diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:45 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:45 -0700 |
| commit | 4f3a9de10e9ea75adf89e61bf72a8eb485bbba4d (patch) | |
| tree | 63deb0cb6222e5fbcea3524c123d4894686f1955 /35915-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '35915-h')
68 files changed, 12167 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/35915-h/35915-h.html b/35915-h/35915-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f258088 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/35915-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,12167 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Frederick Starr" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="American Indians" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="April 18, 2011" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/35915" /><meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /><title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Indians by Frederick Starr</title><style type="text/css">/* +The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + +Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" +where elem is the element name in TEI. +The order of statements is important !!! +*/ + +.tei { margin: 0; padding: 0; + font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal } + +.block { display: block; } +.inline { display: inline; } +.floatleft { float: left; margin: 1em 2em 1em 0; } +.floatright { float: right; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em; } +.shaded { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; background-color: #eee; } +.boxed { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; border: 1px solid black; } + +body.tei { margin: 4ex 10%; text-align: justify } +div.tei { margin: 2em 0em } +p.tei { margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; text-indent: 0em; } +blockquote.tei { margin: 2em 4em } + +div.tei-lg { margin: 1em 0em; } +div.tei-l { margin: 0em; text-align: left; } +div.tei-tb { text-align: center; } +div.tei-epigraph { margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; } +div.tei-dateline { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-salute { margin: 1ex 0em; } +div.tei-signed { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-byline { margin: 1ex 0em; } + + /* calculate from size of body = 80% */ +div.tei-marginnote { margin: 0em 0em 0em -12%; width: 11%; float: left; } + +div.tei-sp { margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em } +div.tei-speaker { margin: 0em 0em 1em -2em; + font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em } +div.tei-stage { margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } +span.tei-stage { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + +div.tei-eg { padding: 1em; + color: black; background-color: #eee } + +hr.doublepage { margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px; } +hr.page { margin: 4em 0em; height: 2px; } + +ul.tei-index { list-style-type: none } + +dl.tei { margin: 1em 0em } + +dt.tei-notelabel { font-weight: normal; text-align: right; + float: left; width: 3em } +dd.tei-notetext { margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em } + +span.tei-pb { position: absolute; left: 1%; width: 8%; + font-style: normal; } + +span.code { font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; } + +ul.tei-castlist { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none } +li.tei-castitem { margin: 0em; } +table.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; } +ul.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; } +caption.tei-castgroup-head { caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left; + vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; } +*.tei-roledesc { font-style: italic } +*.tei-set { font-style: italic } + +table.rules { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.rules caption, +table.rules th, +table.rules td { border: 1px solid black; } + +table.tei { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.tei-list { width: 100% } + +th.tei-head-table { padding: 0.5ex 1em } + +th.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } +td.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + +td.tei-item { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: left; } +th.tei-label, +td.tei-label { width: 3em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: right; } + +th.tei-label-gloss, +td.tei-label-gloss { text-align: left } + +td.tei-item-gloss, +th.tei-headItem-gloss { padding-left: 4em; } + +img.tei-formula { vertical-align: middle; } + +</style></head><body class="tei"> + + + + + + + + +<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Indians by Frederick Starr</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost + and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: American Indians + +Author: Frederick Starr + +Release Date: April 18, 2011 [Ebook #35915] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIANS*** +</pre></div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">American Indians</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">By</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Frederick Starr</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">D. C. Heath & Co., Publishers</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Boston, New York, Chicago</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1898</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Preface.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">I. Some General Facts About Indians.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">II. Houses.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">III. Dress.</a></li><li><a href="#toc9">IV. The Baby And Child.</a></li><li><a href="#toc11">V. Stories Of Indians.</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">VI. War.</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">VII. Hunting And Fishing.</a></li><li><a href="#toc17">VIII. The Camp-Fire.</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">IX. Sign Language On The Plains.</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">X. Picture Writing.</a></li><li><a href="#toc23">XI. Money.</a></li><li><a href="#toc25">XII. Medicine Men And Secret Societies.</a></li><li><a href="#toc27">XIII. Dances And Ceremonials.</a></li><li><a href="#toc29">XIV. Burial And Graves.</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">XV. Mounds And Their Builders.</a></li><li><a href="#toc33">XVI. The Algonkins.</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">XVII. The Six Nations.</a></li><li><a href="#toc37">XVIII. Story Of Mary Jemison.</a></li><li><a href="#toc39">XIX. The Creeks.</a></li><li><a href="#toc41">XX. The Pani.</a></li><li><a href="#toc43">XXI. The Cherokees.</a></li><li><a href="#toc45">XXII. George Catlin And His Work.</a></li><li><a href="#toc47">XXIII. The Sun Dance.</a></li><li><a href="#toc49">XXIV. The Pueblos.</a></li><li><a href="#toc51">XXV. The Snake Dance.</a></li><li><a href="#toc53">XXVI. Cliff Dwellings And Ruins Of The +Southwest.</a></li><li><a href="#toc55">XXVII. Tribes Of The Northwest Coast.</a></li><li><a href="#toc57">XXVIII. Some Raven Stories.</a></li><li><a href="#toc59">XXIX. Totem Posts.</a></li><li><a href="#toc61">XXX. Indians Of California.</a></li><li><a href="#toc63">XXXI. The Aztecs.</a></li><li><a href="#toc65">XXXII. The Mayas And The Ruined Cities Of +Yucatan And Central America.</a></li><li><a href="#toc67">XXXIII. Conclusion.</a></li><li><a href="#toc69">Glossary Of Indian And Other Foreign Words Which May Not +Readily Be Found In The English Dictionary.</a></li><li><a href="#toc71">Index.</a></li><li><a href="#toc73">Footnotes</a></li></ul> + </div> + + </div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagei">[pg i]</span><a name="Pgi" id="Pgi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/front-map-top.png" alt="Illustration." title="Map Showing Former Location of Important Indian Groups of North America, North of Mexico: North." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Map Showing Former Location of Important +Indian Groups of North America, North of Mexico: North.</div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/front-map-bottom.png" alt="Illustration." title="Map Showing Former Location of Important Indian Groups of North America, North of Mexico: South." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Map Showing Former Location of Important +Indian Groups of North America, North of Mexico: South.</div></div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiii">[pg iii]</span><a name="Pgiii" id="Pgiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">This Little Book About</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">American Indians</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Is Dedicated To</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bedros Tatarian</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This book about American Indians is intended +as a reading book for boys and girls in school. +The native inhabitants of America are rapidly +dying off or changing. Certainly some knowledge +of them, their old location, and their old life +ought to be interesting to American children. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Naturally the author has taken material from +many sources. He has himself known some +thirty different Indian tribes; still he could not +possibly secure all the matter herein presented +by personal observation. In a reading book for +children it is impossible to give reference acknowledgment +to those from whom he has drawn. +By a series of brief notes attention is called to +those to whom he is most indebted: no one is +intentionally omitted. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While many of the pictures are new, being +drawn from objects or original photographs, some +have already appeared elsewhere. In each case, +their source is indicated. Special thanks for +assistance in illustration are due to the Bureau +of American Ethnology and to the Peabody +Museum of Ethnology at Cambridge, Mass. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pg0vi" id="Pg0vi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While intended for young people and written +with them only in mind, the author will be pleased +if the book shall interest some older readers. +Should it do so, may it enlarge their sympathy +with our native Americans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/mandan-chief.png" alt="Illustration." title="Mandan Chief in Full Dress. (After Catlin.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Mandan Chief in Full Dress. (After Catlin.)</div></div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<a name="Chapter_I" id="Chapter_I" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">I. Some General Facts About Indians.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We all know how the native Americans found +here by the whites at their first arrival, came to +be called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indians</span></span>. Columbus did not realize the +greatness of his discovery. He was seeking a +route to Asia and supposed that he had found it. +Believing that he had really reached the Indies, +for which he was looking, it was natural that the +people here should be called Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The American Indians are often classed as a +single type. They are described as being of a +coppery or reddish-brown color. They have +abundant, long, straight, black hair, and each +hair is found to be almost circular when cut +across. They have high cheek-bones, unusually +prominent, and wide faces. This description will +perhaps fit most Indians pretty well, but it would +be a great mistake to think that there are no differences +between tribes: there are many. There +are tribes of tall Indians and tribes of short ones; +some that are almost white, and others that are +nearly black. There are found among them all +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +shades of brown, some of which are reddish, +others yellowish. There are tribes where the +eyes appear as oblique or slanting as in the +Chinese, and others where they are as straight +as among ourselves. Some tribes have heads +that are long and narrow; the heads of others +are relatively short and wide. A little before the +World's Columbian Exposition thousands of Indians +of many different tribes were carefully +measured. Dr. Boas, on studying the figures, +decided that there were at least four different +types in the United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are now living many different tribes of +Indians. Formerly the number of tribes was still +greater. Each tribe has its own language, and +several hundred different Indian languages were +spoken. These languages sometimes so much +resemble each other that they seem to have been +derived from one single parent language. Thus, +when what is now New York State was first settled, +it was largely occupied by five tribes—the +Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas—called +<span class="tei tei-q">“the Five Nations.”</span> While they were +distinct and each had its own language, these were +so much alike that all are believed to have grown +from one. When languages are so similar that +they may be believed to have come from one +parent language, they are said to belong to the +same <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">language family</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">stock</span></em>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indians of New England, the lower Hudson +region, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +formed many different tribes, but they all +spoke languages of one family. These tribes are +called Algonkins. Indians speaking languages +belonging to one stock are generally related in +blood. Besides the area already named, Algonkin +tribes occupied New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, a +part of Canada, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, +and other districts farther west. The Blackfeet, +who were Algonkins, lived close to the Rocky +Mountains. So you see that one linguistic family +may occupy a great area. On the other hand, +sometimes a single tribe, small in numbers and +occupying only a little space, may have a language +entirely peculiar. Such a tribe would stand quite +alone and would be considered as unrelated to +any other. Its language would have to be considered +as a distinct family or stock. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A few years ago Major Powell published a map +of America north of Mexico, to show the distribution +of the Indian language families at the time +of the white settlement of this country. In it he +represented the areas of fifty-eight different families +or stocks. Some of these families, like the +Algonquian and Athapascan, occupied great districts +and contained many languages; others, like +the Zuñian, took up only a few square miles of +space and contained a single tribe. At the front +of this book is a little map partly copied from +that of Major Powell. The large areas are nearly +as he gave them; many smaller areas of his map +are omitted, as we shall not speak of them. The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Indians of the Pueblos speak languages of at least +four stocks, which Major Powell indicates. We +have covered the whole Pueblo district with one +color patch. We have grouped the many Californian +tribes into one: so, too, with the tribes of +the Northwest Coast. There are many widely +differing languages spoken in each of these two +regions. This map will show you where the +Indians of whom we shall speak lived. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many persons seem to think that the Indian +was a perpetual rover,—always hunting, fishing, +and making war,—with no settled villages. This +is a great mistake: most tribes knew and practiced +some agriculture. Most of them had settled +villages, wherein they spent much of their +time. Sad indeed would it have been for the +early settlers of New England, if their Indian +neighbors had not had supplies of food stored +away—the result of their industry in the fields. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The condition of the woman among Indians is +usually described as a sad one. It is true that she +was a worker—but so was the man. Each had +his or her own work to do, and neither would have +thought of doing that of the other; with us, men +rarely care to do women's work. The man built +the house, fortified the village, hunted, fished, +fought, and conducted the religious ceremonials +upon which the success and happiness of all +depended. The woman worked in the field, +gathered wood, tended the fire, cooked, dressed +skins, and cared for the children. When they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +traveled, the woman carried the burdens, of course: +the man had to be ready for the attack of enemies +or for the killing of game in case any should +be seen. Among us hunting, fishing, and dancing +are sport. They were not so with the +Indians. When a man had to provide food for +a family by his hunting and fishing, it ceased to +be amusement and was hard work. When Indian +men danced, it was usually as part of a religious +ceremony which was to benefit the whole tribe; +it was often wearisome and difficult—not fun. +Woman was much of the time doing what we +consider work; man was often doing what <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em> +consider play; there was not, however, really much +to choose between them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The woman was in most tribes the head of the +house. She exerted great influence in public +matters of the tribe. She frequently decided the +question of peace and war. To her the children +belonged. If she were dissatisfied with her husband, +she would drive him from the house and +bid him return to his mother. If a man were +lazy or failed to bring in plenty of game and fish, +he was quite sure to be cast off. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While he lived his own life, the Indian was +always hospitable. The stranger who applied for +shelter or food was never refused; nor was he +expected to pay. Only after long contact with the +white man, who always wanted pay for everything, +did this hospitality disappear. In fact, among +some tribes it has not yet entirely gone. One time, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as we neared the pueblo of Santo Domingo, New +Mexico, the old governor of the pueblo rode out +to meet us and learn who we were and what we +wanted. On explaining that we were strangers, +who only wished to see the town, we were taken +directly to his house, on the town square. His +old wife hastened to put before us cakes and +coffee. After we had eaten we were given full +permission to look around. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We shall consider many things together. Some +chapters will be general discussions of Indian life; +others will discuss special tribes; others will treat +of single incidents in customs or belief. Some +of the things mentioned in connection with one +particular tribe would be equally true of many +others. Thus, the modes of hunting buffalo and +conducting war, practiced by one Plains tribe, +were much the same among Plains tribes generally. +Some of the things in these lessons will +seem foolish; others are terrible. But remember +that foreigners who study <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">us</span></em> find that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em> have +many customs which they think strange and even +terrible. The life of the Indians was not, on the +whole, either foolish or bad; in many ways it was +wise and beautiful and good. But it will soon be +gone. In this book we shall try to give a picture +of it. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Franz Boas.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Anthropologist. German, living in America. +Has made investigations among Eskimo and Indians. Is now +connected with the American Museum of Natural History, New +York. +</span></p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">John Wesley Powell.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Teacher, soldier, explorer, scientist. +Conducted the first exploration of the Colorado River Cañon; +Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and of the Bureau of +American Ethnology. Has written many papers: among them +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">II. Houses.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The houses of Indians vary greatly. In some +tribes they are large and intended for several +families; in others they are small, and occupied +by few persons. Some are admirably constructed, +like the great Pueblo houses of the southwest, +made of stone and adobe mud; others are frail +structures of brush and thatch. The material +naturally varies with the district. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/iroquois-long-house.png" alt="Illustration." title="Iroquois Long House. (After Morgan.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Iroquois Long House. (After Morgan.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An interesting house was the <span class="tei tei-q">“long house”</span> of +the Iroquois. From fifty to one hundred or more +feet in length and perhaps not more than fifteen +in width, it was of a long rectangular form. It +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +consisted of a light framework of poles tied together, +which was covered with long strips of +bark tied or pegged on. There was no window, +but there was a doorway at each end. Blankets +or skins hung at these served as doors. Through +the house from doorway to doorway ran a central +passage: the space +on either side of +this was divided +by partitions of +skins into a series +of stalls, each of +which was occupied +by a family. +In the central +passage was a series +of fireplaces +or hearths, each +one of which +served for four +families. A large +house of this kind +might have five or +even more hearths, and would be occupied by +twenty or more families. Indian houses contained +but little furniture. Some blankets or +skins served as a bed; there were no tables or +chairs; there were no stoves, as all cooking was +done over the open fire or the fireplace. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 50%; text-align: center"><img src="images/algonkin-village.png" alt="Illustration." title="Algonkin Village of Pomeiock, on Albemarle Sound, in 1585. (After John Wyth: Copied in Morgan.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Algonkin Village of Pomeiock, on Albemarle +Sound, in 1585. (After John Wyth: Copied in Morgan.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The eastern Algonkins built houses like those +of the Iroquois, but usually much smaller. They, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +too, were made of a light framework of poles over +which were hung sheets of rush matting which +could be easily removed and rolled up, for future +use in case of removal. There are pictures in old +books of some Algonkin villages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These villages were often inclosed by a line of +palisades to keep off enemies. Sometimes the +gardens and cornfields were inside this palisading, +sometimes outside. The houses in these pictures +usually have straight, vertical sides and queer +rounded roofs. Sometimes they were arranged +along streets, but at others they were placed in a +ring around a central open space, where games +and celebrations took place. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many tribes have two kinds of houses, one for +summer, the other for winter. The Sacs and +Foxes of Iowa, in summer, live in large, rectangular, +barn-like structures. These measure perhaps +twenty feet by thirty. They are bark-covered and +have two doorways and a central passage, somewhat +like the Iroquois house. But they are not +divided by partitions into sections. On each side, +a platform about three feet high and six feet wide +runs the full length of the house. Upon this the +people sleep, simply spreading out their blankets +when they wish to lie down. Each person has +his proper place upon the platform, and no one +thinks of trespassing upon another. At the back +of the platform, against the wall, are boxes, baskets, +and bundles containing the property of the different +members of the household. As these platforms +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are rather high, there are little ladders +fastened into the earth floor, the tops of which +rest against the edge of the platform. These ladders +are simply logs of wood, with notches cut +into them for footholds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/winter-house.png" alt="Illustration." title="Winter House of Sacs and Foxes, Iowa. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Winter House of Sacs and Foxes, Iowa. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The winter house is very different. In the +summer house there is plenty of room and air; +in the winter house space is precious. The framework +of the winter lodge is made of light poles +tied together with narrow strips of bark. It is an +oblong, dome-shaped affair about twenty feet long +and ten wide. Some are nearly circular and about +fifteen feet across. They are hardly six feet high. +Over this framework are fastened sheets of matting +made of cat-tail rushes. This matting is very +light and thin, but a layer or two of it keeps out +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a great deal of cold. There is but one doorway, +usually at the middle of the side. There are no +platforms, but beds are made, close to the ground, +out of poles and branches. At the center is a +fireplace, over which hangs the pot in which food +is boiled. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Mandans used to build good houses almost +circular in form. The floor was sunk a foot or +more below the surface of the ground. The framework +was made of large and strong timbers. The +outside walls sloped inward and upward from the +ground to a height of about five feet. They were +composed of boards. The roof sloped from the +top of the wall up to a central point; it was made +of poles, covered with willow matting and then +with grass. The whole house, wall and roof, was +then covered over with a layer of earth a foot and +a half thick. When such a house contained a +fire sending out smoke, it must have looked like +a smooth, regularly sloping little volcano. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In California, where there are so many different +sorts of climate and surroundings, the Indian tribes +differed much in their house building. Where +the climate was raw and foggy, down near the +coast, they dug a pit and erected a shelter of redwood +poles about it. In the snow belt, the house +was conical in form and built of great slabs of +bark. In warm low valleys, large round or oblong +houses were made of willow poles covered with +hay. At Clear Lake there were box-shaped houses; +the walls were built of vertical posts, with poles +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lashed horizontally across them; these were not +always placed close together, but so as to leave +many little square holes in the walls; the flat roof +was made of poles covered with thatch. In the +great treeless plains of the Sacramento and San +Joaquin they made dome-shaped, earth-covered +houses, the doorway in which was sometimes on +top, sometimes near the ground on the side. In +the Kern and Tulare valleys, where the weather +is hot and almost rainless, the huts are made of +marsh rushes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/skin-tents.png" alt="Illustration." title="Skin Tents. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Skin Tents. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many persons seem to think that the Indian +never changes; that he cannot invent or devise +new things. This is a mistake. Long ago the +Dakotas lived in houses much like those of the +Sacs and Foxes. At that time they lived in Minnesota, +near the headwaters of the Mississippi +River. From the white man they received horses, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and by him they were gradually crowded out of +their old home. After getting horses they had +a much better chance to hunt buffalo, and began +to move about much more than before. They +then invented the beautiful tent now so widely +used among Plains Indians. The framework consists +of thirteen poles from fifteen to eighteen feet +long. The smaller ends are tied together and +then raised and spread out so as to cover a circle +on the ground about ten feet across. Over this +framework of poles are spread buffalo skins which +have been sewed together so as to fit it. The +lower end of this skin covering is then pegged +down and the sides are laced together with cords, +so that everything is neat and tight. There is a +doorway below to creep through, over which hangs +a flap of skin as a door. The smoke-hole at the +top has a sort of collar-like flap, which can be +adjusted when the wind changes so as to insure +a good draught of air at all times. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This sort of tent is easily put up and taken +down. It is also easily transported. The poles +are divided into two bunches, and these are +fastened by one end to the horse, near his neck—one +bunch on either side. The other ends are +left to drag upon the ground. The skin covering +is tied up into a bundle which may be fastened +to the dragging poles. Sometimes dogs, instead +of horses, were used to drag the tent poles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among many tribes who used these tents, the +camp was made in a circle. If the space was too +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +small for one great circle, the tents might be +pitched in two or three smaller circles, one within +another. These camp circles were not chance +arrangements. Each group of persons who were +related had its own proper place in the circle. +Even the proper place for each tent was fixed. +Every woman knew, as soon as the place for a +camp was chosen, just where she must erect her +tent. She would never think of putting it elsewhere. +After the camp circle was complete, the +horses would be placed within it for the night to +prevent their being lost or stolen. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Lewis H. Morgan.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Lawyer. One of America's earliest +eminent ethnologists. A special student of society and institutions. +Author of important books, among them, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Houses and +House-life of the American Aborigines</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The League of the +Iroquois</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Stephen Powers.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Author of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Indians of California</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">III. Dress.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the eastern states and on the Plains the +dress of the Indians was largely composed of +tanned and dressed skins such as those of the +buffalo and the deer. Most of the Indians were +skilled in dressing skins. The hide when fresh +from the animal was laid on the ground, stretched +as tightly as possible and pegged down all around +the edges. As it dried it became still more taut. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +A scraper was used to remove the fat and to +thin the skin. In old days this scraper was made +of a piece of bone cut to proper form, or of a +stone chipped to a sharp edge; in later times it +was a bone handle, with a blade of iron or steel +attached to it. Brains, livers, and fat of animals +were used to soften and dress the skin. These +materials were mixed together and spread over +the stretched skin, which was then rolled up and +laid aside. After several days, when the materials +had soaked in and somewhat softened the skin, +it was opened and washed: it was then rubbed, +twisted, and worked over until soft and fully +dressed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The men wore three or four different articles +of dress. First was the breech-clout, which consisted +of a strip of skin or cloth perhaps a foot +wide and several feet long; sometimes its ends +were decorated with beadwork or other ornamentation. +This cloth was passed between the legs +and brought up in front and behind. It was held +in place by a band or belt passing around the +waist, and the broad decorated ends hung down +from this something like aprons. Almost all +male Indians on the continent wore the breech-clout. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The men also wore buckskin leggings. These +were made in pairs, but were not sewed together. +They fitted tightly over the whole length of the +leg, and sometimes were held up by a cord at the +outer upper corner, which was tied to the waist-string. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Leggings were usually fringed with +strips of buckskin sewed along the outer side. +Sometimes bands of beadwork were tied around +the leggings below the knees. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/skin-jacket.png" alt="Illustration." title="Skin Jacket. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Skin Jacket. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A jacket or shirt +made of buckskin +and reaching to +the knees was generally +worn. It was +variously decorated. +Buckskin +strip fringes bordered +it; pictures +in black or red or other +colors were painted upon +it; handsome patterns +were worked into it with +beads or porcupine quills, +brightly dyed; tufts of +hair or true scalps might +be attached to it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Over all these came the +blanket or robe. Nowadays +these are got from +the whites, and are simple +flannel blankets; but in the old times they were +made of animal hides. In putting on a blanket, +the male Indian usually takes it by two corners, +one in each hand, and folds it around him with +the upper edge horizontal. Holding it thus a +moment with one hand, he catches the sides, a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +little way down, with the fingers of the other +hand, and thus holds it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Even where the men have given up the old +style of dress the women often retain it. The +garments are usually made, however, of cloth instead +of buckskin. Thus among the Sacs and +Foxes the leggings of the women, which used +to be made of buckskin, are now of black broad-cloth. +They are made very broad or wide, and +reach only from the ankles to a little above the +knees. They are usually heavily beaded. The +woman's skirt, fastened at the waist, falls a little +below the knees; it is made of some bright cloth +and is generally banded near the bottom with +tape or narrow ribbon of a different color from +the skirt itself. Her jacket is of some bright +cloth and hangs to the waist. Often it is decorated +with brooches or fibulæ made of German +silver. I once saw a little girl ten years old +who was dancing, in a jacket adorned with nearly +three hundred of these ornaments placed close +together. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All Indians, both men and women, are fond of +necklaces made of beads or other material. Men +love to wear such ornaments composed of trophies, +showing that they have been successful in war +or in hunting. They use elk teeth, badger claws, +or bear claws for this purpose. One very dreadful +necklace in Washington is made chiefly of +the dried fingers of human victims. Among the +Sacs and Foxes, the older men use a neck-ring +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that looks like a rope of solid beads. It consists +of a central rope made of rags; beads are strung +on a thread and this is wrapped around and +around the rag ring, until when finished only +beads can be seen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before the white man came, the Indians used +beads made of shell, stone, or bone. Nowadays +they are fond of the cheap glass beads which +they get from white traders. There are two kinds +of beadwork now made. The first is the simpler. +It is sewed work. Patterns of different colored +beads are worked upon a foundation of cloth. +Moccasins, leggings, and jackets are so decorated; +sometimes the whole article may be covered with +the bright beads. Almost every one has seen +tobacco-pouches or baby-frames covered with such +work. The other work is far more difficult. It +is used in making bands of beads for the arms, +legs, and waist. It is true woven work of the +same sort as the famous wampum belts, of which +we shall speak later. Such bands look like solid +beads and present the same patterns on both +sides. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The porcupine is an animal that is covered +with spines or <span class="tei tei-q">“quills.”</span> These quills were formerly +much used in decorating clothing. They +were often dyed in bright colors. After being +colored they were flattened by pressure and were +worked into pretty geometrical designs, color-bands, +rosettes, etc., upon blankets, buckskin shirts, +leggings, and moccasins. Very little of this work +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +has been done of late years: beadwork has almost +crowded it out of use. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/blackfoot-moccasin.png" alt="Illustration." title="Blackfoot Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Blackfoot Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/sioux-moccasin-1.png" alt="Illustration." title="Sioux Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Sioux Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/sioux-moccasin-2.png" alt="Illustration." title="Sioux Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Sioux Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The moccasin is a real Indian invention, and it +bears an Indian name. It is the most comfortable +foot-wear that could be devised for the Indian +mode of life. It is made of buckskin and closely +fits the foot. Moccasins usually reach only to +the ankle, and are tied close with little thongs of +buckskin. They have no heels, and no part is +stiff or unpleasant to the foot. The exact shape +of the moccasin and its decoration varies with the +tribe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In some tribes there is much difference between +the moccasins of men and those of women. +Among the Sacs and Foxes the woman's moccasin +has two side flaps which turn down and nearly +reach the ground; these, as well as the part over +the foot, are covered with a mass of beading; the +man's moccasin has smaller side flaps, and the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +only beading upon it is a narrow band running +lengthwise along the middle part above the foot. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The women of the Pueblos are not content +with simple moccasins, but wrap the leg with +strips of buckskin. This wrapping covers the +leg from the ankles to the knees and is heavy and +thick, as the strips are wound time after time +around the leg. At first, this wrapping looks +awkward and ugly to a stranger, but he soon +becomes accustomed to it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/omaha-moccasin.png" alt="Illustration." title="Omaha Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Omaha Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/iroquois-moccasin.png" alt="Illustration." title="Iroquois Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Iroquois Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/kutchin-moccasin.png" alt="Illustration." title="Kutchin Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Kutchin Moccasin. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not many of the tribes were real weavers. +Handsome cotton blankets and kilts were woven +by the Moki and other Pueblo Indians. Such +are still made by these tribes for their religious +ceremonies and dances. Nowadays these tribes +have flocks of sheep and know how to weave +good woollen blankets. Some of the Pueblos +also weave long, handsome belts, in pretty patterns +of bright colors. Their rude loom consists +of just a few sticks, but it serves its purpose +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +well, and the blankets and belts +are firm and close. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/pueblo-woman.png" alt="Illustration." title="A Pueblo Woman. (From Morgan.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">A Pueblo Woman. (From Morgan.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Navajo, who are neighbors +of the Pueblos, learned +how to weave from them, but +are to-day much better weavers +than their teachers. Every one +knows the Navajo blankets, +with their bright colors, +pretty designs, and texture so +close as to shed water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some tribes of British +Columbia weave soft capes +or cloaks of cedar bark, +and in Alaska the Chilcat +Indians weave beautiful +blankets of mountain-sheep +wool and +mountain-goat hair. +These are a mass of +odd, strikingly colored, +and crowdedly +arranged symbolic +devices. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among some California +Indians the women wore dresses made of +grass. They were short skirts or kilts, consisting +of a waist-band from which hung a fringe of +grass cords. They had nuts and other objects +ornamentally inserted into the cords. They +reached about to the knees. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">IV. The Baby And Child.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indian babies are often pretty. Their big +black eyes, brown, soft skin, and their stiff, +strong, black hair form a pleasing combination. +Among many tribes their foreheads are covered +with a fine, downy growth of black hair, and +their eyes appear to slant, like those of the +Chinese. The little fellows hardly ever cry, +and an Indian parent rarely strikes a child, +even when it is naughty, which is not often. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most Indian babies are kept strapped or laid +on a papoose-board or cradle-board. While these +are widely used, they differ notably among the +tribes. Among the Sacs and Foxes the cradle +consists of a board two feet or two and a half +feet long and about ten inches wide. Near the +lower end is fastened, by means of thongs, a thin +board set edgewise and bent so as to form a +foot-rest and sides. Over the upper end is a +thin strip of board bent to form an arch. This +rises some eight inches above the cradle-board. +Upon the board, below this arch, is a little +cushion or pillow. The baby, wrapped in cloths +or small blankets, his arms often being bound +down to his sides, is laid down upon the cradle-board, +with his head lying on the pillow and +his feet reaching almost to the foot-board. He +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is then fastened securely in place by bandages +of cloth decorated with beadwork or by laces +or thongs. There he lies <span class="tei tei-q">“as snug as a bug +in a rug,”</span> ready to be carried on his mother's +back, or to be set up against a wall, or to be +hung up in a tree. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/oregon-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Cradle of Oregon Indians. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Cradle of Oregon Indians. (After Mason.)</div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/yukon-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Birch-Bark Cradle from Yukon River, Alaska. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Birch-Bark Cradle from Yukon River, Alaska. (After Mason.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When his mother is busy at work, the little +one is unwrapped so as to set his arms and +hands free, and is then laid upon the blankets +and cloths, and left to squirm and amuse himself +as best he can. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The mother hangs all sorts of beads and +bright and jingling things to the arch over the +baby's head. When he lies strapped down, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mother sets all these things to jingling, and +the baby lies and blinks at them in great wonder. +When his little hands are free to move, +the baby himself tries to strike and handle the +bright and noisy things. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/blackfeet-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Blackfeet Cradle, Made of Lattice-work and Leather. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Blackfeet Cradle, Made of Lattice-work and Leather. (After Mason.)</div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/noki-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Noki Cradle: Frame of Fine Wicker. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Noki Cradle: Frame of Fine Wicker. (After Mason.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the far north the baby-board is made of +birch bark and has a protecting hood over the +head; among some tribes of British Columbia, +it is dug out of a single piece of wood in the +form of a trough or canoe; among the Chinooks +it has a head-flattening board hinged on, by +which the baby's head is changed in form; one +baby-board from Oregon was shaped like a great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +arrowhead, covered with buckskin, with a sort of +pocket in front in which the little fellow was +laced up; among some tribes in California, the +cradle is made of basket work and is shaped +like a great moccasin; some tribes of the southwest +make the cradle of canes or slender sticks +set side by side and spliced together; among +some Sioux the cradle is covered completely at +the sides with pretty beadwork, and two slats +fixed at the edges project far beyond the upper +end of the cradle. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/apache-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Apache Cradle. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Apache Cradle. (After Mason.)</div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/hupa-cradle.png" alt="Illustration." title="Hupa Wicker Cradle. (After Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Hupa Wicker Cradle. (After Mason.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the baby is not always kept down on the +cradle-board. Sometimes among the Sacs and +Foxes he is slung in a little hammock, which +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is quickly and easily made. Two cords are +stretched side by side from tree to tree. A +blanket is then folded until its width is little +more than the length of the baby; its ends are +then folded around the cords and made to overlap +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +midway between them. After the cords are +up, a half a minute is more than time enough +to make a hammock out of a blanket. And a +more comfortable little pouch for a baby could +not be found. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/cree-squaw.png" alt="Illustration." title="Cree Squaw and Papoose. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Cree Squaw and Papoose. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the Pueblos they have a swinging +cradle. It consists of a circular or oval ring +made of a flexible stick bent and tied together +at the ends. Leather thongs are laced back and +forth across it so as to make an open netting. +The cradle is then hung from the rafters by cords. +In it the baby swings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The baby who is too large for his baby-board +is carried around on his mother's or sister's, or +even his brother's, back. The little wriggler is +laid upon the back, and then the blanket is bound +around him to hold him firmly, often leaving +only his head in sight, peering out above the +blanket. With her baby fastened upon her back +in this way the mother works in the fields or +walks to town. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among some tribes, particularly in the southern +states and in Mexico, the baby strides the +mother's back, and a little leg and foot hang out +on either side from the blanket that holds him +in place. Among some tribes in California the +women use great round baskets tapering to a +point below; these are carried by the help of +a carrying strap passing around the forehead. +During the season of the salmon fishing these +baskets are used in carrying fish; at such times +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +baby and fish are thrown into the basket together +and carried along. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indian boys play many games. When I +used to meet Sac and Fox boys in the spring-time, +each one used to have with him little sticks +made of freshly cut branches of trees. These +had the bark peeled off so they would slip better. +They were cut square at one end, and bluntly +pointed at the other. Each boy had several of +these, so marked that he would know his own. +When two boys agreed to play, one held one of +his sticks, which was perhaps three feet long and +less than half an inch thick, between his thumb +and second finger, with the forefinger against the +squared end and the pointed end forward. He +then sent it sliding along on the grass as far as it +would go. Then the other boy took his turn, +trying of course to send his farther. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The young men have a somewhat similar game, +but their sticks are carefully made of hickory and +have a blunt-pointed head and a long slender tail +or shaft. These will skim a long way over snow +when it has a crust upon it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One gambling game is much played by big +boys and young men among the Sacs and Foxes. +It is called moccasin. It is a very stupid game, +but the Indians are fond of it. Some moccasins +are turned upside down, and one player conceals +under one of them a small ball or other +object. Another tries then to guess where the +ball lies. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ball-sticks.png" alt="Illustration." title="Group of Ball Sticks." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Group of Ball Sticks.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many of the Indian tribes had some form of +ball game. Sometimes all the young men of a +town would take part. The game consisted in +driving the ball over a goal. The players on +both sides were much in earnest, and the games +were very exciting. In the play a racket was +used consisting of a stick frame and a netting of +thongs. The shape of this racket or ball stick +differed among different tribes. Sometimes one +racket was used by one player, sometimes two. +Among the Iroquois the game is called by the +French name of lacrosse. The young men of one +village often played against those of another. +They used a curious long racket consisting of a +curved stick with netting across the bend. The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Choctaws, Cherokees, and other tribes near them +have two rackets for each player. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Catlin tells us that in their games there would +sometimes be six to eight hundred or a thousand +young men engaged. He says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I have made +it an uniform rule, whilst in the Indian country, +to attend every ball-play I could hear of, if I could +do it by riding a distance of twenty or thirty +miles; and my usual custom has been on such +occasions to straddle the back of my horse and +look on to the best advantage. In this way I +have sat, and oftentimes reclined and almost +dropped from my horse's back, with irresistible +laughter at the succession of droll tricks and +kicks and scuffles which ensue, in the almost +superhuman struggles for the ball. Their plays +generally commence at about nine o'clock, or +near it, in the morning; and I have more than +once balanced myself on my pony from that +time till nearly sundown, without more than one +minute of intermission at a time, before the game +has been decided.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But these great games of ball with hundreds of +players are quite past, and the sport, where still +kept up, grows less and less each year. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Otis T. Mason.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Ethnologist. In charge of the department +of Ethnology in the U. S. National Museum, Washington. +Has written some books and many articles. Among the last +is </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cradles of the American Aborigines</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">George Catlin.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Artist and traveler. See </span><a href="#Chapter_XXII" class="tei tei-ref"><span style="font-size: 90%">XXII</span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">V. Stories Of Indians.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indians everywhere are fond of stories. +Some of their stories are about themselves and +their own deeds; others recount the past deeds +of the tribe; many are about some wise and good +man, who lived long ago, and who taught them +how they should live and what dances and ceremonies +they should perform; some are attempts +to explain why things are as they are; others tell +of the creation of the world. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of these many stories some may be told at any +time and anywhere, while others are sacred and +must only be told to certain persons on particular +occasions. Among some tribes the <span class="tei tei-q">“old stories”</span> +must not be told in the summer when the trees +are full of green leaves, for the spirits of the +leaves can listen; but when winter comes, and +snow lies on the ground, and the leaves have +fallen, and the trees appear to be dead, then +they may tell their stories about the camp-fire +in safety. We can give only a few of these +stories from three different tribes. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">An Iroquois Story Of The Pleiades.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +You all know the stars that are called the +Pleiades. Sometimes, but wrongly, they are +called the Little Dipper. They are a group of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +seven little stars that look as if they were quite +close together. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Iroquois tell this story about them: +There were once seven little Indian boys who +were great friends. Every evening they used to +come to a little mound to dance and feast. +They would first eat their corn and beans, and +then one of their number would sit upon the +mound and sing, while the others danced around +the mound. One time they thought they would +have a much grander feast than usual, and each +agreed upon what he would bring for it. But +their parents would not give them what they +wanted, and the little lads met at the mound +without their feast. The singer took his place +and began his song, while his companions started +to dance. As they danced they forgot their sorrows +and "their heads and hearts grew lighter," +until at last they flew up into the air. Their +parents saw them as they rose, and cried out to +them to return; but up and up they went until +they were changed into the seven stars. Now, +one of the Pleiades is dimmer than the rest, and +they say that it is the little singer, who is homesick +and pale because he wants to return but +cannot. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">A Story Of Glooskap.