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diff --git a/35900-h/35900-h.htm b/35900-h/35900-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dadf953 --- /dev/null +++ b/35900-h/35900-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8383 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + h1,h2,h3 {clear: both; font-weight: normal;} + h1 {line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 2em;} + body > h3 {margin-bottom: 2em;} + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto; clear: both;} + table {margin: 1em auto;} + td {vertical-align: top;} + .tr1 td {padding-top: .75em;} + .td1 {text-align: justify; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; width: 20em;} + .td2 {text-align: left; padding-right: 2em; padding-left: .5em;} + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; right: 1%; font-size: small; font-style: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0;} + .center,h1,h2,h3,.hd1 {text-align: center;} + .rgt {text-align: right;} + .smcap,.smcapl {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcapl {text-transform: lowercase;} + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px; margin-top: 2em;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; font-size: .8em;} + .poem {margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; width: 23em;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i16 {display: block; margin-left: 16em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .trn {border: solid 1px; margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: justify;} + a:link,a:visited {text-decoration: none;} + ul {list-style-type: none;} + .bk1 {margin-top: 6em;} + .p1 {padding-left: 4em; text-indent: -4em;} + .sp1 {font-size: 150%;} + .hd1 {margin-top: 2em; font-size: large;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The River-Names of Europe + +Author: Robert Ferguson + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [EBook #35900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trn"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> +Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Greek text appears as originally printed, but with a mouse-hover transliteration, <span title="Biblos">Βιβλος</span>.</div> + +<hr /> + +<h1><small><small>THE</small></small><br /> +<big>RIVER-NAMES</big><br /> +<small><small><small>OF</small></small></small><br /> +EUROPE.</h1> + +<h2><big>BY ROBERT FERGUSON.</big></h2> + +<div class="bk1 center">WILLIAMS & NORGATE,<br /> +<small>14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON;<br /> +AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH,<br /> +CARLISLE: R. & J. STEEL.<br /> +<br /> +1862.</small></div> + +<hr /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>The object of the present work is to arrange and +explain the names of European Rivers on a more +comprehensive principle than has hitherto been attempted +in England, or, to the best of my belief, in +Germany.</p> + +<p>I am conscious that, like every other work of the +same sort, it must necessarily, and without thereby +impugning its general system, be subject to correction +in many points of detail. And in particular, that +some of its opinions might be modified or altered by a +more exact knowledge of the characteristics of the +various rivers than can possibly in all cases come +within the scope of individual research.</p> + +<p>Among the writers to whom I am most indebted +is Ernst Förstemann, who, in the second volume of +his Altdeutsches Namenbuch, (the first consisting of +the names of persons), has collected, explained, and +where possible, identified, the ancient names of places +in Germany. The dates affixed to most of the German +rivers are taken from this work, and refer to the +earliest mention of the name in charters or elsewhere.</p> + +<p>I also refer here, because I find that I have not, as +usual, given the titles elsewhere, to Mr. R. S. Charnock's +"Local Etymology," and to the work of Gluck, +entitled "Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommende Keltische +namen."</p> + +<p class="rgt">ROBERT FERGUSON.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<p>The first wave of Asian immigration that +swept over Europe gave names to the great +features of nature, such as the rivers, long +before the wandering tribes that composed +it settled down into fixed habitations, and +gave names to their dwellings and their +lands. The names thus given at the outset +may be taken therefore to contain some of +the most ancient forms of the Indo-European +speech. And once given, they have in many, +if not in most cases remained to the present +day, for nothing affords such strong resistance +to change as the name of a river. The +smaller streams, variously called in England +and Scotland brooks, becks, or burns, whose +course extended but for a few miles, and +whose shores were portioned out among +but a few settlers, readily yielded up their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +ancient names at the bidding of their new +masters. But the river that flowed past, +coming they knew not whence, and going +they knew not whither—upon whose shores +might be hundreds of settlers as well as +themselves, and all as much entitled to +give it a name as they—was naturally, as a +matter of common convenience, allowed to +retain its original appellation.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, it might happen that a river +such as the Danube, which runs more than +a thousand miles as the crow flies—being +divided between two great and perfectly distinct +races, might, as it passed through the +two different countries, be called by two +different names. So we find that while in +its upper part it was called the Danube, in +its lower part it was known as the Ister—the +former, says Zeuss (<i>Die Deutschen</i>), +being its Celtic, and the latter its Thracian +name. So the Saone also was anciently +known both as the Arar and the Sauconna—the +latter, according to Zeuss, being its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +Celtic name. And Latham, (<i>Tacitus</i>, <i>Germania</i>,) +makes a similar suggestion respecting +the Rhine—"It is not likely that the +Batavians of Holland, and the Helvetians of +Switzerland, gave the same name to the very +different parts of their common river." It +does not follow then as a matter of course—though +we must accept it as the general rule—that +the name by which a river is known +at the present day, when it happens to be +different from that recorded in history, is in +all cases the less ancient of the two. There +might originally have been two names, one +of which has been preserved in history, and +the other retained in modern use.</p> + +<p>It is also to be observed, that in the case +of one race coming after another—say Germans +or Slaves after Celts—while the newcomers +retained the old names, they yet often +added a word of their own signifying water +or river. The result is that many names are +compounded of two words of different languages, +and in not a few cases both signifying +water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + +<p>The names thus given at the outset were +of the utmost simplicity, rarely, if ever, containing +a compound idea. They were indeed +for the most part simple appellatives, being +most commonly nothing more than words +signifying water. But these words, once established +as names, entered into a different +category. The words might perish, but the +names endured. The words might change, +but the names did not follow their changes. +Inasmuch as they were both subject to the +same influences, they would most probably in +the main be similarly affected by them. But +inasmuch as the names were independent of +the language, they would not be regulated +in their changes by it. Moreover, in their +case a fresh element came into operation, for, +being frequently adopted by races speaking +a different language, they became subject to +the special phonetic tendencies of the new +tongue. The result is that many names, +which probably contained originally the +same word, appear in a variety of different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +forms. The most important phonetic modifications +I take to be those of the kind referred +to in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>There is no branch of philological enquiry +which demands a wider range than that of +the origin of the names of rivers. All trace +of a name may be lost in the language in +which it was given—we may have to seek +for its likeness through the whole Indo-European +family—and perhaps not find it +till we come at last to the parent Sanscrit. +Thus the name of the Humber is probably +of Celtic origin, but the only cognate words +that we find are the Lat. <i>imber</i> and the +Gr. <span title="ombros">ὄμβρος</span>, till we come to the Sansc. <i>ambu</i>, +water. Celtic also probably are the names +of the Hodder and the Otter, but the words +most nearly cognate are the Gr. <span title="hydôr">ὕδωρ</span> and the +Lith. <i>audra</i>, (fluctus), till we come to the +Sansc. <i>ud</i>, water.</p> + +<p>Again, there are others on which we can +find nothing whatever to throw light till +we come to the Sanscrit. Such are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +Drave and the Trave, for which Bopp proposes +Sansc. <i>dravas</i>, flowing. And the Arve +in Savoy, which I cannot explain till I come +to the Sansc. <i>arb</i> or <i>arv</i>, to ravage or destroy, +cognate with Lat. <i>orbo</i>, Eng. <i>orphan</i>, +&c. And—far as we have to seek for it—how +true the word is, when found, to the +character of that devastating stream; and +how it will come home to the frequenters +of the vale of Chamouni, who well remember +how, within the last few years, its +pretty home-steads were rendered desolate, +and their ruined tenants driven out like +"orphans" into the world! With such fury +does this stream, when swollen by the melted +snows, cast its waters into the Rhone, +that it seems to drive back the latter river +into the lake from whence it issues. And +Bullet relates that on one occasion in 1572, +the mills of Geneva driven by the current +of the Rhone were made for some hours +to revolve in the opposite direction, and to +grind their corn backwards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus then, though we may take it that +the prevailing element in the river-names +of Europe is the Celtic, we must turn for +assistance to all the languages that are cognate. +And, for the double reason of their +great antiquity and their great simplicity, +we shall often find that the nearer we come +to the fountain-head, the clearer and the +more distinct will be the derivation. It will +be seen also throughout the whole of these +pages that, in examining the names of rivers, +we must take not only a wide range of philological +enquiry, but also an extensive comparison +of these names one with another.</p> + +<p>The first step in the investigation is of +course to ascertain, whenever it is possible, +the most ancient forms in which these names +are found. We should scarcely suspect a +relationship between our Itchen and the +French Ionne, if we did not know that the +ancient name of the one was Icene, and of +the other Icauna. Nor would we suppose +that the Rodden of Shropshire was identical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +with the French Rhone, did we not know +that the original name of the latter was the +Rhodănus.</p> + +<p>In this, as in most other departments of +philology, the industry of the Germans has +been the most conspicuous. And Ernst +Förstemann in particular, who has extracted +and collated the ancient names of places in +Germany up to the 12th cent., has furnished +a store of the most valuable materials.</p> + +<p>And yet after all there will be occasions +on which all the resources of philology will +be unavailing. Then we can but gather +together the members of the family and wait +till science shall reveal us something of their +parentage. Thus the Alme that wanders +among the pleasant meads of Devon—the +Alm that flows by the quaint dwellings of +the thrifty Dutch—the Alma that courses +through the dark pine forests of the far +North—the Almo that waters the sacred +vale of Egeria—and the Alma, whose name +brings sorrow and pride to many an English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +household—all contain one wide-spread and +forgotten word, at the meaning of which we +can but darkly guess.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>ON THE ENDINGS <i>a</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>er</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>el</i>.</h3> + +<p>We find that while there are many names +of rivers which contain nothing more than +the simple root from which they are derived, +as the Cam, the Rhine, the Elbe, the Don, +&c., there are others which contain the same +root with various endings, of which the principal +are <i>a</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>er</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>el</i>. Thus the Roth +in Germany, contains a simple root; the +Roth(a), Roth(er), and Rodd(en) in England, +and the Röt(el) in Germany, contain +the same with four different endings. The +German Ise shows a simple root, and the +Germ. Is(ar), Is(en), Eng. Is(is), Dutch +Yss(el), Russ. Iss(et), shew the same with +five different endings. So we have in +England the Tame, the Tam(ar), and the +Tham(es), &c. The question is—what is +the value and meaning of these various additions?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<p>With respect to the ending in <i>a</i>, found in +some English rivers, there is reason to think +that it is a word signifying water—the Old +Norse <i>â</i>, Goth. <i>ahva</i>, Lat. <i>aqua</i>, &c. So that +the <i>a</i> in Rotha may be the same as the <i>a</i> in +the Norwegian Beina and the Swedish Tornea—as +the <i>au</i> in the Germ. Donau (Danube)—and +as the <i>ava</i> in the Moldava of Austrian +Poland.</p> + +<p>Others of these endings have by different +writers been supposed to be also words signifying +water. Thus Donaldson (<i>Varronianus</i>), +takes the ending <i>es</i> to have that +meaning. And Förstemann, though more +cautiously, makes the same suggestion for +the termination <i>ar</i> or <i>er</i>. "I allow myself +here the enquiry whether possibly the river-names +which contain an <i>ar</i> as the concluding +part of the word may not be compounded +with this unknown word for a river; to +assume a simple suffix seems to me in this +case rather niggardly." So also the ending +<i>en</i> has been supposed by some of our own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +Celtic scholars, as Armstrong and O'Brien, +to be the same as the Welsh <i>aven</i>, Gael. +<i>amhainn</i>, water or river, an opinion which +has also, though to a more limited extent, +received the sanction of Pott.</p> + +<p>There are various minor objections to the +above theories which I forbear to urge, because +I think that the main argument against them +is to be found in the manner in which these +endings run through the whole European +system of river-names. And it seems to me +therefore more reasonable to refer them to a +general principle which pervades the Indo-European +languages, than to a particular +word of a particular language. The principle +I refer to is that of phonetic accretion, +and it is that upon which the above word +<i>aven</i> or <i>amhainn</i>, is itself formed from a +simple root, by one of the very endings in +question, that in <i>en</i>. Instead then of explaining—as +the followers of the above system +have done—the Saone (Sagonna) by +the Celt. <i>sogh-an</i>, "sluggish river", I prefer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +to point to the general principle upon which +the root <i>sogh</i> has the power, so to speak, of +making itself into <i>soghan</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, in Lat. <i>segn-is</i>.)</p> + +<p>Not but that the principle contended for +by the above writers may obtain in some +cases: the Garumna, ancient name of the +Garonne, looks like one of them, though +even in this case I think that the latter +may be the proper form, and the former +only a euphonism of the Latin poets: the +geographers, as Ptolemy, call it Garunna.</p> + +<p>Then again the question arises whether, +seeing that <i>en</i> and <i>es</i> in the Celtic tongues, +and <i>el</i> in the Germanic, have the force of +diminution, this may not be the meaning +in the names of rivers. Zeuss, (<i>Die +Deutschen</i>), suggests this in the case of +the Havel and the Moselle; but seeing +that one of these rivers has a course of 180 +and the other of 265 miles, I think they +might rather be adduced to prove that these +endings are not diminutive. We may cite +also the Yssel and the Albula (Tiber), both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +large rivers, with this ending. While in Germany +we have two rivers close together, the +great and little Arl, (anc. Arla, or Arila)—here +seems the very case for a diminutive, +yet both rivers have the same ending. Not +but that there are instances of a diminutive +in river-names, but they seem of later formation. +Thus there is no reason to doubt +that the French Loiret, which is a small +river falling into the large one, means "the +little Loire." Etymology in this case is in +perfect accord with the facts.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole, then, I am inclined to +the opinion, which seems in the main that of +Förstemann, that, at least as the general +rule, these endings are simply phonetic, and +that they have no meaning whatever. In +our own and the cognate languages, <i>en</i> is +the principal phonetic particle—<i>e.g.</i>, English +bow, Germ. bog<i>en</i>—Germ. rabe, Eng. rav<i>en</i>—Lat. +virgo, Fr. vierge, Eng. virg<i>in</i>. But +we have also traces in English of a similar +phonetic <i>er</i>, (<i>see Latham's Handbook of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +the Eng. Language, p. 199</i>). The general +reader will understand better what is here +intended by comparing our words maid and +maid<i>en</i>. Between these two words there is +not the slightest shade of difference as regards +meaning—the ending <i>en</i> is merely +added for the sake of the sound, or, in other +words, it is phonetic. Just the same difference +then that there is between our words +maid and maiden I take to be between the +names of our rivers Lid and Lidden. The +ending in both cases serves, if I may use the +expression, to give a sort of finish to the +word.</p> + +<p>The question then arises—supposing these +endings to be phonetic—were they given in +the first instance, or have they accrued in +after times? It is probable that both ways +might obtain; indeed we have some evidence +to shew that the latter has sometimes been +the case. Thus the Medina in the Isle of +Wight was once called the Mede, and the +Shannon of Ireland stands in Ptolemy as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +the Senus. On the other hand cases are +more frequent in which the ending has been +dropped. Thus the Yare is called by Ptolemy +the Garrhuenus, <i>i.e.</i>, the Garron or +Yarron. And the Teme appears in Anglo-Saxon +charters as the Taméde or Teméde. +Indeed the Thames itself would almost seem, +by having become a monosyllable, to have +taken the first step of a change which has +been arrested for ever. So in Germany the +Bille, Ohm, Orre, and Bordau, appear in +charters of the 8th and 9th cent., as the +Bilena, Amana, Oorana, and Bordine. And +in France the Isara and the Oscara have in +modern times become respectively the Oise +and the Ousche; in both these two cases +the ending <i>er</i> has been dropped; for Oise=<i>is</i>, +not <i>isar</i>; and Ousche=<i>osc</i>, not <i>oscar</i>.</p> + +<p>This latter principle is indeed only in +accordance with the general tendency of +language towards what Max Müller terms +"phonetic decay"—a principle which seems +less active in the rude than in the cultivated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +stages of society. It would appear as if +civilization sought to compensate itself for +the increased requirements of its expression, +by the simplification of its forms, and the +rejection of its superfluous sounds.</p> + +<p>Upon the whole then I think that as the +general rule these endings have been given +in the first instance, and that they have but +rarely accrued in after times. Such being +the case, though in one point of view they +may be called phonetic, as adding nothing +to the sense, yet in another point of view +they may be called formative, as being the +particles by means of which words are constructed +out of simple roots. And of the +names in the following pages, a great part, in +some language, or in some dialect, are still +living words. And those that are not, are +formed regularly upon the same principle, +common to the Indo-European system.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>ON THE MEANING OF RIVER-NAMES.</h3> + +<p>The names of rivers may be divided into +two classes, appellative and descriptive—or +in other words, into those which describe a +river simply as "the water" or "the river," +and those which refer to some special quality +or property of its own.</p> + +<p>In the case of a descriptive name we may +be sure that it has been given—not from +any fine-drawn attribute, but from some +obvious characteristic—not from anything +which we have to seek, but from something +which, as the French say, "saute aux yeux." +If a stream be very rapid and impetuous—if +its course be winding and tortuous—if +its waters be very clear or very turbid—these +are all marked features which would +naturally give it a name.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<p>But such derivations as the following +from Bullet can only serve to provoke a +smile. Thus of the Wandle in Surrey he +says—"Abounding in excellent trouts—<i>van</i>, +good, <i>dluz</i>, a trout." (I much fear that the +"excellent trouts" have been made for the +derivation, and not the derivation for the +trouts.) Of the Irt in Cumberland he says—"Pearls +are found in this river. Irt +signifies surprising, prodigious, marvellous." +Marvellous indeed! But Bullet, though +nothing can be more childish than many of +his etymological processes, has the merit of at +least taking pains to find out what is actually +the notable feature in each case under consideration, +a point which the scholarly Germans +sometimes rather neglect.</p> + +<p>River-names, in relation to their meaning, +may be ranked under seven heads.</p> + +<p class="p1">1. Those which describe a river simply as +"the water," "the river." Parallel with +this, and under the same head, we may +take the words which describe a river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +as "that which flows," because the root-meaning +of most of the words signifying +water is, that which flows, that which +runs, that which goes. Nevertheless, +there may be sometimes fine shades of +difference which we cannot now perceive, +and which would remove the +names out of this class into the next +one.</p> + +<p class="p1">2. Those which, passing out of the appellative +into the descriptive, characterize a +river as that which runs violently, that +which flows gently, or that which +spreads widely.</p> + +<p class="p1">3. Those which describe a river by the +nature of its course, as winding, crooked, +or otherwise.</p> + +<p class="p1">4. Those which refer to the quality of its +waters, as clear, bright, turbid, or otherwise.</p> + +<p class="p1">5. Those which refer to the sound made by +its waters.</p> + +<p class="p1">6. Those which refer to the nature of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +source, or the manner of its formation, +as by the confluence of two or more +streams.</p> + +<p class="p1">7. Those which refer to it as a boundary or +as a protection.</p> + +<p>Under one or other of the above heads +may be classed the greater part of the river-names +of Europe.</p> + +<p>And how dry and unimaginative a list it +is! We dive deep into the ancient language +of Hindostan for the meaning of words, but +we recall none of the religious veneration to +the personified river which is so strikingly +manifest even to the present day. As we +read in the Vedas of three thousand years +ago of the way-farers supplicating the spirit +of the stream for a safe passage, so we read +in the newspapers of to-day of the pilgrims, +as the train rattled over the iron bridge, +casting their propitiatory offerings into the +river below. We seek for word-meanings in +the classical tongue of Greece, but they +come up tinged with no colour of its graceful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +myths. Few and far between are the +cases—and even these are doubtful, to say +the least—in which anything of fancy, of +poetry, or of mythology, is to be traced in +the river-names of Europe.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>APPELLATIVES.</h3> + +<p>The great river of India, which has given +its name to that country, is derived from +Sansc. <i>sindu</i>, Persian <i>hindu</i>, water or sea. +It was known to the ancients under its present +name 500 years <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> Another river of +Hindostan, the Sinde, shews more exactly +the Sansc. form, as the Indus does the Persian. +It will be seen that there are some +other instances of this word in the ancient +or modern river-names of Europe.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Indus</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sinde</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Indus</span> ant., now the Tavas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Indis</span> ant., now the Dain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Inda</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Inde</span> near Aix-la-Chapelle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Inda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Indre</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The most widely spread root is the Sansc. +<i>ap</i>, Goth. <i>ahva</i>, Old High Germ. <i>aha</i>, Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +Norse <i>â</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>ea</i>, Lat. <i>aqua</i>, &c. With +the form <i>ahva</i> Fürst connects Ahava as the +name of a river in the district of Babylon, +mentioned in Ezra, chap. 8, v. 21—"Then +I proclaimed a fast there at the river of +Ahava." But from the 15th verse it would +rather seem that Ahava was a place and not +a river—"and I gathered them together to +the river that <i>runneth</i> to Ahava." The place +might certainly, as in many other cases, take +its name from the river on which it stood, +but this is one step further into the dark. +From the root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i> is formed Latin +<i>amnis</i>, a river, corresponding, as Diefenbach +suggests, with a Sansc. <i>abnas</i>. Also the +Celt. <i>auwon</i>, <i>avon</i>, <i>abhain</i>, or <i>amhain</i>, of the +same meaning, from the simple form found +in Obs. Gael. <i>abh</i>, water. The Old German +<i>aha</i>, <i>awa</i>, <i>ava</i>, or <i>afa</i>, signifying water +or river, is added to many names of that +country which are themselves probably of +Celtic or other origin; the form in Modern +German is generally <i>ach</i> or <i>au</i>. The ending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +in <i>a</i> of some English rivers, as the Rotha, +Bratha, &c., I have already suggested, +chapter 3, may be from the same origin; +this form corresponds most nearly with the +Scandinavian. There are one or two, as the +Caldew in Cumberland, which seem to show +the Germ. form <i>au</i> or <i>ow</i>. The ending <i>ick</i> +or <i>ock</i> in several Scotch rivers, as the Bannock +and the Errick, may be from a word of +similar meaning, most probably the obs. +Gael. <i>oich</i>.</p> + +<p>I divide the widely spread forms from this +root for convenience into two groups, <i>ap</i> or +<i>av</i>, and <i>ach</i> or <i>ah</i>. The relation between the +consonants is shown in the Gr. <span title="hippos">ἵππος</span>, Lat. +<i>equus</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>eoh</i>, horse, three words similarly +formed from one root. The European +names in the following group I take to be +most probably from the Celtic—the Asiatic, +if they come in, must be referred to the +Sanscrit, or a kindred and coeval tongue.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="1"> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ive</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avia</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ipfa</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ipf</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypius</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Celtic auwon, avon, abhain, amhain, Lat. amnis.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avon</span> and <span class="smcap">Evan</span>. Many rivers in England, Scotland, and Wales.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amon</span>, near Edinburgh, also, but less correctly, called the <span class="smcap">Almond</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aven</span>. Dep. Finistère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Amana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ohm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypanis</span> ant., now the Sutledge—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Evenus</span> ant., now the Sandarli—here? <span class="smcap">Amnias</span> ant., probably here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Abana</span> ant., now the Barrada—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Avre</span>. Dep. Eure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ivarus</span>, 2nd cent., now the Salzach. <span class="smcap">Epar(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ebr(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Iberus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ebro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hebrus</span> ant., now the Maritza.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ivel</span>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Somers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Apula</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Appel(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ipoly</span> or <span class="smcap">Eypel</span>. Joins the Danube.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ibisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ips</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aviz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hypsas</span> ant., now the Belici.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Apsus</span> ant., now the Beratinos.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A related form to No. 2 of the above +group I take to be <i>ain</i> = Manx <i>aon</i> for <i>avon</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aune</span>, Devonshire. The <span class="smcap">Ehen</span>, Cumberland. The <span class="smcap">Inney</span>, Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aenus</span> of Tacitus, now the <span class="smcap">Inn</span>. The <span class="smcap">Ihna</span>, Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oenus</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And I place here also a form <i>annas</i>, +which I take to be = Sansc. <i>abnas</i>, Latin +<i>amnis</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Annas</span>. Gwalior.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Anisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ens</span> in Austria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anza</span>. Joins the Tosa.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the other form <i>ah</i>, <i>ach</i>, there may be +more admixture of the German element.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +But the English names, I take it, are all +Celtic. The form <i>ock</i> comes nearest to the +obs. Gael. <i>oich</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ock</span>, Berks. The <span class="smcap">Oke</span>, Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oich</span>, river and lake. The <span class="smcap">Awe</span>, Argyle. The <span class="smcap">Eye</span>, Berwicks.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aa</span>. Dep. Nord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aach</span> and the <span class="smcap">Au</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aa</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oka</span> and the <span class="smcap">Aa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oikell</span>. Sutherland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aquila</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eichel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the Sanscrit root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i> is to be +connected Sanscrit <i>ambu</i>, <i>ambhas</i>, water, +whence Latin <i>imber</i> and Gr. <span title="ombros">ὄμβρος</span>. If the +Abus of Ptolemy was the name of the river +Humber, it contains the oldest and simplest +form of the root. But the river is called +the Humbre in the earliest Ang.-Sax. records. +I class in this group also the forms in <i>am</i> +and <i>em</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emme</span>. Berkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ema</span>, 10th ct., now the <span class="smcap">Eem</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Umea</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emba</span>, also called the Djem.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Emmen</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Humber</span>. Humbre, <i>Cod. Dip.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amber</span>. Derbyshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ammer</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Emmer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Umbro</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ombrone</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amble</span> or <span class="smcap">Hamble</span>. Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amele</span> or <span class="smcap">Emele</span>, now the Mole, in Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hamel</span>. Hanover.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambl(ava)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ambl(ève)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es, perhaps = Sansc. ambhas, water.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hamps</span>. Stafford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Amasse</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Amisia</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Ems</span> in Westphalia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Emisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ems</span> in Nassau.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ambastus</span> ant. Now the Camboja.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>The whole of the above forms are to be +traced back to the Sanscrit verb <i>ab</i> or <i>amb</i>, +signifying to move; and that probably to a +more simple verb <i>â</i>. The Old Norse <i>â</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>eâ</i>, water or river, contain then a root +as primitive as language can show. We can +resolve it into nothing simpler—we can trace +it back to nothing older. And it is curious +to note how the Latin <i>aqua</i> has, in the +present French word <i>eau</i>, come round again +once more to its primitive simplicity. Curious +also to note to what phonetic proportions +many of the words, as the Avon, the Humber, +&c., have grown, and yet without adding +one particle of meaning, as I hold, to the +primeval <i>â</i>.</p> + +<p>The root of the following group seems to +be Sansc. <i>ux</i> or <i>uks</i>, to water, whence Welsh +<i>wysg</i>, Irish <i>uisg</i>, Old Belg. <i>achaz</i>, water or +river. Hence also Eng. <i>ooze</i>, and according +to Eichoff (<i>Parrallele des langues</i>), also +<i>wash</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="15">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="6"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Axe</span>, Devon. The <span class="smcap">Axe</span>, Somers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ash</span>, Wilts. <i>Cod. Dip.</i> <span class="smcap">Asce</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isaca</span>, or <span class="smcap">Isca</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Exe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esk</span>, Cumb. <span class="smcap">Eske</span>, Yorks.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esk</span>, in Scotland, five rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Usk</span>, in Monmouthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isac</span>. Dep. Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esque</span>. Normandy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Achase</span>. Dauphiné.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Achaza</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eschaz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Acarse</span>,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Axe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ahse</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mœsia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Œscus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aces</span> ant. (Herodotus), now the <span class="smcap">Oxus</span> or Amou.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Axius</span> ant., now the Vardar in Macedon.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> <span class="smcap">Axus</span> or <span class="smcap">Oaxes</span> in Crete, still retains its name.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Axona</span> ant. (Cæsar.) Now the <span class="smcap">Aisne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ascania</span> ant. Two lakes, one in Phrygia, and the other in Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Uxella</span> ant., (Richard of Cirencester), supposed to be the Parret.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eskle</span>, Hereford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Iscala</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ischl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oskol</span>. Joins the Donetz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oscara</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ousche</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hisscar</span>, 9th cent., seems not to be identified.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here the root <i>is</i>, +respecting which Förstemann observes that +it is "a word found in river-names over a +great part of Europe, but the etymology of +which is as yet entirely unknown." I connect +it with the above group, referring also +to the Old Norse <i>is</i> motus, <i>isia</i>, proruere, as +perhaps allied. I feel an uncertainty about +bringing the name <span class="smcap">Ouse</span> either in this group +or the last, for two at least of the rivers so +called are so very tortuous in their course +as to make us think of the Welsh <i>osgo</i>, +obliquity.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ise</span> and the <span class="smcap">Eis(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Issus</span> ant., now the Baias—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Isen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isara</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Isère</span> and the <span class="smcap">Oise</span>.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isara</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Isar</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isla</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isolé</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Isela</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Yssel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Esla</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isis</span>, vulg. Ouse.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Isset</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">7.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>In a compound form.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2">The <span class="smcap">Ister</span>, or Danube, perhaps = <span class="smcap">Is-ster</span>, from a word <i>ster</i>, a river, hereafter noticed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Ismenus</span> ant., in Bœotia. The ending seems to be from a Celt. word <i>man</i> or <i>mon</i>, probably signifying water or river, and found in several other names, as the Idumania of Ptolemy, now the Blackwater, the Alcmona of Germany, now the Altmühl, the Haliacmon of Macedonia, now the Vistritza, &c.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Hesudros</span>, the ancient name of the Sutledge (Sansc. <i>udra</i>, water), may also come in.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>ud</i>, water—in comp. +<i>udra</i>, as in <i>samudra,</i> the sea, <i>i.e.</i>, collection +of waters, (see also Hesudros above)—come +Sansc. <i>udon</i>, Gr. <span title="hydôr">ὕδωρ</span>, Slav. <i>woda</i>, Goth. +<i>wato</i>, Germ. <i>wasser</i>, Eng. <i>water</i>, Lith. <i>audra</i>, +fluctus, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Adua</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Adda</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wat(awa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Sansc. udon, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aden(oua)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aden(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er = Germ. wasser, Eng. water, &c.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odder</span> and the <span class="smcap">Otter</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Woder</span>, Dorset. Woder, <i>Cod. Dip.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Adur</span> in Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vedra</span> of Ptolemy, now the Wear, according to Pott, comes in here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aturus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Adour</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Audura</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Eure</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Odora</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Oder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wetter(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wetter</span>.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn.</i><a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Adrana</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Edrenos</span>. Anc. Rhyndacus.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vodla</span>. Lake and river.