Gael. and Ir. _uaran_, fresh water, I +get the following, dividing them into the two forms, _var_ and _vars_. + + +_The form var._ + + 1. _England._ The VER. Herts. + _France._ VIRIA ant. The VIRE. + _Germany._ The WERRE in Thuringia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ WARINNA, 8th cent. The WERN. + The WARN(AU). Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + _Naples._ VARANO,[28] a lagoon on the Adriatic shore. + + +_The form vars._ + + 1. _England._ The WORSE. Shropshire. + _France._ The OURCE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ The WERS. Joins the EMS. + _Italy._ ARSIA ant.--here? + VARESE. Lake in Lombardy. + _Persia._ AROSIS ant., now the Tab--here? + _Armenia._ ARAXES[29] ant., now the ARAS--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ URSENA, 8th cent., now the OERTZE. + _Asia Minor._ ORSINUS ant., now the Hagisik--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URSELA, 8th cent. The URSEL. + HOeRSEL. Joins the Werre. + +In the above Sansc. _var_, to moisten, to water, is contained, as I take +it, the root of the Finnic _wirta_, a river, the only appellative I can +find for the following. + + 1. _Germany._ WERT(AHA), 10th cent., now the WERT(ACH). + _Poland._ The WARTA. Joins the Oder. + _Denmark._ The VARDE. Prov. Juetland. + _India._ The WURDAH. Joins the Godavery. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The VERDON. Dep. Var. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The VARTREY. Wicklow. + _France._ The VARDRE. + _Europ. Turkey._ The VARDAR, ant. Axius. + +The following names have been generally supposed to be derived from +Welsh _cledd_ or _cleddeu_, sword, and to be applied metaphorically to a +river. But I think it will be seen from the Sansc. _klid_, to water, +whence _klaidan_, flux, Gr. {klydon}, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. _glade_, +a river, brook, that the meaning of water lies at the very bottom of the +word. Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running stream and of a sharp +point often run parallel to each other, there may be in this case a +relationship between them. + + 1. _Scotland._ The CLYDE. (CLOTA, Ptolemy.) + _Wales._ The CLOYD, the CLWYD, and the CLEDDEU. + _Ireland._ The GLYDE. + _Greece._ CLADEUS ant.--here? + _Umbria._ CLIT(UMNUS)[30] ant.--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The KLODN(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Greece._ The CLITORA in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient + Clitorium. + _Asia Min._ CLUDROS ant., in Caria. + +There are two Sanscrit roots from which the word _ag_, _ang_, _ing_, in +river-names might be deduced. One is the verb _ag_ or _aj_, to move, +whence _anjas_, movement, (or the verb _ac_ or _anc_, to traverse), and +the other is the verb _ag_ or _ang_, to contract, whence Latin _anguis_, +snake, _anguilla_, eel, Eng. _angle_, &c. The sense then might be either +the ordinary one of motion, the root-meaning of most river names, or it +might be the special sense of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word _anger_, a river, in the Tcheremissian dialect of +the Finnic (Bonaparte polyglott), I think it safer to follow the most +common sense, though the other may not improbably intermix. The +derivation of Mone, from Welsh _eog_, salmon, I do not think of. + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ ANKIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the ECKN(ACH). + _France._ The INGON. Dep. Somme. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ANKER. Leicestershire. + _Germany._ ACKARA, 10th cent. The AGGER. + AGARA, 8th cent. The EGER. + The ANGERAP (_ap_, water), Prussia. + _Siberia._ The ANGERA. + _Italy._ ACARIS ant. The AGRI. + _Servia?_ ANGRUS (Herodotus). + _India._ The AGHOR--here? + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ANGEL, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia). + _Russia._ The INGUL. Joins the Bug. + + 4. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ AGASTA,[31] 8th cent., now the AISS. + +From the Sansc. _pi_, to drink, also to give to drink, to water, Gr. +{pio}, {pino}, we may get a form _pin_ in river-names. + + 1. _Germany._ The PEEN in Prussia. + _Holstein._ The PINAU. Joins the Elbe. + _Hungary._ The PINA. Joins the Pripet. + The PINKA--here?[32] + _Russia._ The PIANA. Joins the Volga. + The PINE(GA). Joins the Dwina. + _India._ The BINOA. Joins the Beas. + _Greece._ PENEUS ant. Two rivers--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Siberia._ The PENJINA. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The PENNAR. Madras. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The PENZA. Joins the Sura. + +From the above Sansc. _pi_ we may also derive the form _pid_. The only +appellative I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +_pidele_, a thin stream, given by Kemble in the glossary to the _Cod. +Dip._; and hence the name PIDDLE, of several small streams. The only +name I find in the simple form, and that uncertain, is the PINDUS of +Greece. Then there is a form _peder_, which seems to be from a definite +word, and not from the simple suffix _er_. + + 1. _England._ The PEDDER. Somerset. + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + _India._ The PINDAR--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The PITREN(ICK), a small stream in Lanarkshire. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The PETTERIL in Cumberland. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _England._ PEDREDE (_Cod. Dip._) Now the PARRET. + +Also from the Sansc. root _pi_, to drink, to water, we get the form +_bib_ or _pip_, as found in Lat. _bibo_, and in Sansc. _pipasas_, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one name--the BEUVE in France, +Dep. Gironde. In the form _biber_ there are many names, particularly in +Germany. Graff (_Sprachschatz_), seems to refer the word to _biber_, +beaver, but Foerstemann, with more reason, as I think, suggests a lost +word for water or river. + + 1. _England._ The PEVER. Cheshire. + _Scotland._ The PEFFER. Ross-shire. + _France._ The BIEVRE. Joins the Seine. + _Germany._ BIBER(AHA), 7th cent. The BEVER, the BIBRA, the + PEBR(ACH), and the BIBER(BACH). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ BIVERAN, 8th cent., now the BEVER. + _France._ The BEUVRON. Dep. Nievre. + +Perhaps also from the root _pi_ we may derive the Ir. _buinn_, river, +_bual_, _biol_, water. From the former Mr. Charnock derives the name of +the Boyne, a derivation which I think suitable, even if we take the +ancient form Buvinda, (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._,) which might be more +properly Buvinna, as Gironde for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse _buna_, scaturire, might also be suggested. + + _Ireland._ The BOYNE. + _Germany._ BUN(AHA), 9th cent., now the BAUN(ACH). + +From the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, I derive the following, keeping out the +rivers of the Slavonic districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +_biala_, white. + + 1. _England._ The BEELA. Westmoreland. + _Ireland._ The BOYLE, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish + form is BUIL. + _France._ The BOL(BEC). Dep. Seine-Inf. + _Germany._ BOLL(AHA) ant. Not identified. + _Asia Minor._ BILLAEUS ant., now the Filyas. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ The BUHLER. Wirtemberg. + _Russia._ The BULLER. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The BULLOT. Baden. + _Russia._ The POLOTA. Joins the Dwina. + +A very obscure root in river-names is _gog_ or _cock_. The only +appellatives I find are in the Celtic, viz., Gael. _caochan_, a small +stream, Arm. _goagen_, wave; unless we think also of the word _jokk_, +_joeggi_, which in the Finnic dialects signifies a river; and in that +case the most probable root would be the Sansc. _yug_, to gush forth. To +the river Coquet, in Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar having been discovered bearing the +inscription "Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have been dedicated to the +genius of that river. Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in Greece, +a tributary of the river Acheron, invested with so many mysterious +terrors as supposed to be under the dominion of the King of Hades. +Possibly, however, it might only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something of the superstitious +reverence paid to the other. At all events, I can find nothing in the +etymology to bear out such a meaning. + + 1. _England._ COCBROC (_Cod. Dip._) This would seem to have + probably been a small stream called Cock, to + which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added + the word brook. + + 2. _Germany._ COCHIN(AHA), 8th cent., now the KOCHER.[33] + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The COCKER. Cumberland. + The COKER. Lancashire. + _India._ The KOHARY--here? + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Transylvania._ The KOKEL, two rivers. + _England._ COCKLEY-BECK.[34] Cumberland. + _Germany._ CHUCHILIBACH, now Kuchelbach. + + 5. _With the ending et._ + _England._ The COQUET. Northumberland. + _Greece._ COCYTUS ant., now the Vuvo. + + 6. _In a compound form._ + _England._ The CUCKMARE, Sussex, with the word _mar_, p. 61. + +From the Sansc. _mid_, to soften, to melt, (perhaps formed on the root +_mi_, p. 59), come Sansc. _miditas_, fluid, Lat. _madidus_, wet. Herein +seems a sufficient root for river-names, but there is another which is +apt to intermix, Sansc. _math_, to move, whence, I take it, and not from +the former is Old Norse _moda_, a river. I separate a form _med_ or +_mid_, in which the sense of _medius_, and also that of _mitis_, is in +some cases clearly brought out; and another, _muth_ or _muot_, which, +though from the same root, as I take it, as _moda_, a river, (_math_, to +move), has more evidently the sense of speed. + + 1. _Germany._ MOTA, 8th cent., now the MEDE or MEHE. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The MADDER. Wiltshire. + _Germany._ MATRA, 8th cent., now the MODER. + _Italy._ METAURUS ant., the METAURO--here? + + 3. _With the ending ern._ + _France._ MATR[)O]NA[35] ant., now the Marne. + _Italy._ MATRINUS ant. in Picenum. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The MADEL. + +The only appellative for a river which I find derived from its sound is +the Sanscrit _nadi_, Hind. _nuddy_, from _nad_, sonare. Whether the +following names should come in here may be uncertain; I can find no +links between them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the root _nid_, p. 54, may +be suitable. + + 1. _France._ NODA ant., now the Noain. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The NODDER. (Noddre, _Cod. Dip._) + _Hungary._ The NEUTRA. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Venetia._ NATISO ant., now the NATISONE. + +The only words I can find at all bearing upon the following river-names +are the Serv. _jezor_, Bohem. and Illyr. _jezero_, lake, wherein may +probably lie a word _jez_, signifying water. But respecting its +etymology I am entirely in the dark. + + 1. _Germany._ JAZ(AHA), 8th cent., now the JOSS. + JEZ(AWA), 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein. + The JETZA. Joins the Elbe. + The JESS(AVA). Joins the Danube. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The JISDRA. Joins the Oka. + + 3. _Compounded with main, river._ + _Russia._ The JESMEN. Gov. Tchnerigov. + +Another word, of which the belongings are not clearly to be traced, is +the Armorican _houl_, _houlen_, unda, to which we may put the following. + + 1. _England._ The HULL. Joins the Humber. + _Finland._ The ULLEA. Gulf of Bothnia. + _Spain._ The ULLA in Galicia. + + 2. _Compounded with ster, river._ + _Germany._ ULSTRA, 9th cent., now the ULSTER. + +In the Irish and Obs. Gael. _dothar_, water, Welsh _diod_, drink, +_diota_, to tipple--with which we may perhaps also connect the Lapp. +_dadno_, river, Albanian {det}, sea, and Rhaet. _dutg_, torrent, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The DUYTE. Joins the Hase. + The DUDE, a small stream in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The DUDDON. Lake district. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Ireland._ The DODDER. + + 4. _Compounded with mal._[36] + _Germany._ DUTHMALA, 8th cent., now the DOMMEL. + +From the Welsh _wyl_, Ang.-Sax. _wyllan_, Eng. _well_, to flow or gush, +(Sansc. _vail_, to move?), we got the following. + + 1. _England._ The WILLY. Wiltshire. + _Denmark._ The VEILE, in Jutland. + _Norway._ The VILLA. + _Russia._ The VEL. Joins the Vaga. + The VILIA. Joins the Niemen. + The VILIU, (Siberia). Joins the Lena. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The WELLAND, (properly Wellan?) + _Russia._ The VILNA. Gov. Minsk. + _Italy._ The VELINO. Joins the Nera. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _India._ The VELLAUR, Madras--here? + + 4. _With the ending s._ + _Germany._ The VILS, two rivers in Bavaria. + The WELSE. Joins the Oder. + _Spain._ The VELEZ. Prov. Malaga. + +A word which appears to have the meaning of water or river, but +respecting the etymology of which I am quite ignorant, is _asop_ or +_asp_. That it has the above meaning I infer only from finding it as the +second part of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an independent form it occurs in the +following. Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), referring to +Hespin as the name of sundry small streams in Wales, derives it from +_hespin_, a sheep that yields no milk, because these streams are almost +dry in summer. This derivation is unquestionably false so far as this, +that the two words are merely derived from the same origin, viz., Welsh +_hesp_ or _hysp_, dry, barren. But whether this word has anything to do +with the following names is doubtful; it seems at any rate unsuitable +for the large rivers, such as the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in Isper, as in Wipper, p. 64, a +word _per_, mountain, I entirely dissent. + + 1. _France._ The ASPE. Basses--Pyrenees. + _Germany._ HESAPA ant., now the HESPER. + _Greece._ ASOPUS ant. Two rivers. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ ISPERA, 10th cent. The ISPER. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in +Ptolemy Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called +the Ischal, a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel. + +[2] It seems rather probable that the ending _es_ in these names is not +a mere suffix. The APSARUS, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, and +the IPSALA in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings _er_ and _el_, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word _abhas_, or +_aphas_, with the meaning of river. + +[3] This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings _er_ and +_st_, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In +the present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic +form of _ss_, and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other +cases, as that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. _nisitas_, +fluid, it seems to be formative. + +[4] This looks like a mistake for Acasse. + +[5] So that there _is_ a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon. + +[6] "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(_Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens._) This seems not improbably to refer to +the Oise. + +[7] If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. _water_, the +Wetter would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as +Roth and Weigand, connect it with Germ. _wetter_, Eng. _weather_, in the +sense, according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by +rain. + +[8] This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic _n_ +to the ending _er_; or it may be from a word _ren_, channel, river, +hereafter noticed. + +[9] The Scotch ETTRICK and the Germ. EITRACH I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (_See p. 25_) + +[10] Hence perhaps Anitabha (_abha_, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India. + +[11] Tacitus gives this name to the Avon--in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But _anton_ and _avon_ seem to have +been synonymous words for a river. + +[12] Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea. + +[13] Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (_Gramm. Celt._)? + +[14] Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum. + +[15] Perhaps formed from _ez_ by a phonetic _n_. + +[16] I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of _lys_, a lily, is no doubt +only suggested by the similarity of sound. + +[17] Manual of Comparative Philology. + +[18] Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Ph[oe]n. _naharo_, a river. + +[19] Niemen may perhaps = Nieven--_m_ for _v_, as in Amon for Avon, p. +26. + +[20] Perhaps to be found in Sansc. _nistas_, wet, fluid. Here we get +something of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has +no doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place." + +[21] "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhya, one of the +earliest capitals of India, the modern Oude."--_Max Mueller, Science of +Language._ + +[22] I place this here on the authority of Max Mueller, who, pointing out +that the initial _h_ in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit _s_, thinks +that the river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or +Heri, and to the country of Herat. + +[23] This name seems formed at thrice--first Sarit--then ov, (perhaps +_av_ river)--lastly, the Slavish affix _ka_. + +[24] See note p. 29. + +[25] In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is +frequent in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. _pluewe_. + +[26] The word _asp_ comes before us in some other river-names, but +respecting its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which +it occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it +seems rather likely to have the meaning of water or river. + +[27] Also ALLISON and ELLISON, which may be either patronymic forms in +_son_; or formed with the ending in _en_, like the above river-names. +For the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points +run parallel to each other. + +[28] Following strictly the above Celt. word _uaran_, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay." + +[29] The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Graecism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form. + +[30] Containing the Latin _amnis_, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. 13. + +[31] I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, _st_ is only +a phonetic form of _ss_, and that the Mod. name _Aiss_ points truly to +the ancient form as _Agass_, see note, p. 29. + +[32] I should without hesitation have taken the PINKA, as well as the +Russian PINEGA, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix _ga_ or +_ka_. But the English river PENK in Staffordshire introduces an element +of doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending _ick_ +common in the rivers of Scotland. See p. 25. + +[33] This river seems also to have been called anciently CHOCHARA. + +[34] Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbroc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name. + +[35] I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more +self-denying than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let +a Gallic river stand in the way of a lively dactyl. + +[36] I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like _man_ or _main_, an extension of _may_, and to +signify water or river. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY. + + +In the preceding chapter I have included the words from which I have not +been able to extract any other sense than that of water. As I have +before mentioned, it is probable that in some instances there may be +fine shades of difference which would remove them out of that category, +but whenever I have thought to have got upon the trace of another +meaning, something has in each case turned up to disappoint the +conditions. + +In the present chapter, which comprehends the words which describe a +river as that which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, that which +spreads widely, there may still in some cases be something of an +appellative sense, because there may be a general word to denote a +rapid, a smooth, or a spreading stream. + +Among the rivers noted for their rapidity is the Rhone. This is the +characteristic remarked by all the Latin poets-- + + Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna. + _Tibullus._ + + Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis + In mare fert Ararim. + _Silv. Ital._ + + Praecipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis. + _Ausonius._ + +I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably wrong in making the +name of this river Rho-dan-us, from a word _dan_, water. Still more +unreasonable is a derivation in the _Cod. Vind._, from _roth_, violent, +and _dan_, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this Zeuss (_Gramm. Celt._) +remarks--"The syllable _an_ of the word Rhodanus is without doubt only +derivative, and we have nothing here to do with a judge; nevertheless +the meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to be impugned." The +word in question seems to be found in Welsh _rhedu_, to run, to race, +Gael. _roth_, a wheel, &c. But there is a word of opposite meaning, +Gael. _reidh_, smooth, which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +_roth_, red, may come in, though I do not think that Foerstemann has +reason in placing all the German rivers to it. + + 1. _England._ The ROTHA. Lake district. + _Germany._ ROT(AHA), 8th cent. The ROTH, two rivers, the ROTT, + three rivers, the ROD(AU), the ROD(ACH), and the + ROTT(ACH), all seem to have had the same ancient + name. + RAD(AHA) ant., now the ROD(ACH). + _Holland._ The ROTTE, by Rotterdam. + _Asia Min._ RHODIUS ant.[37] Mysia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The RODDEN. Shropshire. + _France._ RHOD[)A]NUS ant., now the Rhone. + _Germany._ The ROTHAINE near Strassburg, seems to have been + formerly ROT(AHA). + + 3. _With the ending ent._[38] + _Germany._ RADANTIA, 8th cent., now the REDNITZ. + + 4. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The ROTHER in Sussex. + The ROTHER, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ RAOTULA, 8th cent., now the ROeTEL. + +Allied to the last word is the Eng. _race_, and the many cognate words +in the Indo-European languages which have the sense of rapid motion, as +Welsh _rhysu_, &c. + + 1. _Scotland._ The RASAY. Rosshire. + _Ireland._ The ROSS. + _Germany._ The RISS. Wirtemberg. + _Switzerland._ The REUSS. Joins the Aar. + _Russia._ The RASA. + _Spain._ The RIAZA. + _Asia Min._ RHESUS of Homer not identified. + _India._ RASA, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ROSSL(AU). Joins the Elbe. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ The REZAT. Joins the Rednitz. + +From the Gael. _garbh_, Welsh _garw_, violent, Armstrong derives the +name of the Garonne and other rivers.[39] The root seems to be found in +Sansc. _karv_ or _karp_, Latin _carpo_, &c., implying violent action. +The Lat. _carpo_ is applied by the poets to denote rapid progress, as of +a river, through a country. So likewise more metaphorically to the +manner in which a bold and steep mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said-- + + Behind the valley topmost Gargarus + Stands up and _takes_ the morning-- + +Hence this root is found in the names of mountains as well as +rivers--_e.g._, the Carpathians (Carp[=a]tes), and the Isle of +Carp[)a]thus, which "consists for the most part of bare mountains, +rising to a central height of 4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible +coast."[40] + + 1. _Scotland._ GARF water, a burn in Lanarkshire. + The GRYFFE. Renfrew. + _Germany._ The GRABOW. Pruss. Pom. + _Danub. Prov._ CARPIS, Herodotus, see p. 73. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GIRVAN. Ayr. + _Italy._ The CARPINO. Joins the Tiber. + The GRAVINO. Naples. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Italy._ CERBALUS[41] ant., now the CERVARO--here? + +From the Sansc. _su_, to shoot forth, _sus_, _sutis_, rushing or +darting, Gr. {sousis}, cursus, I take to be the following. Among the +derived words, the Gael. _suth_, a billow, seems to be that which comes +nearest to the sense required. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The SUSS. + _Denmark._ The SUUS(AA). + _Bohemia._ The SAZ(AWA). Joins the Moldau. + _Portugal._ The SOUZA. + _Siberia._ The SOS(VA), two rivers. + _India._ The SUT(OODRA), or Sutledge--here?[42] + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The SUZON. + _Russia._ The SOSNA, two rivers. + +Probably to the above we may put a form _sest_, _sost_, found in the +following. + + 1. _Germany._ The SOESTE. Oldenburg. + _Italy._ SESSITES ant., now the Sesia. + _Persia._ SOASTUS or SUASTUS ant. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Russia._ The SESTRA. Gov. Moskow. + _Germany._ The SOSTER(BACH). Joins the Lippe. + +To the above root I also place the following, corresponding more +distinctly with Old High German _schuzzen_, Ang.-Sax. _sceotan_, Eng. +_shoot_, Obs. Gael. and Ir. _sciot_, dart, arrow.[43] + + 1. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ SCUZNA, 8th cent., now the SCHUSSEN. + SCUZEN ant., now the SCHOZACH. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ SCUTARA, 10th cent., now the SCHUTTER, two rivers. + SCUNTRA, 8th cent., now the SCHONDRA and the SCHUNTER. + +From the Germ. _jagen_, to hunt, to drive or ride fast, Bender derives +the name of the Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting also a +comparison with the ancient Jaxartes of Asia. Foerstemann considers both +suggestions doubtful, but the former seems to me to be reasonable +enough. The older sense of _jagen_ is found in the Sansc. _yug_, to +dart forth, formed on the simple verb _ya_, to go. And appellatives are +found in the Finnic words _jokk_, _joeggi_, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the more correct form would be +Jazartes, and that it contains the word _jezer_, before referred to. + + 1. _Russia._ The JUG. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending et._ + _Italy._ JACTUS ant. Affluent of the Po. + _Persia._ The JAGHATU. + _Germany._ The JAHDE,[44] in Oldenburg. + + 3. _With the ending st._ + _Germany._ JAGISTA ant., now the _Jaxt_ or _Jagst_. + +From the root _vip_, to move, p. 64, by the prefix _s_, is formed Old +Norse _svipa_, Ang.-Sax. _swifan_, Eng. _sweep_, &c. In these the sense +varies between going fast and going round, and the same may be the case +in the following names. + + _France._ The SUIPPE. Joins the Aisne. + _Germany._ SUEVUS, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to + Zeuss, the Oder. + SUAB(AHA), 8th cent., now the SCHWAB(ACH). + +From the Obs. Gael. _sgiap_, _sgiob_, to move rapidly, Eng. _skip_, may +be the following. + + 1. _England._ The SHEAF, by Sheffield. + _Germany._ SCIFFA, 9th cent., now the SCHUPF. + _Asia Min._ SCOPAS ant., now the Aladan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKIPPON. Joins the Wyre. + +In the Gael. _brais_, impetuous, related perhaps to Lat. _verso_, we may +find the root of the following. + + 1. _Germany._ The BIRSE. Prussia. + _Switzerland._ The BIRSE. Cant. Berne. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BROSNA. Leinster. + _Transylvania._ The BURZEN. Joins the Aluta. + _Pruss. Pol._ The PROSNA. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _France._ The BRESLE. Enters the English Channel. + + 4. _With the ending ent._ + _Germany._ The PERSANTE. Pruss. Pom. + +From the Sansc. _rab_ or _rav_, to dart forth, whence (in a somewhat +changed sense) Eng. _rave_, French _ravir_, Lat. _rabidus_, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great flood, or as Cotgrave expresses +it--"A ravine or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth all things that +come in its way." + + 1. _Ireland._ The ROBE. Connaught. + _India._ The RAVEE or Iraotee--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ Various small streams called RAVEN, RAVENBECK, &c. + _France._ The ROUBION, affluent of the Rhone--here? + +From the Sansc. _math_, to move, are derived, as I take it, Old High +German _muot_, Mod. Germ. _muth_, Ang.-Sax. _mod_, courage or spirit, +Welsh _mwyth_, swift, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _Switzerland._ The MUOTTA. Cant. Schwytz. + + 2. _Compounded with vey, stream or river._ + _Wales._ The MUTHVEY. Three rivers. + +The Sansc. _sphar_, _sphurj_, to burst forth, shews the root of a number +of words such as _spark_, _spring_, _spirt_, _spruce_, _spry_, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more or less contained. But the +Sansc. _sphar_ or _spar_ must be traced back to a simpler form _spa_ or +_spe_, as found in _spew_, to vomit, and in the word _spa_, now confined +to medicinal springs. + + 1. _Scotland._ The SPEY. Elgin. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The SPEAR. + _Germany._ SPIRA, 8th cent., now the SPEIER. + The SPREE. Joins the Havel. + +Derived forms from the above root are also the following, which +correspond more closely with Germ. _spruetsen_, Ang.-Sax. _sprytan_, Eng. +_spirt_, Ital. _sprizzare_. And I think that most of these names are +probably German. + + _England._ The SPRINT, a small stream in Westmoreland. + _Germany._ SPRAZAH, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria. + The SPROTTA in Silesia. + SPRENZALA, 8th cent., now the SPRENZEL. + SPURCHINE(BACH),[45] 9th cent., now the + SPIRCKEL(BACH). + _Eu. Turkey._ The SPRESSA. Joins the Bosna. + +In the preceding chapter I have treated of the root _al_, _el_, _il_, to +go, and various of its derivations. There is another, _alac_, _alc_, +_ilc_, which, as it seems most probably either to have the meaning of +swiftness, as in the Lat. _alacer_, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +{helikos}, I include in this place. + + 1. _Russia._ The ILEK. Joins the Ural. + _Sicily._ HALYCUS ant., now the Platani. + _Asia Minor._ ALCES ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _Compounded with may, main, river._ + _Siberia._ The OLEKMA. Joins the Lena. + _Germany._ ALKMANA, 8th century, now the Altmuehl. + _Greece._ HALIACMON ant., now the Vistritsa. + +From the Welsh _tarddu_, to burst forth, we may take the following. +There does not seem any connection between this and the root of _dart_ +(jaculum); the latter from the first signifies penetration, and in +river-names comes before us in the oblique sense of clearness or +transparency. + + 1. _Scotland._ The TARTH. Lanarkshire. + _Libya._ DAR[)A]DUS ant., now the Rio di Ouro. + _Armenia._ DARADAX[46] ant. (Xenophon). + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The TARDOIRE. Dep. Charente. + _Aust. Italy._ The TARTARO. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Spain._ TARTESSUS ant., now the Guadalquiver. + +With the Sansc. _till_, to move, to agitate, we may probably connect the +Gael. _dile_ and _tuil_, Welsh _diluw_, _dylif_, _dylwch_, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. _dilgian_, German _tilgen_, to overthrow, +destroy, &c. The Ang.-Sax. _delan_, Germ. _thielen_, to divide, in the +sense of boundary, may however intermix in these names. + + 1. _England._ The TILL. Northumberland. + _Ireland._ The DEEL. Limerick. + _Germany._ The DILL. Nassau. + _Belgium._ THILIA, 9th cent., now the DYLE in Bravant. + _Switzerland._ The THIELE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The TOLLEN. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Scotland._ The DILLAR burn. Lesmahagow. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The TILSE, by Tilsit. + +With the two Welsh forms _dylif_ and _dylwch_, deluge, we may perhaps +connect the following, though for the former the Ang.-Sax. _delfan_, to +dig, _delf_, a ditch, may also be suitable. + + _Germany._ DELV(UNDA), 9th century, now the DELVEN(AU). + DELCHANA, 11th century, now the DALCKE. + +From the Gael. and Ir. _taosg_, to pour, _tias_, tide, flood, may be the +following. Perhaps the special sense of cataract may come in, at least +in some cases, as two of the under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls. + + 1. _England._ The TEES. Durham. + _Switzerland._ The TOeSS. Cant. Zurich. + _Piedmont._ The TOSA. + _Russia._ The TESCHA. Joins the Oka. + _Hungary._ TYSIA ant., now the THEISS. + _Greece._ TIASA ant. Laconia. + _India._ The TOUSE--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The TESSIN or TICINO. + _Germany._ The DESNA. Joins the Dnieper. + _France._ The TACON. Dep. Jura. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ TUSSALE (_Genitive_), 11th cent., now the DUSSEL + by Duesseldorf. + + 4. _With the ending st._[47] + _England._ The TEST. Hants. + _Germany._ The DISTA. Prussia. + _India._ The TEESTA--here? + +From the Sansc. _gad_ or _gand_, Ang.-Sax. _geotan_, Suio-Goth. _gjuta_, +Danish _gyde_, Old Norse _giosa_, Old High Ger. _giezen_, Obs. Gael. +_guis_, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," we get the following. The +Gotha or G[oe]ta of Sweden may probably derive its name from the +well-known fall which it makes at Trolhaetta. So also the Gaddada of +Hindostan is noted for its falls; and the Giessbach is of European +celebrity. But in some of the other names the sense may not extend +beyond that of wandering, as we find it in Eng. _gad_, which I take to +be also from this root. Or that of stream, as in Old High Germ. _giozo_, +Gael. and Ir. _gaisidh_, rivulus. + + 1. _England._ The GADE. Herts. + _Scotland._ GADA ant.,[48] now the JED by Jedburgh. + _Germany._ The GOSE. Joins the Ocker. + GEIS(AHA), 8th cent., now the GEISA. + The GANDE, Brunswick--here, or to _can_, _cand_, + pure? + _Switzerland._ The GIESS(BACH). Lake of Brienz. + _Spain._ The GATA. Joins the Alagon. + _Sweden._ The GOTHA or G[OE]TA. + The GIDEA, enters the G. of Bothnia. + _Asia._ GYNDES (_Herodotus_), perhaps the Diala--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ CYDNUS ant., now the Tersoos Chai. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Persia._ The GADER. + _Sardinia._ CAEDRIUS ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei. + + 4. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ GISIL(AHA), 8th cent., now the GIESEL--here? + + 5. _With the ending ed._ + _India._ The GADDADA. + + 6. _Compounded with main, stream._ + _Switzerland._ The GADMEN. + +From the Sansc. _arb_ or _arv_, to ravage or destroy, cognate with Lat. +_orbo_, &c., may be the following. To the very marked characteristic of +the Arve in Savoy I have referred at p. 6. But there is a word of +precisely opposite meaning, the Celt. _arab_, Welsh _araf_, gentle, +which is very liable to intermix. + + 1. _France._ The ARVE and the ERVE. + _Germany._ ORB(AHA), 11th cent., now the ORB. + _Sardinia._ The ARVE and the ORBE. + _Hungary._ The ARVA. Joins the Waag. + _Spain._ The ARVA, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The IRVINE. Co. Ayr. + _France._ ARVENNA ant., now the ORVANNE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ ARBALO, 1st cent., now the ERPE. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Asia Minor._ HARP[)A]SUS ant., now the HARPA. + +In the Sansc. _cal_, to move, and the derivatives Sansc. _calas_, Gr. +{keles}, Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, Latin _celer_, all having the same +meaning--the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently marked to include them +in this chapter. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GALA. Roxburgh. + _Sicily._ GELA ant.[49] + _Illyria._ The GAIL. + _Greece._ CALLAS ant., in Eub[oe]a. + _As. Turkey._ The CHALUS of Xenophon, now the Koweik. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The CALLAN. Armagh. + + 3. _With the ending er = Lat. celer?_ + _Italy._ CALOR ant., now the CALORE. + + 4. _With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?_ + _Germany._ CHALUSUS, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave. + The KELS, in Bavaria. + _India._ The CAILAS. + +I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of _cal_, and +perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. _callaidh_, celer, the forms +_caled_, _calt_, _gelt_. That the Germ. _kalt_, Eng. _cold_, may +intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English +rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it +in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (_i.e._, cold brook), and it seems +natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold +river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or +Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and +_conformed_ to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation +is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. +Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form +_gelt_ Foerstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse +_gelta_, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the +Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach +the nearest to the original form. + + 1. _England._ The GELT. Cumberland. + The CHELT by Cheltenham--here? + The CALD(EW). Cumberland. + _Germany._ The CALD(HOWA), (_Adam Brem._), now seems to be called + the Aue. + _Russia._ The KALIT(VA). Joins the Donetz. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ GELTEN(AHA), 11th cent., now the GELTN(ACH). + _Greece._ CELYDNUS ant. Epirus. + CELADON ant. Elis. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CALDER. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The CALDER. Joins the Clyde. + _Belgium._ GALTHERA, 9th cent. + +I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of _cal_, the +word _calip_, _calb_, _kelp_. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word _kelp_, sea-weed, and the Scottish _kelpie_, a water-spirit, +wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for +water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a +conjecture. + + 1. _Germany._ KALB(AHA), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach). + The KULPA. Aust. Croatia. + _Hungary._ COLAPIS ant., affluent of the Drave. + _Spain._ The CHELVA. Prov. Valentia. + _Portugal._ CALL[)I]PUS ant., now the Sadao. + _Asia Minor._ CALBIS ant. Caria. + CALPAS ant. Bithynia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The KELVIN. Stirling. + +The Sansc. _car_, to move, Lat. _curro_, like some other words of the +same sort, branches out into two different meanings--that of going fast, +and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in +some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness; and +these two senses are somewhat at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected with slowness. Separating the +two meanings as well as I can, I bring in the following here. + + 1. _Scotland._ The GARRY. Perthshire. + The YARROW. Selkirkshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ GARRHUENUS ant., now the YARE. + _France._ GARUMNA or GARUNNA ant. The GARONNE. + The GIRON. Joins the Garonne. + _Greece._ GERANIUS ant., and GERON ant., two rivers of Elis, + according to Strabo. + + 3. _With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c._ + _France._ The GERS. Joins the Garonne. + CHARES ant., now the CHIERS. + _Germany._ The KERSCH. Joins the Neckar. + _Italy._ The GARZA, by Brescia. + _Hungary._ GER[)A]SUS ant., now the KOROS. + _Asia Minor._ The CARESUS of Homer in the plain of Troy. + _Syria._ CERSUS ant., now the Merkez. + +There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or +rapidity is brought out by the preposition _pra_, _pro_, _fro_, in +composition with a verb. Thus the Welsh _ffre-uo_, to gush, whence +_ffrau_, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. _pra-i_, Lat. +_prae-eo_, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, +say _yu_, to gush, and presume a Sansc. _pra-yu_ = Welsh _ffre-uo_. In +the Albanian {pro}, a torrent, corresponding with Welsh _ffrau_, there +seems, however, no trace of a verb. + + 1. _Wales._ The FRAW, by Aberfraw. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FROON. Falls into L. Lomond. + _Russia._ The PRONIA. + +The Welsh _ffrydio_, to stream, to gush, appears to be formed similarly +from the preposition _fra_, joined with the verb _eddu_, to press on, to +go, corresponding with Sansc. _it_, Latin _ito_, &c. Hence it would +correspond with a Sansc. _pra-it_, Lat. _prae-ito_, &c. From the verb +comes the appellative _ffrwd_, a torrent, corresponding with the Bohem. +_praud_, of the same meaning. + + _Scotland._ The FORTH. Co. Stirling. + _Danub. Prov._ PORATA (Herodotus). The PRUTH. + _Russia._ The PORT(VA). Gov. Kaluga. + +I also bring in here, as much suggestively as determinately, the +following. + + _Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. prae-peto, &c., to rush forth._ + _Russ. Pol._ The PRIPET. Joins the Dnieper. + _Bulgaria._ The PRAVADI. Falls into the Black Sea. + + _Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. 112._ + _Prussia._ The PREGEL. Enters the Frische-Haff. + + _Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow._ + _India._ The PURALLY. + +According to the opinion of Zeuss and Gluck, the DANUBE, (ant. Danubius +and Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come in here. These writers +derive it from Gael. _dan_, Ir. _dana_, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is no doubt the most striking +characteristic of the river, but it might also not inappropriately be +placed to the root _tan_, to extend, whence the names of some other +large rivers. Gluck considers the ending _vius_ to be simply derivative, +and suggests that the Germans, with a natural striving after a meaning, +altered this derivative ending into their word _ava_, _aha_, _ach_, or +_au_, signifying river. Though Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I +have great respect, and though this is the principle for which I myself +have been all along contending, yet I am rather inclined to think that +in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), there is contained a definite +appellative, qualified by a prefixed adjective: this seems to me to be +brought out more clearly in the Medway, and in the names connected with +it. + +The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, is the Thracian name of the +Danube, I have elsewhere referred to the Armorican _ster_, a river. Not +that I mean to infer therefrom that the name is Celtic, because _ster_ +is only a particular form of an Indo-European word _sur_. If we refer +the prefix _is_ to the Old Norse _isia_, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to Danubius. But the derivation of +Mone, who explains it by _y_, the Welsh definite article, and _ster_, a +river, making Ister = "The river," I hold with Gluck to be--like other +derivations proceeding on the same principle--opposed to all sound +philology. + +Among the rivers noted for the slowness of their course, the most +conspicuous is the Arar or Saone. Caesar (_de Bell. Gall._) describes it +as flowing "with such incredible gentleness that the eye can scarcely +judge which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as a type of +indecision--"the Arar in doubt which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets--"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, tardusque." The name +Sauconna, Sagonna, Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the 4th cent., +yet there does not seem any reason to doubt that it is as old as the +other. Zeuss (_Die Deutschen_) and the Editor of "Smith's Ancient +Geography" take this as the true Gallic name. And though Armstrong +explains both the Arar and the Saone from the Celtic--referring the +former to the Obs. Gael. _ar_, slow, and the latter to Gael. _sogh_, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably be correct, yet it by no +means follows that the name of the Arar is Celtic, for _ar_ is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. To the same root as the Saone +I also put the Seine (Sequ[)a]na), and the Segre (Sic[)o]ris), comparing +them with Lat. _seg-nis_. The former of these rivers is navigable for +350 miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in Lucian as "stagnantem +Sicorim." Some other rivers, in which the characteristic is less +distinct, I also venture to place here, separating this root as well as +I can from another p. 58. + + 1. _Germany._ SIGA, 10th cent. The SIEG. + _Russia._ The SOJA. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ SAUCONNA ant. The SAONE. + SEQUANA ant. The SEINE. + The SEUGNE. Dep. Charente-Inf. + _Russia._ The SUCHONA. Joins the Dwina. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Spain._ SICORIS ant. The SEGRE. + The SEGURA. Enters the Med. Sea. + +Perhaps allied in its root to the last is the Gael. _saimh_, quiet, +tranquil, to which I put the following. + + 1. _Belgium._ The SEMOY. + _Russia._ The SEM or SEIM. Joins the Desna. + SAIMA, a lake in Finland. + _Asia Minor._ The SIMOIS of Homer--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Switzerland._ The SIMMEN, in the Simmen-Thal. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ SAMARA, ant., now the SOMME. + The SAMBRE, ant. Sabis. + _Germany._ The SIMMER. Joins the Nahe. + _Russia._ The SAMARA. Two rivers. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Germany._ SEMITA, 8th cent. The SEMPT. + +In the Gael. _ar_, slow, (whence the Arar, p. 118,) is to be found, as I +take it, the root of the Welsh _araf_, mild, gentle. From this Zeuss +(_Gramm. Celt._), derives the name of the Arr[)a]bo, now the Raab. This +root is liable to mix with another, _arv_, p. 109, of precisely opposite +meaning. + + _Hungary._ ARRABO ant., now the Raab. + _India._ ARABIS ant., now the Purally. + _Ireland._ The AROB(EG),[50] Co. Cork--here? + +I bring in here the word _aram_ or _arm_, which, both in the names of +rivers, and in the ancient names of men, as the German hero Arminius, +needs explanation. The authority of Dr. Donaldson may probably have been +the cause of the reproduction, even in some of the latest English works, +of the mistake of confounding the name Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the +word _hermann_, warrior, (from _her_, army, _mann_, homo). That it is +not so is shown by its appearance in the ancient names of women, as +Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,[51] (daughter of Dagobert the 2nd). And by +the manner in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, Irminric, +Irminger,[52] Ermingaud, Irminher, &c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, forms other compounds in ancient +names. Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, (which is found as +early as the 7th cent.), is formed from the word _her_, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be Her-mann-her. The fact then, +as I take it, is that, both in the names of rivers and of men, the root +is simply _arm_ or _irm_, and _armin_ or _irmin_ an extended form, like +those found all throughout these pages. As to its etymology, the word +_aram_, _arm_, in the Teutonic dialects signifying poor or weak, is in +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original meaning may perhaps +rather have been mild or gentle. The root seems to be found in the Gael. +_ar_, slow; and _aram_ may be a corresponding word to the Welsh _araf_. +Baxter, who, though his general system of river-names I hold to be +fallacious, was, for his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort. + + 1. _England._ The ARME. Devon. + _Russia._ The URJUM(KA)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ ARIMINUS ant., now the Marecchia. + The ARMINE. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ ARMISIA ant., now the ERMS. + +In this place I am inclined to bring in the Medway, and some other names +connected with it. Among the various derivations which have been +suggested for this name, that of Grimm deserves the first place, though +I much fear that it is too poetical to be true. He observes, (_Gesch. d. +Deutsch. Sprach._), comparing it with another name--"In Carl's +campaign, A.D. 779, there is a place mentioned in the vicinity of the +Weser, called Medofulli, Midufulli; _medoful_ means poculum mulsi, +(_Hel._ 62, 10); it appears to have been a river, which at present bears +some other name. Of just a similar meaning is the name of the river +Medway flowing through the county of Kent into the Thames--_i.e._, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege Medvaege (_Cod. Dip._), from _vaege_, +Old Sax. _wegi_, Old Norse _veig_, poculum.... I suggest here a +mythological reference: as the rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so may also the rivers and +brooks of our ancestors, in a similar mythic fashion, have sprung from +the over-turned mead-cup." + +It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, coming too as it does from +the highest authority, but I much fear that on a comparison of this name +with all its related forms, it can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone--the prefix _med_ is found in several names in +which the second part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, and the +ending _way_ is found in several names of which the former part cannot +mean mulsum. In any case, it seems to me that a Saxon derivation can +hardly be sustained. For Medo[)a]cus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the ancient +name of a river in Venetia--this appears to be precisely the same name +as that of the Medwag or Medway--and in Venetia we can account for a +Celtic element, but not for a German. In Nennius the name stands as +Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this with a river called the +Medvied(itza) or Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather probable +that the form is not altogether false, but that only it should be Medwed +instead of Megwed. In that case it would probably be only another form +of Medweg, for _d_ and _g_ sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic _uidh_ and _uigh_, via, a word which indeed I take to +be related to the one in question. Again, in the Medu[=a]na of France +and the English Medwin, we have a third form of ending, _wan_ or _win_. +And this may probably only be one of those extended forms in _n_ so +common in the Celtic languages.[53] So that the endings _way_, _wan_, +_wied_, in Medway, Medu[=a]na, Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. 62, 63), qualified by the prefix +_med_, which we have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" _med_ is explained as _medius_--Medway = medium flumen--the +river flowing through the middle of the county of Kent--and this I think +is the general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, (ant. Mede), +which divides the Isle of Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of the Medway it seems to me a +feature scarcely sufficiently obvious to give the name. And I should on +the whole prefer a derivation from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. _mid_, to soften, Lat. _mitis_, Gael. _meath_, soft, +mild--finding in Old Norse _mida_, to move slowly or softly, the word +most nearly approximating to the sense, and thus deriving the name of +the Medway from its gentle flow. + +Nevertheless it must be observed that as well as the supposed river +Medofulli referred to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter of the +10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, which seems evidently to contain +the Gael. _mealach_, sweet, and to mean "sweet as mead." This river is +near Medemblik on the Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of the +place is corrupted from it. + +The following names I place here, though with uncertainty in the case of +some of them. + + 1. _France._ The MIDOU. Dep. Landes. + _Persia._ MEDUS ant., now the Pulwan. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Russia._ The MEDIN(KA). Gov. Kaluga. + + 3. _Compounded with way, wan, wied, see above._ + _England._ The MEDWAY. Kent. + The MEDWIN. + _France._ MEDU[=A]NA ant., now the Mayenne. + _Italy._ MEDO[)A]CUS ant., now the Brenta. + _Russia._ The MEDVIED(ITZA). + + 4. _Compounded with ma, river, p. 60._ + _Germany?_ METEMA, in a charter of the 11th cent. + +I think, upon the whole, that the general meaning of the root _lam_, +_lem_, _lim_, is smoothness. Though the root-meaning seems rather that +of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found in Sansc. _limpas_, Gr. {lipos}, +Lat. _limus_, Old Sax. _lemo_, Mod. Germ. _lehm_, Eng. _lime_, &c.[54] +In the Gr. {limne}, lake, the sense becomes that of smooth or standing +water: this, as I take it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word most immediately concerned is +the Gaelic _liobh_, _liomh_, Welsh _llyfnu_, to smooth; and the Loch +Lomond, (properly Lomon), was also formerly called, as the river which +issues from it is still, Leven, being just another form of the same +word--_v_ and _m_ interchanging as elsewhere noticed. Hence the Welsh +_llifo_, to pour, p. 46, might be apt to intermix in the following. The +Lat. _lambo_, the primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied to +the gentle washing of a river against its banks--"Quae loca lambit +Hydaspes,"--_Horace_. Dugdale observes that "at this day divers of those +artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy channels through which the water +hath a dull or slow passage." In the following names the sense may be +sometimes then that of muddiness, though in general, as I take it, that +of sluggishness. + + 1. _England._ The LEAM by Leamington. + The LYME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ LAMMA, 11th cent. The LAMME. + LAIM(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + LEMPHIA, 8th cent. The LEMPE. + _Russia._ The LAMA. Joins the Volga. + The LAM(OV). Gov. Penza. + _Italy._ The LIMA. Joins the Serchio. + _Spain._ LIMAEA ant., now the LIMA. + _Asia Minor._ LAMUS ant., in Cilicia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The LEMAN. Devonshire. + The LIMEN in Kent. (Limenea _Cod. Dip._) + _Scotland._ Loch LOMOND, formerly also called LEVEN. + _Switzerland._ Lake LEMAN, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. LEMANNUS.) + _Italy._ The LAMONE in Tuscany. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LAMER, 11th cent. The LAMMER. + _Italy._ The LAMBRO. + _Asia Minor._ LIMYRUS ant., in Lycia. + + 4. _With the ending et._ + _Switzerland._ The LIMMAT. Cant. Zurich. + +From the above form _lam_, _lem_, _lim_, I take to be formed by +metathesis _alm_, _elm_, _ilm_. And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to +be in effect the same word as the lake Leman in Switzerland. In the name +of another lake in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems to occur as +an appellative. A certain amount of doubt is imported by the coincidence +of two names in which we find a sacred character--the river Almo, which +was sacred to Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned in Hesiod. +The coincidence, however, may be only accidental. + + 1. _England._ The ALME. Devonshire. + The HELME. Sussex. + ALUM Bay in the Isle of Wight? + _Germany._ ILMA, 8th cent. The ILM, two rivers. + The HELME in Prussia. + _Holland._ The ALM in Brabant. + _Norway._ The ALMA. + _Spain._ The ALHAMA. Prov. Navarra. + _Italy._ The ALMO near Rome. + _Russia._ The ALMA in the Crimea. + _Siberia._ The ILLIM. + _Greece._ OLMEIUS ant. B[oe]otia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The ILMEN(AU). Joins the Elbe. + _Russia._ ILMEN. Lake. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Holland._ The ALMELO. Prov. Overijssel. + +Perhaps from the Gael. _foil_, slow, gentle, we may get the following. + + 1. _England._ The FAL by Falmouth. + _Ireland._ The FOIL(AGH). Cork. + The FEALE. Munster. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FILLAN. Perthshire. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ FILISA, 8th cent. The FILS and the VILS. + +In the third division of this chapter I put the names in which the sense +of spreading seems to be found. This sense may have three different +acceptations--first, that, generally, of a wide river--secondly, that of +a river relatively broad and shallow--thirdly, that of a river forming +an estuary at its mouth. + +I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek +author quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the pine-trees, "called in +the Gallic tongue _padi_," of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with common sense, for it is +unreasonable to suppose that the Gauls, coming upon this fine river, +gave it no name until they had tracked it up to its source, and there +made the not very notable discovery that it was surrounded by +pine-trees. Much more probable is it that they came first upon its +mouth, and much more striking would be the appearance that would be +presented to them. For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the Po, and +of the rivers emptying themselves into it was originally a vast bay of +the sea," which by gradual embanking was confined within its present +channels. As then the mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so in the +Gael. _badh_, a bay or estuary, I find the explanation of the name. The +root, I apprehend, is Sansc. _pat_, Lat. _pateo_, _pando_, &c., to +spread, and hence, I take it, the name Bander, of several small bays on +the S.W. coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and of Boderia, the +name given by Ptolemy to the Firth of Forth. + + 1. _Italy._ PADUS ant. The Po. + _Germany._ BADA, 9th cent., now the BODE. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The BANDON. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary). + _Italy._ PANTANUS ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon + on the Adriatic. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ PATRA, 9th cent., now the PADER. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ PATHISSUS ant., now the TEMES.[55] + +In the Sansc. _parth_, to spread or extend, we may perhaps find the +origin of the following. Can the name of the Parthians be hence derived, +in reference to their well-known mode of fighting? + + 1. _Germany._ The PARDE. Joins the Elster. + The BORD, in Moravia--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Asia Minor._ PARTHENIUS ant.--here?[56] + +In the sense of "that which spreads" I am inclined to bring in the root +_ta_, _tav_, _tan_, _tam_. While in the Gaelic we find _tain_, and the +Obs. _ta_, water, _taif_, sea--in the Welsh we have the verbs _taenu_ +and _tafu_, to expand or spread. The latter, I think, must contain the +root-meaning; and the appellatives must rather signify water of a +spreading character. In this sense we find the words _to_, _tu_, _tau_, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. The Sansc. has _tan_, to +extend, but we must presume a simpler form _ta_, corresponding with the +above Obs. Gael. word for water. Mone explains _tab_, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one with a broad mouth." This +sense no doubt obtains in many of the names of this group, for, as well +as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, Teign, and Tamar, all have this character +in a more or less notable degree. In other cases the sense may be that +of comparative broadness--thus the Timavus, though little more than a +mile long, is 50 yards broad close to its source. So the characteristic +of the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, is that it is "broad +and shallow." And the feature which strikes the topographer is of course +that which would naturally give the name. There are, however, some other +roots which might intermix, as Sansc. _tan_, resonare, Lat. _tono_, +Germ. _toenen_, &c. Also Gael. and Ir. _taam_, to pour; Gael. and Ir. +_tom_, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. _ton_, unda. + + +_The form Ta, Tab, Tav._ + + 1. _England._ The TAVY and the TAW. Devon. + DEVA ant., the DEE--here? + _Scotland._ TAVUS ant. The TAY. + The DEE, two rivers--here? + _Wales._ The TAW, the TIVY, and the TAVE. + _Ireland._ The TAY. Waterford. + Loch TA in Wexford. + _France._ The DIVE, Dep. Vienne--here? + _Germany._ The THAYA in Moravia. + _Spain._ The DEVA by Placentia--here? + + 2. _With the ending d or t._ + _Scotland._ The TEVIOT in Roxburghshire--here? + _Holland._ TABUDA ant., now the Scheldt. + _Siberia._ The TAVDA. + _India._ The TAPTEE--here? + + +_The form Tan, Tam._ + + 1. _England._ The TEIGN and the TEANE. + The DANE and the DEANE. + The TAME, three rivers. + _Scotland._ The TEMA. Selkirkshire. + DANUS ant., now the DON. + _France._ DANUS ant., now the Ain. + The DAHME and the DEAUME. + _Norway._ The TANA. + _Italy._ TIMAVUS ant., now the TIMAO. + _Russia._ TANAIS ant., now the DON. + The TIM and the TOM. + _Greece._ TANUS ant., now the Luku. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The TAMAR. Cornwall. + _Belgium._ The DEMER. + _Italy._ TANARUS ant., now the TANARO. + _Spain._ TAMARIS ant., now the TAMBRE. + _Syria._ TAMYRAS ant., (Strabo)--here? + + 3. _With the ending d._ + _England._ TAMEDE (_Cod. Dip._), now the TEME. + _Mauretania._ TAMUDA ant. (_Pliny._) + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _England._ The THAMES. Tamesis (_Caesar_), Tamesa (_Tacitus_), + Tamese, Temis (_Cod. Dip._), Welsh Tain. + _Hungary._ The TEMES ant. Pathisus, (_see note p. 132_). + +From the root _tan_, to extend, we may probably also derive the word +_tang_ found in Hung. _tenger_, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect of the +Finnic class) _tangat_, river, and in the Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, which +probably contains a trace of an older sense. + + 1. _Holland._ The DONGE in Brabant. + _Norway._ The TENGS. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ TONGERA, 10th cent., now the TANGER. + _Italy._ TANAGER ant., now the TANAGRO--here? + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[37] This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of +Pliny. + +[38] Perhaps formed from _et_ by a phonetic _n_. So the Eamont in +Cumberland seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot. + +[39] It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it. + +[40] Smith's Ancient Geography. + +[41] This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly +violent in winter. + +[42] "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." _Johnston's Gazetteer._ + +[43] The derivation of Mone, who makes _scuz_ and _scut_ altered forms +of _srot_ or _srut_, is not to be entertained. + +[44] I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. _jade_, North. Eng. _yawd_). There are +three rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It +rather seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and +named them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse. + +[45] Foerstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. _spurcha_, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream +at least is to be explained better from the Sansc. _sphurj_, to burst +forth, Lat. _spargo_. + +[46] The ending _x_ I take to be a Graecism for _s_. + +[47] In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. _dest_, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian +Gazetteer, it is explained as "_tishta_, standing still,"--a derivation +which seems hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its +"quick stream." + +[48] Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni--"Quid enim Gadeni nisi +ad Gadam amnem geniti?" + +[49] The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following +description of Ovid bears witness. + + "Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela." + _Fasti. 4, 470._ + +[50] This ending may be the same as the Scotch _eck_ or _ick_, p. 25. + +[51] Foerstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen). + +[52] The names ARMINE and ARMINGER, (of which IREMONGER may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And ARMINGAUD is +one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France. + +[53] E. G. Welsh _lli_, _llion_, stream, _llif_, _llifon_, flood, +_srann_, _srannan_, humming, &c. + +[54] Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog. + +[55] The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. I +know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other. + +[56] The derivation of Strabo, from _parthenos_, virgin, in reference to +the flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +CHARACTER OF COURSE. + + +In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, as deciphered in the +Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates is +called the Irat, which is conjectured by the translator to have been a +local name. It seems to be from the Sansc. _irat_ (=Latin _errans_, Eng. +_errant_), from the verb _ir_, Lat. _erro_, to wander. The same word +seems to be found in the Irati of Spain--perhaps also in the Orontes +(=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, +though I am rather inclined to agree with Latham that the word contained +therein is only _ridan_.[57] Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in +river-names may be a contracted form of _irat_, as we find it in the +Germ. _irrthum_, a mistake. + + 1. _England._ The IRT. Cumberland. + URTIUS ant., now the IRTHING. + _Belgium._ URTA, 9th cent., now the OURT. + The ERENS. + _Spain._ The IRATI. Prov. Navarra. + _Asia._ IRAT, a name of the Euphrates. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ URTELLA, 9th cent., now the Sensbach. + +From the Sansc. _bhuj_, Goth. _bjugan_, Welsh _bwaeu_, Gael. _bogh_, Eng. +_bow_, &c., in the sense of tortuousness, we may take the following. + + 1. _England._ The BOWE. Shropshire. + _Scotland._ The BOGIE. Aberdeen. + _Russia._ The BUG. Joins the Dnieper. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ The BOGEN. Joins the Danube. + + 3. _With the ending et._ + _Scotland._ The BUCKET. Aberdeen. + +From the Gael. and Welsh _cam_, to bend, Sansc. _kamp_, Gr. {kampo}, are +the following. + + _England._ The CAM by Cambridge. + _Germany._ CAMBA, 8th cent. The KAMP. + The CHAM in Bavaria. + _Switzerland._ The KAM. + _Norway._ The KAM. Joins the Glommen. + _Russia._ The KAMA. Joins the Volga. + The KEMI. Two rivers. + +The Sansc. root _car_, to move, branches out into two different +meanings, that of rapidity and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. In the latter sense we +have the Gael. _car_ or _char_, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. _cerran_, to +turn or bend, &c., to which I place the following. + + 1. _England._ The CHAR. Dorsetshire. + The CHOR. Lancashire. + The KERR. Middlesex. + _Scotland._ COR(ABONA)[58] ant. The CARRON. + _France._ The CHER. Joins the Loire. + _Greece._ CHARES ant. Colchis. + _Persia._ CYRUS ant., now the KUR. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ CIRENUS ant. The CHURNE (Gloucestershire). + _France._ The CHARENTE. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Greece._ COR[)A]LIS ant. B[oe]otia. + CURALIUS ant. Thessaly. + _Russia._ The KOROL. Joins the Dnieper. + + +From the Old High Germ. _crumb_, Mod. German _krumm_, Danish _krumme_, +Gael. and Welsh _crom_, curving or bending, we may take the following. +The root seems to be found in the Sansc. _kram_, to move, to go, which, +as in other similar cases, may also diverge into the meaning of +rapidity. + + 1. _England._ The CRUMM(OCK), formerly CRUM(BECK), which forms the + lake of the same name. + _Germany._ CRUMB(AHA), 10th cent., now the GRUMB(ACH). + _Russia._ The KROMA. Gov. Orel. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ CHRUMBIN(BACH), 8th cent., now the KRUM(BACH). + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Italy._ CREMERA ant. in Etruria. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Germany._ The KREMS. Joins the Danube. + _Sicily._ CREMISUS ant. + +For the root _sid_ we have the Welsh _sid_, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon +_sid_, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in +the following, though both words may be from the same root. + + 1. _England._ The SID. Devonshire. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SEATON. Cornwall. + + 3. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Switzerland._ SITERUNA, 8th cent., now the SITTER or SITTERN. + +Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from Welsh _derwyn_, to wind, appears +to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form Druentia), from +_dru_, oak, seems insufficient; because the number of names, all in the +same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something +more than _dru_. That of Armstrong, from _dear_, great, _amhain_, river, +is founded upon a careless hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland is +the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the +case. + + _England._ The DERWENT. Four rivers. + TREONTA ant. The TRENT. + _France._ DRUENTIA ant., now the DURANCE. + _Germany._ The DREWENZ. Prussia. + _Italy._ TRUENTIUS ant., now the TRENTO. + _Russia._ TURUNTUS ant., now the DUNA. + +In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the following, +referring them to Old Norse _meis_, curvatura, Eng. _maze_, &c. This +seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or +Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we +think of the Welsh _mydu_, to arch, to vault. The other word which might +put in a claim is _mos_, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced +both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name +of the ancient Mysia or M[oe]sia. + + 1. _England._ The MAESE. Derbyshire. + _Scotland._ The MASIE. Aberdeen. + _France, &c._ MOSA, 1st cent. B.C. The MAAS, MAES, or MEUSE. + _Germany._ MISS(AHA), 8th cent. The MEISS(AU). + The MIES in Bohemia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Italy._ The MUSONE. Two rivers. + + 3. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ MOSELLA, 1st cent. The MOSELLE. + +The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the +foregoing are the BEINA of Norway, and the BANE of Lincolnshire, which +seem to be from Old Norse _beinn_, North Eng. _bain_, straight, direct. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[57] That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the +Baltic, (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to +Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, +without any geographical position or character.--_See an article by Sir +G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 1858._ + +[58] In this case the ending _en_ is very clearly a contraction of +_abon_ or _avon_, river. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +QUALITY OF WATERS. + + +There are a number of river-names in which the sense of clearness, +brightness, or transparency is to be traced. From the Sansc. _cand_, to +shine, Lat. _candeo_, Welsh, Ir. Arm., and Obs. Gael. _can_, white, +clear, pure, we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., _caoin_, soft, +gentle, is a word liable to intermix. + + 1. _England._ The CANN. Essex. + The KEN or KENT. Westmoreland. + The KENNE. Devonshire. + _Scotland._ The KEN. Joins the Dee. + The CONN. CONA of Ossian. + CANDY burn. Lanarkshire. + _Wales._ The CAIN. Merioneth. + _Germany._ CONE, 9th cent., now the COND. + _Russia._ The KANA. Gov. Yeniseisk. + _India._ The CANE or KEN--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The CONAN. Dingwall. + _Italy._ The CANTIANO. Pont. States. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The CONDER. Lancashire. + The CONNER. Cornwall. + _Switzerland._ The KANDER. + + 4. _Compounded with vi, wy, river._ + _Wales._ CONOVIUS ant. The CONWAY. + +The Old Celtic word _vind_, found in many ancient names of persons and +places, as Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,[59] Vindobona, Vindobala, &c., +represents the present Welsh _gwyn_ (=_gwynd_), and the Ir. _finn_ +(=_find_), white. "The Celt. _vind_," observes Gluck, "comes from the +same root as the Goth. _hveit_; it stands for _cvind_ with an intrusive +_n_; the root is _cvid_ = the Germ. root _hvit_." The meaning in +river-names is bright, clear, pure. + + 1. _England._ The VENT. Cumberland. + The QUENNY. Shropshire. + _Wales._ The GWYNEDD (=GWYND?) + _Ireland._ The FINN. Ulster. + _France._ The VENDEE. Dep. Vendee. + _Russia._ The VIND(AU) or WIND(AU). + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The FINNAN. Inverness. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The lake WINDER(MERE)?[60] + _Ireland._ WINDERIUS; _Ptolemy_, a river not identified. + + 4. _With the ending rn, p. 34._ + _Scotland._ The FINDHORN. Inverness. + + 5. _With the ending el._ + _England._ The WANDLE. Surrey. + _Germany._ FINOLA, 8th cent., now the VEHNE. + +From the Welsh _llwys_, clear, pure, Gael. _las_, to shine, Gael. and +Ir. _leus_, light, cognate with Old Norse _lios_, clear, pure, Lat. +_luceo_, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. _la_, _lo_, day, must, I +think, contain the root. + + 1. _England._ The LIZA. Cumberland. + _Scotland._ The LOSSIE. Elgin. + _France._ The LEZ. Dep. Herault. + _Belgium._ The LESSE. + _Germany._ The LOOSE. Pruss. Sax. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _France._ The LIZENA. + _Sweden._ The LJUSNE. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Germany._ LESURA, 11th cent., now the LIESER. + LYSERA, 10th cent., now the LEISER. + +From the root of the above, by the prefix _g_, is formed Gael. and Welsh +_glas_, blue or green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), and the +Old Norse _gladr_, Old High Germ. _glatt_, shining. + + _Scotland._ The GLASS. Inverness. + GLASS. A lake, Rosshire. + _Germany._ The GLATT. Hohenzollern Sig. + _Switzerland._ GLATA, 8th cent. The GLATT. + +Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., and Arm. _glan_, Welsh _glain_, +pure, clear, Eng. _clean_. + + _England._ The GLEN. Northumberland. + The GLEN. Lincolnshire. + The CLUN. Shropshire. + _France._ The GLANE. + _Germany._ GLANA, 8th cent. The GLAN, two rivers, and the + GLON, three rivers. + _Switzerland._ The KLOeN, a small but beautiful lake in the + Kloenthal--here, or to _klein_, little? + _Italy._ CLANIS ant., now the CHIANA. + CLANIUS ant., in Campania. + _Illyria._ The GLAN, in Carinthia. + +From the Old High Germ. _hlutar_, Mod. Germ. _lauter_, pure, Foerstemann +derives the following rivers of Germany. Hence also the name of +Lauterbrunnen (_brunnen_, fountain), in Switzerland. + + _Germany._ HLUTR(AHA), 7th cent. The LAUTER, the LUDER, the LUTTER. + The SOMMERLAUTER in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title + of pureness only in summer. + +The following names I think can hardly be referred to the same origin as +the above, though according to Lhuyd, who derives them from Welsh +_gloew_, clear, and _dwr_, water, they would have the same meaning. + + _England._ The LOWTHER. Westmoreland. + _Scotland._ The LAUDER. Berwickshire. + _France._ The LAUTER. + +In the Gael. and Ir. _ban_, white, we may probably find the meaning of +the following. + + _Ireland._ The BANN. Three rivers. + _Scotland._ The BANN(OCK) by Bannockburn. + _Bohemia._ The BAN(ITZ). + +Of the two following names the former may be referred to the Welsh +_claer_, and the latter to the Swed. _klar_, both same as Eng. _clear_. + + _Ireland._ The CLARE. Connaught. + _Sweden._ The KLARA (_a_, river). + +From the Welsh _ter_, pure, clear, we may get the following. The root is +found in Sansc. _tar_, to penetrate, whence _taras_, transparent. + + 1. _Italy._ The TARO. Joins the Po. + _Siberia._ The TARA. Joins the Tobol. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The TEARNE. Shropshire. + The DEARNE. Yorkshire. + _France._ The TARN. Joins the Garonne. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Hungary._ The TARISA. + +The following two rivers of Germany may, as suggested by Foerstemann, be +referred to Old High Germ. _flat_, pure, bright. + + 1. _Germany._ FLAD(AHA), 8th cent. Not identified. + + 2. _With the ending enz._ + _Germany._ FLADINZ, 11th cent., now the FLADNITZ. + +The root _bil_ I have, in river-names generally, referred at p. 84 to +the Celtic _biol_, water. But in the Slavonic districts we may also +think of the Slav. _biala_, white, though we cannot say but that even +there the Celtic word may intermix. + + _Germany._ The BILA in Bohemia. + The BIALA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The BIELAYA. Joins the Kama. + The BIALY. Joins the Narew. + +From the Old High Germ. _swarz_, Mod. Germ. _schwarz_, black, are the +names of several rivers of Germany, as the SCHWARZA, the SCHWARZAU, the +SCHWARZBACH, &c. Also in Norway we have two rivers called SVART ELV, and +in Sweden the SVART AN, which falls into the Maelar Lake. From the Old +Norse _doeckr_, dark, may be the DOKKA in Norway, but for the DOCKER of +Lancashire the Gael. _doich_, swift, may be more suitable. + +The Welsh _du_, Gael. _dubh_, black, probably occurs in river-names, but +I have taken, p. 36, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. Gael. _dob_, +to be the general one. The Welsh _dulas_, dark or blackish blue, is +found in the DOWLES of Shropshire, and in several streams of Wales. The +DOUGLAS of Lanarkshire shews the original form of the word, from _du_, +black, and _glas_, blue. + +The root _sal_ I have taken at p. 76 to have in some cases the simple +meaning of water. But in the following the quality of saltness comes +before us as a known characteristic. + + _Germany._ SALZ(AHA), 8th cent. The SALZA by Salzburg. + SALISUS, 8th cent., now the SELSE. + The SALZE. Joins the Werre. + _Hungary._ The SZALA.[61] Falls into Lake Balaton. + +Of an opposite character are the following, which we may refer to Welsh +_melus_, Gael. and Ir. _milis_, sweet, _millse_, sweetness. Some other +rivers, as the ancient MELAS in Asia Minor, now the Kara-su (Black +river), and three rivers of the same name in Greece, must be referred to +Gr. {melas}, black. + + _Germany._ MILZISSA, 8th cent., now the Muelmisch. + MILSIBACH, 11th cent. + _Portugal._ MELSUS ant. (Strabo). + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[59] The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names WINDOW, WINDUS, VINDIN; though Windo and +Winidin were also ancient German names.--(_Foerstemann's Altdeutsches +Namenbuch._) The Welsh name GWYN and the Irish FINN represent the later +form of the word. + +[60] Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district. + +[61] The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE SOUND OF THE WATERS. + + +The GRETA in the English Lake District has been generally derived from +Old Norse _grata_, Scotch _greet_, to weep or mourn, in allusion to the +wailing sound made by its waters. There is also a GRETA in Westmoreland +and a GRETA BECK in Yorkshire. In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., _greath_ also +signifies a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible that the original +Celtic name may have been retained in the same sense. + +Of an opposite meaning to the above is the name BLYTHE of several small +rivers in England. I do not see how this can be otherwise derived than +from the Ang.-Sax. _blithe_, merry. And how appropriate this is to many +of our English streams we hardly need poetic illustration to tell us. + +Of a corresponding meaning with the Saxon name Blythe may be the AVOCA +or OVOCA of Wicklow, the OBOKA of Ptolemy. Baxter refers it to Welsh +_awchus_, acer, a word of no very cheerful association for the spot +where + + "Nature has spread o'er the scene + Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green." + +The Gael. _abhach_, blithe, sportive, would seem to give a better etymon +for the bright waters of Avoca. Whether the OCKER of Germany (ant. +OBOCRA, OVOCRA, OVOKARE), may be derived from the same word I do not +know sufficient to judge. + +From the Gr. {bremo}, Lat. _fremo_, Ang.-Sax. _bremman_, to roar, Old +Norse _brim_, roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh _ffrom_, fuming, +Gael. _faram_, din, I take the following. The following description +given by Strabo[62] of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness of the +derivation. "There is also an extraordinary fissure in the mountain, +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... On account of the +winding of its course, the great contraction of the stream, and the +depth of the ravine, _a noise, like that of thunder, strikes at a +distance on the ears of those who approach it_." + + 1. _England._ The FROME. Five rivers. + The FRAME. Dorsetshire. + _Germany._ BRAM(AHA) or BREM(AHA), 9th cent., a stream in + Odenwald. + PRIMMA, 9th cent. Near Worms. + The PRUeM in Prussia. + _Denmark._ The BRAM(AUE) in Holstein. + _Italy._ FORMIO ant. in Venetia. + _Asia Minor._ PYRAMUS ant., now the Jihun. + + 2. _With the ending t._ + _Germany._ The PFREIMT in Bavaria. + + 3. _With the ending nt._ + _Germany._ PREMANTIA, 9th cent., now the PRIMS. + + 4. _With the ending es._ + _Greece._ PERMESSUS ant. B[oe]otia. + +In the Gael. _fuair_, sound, _faoi_, a noisy stream, we may perhaps find +the origin of the FOWEY in Cornwall, and of the FOYERS in Inverness, the +latter of which is noted as forming one of the finest falls in Britain. +From the Gael. _gaoir_, din, we may derive the GAUIR in Perthshire; and +from _toirm_ of the same meaning, perhaps the TERMON in Ulster. Hence +might also be the TROME and the TRUIM, elsewhere derived at p. 70. + +From the Gael. _durd_, _durdan_, Welsh _dwrdd_, humming or murmur, Lhuyd +derives the name DOURDWY, of some brawling streams in Wales; but quoting +the derivations of some other writers, he adds, with more humility than +authors generally possess--"Eligat Lector quod maxime placet." To the +same origin may probably also be referred the DOURDON in France, Dep. +Seine-Inf. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[62] Bohn's Translation. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS. + + +There are several river-names which contain the idea, either of the +junction of two streams, or of the separation of a river into two +branches. The Vistula, Visula, or Wysla, (for in these various forms it +appears in ancient records), is referred by Mueller,[63] rightly as I +think, to Old Norse _quisl_, Germ. _zwiesel_, branch, as of a river. A +simpler form of _quisl_ is contained in Old Norse _quistr_, ramus, and +the root is to be found in Sansc. _dwis_, to separate, Gael. and Ir. +_dis_, two. The Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according to Grimm +(_Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385_), was Vana-quisl. The word _whistle_, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as Haltwhistle in Northumberland, +and Osbaldwhistle in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old Norse _quisl_: +the sense might be that of the branching off of two roads or two +streams. In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, for which I am +indebted to the kindness of a Friend, there is a burn called +Galawhistle, which compares with the above Old Norse Vana-quisl. In +connection with the Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, which +has been generally considered to be merely another form of the same +word--Reichard[64] being, as I believe, the only writer who considers it +to be a different river. It seems to me a curious thing that it has +never occurred to any one to identify it with the Wisloka, which joins +the Vistula near Baranov. The modern name must contain the correct form, +for Wisloka = an Old High Germ. Wisilacha, from _acha_ or _aha_, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, from _afa_ or _apa_, river. +The following names I take to be all variations of the same word. + + 1. _France._ The OUST. Dep. Cotes-du-Nord. + _Germany._ The TWISTE. Joins the Diemel. + The QUEISS. Pruss. Silesia. + _Russia._ The UIST. Joins the Tobol. + The USTE. Joins the Dwina. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Germany._ QUISTINA, 11th cent., now the KOeSTEN. + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _France._ The VISTRE. Dep. Gard. + _Belgium._ The VESDRE. Joins the Ourt. + _Germany._ The VEISTR(ITZ). Pruss. Silesia. + + 4. _With the ending rn._ + _Germany._ QUISTIRNA, 8th cent., now the TWISTE, joins the Oste. + + 5. _With the ending el = O. N. quisl._ + _Germany, &c._ VISTULA, 1st cent., Germ. WEICHSEL. + WISL(OKA), joins the Vistula. (_See above._) + The WISL(OK). Joins the San. + WISIL(AFFA), 11th cent., now the WISL(AUF). + _France._ The VESLE. Joins the Aisne. + +The following seem also to contain the Germ. _zwei_, Eng. _two_, and to +have something of a similar meaning to the foregoing. + + 1. _Germany._ The ZWITT(AWA) or ZWITT(AU) in Moravia. + + 2. _With the ending el._ + _Germany._ The ZWETTEL in Austria. + +I include also here the SCHELDT or SCHELDE, (the SCALDIS of Caesar), +which I think is to be explained by the Old Norse _skildr_, Dan. +_skilt_, separated, in allusion to the two mouths by which it enters the +North Sea. And to the same origin may be also placed the SCHILT(ACH) of +Baden, which falls into the Kinzig. + +From the Gael. _caraid_, duplex, may probably be the two CARTS in the +County of Renfrew, the united stream of which enters the Firth of Clyde +near Glasgow. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[63] Die marken des Vaterlandes. + +[64] Germanien unter den Roemern. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION. + + +The idea of a river as a protection or as a boundary seems to indicate a +more settled state of society, and therefore not to belong to the +earliest order of nomenclature. And consequently, though this chapter is +not quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning Owls," in Horrebow's +Natural History of Iceland, the sum and substance of which is that +"There are no owls of any kind in the whole Island"--it will be seen +that the number of names is very small in which such a meaning is to be +traced. + +The word _gard_, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other +tongues has the meaning of protection or defence, must, I think, have +something of the same meaning in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather +be that of boundary, for the two senses run very much into each other. + + 1. _France._ The GARD. Joins the Rhone. + _Germany._ GARD(AHA), 8th cent. The GART(ACH). + The KART(HAUE) in Prussia. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Scotland._ The GAIRDEN. Joins the Dee. + _France._ The GARDON. Joins the Rhone. + _Greece._ JARDANUS ant. in Crete--here? + +In the Gael. _sgia_, Welsh _ysgw_, guard, protection, and in the Welsh +_ysgi_, separation or division, we have two senses, of which the latter +may be more suitable for the following. The Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography suggests that the Scius of Herodotus may be the present Isker +in Bulgaria: in an etymological point of view this seems probable, for +as Scius = Welsh _ysgi_, so Isker = Welsh _ysgar_ of the same meaning. + + _Netherlands._ The SCHIE by Schiedam. + _Danub. Prov._ SCIUS ant., now the ISKER? + +From the Gael. _scar_, _sgar_, Welsh _ysgar_, Ang.-Sax. _sceran_, to +divide, in the sense of boundary, may be the following. The small river +Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six miles a boundary between different +parishes.[65] + + 1. _England._ The SHERE. Kent. + _Scotland._ The SCARR. Dumfriesshire. + The SHIRA. Argyle. + _Germany._ SCERE, 11th cent. The SCHEER. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The SKERNE. Durham. + _Germany._ SCHYRNE, 11th cent., not identified. + +Any names in which the sense of _land_, terra, occurs, may, I think, be +explained most reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the FULDA of Germany, FULD(AHA), 8th +cent., referring it to Old High Germ. _fulta_, Ang.-Sax. _folde_, earth, +ground. + +Perhaps also to a similar origin may be referred the MOLD(AU) in +Bohemia, and the MOLD(AVA) of Moldavia. But the Gael. and Ir. _malda_, +_malta_, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. _milde_, Eng. _mild_, may be perhaps +more suitable: the MULDE, which joins the Elbe, and which in the 8th +cent. appears as MILDA, seems more probably from this origin. + +The BORD(AU), formerly BORDINE, which forms for some distance the +boundary between East and West Friesland, may, as suggested by +Foerstemann, be derived from Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon _bord_, border. +Another river of the same name (p. 33) may perhaps be otherwise derived. + +I am inclined to bring in here the GRANTA, and to suggest that it may +have been a Sax. or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain part of the +Cam. This river seems to have formed one of the boundaries of the +country of the Gyrvii;[66] its name appears in Henry of Huntingdon as +Grenta; and the Old Norse _grend_, Mod. Germ. _grenze_, boundary, seems +a probable etymon. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[65] Statistical account of Scotland. + +[66] See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archaeological Journal for Sept., 1861. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +VARIOUS DERIVATIONS. + + +In this chapter I include some names which do not come under any of the +foregoing heads, or which have been omitted in their places. + +The following have generally been referred to Gael. _caol_, straight, +narrow. + + 1. _England._ The COLE. Warwickshire. + The COLY. Devon. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The COLNE. Three rivers. + +But even if this derivation is to be received, we must seek another +meaning for the KOLA in Russian Lapland, and the KOLI(MA) in +Siberia--the latter in particular being a large river, with a wide +estuary. + +The Gael. and Ir. _beag_, little, forms the ending of some Irish +river-names, as the AWBEG, the OWENBEG, and the AROBEG.[67] The meaning +in all these cases is "little river"--_owen_ being the same as _avon_, +_aw_ the simple form _av_ of the same word, and _aro_ an appellative as +at p. 38, now lost in the Celtic. + +From the Gael. _suail_, small, have also been derived the Swale and +other following rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as inconsistent +with the character of the rivers, though the derivation which he +proposes to substitute, from _ys-wall_, a sheltered place, affords, it +must be admitted, no very happy alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German _swal_, Old Norse _svelgr_, gurges, +Eng. _swell_, though it is wanting in the Celtic. + + 1. _England._ The SWALE. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire. + The SWILY. Gloucestershire. + _Ireland._ The SWELLY. Donegal. + The SWILLY. Ulster. + _Germany._ SUALA ant. The SCHWALE. + _France._ SULGAS ant., now the Sorgue. + _Russia._ The SULA--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Ireland._ The SULLANE. + +The following must be referred to Old High Germ. _sualm_, gurges, an +extension of the previous word _sual_. + + _Germany._ SUALMAN(AHA), 8th century. The SCHWALM. + SULMANA, 8th cent. The SULM. + _Belgium._ The SALM. Prov. Liege. + _France._ The SOLMAN. Dep. Jura. + +The Shannon has by some writers been derived from Ir. _sean_ or _shean_, +old. But inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise than old, the +term could only be used in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, however, seems to me to be found +in Ir. and Obs. Gael. _siona_, delay; this corresponds with the Gaelic +form of the name, Sionan, given by Armstrong. + + _Scotland._ The SHIN. Sutherland. + _Ireland._ SENUS (Ptolemy). The SHANNON. + _Germany._ SINNA, 8th cent. The SINN. + _Belgium._ The SENNE. Joins the Dyle. + _Italy._ SENA ant., now the Nevola. + _Aust. Pol._ The SAN, two rivers--here? + _India._ The SEENA--here? + +From the Gael. _cobhair_, Ir. _cubhair_, foam, froth, appear to be the +following. + + _England._ The COBER. Cornwall. + The COVER. Yorkshire. + _Russia._ The CHOPER. + _Asia._ CHABORAS ant., now the KHABUR--here? + _India._ CHABERIS ant., now the CAVERI--here? + +From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. _breath_, pure, clear, I take to be the +following. + + _England._ The BRATHA. Lake District. + _Scotland._ The BROTH(OCK). Forfar. + _Germany._ The BRETT(ACH). Joins the Kocher. + The BRAT(AWA) in Bohemia. + BRAHT(AHA),[68] 10th century. The BRACHT--here? + _Asia Minor._ PRACTIUS ant.