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Algonkin tribes of Nova Scotia, Canada, +and New England had a great many stories +about a great hero named Glooskap. They believed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +he was a great magician and could do +wonders. In stories about him it is common to +have him strive with other magicians to see +which one can do the greatest wonders and overpower +the other. Glooskap always comes out +ahead in these strange contests. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Usually Glooskap is good to men, but only +when they are true and honest. He used to +give people who visited him their wish. But +if they were bad, their wish would do them far +more harm than good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the Glooskap stories tells of how he +fought with some giant sorcerers at Saco. +There was an old man who had three sons +and a daughter. They were all giants and +great magicians. They did many wicked things, +and killed and ate every one they could get at. +It happened that when he was young, Glooskap +had lived in this family, but then they were not +bad. When he heard of their dreadful ways he +made up his mind to go and see if it was all +true, and if it were so, to punish them. So he +went to the house. The old man had only one +eye, and the hair on one half of his head was +gray. The first thing Glooskap did was to +change himself so that he looked exactly like +the old man; no one could tell which was which. +And they sat talking together. The sons, hearing +them, drew near to kill the stranger, but +could not tell which was their father, so they +said, <span class="tei tei-q">“He must be a great magician, but we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +will get the better of him.”</span> So the sister giant +took a whale's tail, and cooking it, offered it to +the stranger. Glooskap took it. Then the eldest +brother came in, and seizing the food, said, <span class="tei tei-q">“This +is too good for a beggar like you.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Glooskap said, <span class="tei tei-q">“What is given to me is mine: +I will take it.”</span> And he simply <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wished</span></em> and it +returned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The brothers said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed he is a great +magician, but we will get the better of him.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So when he was through eating, the eldest +brother took up the mighty jawbone of a whale, +and to show that he was strong bent it a little. +But Glooskap took it and snapped it in two between +his thumb and finger. And the giant +brothers said again, <span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed he is a great magician, +but we will get the better of him.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then they tested him with strong tobacco +which no one but great magicians could possibly +smoke. Each took a puff and inhaled it and blew +the smoke out through his nose to show his +strength. But Glooskap took the great pipe and +filled it full, and at a single puff burnt all the +tobacco to ashes and inhaled all the smoke and +puffed it out through his nostrils. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When they were beaten at smoking, the giants +proposed a game of ball and went out into the +sandy plain by the riverside. And the ball they +used was thrown upon the ground. It was really +a dreadful skull, that rolled and snapped at Glooskap's +heels, and if he had been a common man or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a weak magician it would have bitten his foot off. +But Glooskap laughed and broke off a tip of a +tree branch for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> ball and set it to rolling. And +it turned into a skull ten times more dreadful +than the other, and it chased the wicked giants as +a lynx chases a rabbit. As they fled Glooskap +stamped upon the sand with his foot, and sang a +magic song. And the river rose like a mighty +flood, and the bad magicians, changed into fishes, +floated away in it and caused men no more +trouble. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Scar-Face: A Blackfoot Story.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was a man who had a beautiful daughter. +Each of the brave and handsome and rich +young men had asked her to marry him, but she +had always said No, that she did not want a husband. +When at last her father and mother asked +her why she would not marry some one, she told +them the sun had told her he loved her and that +she should marry no one without his consent. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now there was a poor young man in the +village, whose name was Scar-face. He was a +good-looking young man except for a dreadful +scar across his face. He had always been poor, +and had no relatives and no friends. One day +when all the rich young men had been refused +by the beautiful girl, they began to tease poor +Scar-face. They said to him:— +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Why don't you ask that girl to marry you? +You are so rich and handsome.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scar-face did not laugh at their unkind joke, +but said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will go.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He asked the girl, and she liked him because +he was good; and she was willing to have him +for her husband. So she said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I belong to the +sun. Go to him. If he says so, I will marry +you.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Scar-face was very sad, for who could +know the way to the sun? At last he went to +an old woman who was kind of heart. He asked +her to make him some moccasins, as he was going +on a long journey. So she made him seven pairs +and gave him a sack of food, and he started. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many days he traveled, keeping his food as +long as he could by eating berries and roots or +some animal that he killed. At last he came to +the house of a wolf. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Where are you going?”</span> asked the wolf. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I seek the place where the sun lives,”</span> said +Scar-face. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I know all the prairies, the valleys, and the +mountains, but I don't know the sun's home,”</span> +said the wolf; <span class="tei tei-q">“but ask the bear; he may know.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next night the young man reached the +bear's house. <span class="tei tei-q">“I know not where he stops. I +know much country, but I have never seen the +lodge. Ask the badger; he is smart,”</span> said the +bear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The badger was in his hole and was rather +cross at being disturbed. He did not know the +sun's house, but said perhaps the wolverine would +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +know. Though Scar-face searched the woods, he +could not find the wolverine. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In despair he sat down to rest. He cried to +the wolverine to pity him, that his moccasins +were worn out and his food gone. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The wolverine appeared. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah, I know where +he lives; to-morrow you shall see: it is beyond +the great water.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next morning the wolverine put the young +man on the trail, and at last he came to a great +water. Here his courage failed; he was in despair. +There was no way to cross. Just then +two swans appeared and asked him about himself. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he told his story, they took him safely +over. <span class="tei tei-q">“Now,”</span> said they, as he stepped ashore, +<span class="tei tei-q">“you are close to the sun's house. Follow that +trail.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scar-face soon saw some beautiful things in the +path,—a war-shirt, shield, bow, and arrow. But +he did not touch them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Soon he came upon a handsome young man +whose name was Morning Star. He was the +child of the sun and the moon. They became +great friends. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Together they went to the house of the sun, +and there Morning Star's mother was kind to +Scar-face because her son told her that Scar-face +had not stolen his pretty things. When +the sun came home at night, the moon hid Scar-face +under some skins, but the sun knew at once +that some one was there. So they brought him +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +forth and told him he should always be with +Morning Star as his comrade. And one day he +saved his friend's life from an attack of long-beaked +birds down by the great water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then the sun and moon were happy over what +he had done and asked what they could do for +him. And Scar-face told them his story, and the +sun told him he should marry his sweetheart. +And he took the scar from his face as a sign +to the girl. They gave him many beautiful +presents, and the sun taught him many things, +and how the medicine lodge should be built and +how the dance should be danced, and at last Scar-face +parted from them, and went home over the +Milky Way, which is a bridge connecting heaven +and earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And he sat, as is the custom of strangers coming +to a town, on the hill outside the village. At +last the chief sent young men to invite him to the +village, and they did so. When he threw aside +his blanket, all were surprised, for they knew him. +But he wore rich clothing, he had a beautiful +bow and arrow, and his face no longer bore the +scar. And when he came into the village, he +found the girl, and she knew that he had been to +the sun, and she loved him, and they were married. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Erminnie A. Smith.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A highly accomplished woman. +Shortly before her death she made a study for the Bureau of +American Ethnology upon </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Myths of the Iroquois</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Charles Godfrey Leland.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Poet, prose writer, and traveler. +His poems appear under the </span><span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">nom de plume</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hans +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Breitmann.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> His </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Algonquin Legends of New England</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is +important. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">George Bird Grinnell.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Writer. His </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pawnee Hero Stories +and Folk-Tales</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Blackfoot Lodge Tales</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> are charming +works. We have drawn upon him for much material, especially +here and in </span><a href="#Chapter_XVI" class="tei tei-ref"><span style="font-size: 90%">XVI.</span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><a href="#Chapter_XX" class="tei tei-ref"><span style="font-size: 90%">XX.</span></a> +</p> +</div> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">VI. War.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All Indians were more or less warlike; a few +tribes, however, were eminent for their passion +for war. Such, among eastern tribes, were the +Iroquois; among southwestern tribes, the Apaches; +and in Mexico, the Aztecs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The purpose in Indian warfare was, everywhere, +to inflict as much harm upon the enemy, +and to receive as little as possible. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The causes of war were numerous—trespassing +on tribal territory, stealing ponies, quarrels +between individuals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In their warfare stealthiness and craft were +most important. Sometimes a single warrior +crept silently to an unsuspecting camp that he +might kill defenseless women, or little children, +or sleeping warriors, and then as quietly he withdrew +with his trophies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/spears-shield.png" alt="Illustration." title="Indian Spears, Shield, and Quiver of Arrows." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Indian Spears, Shield, and Quiver of Arrows.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In such approaches, it was necessary to use +every help in concealing oneself. Of the Apaches +it is said: <span class="tei tei-q">“He can conceal his swart body +amidst the green grass, behind brown shrubs or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +gray rocks, with +so much address +and judgment +that any +one but the +experienced +would pass him +by without detection +at the +distance of +three or four +yards. Sometimes +they will +envelop themselves +in a gray +blanket, and by +an artistic sprinkling +of earth +will so resemble +a granite bowlder +as to be +passed within +near range +without suspicion. +At others, +they will cover +their person +with freshly +gathered grass, +and lying prostrate, +appear as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a natural portion of the field. Again, they will plant +themselves among the yuccas, and so closely imitate +their appearance as to pass for one of them.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At another time the Indian warrior would depend +upon a sudden dash into the midst of the +enemy, whereby he might work destruction and +be away before his presence was fairly realized. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Clark tells of an unexpected assault made upon +a camp by some white soldiers and Indian scouts. +One of these scouts, named Three Bears, rode a +horse that became unmanageable, and dashed with +his rider into the very midst of the now angry and +aroused enemy. Shots flew around him, and his +life was in great peril. At that moment his friend, +Feather-on-the-head, saw his danger. He dashed in +after Three Bears. As he rode, he dodged back and +forth, from side to side, in his saddle, to avoid shots. +At the very center of the village, Three Bears' +horse fell dead. Instantly, Feather-on-the-head, +sweeping past, caught up his friend behind him +on his own horse, and they were gone like a flash. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A favorite device in war was to draw the enemy +into ambush. An attack would be made with a +small part of the force. This would seem to make +a brave assault, but would then fall back as if +beaten. The enemy would press on in pursuit +until some bit of woods, some little hollow, or +some narrow place beneath a height was reached. +Then suddenly the main body of attack, which +had been carefully concealed, would rise to view +on every side, and a massacre would ensue. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the white man brought horses, the war +expeditions were usually trips for stealing ponies. +These, of course, were never common among +eastern tribes; they were frequent among Plains +Indians. Some man dreamed that he knew a +village of hostile Indians where he could steal +horses. If he were a brave and popular man, +companions would promptly join him, on his announcing +that he was going on an expedition. +When the party was formed, the women prepared +food, moccasins, and clothing. When ready, the +party gathered in the medicine lodge, where they +gashed themselves, took a sweat, and had prayers +and charms repeated by the medicine man. Then +they started. If they were to go far, at first they +might travel night and day. As they neared their +point of attack, they became more cautious, traveling +only at night, and remaining concealed during +the daylight. When they found a village or +camp with horses, their care was redoubled. Waiting +for night, they then approached rapidly but +silently. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Each man worked by himself. Horses were +quickly loosed and quietly driven away. When +at a little distance from the village they gathered +together, mounted the stolen animals, and fled. +Once started, they pressed on as rapidly as +possible. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was the ambition of every Plains Indian to +count <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup</span></span>. <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Coup</span></span> is a French word, meaning a +stroke or blow. It was considered an act of great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +bravery to go so near to a live enemy as to touch +him with the hand, or to strike him with a short +stick, or a little whip. As soon as an enemy had +been shot and had fallen, three or four often would +rush upon him, anxious to be the first one to +touch him, and thus count <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was really great danger in this, for a +fallen enemy need not be badly injured, and may +kill one who closely approaches him. More than +this, when seriously injured and dying, a man in +his last struggles is particularly dangerous. It +was the ambition of every Indian youth to make +<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup</span></span> for the first time, for thereafter he was considered +brave, and greatly respected. Old men +never tired of telling of the times they had made +<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup</span></span>, and one who had thus touched dreaded enemies +many times was looked upon as a mighty +warrior. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among certain tribes it was the custom to +show the number of enemies killed by the wearing +of war feathers. These were usually feathers +of the eagle, and were cut or marked to show +how many enemies had been slain. Among the +Dakotas a war feather with a round spot of red +upon it indicated one enemy slain; a notch in +the edge showed that the throat of an enemy was +cut; other peculiarities in the cut, trim, or coloration +told other stories. Of course, such feathers +were highly prized. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Every one has seen pictures of war bonnets +made of eagle feathers. These consisted of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +crown or band, fitting the head, from which rose +a circle of upright feathers; down the back hung +a long streamer, a band of cloth sometimes reaching +the ground, to which other feathers were attached +so as to make a great crest. As many as +sixty or seventy feathers might be used in such a +bonnet, and, as one eagle only supplies a dozen, +the bonnet represented the killing of five or six +birds. These bonnets were often really worn in +war, and were believed to protect the wearer from +the missiles of the enemy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The trophy prized above all others by American +Indians was the scalp. Those made in later +days by the Sioux consist of a small disk of +skin from the head, with the attached hair. It +was cut and torn from the head of wounded +or dead enemies. It was carefully cleaned and +stretched on a hoop; this was mounted on a stick +for carrying. The skin was painted red on the +inside, and the hair arranged naturally. If the +dead man was a brave wearing war feathers, these +were mounted on the hoop with the scalp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is said that the Sioux anciently took a much +larger piece from the head, as the Pueblos always +did. Among the latter, the whole haired skin, +including the ears, was torn from the head. At +Cochiti might be seen, until lately, ancient scalps +with the ears, and in these there still remained +the green turquoise ornaments. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/scalps.png" alt="Illustration." title="Apache and Sioux Scalps." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Apache and Sioux Scalps.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While enemies were generally slain outright, +such was not always the case. When prisoners, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +one of three other fates might await them: they +might be adopted by some member of the tribe, +in place of a dead brother or son; they might +be made to run the gauntlet as +a last and desperate chance of +life. This was a severe test of +agility, strength, and endurance. +A man, given this chance, +was obliged to run between two +lines of Indians, all more or +less armed, who struck at him +as he passed. Usually the +poor wretch fell, covered with +wounds, long before he reached +the end of the lines; if he +passed through, however, his +life was spared. Lastly, prisoners +might be tortured to +death, and dreadful accounts +exist of such tortures among +Iroquois, Algonkin and others. One of the least +terrible was as follows: the unfortunate prisoner +was bound to the stake, and the men and women +picked open the flesh all over the body with knives; +splinters of pine were then driven into the wounds +and set on fire. The prisoner died in dreadful +agony. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">VII. Hunting And Fishing.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To the Indian hunting and fishing were serious +business. Upon the man's success depended +the comfort and even the life of the household. +Game was needed as food. The Indians had to +learn the habits of the different animals so as to +be able to capture or kill them. Boys tried early +to learn how to hunt. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Clark tells of an Indian, more than eighty +years old, who recalled with great delight the +pleasure caused by his first exploit in hunting. +<span class="tei tei-q">“When I was eight years of age,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I +killed a goose with a bow and arrow and took +it to my father's lodge, leaving the arrow in it. +My father asked me if I had killed it, and I said, +<span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes; my arrow is in it.’</span> My father examined +the bird, fired off his gun, turned to an old man +who was in the lodge, presented the gun to him +and said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Go and harangue the camp; inform +them all what my boy has done.’</span> When I killed +my first buffalo I was ten years old. My father +was right close, came to me and asked if I killed +it. I said I had. He called some old men who +were by to come over and look at the buffalo +his son had killed, gave one of them a pony, +and told him to inform the camp.”</span> Such boyish +successes were always the occasion of family +rejoicing. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To the Indians of the Plains the important +game was buffalo; and for buffalo two great hunts +were made each year,—a summer and a winter +hunt. Sometimes whole villages together went +to these hunts. Few cared to stay behind, for +fear of attack by hostile Indians. Provisions and +valuables which were not needed on the journey +were carefully buried, to be dug up again on the +return. At times the people of a village went +hundreds of miles on these expeditions. Baggage +was carried on ponies in charge of the women. +At night it took but a few minutes to make camp, +and no more was necessary in the morning for +breaking camp and getting on the way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In journeying they went in single file. Scouts +constantly kept a lookout for herds. When a +herd was sighted, it was approached with the +greatest care: everything was done according to +fixed rules and under appointed leaders. When +ready for the attack, the hunters drawn up in a +single row approached as near as possible to the +herd and waited for the signal to attack. When +it was given, the whole company charged into the +herd, and each did his best to kill all he could. +All were on horseback, and armed with bows and +arrows. They tried to get abreast of the animal +and to discharge the weapon to a vital spot. +One arrow was enough to kill sometimes, but +usually more were necessary. A single successful +hunter might kill four or five in a half hour. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the killing a lively time ensued. The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dead animals were skinned, cut up, and carried +on ponies into camp. There the skins were +pegged out to dry, the meat was cut up into +strips or sheets for drying, or made up into +pemmican. Every one was busy and happy in +the prospect of plenty of food. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes, however, no herds could be found. +Day after day passed without success. The +camp was well-nigh discouraged. Then a buffalo +dance was held. In this the hunters dressed +themselves in the skins and horns of buffalo, and +danced to the accompaniment of special music +and songs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In dancing, they imitated the movements of +the buffalo, believing that thus they could compel +the animals to appear. Hour after hour, even +day after day, passed in such dancing until some +scout hurrying in reported a herd in sight. Then +the dance would abruptly cease, its object being +gained. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of course many ingenious devices were employed +in hunting. Antelope were stalked; fur-bearing +animals were trapped or snared. Sometimes +all the animals in a considerable area were +driven into a central space where they were killed, +or from which they were driven between lines of +stones or brush, to some point where they would +fall over a cliff and be killed in the fall. Such +drives used to be common in the Pueblo district. +To-day deer are rarer there; so are the mountain +lion and the bear. Hunts there are more likely +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nowadays to be for rabbits than for larger game. +These are caught in nets, but are more frequently +killed by rabbit sticks, which may be knot-ended +clubs or flat, curved throwing sticks, a little like +the boomerangs of Australia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/group-weapons.png" alt="Illustration." title="Group of Weapons. (From Originals in Peabody Museum, Cambridge.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Group of Weapons. (From Originals in Peabody Museum, Cambridge.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The great weapon for hunting was the bow and +arrow. Indian bows ranged from frail, weak +things, hardly suitable for a child, to the <span class="tei tei-q">“strong +bow”</span> of the Sioux and Crows, which would send +an arrow completely through a buffalo; the most +powerful Colt's revolver—so Clark says—will +not send a ball through the same animal. The +Crows sometimes made beautiful bows of elk +horn; such cost much labor and were highly +valued. Three months' time was spent in making +a single one. Arrows required much care +in their making. In some tribes each man +made all his arrows of precisely one length, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +different from all others. This was an aid in +recognizing them. Many carried with them a +measure, the exact length of their arrows so as to +settle disputes. This was necessary to determine +who had killed a given animal: the carcass belonged +to the man whose arrow was found in it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among some eastern tribes, and particularly +in the south, where fine canes grow near streams, +the blow-gun is used. This consists of a piece +of cane perhaps eight or ten feet long, which +is carefully pierced from end to end and then +smoothed inside. Arrows are made from slender +shafts of rather heavy and hard wood. They are +perhaps a foot and a half long and hardly more +than a quarter or an eighth of an inch thick. +They are cut square at one end and pointed at +the other; around the shaft, toward the blunt +end, a wrapping of thistle-down is firmly secured +with thread. This surrounds perhaps three or +four inches of the arrow's length, and has a +diameter such as to neatly fit the bore of the +blow-gun. The arrow is inserted in the tube, +and a sudden puff of breath sends it speeding +on its way. An animal the size of a rabbit or +woodchuck may be killed with this weapon at +an astonishing distance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among inland tribes, fishing was usually a matter +of secondary importance. Fish pieced out the +food supply rather than formed its bulk. But +along some seacoasts fish is a very important +food. The tribes of the Northwest Coast live +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +almost entirely upon fish. The salmon is particularly +important among them. These tribes +have devised many kinds of lines, hooks, nets, +fish-baskets, traps, and wiers. Everywhere the +commonest mode of securing fish is and was by +spearing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/birch-canoe.png" alt="Illustration." title="Birch-Bark Canoe." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Birch-Bark Canoe.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Once I went out at night with some Indian +boys of Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, <span class="tei tei-q">“neeskotting.”</span> +These boys have a good deal of +Indian blood, but they dress, talk, and act in +most ways just like white boys. I think <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">neeskotting</span></span>, +however, is truly Indian. <span class="tei tei-q">“We rode down +to the shore in an ox-cart, carrying lanterns with +us. Each boy had a pole, at the end of which +was firmly tied a cod-hook. The tide was falling, +and the wind was blowing in toward shore. +Walking along the beach, with lantern held in +one hand so as to see the shallow water's bottom, +and with the pole in the other hand ready for +use, the boys watched for fish. Hake, a foot or +more long, frost fish, lighter colored and more +slender, and eels, are the usual prey. The hake +and eels rarely come into water less than six +inches deep. Frost fish, on the contrary, come +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +close into shore, and on cold nights crowd out on +the very beach. When a fish has been seen, a +sudden stroke of the pole and a quick inpull are +given to impale the prey, and drag it in to shore. +It was an exciting scene. Hither and thither the +boys darted, with strokes and landings, with cries +of joy at success or despair at failure. Finally, +with perhaps fifty hake, twenty frost fish, and one +shining eel, the bottom of our cart was covered, +and we turned homeward.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/bull-boat.png" alt="Illustration." title="“Bull-Boat” or Coracle." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Bull-Boat”</span> or Coracle.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In fishing, hunting, and journeying, the woodland +Indians needed some sort of water craft. +They had a number of different kinds of canoes. +The <span class="tei tei-q">“dug-out,”</span> cut from a single tree trunk, is +still used in many of our Southern streams; the +Cherokees in their lovely North Carolina home +have them. Along the Northwest Coast, magnificent +war-canoes, capable of carrying fifty or sixty +persons, were made from single giant logs; these +canoes often had decorative bow and stern pieces +carved from separate blocks. The birch-bark +canoes were made over light wooden frames with +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +pieces of birch bark neatly fitted, sewed, and +gummed, to keep out the water. Almost all the +Algonkin tribes and the Iroquois used them upon +their lakes and rivers; they were light enough +to be carried easily across the portages. A few +tribes, the Mandans among others, had the light +but awkward <span class="tei tei-q">“bull-boat,”</span> or coracle, nearly circular, +consisting of a light framework covered with +skin: such were chiefly used in ferrying across +rivers. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">VIII. The Camp-Fire.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the first things after reaching camp +was to build the camp-fire. Among Indians the +camp-fire not only served for heat and cooking, +but for light, and to scare away animal foes and +bad spirits. You and I would probably have a +hard time making a fire without matches. The +Indian had no matches until he got them from +the whites. There are two ways in which the +Indians made fire. One was by striking two hard +pieces of stone—such as chert or pyrites—together, +which gave a spark, which was caught on +tinder and blown to a flame. Of course white +men used to make fire in much the same way—only +they had a flint and steel. When whites +first came into contact with Indians, they used +the flint and steel, and it was not long before the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Indians had secured them from the white traders. +Many Indians still use the old-fashioned flint and +steel. Some old Sac and Fox men always carry +them in their tobacco pouch, and use them for +lighting their pipes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another Indian method of making fire was by +rubbing two pieces of wood together. It is said +that this is not difficult, but one needs to know +just how, in order to succeed. In the cliff ruins +of the southwest two little sticks are often found +together. One may be a foot or two long, and +the lower end is bluntly pointed, worn smooth, +and blackened as if it had been slightly burned. +The other stick is of the same thickness, but may +be only a few inches long; in it are several conical +hollows, which are charred, smooth, and usually +broken away at the edge. These two sticks +were used by the <span class="tei tei-q">“cliff-dwellers”</span> for making fire. +The second one was laid down flat on the ground; +the pointed end of the other was placed in one of +the holes in the lower piece, and the stick was +whirled between the hands by rubbing these back +and forth. While the upright stick was being +whirled, it was also pressed down with some little +force. By the whirling and pressure fine wood +dust was ground out which gathered at the broken +edge of the conical cavity. Soon, in the midst +of this fine wood dust, there appeared a spark. +Some dry, light stuff was at once applied to it, +and it was blown into a flame. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Certainly this mode of making fire was hard +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +on the hands—it must soon have raised blisters. +Some tribes had learned how to grind out a spark +without this disadvantage. The lower stick was +as before. A little bow was taken, and its cord +was wrapped about the upright stick and tightened. +The two sticks were then put into position, +the top of the upright being steadied with +a small block held in the left hand; the bow +being moved back and forth with the right hand, +the upright was caused to whirl easily and rapidly. +This was used among many of our tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although making it themselves, many Indians +think the fire made with the bow-drill is sacred, +and that it comes from heaven. Among the +Aztecs of Mexico there was a curious belief and +ceremony. The Aztecs counted their years in +groups of fifty-two, just as we count ours by hundreds +or centuries. They thought the world +would come to an end at the close of one of +these fifty-two year periods. Therefore, they were +much disturbed when such a time approached. +When the end of the cycle really came, all the +fires and lights in the houses had been put out; +not a spark remained anywhere. When it was +night, the people went out along the great causeway +to Itztapalapa, at the foot of the Hill of +the Star. On the summit of this hill was a small +temple. At the proper hour, determined by observing +the stars, the priests cast a victim on the +altar, tore out his heart as usual, and placed the +lower stick of the fire-sticks upon the wound. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The upright stick was adjusted and whirled. For +a moment all were in great anxiety. The will of +the gods was to be made known. If no spark +appeared, the world would at once be destroyed; +if there came a spark, the gods had decreed at +least one cycle more of existence to the world. +And when the spark appeared, how great was +the joy of the people! All had carried unlighted +torches in their hands, and now these were lighted +with the new fire, and with songs of rejoicing the +crowd hurried back to the city. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Boys know pretty well how Indians cooked +their food. Most of us have roasted potatoes in +the hot ashes, and broiled meat or frogs' legs over +the open fire. The Indians did much the same. +Pieces of meat would be spitted on sharp sticks, +and set so as to hang over the fire. Clams, mussels, +and other things, were baked among the hot +coals or ashes. One time <span class="tei tei-q">“Old Elsie,”</span> a Lipan +woman, took a land turtle, which I brought her +alive, and thrust it head first into the fire. This +not only killed the turtle, but cooked it, and split +open the hard shell box so that she could get at +the meat inside. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Over the fireplace the Indians usually have a +pot or kettle suspended in which various articles +may be boiling together. The Indians invented +succotash, which is a stew of corn and beans; we +have borrowed the thing and the name. At the +first meal I ate among the Sacs and Foxes, we +all squatted on the ground, outside the house +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and near the fire, and took a tin of boiled fish +off the coals. We picked up bits of the fish with +our fingers, and passed the pan around for every +one to have a drink of the soup. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All this is easy cooking; but how would you +go to work to boil buffalo meat if you had no +kettle, pot, nor pan of any kind? A great many +Indian tribes knew how. When a buffalo was +killed, the hide was carefully removed. A bowl-like +hole was scraped out in the ground and lined +with the buffalo skin, the clean side up. This +made a nice basin. Water was put into this and +the pieces of meat laid in. A hot fire was kindled +near by, and stones were heated in it, and then +dropped into the basin of water and meat. So +the food was boiled. A number of tribes cooked +meat in this way, but one was called by a name +that means <span class="tei tei-q">“stone-boilers”</span>—Assinaboines. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meat was often dried. In some districts where +the air is clear and dry and the sun hot, the meat +is cut into strips or sheets, and dried by hanging +it on lines near the house. At other places it +was dried and smoked over a fire. Where there +was buffalo meat, the Indian women made pemmican, +which was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em>. The buffalo meat was +first dried as usual. The dried meat was heated +through over a low fire, and then beaten with +sticks or mauls to shreds. Buffalo tallow was +melted and the shredded meat stirred up in it. +All was then put into a bag made of buffalo skin +and packed as tightly as possible; the bag was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +then fastened up and sewed tight. Sometimes +the marrow-fat was also put into this pemmican, +and dried berries or choke-cherries. Pemmican +kept well a long time, and was such condensed +food that a little of it lasted a long time. It was +eaten dry or stewed up in water into a sort of +soup. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/smoke-signaling.png" alt="Illustration." title="Smoke Signaling. (After Mallery.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Smoke Signaling. (After Mallery.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A curious use for fire among some Indians was +in giving signals. A place visible from a great +distance was selected. Upon it a little fire was +built with fuel which gave a dense smoke. Sometimes +the signal depended upon the number of fires +kindled side by side. Thus when Pima Indians +returned from a war-party against Apaches, they +gave smoke signals if they had been successful. +A single fire was built first; its one smoke column +meant success. Then a number of little +fires, kindled in a line side by side, indicated the +number of scalps taken. Sometimes messages +were given by puffs of smoke. When the fire +had been kindled, a blanket was so held as to +prevent the smoke rising. When a lot of smoke +had been imprisoned beneath it, the blanket was +suddenly raised so as to let it escape. It was +then lowered, held, and raised so as to cause a +new puff. These puffs of smoke rose regularly +in long, egg-shaped masses, and according to their +number the message to be sent varied. Such +signaling by smoke puffs was common among +Plains tribes. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">IX. Sign Language On The Plains.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Every one talking with another person who +speaks a different language will, in his effort to +make himself understood, quite surely make some +use of signs. Often the signs so used will seem +naturally to express the desired idea. Once, a +Tonkaway Indian in trying to tell me that all +white men were untruthful, put the first two +fingers of his right hand, slightly separated, near +his mouth and then moved the hand downward +and outward, at the same time slightly spreading +the fingers. By this he meant to say that white +men had two tongues, or were liars. They say +one thing and mean another. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While it is natural for all people to use signs +to convey meaning, the use of signs will be most +frequent where it is a common thing for several +people speaking different languages to come into +contact. While all American Indians use some +gestures, the Plains Indians, who were constantly +meeting other tribes, necessarily made much use +of them. In fact, a remarkable sign language had +grown up among them, whereby Sioux, Crows, Assinaboines, +Pani, Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas, +could readily converse upon any subject. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not probable that the sign language was +invented by any one tribe. Many writers have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +claimed that it was made by the Kiowas. Rather, +it grew up of itself among the tribes because +gesturing is natural to peoples everywhere. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Deaf-mutes left to themselves always use signs. +These signs are of two kinds. They either picture +or copy some idea, thing, or action, or they +point out something. It is interesting to find +that the gestures made by deaf-mutes and Indians +are often the same. So true is this, that deaf-mutes +and Indians quite readily understand each +other's signs. Parties of Indians in Washington +for business are sometimes taken to the Deaf-Mute +College to see if the two—Indians and +deaf-mutes—can understand each other. While +they cannot understand every sign, they easily +get at each other's meaning. One time a professor +from a deaf-mute school, who knew little +of Indians and nothing at all of Indian languages, +had no difficulty while traveling through Indian +country in understanding and in making himself +understood by means of signs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/sign-language.png" alt="Illustration." title="Sign Language on the Plains. (After Mallery.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Sign Language on the Plains. (After Mallery.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We will look at a few examples of Indian +signs. Try and make them from the description, +and see whether you think they are natural +or not. The signs for animal names usually +describe or picture some peculiarity of the animal. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Badger</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—The right hand is held with the back +up, fingers extended, touching and pointing to the +front, in front and to the right of the body. This +shows the height of the animal. Then the first and +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> +second fingers are slightly separated (the rest of the +hand being closed) and drawn from the nose upward +over the top of the head. This shows the striped +face. The two +hands are then +held in front of +the body, with +fingers curved, +the backs up, +and drawn as if +pawing or +scratching. +This has reference +to the digging +of the +animal. The +complete sign +thus gives the +size, the most +striking mark, +and the habit +of the animal. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Beaver</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Hold +out the +left hand, with +the back up, +pointing to the +right and front, +in front of the body, with the lower part of the arm +horizontal; cross the right hand under it so that the +back of the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">right hand</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> is </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">against</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">left palm</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. Then +leaving the right wrist </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">all the time against</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">left +palm</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, briskly move the right hand up and down so it +shall </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">slap</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> against the left palm. The beaver has a +broad, flat tail, with which he strikes mud or water. +The sign imitates this action. +</span></p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Buffalo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Close the hands except the forefingers; +curve these; place the hands then against the sides +of the head, near the top and fairly forward. These +curved forefingers resemble the horns of the buffalo +and so suggest that animal. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dog</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Place the right hand, with the back up, +in front of and a little lower than the left breast: +the first and second fingers are extended, separated, +and point to the left. The hand is then drawn several +inches to the right, horizontally. I am sure you +never would guess how this came to mean dog. You +remember how the tent poles are dragged by ponies +when camp is moved? Well, before the Indians had +horses as now, the dogs used to have to drag the +poles. This sign represents the dragging of the +poles. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Skunk</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—The skunk is a little animal, but it has +rather a complicated sign. (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">a</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">) The height is indicated +as in the case of the badger. (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">b</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">) Raise the +right hand, with the back backward, a little to the +right of the right shoulder; all the fingers are closed +except the forefinger, which is curved; the hand is +then moved forward several inches by gentle jerks. +This represents the curious way in which the broad, +bushy tail is carried and the movement of the animal +in walking. (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">c</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">) Raise right hand toward the +face, with the two first fingers somewhat separated, +to about the chin. Then move it upward until the +nose passes between the separated finger tips. This +means smell. (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">d</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">) Hold both hands, closed with +backs up, in front of the body, the two being at the +same height. Move them down and outward, at +the same time opening them. This is done rather +briskly and vigorously. It means bad. Thus in the +sign for skunk we give size, character of tail and +movement, and bad smell. +</span></p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are of course signs for the various Indian +tribes, and some of these are interesting +because they usually present some striking characteristic +of the tribe named. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Crow</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Make with the arms the motion of flapping +wings. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arapaho</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—The fingers of one hand touch the +breast in different parts to indicate the tattooing of +that part in points. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arikara</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—often called </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">corn-eaters,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> are represented +by imitating the shelling of corn, by holding +the left hand still, the shelling being done with the +right. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Blackfeet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Pass the flat hand over the outer edge +of the right foot from the heel to beyond the toe, as +if brushing off dust. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Comanche</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shoshone</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Imitate with the hand +or forefinger the crawling motion of the snake. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Flathead</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—The hand is raised and placed against +the forehead. +</span></p> + +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We will only give one more example. The +sign for crazy is as follows:— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Slightly contract the fingers of the right hand without +closing it; bring it up to and close in front of the +forehead; turn the hand so that the finger tips describe +a little circle. +</span></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bad boys sometimes speak of people having +wheels in their head. This Indian sign certainly +seems to show that the Indian idea of craziness is +about the same as the boys'. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Captain Clark wrote a book on the Indian +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sign language, in which he described great numbers +of these curious signs. Lieutenant Mallery, +too, made a great collection of signs and wrote +a long paper about them. A third gentleman +has tried to make type which shall print the +sign language. He made more than eight hundred +characters. With these he plans to teach +the old Indians to read papers and books printed +in the signs. He thinks that the Indian can take +such a paper, and making the signs which he +sees there pictured, he will understand the +meaning of the article. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">W. P. Clark.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Soldier. Author of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Indian Sign Language</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, +which not only is a convenient dictionary of signs, but contains +much general information regarding Indians. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Garrick Mallery.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Soldier, ethnologist. Connected with +Bureau of Ethnology from its establishment until his death. +His most extended papers are: </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sign Language among North +American Indians, Pictographs of the North American Indians, +Picture Writing of the American Indians</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Lewis Hadley.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Inventor of Indian Sign Language type. +</span></p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">X. Picture Writing.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indians did not know how to write words +by means of letters. There were, however, many +things which they wished to remember, and they +had found out several ways in which to record +these. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus among the Sacs and Foxes there is a +long legend with songs telling about their great +teacher, the good, wise, and kind Wisuka. It +is difficult to remember exactly such long narratives, +but with objects to remind the reciter of +each part, it is not so hard. So the persons who +are to repeat the legend have a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">micäm</span></span>. This +is a wooden box, usually kept carefully wrapped +up in a piece of buckskin and tied with a leathern +thong; in it are a variety of curious objects, +each one of which reminds the singer or reciter +of one part of the narrative. Thus he is sure +not to leave out any part. In the same way +mystery men among other Algonkin tribes have +pieces of birch bark upon which they scratch +rude pictures, each of which reminds them of +the first words of the different verses in their +songs. Such reminders are great helps to the +memory. Among the Iroquois and some eastern +Algonkins, they used, as we shall see, wampum +belts to help remember the details of treaties +or of important events. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among many tribes pictures were used for +recording matters of importance. Many Sioux +chiefs have written the story of their life in pictures. +They took several large sheets of paper +and gummed the edges together so as to make +one long strip. Upon this they made pictures +representing the important incidents in their +lives. Thus in one picture was shown where, +as a boy, the artist shot his first deer; in another +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was represented his first hunting party; in another, +how he went on the war-path to gain +the name of brave; in another, where he danced +the sun dance; again, how he went to Washington +to see the white men's officers, on business. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most important record made by the Sioux +is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dakota Calendar</span></span>. More than a century +ago a Sioux Indian determined to keep a count +of the years and of their happenings. So he +began a record which was called a <span class="tei tei-q">“winter +count,”</span> where the events of the different years +were shown by pictures. His idea became popular, +and a number of these winter counts were +begun by other Indians. The most important +of these is one which has been called the Dakota +Calendar. It belonged for a long time +to an Indian named Lone Dog. The one he +had was a copy on cloth from a still older one, +which had been made upon a buffalo skin. This +count appears to have begun about the year +1800. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/dakota-calendar.png" alt="Illustration." title="The Dakota Calendar. (After Mallery.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">The Dakota Calendar. (After Mallery.