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>To the above root I also put a form in <i>ed</i>, +corresponding with Welsh <i>eddain</i>, to flow, +Ang.-Sax. <i>edre</i>, a water-course, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eden</span>. Cumberland. Probably the Ituna of Ptolemy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eden</span> and the <span class="smcap">Ythan</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Iton</span>. Joins the Eure.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ettr(ick)</span>. Joins the Tweed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Eiter(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Eitr(ach)</span><a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>, the <span class="smcap">Eiter(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Aiter(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Eidora</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Eider</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Idle</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Idasa</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Itz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the above may perhaps also be +classed the Celtic <i>and</i> or <i>ant</i>,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> to which +Mone, (<i>Die Gallische sprache</i>), gives the +meaning of water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ant</span>. Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anton</span>.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Hants.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Andria</span> ant. Now the Lindre.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Andelle</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Antil(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Andel(au)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>To the Celt. <i>dubr</i>, Welsh <i>dwfr</i>, water, +are by common consent referred the names +in the second division of the undermentioned. +But the forms <i>dub</i>, <i>duv</i>, which in +accordance with the general system here advocated, +I take to be the older and simpler +form of the word, are, by Zeuss (<i>Gramm. +Celt.</i>), as well as most English writers, referred +to Welsh <i>du</i>, Gael. <i>dubh</i>, black.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dove</span>. Staffordshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dow</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tobius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Towy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dovy</span>, Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dubis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Doubs</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Doux</span>, joins the Rhine.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er, forming the Celtic dubr, Welsh dwfr.</i><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dobur</span> ant., retains its name.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Touvre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dubra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Tauber</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Daubr(awa)</span>, Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dubissa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another Celtic word for water is <i>dur</i>, +which, however, seems more common in the +names of towns (situated upon waters) than +in the names of rivers. Is this word formed +by syncope from the last, as <i>duber</i> = <i>dur</i>? +Or is it directly from the root of the Sansc. +<i>drâ</i> or <i>dur</i>, to move?</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Durra</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span title="Douras">Δοῦρας</span>, Strabo, now the Iller or the Isar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switz.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dura</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Thur</span>.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duria</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Dora</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Turrus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Torre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Durius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Douro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tura</span>. Siberia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Turija</span>. Russ. Poland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duranius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Dordogne</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In this chapter is to be included the +root <i>ar</i>, respecting which I quote the following +remarks of Förstemann. "The meaning +of river, water, must have belonged to +this wide-spread root, though I never find +it applied as an appellative, apart from the +obsolete Dutch word <i>aar</i>, which Pott produces. +I also nowhere find even an attempt +to explain the following river-names from +any root, and know so little as scarcely to +make a passing suggestion; even the Sanscrit +itself shows me no likely word approaching +it, unless perhaps we think of <i>ara</i>, swift +(<i>Petersburger Wörterbuch</i>)."</p> + +<p>The root, I apprehend, like that of most +other river-names, is to be found in a verb +signifying to move, to go—the Sansc. <i>ar</i>, <i>ir</i> +or <i>ur</i>, Lat. <i>ire</i>, <i>errare</i>, &c. And we are not +without an additional trace of the sense we +want, as the Basque has <i>ur</i>, water, <i>errio</i>, a +river, and the Hung. has <i>er</i>, a brook. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +sense of swiftness, as found in Sansc. <i>ara</i>, +may perhaps intermix in the following names. +But there is also a word of precisely opposite +meaning, the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, whence +Armstrong, with considerable reason, derives +the name of the Arar (or Saone), a river +noted above all others for the slowness of +its course. Respecting this word as a termination +see page 11.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, Radnor. The <span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ore</span>. Joins the Alde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arrow</span>, lake and river, Sligo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Auray</span>. Dep. Morbihan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ahr</span>, near Bonn, the <span class="smcap">Ohre</span>, which joins the Elbe, and the <span class="smcap">Ohre</span> in Thuringia, had all the same ancient name of Ara.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ur(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aur(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ara</span>, ant. The <span class="smcap">Aar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Era</span>. Joins the Arno.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urius</span> ant., now the Rio Tinte.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oarus</span> (Herodotus), perhaps the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arun</span>, Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orrin</span> and the <span class="smcap">Earne</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Erne</span>, Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oorana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Orre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arn(ape)</span>, 8th cent., (<i>ap</i>, water), now the <span class="smcap">Erft</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ohrn</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Tuscany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arnus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Arno</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Erl(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Erla</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urula</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Erl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arla</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Arl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orla</span>. Joins the Saale.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Savoy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arly</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Slavonia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orly(ava)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ural</span> and the <span class="smcap">Orl(yk)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From <i>ar</i> and <i>ur</i>, to move, the Sanscrit +forms <i>arch</i> and <i>urj</i>, with the same meaning, +but perhaps in a rather more intense degree, +if we may judge by some of the derivatives, +as Lat. <i>urgeo</i>, &c. In two of the three appellatives +which I find, the Basque <i>erreca</i>, +brook, and the Lettish <i>urga</i>, torrent, we may +trace this sense; but in the third, Mordvinian +(a Finnish dialect), <i>erke</i>, lake, it is +altogether wanting. And on the whole, I +cannot find it borne out in the rivers quoted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +below. Perhaps the Obs. Gael. <i>arg</i>, white, +which has been generally adduced as the +etymon of these names, may intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arke</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irk</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ourcq</span>. Dep. Aisne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Orge</span> and the <span class="smcap">Arc</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Herk</span>. Prov. Limburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arc</span>. Joins the Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arga</span>. Joins the Aragon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aragus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Arak</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arguna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Argen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Argun</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aragon</span>. Joins the Ebro.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irkut</span>. Joins the Angara.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arques</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irghiz</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending enz.</i><a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Argenza</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ergers</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>ri</i>, to flow, Gr. <span title="rheô">ῥεω</span>, Lat. +<i>rigo</i> (often applied to rivers—"Qua Ister +Getas rigat," <i>Tibullus</i>), Sansc. <i>rinas</i>, fluid, +Old Sax. <i>rîha</i>, a torrent, Ang.-Sax. <i>regen</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +Eng. <i>rain</i>, Slav. <i>rêka</i>, a stream, Welsh <i>rhe</i>, +rapid, <i>rhean</i>, <i>rhen</i>, a stream, &c., we get the +following group. The river Regen Berghaus +derives from Germ. <i>regen</i>, rain, in reference +to the unusual amount of rain-fall which +occurs in the Böhmer-wald, where it has its +source. Butmann derives it from Wend. and +Slav. <i>rêka</i>, a stream, connecting its name +also with that of the Rhine. Both these +derivations I think rather too narrow.</p> + +<p>With respect to the Rhine I quote the +following opinions. Armstrong derives it +from Celt. <i>reidh-an</i>, a smooth water, than +which nothing can be more unsuitable—the +characteristic of the river, as noticed by all +observers, from Cæsar and Tacitus downwards—being +that of rapidity. Donaldson +compares it with Old Norse <i>renna</i>, fluere, +and makes Rhine = Anglo-Saxon <i>rin</i>, cursus +aquæ. Grimm (<i>Deutsch. Gramm.</i>) compares +it with Goth. <i>hrains</i>, pure, clear, and thinks +that "in any case we must dismiss the derivation +from <i>rinnan</i>, fluere." Zeuss and Förstemann<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +support the opinion of Grimm; +nevertheless, all three agree in thinking that +the name is of Celtic origin. The nearest +word, as it seems to me, is Welsh <i>rhean</i>, +<i>rhen</i>, a stream, cognate with Sansc. <i>rinas</i>, +fluid, Old Norse <i>renna</i>, fluere, and (as I +suppose), with Goth. <i>hrains</i>, pure.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rea</span>. Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wrey</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rye</span>. Joins the Liffey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rega</span>. Pomerania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Regge</span>. Joins the Vecht.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riga</span>. Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rha</span> ant., now the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Regin</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Regen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhenus</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Rhine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhin</span>. Joins the Havel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhine</span>. A small stream near Cassel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reno</span> by Bologna.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asiat. Russ.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rhion</span>, ant. Phasis.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>lî</i>, to wet, moisten, spreads into +many forms through the Indo-European languages. +I divide them for convenience into +two groups, and take first Lat. <i>liqueo</i>, Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +Norse <i>leka</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>lecan</i> (stillare, rigare), +Gael. and Ir. <i>li</i>, sea, Gael. <i>lia</i>, Welsh <i>lli</i>, +<i>llion</i>, a stream. Most of the following names, +I take it, are Celtic. I am not sure that the +sense of stillness or clearness does not enter +somewhat into the two following groups.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lee</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leach</span>. Gloucestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lee</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Licus</span>, 2nd cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lech</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lia</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Luhe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Legia</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lys</span>.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leck</span>. Joins the Maas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lye</span>. Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Welsh llion, a stream.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leen</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lyon</span> and the <span class="smcap">Lyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ligne</span>. Dep. Ardéche.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Legre</span> by Leicester, now the Soar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Liger</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Loire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Legre</span>. Dep. Gironde.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>For the second group I take Lat. <i>lavo</i>, <i>luo</i>, +Old Norse <i>lauga</i>, lavare, Anglo-Saxon <i>lagu</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +water, Gael. <i>lo</i>, water, Gael. and Ir. <i>loin</i>, +stream. In this group there may perhaps +be something more of the Germain element, +<i>e.g.</i>, in the rivers of Scandinavia.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lug</span>. Hereford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Looe</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loue</span>. Dep. Haute Vienne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Louch(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Laucha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Loua</span>, 10th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Finland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Luga</span> or <span class="smcap">Louga</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="15">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lune</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Laine</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leven</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leven</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lagan</span>, near Belfast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Luna</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Loing</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Logan(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lahn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lowna</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lougan</span>. Joins the Glommen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Louven</span>. Stift Christiana.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lugan</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lavino</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The lake <span class="smcap">Lugano</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loony</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lugar</span>. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lloughor</span>. Glamorgan.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>To the above root I also place the following, +corresponding more distinctly with +Welsh <i>llifo</i>, to pour.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liffey</span> by Dublin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Luppia</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Lippe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lip(ka)</span>. Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liver</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liver</span>. Argyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liffar</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>More remotely with the Sansc. <i>lî</i>, liquere, +and directly with Welsh <i>lleithio</i>, to moisten, +<i>llyddo</i>, to pour, Gael. <i>lith</i>, a pool, smooth +water, Goth. <i>leithus</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>lidh</i>, liquor, +poculum, potus, I connect the following. The +rivers themselves hardly seem to bear out +the special idea of smoothness, which we +might be apt to infer from the root, and +from the character of the mythological river +Lethe.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td rowspan="6"></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lid</span>. Joins the Tamar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leith</span>. Co. Edinburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Laith</span>, now called the Dyfr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lit(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Leitha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lida</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leitha</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="center" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: 300%;">}</span></td><td class="td1" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="smcap">Lethæus</span> ant., three rivers—here?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thessaly.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Crete.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lidden</span> (Leden, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>) Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leithan</span>. Peebles.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liddle</span>. Joins the Esk.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>nî</i>, to move, comes <i>nîran</i>, +water, corresponding with the Mod. Greek +<span title="neron">νερόν</span> of the same meaning. And that the +Greek word is no new importation into that +language, we may judge by the name of +Nereus, a water-god, the son of Neptune. +The Gr. <span title="naô">ναω</span>, fluo, the Gael. <i>nigh</i>, to bathe, +to wash, and the Obs. Gael. <i>near</i>, water, a +river, show a close relationship; the Heb. +<i>nhar</i>, a river, also seems to be allied. Compare +the Nore, a name given to part of the +estuary of the Thames, with the Narra, the +name of the two branches by which the Indus +flows into the sea. Also with the Nharawan, +an ancient canal from the Tigris towards +the Persian Gulf. And with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +Curische Nehrung, a strip of land which +separates the lagoon called the Curische Haf +in Prussia from the waters of the Baltic. On +this name Mr. Winning remarks,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> "I offer +the conjecture that the word <i>nehrung</i> is +equivalent to our break-water, and that it is +derived from the Sabine (or Old Prussian) +term <i>neriene</i>, strength, bravery." I should +propose to give it a meaning analogous, but +rather different—deriving it from the word +in question, <i>nar</i> or <i>ner</i>, water, and some +equivalent of Old Norse <i>engia</i>, coarctare, +making <i>nehrung</i> to signify "that which confines +the waters" (of the lake). In all these +cases there is something of the sense of an +estuary, or of a channel communicating with +the sea—the Curische Haf being a large +lagoon which receives the river Niemen, and +discharges it by an outlet into the Baltic. +The following names I take to be for the +most part of Celtic origin.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Now</span>. Derbyshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nar</span>. Norfolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nore</span>, part of the estuary the Thames.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Neagh</span>. A lake, Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nore</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nor(aha)</span>, 8th cent., also called the <span class="smcap">Naha</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nar</span><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> ant. The <span class="smcap">Nera</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nerja</span>. Malaga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nar(ova)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Narew</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Europ. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naro</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Narenta</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mauretania.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nia</span> ant., now the Senegal—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Narra</span>, two branches of the Indus—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en, = Sansc. nîran, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naron</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naren</span> or <span class="smcap">Nairn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neers</span>. Rhen. Pruss.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>nî</i>, to move, Gael. <i>nigh</i>, +to bathe, to wash, comes, I apprehend, the +Welsh <i>nannaw</i>, <i>nennig</i>, <i>nant</i>, a small stream.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nene</span> or <span class="smcap">Nen</span>. Northampton.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nent</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nenagh</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nenny</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Closely allied to <i>nî</i>, to move, I take to be +Sansc. <i>niv</i>, to flow, Welsh <i>nofio</i>, to swim, to +float, whence the names undermentioned. The +Novius of Ptolemy, supposed to be the Nith, +if not a false rendering, might come in here.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nive</span>. Joins the Adour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naba</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Naab</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naba</span> or <span class="smcap">Nava</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nahe</span> or <span class="smcap">Nave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Navia</span>. Falls into the Bay of Biscay.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neva</span> and the <span class="smcap">Neiva</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hindostan.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naaf</span>. Falls into the Bay of Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nabon</span>. Prov. Fars.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Niemen</span>.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Naver</span>. River and lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Never</span>. Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Niveris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Nievre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Naparis</span> (Herodotus), supposed to be the Ardisch.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France and Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nivelle</span>. Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nabalis</span> (Tacitus), by some thought to be the Yssel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nevis</span>. Rises on Ben Nevis.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the same root, <i>nî</i>, to move, and +closely connected with the last group, I take +to be Sansc. <i>nis</i>, to flow, to water. Zeuss +(<i>Die Deutschen</i>) takes the word, as far as it +relates to the rivers of Germany, to be of +Slavonic origin. It appears to be the word +found as the second part of some Slavonic +river-names, as the Yalomnitza. But it is +also both Celtic and Teutonic, for the Armorican +has <i>naoz</i>, a brook, and the German +has <i>nasz</i>, wet, <i>nässen</i>, to be wet.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ness</span>. River and lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nisa</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Neisse</span>, two rivers, both of which join the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Niss(ava)</span>. Joins the Morava.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nisi</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neste</span>. Hautes Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nestus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>From the Greek <span title="naô">ναω</span>, fluo, comes <span title="nama">νᾶμα</span>, +a stream, <span title="namatiaion hydôr">ναματιᾶιον ὕδωρ</span>, running water. +Hence seems to be <span class="smcap">Namadus</span>, the name +given by the Greek geographers to the Nerbudda +of India.</p> + +<p>Another form which I take to be derived +from the above Sanscrit root <i>nî</i>, by the prefix +<i>s</i>, is Sansc. <i>snu</i>, fluere, stillare, (whence +Germ. <i>schnee</i>, Eng. <i>snow</i>, &c.)</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Znuuia</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schnei</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zna</span> or <span class="smcap">Tzna</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A derivative form is the Gael. and Ir. +<i>snidh</i> or <i>snith</i>, to ooze through, distil, Obs. +Gael. and Ir. <i>snuadh</i>, to flow, and <i>snuadh</i>, a +river, whence I take the following. Förstemann +refers to Old High German <i>snidan</i>, +Modern German <i>schneiden</i>, to divide, in the +sense of a boundary, which is a root suitable +enough in itself, though I think it ought to +yield the preference to the direct sense of +water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Snyte</span>. Leicestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sneid(bach)</span>, 8th cent., seems to be now called the Aue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Smid(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schmida</span>, which joins the Danube. For Snidaha?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>snid</i> or <i>snith</i> introduces the form +<i>nid</i> or <i>nith</i>, and suggests the enquiry whether +that may not also be a word signifying +water. Donaldson, (<i>Varronianus</i>), referring +to a word Nethuns, "found on a Tuscan +mirror over a figure manifestly intended for +Neptune," observes that "there can be little +doubt that <i>nethu</i> means water in the Tuscan +language." Assuming the correctness of the +premises, I think that this must be the case; +and that as the Naiades (water-nymphs), +contain the Greek <span title="naô">ναω</span>; as Nereus (a water-god), +contains the word <i>ner</i> before referred +to; as Neptune contains the Greek <span title="niptô">νίπτω</span>, in +each case involving the signification of water, +so Nethuns (=Neptunus) must contain a related +word <i>neth</i> or <i>nethun</i> of the same meaning. +Also that this word comes in its place +here, as a derivative of the root <i>nî</i>, and as a +corresponding form to the Celtic <i>snidh</i> or +<i>snith</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<p>There are, however, two other meanings +which might intermix in the following names; +the one is that suggested by Baxter, viz., +Welsh <i>nyddu</i>, to turn or twist, in the sense +of tortuousness; and the other is Old Norse +<i>nidr</i>, fremor, strepitus.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nidd</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nith</span>. Dumfriesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neath</span>. Glamorgan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nied</span>. Joins the Sarre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethe</span>. Joins the Ruppel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nida</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nidda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethe</span>. Joins the Weser.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nida</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nidda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Neda</span> ant., now the Buzi in Elis.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nethan</span>. Lesmahago.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn (see note p. <a href="#Footnote_8_8">34</a>).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Nitorne</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Nidder</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There can hardly be a doubt that the +words <i>sar</i>, <i>sor</i>, <i>sur</i>, so widely spread in the +names of rivers, are to be traced to the Sansc. +<i>sar</i>, <i>sri</i>, to move, to go, <i>sru</i>, to flow, whence +<i>saras</i>, water, <i>sarit</i>, <i>srôta</i>, river. The Permic +and two kindred dialects of the Finnic class<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +have the simple form <i>sor</i> or <i>sur</i>, a river, and +the Gaelic and Irish have the derived form +<i>sruth</i>, to flow, <i>sroth</i>, <i>sruth</i>, river. In the names +Sorg, Sark, Sarco, I rather take the guttural +to have accrued.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="18">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soar</span>. Leicester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sark</span>, forms the boundary between England and Scotland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serre</span>. Joins the Oise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Saravus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Saar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Soraha</span>, 8th cent., a small stream seemingly now unnamed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sura</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sure</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sorg</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sare</span> and the <span class="smcap">Sur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sura</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sura</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Svir</span>, falls into Lake Ladoga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Lombardy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serio</span>. Joins the Adda.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serchio</span> or <span class="smcap">Sarco</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sora</span>. Joins the Tagus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Serus</span> ant., now the Meinam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarus</span> ant., now the Sihon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarayu</span><a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> ant., now the Sardju.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arius</span><a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> ant., now the Heri Rud.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seran</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Serain</span>. Joins the Yonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sorna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Zorn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suren</span>. Cant. Aargau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarnus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Sarno</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sarnius</span> ant., now the Atrek.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>saras</i>, water, seems to be found +in the following two names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarsonne</span>. Dep. Corrèze.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with wati = Goth. wato, water.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Saraswati</span>, which still retains its ancient name.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And the Sansc. <i>sarit</i>, Gael. and Ir. <i>sroth</i>, +<i>sruth</i>, a river, seem to be found in the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swords</span> river near Dublin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarthe</span>. Joins the Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Galicia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sered</span>. Joins the Dniester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Moldavia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sereth</span>. Ant. Ararus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sarat(ovka)</span>.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Gov. Saratov.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> +<p>It would seem that the foregoing forms +<i>sri</i>, <i>sru</i>, <i>srot</i>, sometimes take a phonetic <i>t</i>, +and become <i>stri</i>, <i>stru</i>, <i>strot</i>. Thus one +Celtic dialect, the Armorican, changes <i>sur</i> +into <i>ster</i>, and another, the Cornish, changes +<i>sruth</i> into <i>struth</i>—both words signifying a +river. But indeed the natural tendency +towards it is too obvious to require much +comment. Hence we may take the names +Stry and Streu. But is the form Stur from +this source also? Förstemann finds an etymon +in Old High German <i>stur</i>, Old Norse +<i>stôr</i>, great. This may obtain in the case of +some of the rivers of Scandinavia, but is +hardly suited for those of England and +Italy, none of which are large. The root, +moreover, seems too widely spread, if, as I +suspect, it is this which forms the ending of +many ancient names as the Cayster, the +Cestrus, the Alster, Elster, Ister, Danastris, +&c. The Armorican <i>ster</i>, a river, seems to +be the word most nearly concerned.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>The form stry, stru, stur.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sturius</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Stour</span>. There are six rivers of this name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Strowa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Streu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sturia</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Stör</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Stura</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Storas</span> (Strabo), now the <span class="smcap">Astura</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Aust. Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stry</span>. Joins the Dniester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Styr</span>. Joins the Pripet.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>The form struth.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stroud</span>. Gloucester.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Stort</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Unstrut</span> Förstemann places here, as far as the ending <i>strut</i> is concerned.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sanscrit root <i>su</i>, liquere, come +Sansc. <i>sava</i>, water, Old High German <i>sou</i>, +Lat. <i>succus</i>, moisture, Gael. <i>sûgh</i>, a wave, +&c.; (on the apparent resemblance between +Sansc. <i>sava</i>, water and Goth. <i>saivs</i>, sea, +Diefenbach observes, we must not build). +Hence I take to be the following; but a +word very liable to intermix is Gael. <i>sogh</i>, +tranquil; and where the character of stillness +is very marked, I have taken them +under that head.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sow</span>. Warwickshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suck</span>. Joins the Shannon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Save</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sabis</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span>, now the Sambre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Savus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Save</span> or <span class="smcap">Sau</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Söve</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seva</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savio</span>. Pont. States.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sieve</span>. Joins the Arno.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savena</span> or <span class="smcap">Saona</span>. Piedmont.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevan</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Severus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Suire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sevira</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Zeyer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevre</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sucro</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Xucar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sabor</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn (see note p. <a href="#Footnote_8_8">34</a>).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sabrina</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Severn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sevron</span>. Dep. Saône-et-Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savran(ka)</span>. Gov. Podolia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Lombardy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Savezo</span> near Milano.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Sanscrit <i>mih</i>, to flow, to pour, Old +Norse <i>mîga</i>, scaturire, Anglo-Saxon <i>migan</i>, +<i>mihan</i>, to water, Sansc. <i>maighas</i>, rain, Old +Norse <i>mîgandi</i>, a torrent—("unde," says +Haldorsen, "nomina propria multorum torrentium"),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +Obs. Gael. and Ir. <i>machd</i>, a wave, +I find the root of the following. Most of the +names are no doubt from the Celtic, though +the traces of the root are more faint in that +tongue than in the Teutonic. This I take +to be the word, which in the forms <i>ma</i>, and +<i>man</i> or <i>men</i>, forms the ending of several +river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maig</span> and the <span class="smcap">Moy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span> and the <span class="smcap">Maw</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">May</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maia</span>. Joins the Aldon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mhye</span>. Bombay.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="11">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mawn</span>. Notts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Meon</span>. Hants. (Meôn eâ, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Main</span> and the <span class="smcap">Moyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maine</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mehaigne</span>. Joins the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Moenus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Main</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maina</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Main</span>. Joins the Anadyr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Megna</span>. Prov. Bengal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mahanuddy</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Magra</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Genoa.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Meal</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Miele</span>. Falls into the German Ocean.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Macestus</span>. Joins the Rhyndacus.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>mî</i>, to flow, come also Sansc. +<i>mîras</i>, Lat. <i>mare</i>, Goth. <i>marei</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>mêr</i>, Germ. <i>meer</i>, Welsh <i>mar</i>, <i>mor</i>, Gael. +and Ir. <i>muir</i>, Slav. <i>morie</i>, &c., sea or lake. +I should be more inclined however to derive +most of the following from the cognate +Sansc. <i>mærj</i>, to wash, to water, Lat. <i>mergo</i>, +&c. Also, the Celtic <i>murg</i>, in the more +definite sense of a morass, may come in for +some of the forms.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="11">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Morge</span>. Dep. Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marus</span> (Tacitus). The <span class="smcap">March</span>, Slav. <span class="smcap">Mor(ava)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Muora</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Muhr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Murra</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Murga</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murg</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mark</span>. Joins the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Murg</span>. Cant. Thurgau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mora</span>. Div. Novara.