--here? + +And from the Ir. _brag_, running water, I follow Mone in taking the +following. + + 1. _England._ The BRAY. Devon. + _Ireland._ The BRAY. Wicklow. + _France._ The BRAY. Joins the Loire. + _Germany._ The BREGE, in the Scharwarzwald. + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _England._ The BRAINE. Joins the Blackwater. + _Ireland._ BREAGNA, an old name for the Boyne. + +A root for river-names, to which might be put the following, is found by +Foerstemann in Old High Germ. _ror_, Mod. Germ. _rohr_, arundo, Eng. +_rush_. + + _Germany._ ROR(AHA), 11th century, now the ROHRBACH. + RURA, 8th cent. The RUHR. + _Holland._ The ROER. Joins the Maas. + +The word _sil_ in river-names would seem to have the meaning of still or +sluggish water. The Gael. has _sil_, to drop, rain, drip; and the Arm. +has _sila_, to filter. (The Old Fries. _sil_, canal, seems hardly a +related word; it appears more probably to be connected with Old Norse +_sila_, to cut, to furrow.) According to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other Scythian rivers had the same +name, (_Grimm, Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) In this point of view the +above derivation might seem too restricted, and we might think of _sil_, +as of _sal_, (p. 75), as formed by the prefix _s_ from the root _al_ or +_il_, to go, (p. 71), in the simple meaning of water. According to +Strabo and Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property of petrifying +any plant thrown into it; but as, according to Cluvier, the modern +inhabitants of its banks know nothing of any such property, it would +rather seem as if the story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with _silex_, flint. + + 1. _Switzerland._ SIL(AHA), 11th cent. The SIHL. + _Italy._ SILIS ant., now the SILE. + _Scotland._ The SHIEL in Argyleshire--here? + _Germany._ The SCHYL (ant. Tiarantus)--here? + + 2. _With the ending en._ + _Sweden._ SILJAN. Lake. + _Russia._ The SHELON--here? + + 3. _With the ending er._ + _Naples._ SILARIS ant., now the SILARO. + +The form _silv_ I take to be an extension of _sil_, similar to others +previously noticed. + + 1. _Russia._ The SILVA. Gov. Perm. + + 2. _With the ending er._ + _England._ The SILVER. Devon. + +The SIMOIS in the Plain of Troy I have suggestively placed at p. 119 to +Gael. _saimh_, slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet _lubricus_ +applied to it by Horace, we might perhaps seek a stronger sense from +the same root, as found in Welsh _seimio_, to grease, _saim_, tallow. + +The water of the LIPARIS in Cilicia, according to Polyclitus, as quoted +by Pliny, was of such an unctuous quality that it was used in place of +oil. Probably only for the purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. Hence no doubt its name, +from Sansc. _lip_, to be greasy, Gr. {liparos}, unctuous. + +Grimm (_Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach._) suggests a similar origin for the +Ister, p. 117, referring it to Old Norse _istra_, Dan. _ister_, fat, +grease, Gr. {stear}. He puts it, however, in a metaphorical sense, as +"the fattening, fructifying river." With deference, however, to so high +an authority, this explanation seems to me rather doubtful. For the +ending _ster_, as I have elsewhere observed, is common to many +river-names, and I have taken it to be, like the Arm. _ster_, formed by +a phonetic _t_, from the Sansc. _sri_, to flow. + +Also, from the root of the Sansc. _sri_, to flow, I take to be Gael. +_sruam_, and again taking the phonetic _t_, the word _stream_, _strom_, +common to all the Teutonic dialects. In these two forms we find the +ancient names of two rivers--the SYRMUS of Thrace, and the STRYMON or +STRUMON, the present STRUMA, of Macedonia. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[67] The derivation at p. 120 I must retract, finding _beg_ as a +termination of other Irish river-names. + +[68] Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. _braht_, fremitus. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +CONCLUSION. + + +The names of rivers form a striking commentary on the history of +language, so admirably expounded to the general reader in the recent +work of Professor Max Mueller. + +When we review the long list of words that must have once had the +meaning of water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck with the +number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants +and animals." + +We see too how large a portion of this long list of appellatives may +ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few +primary roots may perhaps be resolved into a still smaller number of yet +more simple forms. + +I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the +Sansc. root _i_, _a_, or _ay_, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse _a_, +Anglo-Sax. _ae_, water, river. But whether they directly represent the +root, or whether, like the French _eau_, p. 30, they have only withered +down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not +take upon me to determine. + +Then we have the roots, also of the kind called primary, _ab_, _ar_, +_ir_, _ag_, _ikh_, _il_, _it_, all having the same general meaning, to +move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a +number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are +formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root _i_, _a_, or _ay_, +and that the following remarks made by Max Mueller respecting secondary +roots, may be extended also to them. "We can frequently observe that one +of the consonants, in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is +liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is +slightly modified and determined by the changes of the final +consonants." He instances the Sansc. _tud_, _tup_, _tubh_, _tuj_, _tur_, +_tuh_, _tus_, all having the same general meaning, to strike. + +Again--there are forms such as _ang_, _amb_, _and_, &c., which are +merely a strengthening of the roots _ag_, _ab_, _ad_, or _at_, and which +also are found in a number of appellative forms. + +We might pursue the subject still further, and enquire whether the +secondary forms, such as _sar_, _sal_, _car_, _cal_, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a +consonant, on the roots _ar_ and _al_, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root _i_ or _a_. + +As also the silent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and +the most common emblem of the efflux of time; so in the same root is to +be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. +The Gr. {aei}, the Goth. _aiv_, the Anglo-Sax. _awa_, Eng. _ever_ and +_aye_, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and +express the same idea which speaks-- + + "For men may come, and men may go, + But I go on for ever." + + + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + +P. 25. + +To the root _ab_ or _ap_, water, place the Lith. and Lett. _uppe_, +river, whence the following. + + _Germany._ The OPPA in Silesia. + _Russia._ The UPA. Joins the Oka. + The UFA. Joins the Bielaya. + + +P. 33. + +To the root _ud_ place as an appellative the Obs. Gael. _ad_, water. And +add to form No. 1 the following names. + + _Russia._ The UDA. Gov. Kharkov. + _France._ The ODDE. Dep. Allier. + + +P. 35. + +The Celt. word _and_ or _ant_, water, is nothing more than a +strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. _ad_. + + +P. 40. + +In referring to the root _ark_, _erk_, I have omitted the Ir. _earc_, +water, the appellative most nearly concerned. The Basque _erreca_, +brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in +the same language the more primitive words _ur_ and _errio_, p. 38, +which seem to form a link with the Indo-European languages. + + +P. 49. + +To the root _nig_, _ni_, place-- + + 1. _France._ The NE. Joins the Charente. + _Norway._ The NIA. Stift Trondjem. + + 3. _With the ending es._ + _Russia._ The NERUSSA. Gov. Orel. + + +P. 63. + +To the root _wig_, _wic_, _wy_, place the two following names. The Welsh +_gwy_, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group. + + _England._ The WYCK. Buckinghamshire. + _Russia._ The UI. Gov. Orenburg. + + +P. 64. + +To the root _vip_ place as an appellative the Welsh _gwibio_, to rove, +wander, _gwibiau_, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense +of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1. + + _Spain._ The QUIPAR. Joins the Segura. + + +P. 70. + +The Celtic languages have a trace of the word _trag_, to run, in the Old +Ir. _traig_, foot (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._) + + +P. 83. + + For + _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. + Read + _Thrace._ PYDARAS ant. + + +P. 84. + +To the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, water, place the following names. + + _England._ The BEAULIEU, also called the Exe, in Hampshire. + _Scotland._ The BEAULY. Inverness. + _Italy._ PAULO ant., now the Paglione. + + +P. 85. + +I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day +the Ancient British deity Cocidis is not considered to have any +connection with the river Coquet. + + +P. 91. + +It seems probable that the word _asp_ in river-names is formed by +metathesis from the word _aps_, p. 27, form 5. + + +P. 97. + +The GRYFFE and the GIRVAN may perhaps be better derived from the Gael. +_grib_, swift. + + +P. 132. + +To the root _pad_ or _pand_, to spread, may probably be placed-- + + _England._ The PANT. Essex. + + +P. 135. + +From the root _tan_, may be derived the DNIESTER, (=Danaster), from +_ster_, river. Or it might be from the root _dan_, as in Danube, p. 116. + + +P. 136. + +The Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected with any word +signifying water: it represents the Old Norse _tag_, twig. + + +P. 145. + +To the root _vind_, white, clear, place-- + + _England._ The WENTE. Yorkshire. + + +P. 149. + +To the Sansc. _taras_, Welsh _ter_, pure, clear, place-- + + _Thrace._ TEARUS ant. + + + + +INDEX. + +(_Ancient Names in Italics._) + + + Aa, 28 + + Aach, 28 + + Aar, 39 + + _Abana_, 26 + + _Acaris_, 81 + + Achaza, 31 + + Adda, 34 + + Adenau, 34 + + Adour, 34 + + Adur, 34 + + _Aenus_, 27 + + Agger, 81 + + Aghor, 81 + + Agri, 81 + + Ahr, 39 + + Ahse, 31 + + Ain, 135 + + Aisne, 31 + + Aiss, 81 + + Aiterach, 35 + + Alass, 75 + + _Alaunus_, 71 + + Alb, 73 + + Albegna, 74 + + Alben, 74 + + _Albla_, 74 + + _Albula_, 74 + + _Alces_, 104 + + Aldan, 72 + + Alde, 72 + + Alf, 73 + + Alhama, 130 + + Alise, 75 + + _Alisna_ 75 + + Allan, 71 + + Alle, 71 + + Aller, 71 + + _Allia_, 71 + + Allier, 74 + + Allow, 71 + + Alm, 130 + + Alma, 130 + + Alme, 130 + + Almelo, 130 + + Almo, 130 + + Alne, 71 + + _Alpheus_, 74 + + _Alpis_, 73 + + Alt, 72 + + Alta, 72 + + Alten, 72 + + Altmuehl, 104 + + Alum Bay, 130 + + Alz, 75 + + Amasse, 29 + + _Ambastus_, 29 + + Amber, 29 + + Amble, 29 + + Ambleve, 29 + + Amele, 29 + + Ammer, 29 + + _Amnias_, 26 + + Amon, 26 + + Andelau, 36 + + Andelle, 36 + + Angel, 81 + + Angera, 81 + + Angerap, 81 + + _Angrus_, 81 + + _Anitabha_, 35--Note. + + Anker, 81 + + Annas, 27 + + Ant, 35 + + Anton, 36 + + Anza, 27 + + Appelbach, 26 + + _Apsarus_, 27--Note. + + _Apsus_, 27 + + _Arabis_, 120 + + Aragon, 41, 176 + + Arak, 41, 176 + + _Arar_, 117 + + Aras, 78 + + _Araxes_, 78 + + Arc, 41, 176 + + Arga, 41, 176 + + Argen, 41, 176 + + _Arius_, 56 + + _Ariminus_, 122 + + Arke, 41, 176 + + Arl, 40 + + Arly, 40 + + Arme, 122 + + Armine, 122 + + Arno, 40 + + Arobeg, 164 + + _Arosis_, 78 + + Arques, 41 + + _Arrabo_, 120 + + Arrow, 39 + + _Arsia_, 78 + + Arun, 39 + + Arva, 109 + + Arve, 109 + + _Ascania_, 31 + + Ash, 31 + + _Asopus_, 92, 178 + + Aspe, 92, 178 + + Astura, 58 + + Au, 28 + + Aube, 73 + + Aulne, 71 + + Aune, 27 + + Aupe, 73 + + Aurach, 39 + + Auray, 39 + + Auve, 74 + + Aven, 26 + + Avia, 25 + + Aviz, 27 + + Avoca, 153 + + Avon, 26 + + Avre, 26 + + Awbeg, 164 + + Awe, 28 + + Axe, 30 + + _Axius_, 31 + + _Axona_, 31 + + _Axus_, 31 + + + Bahr, 65 + + Bandon, 132 + + Bane, 143 + + Banitz, 148 + + Bann, 148 + + Bannock, 148 + + Bar, 65 + + Barrow, 65 + + Baunach, 84 + + Beaulieu, 178 + + Beauly, 178 + + Beela, 84 + + Behr, 65 + + Behrun, 65 + + Beina, 143 + + Beraun, 65 + + Bere, 65 + + Berre, 65 + + Beuvron, 84 + + Bever, 84 + + Biala, 150 + + Bialy, 150 + + Biberbach, 84 + + Bibra, 84 + + Bielaya, 150 + + Bievre, 83 + + Bila, 150 + + _Billaeus_, 85 + + Binoa, 82 + + Birse, 101 + + Blythe, 152 + + Bode, 132 + + _Boderia_, 132 + + Bogen, 138 + + Bogie, 138 + + Bolbec, 85 + + _Bollaha_, 85 + + Bord, 133 + + Bordau, 163 + + Bowe, 138 + + Boyle, 85 + + Boyne, 84 + + Bracht, 167 + + Braine, 167 + + Bramaue, 154 + + Bratawa, 167 + + Bratha, 167 + + Bray, 167 + + _Breagna_, 167 + + Brege, 167 + + Bresle, 101 + + Brettach, 167 + + Brosna, 101 + + Brothock, 167 + + Bucket, 138 + + Bug, 138 + + Buhler, 85 + + Buller, 85 + + Bullot, 85 + + Burzen, 101 + + + _Caedrius_, 108 + + Cailas, 110 + + Cain, 144 + + _Calbis_, 113 + + _Caldhowa_, 112 + + Calder, 112 + + Caldew, 112 + + Callan, 110 + + _Callas_, 110 + + _Callipus_, 113 + + Calore, 110 + + _Calpas_, 113 + + Cam, 138 + + Candy Burn, 144 + + Cane, 144 + + Cann, 144 + + Cantiano, 145 + + _Caresus_, 114 + + Carpino, 97 + + _Carpis_, 97 + + Carron, 139 + + Cart, 159 + + Caveri, 167 + + _Cayster_, 68 + + _Celadon_, 112 + + _Celydnus_, 112 + + _Cerbalus_, 98 + + _Cersus_, 114 + + _Cestrus_, 68 + + _Chalus_, 110 + + _Chalusus_, 110 + + Cham, 138 + + Char, 139 + + Charente, 139 + + _Chares_, 139 + + Chelt, 112 + + Chelva, 113 + + Cher, 139 + + Chiana, 147 + + Chiers, 114 + + _Choaspes_, 68, 178 + + Choper, 167 + + Chor, 139 + + Churne, 139 + + _Cladeus_, 80 + + _Clanius_, 147 + + Clare, 149 + + Cleddeu, 79 + + _Clitora_, 80 + + _Clitumnus_, 80 + + Cloyd, 79 + + _Cludros_, 80 + + Clun, 147 + + Clwyd, 79 + + Clyde, 79 + + Cober, 167 + + _Cocbroc_, 86 + + Cocker, 86 + + Cockley-beck, 87 + + _Cocytus_, 87 + + Coker, 86 + + _Colapis_, 113 + + Cole, 164 + + Colne, 164 + + Coly, 164 + + Conan, 145 + + Cond, 144 + + Conder, 145 + + Conn, 144 + + Conner, 145 + + Conway, 145 + + Coquet, 87 + + _Coralis_, 139 + + Cover, 167 + + _Cremera_, 140 + + _Cremisus_, 140 + + Crummock, 140 + + Cuckmare, 87 + + _Curalius_, 139 + + _Cydnus_, 108 + + _Cyrus_, 139 + + + Dahme, 135 + + Dalcke, 106 + + Dane, 135 + + Danube, 116 + + _Daradax_, 105 + + _Daradus_, 105 + + Darme, 70 + + Daubrawa, 37 + + Deane, 135 + + Deaume, 135 + + Dee, 134 + + Deel, 105 + + Delvenau, 106 + + Demer, 135 + + Derwent, 141 + + Desna, 107 + + Deva, 135 + + Dill, 105 + + Dillar Burn, 106 + + Dista, 107 + + Dive, 135 + + Dniester, 179 + + Dobur, 37 + + Docker, 150 + + Dodder, 90 + + Dokka, 150 + + Dommel, 90 + + Don, 135 + + Donge, 136 + + Dora, 37 + + Dordogne, 38 + + Doubs, 36 + + Douglas, 150 + + Dourdon, 155 + + Dourdwy, 155 + + Douro, 37 + + Doux, 36 + + Dove, 36 + + Dovy, 36 + + Dow, 36 + + Dowles, 150 + + Drac, 70 + + Drage, 70 + + Drammen, 70 + + Dran, 69 + + Drave, 69 + + Drewenz, 141 + + Drome, 70 + + Drone, 69 + + Dronne, 69 + + Dubissa, 37 + + Duddon, 90 + + Dude, 90 + + Durance, 141 + + Durme, 70 + + Durra, 37 + + Dussel, 107 + + Duyte, 90 + + Dyle, 106 + + + Earne, 40 + + Ebrach, 26 + + Ebro, 26 + + Ecolle, 69 + + Eden, 35 + + Eder, 34 + + Edrenos, 34 + + Eem, 28 + + Eger, 81 + + Ehen, 27 + + Eichel, 28 + + Eider, 35 + + Eisach, 32 + + Eitrach, 35 + + Elbe, 73 + + Eld, 72 + + Elda, 72 + + Elle, 71 + + Ellen, 71 + + Ellero, 71 + + Ellison, 75 + + Elvan, 74 + + Elz, 75 + + Emba, 29 + + Emele, 29 + + Emme, 28 + + Emmen, 29 + + Emmer, 29 + + Ems, 29 + + Ens, 27 + + Era, 39 + + Erens, 138 + + Erft, 40 + + Ergers, 41 + + Erl, 40 + + Erla, 40 + + Erms, 122 + + Erpe, 109 + + Erve, 109 + + Eschaz, 31 + + Esk, 31 + + Eskle, 31 + + Esla, 33 + + Esque, 31 + + Ettrick, 35 + + Eure, 34 + + Evan, 26 + + _Evenus_, 26 + + Eye, 28 + + Eypel, 27 + + Exe, 31 + + + Fal, 130 + + Feale, 130 + + Fillan, 130 + + Fils, 130 + + Findhorn, 146 + + Finn, 146 + + Finnan, 146 + + _Fladaha_, 149 + + Fladnitz, 149 + + Fleet, 66 + + Flieden, 66 + + Flietnitz, 66 + + Flisk, 67 + + Foilagh, 130 + + Formio, 154 + + Forth, 115 + + Fowey, 154 + + Foyers, 154 + + Frame, 154 + + Fraw, 115 + + Frome, 154 + + Froon, 115 + + Fulda, 162 + + + _Gada_, 108 + + Gaddada, 109 + + Gade, 108 + + Gader, 108 + + Gadmen, 109 + + Gail, 110 + + Gairden, 161 + + Gala, 110 + + _Galthera_, 112 + + Gande, 108 + + Ganges, 68 + + _Gangitus_, 68 + + Gard, 161 + + Gardon, 161 + + Garf water, 97 + + Garonne, 13, 114 + + _Garrhuenus_, 113 + + Garry, 113 + + Gartach, 161 + + Garza, 114 + + Gata, 108 + + Gauir, 155 + + Geisa, 108 + + _Gela_, 110 + + Gelt, 112 + + Geltnach, 112 + + _Geranius_, 114 + + _Geron_, 114 + + Gers, 114 + + Gidea, 108 + + Giesel, 109 + + Giessbach, 108 + + Gingy, 68 + + Giron, 114 + + Girvan, 97, 178 + + Glan, 147 + + Glass, 147 + + Glatt, 147 + + Glen, 147 + + Glon, 147 + + Glyde, 80 + + Gose, 108 + + Gotha, 108 + + Gouw, 68 + + Grabow, 97 + + Granta, 163 + + Gravino, 97 + + Greta, 152 + + Grumbach, 140 + + Gryffe, 97, 178 + + Gwynedd, 145 + + _Gyndes_, 108 + + + Haase, 100--Note. + + _Haliacmon_, 104 + + _Halycus_, 104 + + _Halys_, 75 + + Hamel, 29 + + Hamps, 29 + + Harpa, 109 + + _Harpasus_, 109 + + _Hebrus_, 26 + + _Helisson_, 75 + + Helme, 130 + + Helpe, 74 + + Herk, 41, 176 + + Hesper, 92, 178 + + Hespin, 91 + + _Hesudros_, 33 + + _Hisscar_, 32 + + Hoersel, 78 + + Hull, 89 + + Humber, 29 + + Hunte, 100 + + _Hypanis_, 26 + + _Hypius_, 26 + + _Hypsas_, 27 + + + _Iberus_, 26 + + Idle, 35 + + Igla, 69 + + Iglawa, 69 + + Ihna, 27 + + Ik, 69 + + Ilach, 71 + + Ilavla, 74 + + Ile, 71 + + Ilen, 71 + + Ilek, 104 + + _Ilissus_, 75 + + Ill, 71 + + Ille, 71 + + Iller, 71 + + Illim, 130 + + Ilm, 130 + + Ilmen, 130 + + Ilmenau, 130 + + Ilse, 75 + + Ilz, 75 + + Inda, 23 + + Inde, 23 + + Indus, 23 + + Indre, 23 + + Ingon, 81 + + Ingul, 81 + + Inn, 27 + + Inney, 27 + + Ionne, 69 + + Ipf, 26 + + Ipoly, 27 + + Ips, 27 + + _Irat_, 138 + + Irati, 138 + + Irghiz, 41 + + Irk, 41 + + Irkut, 41 + + Irt, 138 + + Irthing, 138 + + Irvine, 109 + + Isac, 31 + + Isar, 33 + + Ischl, 31 + + Ise, 32 + + Isen, 32 + + Isere, 32 + + Isis, 33 + + Isla, 33 + + Isker, 161 + + _Ismenus_, 33 + + Isole, 33 + + Isper, 92 + + Isset, 33 + + _Issus_, 32 + + _Ister_, 33, 117, 170 + + Itchen, 69 + + Iton, 35 + + Itz, 35 + + Ive, 25 + + Ivel, 26 + + + _Jactus_, 100 + + Jaghatu, 100 + + Jahde, 100 + + Jahnbach, 68 + + _Jardanus_, 161 + + Jaxt, 100 + + Jesmen, 89 + + Jessava, 89 + + Jetza, 89 + + _Jezawa_, 89 + + Jisdra, 89 + + Joss, 89 + + Jug, 100 + + + Kalitva, 112 + + Kam, 139 + + Kama, 139 + + Kamp, 138 + + Kana, 144 + + Kander, 145 + + Karthaue, 161 + + Kels, 110 + + Kelvin, 113 + + Kemi, 139 + + Kenne, 144 + + Kent, 144 + + Kerr, 139 + + Kersch, 114 + + Khabur, 167 + + Khankova, 68 + + Klara, 149 + + Klodnitz, 80 + + Kloen, 147 + + Kocher, 86 + + Kohary, 86 + + Kohlbach, 113 + + Kokel, 86 + + Kola, 164 + + Kolima, 164 + + Korol, 139 + + Koros, 114 + + Koesten, 158 + + Krems, 140 + + Kroma, 140 + + Krumbach, 140 + + Kuchelbach, 87 + + Kulpa, 113 + + Kur, 139 + + + Lagan, 45 + + Lahn, 45 + + _Laimaha_, 128 + + Laine, 45 + + Laith, 46 + + Lama, 128 + + Lambro, 129 + + Lamme, 128 + + Lammer, 129 + + Lamone, 129 + + Lamov, 128 + + _Lamus_, 129 + + Laucha, 45 + + Lauder, 148 + + Lauter, 148 + + Lave, 45 + + Lavino, 45 + + Leach, 44 + + Leam, 128 + + Lech, 44 + + Leck, 44 + + Lee, 44 + + Leen, 44 + + Legre, 44 + + Leiser, 147 + + Leith, 46 + + Leitha, 46 + + Leithan, 47 + + Leman, 129 + + Leman (Lake), 129 + + Lempe, 128 + + Lesse, 146 + + _Lethaeus_, 47 + + Leven, 45 + + Lez, 146 + + Lid, 46 + + Lida, 46 + + Lidden, 47 + + Liddle, 47 + + Lieser, 147 + + Liffar, 46 + + Liffey, 46 + + Ligne, 44 + + Lima, 128 + + Limen, 129 + + Limmat, 129 + + _Limyrus_, 129 + + _Liparis_, 170 + + Lipka, 46 + + Lippe, 46 + + Liver, 46 + + Liza, 146 + + Lizena, 146 + + Ljusne, 147 + + Lloughor, 45 + + Loing, 45 + + Loire, 44 + + Loiret, 14 + + Lomond (Loch), 129 + + Looe, 45 + + Loony, 45 + + Loose, 146 + + Lossie, 146 + + Lot, 72 + + Loue, 45 + + Louga, 45 + + Lougan, 45 + + Louven, 45 + + Lowna, 45 + + Lowther, 148 + + Luder, 148 + + Lug, 45 + + Lugan, 45 + + Lugano (Lake), 45 + + Lugar, 45 + + Luhe, 44 + + Lune, 45 + + Lutter, 148 + + Lye, 44 + + Lyme, 128 + + Lyon, 44 + + Lys, 44 + + + Maas, 142 + + Macestus, 61 + + Madder, 88 + + Madel, 88 + + Maese, 142 + + Magra, 60 + + Mahanuddy, 60 + + Maia, 60 + + Maig, 60 + + Main, 60 + + Maina, 60 + + March, 61 + + Mare, 62 + + Marecchia, 62 + + Mark, 61 + + Marne, 88 + + Marosch, 62 + + _Marsyas_, 62 + + Masie, 142 + + Mask (Lake), 62 + + _Matrinus_, 88 + + _Matrona_, 88 + + Maw, 60 + + Mawn, 60 + + May, 60 + + Mayenne, 127 + + Meal, 61 + + Mede, 88 + + _Medemelacha_, 126 + + Medinka, 126 + + _Medoacus_, 127 + + _Medofulli_, 126 + + Medvieditza, 127 + + Medway, 126 + + Medwin, 127 + + Megna, 60 + + Mehaigne, 60 + + Mehe, 88 + + Meissau, 142 + + _Melsus_, 151 + + Meon, 60 + + Mergui, 62 + + Mersey, 62 + + Metauro, 88 + + _Metema_, 127 + + Meuse, 142 + + Mhye, 60 + + Midou, 126 + + Miele, 61 + + Mies, 142 + + Milsibach, 151 + + Moder, 88 + + Moldau, 162 + + Moldava, 162 + + Mora, 61 + + Morava, 61 + + Morge, 61 + + Moern, 62 + + Moselle, 142 + + Moskva, 62 + + Mourne, 62 + + Moy, 60 + + Moyne, 60 + + Muhr, 61 + + Mulde, 162 + + Muelmisch, 151 + + Muotta, 102 + + Murg, 61 + + Murr, 61 + + Murz, 62 + + Musone, 142 + + Muthvey, 102 + + + Naab, 50 + + Naaf, 50 + + _Nabalis_, 51 + + Nabon, 50 + + Nahe, 50 + + Nairn, 49 + + _Namadus_, 52 + + _Naparis_, 50 + + Nar, 49 + + Narenta, 49 + + Narew, 49 + + Naron, 49 + + Narova, 49 + + Narra, 49 + + Natisone, 88 + + Nave, 50 + + Naver, 50 + + Navia, 50 + + Ne, 177 + + Neagh (Lake), 49 + + Neath, 54 + + _Neda_, 54 + + Neers, 49 + + Neisse, 51 + + Nenagh, 49 + + Nene, 49 + + Nenny, 49 + + Nent, 49 + + Nera, 49 + + Nerja, 49 + + Nerussa, 177 + + Ness, 51 + + Neste, 51 + + _Nestus_, 51 + + Nethan, 54 + + Nethe, 54 + + Neutra, 88 + + Neva, 50 + + Never, 50 + + Nevis, 51 + + Nia, 177 + + _Nia_, 49 + + Nidd, 54 + + Nidder, 54 + + Nied, 54 + + Niemen, 50 + + Nievre, 50 + + Nisi, 51 + + Nissava, 51 + + Nith, 54 + + Nive, 50 + + Nivelle, 50 + + Noain, 88 + + Nodder, 88 + + _Noraha_, 49 + + Nore, 49 + + Now, 49 + + + _Oarus_, 39 + + Ock, 28 + + Ocker, 153 + + Odde, 176 + + Odder, 34 + + Oder, 34 + + Odon, 34 + + _Oenus_, 27 + + Oertze, 78 + + Ohm, 26 + + Ohre, 39 + + Ohrn, 40 + + Oich, 28 + + Oikell, 28 + + Oise, 32 + + Oka, 28 + + Oke, 28 + + Olle, 72 + + _Olmeius_, 130 + + _Oltis_, 72 + + Ombrone, 29 + + Oppa, 176 + + Orb, 109 + + Ore, 39 + + Orge, 41 + + Orla, 40 + + Orlyava, 40 + + Orlyk, 40 + + Orre, 40 + + Orrin, 40 + + _Orsinus_, 78 + + Orvanne, 109 + + _[OE]scus_, 31 + + Oskol, 31 + + Otter, 34 + + Ource, 78 + + Ourcq, 41 + + Ourt, 138 + + Ousche, 32 + + Oust, 158 + + Owenbeg, 164 + + Ovoca, 153 + + Oxus, 31 + + + Paar, 65 + + Pader, 132 + + _Padus_, 132 + + Palme, 67 + + Pant, 178 + + _Pantanus_, 132 + + Parde, 133 + + Parret, 83 + + _Parthenius_, 133 + + _Pathissus_, 132 + + _Paulo_, 178 + + Pebrach, 84 + + Pedder, 83 + + Peen, 81 + + Peffer, 83 + + Pelym, 67 + + _Peneus_, 82 + + Penjina, 82 + + Penk, 82--Note. + + Pennar, 82 + + Penza, 82 + + _Permessus_, 154 + + Pernau, 65 + + Persante, 101 + + Petteril, 83 + + Pever, 83 + + Pfreimt, 154 + + Piana, 82 + + Piave, 65 + + Piddle, 82 + + Pina, 82 + + Pinau, 82 + + Pindar, 83 + + _Pindus_, 82 + + Pinega, 82 + + Pinka, 82 + + Pitrenick, 83 + + Plaine, 65 + + Plau, 65 + + Plan-see (Lake), 66 + + Pleiske, 67 + + Pleisse, 66 + + _Pleistus_, 66 + + Pliusa, 66 + + Ploen (Lake), 66 + + Plone, 66 + + Plonna, 66 + + Plym, 67 + + Po, 131 + + Polota, 85 + + _Porata_, 115 + + Portva, 115 + + _Practius_, 167 + + Pravadi, 115 + + Pregel, 115 + + Primma, 154 + + Prims, 154 + + Pripet, 115 + + Pronia, 115 + + Prosna, 101 + + Pruem, 154 + + Pruth, 115 + + Purally, 115 + + _Pydaras_, 83 + + _Pyramus_, 154 + + + Queiss, 158 + + Quenny, 145 + + Quipar, 177 + + + Raab, 120 + + _Rasa_, 96 + + Rasay, 96 + + Ravee, 102 + + Raven, 102 + + Rea, 43 + + Rednitz, 95 + + Reen, 43 + + Rega, 43 + + Regen, 43 + + Regge, 43 + + Reno, 43 + + Reuss, 96 + + Rezat, 96 + + _Rha_, 43 + + _Rhesus_, 96 + + Rhine, 43 + + Rhion, 43 + + _Rhodanus_, 95 + + _Rhodius_, 95 + + Rhone, 95 + + Riaza, 96 + + Riga, 43 + + Riss, 96 + + Robe, 102 + + Rodach, 95 + + Rodau, 95 + + Rodden, 95 + + Roer, 168 + + Rohrbach, 168 + + Ross, 96 + + Rosslau, 96 + + Roetel, 96 + + Roth, 95 + + Rotha, 95 + + Rothaine, 95 + + Rother, 96 + + Rott, 95 + + Rottach, 95 + + Roubion, 102 + + Ruhr, 168 + + Rye, 43 + + + Saale, 76 + + Saar, 55 + + _Sabis_, 59 + + Sabor, 59 + + _Sabrina_, 59 + + Saima (Lake), 119 + + Sal, 77 + + Salm, 166 + + _Salo_, 77 + + Salza, 151 + + Samara, 119 + + Sambre, 59, 119 + + San, 166 + + Saone, 119 + + Saraswati, 56 + + Saratovka, 56 + + _Sarayu_, 55 + + Sare, 55 + + Sark, 55 + + Sarnius, 56 + + Sarno, 56 + + Sarsonne, 56 + + Sarthe, 56 + + Sau, 59 + + _Sauconna_, 119 + + Save, 59 + + Savena, 59 + + Savezo, 59 + + Savio, 59 + + Savranka, 59 + + Sazawa, 98 + + _Scaldis_, 159 + + Scarr, 162 + + Scheer, 162 + + Scheldt, 159 + + Schie, 161 + + Schiltach, 159 + + Schmida, 53 + + Schnei, 52 + + Schondra, 99 + + Schozach, 99 + + Schunter, 99 + + Schupf, 101 + + Schussen, 99 + + Schutter, 99 + + Schwabach, 101 + + Schwale, 165 + + Schwalm, 166 + + Schwarza, 150 + + Schyrne, 162 + + _Scius_, 161 + + _Scopas_, 101 + + Seaton, 141 + + Seena, 166 + + Segre, 119 + + Segura, 119 + + Seille, 76 + + Seine, 119 + + Selle, 76 + + Selse, 151 + + Selune, 77 + + Sem, 119 + + Semoy, 119 + + Sempt, 119 + + Sena, 166 + + Senne, 166 + + _Senus_, 166 + + Seran, 56 + + Serchio, 55 + + Sered, 56 + + Sereth, 56 + + Serio, 55 + + Serre, 55 + + Serus, 55 + + _Sessites_, 98 + + Sestra, 99 + + Seugne, 119 + + Seva, 59 + + Sevan, 59 + + Severn, 59 + + _Severus_, 59 + + Sevre, 59 + + Sevron, 59 + + Shannon, 166 + + Sheaf, 101 + + Shere, 162 + + Shiel, 169 + + Shin, 166 + + Shira, 162 + + _Sicoris_, 119 + + Sid, 141 + + Sieg, 119 + + Sieve, 59 + + Sihl, 169 + + Silaro, 169 + + Sile, 169 + + Simmen, 119 + + Simmer, 119 + + _Simois_, 119, 169 + + Sinde, 23 + + Sitter, 141 + + Skerne, 162 + + Skippon, 101 + + Slaan, 77 + + Slaney, 77 + + Sneidbach, 52 + + Snyte, 52 + + Soar, 55 + + _Soastus_, 98 + + Soeste, 98 + + Soja, 119 + + Solman, 166 + + Somme, 119 + + Sora, 55 + + Sorg, 55 + + Sosna, 98 + + Sosterbach, 99 + + Sosva, 98 + + Souza, 98 + + Sow, 59 + + Soeve, 59 + + Spean, 103 + + Spear, 103 + + Speier, 103 + + Spey, 103 + + Sprazah, 103 + + Spree, 103 + + Sprenzel, 104 + + Spressa, 104 + + Sprint, 103 + + Sprotta, 103 + + Stoer, 58 + + _Storas_, 58 + + Stort, 58 + + Stour, 58 + + Streu, 58 + + Stroud, 58 + + Strumon, 171 + + Stry, 58 + + Stura, 58 + + Styr, 58 + + Suchona, 119 + + Suck, 59 + + _Sucro_, 59 + + _Suevus_, 101 + + Suippe, 101 + + Suire, 59 + + Sula, 165 + + _Sulgas_, 165 + + Sullane, 165 + + Sulm, 166 + + Sur, 55 + + Sura, 55 + + Sure, 55 + + Suren, 56 + + Suss, 98 + + Sutledge, 26, 98 + + Sutoodra, 98 + + Suusaa, 98 + + Suzon, 98 + + Svart, 150 + + Svir, 55 + + Swale, 165 + + Swelly, 165 + + Swilly, 165 + + Swords, 56 + + _Syrmus_, 171 + + Szala, 151 + + + Ta (Loch), 135 + + _Tabuda_, 135 + + Tacon, 107 + + Tamar, 135 + + _Tamaris_, 135 + + Tambre, 135 + + Tame, 135 + + Tamuda, 136 + + Tamyras, 136 + + Tana, 135 + + Tanagro, 136 + + _Tanais_, 135 + + Tanaro, 135 + + Tanger, 136 + + _Tanus_, 135 + + Taptee, 135 + + Tara, 149 + + Tardoire, 105 + + Tarf, 69 + + Tarisa, 149 + + Tarn, 149 + + Taro, 149 + + Tartaro, 105 + + _Tartessus_, 105 + + Tarth, 105 + + Tauber, 37 + + Tavda, 135 + + Tave, 135 + + Tavus, 135 + + Tavy, 134 + + Taw, 134, 135 + + Tay, 135 + + Teane, 135 + + Tearne, 149 + + _Tearus_, 179 + + Tees, 106 + + Teesta, 107 + + Teign, 135 + + Tema, 135 + + Teme, 136 + + Temes, 136 + + Tengs, 136 + + Termon, 155 + + Tescha, 107 + + Tessin, 107 + + Test, 107 + + Teviot, 135 + + Thames, 136 + + Thaya, 136 + + Theiss, 107 + + Thiele, 106 + + Thur, 37 + + _Tiasa_, 107 + + Ticino, 107 + + Till, 105 + + Tilse, 106 + + Tim, 135 + + Timao, 135 + + _Timavus_, 135 + + Tivy, 135 + + Tollen, 106 + + Tom, 135 + + Torre, 37 + + Tosa, 107 + + Toess, 107 + + Touse, 107 + + Touvre, 37 + + Towy, 36 + + Trachino, 71 + + _Tragus_, 70 + + Traun, 69 + + Trave, 69 + + Trebbia, 69 + + Treja, 70 + + Trent, 141 + + Trento, 141 + + Trome, 70, 155 + + _Truentius_, 141 + + Truim, 70, 155 + + Tura, 37 + + Turija, 37 + + Turuntus, 141 + + Twiste, 158 + + Tzna, 52 + + + Uda, 176 + + Ufa, 176 + + Ui, 177 + + Uist, 158 + + Ulla, 89 + + Ullea, 89 + + Ulster, 89 + + _Umbro_, 28 + + Umea, 28 + + Unstrut, 58 + + Upa, 176 + + Ural, 40 + + _Urius_, 39 + + Urjumka, 122 + + Ursel, 78 + + Usk, 31 + + Uste, 158 + + _Uxella_, 31 + + + Vaga, 63 + + Vagai, 63 + + _Vahalis_, 63 + + Vakh, 63 + + Varano, 78 + + Vardar, 79 + + Varde, 79 + + Vardre, 79 + + Varese (Lake), 78 + + Vartrey, 79 + + Vayah, 63 + + Vegiaur, 64 + + Vegre, 63 + + Vehne, 146 + + Veile, 90 + + Veistritz, 158 + + Vel, 90 + + Velez, 91 + + Velino, 91 + + Vellaur, 91 + + Vendee, 146 + + Vent, 145 + + Ver, 77 + + Verdon, 79 + + Vesdre, 158 + + Vesle, 158 + + Vever, 64 + + Veveyse, 64 + + Viaur, 63 + + Vie, 63 + + Vienne, 63 + + Vig, 63 + + Vilia, 90 + + Viliu, 90 + + Villa, 90 + + Vilna, 90 + + Vils, 91 + + Vindau, 146 + + _Vipasa_, 64 + + Vire, 77 + + Vistre, 158 + + Vistula, 158 + + Vlie, 65 + + Vliest, 66 + + Vliet, 66 + + Vodla, 34 + + Vosges, 63 + + + Waag, 63 + + Waal, 63 + + Wandle, 146 + + Warnau, 77 + + Warta, 79 + + Watawa, 34 + + Waveney, 63 + + Waver, 63 + + Wear, 34 + + Weaver, 64 + + Wegierka, 64 + + Weichsel, 158 + + Welland, 90 + + Welse, 91 + + Wente, 179 + + Wern, 77 + + Werre, 77 + + Wers, 78 + + Wertach, 78 + + Wetter, 34 + + Wey, 63 + + Wick, 63 + + Wien, 63 + + Wigger, 63 + + Willy, 90 + + Windau, 146 + + _Winderius_, 146 + + Windermere (Lake), 146 + + Wipper, 64 + + Wislauf, 158 + + Wisloka, 158 + + Woder, 34 + + Worse, 78 + + Woelpe, 73 + + Wupper, 64 + + Wurdah, 79 + + Wyck, 177 + + Wye, 63 + + + Xalon, 77 + + Xucar, 59 + + + Yssel, 33 + + Ythan, 35 + + + Zeyer, 59 + + Zorn, 56 + + Zna, 52 + + Zwettel, 158 + + Zwittau, 158 + + Zwittawa, 158 + + + + +R. AND J. STEEL, PRINTERS, 57, ENGLISH ST., CARLISLE. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900.txt or 35900.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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