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Margus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Morava</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Marecchia</span>. Pont. States—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mergui</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mourne</span>. Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marne</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Mare</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Merina</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Mörn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mersey</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Muoriza</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Murz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Dacia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marisus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Marosch</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Phrygia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Marsyas</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another form of Sansc. <i>marj</i>, to wet, to +wash, is <i>masj</i>, whence I take the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mask</span>, a lake in Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mosk(va)</span>, by Moscow, to which it gives the name.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sanscrit <i>vag</i> or <i>vah</i>, to move, +comes <i>vahas</i>, course, flux, current, cognate +with which are Goth. <i>wegs</i>, Germ. <i>woge</i>, Eng. +<i>wave</i>, &c. An allied Celtic word is found as +the ending of many British river-names, as +the Conway, the Medway, the Muthvey, the +Elwy, &c. Hence I take to be the following, +in the sense of water or river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wey</span>. Dorset.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wey</span>. Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waag</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vaga</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vagai</span> and the <span class="smcap">Vakh</span> in Siberia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vayah</span>. Madras.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waveney</span>. Norf. and Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Waver</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Netherlands.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vahalis</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Waal</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. vahas?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vogesus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vosges</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>An allied form to the above is found in +Sansc. <i>vi</i>, <i>vîc</i>, to move, Lat. <i>via</i>, &c., and to +which I put the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wye</span>. Monmouthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wick</span>. Caithness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vie</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vig</span>. Forms lake <span class="smcap">Vigo</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vigenna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vienne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wien</span>, which gives the name to Vienna, (Germ. Wien).</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wigger</span>. Cant. Lucerne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vegre</span>. Dep. Sarthe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Viaur</span>—probably here.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wegier(ka)</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vegiaur</span>, Madras—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Formed on the root <i>vi</i>, to move, is probably +also the Sansc. <i>vip</i> or <i>vaip</i>, to move, to +agitate, Latin <i>vibrare</i>, perhaps <i>vivere</i>, Old +Norse <i>vippa</i>, <i>vipra</i>, gyrare, Eng. <i>viper</i>, &c. +I cannot trace in the following the sense of +rapidity, which we might suspect from the +root. Nor yet with sufficient distinctness the +sense of tortuousness, so strongly brought +out in some of its derivatives.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Weaver</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vever</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wippera</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Wipper</span> (two rivers), and the <span class="smcap">Wupper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vipasa</span>, the Sanscrit name of the Beas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vibsicus</span> ant. (properly Vibissus?) The <span class="smcap">Veveyse</span> by Vevay.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>vip</i>, to move, taking the +prefix <i>s</i>, is formed <i>swip</i>, which I have dealt +with in the next chapter.</p> + +<p>In the Sansc. <i>par</i>, to move, we find the +root of Gael. <i>beathra</i> (pronounced <i>beara</i>),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +Old Celt. <i>ber</i>, water, Pers. <i>baran</i>, rain, &c., +to which I place the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bere</span>. Dorset.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bargus</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Barrow</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bar</span>. Dep. Ardennes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Berre</span>. Dep. Aude.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bahr</span>, the <span class="smcap">Behr</span>, the <span class="smcap">Behre</span>, the <span class="smcap">Paar</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beraun</span> near Prague.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Behrun</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pernau.</span> Gulf of Riga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>plu</i>, to flow, Lat. <i>pluo</i> +and <i>fluo</i>, come Sansc. <i>plavas</i>, flux, Lat. <i>pluvia</i> +and <i>fluvius</i>, Gr. <span title="plynô">πλυνω</span>, lavo, Ang.-Sax. +<i>flôwe</i>, <i>flum</i>, Lat. <i>flumen</i>, river, &c. Hence +we get the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plau</span>, river and lake.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flevo</span>, 1st cent. The Zuiderzee, the outlet of which, between Vlieland and Schelling, is still called <span class="smcap">Vlie</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Plavis</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Piave</span>, falls into the Adriatic.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plaine</span>. Joins the Meurthe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plone</span>. Joins the Haff.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plan-see</span>, a lake in the Tyrol.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ploen.</span> A lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plonna</span>. Prov. Plock.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above root come also the following, +which compare with Sansc. <i>plavas</i>, +Mid. High Germ. <i>vlieze</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>fliess</i>, +Old Fries. <i>flêt</i>, Old Norse <i>fliot</i>, stream. And +I think that some at least of this group are +German.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>. Joins the Trent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>, now called the Fleetditch in London.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fleet</span>. Kirkcudbright.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bleisa</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Pleisse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flieta</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Vliet</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pliusa</span>. Gulf of Finland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Fliedina</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Flieden</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Flietn(itz)</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vliest</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pleistus</span> ant., near Delphi.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There are two more forms from the same +root, the former of which we may refer to +the Irish and Gael. <i>fluisg</i>, a flushing or flowing. +The latter shows a form nearest to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +Ang.-Sax. and Old High Germ. <i>flum</i>, Lat. +<i>flumen</i>, though I think that the names must +be rather Celtic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Flisk</span>. Falls into the Lake of Killarney.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pleiske</span>. Joins the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Plym</span>, by Plymouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Palme</span>, by Palmton.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pelym</span>. Gov. Tobolsk.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>gam</i>, to go, is derived, +according to Bopp and Monier Williams, the +name of the Ganges, in Sanscrit Gangâ. The +word is in fact the same as the Scotch +"gang," which seems to be derived more immediately +from the Old Norse <i>ganga</i>. In +the sense of "that which goes," the Hindostanee +has formed <i>gung</i>, a river, found in the +names of the Ramgunga, the Kishengunga, +the Chittagong, and other rivers of India. +The same ending is found by Förstemann in +the old names of one or two German rivers, +as the Leo near Salzburg, which in the 10th +cent. was called the <span class="smcap">Liuganga</span>. Another +name for the Ganges is the Pada, for which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +Hindoo ingenuity has sought an origin in +the myth of its rising from the foot of Vishnoo. +But as <i>pad</i> and <i>gam</i> in Sanscrit have +both the same meaning, viz., to go, I am inclined +to suggest that the two names Ganga +and Pada may simply be synonymes of each +other.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ganges</span>. Sanscrit <span class="smcap">Ganga</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gingy</span>. Pondicherry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Khank(ova)</span>. Joins the Don.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gangitus</span> ant., in Macedonia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. verb <i>gam</i>, to go, along with +its allied forms, is formed on a simpler verb +<i>gâ</i>, of the same meaning. To this I put the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gouw</span>. Joins the Yssel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Choes</span> or <span class="smcap">Cho(aspes)</span><a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gewin(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Jahn(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ster, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cayster</span> and <span class="smcap">Cestrus</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>The Sansc. <i>ikh</i>, to move, must, I think, +contain the root of the following, though I +find no derivatives in any sense nearer to +that of water or river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ik</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Icena</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) The <span class="smcap">Itchen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Icauna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Ionne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Moravia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Igla</span> or <span class="smcap">Igl(awa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ecolle</span>. Dep. Seine-et-Oise.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>dravas</i>, flowing, are derived, +according to Bopp, the Drave and the +Trave. The root-verb is, I presume, <i>drâ</i>, to +move. Hence I have suggested, p. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, may +be the Welsh <i>dwr</i>, water.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarf</span>, several small rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Dravus</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Drave</span>, Germ. <span class="smcap">Drau</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trebbia</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Travena</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Trave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Trewina</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Dran</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Drona</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Drone</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Truna</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Traun</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dronne</span>. Joins the Isle.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>dram</i>, to move, to run, Gr. +<span title="dremô">δρέμω</span>, whence <i>dromedary</i>, &c., is to be found +the root of the following. But <i>dram</i>, as I +take it, is an interchanged form with the +preceding <i>drav</i>, as <i>amon</i> = <i>avon</i>, &c., <i>ante</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trome</span> and the <span class="smcap">Truim</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drome</span> and the <span class="smcap">Darme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Durme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Darm</span>, by Darmstadt.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drammen</span>. Christiania Fjord.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another word of the same meaning as the +last, and perhaps allied in its root, is Sansc. +<i>trag</i>, to run, Gr. <span title="trechô">τρέχω</span>, Goth. <i>thragjan</i>. It +will be observed that the above Greek verb +mixes up in its tenses with the obsolete verb +<span title="dremô">δρέμω</span> of the preceding group. In all these +words signifying to run there may be something +of rapidity, though I am not able to +remove them out of this category.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drac</span>. Joins the Isère.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Prussia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drage</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tragus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Treja</span>. Joins the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Trachino</span>. Joins the Simeto.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>il</i>, to move, Gr. <span title="heilô">ἑίλω</span>, Old High +Germ. <i>ilen</i>, Swed. <i>ila</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>eilen</i>, to +hasten, Fr. <i>aller</i>, &c., is a very widely spread +root in river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ile</span>. Somerset.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Allow</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ill</span>, the <span class="smcap">Ille</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Ellé</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Illa</span>, 9th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ill</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Il(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Il(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alle</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Allia</span> ant., near Rome.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alaunus</span> (Ptolemy). Perhaps the <span class="smcap">Axe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alne</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ellen</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Allan</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilen</span>. Cork.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aulne</span>. Dep. Finistère.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Aller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilara</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Iller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ellero</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to move, to +go, I take to be the Gael. <i>ald</i> or <i>alt</i>, a stream, +(an older form of which, according to Armstrong,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +is <i>aled</i>); and the Old Norse <i>allda</i>, +Finnish <i>aalto</i>, a wave, billow. As an ending +this word is found in the <span class="smcap">Nagold</span> of Germany +(ant. <span class="smcap">Nagalta</span>), and in the <span class="smcap">Herault</span> +of France, Dep. Herault. Förstemann makes +the former word <i>nagalt</i>, and remarks on it +as "unexplained." It seems to me to be a +compound word, of which the former part is +probably to be found in the root <i>nig</i> or <i>nî</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alde</span>. Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alt</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Oltis</span> ant., now the Lot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Eld</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Elda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alta</span>. Gov. Poltova.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Aldena</span>, 11th cent., now the Olle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alten</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aldan</span>. Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to move, I take +to be the Old Norse <i>elfa</i>, Dan. <i>elv</i>, Swed. <i>elf</i>, +a river. The river <span title="Alpis">Ἄλπις</span> mentioned in Herodotus +is supposed by Mannert to be the Inn +by Innsbrück. I think the able Editor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +Smith's Ancient Geography has scarcely sufficient +ground for his supposition that Herodotus, +in quoting the Alpis and Carpis as +rivers, confounded them with the names of +mountains. The former, it will be seen, is +an appellative for a river; the latter is found +in the name Carpino, of an affluent of the +Tiber, and might be from the Celt. <i>garbh</i>, +violent; a High Germ. element, for instance, +would make <i>garbh</i> into <i>carp</i>. But indeed +the form <i>carp</i> is that which comes nearest +to the original root, if I am correct in supposing +it to be the Sansc. <i>karp</i>, Lat. +<i>carpo</i>, in the sense of violent action. In the +following list I should be inclined to take +the names Alapa, Elaver, and Ilavla, as nearest +to the original form.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albis</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Elbe</span>. Also the <span class="smcap">Alb</span> in Baden, and the <span class="smcap">Alf</span> in Pomerania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alpis</span> (Herodotus), perhaps the Inn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alapa</span>, 8th cent., now the Wölpe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aupe</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alba</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Aube</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Auve</span>. Dep. Marne.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helpe</span>. Joins the Sambre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alpheus</span> ant., now the Rufio—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Elvan</span>. Joins the Clyde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albana</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Alben</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Tuscany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albinia</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Albegna</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elaver</span> ant., now the Allier.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albla</span>, 11th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Albula</span>, the ancient name of the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilavla</span>. Joins the Don.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Förstemann seems to me to be right in his +conjecture that the forms <i>alis</i>, <i>els</i>, <i>ils</i>, are +also extensions of the root <i>al</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>il</i>. We see +the same form in Gr. <span title="helissô">ἑλισσω</span>, an extension of +<span title="heilô">ἑιλω</span>, and having just the same meaning of +verso, volvo. Indeed I think that this word, +which we find specially applied to rivers, is +the one most concerned in the following +names, two of which, it will be seen moreover, +belong to Greece. Hence may perhaps +be derived the name of the Elysii, (wanderers?) +a German tribe mentioned in Tacitus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +And through them, of many names of men, +as the Saxon Alusa and Elesa, down to our +own family names Alice and Ellice.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alise</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elza</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Elz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilsa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Ilse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alass</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Riga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilissus</span> ant., still retains its name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Halys</span> ant., now the Kizil-Irmak.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Elison</span>, 3rd cent., now the Lise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alisna</span>, 7th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ellison</span> or <span class="smcap">Helisson</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alzissa</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Alz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilzisa</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ilz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The root <i>sal</i> Förstemann takes to be Celtic, +and to mean salt water. No doubt saltness +is a characteristic which would naturally +give a name to a river. So it does in the +case of the "Salt River" in the U.S., and of +the Salza in the Salzkammergut. But I can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +hardly think that all the many rivers called +the <span class="smcap">Saale</span> are salt, and I am inclined to go +deeper for the meaning. The Sansc. has <i>sal</i>, +to move, whence <i>salan</i>, water. The first +meaning then seems to be water—applied to +the sea as <i>the</i> water—and then to salt as +derived from the sea. So that when the Gr. +<span title="als">άλς</span>, the Old Norse <i>salt</i>, and the Gael. <i>sal</i>, all +mean both salt, and also the sea, the latter +may be the original sense. From the above +root, <i>sal</i>, to move, the Lat. forms both <i>salire</i> +and <i>saltare</i>, as from the same root come <i>sal</i> +and <i>salt</i>. I take the root <i>sal</i> then in river-names +to mean, at least in some cases, water. +In one or two instances the sense of saltness +comes before us as a known quality, and in +such case I have taken the names elsewhere. +But failing the proper proof, which would +be that of tasting, I must leave the others +where they stand.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sala</span>, 1st cent. Five rivers called the <span class="smcap">Saale</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salia</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Seille</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sellé</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sal</span>. Joins the Don.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salo</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Xalon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en = Sansc. salan, water?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Slaan</span> and the <span class="smcap">Slaney</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Selune</span>. Dep. Manche.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It is possible that the root <i>als</i>, <i>ils</i>, found +in the name of several rivers, as the <span class="smcap">Alz</span>, +<span class="smcap">Elz</span>, <span class="smcap">Ilse</span>, may be a transposition of the +above, just as Gr. <span title="als">άλς</span> = Lat. <i>sal</i>. But upon +the whole I have thought another derivation +better, and have included them in a preceding +group.</p> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>var</i> or <i>vars</i>, to bedew, +moisten, whence <i>var</i>, water, <i>varsas</i>, rain, Gr. +<span title="ersê">ἐρση</span>, dew, Gael. and Ir. <i>uaran</i>, fresh water, +I get the following, dividing them into the +two forms, <i>var</i> and <i>vars</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form var.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ver</span>. Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Viria</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Vire</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Werre</span> in Thuringia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Warinna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Wern</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Warn(au)</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Varano</span>,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> a lagoon on the Adriatic shore.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form vars.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Worse</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ource</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wers</span>. Joins the <span class="smcap">Ems</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arsia</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Varese</span>. Lake in Lombardy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arosis</span> ant., now the Tab—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Araxes</span><a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Aras</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ursena</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Oertze</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Orsinus</span> ant., now the Hagisik—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ursela</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ursel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hörsel</span>. Joins the Werre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the above Sansc. <i>var</i>, to moisten, to +water, is contained, as I take it, the root of +the Finnic <i>wirta</i>, a river, the only appellative +I can find for the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wert(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wert(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Poland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Warta</span>. Joins the Oder.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Varde</span>. Prov. Jütland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wurdah</span>. Joins the Godavery.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Verdon</span>. Dep. Var.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vartrey</span>. Wicklow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vardre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Europ. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vardar</span>, ant. Axius.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following names have been generally +supposed to be derived from Welsh <i>cledd</i> +or <i>cleddeu</i>, sword, and to be applied metaphorically +to a river. But I think it will be +seen from the Sansc. <i>klid</i>, to water, whence +<i>klaidan</i>, flux, Gr. <span title="klydôn">κλύδων</span>, fluctus, unda, Ang.-Sax. +<i>glade</i>, a river, brook, that the meaning +of water lies at the very bottom of the word. +Perhaps, however, as the senses of a running +stream and of a sharp point often run parallel +to each other, there may be in this case a relationship +between them.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clyde</span>. (<span class="smcap">Clota</span>, Ptolemy.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cloyd</span>, the <span class="smcap">Clwyd</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Cleddeu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glyde</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cladeus</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Umbria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clit(umnus)</span><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> ant.—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klodn(itz)</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clitora</span> in Arcadia, on which stood the ancient Clitorium.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cludros</span> ant., in Caria.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There are two Sanscrit roots from which +the word <i>ag</i>, <i>ang</i>, <i>ing</i>, in river-names might +be deduced. One is the verb <i>ag</i> or <i>aj</i>, to +move, whence <i>anjas</i>, movement, (or the verb +<i>ac</i> or <i>anc</i>, to traverse), and the other is the +verb <i>ag</i> or <i>ang</i>, to contract, whence Latin +<i>anguis</i>, snake, <i>anguilla</i>, eel, Eng. <i>angle</i>, &c. +The sense then might be either the ordinary +one of motion, the root-meaning of most +river names, or it might be the special sense +of tortuousness. But as the only appellative +I can find is the word <i>anger</i>, a river, in the +Tcheremissian dialect of the Finnic (Bonaparte +polyglott), I think it safer to follow +the most common sense, though the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +may not improbably intermix. The derivation +of Mone, from Welsh <i>eog</i>, salmon, I do +not think of.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ankin(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Eckn(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ingon</span>. Dep. Somme.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="9">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Anker</span>. Leicestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ackara</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Agger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Agara</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Eger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angerap</span> (<i>ap</i>, water), Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angera</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Acaris</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Agri</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Servia?</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Angrus</span> (Herodotus).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aghor</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Angel</span>, three rivers (Baden, Westphalia, and Bohemia).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ingul</span>. Joins the Bug.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Agasta</span>,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Aiss</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>pî</i>, to drink, also to give +to drink, to water, Gr. <span title="piô">πιω</span>, <span title="pinô">πινω</span>, we may get +a form <i>pin</i> in river-names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Peen</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holstein.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pinau</span>. Joins the Elbe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pina</span>. Joins the Pripet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pinka</span>—here?<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Piana</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pine(ga)</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Binoa</span>. Joins the Beas.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Peneus</span> ant. Two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Penjina</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pennar</span>. Madras.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Penza</span>. Joins the Sura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above Sansc. <i>pi</i> we may also +derive the form <i>pid</i>. The only appellative +I find, (if it can be called one), is the Ang.-Sax. +<i>pidele</i>, a thin stream, given by Kemble +in the glossary to the <i>Cod. Dip.</i>; and hence +the name <span class="smcap">Piddle</span>, of several small streams. +The only name I find in the simple form, +and that uncertain, is the <span class="smcap">Pindus</span> of Greece. +Then there is a form <i>peder</i>, which seems to +be from a definite word, and not from the +simple suffix <i>er</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pedder</span>. Somerset.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant. Thrace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pindar</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pitren(ick)</span>, a small stream in Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Petteril</span> in Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pêdrede</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) Now the <span class="smcap">Parret</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the Sansc. root <i>pi</i>, to drink, to +water, we get the form <i>bib</i> or <i>pip</i>, as found +in Lat. <i>bibo</i>, and in Sansc. <i>pipâsas</i>, toper. +Here also in the simple form I only find one +name—the <span class="smcap">Beuve</span> in France, Dep. Gironde. +In the form <i>biber</i> there are many names, +particularly in Germany. Graff (<i>Sprachschatz</i>), +seems to refer the word to <i>biber</i>, +beaver, but Förstemann, with more reason, +as I think, suggests a lost word for water or +river.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pever</span>. Cheshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Peffer</span>. Ross-shire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bièvre</span>. Joins the Seine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Biber(aha)</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Bever</span>, the <span class="smcap">Bibra</span>, the <span class="smcap">Pebr(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Biber(bach)</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Biveran</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Bever</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beuvron</span>. Dep. Nièvre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps also from the root <i>pi</i> we may +derive the Ir. <i>buinn</i>, river, <i>bual</i>, <i>biol</i>, water. +From the former Mr. Charnock derives the +name of the Boyne, a derivation which I +think suitable, even if we take the ancient +form Buvinda, (<i>Zeuss, Gramm. Celt.</i>,) which +might be more properly Buvinna, as Gironde +for Garonne in France. For the Bunaha in +Germany, the Old Norse <i>buna</i>, scaturire, +might also be suggested.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Boyne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bun(aha)</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Baun(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Ir. <i>biol</i>, <i>buol</i>, I derive the following, +keeping out the rivers of the Slavonic +districts, which may be referred to the Slav. +<i>biala</i>, white.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beela</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Boyle</span>, of which, according to O'Brien, the Irish form is <span class="smcap">Buil</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bol(bec)</span>. Dep. Seine-Inf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Boll(aha)</span> ant. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Billæus</span> ant., now the Filyas.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Buhler</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Buller</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bullot</span>. Baden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Polota</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A very obscure root in river-names is <i>gog</i> +or <i>cock</i>. The only appellatives I find are in +the Celtic, viz., Gael. <i>caochan</i>, a small stream, +Arm. <i>goagen</i>, wave; unless we think also of +the word <i>jokk</i>, <i>jöggi</i>, which in the Finnic +dialects signifies a river; and in that case +the most probable root would be the Sansc. +<i>yug</i>, to gush forth. To the river Coquet, in +Northumberland, something of a sacred character +seems to have been ascribed; an altar +having been discovered bearing the inscription +"Deo Cocidi," and supposed to have +been dedicated to the genius of that river. +Again, we are reminded of the Cocytus in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +Greece, a tributary of the river Acheron, invested +with so many mysterious terrors as +supposed to be under the dominion of the +King of Hades. Possibly, however, it might +only be the similarity, or identity, of the +names which transferred to the one something +of the superstitious reverence paid to +the other. At all events, I can find nothing +in the etymology to bear out such a meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cocbrôc</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>) This would seem to have probably been a small stream called Cock, to which, as in many other cases, the Saxons added the word brook.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt">2.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cochin(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Kocher</span>.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cocker</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coker</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kohary</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Transylvania.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kokel</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cockley-beck.</span><a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Cumberland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chuchilibach</span>, now Kuchelbach.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coquet</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cocytus</span> ant., now the Vuvo.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>In a compound form.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cuckmare</span>, Sussex, with the word <i>mar</i>, p. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>mid</i>, to soften, to melt, +(perhaps formed on the root <i>mi</i>, p. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>), come +Sansc. <i>miditas</i>, fluid, Lat. <i>madidus</i>, wet. +Herein seems a sufficient root for river-names, +but there is another which is apt to +intermix, Sansc. <i>math</i>, to move, whence, I +take it, and not from the former is Old +Norse <i>môda</i>, a river. I separate a form +<i>med</i> or <i>mid</i>, in which the sense of <i>medius</i>, +and also that of <i>mitis</i>, is in some cases clearly +brought out; and another, <i>muth</i> or <i>muot</i>, +which, though from the same root, as I take +it, as <i>môda</i>, a river, (<i>math</i>, to move), has +more evidently the sense of speed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mota</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Mede</span> or <span class="smcap">Mehe</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Madder</span>. Wiltshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Moder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Metaurus</span> ant., the <span class="smcap">Metauro</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"> <i>With the ending ern.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matrŏna</span><a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> ant., now the Marne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Matrinus</span> ant. in Picenum.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Madel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The only appellative for a river which I +find derived from its sound is the Sanscrit +<i>nadi</i>, Hind. <i>nuddy</i>, from <i>nad</i>, sonare. Whether +the following names should come in here +may be uncertain; I can find no links between +them and the Sanscrit; perhaps the +root <i>nid</i>, p. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, may be suitable.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Noda</span> ant., now the Noain.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nodder</span>. (Noddre, <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Neutra</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Venetia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Natiso</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Natisone</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>The only words I can find at all bearing +upon the following river-names are the Serv. +<i>jezor</i>, Bohem. and Illyr. <i>jezero</i>, lake, wherein +may probably lie a word <i>jez</i>, signifying water. +But respecting its etymology I am entirely +in the dark.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jaz(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Joss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jez(awa)</span>, 11th cent., a brook near Lobenstein.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jetza</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jess(ava)</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jisdra</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with main, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jesmen</span>. Gov. Tchnerigov.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Another word, of which the belongings are +not clearly to be traced, is the Armorican +<i>houl</i>, <i>houlen</i>, unda, to which we may put the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Hull</span>. Joins the Humber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Finland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ullea</span>. Gulf of Bothnia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ulla</span> in Galicia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ster, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ulstra</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ulster</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Irish and Obs. Gael. <i>dothar</i>, water, +Welsh <i>diod</i>, drink, <i>diota</i>, to tipple—with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +which we may perhaps also connect the +Lapp. <i>dadno</i>, river, Albanian <span title="det">δέτ</span>, sea, and +Rhæt. <i>dutg</i>, torrent, we may find the root of +the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Duyte</span>. Joins the Hase.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dude</span>, a small stream in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Duddon</span>. Lake district.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dodder</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with mal.</i><a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Duthmala</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dommel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>wyl</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>wyllan</i>, +Eng. <i>well</i>, to flow or gush, (Sansc. <i>vail</i>, to +move?), we got the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Willy</span>. Wiltshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Veile</span>, in Jutland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Villa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vel</span>. Joins the Vaga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vilia</span>. Joins the Niemen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Viliu</span>, (Siberia). Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Welland</span>, (properly Wellan?)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vilna</span>. Gov. Minsk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Velino</span>. Joins the Nera.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vellaur</span>, Madras—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending s.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vils</span>, two rivers in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Welse</span>. Joins the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Velez</span>. Prov. Malaga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A word which appears to have the meaning +of water or river, but respecting the etymology +of which I am quite ignorant, is <i>asop</i> +or <i>asp</i>. That it has the above meaning I +infer only from finding it as the second part +of the word in the ancient river-names Cho(aspes), +Hyd(aspes), and Zari(aspis). In an +independent form it occurs in the following. +Lhuyd, (in the appendix to Baxter's glossary), +referring to Hespin as the name of +sundry small streams in Wales, derives it +from <i>hespin</i>, a sheep that yields no milk, +because these streams are almost dry in +summer. This derivation is unquestionably +false so far as this, that the two words are +merely derived from the same origin, viz., +Welsh <i>hesp</i> or <i>hysp</i>, dry, barren. But whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +this word has anything to do with the +following names is doubtful; it seems at any +rate unsuitable for the large rivers, such as +the Hydaspes, (the Jhylum of the Punjaub). +From the derivation of Mone, who finds in +Isper, as in Wipper, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, a word <i>per</i>, mountain, +I entirely dissent.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Aspe</span>. Basses—Pyrenees.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hesapa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Hesper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Asopus</span> ant. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ispera</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Isper</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ilchester (=Ivel-chester) situated on this river, is called in Ptolemy +Ischalis, from which we may presume that the river was called the Ischal, +a word which would be a synonyme of Ivel.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It seems rather probable that the ending <i>es</i> in these names is not a +mere suffix. The <span class="smcap">Apsarus</span>, ancient name of the Tchoruk in Armenia, +and the <span class="smcap">Ipsala</span> in Europ. Turkey, by superadding the endings <i>er</i> and <i>el</i>, +go to show this. We might perhaps presume a Sansc. word <i>abhas</i>, or <i>aphas</i>, +with the meaning of river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This ending is not explained. Zeuss, comparing the endings <i>er</i> and +<i>st</i>, suggests a comparative and superlative, which is not probable. In the +present, as in some other cases, I take it to be only a phonetic form of <i>ss</i>, +and make Ambastus properly Ambassus. But in some other cases, as +that of the Nestus, which compares with Sansc. <i>nisitas</i>, fluid, it seems to +be formative.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> This looks like a mistake for Acasse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> So that there <i>is</i> a river in Monmouth, and another in Macedon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "Hysa nunc fluvii nomen est, qui antiquitus Hysara dicebatur." +(<i>Folcuin. Gest. Abb. Lobiens.</i>) This seems not improbably to refer to the +Oise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> If, as Pott suggests, the Vedra of Ptolemy = Eng. <i>water</i>, the Wetter +would naturally come in here also. But some German writers, as Roth +and Weigand, connect it with Germ. <i>wetter</i>, Eng. <i>weather</i>, in the sense, +according to the first-named, of the river which is affected by rain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This ending may either be formed by the addition of a phonetic <i>n</i> to +the ending <i>er</i>; or it may be from a word <i>ren</i>, channel, river, hereafter +noticed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The Scotch <span class="smcap">Ettrick</span> and the Germ. <span class="smcap">Eitrach</span> I take to be synonymous, +though the ending in one case is German, and in the other probably +Gaelic. (<i>See p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a></i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Hence perhaps Anitabha (<i>abha</i>, water), the Sansc. name of a river, +not identified, in India.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Tacitus gives this name to the Avon—in mistake, as the Editor of +Smith's Ancient Geography suggests. But <i>anton</i> and <i>avon</i> seem to have +been synonymous words for a river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Hence the name of Dover, anc. Dubris, according to Richard of +Cirencester, from the small stream which there falls into the sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Where is this river, cited by Zeuss, (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>)?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Hence probably the name of Zurich, ant. Turicum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Perhaps formed from <i>ez</i> by a phonetic <i>n</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> I do not in this case make any account of the spelling; the name is +just the same as our Lee, and the idea of <i>lys</i>, a lily, is no doubt only suggested +by the similarity of sound.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Manual of Comparative Philology.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Niebuhr derives this name from a Sabine word signifying sulphur, +which is largely contained in its waters. Mr. Charnock suggests the +Phœn. <i>naharo</i>, a river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Niemen may perhaps = Nieven—<i>m</i> for <i>v</i>, as in Amon for Avon, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Perhaps to be found in Sansc. <i>nistas</i>, wet, fluid. Here we get something +of a clue to Eng. "nasty," the original meaning of which has no +doubt been nothing but water "in the wrong place."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, +and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhyâ, one of the earliest +capitals of India, the modern Oude."—<i>Max Müller, Science of Language.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> I place this here on the authority of Max Müller, who, pointing out +that the initial <i>h</i> in Persian corresponds with a Sanscrit <i>s</i>, thinks that the +river Sarayu may have given the name to the river Arius or Heri, and to +the country of Herat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> This name seems formed at thrice—first Sarit—then ov, (perhaps +<i>av</i> river)—lastly, the Slavish affix <i>ka</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See note p. <a href="#Footnote_3_3">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> In the more special sense of lake, which, it will be observed, is frequent +in this group, is the Suio-Lapp. <i>pluewe</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The word <i>asp</i> comes before us in some other river-names, but respecting +its etymology I am quite in the dark. From the way in which it +occurs in the above, in the Zari(aspis), and in the Hyd(aspes), it seems +rather likely to have the meaning of water or river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Also <span class="smcap">Allison</span> and <span class="smcap">Ellison</span>, which may be either patronymic forms +in <i>son</i>; or formed with the ending in <i>en</i>, like the above river-names. For +the names of rivers, and the ancient names of men, in many points run +parallel to each other.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Following strictly the above Celt. word <i>uaran</i>, this might be +"Fresh-water Bay."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The Araxes of Herodotus, observes the Editor of Smith's Ancient +Geography, "cannot be identified with any single river: the name was +probably an appellative for a river, and was applied, like our Avon, to +several streams, which Herodotus supposed to be identical." Araxes I +take to be a Græcism, and the Mod. name Aras to show the proper form.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Containing the Latin <i>amnis</i>, river, or only a euphonic form of +Clitunnus? See Garumna, p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> I think that in this, as probably in some other cases, <i>st</i> is only a +phonetic form of <i>ss</i>, and that the Mod. name <i>Aiss</i> points truly to the +ancient form as <i>Agass</i>, see note, p. <a href="#Footnote_3_3">29</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> I should without hesitation have taken the <span class="smcap">Pinka</span>, as well as the +Russian <span class="smcap">Pinega</span>, to be from this root, with the Slavonic affix <i>ga</i> or <i>ka</i>. +But the English river <span class="smcap">Penk</span> in Staffordshire introduces an element of +doubt. It may, however, also be from this root, with the ending <i>ick</i> common +in the rivers of Scotland. See p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This river seems also to have been called anciently <span class="smcap">Chochara</span>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Here also, as in the case of the German Chuchilibach, and the +Cocbrôc before noted, the ending beck (= brook), seems to have been +added to the original name. Chuchilibach appears as the name of a place, +but I apprehend that the word implies a stream of the same name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> I think that these quantities, so far as they are derived from the +Latin poets, should be accepted with some reserve. Unless more self-denying +than most of their craft, I fear that they would hardly let a Gallic +river stand in the way of a lively dactyl.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> I do not know any other instance of this ending in river-names, but +I take it to be, like <i>man</i> or <i>main</i>, an extension of <i>may</i>, and to signify water +or river.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>THAT WHICH RUNS RAPIDLY, FLOWS +GENTLY, OR SPREADS WIDELY.</h3> + +<p>In the preceding chapter I have included +the words from which I have not been able +to extract any other sense than that of water. +As I have before mentioned, it is probable +that in some instances there may be fine +shades of difference which would remove +them out of that category, but whenever I +have thought to have got upon the trace of +another meaning, something has in each case +turned up to disappoint the conditions.</p> + +<p>In the present chapter, which comprehends +the words which describe a river as that +which runs rapidly, that which flows gently, +that which spreads widely, there may still +in some cases be something of an appellative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +sense, because there may be a general word +to denote a rapid, a smooth, or a spreading +stream.</p> + +<p>Among the rivers noted for their rapidity +is the Rhone. This is the characteristic +remarked by all the Latin poets—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Testis Arar, Rhodanusque celer, magnusque Garumna.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Tibullus.</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">Qua Rhodanus raptim velocibus undis<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In mare fert Ararim.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Silv. Ital.</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Præcipitis Rhodani sic intercisa fluentis.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Ausonius.</i><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I think that Donaldson and Mone are unquestionably +wrong in making the name of +this river Rho-dan-us, from a word <i>dan</i>, +water. Still more unreasonable is a derivation +in the <i>Cod. Vind.</i>, from <i>roth</i>, violent, +and <i>dan</i>, Celt. and Hebr. a judge! On this +Zeuss (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>) remarks—"The syllable +<i>an</i> of the word Rhodanus is without +doubt only derivative, and we have nothing +here to do with a judge; nevertheless the +meaning violent (currens, rapidus,) is not to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +be impugned." The word in question seems +to be found in Welsh <i>rhedu</i>, to run, to race, +Gael. <i>roth</i>, a wheel, &c. But there is a word +of opposite meaning, Gael. <i>reidh</i>, smooth, +which is liable to intermix. Also the Germ. +<i>roth</i>, red, may come in, though I do not +think that Förstemann has reason in placing +all the German rivers to it.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rotha</span>. Lake district.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rot(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Roth</span>, two rivers, the <span class="smcap">Rott</span>, three rivers, the <span class="smcap">Rod(au)</span>, the <span class="smcap">Rod(ach)</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Rott(ach)</span>, all seem to have had the same ancient name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rad(aha)</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Rod(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rotte</span>, by Rotterdam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhodius</span> ant.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Mysia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rodden</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhodănus</span> ant., now the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rothaine</span> near Strassburg, seems to have been formerly <span class="smcap">Rot(aha)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ent.</i><a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Radantia</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Rednitz</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rother</span> in Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rother</span>, joins the Thames at Rotherhithe.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Raotula</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Rötel</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Allied to the last word is the Eng. <i>race</i>, +and the many cognate words in the Indo-European +languages which have the sense +of rapid motion, as Welsh <i>rhysu</i>, &c.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rasay</span>. Rosshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ross</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riss</span>. Wirtemberg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Reuss</span>. Joins the Aar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rasa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Riaza</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rhesus</span> of Homer not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rasa</span>, the Sanscrit name of a river not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rossl(au)</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Rezat</span>. Joins the Rednitz.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>garbh</i>, Welsh <i>garw</i>, violent, +Armstrong derives the name of the +Garonne and other rivers.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The root seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +to be found in Sansc. <i>karv</i> or <i>karp</i>, Latin +<i>carpo</i>, &c., implying violent action. The +Lat. <i>carpo</i> is applied by the poets to denote +rapid progress, as of a river, through a +country. So likewise more metaphorically +to the manner in which a bold and steep +mountain rises from the valley. As also +one of our own poets has said—</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 16em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Behind the valley topmost Gargarus<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stands up and <i>takes</i> the morning—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Hence this root is found in the names of +mountains as well as rivers—<i>e.g.</i>, the Carpathians +(Carpātes), and the Isle of Carpăthus, +which "consists for the most part of +bare mountains, rising to a central height of +4,000 feet, with a steep and inaccessible +coast."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garf</span> water, a burn in Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gryffe</span>. Renfrew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Grabow</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Carpis</span>, Herodotus, see p. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Girvan</span>. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Carpino</span>. Joins the Tiber.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gravino</span>. Naples.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cerbalus</span><a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Cervaro</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>su</i>, to shoot forth, <i>sûs</i>, +<i>sûtis</i>, rushing or darting, Gr. <span title="sousis">σουσις</span>, cursus, +I take to be the following. Among the derived +words, the Gael. <i>sûth</i>, a billow, seems +to be that which comes nearest to the sense +required.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suus(aa)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Saz(awa)</span>. Joins the Moldau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Souza</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sos(va)</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sut(oodra)</span>, or Sutledge—here?<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suzon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sosna</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Probably to the above we may put a form +<i>sest</i>, <i>sost</i>, found in the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soeste</span>. Oldenburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sessites</span> ant., now the Sesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Soastus</span> or <span class="smcap">Suastus</span> ant.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sestra</span>. Gov. Moskow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soster(bach)</span>. Joins the Lippe.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>To the above root I also place the following, +corresponding more distinctly with Old +High German <i>schuzzen</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>sceotan</i>, +Eng. <i>shoot</i>, Obs. Gael. and Ir. <i>sciot</i>, dart, +arrow.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuzna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schussen</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuzen</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Schozach</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scutara</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schutter</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scuntra</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schondra</span> and the <span class="smcap">Schunter</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Germ. <i>jagen</i>, to hunt, to drive +or ride fast, Bender derives the name of the +Jaxt, in the sense of swiftness, suggesting +also a comparison with the ancient Jaxartes +of Asia. Förstemann considers both suggestions +doubtful, but the former seems to me +to be reasonable enough. The older sense<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +of <i>jagen</i> is found in the Sansc. <i>yug</i>, to dart +forth, formed on the simple verb <i>ya</i>, to go. +And appellatives are found in the Finnic +words <i>jokk</i>, <i>jöggi</i>, a river. As for the Jaxartes, +I am rather inclined to think that the +more correct form would be Jazartes, and +that it contains the word <i>jezer</i>, before referred +to.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jug</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jactus</span> ant. Affluent of the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jaghatu</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Jahde</span>,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> in Oldenburg.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jagista</span> ant., now the <i>Jaxt</i> or <i>Jagst</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>vip</i>, to move, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, by the +prefix <i>s</i>, is formed Old Norse <i>svipa</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>swîfan</i>, Eng. <i>sweep</i>, &c. In these the +sense varies between going fast and going +round, and the same may be the case in the +following names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suippe</span>. Joins the Aisne.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suevus</span>, 2nd cent., now the Warnow, or, according to Zeuss, the Oder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suab(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schwab(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Obs. Gael. <i>sgiap</i>, <i>sgiob</i>, to move +rapidly, Eng. <i>skip</i>, may be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sheaf</span>, by Sheffield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sciffa</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Schupf</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Min.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scopas</span> ant., now the Aladan.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Skippon</span>. Joins the Wyre.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>brais</i>, impetuous, related perhaps +to Lat. <i>verso</i>, we may find the root of +the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Birse</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Birse</span>. Cant. Berne.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brosna</span>. Leinster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Transylvania.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Burzen</span>. Joins the Aluta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Pruss. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Prosna</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bresle</span>. Enters the English Channel.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ent.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Persante</span>. Pruss. Pom.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>From the Sansc. <i>rab</i> or <i>rav</i>, to dart forth, +whence (in a somewhat changed sense) Eng. +<i>rave</i>, French <i>ravir</i>, Lat. <i>rabidus</i>, &c. The +original meaning of a ravine was a great +flood, or as Cotgrave expresses it—"A ravine +or inundation of water, which overwhelmeth +all things that come in its way."</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Robe</span>. Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ravee</span> or Iraotee—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">Various small streams called <span class="smcap">Raven</span>, <span class="smcap">Ravenbeck</span>, &c.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Roubion</span>, affluent of the Rhone—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>math</i>, to move, are derived, +as I take it, Old High German <i>muot</i>, +Mod. Germ. <i>muth</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>môd</i>, courage +or spirit, Welsh <i>mwyth</i>, swift, &c., to which +I place the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Muotta</span>. Cant. Schwytz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with vey, stream or river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Muthvey</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>sphar</i>, <i>sphurj</i>, to burst forth, +shews the root of a number of words such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +as <i>spark</i>, <i>spring</i>, <i>spirt</i>, <i>spruce</i>, <i>spry</i>, in which +the sense of briskness or liveliness is more +or less contained. But the Sansc. <i>sphar</i> or +<i>spar</i> must be traced back to a simpler form +<i>spa</i> or <i>spe</i>, as found in <i>spew</i>, to vomit, and +in the word <i>spa</i>, now confined to medicinal +springs.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spey</span>. Elgin.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spean</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spear</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Spira</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Speier</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spree</span>. Joins the Havel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Derived forms from the above root are +also the following, which correspond more +closely with Germ. <i>sprütsen</i>, Ang.-Sax. <i>sprytan</i>, +Eng. <i>spirt</i>, Ital. <i>sprizzare</i>. And I think +that most of these names are probably German.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sprint</span>, a small stream in Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sprazah</span>, 9th cent., some stream in Lower Austria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sprotta</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sprenzala</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Sprenzel</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Spurchine(bach)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Spirckel(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Eu. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Spressa</span>. Joins the Bosna.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the preceding chapter I have treated +of the root <i>al</i>, <i>el</i>, <i>il</i>, to go, and various of its +derivations. There is another, <i>alac</i>, <i>alc</i>, <i>ilc</i>, +which, as it seems most probably either to +have the meaning of swiftness, as in the Lat. +<i>alacer</i>, or of tortuousness, as in the Greek +<span title="helikos">ἑλικος</span>, I include in this place.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilek</span>. Joins the Ural.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Halycus</span> ant., now the Platani.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alces</span> ant. Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with may, main, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Olekma</span>. Joins the Lena.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alkmana</span>, 8th century, now the Altmühl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Haliacmon</span> ant., now the Vistritsa.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>tarddu</i>, to burst forth, +we may take the following. There does not +seem any connection between this and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +root of <i>dart</i> (jaculum); the latter from the +first signifies penetration, and in river-names +comes before us in the oblique sense of +clearness or transparency.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarth</span>. Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Libya.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Darădus</span> ant., now the Rio di Ouro.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Armenia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Daradax</span><a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> ant. (Xenophon).</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tardoire</span>. Dep. Charente.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tartaro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tartessus</span> ant., now the Guadalquiver.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the Sansc. <i>till</i>, to move, to agitate, +we may probably connect the Gael. <i>dile</i> and +<i>tuil</i>, Welsh <i>diluw</i>, <i>dylif</i>, <i>dylwch</i>, a flood, +deluge, as also Ang.-Sax. <i>dilgian</i>, German +<i>tilgen</i>, to overthrow, destroy, &c. The +Ang.-Sax. <i>dêlan</i>, Germ. <i>thielen</i>, to divide, +in the sense of boundary, may however intermix +in these names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Till</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Deel</span>. Limerick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dill</span>. Nassau.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Thilia</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dyle</span> in Bravant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thiele</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tollen</span>. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dillar</span> burn. Lesmahagow.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tilse</span>, by Tilsit.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>With the two Welsh forms <i>dylif</i> and +<i>dylwch</i>, deluge, we may perhaps connect +the following, though for the former the +Ang.-Sax. <i>delfan</i>, to dig, <i>delf</i>, a ditch, may +also be suitable.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Delv(unda)</span>, 9th century, now the <span class="smcap">Delven(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Delchana</span>, 11th century, now the <span class="smcap">Dalcke</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. and Ir. <i>taosg</i>, to pour, +<i>tias</i>, tide, flood, may be the following. Perhaps +the special sense of cataract may come +in, at least in some cases, as two of the +under-noted rivers, the Tees and the Tosa, +are noted for their falls.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tees</span>. Durham.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Töss</span>. Cant. Zurich.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Piedmont.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tosa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tescha</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tysia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Theiss</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tiasa</span> ant. Laconia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Touse</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tessin</span> or <span class="smcap">Ticino</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Desna</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tacon</span>. Dep. Jura.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tussale</span> (<i>Genitive</i>), 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Dussel</span> by Düsseldorf.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending st.</i><a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Test</span>. Hants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dista</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teesta</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>gad</i> or <i>gand</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>geôtan</i>, Suio-Goth. <i>gjuta</i>, Danish <i>gyde</i>, Old +Norse <i>giosa</i>, Old High Ger. <i>giezen</i>, Obs. Gael. +<i>guis</i>, all having the meaning of Eng. "gush," +we get the following. The Gotha or Gœta +of Sweden may probably derive its name +from the well-known fall which it makes at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +Trolhætta. So also the Gaddada of Hindostan +is noted for its falls; and the Giessbach +is of European celebrity. But in some +of the other names the sense may not extend +beyond that of wandering, as we find it in +Eng. <i>gad</i>, which I take to be also from this +root. Or that of stream, as in Old High +Germ. <i>giozo</i>, Gael. and Ir. <i>gaisidh</i>, rivulus.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gade</span>. Herts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gada</span> ant.,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> now the <span class="smcap">Jed</span> by Jedburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gose</span>. Joins the Ocker.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Geis(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Geisa</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gande</span>, Brunswick—here, or to <i>can</i>, <i>cand</i>, pure?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Giess(bach)</span>. Lake of Brienz.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gata</span>. Joins the Alagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gotha</span> or <span class="smcap">Gœta</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gidea</span>, enters the G. of Bothnia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gyndes</span> (<i>Herodotus</i>), perhaps the Diala—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cydnus</span> ant., now the Tersoos Chai.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gader</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cædrius</span> ant., now the Fiume dei Orosei.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gisil(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Giesel</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending ed.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gaddada</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">6.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with main, stream.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gadmen</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>arb</i> or <i>arv</i>, to ravage or +destroy, cognate with Lat. <i>orbo</i>, &c., may be +the following. To the very marked characteristic +of the Arve in Savoy I have referred +at p. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. But there is a word of precisely +opposite meaning, the Celt. <i>arab</i>, Welsh +<i>araf</i>, gentle, which is very liable to intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arve</span> and the <span class="smcap">Erve</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Orb(aha)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Orb</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sardinia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arve</span> and the <span class="smcap">Orbe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arva</span>. Joins the Waag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arva</span>, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irvine</span>. Co. Ayr.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arvenna</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Orvanne</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arbalo</span>, 1st cent., now the <span class="smcap">Erpe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Harpăsus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Harpa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>cal</i>, to move, and the derivatives +Sansc. <i>calas</i>, Gr. <span title="kelês">κελης</span>, Obs. Gael. +<i>callaidh</i>, Latin <i>celer</i>, all having the same +meaning—the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently +marked to include them in this +chapter.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gala</span>. Roxburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gela</span> ant.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gail</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Callas</span> ant., in Eubœa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>As. Turkey.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chalus</span> of Xenophon, now the Koweik.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Callan</span>. Armagh.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er = Lat. celer?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calor</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Calore</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chalusus</span>, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kels</span>, in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cailas</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative +form of <i>cal</i>, and perhaps corresponding +with the Obs. Gael. <i>callaidh</i>, celer, the forms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +<i>caled</i>, <i>calt</i>, <i>gelt</i>. That the Germ. <i>kalt</i>, Eng. +<i>cold</i>, may intermix, is very probable, but I +do not think that all the English rivers at +any rate can be placed to it. There is more +to be said for it in the case of the Caldew +than of the others, for one of the two streams +that form it is called the Cald-beck (<i>i.e.</i>, cold +brook), and it seems natural that the whole +river should then assume the name of Caldew +(cold river). Yet there may be nothing +more in it than that the Saxons or Danes +who succeeded to the name, adopted it in +their own sense, and <i>conformed</i> to it. It is to +be observed that although the form Caldew +corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet +that the local pronunciation is invariably +Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the +Scandinavian form. Upon the whole however, +there is much doubt about this group; +the form <i>gelt</i> Förstemann refers, as I myself +had previously done, to Old Norse <i>gelta</i>, in +the sense of resonare. In the following +names I take the Kalit(va) of Russia, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to +approach the nearest to the original form.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gelt</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chelt</span> by Cheltenham—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cald(ew)</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cald(howa)</span>, (<i>Adam Brem.</i>), now seems to be called the Aue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kalit(va)</span>. Joins the Donetz.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gelten(aha)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Geltn(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Celydnus</span> ant. Epirus.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Celadon</span> ant. Elis.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Calder</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Calder</span>. Joins the Clyde.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Galthera</span>, 9th cent.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I am also inclined to bring in, as another +derivative form of <i>cal</i>, the word <i>calip</i>, <i>calb</i>, +<i>kelp</i>. The only appellatives I find for it are +the word <i>kelp</i>, sea-weed, and the Scottish +<i>kelpie</i>, a water-spirit, wherein, as in other +words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a +word for water. However, this can be considered +as nothing more than a conjecture.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Kalb(aha)</span>, 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kulpa</span>. Aust. Croatia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Colapis</span> ant., affluent of the Drave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chelva</span>. Prov. Valentia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Callĭpus</span> ant., now the Sadao.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calbis</span> ant. Caria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Calpas</span> ant. Bithynia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kelvin</span>. Stirling.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. <i>car</i>, to move, Lat. <i>curro</i>, like +some other words of the same sort, branches +out into two different meanings—that of +going fast, and that of going round. Hence +the river-names from this root have in some +cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of +tortuousness; and these two senses are somewhat +at variance with each other, because +tortuousness is more generally connected +with slowness. Separating the two meanings +as well as I can, I bring in the following +here.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Garry</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Yarrow</span>. Selkirkshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garrhuenus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Yare</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Garumna</span> or <span class="smcap">Garunna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Garonne</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Giron</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Geranius</span> ant., and <span class="smcap">Geron</span> ant., two rivers of Elis, according to Strabo.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gers</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chares</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Chiers</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kersch</span>. Joins the Neckar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Garza</span>, by Brescia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gerăsus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Koros</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Caresus</span> of Homer in the plain of Troy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cersus</span> ant., now the Merkez.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There appear to be several words in which +the sense of violence or rapidity is brought +out by the preposition <i>pra</i>, <i>pro</i>, <i>fro</i>, in composition +with a verb. Thus the Welsh +<i>ffre-uo</i>, to gush, whence <i>ffrau</i>, a torrent, +seems to correspond with the Sansc. <i>pra-i</i>, +Lat. <i>præ-eo</i>, &c. Or perhaps we should take +a verb with a stronger sense, say <i>yu</i>, to +gush, and presume a Sansc. <i>pra-yu</i> = Welsh +<i>ffre-uo</i>. In the Albanian <span title="pro">πρό</span>, a torrent, corresponding +with Welsh <i>ffrau</i>, there seems, +however, no trace of a verb.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fraw</span>, by Aberfraw.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Froon</span>. Falls into L. Lomond.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pronia</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Welsh <i>ffrydio</i>, to stream, to gush, +appears to be formed similarly from the preposition +<i>fra</i>, joined with the verb <i>eddu</i>, to +press on, to go, corresponding with Sansc. <i>it</i>, +Latin <i>ito</i>, &c. Hence it would correspond +with a Sansc. <i>pra-it</i>, Lat. <i>præ-ito</i>, &c. From +the verb comes the appellative <i>ffrwd</i>, a torrent, +corresponding with the Bohem. <i>praud</i>, +of the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Forth</span>. Co. Stirling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Porata</span> (Herodotus). The <span class="smcap">Pruth</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Port(va)</span>. Gov. Kaluga.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I also bring in here, as much suggestively +as determinately, the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-pat, Lat. præ-peto, &c., to rush forth.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russ. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pripet</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bulgaria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pravadi</span>. Falls into the Black Sea.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-cal, to rush forth, pra and cal, p. <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Prussia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pregel</span>. Enters the Frische-Haff.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Sansc. pra-li, Lat. pro-luo, &c., to overflow.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Purally</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>According to the opinion of Zeuss and +Gluck, the <span class="smcap">Danube</span>, (ant. Danubius and +Danuvius, Mod. Germ. Donau,) would come +in here. These writers derive it from Gael. +<i>dan</i>, Ir. <i>dana</i>, fortis, audax, in reference to +its strong and impetuous current. This is +no doubt the most striking characteristic of +the river, but it might also not inappropriately +be placed to the root <i>tan</i>, to extend, +whence the names of some other large rivers. +Gluck considers the ending <i>vius</i> to be simply +derivative, and suggests that the Germans, +with a natural striving after a meaning, altered +this derivative ending into their word +<i>ava</i>, <i>aha</i>, <i>ach</i>, or <i>au</i>, signifying river. Though +Gluck is a writer for whose opinion I have +great respect, and though this is the principle +for which I myself have been all along +contending, yet I am rather inclined to think +that in Danuvius, as in Conovius (the Conway), +there is contained a definite appellative, +qualified by a prefixed adjective: this +seems to me to be brought out more clearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +in the Medway, and in the names connected +with it.</p> + +<p>The word Ister, which, according to Zeuss, +is the Thracian name of the Danube, I have +elsewhere referred to the Armorican <i>ster</i>, a +river. Not that I mean to infer therefrom +that the name is Celtic, because <i>ster</i> is only +a particular form of an Indo-European word +<i>sur</i>. If we refer the prefix <i>is</i> to the Old +Norse <i>isia</i>, proruere, then Ister would have +the same meaning as that given above to +Danubius. But the derivation of Mone, who +explains it by <i>y</i>, the Welsh definite article, +and <i>ster</i>, a river, making Ister = "The river," +I hold with Gluck to be—like other derivations +proceeding on the same principle—opposed +to all sound philology.</p> + +<p>Among the rivers noted for the slowness +of their course, the most conspicuous is the +Arar or Saone. Cæsar (<i>de Bell. Gall.</i>) describes +it as flowing "with such incredible +gentleness that the eye can scarcely judge +which way it is going." Seneca adopts it as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +a type of indecision—"the Arar in doubt +which way to flow." Eumenius multiplies +his epithets—"segnis et cunctabundus amnis, +tardusque." The name Sauconna, Sagonna, +Saonna, Saone, does not appear before the +4th cent., yet there does not seem any reason +to doubt that it is as old as the other. Zeuss +(<i>Die Deutschen</i>) and the Editor of "Smith's +Ancient Geography" take this as the true +Gallic name. And though Armstrong explains +both the Arar and the Saone from the +Celtic—referring the former to the Obs. +Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, and the latter to Gael. <i>sogh</i>, +tranquil or placid, in which he may probably +be correct, yet it by no means follows that +the name of the Arar is Celtic, for <i>ar</i> is an +ancient root of the Indo-European speech. +To the same root as the Saone I also put +the Seine (Sequăna), and the Segre (Sicŏris), +comparing them with Lat. <i>seg-nis</i>. The +former of these rivers is navigable for 350 +miles out of 414, and the latter is noted in +Lucian as "stagnantem Sicorim." Some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +other rivers, in which the characteristic is +less distinct, I also venture to place here, +separating this root as well as I can from +another p. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siga</span>, 10th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sieg</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Soja</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sauconna</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Saône</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sequana</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Seine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seugne</span>. Dep. Charente-Inf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Suchona</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sicoris</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Segre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Segura</span>. Enters the Med. Sea.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps allied in its root to the last is +the Gael. <i>saimh</i>, quiet, tranquil, to which I +put the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Semoy</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sem</span> or <span class="smcap">Seim</span>. Joins the Desna.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Saima</span>, a lake in Finland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simois</span> of Homer—here?</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simmen</span>, in the Simmen-Thal.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Samara</span>, ant., now the <span class="smcap">Somme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sambre</span>, ant. Sabis.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Simmer</span>. Joins the Nahe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Samara</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Semita</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sempt</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow, (whence the Arar, +p. <a href="#Page_118">118</a>,) is to be found, as I take it, the root +of the Welsh <i>araf</i>, mild, gentle. From this +Zeuss (<i>Gramm. Celt.</i>), derives the name of +the Arrăbo, now the Raab. This root is +liable to mix with another, <i>arv</i>, p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, of +precisely opposite meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arrabo</span> ant., now the Raab.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Arabis</span> ant., now the Purally.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arob(eg)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> Co. Cork—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I bring in here the word <i>aram</i> or <i>arm</i>, +which, both in the names of rivers, and in +the ancient names of men, as the German +hero Arminius, needs explanation. The authority +of Dr. Donaldson may probably have +been the cause of the reproduction, even +in some of the latest English works, of +the mistake of confounding the name +Armin, Ermin, or Irmin, with the word +<i>hermann</i>, warrior, (from <i>her</i>, army, <i>mann</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +homo). That it is not so is shown by its +appearance in the ancient names of women, +as Ermina, Hermena, and Irmina,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> (daughter +of Dagobert the 2nd). And by the manner +in which it forms compounds, as Armenfred, +Irminric, Irminger,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Ermingaud, Irminher, +&c. For we may take it as a certain +rule that no word, itself a compound, +forms other compounds in ancient names. +Indeed, the last of the five names, Irminher, +(which is found as early as the 7th cent.), is +formed from the word <i>her</i>, army, so that, +according to the above theory, it would be +Her-mann-her. The fact then, as I take it, +is that, both in the names of rivers and of +men, the root is simply <i>arm</i> or <i>irm</i>, and +<i>armin</i> or <i>irmin</i> an extended form, like those +found all throughout these pages. As to its +etymology, the word <i>aram</i>, <i>arm</i>, in the Teutonic +dialects signifying poor or weak, is in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +itself unsuitable, but I think that the original +meaning may perhaps rather have been +mild or gentle. The root seems to be found +in the Gael. <i>ar</i>, slow; and <i>aram</i> may be a +corresponding word to the Welsh <i>araf</i>. +Baxter, who, though his general system of +river-names I hold to be fallacious, was, for +his time, no contemptible etymologist, suggests +something of the sort.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Arme</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Urjum(ka)</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ariminus</span> ant., now the Marecchia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Armine</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Armisia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Erms</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In this place I am inclined to bring in the +Medway, and some other names connected +with it. Among the various derivations +which have been suggested for this name, +that of Grimm deserves the first place, +though I much fear that it is too poetical to +be true. He observes, (<i>Gesch. d. Deutsch. +Sprach.</i>), comparing it with another name—"In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +Carl's campaign, <span class="smcapl">A.D.</span> 779, there is a place +mentioned in the vicinity of the Weser, called +Medofulli, Midufulli; <i>medoful</i> means poculum +mulsi, (<i>Hel.</i> 62, 10); it appears to have +been a river, which at present bears some +other name. Of just a similar meaning is +the name of the river Medway flowing +through the county of Kent into the Thames—<i>i.e.</i>, +Ang.-Sax. Meadovaege, Medevaege +Medvaege (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), from <i>vaege</i>, Old Sax. +<i>wêgi</i>, Old Norse <i>veig</i>, poculum.... I suggest +here a mythological reference: as the +rivers of the Greeks and Romans streamed +from the horn or the urn of the river-god, so +may also the rivers and brooks of our ancestors, +in a similar mythic fashion, have +sprung from the over-turned mead-cup."</p> + +<p>It is a pity to disturb so poetical a theory, +coming too as it does from the highest authority, +but I much fear that on a comparison +of this name with all its related forms, it +can hardly be substantiated. For the word +does not stand alone—the prefix <i>med</i> is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +found in several names in which the second +part can hardly be taken to mean poculum, +and the ending <i>way</i> is found in several names +of which the former part cannot mean mulsum. +In any case, it seems to me that a +Saxon derivation can hardly be sustained. +For Medoăcus, (=Medwacus), occurs as the +ancient name of a river in Venetia—this appears +to be precisely the same name as that +of the Medwag or Medway—and in Venetia +we can account for a Celtic element, but not +for a German. In Nennius the name stands +as Meguaid or Megwed; and comparing this +with a river called the Medvied(itza) or +Medviet(za) in Russia, it would seem rather +probable that the form is not altogether false, +but that only it should be Medwed instead +of Megwed. In that case it would probably +be only another form of Medweg, for <i>d</i> and +<i>g</i> sometimes interchange in the Celtic dialects, +as in the Gaelic <i>uidh</i> and <i>uigh</i>, via, a +word which indeed I take to be related to +the one in question. Again, in the Meduāna<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +of France and the English Medwin, +we have a third form of ending, <i>wân</i> or +<i>win</i>. And this may probably only be one +of those extended forms in <i>n</i> so common +in the Celtic languages.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> So that the +endings <i>way</i>, <i>wân</i>, <i>wied</i>, in Medway, Meduāna, +Medvied(itza), may be slightly differing +forms of a common appellative (p.p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#Page_63">63</a>), qualified by the prefix <i>med</i>, which we +have next to consider. In Gibson's "Etymological +Geography" <i>med</i> is explained as +<i>medius</i>—Medway = medium flumen—the +river flowing through the middle of the +county of Kent—and this I think is the +general acceptation. In the case of the Medina, +(ant. Mede), which divides the Isle of +Wight into two equal parts, I should readily +accept such a derivation, but in the case of +the Medway it seems to me a feature scarcely +sufficiently obvious to give the name. And +I should on the whole prefer a derivation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +from the same root as mead, mulsum, viz., +Sansc. <i>mid</i>, to soften, Lat. <i>mitis</i>, Gael. <i>meath</i>, +soft, mild—finding in Old Norse <i>mida</i>, to +move slowly or softly, the word most nearly +approximating to the sense, and thus deriving +the name of the Medway from its gentle +flow.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless it must be observed that as +well as the supposed river Medofulli referred +to as above by Grimm, we find in a charter +of the 10th cent., a river called Medemelacha, +which seems evidently to contain the Gael. +<i>mealach</i>, sweet, and to mean "sweet as +mead." This river is near Medemblik on the +Zuyder-zee, and I suppose that the name of +the place is corrupted from it.</p> + +<p>The following names I place here, though +with uncertainty in the case of some of them.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Midou</span>. Dep. Landes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Medus</span> ant., now the Pulwan.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medin(ka)</span>. Gov. Kaluga.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with way, wân, wied, see above.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medway</span>. Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medwin</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Meduāna</span> ant., now the Mayenne.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Medoăcus</span> ant., now the Brenta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Medvied(itza)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with ma, river, p. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany?</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Metema</span>, in a charter of the 11th cent.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I think, upon the whole, that the general +meaning of the root <i>lam</i>, <i>lem</i>, <i>lim</i>, is smoothness. +Though the root-meaning seems rather +that of clamminess or adhesiveness, as found +in Sansc. <i>limpas</i>, Gr. <span title="lipos">λιπος</span>, Lat. <i>limus</i>, Old +Sax. <i>lêmo</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>lehm</i>, Eng. <i>lime</i>, &c.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +In the Gr. <span title="limnê">λιμνη</span>, lake, the sense becomes that +of smooth or standing water: this, as I take +it, is in effect the word found in the Lake +Leman, Loch Lomond, &c. Though the word +most immediately concerned is the Gaelic +<i>liobh</i>, <i>liomh</i>, Welsh <i>llyfnu</i>, to smooth; and +the Loch Lomond, (properly Lomon), was +also formerly called, as the river which issues +from it is still, Leven, being just another +form of the same word—<i>v</i> and <i>m</i> interchanging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +as elsewhere noticed. Hence the +Welsh <i>llifo</i>, to pour, p. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, might be apt to +intermix in the following. The Lat. <i>lambo</i>, the +primitive meaning of which is to lick, is applied +to the gentle washing of a river against +its banks—"Quæ loca lambit Hydaspes,"—<i>Horace</i>. +Dugdale observes that "at this +day divers of those artificial rivers in Cambridgeshire, +anciently cut to drain the fens, +bear the name of Leam, being all muddy +channels through which the water hath a +dull or slow passage." In the following +names the sense may be sometimes then that +of muddiness, though in general, as I take +it, that of sluggishness.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leam</span> by Leamington.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lyme</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamma</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lamme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Laim(aha)</span>, 8th cent. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lemphia</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lempe</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lama</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lam(ov)</span>. Gov. Penza.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lima</span>. Joins the Serchio.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Limæa</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Lima</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamus</span> ant., in Cilicia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Leman</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Limen</span> in Kent. (Limeneâ <i>Cod. Dip.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">Loch <span class="smcap">Lomond</span>, formerly also called <span class="smcap">Leven</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">Lake <span class="smcap">Leman</span>, or the Lake of Geneva, (ant. <span class="smcap">Lemannus</span>.)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lamone</span> in Tuscany.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lamer</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lammer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lambro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Limyrus</span> ant., in Lycia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Limmat</span>. Cant. Zurich.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above form <i>lam</i>, <i>lem</i>, <i>lim</i>, I take +to be formed by metathesis <i>alm</i>, <i>elm</i>, <i>ilm</i>. +And the lake Ilmen in Russia I take to be +in effect the same word as the lake Leman +in Switzerland. In the name of another lake +in Russia, the Karduanskoi-ilmen, it seems +to occur as an appellative. A certain amount +of doubt is imported by the coincidence of +two names in which we find a sacred character—the +river Almo, which was sacred to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +Cybele, and a sacred fountain Olmius mentioned +in Hesiod. The coincidence, however, +may be only accidental.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alme</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helme</span>. Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Alum</span> Bay in the Isle of Wight?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilma</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ilm</span>, two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Helme</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alm</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alma</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alhama</span>. Prov. Navarra.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Almo</span> near Rome.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Alma</span> in the Crimea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Illim</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Olmeius</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ilmen(au)</span>. Joins the Elbe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ilmen</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Almelo</span>. Prov. Overijssel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Perhaps from the Gael. <i>foil</i>, slow, gentle, +we may get the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fal</span> by Falmouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Foil(agh)</span>. Cork.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Feale</span>. Munster.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Fillan</span>. Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Filisa</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Fils</span> and the <span class="smcap">Vils</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>In the third division of this chapter I put +the names in which the sense of spreading +seems to be found. This sense may have +three different acceptations—first, that, generally, +of a wide river—secondly, that of a +river relatively broad and shallow—thirdly, +that of a river forming an estuary at its +mouth.</p> + +<p>I bring in here the Padus or Po, which, +by Metrodorus Scepsius, a Greek author +quoted by Pliny, has been derived from the +pine-trees, "called in the Gallic tongue <i>padi</i>," +of which there were a number about its +source. A derivation like this jars with +common sense, for it is unreasonable to suppose +that the Gauls, coming upon this fine +river, gave it no name until they had tracked +it up to its source, and there made the not +very notable discovery that it was surrounded +by pine-trees. Much more probable +is it that they came first upon its mouth, +and much more striking would be the appearance +that would be presented to them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +For, as Niebuhr observes, "the basin of the +Po, and of the rivers emptying themselves +into it was originally a vast bay of the sea," +which by gradual embanking was confined +within its present channels. As then the +mouth of the Padus was a vast estuary, so +in the Gael. <i>badh</i>, a bay or estuary, I find +the explanation of the name. The root, I +apprehend, is Sansc. <i>pat</i>, Lat. <i>pateo</i>, <i>pando</i>, +&c., to spread, and hence, I take it, the name +Bander, of several small bays on the S.W. +coast of Asia, of Bantry Bay in Ireland, and +of Boderia, the name given by Ptolemy to +the Firth of Forth.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Padus</span> ant. The Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bada</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Bode</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bandon</span>. Co. Cork. (Forms a considerable estuary).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pantanus</span> ant., now the Lake of Lesina, a salt lagoon on the Adriatic.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Patra</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Pader</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pathissus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Temes</span>.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>In the Sansc. <i>parth</i>, to spread or extend, +we may perhaps find the origin of the following. +Can the name of the Parthians be +hence derived, in reference to their well-known +mode of fighting?</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Parde</span>. Joins the Elster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bord</span>, in Moravia—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Parthenius</span> ant.—here?<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the sense of "that which spreads" I am +inclined to bring in the root <i>ta</i>, <i>tav</i>, <i>tan</i>, <i>tam</i>. +While in the Gaelic we find <i>tain</i>, and the +Obs. <i>ta</i>, water, <i>taif</i>, sea—in the Welsh we +have the verbs <i>taenu</i> and <i>tafu</i>, to expand or +spread. The latter, I think, must contain +the root-meaning; and the appellatives must +rather signify water of a spreading character. +In this sense we find the words <i>to</i>, <i>tû</i>, <i>tau</i>, +in the Hungarian dialects signifying a lake. +The Sansc. has <i>tan</i>, to extend, but we must +presume a simpler form <i>ta</i>, corresponding +with the above Obs. Gael. word for water.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +Mone explains <i>tab</i>, as in Tabuda (the +Scheldt), as "a broad river, especially one +with a broad mouth." This sense no doubt +obtains in many of the names of this group, +for, as well as the Scheldt; the Tay, Taw, +Teign, and Tamar, all have this character in +a more or less notable degree. In other +cases the sense may be that of comparative +broadness—thus the Timavus, though little +more than a mile long, is 50 yards broad +close to its source. So the characteristic of +the Dane, as noticed by the county topographers, +is that it is "broad and shallow." +And the feature which strikes the topographer +is of course that which would naturally +give the name. There are, however, +some other roots which might intermix, as +Sansc. <i>tan</i>, resonare, Lat. <i>tono</i>, Germ. <i>tönen</i>, +&c. Also Gael. and Ir. <i>taam</i>, to pour; Gael. +and Ir. <i>tom</i>, to bathe, Welsh and Ir. <i>ton</i>, +unda.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form Ta, Tab, Tav.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tavy</span> and the <span class="smcap">Taw</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Deva</span> ant., the <span class="smcap">Dee</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tavus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Tay</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dee</span>, two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taw</span>, the <span class="smcap">Tivy</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Tave</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tay</span>. Waterford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">Loch <span class="smcap">Ta</span> in Wexford.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dive</span>, Dep. Vienne—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thaya</span> in Moravia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Deva</span> by Placentia—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending d or t.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teviot</span> in Roxburghshire—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tabuda</span> ant., now the Scheldt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tavda</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taptee</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="center" colspan="3"><i>The form Tan, Tam.</i></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="12">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Teign</span> and the <span class="smcap">Teane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dane</span> and the <span class="smcap">Deane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tame</span>, three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tema</span>. Selkirkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Danus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Don</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Danus</span> ant., now the Ain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dahme</span> and the <span class="smcap">Déaume</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tana</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Timavus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Timao</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanais</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Don</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tim</span> and the <span class="smcap">Tom</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanus</span> ant., now the Luku.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tamar</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Demer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanarus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tanaro</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamaris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tambre</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Syria.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamyras</span> ant., (Strabo)—here?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending d.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamede</span> (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), now the <span class="smcap">Teme</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Mauretania.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tamuda</span> ant. (<i>Pliny.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Thames</span>. Tamesis (<i>Cæsar</i>), Tamesa (<i>Tacitus</i>), Tamese, Temis (<i>Cod. Dip.</i>), Welsh Tain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Temes</span> ant. Pathisus, (<i>see note p. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">132</a></i>).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root <i>tan</i>, to extend, we may probably +also derive the word <i>tang</i> found in +Hung. <i>tenger</i>, sea, Ostiakic (an Ugric dialect +of the Finnic class) <i>tangat</i>, river, and in the +Dan. <i>tang</i>, sea-weed, which probably contains +a trace of an older sense.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Donge</span> in Brabant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tengs</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tongera</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Tanger</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tanager</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Tanagro</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This, one of the Homeric rivers, was not identified in the time of Pliny.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Perhaps formed from <i>et</i> by a phonetic <i>n</i>. So the Eamont in Cumberland +seems to have been called in the time of Leland the Eamot.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> It will be seen, however, that while admitting this root, I do not +place Garonne to it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Smith's Ancient Geography.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> This river of Apulia, though small in summer, is exceedingly violent +in winter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "In its upper part it is a raging torrent." <i>Johnston's Gazetteer.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The derivation of Mone, who makes <i>scuz</i> and <i>scut</i> altered forms of +<i>srot</i> or <i>srut</i>, is not to be entertained.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> I am not sure that the Jahde of Oldenburg does not contain the more +definite idea of a horse (Eng. <i>jade</i>, North. Eng. <i>yawd</i>). There are three +rivers near together, the Haase, the Hunte, and the Jahde. It rather +seems as if the popular fancy had got up the idea of a hunt, and named +them as the Hare, the Hound, and the Horse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Förstemann derives this, along with some other local names, from +Old High Germ. <i>spurcha</i>, the juniper-tree. But I think that the stream at +least is to be explained better from the Sansc. <i>sphurj</i>, to burst forth, Lat. +<i>spargo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The ending <i>x</i> I take to be a Græcism for <i>s</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> In these names we may perhaps think of the Bohem. <i>dest</i>, rain. The +Teesta is much swollen in the rainy season, but perhaps not more so than +most of the other rivers of Hindostan. In Hamilton's East Indian Gazetteer, +it is explained as "<i>tishta</i>, standing still,"—a derivation which seems +hardly to agree with the subsequent description of its "quick stream."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Hence Baxter derives the name of the Gadeni—"Quid enim Gadeni +nisi ad Gadam amnem geniti?"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The Gela is at times a very violent stream, as the following description +of Ovid bears witness.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Et te vorticibus non adeunde Gela."<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><i>Fasti. 4, 470.</i><br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> This ending may be the same as the Scotch <i>eck</i> or <i>ick</i>, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Förstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch. (Vol. 1. Personennamen).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The names <span class="smcap">Armine</span> and <span class="smcap">Arminger</span>, (of which <span class="smcap">Iremonger</span> may be a +corruption), occur in Lower's Patronymica Britannica. And <span class="smcap">Armingaud</span> +is one of the many names of German or Frankish origin still found in +France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> E. G. Welsh <i>lli</i>, <i>llion</i>, stream, <i>llif</i>, <i>llifon</i>, flood, <i>srann</i>, <i>srannan</i>, +humming, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Hence perhaps Lemanaghan, a parish of Leinster, which consists +chiefly of bog.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> The names Pathissus and Temes I take to have the same meaning. +I know no reason for supposing that the one name is less ancient than the +other.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The derivation of Strabo, from <i>parthenos</i>, virgin, in reference to the +flowers on its banks, seems rather far-fetched.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>CHARACTER OF COURSE.</h3> + +<p>In the inscription of Pul found at Nineveh, +as deciphered in the Proceedings of the +Asiatic Society, vol. 19, pt. 2, the Euphrates +is called the Irat, which is conjectured by +the translator to have been a local name. It +seems to be from the Sansc. <i>irat</i> (=Latin +<i>errans</i>, Eng. <i>errant</i>), from the verb <i>ir</i>, Lat. +<i>erro</i>, to wander. The same word seems to +be found in the Irati of Spain—perhaps also +in the Orontes (=Irantes=Irates), of Syria. +Possibly also in the Erid-anus or Po, though +I am rather inclined to agree with Latham +that the word contained therein is only +<i>ridan</i>.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Perhaps then the form Irt or Urt in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +river-names may be a contracted form of +<i>irat</i>, as we find it in the Germ. <i>irrthum</i>, a +mistake.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irt</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urtius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Irthing</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urta</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Ourt</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Erens</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Irati</span>. Prov. Navarra.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Irat</span>, a name of the Euphrates.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Urtella</span>, 9th cent., now the Sensbach.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Sansc. <i>bhuj</i>, Goth. <i>bjugan</i>, Welsh +<i>bwäu</i>, Gael. <i>bogh</i>, Eng. <i>bow</i>, &c., in the sense +of tortuousness, we may take the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bowe</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bogie</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bug</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bogen</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending et.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bucket</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. and Welsh <i>cam</i>, to bend, +Sansc. <i>kamp</i>, Gr. <span title="kampô">καμπω</span>, are the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cam</span> by Cambridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Camba</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Kamp</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cham</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kam</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kam</span>. Joins the Glommen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kama</span>. Joins the Volga.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kemi</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Sansc. root <i>car</i>, to move, branches out +into two different meanings, that of rapidity +and that of circuitousness, the former of +which I have included in the previous chapter. +In the latter sense we have the Gael. +<i>car</i> or <i>char</i>, tortuous, the Ang.-Sax. <i>cêrran</i>, +to turn or bend, &c., to which I place the +following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Char</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Chor</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kerr</span>. Middlesex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cor(abona)</span><a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> ant. The <span class="smcap">Carron</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cher</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chares</span> ant. Colchis.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Persia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cyrus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Kur</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cirenus</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Churne</span> (Gloucestershire).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Charente</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Corălis</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Curalius</span> ant. Thessaly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Korol</span>. Joins the Dnieper.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>From the Old High Germ. <i>crumb</i>, Mod. +German <i>krumm</i>, Danish <i>krumme</i>, Gael. and +Welsh <i>crom</i>, curving or bending, we may +take the following. The root seems to be +found in the Sansc. <i>kram</i>, to move, to go, +which, as in other similar cases, may also +diverge into the meaning of rapidity.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Crumm(ock)</span>, formerly <span class="smcap">Crum(beck)</span>, which forms the lake of the same name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Crumb(aha)</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Grumb(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kroma</span>. Gov. Orel.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chrumbin(bach)</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Krum(bach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cremera</span> ant. in Etruria.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Krems</span>. Joins the Danube.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sicily.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cremisus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>For the root <i>sid</i> we have the Welsh <i>sid</i>, +winding, and the Anglo-Saxon <i>sîd</i>, broad, +spreading. The former is, I think, the sense +contained in the following, though both +words may be from the same root.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sid</span>. Devonshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seaton</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn, p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siteruna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Sitter</span> or <span class="smcap">Sittern</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from +Welsh <i>derwyn</i>, to wind, appears to me the +most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the +form Druentia), from <i>dru</i>, oak, seems insufficient; +because the number of names, all in +the same form, seem to indicate that the +word contained must be something more +than <i>dru</i>. That of Armstrong, from <i>dear</i>, +great, <i>amhain</i>, river, is founded upon a careless +hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland +is the largest river in the North of +England, which is not by any means the +case.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Derwent</span>. Four rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Treonta</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Trent</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Druentia</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Durance</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Drewenz</span>. Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Truentius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Trento</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Turuntus</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Duna</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined +to bring in the following, referring them to +Old Norse <i>meis</i>, curvatura, Eng. <i>maze</i>, &c. +This seems most suitable to the character of +the rivers, as the Maese or Meuse, and the +Moselle. The word seems wanting in the +Celtic, unless we think of the Welsh <i>mydu</i>, +to arch, to vault. The other word which +might put in a claim is <i>mos</i>, which, in the +sense of marsh, is to be traced both in the +Celtic and German speech, and whence, as +supposed, the name of the ancient Mysia or +Mœsia.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Maese</span>. Derbyshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Masie</span>. Aberdeen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France, &c.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mosa</span>, 1st cent. <span class="smcapl">B.C.</span> The <span class="smcap">Maas</span>, <span class="smcap">Maes</span>, or <span class="smcap">Meuse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Miss(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Meiss(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Mies</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Musone</span>. Two rivers.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Mosella</span>, 1st cent. The <span class="smcap">Moselle</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The only names which appear to contain +an opposite sense to the foregoing are the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Beina</span> of Norway, and the <span class="smcap">Bane</span> of Lincolnshire, +which seem to be from Old Norse +<i>beinn</i>, North Eng. <i>bain</i>, straight, direct.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the Baltic, +(the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to Heeren +and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, without any +geographical position or character.—<i>See an article by Sir G. Lewis in Notes +and Queries, July 3, 1858.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> In this case the ending <i>en</i> is very clearly a contraction of <i>abon</i> or +<i>avon</i>, river.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>QUALITY OF WATERS.</h3> + +<p>There are a number of river-names in +which the sense of clearness, brightness, or +transparency is to be traced. From the +Sansc. <i>cand</i>, to shine, Lat. <i>candeo</i>, Welsh, Ir. +Arm., and Obs. Gael. <i>can</i>, white, clear, pure, +we get the following. But the Gael. and Ir., +<i>caoin</i>, soft, gentle, is a word liable to intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="10">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cann</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ken</span> or <span class="smcap">Kent</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kenne</span>. Devonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ken</span>. Joins the Dee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conn</span>. <span class="smcap">Cona</span> of Ossian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Candy</span> burn. Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cain</span>. Merioneth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Cone</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Cond</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kana</span>. Gov. Yeniseisk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cane</span> or <span class="smcap">Ken</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conan</span>. Dingwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cantiano</span>. Pont. States.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conder</span>. Lancashire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Conner</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kander</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>Compounded with vi, wy, river.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Conovius</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Conway</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Old Celtic word <i>vind</i>, found in many +ancient names of persons and places, as +Vindo, Vindus, Vindanus,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Vindobona, Vindobala, +&c., represents the present Welsh +<i>gwyn</i> (=<i>gwynd</i>), and the Ir. <i>finn</i> (=<i>find</i>), +white. "The Celt. <i>vind</i>," observes Gluck, +"comes from the same root as the Goth. +<i>hveit</i>; it stands for <i>cvind</i> with an intrusive +<i>n</i>; the root is <i>cvid</i> = the Germ. root <i>hvit</i>." +The meaning in river-names is bright, clear, +pure.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vent</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Quenny</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Wales.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gwynedd</span> (=<span class="smcap">Gwynd</span>?)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Finn</span>. Ulster.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vendée</span>. Dep. Vendée.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vind(au)</span> or <span class="smcap">Wind(au)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Finnan</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The lake <span class="smcap">Winder(mere)</span>?<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Winderius</span>; <i>Ptolemy</i>, a river not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn, p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Findhorn</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wandle</span>. Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Finola</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Vehne</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>llwys</i>, clear, pure, Gael. +<i>las</i>, to shine, Gael. and Ir. <i>leus</i>, light, cognate +with Old Norse <i>lios</i>, clear, pure, Lat. +<i>luceo</i>, &c., I derive the following. The Gael. +<i>lâ</i>, <i>lo</i>, day, must, I think, contain the root.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Liza</span>. Cumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lossie</span>. Elgin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lez</span>. Dep. Herault.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lesse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Loose</span>. Pruss. Sax.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lizena</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ljusne</span>. Falls into the Gulf of Bothnia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lesura</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Lieser</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Lysera</span>, 10th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Leiser</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the root of the above, by the prefix +<i>g</i>, is formed Gael. and Welsh <i>glas</i>, blue or +green, (perhaps originally rather transparent), +and the Old Norse <i>gladr</i>, Old High +Germ. <i>glatt</i>, shining.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glass</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glass</span>. A lake, Rosshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glatt</span>. Hohenzollern Sig.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glata</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Glatt</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Also from the same root come Gael., Ir., +and Arm. <i>glan</i>, Welsh <i>glain</i>, pure, clear, +Eng. <i>clean</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glen</span>. Northumberland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glen</span>. Lincolnshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clun</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glane</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Glana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Glan</span>, two rivers, and the <span class="smcap">Glon</span>, three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klön</span>, a small but beautiful lake in the Klönthal—here, or to <i>klein</i>, little?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clanis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Chiana</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Clanius</span> ant., in Campania.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Illyria.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Glan</span>, in Carinthia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Old High Germ. <i>hlutar</i>, Mod.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +Germ. <i>lauter</i>, pure, Förstemann derives the +following rivers of Germany. Hence also +the name of Lauterbrunnen (<i>brunnen</i>, fountain), +in Switzerland.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Hlutr(aha)</span>, 7th cent. The <span class="smcap">Lauter</span>, the <span class="smcap">Luder</span>, the <span class="smcap">Lutter</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sommerlauter</span> in Wirtemberg seems to merit the title of pureness only in summer.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following names I think can hardly +be referred to the same origin as the above, +though according to Lhuyd, who derives +them from Welsh <i>gloew</i>, clear, and <i>dwr</i>, +water, they would have the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lowther</span>. Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lauder</span>. Berwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Lauter</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. and Ir. <i>ban</i>, white, we may +probably find the meaning of the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bann</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bann(ock)</span> by Bannockburn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Bohemia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ban(itz)</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of the two following names the former +may be referred to the Welsh <i>claer</i>, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +latter to the Swed. <i>klar</i>, both same as Eng. +<i>clear</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Clare</span>. Connaught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Klara</span> (<i>â</i>, river).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Welsh <i>têr</i>, pure, clear, we may +get the following. The root is found in +Sansc. <i>tar</i>, to penetrate, whence <i>taras</i>, transparent.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Taro</span>. Joins the Po.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Siberia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tara</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tearne</span>. Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Dearne</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarn</span>. Joins the Garonne.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Tarisa</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following two rivers of Germany may, +as suggested by Förstemann, be referred to +Old High Germ. <i>flât</i>, pure, bright.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Flad(aha)</span>, 8th cent. Not identified.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending enz.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Fladinz</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Fladnitz</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The root <i>bil</i> I have, in river-names generally, +referred at p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a> to the Celtic <i>biol</i>, +water. But in the Slavonic districts we may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +also think of the Slav. <i>biala</i>, white, though +we cannot say but that even there the Celtic +word may intermix.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bila</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Biala</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bielaya</span>. Joins the Kama.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bialy</span>. Joins the Narew.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Old High Germ. <i>swarz</i>, Mod. +Germ. <i>schwarz</i>, black, are the names of several +rivers of Germany, as the <span class="smcap">Schwarza</span>, +the <span class="smcap">Schwarzau</span>, the <span class="smcap">Schwarzbach</span>, &c. +Also in Norway we have two rivers called +<span class="smcap">Svart Elv</span>, and in Sweden the <span class="smcap">Svart An</span>, +which falls into the Mälar Lake. From the +Old Norse <i>doeckr</i>, dark, may be the <span class="smcap">Dokka</span> +in Norway, but for the <span class="smcap">Docker</span> of Lancashire +the Gael. <i>doich</i>, swift, may be more +suitable.</p> + +<p>The Welsh <i>du</i>, Gael. <i>dubh</i>, black, probably +occurs in river-names, but I have taken, +p. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, the meaning of water, as found in Obs. +Gael. <i>dob</i>, to be the general one. The Welsh +<i>dulas</i>, dark or blackish blue, is found in +the <span class="smcap">Dowles</span> of Shropshire, and in several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +streams of Wales. The <span class="smcap">Douglas</span> of Lanarkshire +shews the original form of the word, +from <i>du</i>, black, and <i>glas</i>, blue.</p> + +<p>The root <i>sal</i> I have taken at p. <a href="#Page_76">76</a> to have +in some cases the simple meaning of water. +But in the following the quality of saltness +comes before us as a known characteristic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salz(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Salza</span> by Salzburg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Salisus</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Selse</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Salze</span>. Joins the Werre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Hungary.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Szala</span>.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Falls into Lake Balaton.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of an opposite character are the following, +which we may refer to Welsh <i>melus</i>, Gael. +and Ir. <i>milis</i>, sweet, <i>millse</i>, sweetness. Some +other rivers, as the ancient <span class="smcap">Melas</span> in Asia +Minor, now the Kara-su (Black river), and +three rivers of the same name in Greece, +must be referred to Gr. <span title="melas">μελας</span>, black.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Milzissa</span>, 8th cent., now the Mülmisch.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Milsibach</span>, 11th cent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Portugal.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Melsus</span> ant. (Strabo).</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> The three first are names of persons, and to them we might perhaps +refer the present family names <span class="smcap">Window</span>, <span class="smcap">Windus</span>, <span class="smcap">Vindin</span>; though +Windo and Winidin were also ancient German names.—(<i>Förstemann's +Altdeutsches Namenbuch.</i>) The Welsh name <span class="smcap">Gwyn</span> and the Irish <span class="smcap">Finn</span> +represent the later form of the word.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Or, as I have elsewhere derived it, from the man's name Winder, +still found in the district.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The waters of Lake Balaton are described as "slightly salt," and I +assume from the name that the Szala is the river from which its saltness +is derived.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>THE SOUND OF THE WATERS.</h3> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Greta</span> in the English Lake District +has been generally derived from Old Norse +<i>grâta</i>, Scotch <i>greet</i>, to weep or mourn, in +allusion to the wailing sound made by its +waters. There is also a <span class="smcap">Greta</span> in Westmoreland +and a <span class="smcap">Greta beck</span> in Yorkshire. +In the Obs. Gael. and Ir., <i>greath</i> also signifies +a noise or cry, so that it is quite possible +that the original Celtic name may have been +retained in the same sense.</p> + +<p>Of an opposite meaning to the above is +the name <span class="smcap">Blythe</span> of several small rivers in +England. I do not see how this can be +otherwise derived than from the Ang.-Sax. +<i>blithe</i>, merry. And how appropriate this is +to many of our English streams we hardly +need poetic illustration to tell us.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of a corresponding meaning with the +Saxon name Blythe may be the <span class="smcap">Avoca</span> or +<span class="smcap">Ovoca</span> of Wicklow, the <span class="smcap">Oboka</span> of Ptolemy. +Baxter refers it to Welsh <i>awchus</i>, acer, a +word of no very cheerful association for the +spot where</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 19em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"Nature has spread o'er the scene<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The Gael. <i>abhach</i>, blithe, sportive, would +seem to give a better etymon for the bright +waters of Avoca. Whether the <span class="smcap">Ocker</span> of +Germany (ant. <span class="smcap">Obocra</span>, <span class="smcap">Ovocra</span>, <span class="smcap">Ovokare</span>), +may be derived from the same word I do +not know sufficient to judge.</p> + +<p>From the Gr. <span title="bremô">βρέμω</span>, Lat. <i>fremo</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>bremman</i>, to roar, Old Norse <i>brim</i>, +roaring or foaming of the sea, Welsh <i>ffrom</i>, +fuming, Gael. <i>faram</i>, din, I take the following. +The following description given by +Strabo<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> of the Pyramus shews the appropriateness +of the derivation. "There is also +an extraordinary fissure in the mountain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +(Taurus), through which the stream is carried.... +On account of the winding of +its course, the great contraction of the stream, +and the depth of the ravine, <i>a noise, like that +of thunder, strikes at a distance on the ears +of those who approach it</i>."</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="8">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Frome</span>. Five rivers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Frame</span>. Dorsetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Bram(aha)</span> or <span class="smcap">Brem(aha)</span>, 9th cent., a stream in Odenwald.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Primma</span>, 9th cent. Near Worms.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Prüm</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Denmark.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bram(aue)</span> in Holstein.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Formio</span> ant. in Venetia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pyramus</span> ant., now the Jihun.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending t.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pfreimt</span> in Bavaria.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending nt.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Premantia</span>, 9th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Prims</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Permessus</span> ant. Bœotia.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>fuair</i>, sound, <i>faoi</i>, a noisy +stream, we may perhaps find the origin of +the <span class="smcap">Fowey</span> in Cornwall, and of the <span class="smcap">Foyers</span> +in Inverness, the latter of which is noted as +forming one of the finest falls in Britain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +From the Gael. <i>gaoir</i>, din, we may derive +the <span class="smcap">Gauir</span> in Perthshire; and from <i>toirm</i> of +the same meaning, perhaps the <span class="smcap">Termon</span> in +Ulster. Hence might also be the <span class="smcap">Trome</span> +and the <span class="smcap">Truim</span>, elsewhere derived at p. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>durd</i>, <i>durdan</i>, Welsh +<i>dwrdd</i>, humming or murmur, Lhuyd derives +the name <span class="smcap">Dourdwy</span>, of some brawling +streams in Wales; but quoting the derivations +of some other writers, he adds, with +more humility than authors generally possess—"Eligat +Lector quod maxime placet." +To the same origin may probably also be +referred the <span class="smcap">Dourdon</span> in France, Dep. Seine-Inf.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Bohn's Translation.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>JUNCTION OR SEPARATION OF STREAMS.</h3> + +<p>There are several river-names which contain +the idea, either of the junction of two +streams, or of the separation of a river into +two branches. The Vistula, Visula, or +Wysla, (for in these various forms it appears +in ancient records), is referred by Müller,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> +rightly as I think, to Old Norse <i>quisl</i>, Germ. +<i>zwiesel</i>, branch, as of a river. A simpler +form of <i>quisl</i> is contained in Old Norse <i>quistr</i>, +ramus, and the root is to be found in Sansc. +<i>dwis</i>, to separate, Gael. and Ir. <i>dis</i>, two. The +Old Norse name of the Tanais or Don, according +to Grimm (<i>Deutsch. Gramm. 3, 385</i>), +was Vana-quisl. The word <i>whistle</i>, found as +the ending of some of our local names, as +Haltwhistle in Northumberland, and Osbaldwhistle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +in Lancashire, I take to be = the Old +Norse <i>quisl</i>: the sense might be that of the +branching off of two roads or two streams. +In an account of the hydrography of Lanarkshire, +for which I am indebted to the kindness +of a Friend, there is a burn called Galawhistle, +which compares with the above Old +Norse Vana-quisl. In connection with the +Vistula Jornandes introduces a river Viscla, +which has been generally considered to be +merely another form of the same word—Reichard<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +being, as I believe, the only writer +who considers it to be a different river. It +seems to me a curious thing that it has never +occurred to any one to identify it with the +Wisloka, which joins the Vistula near Baranov. +The modern name must contain the +correct form, for Wisloka = an Old High +Germ. Wisilacha, from <i>acha</i> or <i>aha</i>, river, +and is the same as the Wisilaffa or Wislauf, +from <i>afa</i> or <i>apa</i>, river. The following names +I take to be all variations of the same word.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="5">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oust</span>. Dep. Côtes-du-Nord.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Twiste</span>. Joins the Diemel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Queiss</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uist</span>. Joins the Tobol.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uste</span>. Joins the Dwina.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Quistina</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Kösten</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vistre</span>. Dep. Gard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vesdre</span>. Joins the Ourt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Veistr(itz)</span>. Pruss. Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">4.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending rn.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Quistirna</span>, 8th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Twiste</span>, joins the Oste.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="6">5.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el = O. N. quisl.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="4"><i>Germany, &c.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Vistula</span>, 1st cent., Germ. <span class="smcap">Weichsel</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wisl(oka)</span>, joins the Vistula. (<i>See above.</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wisl(ok)</span>. Joins the San.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Wisil(affa)</span>, 11th cent., now the <span class="smcap">Wisl(auf)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Vesle</span>. Joins the Aisne.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following seem also to contain the +Germ. <i>zwei</i>, Eng. <i>two</i>, and to have something +of a similar meaning to the foregoing.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zwitt(awa)</span> or <span class="smcap">Zwitt(au)</span> in Moravia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending el.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Zwettel</span> in Austria.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>I include also here the <span class="smcap">Scheldt</span> or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Schelde</span>, (the <span class="smcap">Scaldis</span> of Cæsar), which I +think is to be explained by the Old Norse +<i>skildr</i>, Dan. <i>skilt</i>, separated, in allusion to +the two mouths by which it enters the North +Sea. And to the same origin may be also +placed the <span class="smcap">Schilt(ach)</span> of Baden, which +falls into the Kinzig.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>caraid</i>, duplex, may probably +be the two <span class="smcap">Carts</span> in the County of +Renfrew, the united stream of which enters +the Firth of Clyde near Glasgow.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Die marken des Vaterlandes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Germanien unter den Römern.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>BOUNDARY OR PROTECTION.</h3> + +<p>The idea of a river as a protection or as a +boundary seems to indicate a more settled +state of society, and therefore not to belong +to the earliest order of nomenclature. And +consequently, though this chapter is not +quite so bad as the well-known one "Concerning +Owls," in Horrebow's Natural History +of Iceland, the sum and substance of +which is that "There are no owls of any kind +in the whole Island"—it will be seen that +the number of names is very small in which +such a meaning is to be traced.</p> + +<p>The word <i>gard</i>, which in the Celtic, Teutonic, +Slavonic, and other tongues has the +meaning of protection or defence, must, I +think, have something of the same meaning +in river-names. Or it may perhaps rather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +be that of boundary, for the two senses run +very much into each other.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gard</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Gard(aha)</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Gart(ach)</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Kart(haue)</span> in Prussia.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gairden</span>. Joins the Dee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Gardon</span>. Joins the Rhone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Jardanus</span> ant. in Crete—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Gael. <i>sgia</i>, Welsh <i>ysgw</i>, guard, protection, +and in the Welsh <i>ysgi</i>, separation or +division, we have two senses, of which the +latter may be more suitable for the following. +The Editor of Smith's Ancient Geography +suggests that the Scius of Herodotus +may be the present Isker in Bulgaria: in an +etymological point of view this seems probable, +for as Scius = Welsh <i>ysgi</i>, so Isker = Welsh +<i>ysgar</i> of the same meaning.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Netherlands.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Schie</span> by Schiedam.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Danub. Prov.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scius</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Isker</span>?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>scar</i>, <i>sgar</i>, Welsh <i>ysgar</i>, +Ang.-Sax. <i>scêran</i>, to divide, in the sense of +boundary, may be the following. The small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +river Scarr in Dumfriesshire forms for six +miles a boundary between different parishes.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shere</span>. Kent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Scarr</span>. Dumfriesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shira</span>. Argyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Scere</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Scheer</span>.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Skerne</span>. Durham.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Schyrne</span>, 11th cent., not identified.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Any names in which the sense of <i>land</i>, +terra, occurs, may, I think, be explained most +reasonably in the sense of boundary or territorial +division. To this Grimm places the +<span class="smcap">Fulda</span> of Germany, <span class="smcap">Fuld(aha)</span>, 8th cent., +referring it to Old High Germ. <i>fulta</i>, Ang.-Sax. +<i>folde</i>, earth, ground.</p> + +<p>Perhaps also to a similar origin may be +referred the <span class="smcap">Mold(au)</span> in Bohemia, and the +<span class="smcap">Mold(ava)</span> of Moldavia. But the Gael. +and Ir. <i>malda</i>, <i>malta</i>, gentle, slow, Anglo-Sax. +<i>milde</i>, Eng. <i>mild</i>, may be perhaps more +suitable: the <span class="smcap">Mulde</span>, which joins the Elbe, +and which in the 8th cent. appears as <span class="smcap">Milda</span>, +seems more probably from this origin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Bord(au)</span>, formerly <span class="smcap">Bordine</span>, which +forms for some distance the boundary between +East and West Friesland, may, as +suggested by Förstemann, be derived from +Old Fries. and Anglo-Saxon <i>bord</i>, border. +Another river of the same name (p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>) may +perhaps be otherwise derived.</p> + +<p>I am inclined to bring in here the <span class="smcap">Granta</span>, +and to suggest that it may have been a Sax. +or Angle name of the Cam, or of a certain +part of the Cam. This river seems to have +formed one of the boundaries of the country +of the Gyrvii;<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> its name appears in Henry +of Huntingdon as Grenta; and the Old +Norse <i>grend</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>grenze</i>, boundary, +seems a probable etymon.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Statistical account of Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> See an article by the Rev. W. Stubbs on "The Foundation and early +Fasti of Peterborough," in the Archæological Journal for Sept., 1861.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>VARIOUS DERIVATIONS.</h3> + +<p>In this chapter I include some names +which do not come under any of the foregoing +heads, or which have been omitted in +their places.</p> + +<p>The following have generally been referred +to Gael. <i>caol</i>, straight, narrow.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cole</span>. Warwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Coly</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Colne</span>. Three rivers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>But even if this derivation is to be received, +we must seek another meaning for +the <span class="smcap">Kola</span> in Russian Lapland, and the +<span class="smcap">Koli(ma)</span> in Siberia—the latter in particular +being a large river, with a wide estuary.</p> + +<p>The Gael. and Ir. <i>beag</i>, little, forms the +ending of some Irish river-names, as the <span class="smcap">Awbeg</span>, +the <span class="smcap">Owenbeg</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Arobeg</span>.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +meaning in all these cases is "little river"—<i>owen</i> +being the same as <i>avon</i>, <i>aw</i> the simple +form <i>av</i> of the same word, and <i>aro</i> an appellative +as at p. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, now lost in the Celtic.</p> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>suail</i>, small, have also +been derived the Swale and other following +rivers. Chalmers rightly objects to this as +inconsistent with the character of the rivers, +though the derivation which he proposes to +substitute, from <i>ys-wall</i>, a sheltered place, +affords, it must be admitted, no very happy +alternative. I think the word contained +must be related to Old High German <i>swal</i>, +Old Norse <i>svelgr</i>, gurges, Eng. <i>swell</i>, though +it is wanting in the Celtic.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="7">1.</td><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swale</span>. Two rivers, Kent and Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swily</span>. Gloucestershire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swelly</span>. Donegal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Swilly</span>. Ulster.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Suala</span> ant. The <span class="smcap">Schwale</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sulgas</span> ant., now the Sorgue.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sula</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Sullane</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following must be referred to Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +High Germ. <i>sualm</i>, gurges, an extension of +the previous word <i>sual</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sualman(aha)</span>, 8th century. The <span class="smcap">Schwalm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sulmana</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sulm</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Salm</span>. Prov. Liège.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Solman</span>. Dep. Jura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Shannon has by some writers been +derived from Ir. <i>sean</i> or <i>shean</i>, old. But +inasmuch as there is no river that is otherwise +than old, the term could only be used +in a poetic sense, like "that ancient river, the +river Kishon." A more suitable etymon, +however, seems to me to be found in Ir. and +Obs. Gael. <i>siona</i>, delay; this corresponds +with the Gaelic form of the name, Sionan, +given by Armstrong.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shin</span>. Sutherland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Senus</span> (Ptolemy). The <span class="smcap">Shannon</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sinna</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sinn</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Belgium.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Senne</span>. Joins the Dyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sena</span> ant., now the Nevola.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Aust. Pol.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">San</span>, two rivers—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Seena</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Gael. <i>cobhair</i>, Ir. <i>cubhair</i>, foam,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +froth, appear to be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cober</span>. Cornwall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Cover</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Choper</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chaboras</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Khabur</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>India.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Chaberis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Caveri</span>—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the Ir. and Obs. Gael. <i>breath</i>, pure, +clear, I take to be the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bratha</span>. Lake District.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Broth(ock)</span>. Forfar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="3"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brett(ach)</span>. Joins the Kocher.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brat(awa)</span> in Bohemia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Braht(aha)</span>,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> 10th century. The <span class="smcap">Bracht</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Asia Minor.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Practius</span> ant.—here?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And from the Ir. <i>brag</i>, running water, I +follow Mone in taking the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Wicklow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Bray</span>. Joins the Loire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Brege</span>, in the Scharwarzwald.</td></tr> + +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Braine</span>. Joins the Blackwater.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Ireland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Breagna</span>, an old name for the Boyne.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A root for river-names, to which might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +put the following, is found by Förstemann +in Old High Germ. <i>rôr</i>, Mod. Germ. <i>rohr</i>, +arundo, Eng. <i>rush</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Ror(aha)</span>, 11th century, now the <span class="smcap">Rohrbach</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Rura</span>, 8th cent. The <span class="smcap">Ruhr</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Holland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Roer</span>. Joins the Maas.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The word <i>sil</i> in river-names would seem +to have the meaning of still or sluggish water. +The Gael. has <i>sil</i>, to drop, rain, drip; +and the Arm. has <i>sila</i>, to filter. (The Old +Fries. <i>sil</i>, canal, seems hardly a related word; +it appears more probably to be connected +with Old Norse <i>sîla</i>, to cut, to furrow.) According +to Pliny, the Scythian name of the +Tanais or Don was Silis; and several other +Scythian rivers had the same name, (<i>Grimm, +Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach.</i>) In this point of +view the above derivation might seem too +restricted, and we might think of <i>sil</i>, as of +<i>sal</i>, (p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>), as formed by the prefix <i>s</i> from +the root <i>al</i> or <i>il</i>, to go, (p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>), in the simple +meaning of water. According to Strabo and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +Pliny the Silaris of Italy had the property +of petrifying any plant thrown into it; but +as, according to Cluvier, the modern inhabitants +of its banks know nothing of any +such property, it would rather seem as if the +story had been made to fit the supposed connection +of the name with <i>silex</i>, flint.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="4">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Switzerland.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Sil(aha)</span>, 11th cent. The <span class="smcap">Sihl</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Silis</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Sile</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shiel</span> in Argyleshire—here?</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Schyl</span> (ant. Tiarantus)—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="3">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending en.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Sweden.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Siljan</span>. Lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Shelon</span>—here?</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Naples.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Silaris</span> ant., now the <span class="smcap">Silaro</span>.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The form <i>silv</i> I take to be an extension of +<i>sil</i>, similar to others previously noticed.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Silva</span>. Gov. Perm.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">2.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending er.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Silver</span>. Devon.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Simois</span> in the Plain of Troy I have +suggestively placed at p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a> to Gael. <i>saimh</i>, +slow, tranquil. But, taking the epithet <i>lubricus</i> +applied to it by Horace, we might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +perhaps seek a stronger sense from the same +root, as found in Welsh <i>seimio</i>, to grease, +<i>saim</i>, tallow.</p> + +<p>The water of the <span class="smcap">Liparis</span> in Cilicia, according +to Polyclitus, as quoted by Pliny, +was of such an unctuous quality that it was +used in place of oil. Probably only for the +purpose of anointing the person, to which +extent the story is confirmed by Vitruvius. +Hence no doubt its name, from Sansc. <i>lip</i>, +to be greasy, Gr. <span title="liparos">λιπαρος</span>, unctuous.</p> + +<p>Grimm (<i>Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach.</i>) suggests +a similar origin for the Ister, p. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, +referring it to Old Norse <i>istra</i>, Dan. <i>ister</i>, +fat, grease, Gr. <span title="stear">στέαρ</span>. He puts it, however, +in a metaphorical sense, as "the fattening, +fructifying river." With deference, however, +to so high an authority, this explanation +seems to me rather doubtful. For the ending +<i>ster</i>, as I have elsewhere observed, is +common to many river-names, and I have +taken it to be, like the Arm. <i>ster</i>, formed by +a phonetic <i>t</i>, from the Sansc. <i>sri</i>, to flow.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> + +<p>Also, from the root of the Sansc. <i>sri</i>, to +flow, I take to be Gael. <i>sruam</i>, and again +taking the phonetic <i>t</i>, the word <i>stream</i>, +<i>strom</i>, common to all the Teutonic dialects. +In these two forms we find the ancient +names of two rivers—the <span class="smcap">Syrmus</span> of Thrace, +and the <span class="smcap">Strymon</span> or <span class="smcap">Strumon</span>, the present +<span class="smcap">Struma</span>, of Macedonia.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The derivation at p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a> I must retract, finding <i>beg</i> as a termination +of other Irish river-names.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Wiegand, (Oberhessische ortsnamen), refers this name to Old High +Germ. <i>braht</i>, fremitus.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>CONCLUSION.</h3> + +<p>The names of rivers form a striking commentary +on the history of language, so admirably +expounded to the general reader in +the recent work of Professor Max Müller.</p> + +<p>When we review the long list of words +that must have once had the meaning of +water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck +with the number that have succumbed in +what he so aptly terms "the struggle for +life which is carried on among synonymous +words as much as among plants and animals."</p> + +<p>We see too how large a portion of this +long list of appellatives may ultimately be +traced back to a few primary roots. And +how even these few primary roots may perhaps +be resolved into a still smaller number +of yet more simple forms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> + +<p>I take for instance, as a primitive starting +point in river-names, the Sansc. root <i>î</i>, <i>â</i>, or +<i>ay</i>, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We +have appellatives even in this simple form, +as the Old Norse <i>â</i>, Anglo-Sax. <i>aê</i>, water, +river. But whether they directly represent +the root, or whether, like the French <i>eau</i>, p. +<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, they have only withered down to it again, +after a process of germinating and sprouting, +I do not take upon me to determine.</p> + +<p>Then we have the roots, also of the kind +called primary, <i>ab</i>, <i>ar</i>, <i>ir</i>, <i>ag</i>, <i>ikh</i>, <i>il</i>, <i>it</i>, all +having the same general meaning, to move, +to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, +are also derived a number of appellatives for +water or river in the various Indo-European +languages. I should be inclined to suggest +that the whole of these are formed upon, and +are modifications of the simple root <i>î</i>, <i>â</i>, or +<i>ay</i>, and that the following remarks made by +Max Müller respecting secondary roots, may +be extended also to them. "We can frequently +observe that one of the consonants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +in the Aryan languages, generally the final, +is liable to modification. The root retains +its general meaning, which is slightly modified +and determined by the changes of the +final consonants." He instances the Sansc. +<i>tud</i>, <i>tup</i>, <i>tubh</i>, <i>tuj</i>, <i>tur</i>, <i>tuh</i>, <i>tus</i>, all having the +same general meaning, to strike.</p> + +<p>Again—there are forms such as <i>ang</i>, <i>amb</i>, +<i>and</i>, &c., which are merely a strengthening +of the roots <i>ag</i>, <i>ab</i>, <i>ad</i>, or <i>at</i>, and which also +are found in a number of appellative forms.</p> + +<p>We might pursue the subject still further, +and enquire whether the secondary forms, +such as <i>sar</i>, <i>sal</i>, <i>car</i>, <i>cal</i>, all having the same +general meaning, to move, to go, may not be +formed, by the prefix of a consonant, on the +roots <i>ar</i> and <i>al</i>, and so also be ultimately +referred to the simple root <i>î</i> or <i>â</i>.</p> + +<p>As also the silent and ceaseless flow of +water is the most natural and the most common +emblem of the efflux of time; so in the +same root is to be found the origin of many +of the words which mean time and eternity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +The Gr. <span title="aei">αει</span>, the Goth. <i>aiv</i>, the Anglo-Sax. +<i>awa</i>, Eng. <i>ever</i> and <i>aye</i>, are all from this +same root, so widely spread in river-names, +and express the same idea which speaks—</p> + +<div class="poem" style="width: 17em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"For men may come, and men may go,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But I go on for ever."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> +<h2>ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</h2> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>ab</i> or <i>ap</i>, water, place the Lith. and +Lett. <i>uppe</i>, river, whence the following.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Germany.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Oppa</span> in Silesia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2" rowspan="2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Upa</span>. Joins the Oka.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ufa</span>. Joins the Bielaya.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>ud</i> place as an appellative the Obs. +Gael. <i>ad</i>, water. And add to form No. 1 the following +names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Uda</span>. Gov. Kharkov.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Odde</span>. Dep. Allier.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p>The Celt. word <i>and</i> or <i>ant</i>, water, is nothing more +than a strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. <i>ad</i>.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p> + +<p>In referring to the root <i>ark</i>, <i>erk</i>, I have omitted +the Ir. <i>earc</i>, water, the appellative most nearly concerned. +The Basque <i>erreca</i>, brook, might be taken to +be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +same language the more primitive words <i>ur</i> and <i>errio</i>, +p. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, which seem to form a link with the Indo-European +languages.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>nig</i>, <i>ni</i>, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">1.</td><td class="td2"><i>France.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Né</span>. Joins the Charente.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Norway.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nia</span>. Stift Trondjem.</td></tr> +<tr class="tr1"><td class="rgt" rowspan="2">3.</td><td class="center" colspan="2"><i>With the ending es.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Nerussa</span>. Gov. Orel.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>wig</i>, <i>wic</i>, <i>wy</i>, place the two following +names. The Welsh <i>gwy</i>, water, is the word most +nearly concerned in most of the group.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wyck</span>. Buckinghamshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Russia.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Ui</span>. Gov. Orenburg.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>vip</i> place as an appellative the Welsh +<i>gwibio</i>, to rove, wander, <i>gwibiau</i>, serpentine course. +Probably upon the whole the sense of tortuousness is +that which should be recognized. The following name +probably belongs to form No. 1.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Spain.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Quipar</span>. Joins the Segura.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p>The Celtic languages have a trace of the word <i>trag</i>, +to run, in the Old Ir. <i>traig</i>, foot (<i>Zeuss, Gramm. Celt.</i>)</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> + +<p>For</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Greece.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant. Thrace.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Read</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Pydaras</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p> + +<p>To the Ir. <i>biol</i>, <i>buol</i>, water, place the following +names.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beaulieu</span>, also called the Exe, in Hampshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Scotland.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Beauly</span>. Inverness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Italy.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Paulo</span> ant., now the Paglione.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p> + +<p>I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars +of the present day the Ancient British deity Cocidis +is not considered to have any connection with the +river Coquet.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p> + +<p>It seems probable that the word <i>asp</i> in river-names +is formed by metathesis from the word <i>aps</i>, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, +form 5.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Gryffe</span> and the <span class="smcap">Girvan</span> may perhaps be better +derived from the Gael. <i>grib</i>, swift.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>pad</i> or <i>pand</i>, to spread, may probably +be placed—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Pant</span>. Essex.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> + +<p>From the root <i>tan</i>, may be derived the <span class="smcap">Dniester</span>, +(=Danaster), from <i>ster</i>, river. Or it might be from +the root <i>dan</i>, as in Danube, p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</p> + +<p>The Dan. <i>tang</i>, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected +with any word signifying water: it represents +the Old Norse <i>tag</i>, twig.</p> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p> + +<p>To the root <i>vind</i>, white, clear, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>England.</i></td><td class="td1">The <span class="smcap">Wente</span>. Yorkshire.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="hd1">P. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p> + +<p>To the Sansc. <i>taras</i>, Welsh <i>têr</i>, pure, clear, place—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class="td2"><i>Thrace.</i></td><td class="td1"><span class="smcap">Tearus</span> ant.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + +<p class="hd1">(<i>Ancient Names in Italics.</i>)</p> + +<ul><li>Aa, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aach, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aar, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li><i>Abana</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Acaris</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Achaza, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Adda, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adenau, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adour, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Adur, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li><i>Aenus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Agger, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Aghor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Agri, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ahr, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ahse, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ain, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Aisne, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Aiss, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Aiterach, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Alass, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li><i>Alaunus</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alb, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Albegna, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Alben, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Albla</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Albula</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Alces</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Aldan, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alde, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alf, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Alhama, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alise, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li><i>Alisna</i> <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Allan, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alle, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Aller, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Allia</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Allier, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Allow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Alm, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alma, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alme, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Almelo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Almo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Alpheus</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Alpis</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Alt, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alta, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Alten, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Altmühl, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Alum Bay, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Alz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Amasse, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li><i>Ambastus</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amber, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amble, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amblève, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Amele, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ammer, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li><i>Amnias</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Amon, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Andelau, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Andelle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Angel, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Angera, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Angerap, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li><i>Angrus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li><i>Anitabha</i>, <a href="#Footnote_10_10">35—Note</a>.</li> + +<li>Anker, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Annas, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ant, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Anton, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Anza, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Appelbach, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Apsarus</i>, <a href="#Footnote_2_2">27—Note</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Apsus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li><i>Arabis</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Aragon, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arak, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li><i>Arar</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Aras, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li><i>Araxes</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arc, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arga, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Argen, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li><i>Arius</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Ariminus</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Arke, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Arl, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arly, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arme, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Armine, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Arno, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Arobeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li><i>Arosis</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arques, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li><i>Arrabo</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Arrow, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li><i>Arsia</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Arun, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Arva, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></li> + +<li>Arve, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Ascania</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ash, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Asopus</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Aspe, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Astura, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Au, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Aube, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Aulne, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Aune, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Aupe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Aurach, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Auray, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Auve, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Aven, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Avia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Aviz, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Avoca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Avon, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Avre, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Awbeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Awe, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Axe, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li><i>Axius</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Axona</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li><i>Axus</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Bahr, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Bandon, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Bane, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li>Banitz, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bann, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bannock, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Bar, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Barrow, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Baunach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Beaulieu, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Beauly, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Beela, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Behr, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Behrun, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Beina, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li>Beraun, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Bere, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Berre, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Beuvron, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bever, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Biala, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Bialy, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Biberbach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bibra, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bielaya, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Bièvre, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Bila, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li><i>Billæus</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Binoa, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Birse, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Blythe, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Bode, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Boderia</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Bogen, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bogie, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bolbec, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li><i>Bollaha</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Bord, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Bordau, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Bowe, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Boyle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Boyne, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Bracht, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Braine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bramaue, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Bratawa, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bratha, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bray, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Breagna</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Brege, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bresle, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Brettach, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Brosna, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Brothock, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Bucket, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Bug, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Buhler, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Buller, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Bullot, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Burzen, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Cædrius</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Cailas, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Cain, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li><i>Calbis</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li><i>Caldhowa</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Calder, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Caldew, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Callan, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Callas</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Callipus</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Calore, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Calpas</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cam, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Candy Burn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cane, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cann, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Cantiano, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li><i>Caresus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Carpino, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li><i>Carpis</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Carron, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Cart, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Caveri, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cayster</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Celadon</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Celydnus</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Cerbalus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li><i>Cersus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Cestrus</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Chalus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Chalusus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Cham, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Char, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Charente, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Chares</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Chelt, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Chelva, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cher, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Chiana, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Chiers, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Choaspes</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Choper, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Chor, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Churne, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Cladeus</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li><i>Clanius</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Clare, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Cleddeu, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li><i>Clitora</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li><i>Clitumnus</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></li> + +<li>Cloyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li><i>Cludros</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Clun, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Clwyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Clyde, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Cober, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cocbrôc</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Cocker, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Cockley-beck, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Cocytus</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Coker, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li><i>Colapis</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Cole, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Colne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Coly, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Conan, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Cond, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Conder, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Conn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Conner, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Conway, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Coquet, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Coralis</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Cover, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li><i>Cremera</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li><i>Cremisus</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Crummock, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Cuckmare, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Curalius</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li><i>Cydnus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li><i>Cyrus</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Dahme, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dalcke, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Dane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Danube, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li><i>Daradax</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li><i>Daradus</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Darme, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Daubrawa, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Deane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Déaume, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dee, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Deel, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Delvenau, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Demer, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Derwent, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Desna, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Deva, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dill, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Dillar Burn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Dista, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Dive, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Dniester, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Dobur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Docker, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dodder, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dokka, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dommel, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Don, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Donge, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Dora, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Dordogne, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Doubs, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Douglas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Dourdon, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Dourdwy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Douro, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Doux, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dove, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dovy, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dow, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Dowles, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Drac, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drage, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drammen, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Dran, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Drave, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Drewenz, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Drome, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Drone, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Dronne, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Dubissa, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Duddon, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dude, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Durance, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Durme, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Durra, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Dussel, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Duyte, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Dyle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Earne, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Ebrach, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ebro, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ecolle, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Eden, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Edrenos, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Eem, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eger, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ehen, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Eichel, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eider, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eisach, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Eitrach, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Elbe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Eld, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Elda, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Ellé, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellen, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellero, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ellison, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Elvan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Elz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Emba, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emele, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emme, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Emmen, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Emmer, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ems, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Ens, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Era, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Erens, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Erft, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Ergers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Erl, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Erla, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Erms, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Erpe, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Erve, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Eschaz, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Esk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Eskle, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Esla, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Esque, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ettrick, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eure, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Evan, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Evenus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Eye, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Eypel, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Exe, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Fal, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Feale, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Fillan, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Fils, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Findhorn, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Finn, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Finnan, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Fladaha</i>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Fladnitz, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Fleet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flieden, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flietnitz, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Flisk, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Foilagh, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Formio, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Forth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Fowey, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Foyers, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Frame, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Fraw, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Frome, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Froon, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Fulda, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Gada</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gaddada, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Gade, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gader, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gadmen, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Gail, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Gairden, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Gala, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li><i>Galthera</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Gande, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Ganges, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Gangitus</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Gard, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Gardon, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Garf water, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Garonne, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Garrhuenus</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Garry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Gartach, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Garza, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gata, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gauir, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Geisa, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li><i>Gela</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Gelt, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Geltnach, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li><i>Geranius</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li><i>Geron</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gers, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Gidea, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Giesel, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Giessbach, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gingy, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Giron, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Girvan, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Glan, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glatt, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glen, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glon, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Glyde, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Gose, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gotha, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Gouw, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Grabow, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Granta, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Gravino, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Greta, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Grumbach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Gryffe, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Gwynedd, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li><i>Gyndes</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Haase, <a href="#Footnote_44_44">100—Note</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Haliacmon</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Halycus</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Halys</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Hamel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Hamps, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Harpa, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Harpasus</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Hebrus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Helisson</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Helme, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Helpe, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Herk, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Hesper, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Hespin, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li><i>Hesudros</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li><i>Hisscar</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Hörsel, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Hull, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Humber, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Hunte, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypanis</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypius</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li><i>Hypsas</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Iberus</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Idle, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Igla, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Iglawa, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ihna, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ik, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ilach, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilavla, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Ile, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilen, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ilek, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li><i>Ilissus</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Ill, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Ille, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Iller, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Illim, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilm, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilmen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilmenau, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Ilse, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Ilz, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Inda, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Inde, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Indus, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Indre, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Ingon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ingul, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Inn, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Inney, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ionne, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Ipf, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></li> + +<li>Ipoly, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Ips, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li><i>Irat</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irati, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irghiz, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irk, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irkut, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Irt, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irthing, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Irvine, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Isac, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Isar, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Ischl, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Ise, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isen, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isère, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Isis, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isla, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isker, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li><i>Ismenus</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isolé, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Isper, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Isset, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li><i>Issus</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li><i>Ister</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Itchen, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Iton, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Itz, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Ive, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Ivel, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Jactus</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jaghatu, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jahde, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jahnbach, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li><i>Jardanus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Jaxt, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Jesmen, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jessava, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jetza, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li><i>Jezawa</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jisdra, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Joss, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Jug, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Kalitva, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Kam, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kama, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kamp, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Kana, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kander, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Karthaue, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Kels, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Kelvin, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kemi, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kenne, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kent, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Kerr, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Kersch, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Khabur, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Khankova, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Klara, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Klodnitz, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Klön, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Kocher, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kohary, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kohlbach, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kokel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Kola, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Kolima, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Korol, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Koros, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Kösten, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Krems, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Kroma, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Krumbach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Kuchelbach, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Kulpa, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li>Kur, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Lagan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lahn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li><i>Laimaha</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Laine, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Laith, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lama, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lambro, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamme, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lammer, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamone, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lamov, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li><i>Lamus</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Laucha, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lauder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lauter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lave, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lavino, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Leach, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leam, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lech, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leck, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lee, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leen, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Legre, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Leiser, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Leith, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Leitha, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Leithan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Leman, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Leman (Lake), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Lempe, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lesse, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Lethæus</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Leven, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lez, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lid, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lida, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lidden, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Liddle, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Lieser, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Liffar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liffey, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Ligne, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lima, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Limen, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Limmat, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li><i>Limyrus</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li><i>Liparis</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Lipka, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Lippe, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liver, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Liza, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lizena, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Ljusne, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Lloughor, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loing, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loire, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Loiret, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></li> + +<li>Lomond (Loch), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Looe, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loony, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Loose, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lossie, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Lot, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Loue, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Louga, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lougan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Louven, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lowna, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lowther, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Luder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lug, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugano (Lake), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lugar, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Luhe, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lune, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Lutter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Lye, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lyme, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Lyon, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Lys, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Maas, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Macestus, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Madder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Madel, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Maese, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Magra, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mahanuddy, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maia, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maig, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Main, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Maina, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>March, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mare, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Marecchia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mark, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Marne, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Marosch, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li><i>Marsyas</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Masie, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Mask (Lake), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li><i>Matrinus</i>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Matrona</i>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Maw, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mawn, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>May, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mayenne, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Meal, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mede, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Medemelacha</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medinka, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li><i>Medoacus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li><i>Medofulli</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medvieditza, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Medway, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Medwin, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Megna, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mehaigne, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mehe, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Meissau, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li><i>Melsus</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Meon, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Mergui, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mersey, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Metauro, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Metema</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Meuse, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Mhye, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Midou, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Miele, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mies, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Milsibach, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Moder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Moldau, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Moldava, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Mora, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Morava, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Morge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mörn, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Moselle, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Moskva, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Mourne, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Moy, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Moyne, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Muhr, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Mulde, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Mülmisch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Muotta, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Murg, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Murr, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Murz, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Musone, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Muthvey, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Naab, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Naaf, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li><i>Nabalis</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nabon, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nahe, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nairn, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li><i>Namadus</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li><i>Naparis</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nar, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narenta, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narew, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Naron, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narova, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Narra, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Natisone, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Nave, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Naver, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Navia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Ne, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Neagh (Lake), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Neath, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li><i>Neda</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Neers, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Neisse, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nenagh, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nene, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nenny, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nent, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nera, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nerja, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nerussa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Ness, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Neste, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li><i>Nestus</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nethan, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nethe, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Neutra, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Neva, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Never, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nevis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></li> + +<li>Nia, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li><i>Nia</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nidd, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nidder, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nied, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Niemen, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nievre, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nisi, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nissava, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Nith, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Nive, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Nivelle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Noain, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Nodder, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li><i>Noraha</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Nore, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Now, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li><i>Oarus</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ock, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Ocker, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Odde, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Odder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Oder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Odon, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li><i>Oenus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Oertze, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Ohm, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Ohre, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Ohrn, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Oich, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oikell, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oise, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Oka, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Oke, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Olle, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li><i>Olmeius</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li><i>Oltis</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Ombrone, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Oppa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Orb, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Ore, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Orge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Orla, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orlyava, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orlyk, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orre, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Orrin, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li><i>Orsinus</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Orvanne, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li><i>Œscus</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Oskol, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Otter, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Ource, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Ourcq, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Ourt, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Ousche, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Oust, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Owenbeg, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Ovoca, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Oxus, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Paar, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Pader, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Padus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Palme, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Pant, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li><i>Pantanus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Parde, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Parret, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Parthenius</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li><i>Pathissus</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li><i>Paulo</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Pebrach, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Pedder, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Peen, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Peffer, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pelym, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li><i>Peneus</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penjina, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penk, <a href="#Footnote_32_32">82—Note</a>.</li> + +<li>Pennar, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Penza, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li><i>Permessus</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pernau, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Persante, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Petteril, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pever, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Pfreimt, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Piana, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Piave, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Piddle, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pina, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinau, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pindar, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Pindus</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinega, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pinka, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Pitrenick, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Plaine, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Plau, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Plan-see (Lake), <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Pleiske, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Pleisse, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li><i>Pleistus</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Pliusa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Ploen (Lake), <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plone, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plonna, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Plym, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Po, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li>Polota, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li><i>Porata</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Portva, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li><i>Practius</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Pravadi, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Pregel, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Primma, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Prims, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pripet, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Pronia, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Prosna, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Prüm, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Pruth, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li>Purally, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li><i>Pydaras</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li><i>Pyramus</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Queiss, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Quenny, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Quipar, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Raab, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li><i>Rasa</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rasay, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Ravee, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Raven, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Rea, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rednitz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></li> + +<li>Reen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rega, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Regen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Regge, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Reno, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Reuss, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rezat, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li><i>Rha</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhesus</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rhine, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Rhion, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhodanus</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhodius</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rhone, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Riaza, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Riga, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Riss, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Robe, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Rodach, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rodau, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rodden, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Roer, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Rohrbach, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Ross, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rosslau, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rötel, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Roth, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rotha, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rothaine, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rother, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Rott, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Rottach, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Roubion, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Ruhr, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Rye, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Saale, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Saar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Sabis</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sabor, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sabrina</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Saima (Lake), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sal, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Salm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li><i>Salo</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Salza, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Samara, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sambre, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>San, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Saone, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Saraswati, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Saratovka, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Sarayu</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sare, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sark, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sarnius, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarno, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarsonne, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sarthe, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sau, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sauconna</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Save, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savena, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savezo, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savio, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Savranka, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sazawa, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li><i>Scaldis</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Scarr, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Scheer, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Scheldt, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Schie, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li>Schiltach, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Schmida, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Schnei, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Schondra, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schozach, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schunter, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schupf, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Schussen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schutter, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Schwabach, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Schwale, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Schwalm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Schwarza, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Schyrne, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li><i>Scius</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li><i>Scopas</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Seaton, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Seena, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Segre, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Segura, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Seille, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Seine, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Selle, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Selse, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Selune, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Sem, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Semoy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sempt, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sena, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Senne, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li><i>Senus</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Seran, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Serchio, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sered, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sereth, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Serio, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Serre, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Serus, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Sessites</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sestra, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Seugne, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Seva, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Severn, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Severus</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevre, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sevron, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Shannon, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Sheaf, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Shere, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Shiel, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Shin, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Shira, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li><i>Sicoris</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sid, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Sieg, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sieve, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sihl, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Silaro, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Sile, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Simmen, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Simmer, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li><i>Simois</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Sinde, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Sitter, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Skerne, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></li> + +<li>Skippon, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Slaan, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Slaney, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Sneidbach, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Snyte, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Soar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Soastus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Soeste, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Soja, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Solman, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Somme, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Sora, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sorg, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sosna, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sosterbach, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Sosva, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Souza, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sow, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Söve, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Spean, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spear, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Speier, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spey, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprazah, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Spree, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprenzel, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Spressa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Sprint, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Sprotta, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Stör, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li><i>Storas</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stort, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stour, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Streu, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stroud, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Strumon, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Stry, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Stura, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Styr, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Suchona, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Suck, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Sucro</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li><i>Suevus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Suippe, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Suire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Sula, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li><i>Sulgas</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Sullane, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Sulm, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Sur, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sura, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Sure, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Suren, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Suss, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sutledge, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Sutoodra, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Suusaa, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Suzon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Svart, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Svir, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Swale, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swelly, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swilly, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Swords, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li><i>Syrmus</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Szala, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Ta (Loch), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Tabuda</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tacon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Tamar, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Tamaris</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tambre, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tame, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tamuda, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tamyras, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tana, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanagro, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li><i>Tanais</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanaro, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tanger, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li><i>Tanus</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Taptee, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tara, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tardoire, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tarf, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Tarisa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tarn, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Taro, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Tartaro, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li><i>Tartessus</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tarth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tauber, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Tavda, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tave, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tavus, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tavy, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Taw, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tay, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Teane, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tearne, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li><i>Tearus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Tees, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Teesta, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Teign, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tema, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Teme, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Temes, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Tengs, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Termon, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Tescha, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Tessin, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Test, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Teviot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Thames, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Thaya, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Theiss, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Thiele, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Thur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li><i>Tiasa</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Ticino, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Till, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Tilse, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Tim, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Timao, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li><i>Timavus</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tivy, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tollen, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Tom, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Torre, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Tosa, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Töss, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Touse, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Touvre, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Towy, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Trachino, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li><i>Tragus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Traun, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></li> + +<li>Trave, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Trebbia, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Treja, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Trent, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Trento, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Trome, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li><i>Truentius</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Truim, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li>Tura, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Turija, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Turuntus, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Twiste, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Tzna, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Uda, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ufa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ui, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Uist, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Ulla, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Ullea, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Ulster, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li><i>Umbro</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Umea, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Unstrut, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Upa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Ural, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li><i>Urius</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Urjumka, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Ursel, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Usk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Uste, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li><i>Uxella</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Vaga, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vagai, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li><i>Vahalis</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vakh, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Varano, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Vardar, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Varde, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vardre, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Varese (Lake), <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Vartrey, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vayah, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vegiaur, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Vegre, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vehne, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Veile, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Veistritz, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vel, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Velez, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Velino, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vellaur, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vendée, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Vent, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Ver, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Verdon, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Vesdre, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vesle, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vever, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Veveyse, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Viaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vie, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vienne, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vig, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Vilia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Viliu, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Villa, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Vilna, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Vils, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Vindau, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Vipasa</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Vire, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Vistre, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vistula, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Vlie, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Vliest, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Vliet, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Vodla, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Vosges, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Waag, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Waal, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wandle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Warnau, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Warta, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Watawa, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Waveney, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Waver, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wear, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Weaver, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wegierka, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Weichsel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Welland, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Welse, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Wente, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Wern, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Werre, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Wers, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wertach, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wetter, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Wey, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wick, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wien, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Wigger, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Willy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Windau, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li><i>Winderius</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Windermere (Lake), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Wipper, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wislauf, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Wisloka, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Woder, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Worse, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Wölpe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Wupper, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wurdah, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Wyck, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Wye, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Xalon, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Xucar, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Yssel, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Ythan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul><li>Zeyer, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li>Zorn, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Zna, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Zwettel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Zwittau, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Zwittawa, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center smcap">R. and J. Steel, Printers, 57, English St., Carlisle.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIVER-NAMES OF EUROPE *** + +***** This file should be named 35900-h.htm or 35900-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/0/35900/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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