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Each year its maker selected some important +event, by which the year was to be remembered, +and made a picture for it. The first five or six +pictures run in a nearly straight line to the left; +the line of pictures then coils around and around +this, the last picture always being added to the +end of the coiled line. The pictures are in +black and red, and while rudely drawn, most +of them can be easily recognized. In 1801 the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Sioux had a terrible attack of smallpox, and +many of them died; the picture for the year is +a man covered with red spots. Whooping-cough +is a disease of which white people have little +fear, but it is sometimes very destructive to +Indians; in 1813 it was among the Sioux, and +the picture for that year was a man coughing, +as shown by lines diverging from in front of his +mouth. In 1840 the Sioux made a treaty of +peace with the Cheyennes; the picture shows +two hands extended for a friendly grasp. In +1869 there was a total eclipse of the sun, which +is represented by a blackened sun and two stars +in red: <span class="tei tei-q">“The stars were seen in the daytime.”</span> +In 1833 was the famous display of meteors or +falling stars, which was witnessed in all parts of +the United States, causing great excitement; +many white people believed that it portended +the destruction of the world. This star shower +was noticed by the Sioux keeper of the winter +count, and is represented by a black moon and +a lot of red stars represented as falling. You +can pick out these different figures in the picture, +which represents Lone Dog's winter count, +or the Dakota Calendar as it would look on a +buffalo hide. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/indian-letter.png" alt="Illustration." title="Indian Letter on Birch Bark. (From Schoolcraft.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Indian Letter on Birch Bark. (From Schoolcraft.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Probably you have all seen pictures of a birch-bark +letter written many years ago by an Ojibwa +Indian. It was written by one of Schoolcraft's +guides. Mr. Schoolcraft, with a party of assistants +and soldiers, was on a journey of exploration +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in the Northwest. One morning as they were +leaving camp, Schoolcraft saw an Indian putting +a bit of birch bark, upon which he had drawn +some pictures in black, into a cleft at the end of +a pole. This pole was then stuck slantingly into +the ground and three notches were cut in it. +When Mr. Schoolcraft asked his guide for an +explanation, he said this letter would inform any +Ojibwa Indians who might pass, about their +party. The eagle in the upper corner showed +that they were from Washington—government +people. The other pictures showed that there +were eight common soldiers each with a gun; +that there were six officers, the duty of each being +indicated by something carried in the hand,—the +captain by his sword, the secretary by +his book, the geologist by his hammer, etc.; that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +soldiers and officers were white men, as shown +by their wearing hats; that there were two +guides, Indians, as shown by their having no +hats and carrying spears; that the night before +there were three fires in the camp, soldiers, +officers, and guides, camping separately; that +during the day there had been secured a prairie +hen and a turtle, both of which had been taken +by the officers for supper. But other facts were +shown besides those told in the pictures. The +pole stuck into the ground pointed the direction +in which the party would journey; the three +notches on the pole told that they would journey +in that direction three days. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of all American Indians those who went +farthest in the direction of developing writing +were some of those living in Mexico and Central +America. The Aztecs had an extensive system +of picture writing. By means of pictures they +recorded their traditional history and gave full +directions regarding the worship of the gods. +They had real books written with these pictures. +These books were written sometimes on +skin, sometimes on paper. The Aztecs made +two kinds of paper, one of the soft inner bark of +a tree, the other from the maguey plant. The +latter sort was beaten out of the mass of leaf +fibres after they had been soaked in water. The +maguey plant is much like the century plant +which you have seen in parks and greenhouses. +The paper or dressed skin was made into long +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +narrow strips many feet in length. These strips +were folded back and forth like a screen, and the +ends were fastened to two thin boards which +served as covers for the book. Sometimes bits +of polished green stone were inlaid into these +covers to make them pretty. Some of these old +books are still in existence, though most of them +have long been destroyed. We cannot read any +of them very well because pictures are uncertain +means of conveying information. Still we can +tell something about their meaning. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/aztec-book.png" alt="Illustration." title="Page of Aztec Book. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Page of Aztec Book. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Charles V, to know about them, +and ordered three skilled painters of the Aztecs +to prepare a book to be sent to the Emperor. +Each artist took a different subject, so the book +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +consists of three parts. The first gives a picture-written +story of the Aztecs from the time when +they began their wanderings; the second gives a +list of the towns that paid tribute to the city of +Mexico and a statement of the kind and amount +of tribute each paid; the third shows how children +were trained, how they were punished when +they were naughty, and what kind of work they +were taught. Of course the Emperor would not +understand the meaning of all these queer pictures, +far different from anything he had ever +seen; so Mendoza had an explanation or translation +written with all the pictures. This is as +fortunate for us as it was for the Emperor: in +this way we can learn something about the use +and meaning of these characters. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XI. Money.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indians have always been fond of beads and of +shells. Wampum is shell beads of an especial +shape—cylindrical, with square cut ends, and +with a length one and a half times their thickness +or more. This wampum was made from a thick +and heavy sea-shell. A piece was split off, and +then ground down until it was like a wheat straw +in shape and size. It was then cut into lengths +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and drilled. The drilling was slow and tedious +work. A point of stone, or, after the whites +came, of metal, was struck into a cane or reed. +The bit of shell to be drilled was held in the left +hand; the drill was rolled on the thigh with the +right hand. There were two kinds of wampum—white +and purple. The purple was most +valued. Thomas Morton quaintly wrote in 1630—that +is, it sounds quaint to us now,—<span class="tei tei-q">“White +with them is as silver with us, the other as our +gould.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Originally wampum was simply ornamental. +But it is always easy for things that are prized as +ornament to be used in trade. So wampum was +used as a medium of exchange; it was really the +money of the eastern Indians. Strings of it +passed from hand to hand as coin does with us. +Sometimes the ornamental string worn a moment +before would be removed to buy some object seen +and desired. The famous New England chief, +King Philip, is said to have had a coat <span class="tei tei-q">“made +all of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">wampampeog</span></span>, which when in need of +money, he cuts to pieces and distributes it plentifully.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the Algonkin and Iroquois tribes broad +belts or bands of wampum were neatly woven. +The work consisted, like all weaving, of two sets +of threads. The long warp threads were crossed +by threads laden with beads. These belts were +neat and handsome and often contained thousands +of beads. The differently colored beads +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were so combined as to make striking designs +and figures. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/wampum-belt.png" alt="Illustration." title="Wampum Belt. (After Holmes.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Wampum Belt. (After Holmes.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These fine belts were often given as pledges of +faith and agreement at the making of treaties. +Some which were kept in the tribe were made +to help in remembering the terms of the treaty. +Thus, when an orator was speaking, he would +hold up a wampum belt, and in making a point +of special importance would call attention to +some figure in the belt, which would serve ever +after to remind every one present of what he had +said. Among the Onondagas (Iroquois) there +was an officer known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“keeper of the belts,”</span> +whose business it was to know all these figures +and the different ideas connected with them, and +to make them known to the people from time to +time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is a common little sea-shell found in the +Pacific Ocean called the dentalium. It is pretty, +clear white, very smooth, and shaped much like +a wee elephant's tusk. The natives of the coast +are fond of it as ornament, and among them +strings of dentalium shells serve for money just +as wampum did in the east. They were secured +usually by a peculiar mode of fishing. Thus we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are told at Forward Inlet a number of split sticks +or twigs were tied together into a bunch; this was +tied to the end of several poles lashed together +so as to reach the bottom in deep water. It was +driven down into the mud, and then brought up +with the shells caught or tangled in it. The +value of the shells depended on their length. +Little ones were good enough to be worn as +ornaments, but the larger they were, the more +value they had as money. Powers, speaking of +the Hupa (California) Indians, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“The standard +of measurement is a string of five shells. +Nearly every man has ten lines tattooed across +the inside of his left arm about half way between +the wrist and the elbow; and in measuring shell-money +he takes the string in his right hand, draws +one end over his left thumb-nail, and if the other +end reaches to the uppermost of the tattoo lines, +the five shells are worth $25 in gold, or $5 a +shell. Of course it is only one in ten thousand +that is long enough to reach this high value. +The longest ones usually seen are worth about +$2, that is $10 to the string. Single shells are +also measured on the creases on the inside of the +left middle finger, a $5 shell being one which will +reach between the two extreme creases. No shell +is treated as money at all unless it is long enough +to rate at 25 cents. Below that it degenerates +into <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">squaw money</span></em>, and goes to form part of a +woman's necklace.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shell beads are much prized among the Pueblo +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Indians, and are sometimes in size and shape very +like true wampum. At other times they are thin, +flat, rather broad pierced disks. These Indians +also delight in ornaments made out of haliotis or +<span class="tei tei-q">“abalone”</span> shell. This shell is a large single +valve, shaped a little like the ear of some large +animal, and hence sometimes called <span class="tei tei-q">“ear-shell.”</span> +The outside is rough and unattractive, but the +interior is pearly and of rich colors,—purple, +green, blue, red, crimson, often many of these +bright colors showing in a small space. Where +the rough outside of the shell is ground away the +whole material is found to be pearly and rich in +color. This shell is cut into elliptical, oblong, or +fancifully formed plates which are pierced and +hung by a cord. Men used to make long journeys +to the Pacific Coast to secure shells. Even +from the eastern pueblos on the Rio Grande such +journeys were customary, and many of the men +at Cochiti delight to tell of their journey, perhaps +the most important event of their lives. +They loaded their burros with things to trade +and with supplies, and then struck across a country, +desert and hostile, in the hope of bringing +back a great load of the precious shell material. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For another precious material they had not far +to go. Turquoise was highly prized. This is a +hard, fine-grained blue, bluish green, or green +stone, that is found at several localities in New +Mexico. It has been mined for a long time near +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Los Cerillos, and the old diggings and the old +stone tools with which they were worked may still +be seen. Modern Indians still work the same +precious veins, and bits of the rough stone may +pass from hand to hand in trade. In drilling the +shell and turquoise beads to-day a little drill is +used which is called a pump-drill. An upright +stick bears a point of hard stone or iron at the +bottom. This passes through a hole in a little +flat board an inch or so wide and six or eight +inches long; strings or thongs pass from the ends +of this board to the top of the upright stick. On +the upright stick, not far from the lower end, is +fastened a thin, wide disk of wood, three inches +across. This serves as a fly-wheel to regulate the +whirling of the stick. When this little machine +is properly adjusted, it is made to whirl by pressing +down on the crossbow, and then releasing +the pressure, pressing down again, etc. It +works very well, and drills the hard turquoise and +the softer shell neatly. These beads and ornaments +of shell or turquoise are so highly prized +that they easily serve the purposes of trade. So +much do the Navajo desire the turquoise that +they readily exchange for it their beautiful blankets, +neat silver-work, or finest ponies. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Blankets have always been greatly prized by +all Indians, whether they be made out of skins, +bark, or wool. The white man has taken advantage +of this fact, and to-day his blankets are to be +found everywhere. In some places they have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +become the real money and have regular set +values. In British Columbia, most of the tribes +reckon all values in Hudson Bay blankets. These +blankets are traded out by the Hudson Bay company +and are of various sizes. These sizes are +always indicated by some black lines worked into +the blanket along the edge. The largest size is +called a <span class="tei tei-q">“four point,”</span> the smallest a <span class="tei tei-q">“one point”</span> +blanket. One size is considered the standard; it +is the <span class="tei tei-q">“two-and-a-half point”</span> size. When any +one speaks of <span class="tei tei-q">“a blanket,”</span> a two-and-a-half point +blanket is meant. Skins of different animals are +said to be worth so many <span class="tei tei-q">“blankets.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska and +Queen Charlotte Islands used to feel very proud +if they were owners of <span class="tei tei-q">“coppers.”</span> They did not +smelt copper, but they used to beat it into various +forms. The form most prized, called <span class="tei tei-q">“a copper,”</span> +was of no use, but indicated wealth. <span class="tei tei-q">“Coppers”</span> +were flat sheets of equal thickness throughout +except at the edges, which were thicker than the +body; there was also upon them a raised pattern +something like a T; sometimes also a face was +scratched upon their upper part. Such coppers +were formerly worth ten slaves each. Lately, +however, the whites have taken to making them +for trade, and they have become so common that +they are much less prized. Still, until quite +lately, they were worth from forty to eighty +blankets, or from sixty to one hundred and twenty +dollars. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">William Henry Holmes.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Geologist, archæologist, artist. +At present he is at the head of the anthropological work of the +United States National Museum. Has written important works: +among them, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Archæological +Studies among the Ancient Cities of Mexico</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> +<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XII. Medicine Men And Secret Societies.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All Indians believe in spirits. Some are good +and help men who please them; others are bad +and always anxious to do harm. The spirits are +all about us. They are in plants, and trees, and +rustling leaves; they are in the wind and cloud +and rain; they are in the mountain and in the +brook. It is spirits that cause trouble, suffering, +and death. When a man is ill, some bad spirit +has taken away his soul or has entered into him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not strange, then, that the Indians should +wish to gain power over these spirits. If a man +knows some words, the saying of which will protect +him against them, he is fortunate; fortunate +is he, too, if he knows some object which, carried, +will disarm them, or if he can perform some trick +which will put them to flight. Such knowledge +is what the Indians mean by <span class="tei tei-q">“medicine”</span> or +<span class="tei tei-q">“mystery.”</span> Men who spend their lives in trying +to gain such knowledge are called medicine men, +mystery men, or Shamans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/rattles-masks.png" alt="Illustration." title="Rattles and Masks: Alaska. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Rattles and Masks: Alaska. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Shaman among the tribes of the Northwest +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Coast is an important person. He decided, when +a boy, that he would become a Shaman. He +selected some old Shaman for his teacher and +learned from him his secrets. By experiments, +by dreaming, and by trading with other Shamans +he got other secrets. To help him in his dealings +with spirits the Shaman makes use of many +devices. He sleeps upon a wooden pillow, which +is carved with otter heads; these are believed to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +whisper wisdom to him while he sleeps. Upon +his dancing-dress little carved figures, in ivory, +are hung, which give him spirit influence, partly +by the forms into which they are cut, and partly +by the jingling noise they make when he dances. +He wears a mask, the animal carvings on which +control spirits. He uses a rattle and a tambourine +to summon spirits. He has a spirit pole or wand +quaintly carved, with which he fences, fighting +and warding off spirits which he alone can see. +The people sitting by see his brave fighting and +hear his shrieks and cries; in this way only they +can judge how many and how powerful are the +spirits against whom he is fighting, for their +good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes when dancing the Shaman becomes +so excited that he falls in a fit—quivering, gasping, +struggling. It is believed, at such times, +either that some mighty spirit has taken possession +of him, or that his own soul has gone to the +land of spirits. Sometimes when he comes to +himself he tells of his wonderful journeys and +battles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the Haida of the Queen Charlotte +Islands, when a sick man is to be cured, three or +four Shamans come together at his side. All +sing and rattle until they find out where the soul +of the sick man is. It may be in the possession +of the salmon or the oolachen fish, or it may be +held a prisoner by some dead Shaman. They go +to the place where it is supposed to be, and by +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +singing and charms succeed in getting it into a +carved hollow bone used only for this purpose. +Various precious things are then burned and the +soul bone held in the smoke. The bone is then +laid by the side of the patient's head that his soul +may return. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many astonishing stories are told of the powers +of medicine men. A missionary among the Crees, +Edgerton R. Young, told me of a white man who +was once out hunting. He came upon an old +medicine man, who begged him for game, as he +was hungry. The white man made sport of him, +saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“You are a great medicine man; why not +get game for yourself?”</span> The old man was enraged. +He cried out, <span class="tei tei-q">“White man, see yonder +goose,”</span> and pointed his finger into the air. The +goose fell fluttering at their feet, and the old man +picked it up and walked away. The white man +really thought this thing happened. Perhaps the +old medicine man had hypnotized him; if so, +the only goose anywhere around was probably the +white man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The eastern Algonkins were fond of medicine +or mystery. Two great medicine men would +have a contest to see which was more powerful. +Many of their stories tell of such contests. Two +powers, which they did seem to have, attracted +much attention and caused much terror. These +were screaming and sinking into the ground. +Leland quotes an Indian regarding these: <span class="tei tei-q">“Two +or three weeks after, I was in another place, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +we spoke of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">m'teoulin</span></span> [mystery men]. The +white folks ridiculed them. I said there was +one in Fredericton, and I said I would bet ten +dollars that he would get the better of them. +And they bet that no Indian could do more than +they could. So the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">m'teoulin</span></span> came, and first he +screamed so that no one could move. It was +dreadful. Then he took seven steps through +the ground up to his ankles, just as if it had been +light snow. When I asked for the ten dollars, +the white men paid.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ojibwa medicine men have often been tested +by white men who doubted their powers. Thus +one old medicine man had two little houses built +at some distance apart. He was shut up in one, +and the whites built a ring of fire around it. +Then, no one could tell how, he appeared unharmed +walking out of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">other</span></em> house. These +things are no doubt tricks or delusions, but the +medicine man's apparent ability to do them +greatly increased his influence among the people. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Much use is made of words as charms and of +sacred numbers. Four and seven are sacred +numbers among the Cherokees. Once, wishing +to see his method of curing disease, I asked the +old medicine man to treat my lame arm. He +sent out for four kinds of leaves, which were to +be fresh and young, and one other sort which +was to be dry and dead. The latter had little +thorns along its edges. The old man pounded +up the four kinds in warm water. He then +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +scratched the arm with the other, nearly drawing +blood. The arm was rubbed with the bruised +leaves. The medicine man then blew upon my +arm seven times. He went through this operation +of rubbing and blowing four times, thus +combining the numbers four and seven. He +repeated charms all the time as he rubbed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Shaman does business as an individual. +He expects pay from those who employ him. +His knowledge and power over spirits is individual +and for individuals. Among some tribes +we find not single medicine men, but great secret +societies which have learned spirit wisdom to use +for the benefit of the society, or for the good of +the whole tribe. Such secret societies are notable +in the Southwest—and elsewhere. They +may work to cure disease in individuals; they +also work for the whole tribe. Among the Moki +Pueblos, the societies of the Snake and of the +Antelope carry on the snake dance, that the +whole people may have rain for their fields. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> +<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XIII. Dances And Ceremonials.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The dances of Indians are sometimes, like +our own, simply social and for pleasure. They +are more frequently religious or for some important +purpose. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They are always accompanied by music. Indian +music is in perfect swing or time. Most +Indian musical instruments are simply time +beaters. The commonest is the rattle. This +varies with place and tribe. Among Northwest +Coast tribes it is of wood, elaborately carved, +both in form and decoration. A common rattle +in that district is cut into the form of a bird—the +raven. Some of the old rattles, made and +used by Shamans a hundred years ago, are still +in existence: they were probably carved with +knives and chisels of stone, but they are better +done than most of the modern ones, which have +been cut out with metal tools. Some of the +Plains tribes had leather rattles,—balls of dried +skin fastened over the end of a little wooden +handle. Many tribes used gourds for rattles. +Some of these are round, about the size of an +apple; such were pierced and a wooden handle +thrust through. Others are flask or bottle +shaped; such need no handle beyond the one +supplied by nature. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Drums and tambourines of various kinds are +used in time beating. The beaters usually take +no other part in the dance, but sit by themselves +at one side. Frequently each dancer has a rattle. +Sometimes a stick notched across with +deep notches is used. Across these notches a +thin bone, usually a shoulder-blade, is rubbed +with a good deal of force. Such rubbed sticks +are very good time beaters. They are used by +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Apaches, Pueblos, and Tonkaways. Among the +old Aztecs, they had a similar instrument, but +made of a long bone instead of from a stick. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indians prepare for dances with much care. +The hair is combed and arranged. The face +and body are painted. A special dance dress +is frequently worn. This dress is often of ancient +form and decoration. Sometimes all this +preparation is just to make the dancers look +pretty; more frequently, however, the dress and +decoration have some meaning, and often they +mimic some creature or copy the dress worn by +some great person of their legends. Thus in +the buffalo and the bear dances, skins of buffalo, +with the head, skin, and horns attached, +or the skins of bears, were put on, to make the +dancers look like these animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The meaning and uses of dances differ greatly. +The war dance, in which the men are painted +as if for war and have about them everything +that can make them think of war, is intended +to influence them for battle. The music, songs, +movements, prayers, and offerings all relate to +the coming conflict. The scalp dance is in +celebration of victory. The buffalo dance is +magical and is to compel the coming of herds +of that animal. At some dances the story told +by the tribe in regard to the creation of the +world and how man learned things is all acted +out; the dancers are dressed to represent the +spirits, or beings who made, helped, or taught +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the tribe, and the dance is a real drama. Among +the Pueblos and some other southwestern tribes, +many dances are prayers for rain; the songs sung +and the movements made all have reference to the +rain so much desired. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In one of these dances the drummers make +curious, beckoning gestures to bring up the +rain clouds. In some the dancers carry sticks +curiously jointed together so as to open and +shut in zigzag movements, which are meant to +look like lightning and are believed to bring +it; other dancers imitate the thunder. Sometimes +the dancers and others are drenched with +water thrown upon them, in order that the town +and its fields may be drenched with rain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many dances are only a part of some great +religious ceremonial. Thus the sun dance follows +several days of fasting and prayer, and the +snake dance is but a small part of a nine days' +ceremonial. Indian religion abounds in such +long ceremonials with a vast number of minute +details. The songs, prayers, and significant actions +used in some of them must number many +hundreds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In order that the desired result of ceremonials +should be secured, it was necessary that the persons +performing it should be pure. There were +many ways to purify or cleanse oneself. Sometimes +a sweat bath was taken, after which the body +was rubbed with sweet-smelling plants. The person +might sit in smoke that came from burning +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +some sacred herb or wood. He might fast for +several days. He might refuse to touch or come +into contact with his friends, or with the objects +he was in the habit of using. Many times it was +thought necessary that the objects which he was +to use in the ceremony must be new, or must be +purified by being held in sacred smoke. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In ceremonies, much attention is paid to sacred +numbers. The number most often sacred is four. +Four men are often concerned in one act; four +drums may be used; the men may fast four days; +an action may be repeated four times. If a thing +is done sixteen times, four times four, it might be +still better. In the snake-dance ceremonial there +are sixteen sacred songs, which are sung at one +sitting. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Seven is a sacred number among the Cherokees; +it is less important than four, but the two +may be combined, and twenty-eight often occurs. +Thus the scratcher used upon the ball-players has +seven teeth and is drawn four times, making +twenty-eight scratches. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Connected with the sacred number four, the +Indians give much importance to the cardinal +points—north, west, south, and east. They always +pay attention to these when they dance and +pray. Some tribes recognize more than four +world's points, adding the up and the down, or +the above and the below, making six in all. A +few think of the place where they themselves +are, and speak of seven points; so the Zuñi have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the north, west, south, east, above, below, and the +center. When they prepared their medicine lodge +for the sun dance, the Mandans put one of their +curious, turtle-shaped, skin water-drums at each +of the four world quarters. Usually in ceremonials, +Indians pray to each of these quarters, and +make an offering toward it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the commonest offerings made in ceremonials +is the smoke of tobacco. Gods and spirits +are believed to be fond of it. In smoking to their +honor, a puff is blown in turn to each of the +four points, and then perhaps up, and possibly +down. In the Pueblos, every religious act is +accompanied by the scattering of sacred meal. +This sacred meal is a mixture of corn meal and +pounded sea-shells. It is sprinkled everywhere to +secure kindly spirit influence. A pinch of it is +thrown to the north, west, south, east, up and +down. Frank Cushing once took a party of +Zuñi Indians to the Atlantic Ocean to get sea-water +for certain ceremonials. On the way, the +Indians saw many novel and strange things which +they did not understand. When they saw such, +they sprinkled sacred meal to render them harmless +and kindly. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Prayer sticks are much used among the Pueblos. +They are bits of stick to which feathers are +attached. They are set up wherever it is desired +to have the good will of spirit powers. For +several days before the Moki snake dance, messengers +are sent out with prayer sticks to be set +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +up near springs and sacred places. Such prayer +sticks are put up near fields where corn is planted, +or buried in the earth in corrals where ponies or +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">burros</span></span> are kept. Other offerings are made at especially +sacred spots. In mountain caves there +are often masses of prayer sticks, miniature bows +and arrows, and other tiny things meant as gifts +to the gods. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Each of the cardinal points may have a color +that is proper to it. The use of sacred colors for +the cardinal points is found among the Pueblos, +Navajo, many Siouan tribes, the Pani, and others. +It was the custom also among the old Aztecs in +Mexico. A curious example of the use of these +colors is found in the sand altars of the Pueblos +and Navajo. They are made in many ceremonials. +They are made of different colored sands +produced by pounding up rocks. The sand altars +are rectangular in form, and are made on the +floor. A layer of one color of sand may be spread +out for a foundation; upon it may be put a sheet +of sand of a different color and of smaller size, so +that the margin of the first serves as a border of +the second; additional layers may be added, each +bordering the one that follows it. Finally, upon +the topmost layer, curious and interesting designs +may be made. One sand altar in the Moki snake +dance had an outer broad border of brownish +yellow sand; then followed broad borders of white +and black; upon this black border were four +snakes in red, green, yellow, and blue, one on each +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +side of the square; then came narrower borders +of white, red, green, yellow, one within the other; +within these was a central square of green, upon +which was a yellow mountain lion. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +You see that Indian ceremonials are often very +complex, with many dances, decorations, purifyings, +prayers, gifts, and altars. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> +<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XIV. Burial And Graves.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Almost all savage and barbarous peoples look +upon death as due to bad spirits, to witchcraft, or +to violence. They cannot realize that men should +die of old age. Disease is generally thought to +be due to bad spirits or to the influence of some +medicine man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After a man dies there are many ways of treating +the body. Usually the face is painted almost +as if the person were preparing for a feast or a +dance. The Otoes and many other tribes dress +out the body in its choicest clothing and finest +ornaments. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Probably burial in the ground is the commonest +way of disposing of the dead body. The +exact method varies. The grave may be deep, or +it may be so shallow as hardly to be a grave at +all. The body may be laid in extended to its +full length, or it may be bent and folded together +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +into the smallest possible space, and tied securely +in this way. Great attention is frequently given +to the direction toward which the face or the body +is turned. Among some tribes it makes no difference +whether the earth touches the body; in +others the greatest care is taken to prevent this. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Sacs and Foxes in Iowa have their graveyards +on the side of a hill, high above the surrounding +country. The graves are shallow; the +body, wrapped in blankets, is laid out at full +length; little, if any, earth is thrown directly +upon the body, but a little arched covering made +of poles laid side by side, lengthwise of the body, +is built over it, and a little earth may be thrown +upon it. A pole is set at the head of the grave +to the top of which is hung a bit of rag or a little +cloth, the flapping of which, perhaps, keeps off +bad spirits. Various objects are laid upon the +grave: for men, bottles, and perhaps knives; for +women, buckets and pans, such as are used in +their daily work; for little children, the baby-boards +on which they used to lie, and the little +toys of which they were fond. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes grave-boxes were made of slabs of +stone. Such are known in various parts of the +United States, but are most common in Tennessee, +where ancient cemeteries, with hundreds of +such graves, are known. (See <a href="#Chapter_XV" class="tei tei-ref">XV.</a> Mounds and +their Builders.) Sometimes the bodies of those +lately dead were buried in these, but sometimes +there were placed in them the dry bones of people +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +long dead, who had been buried elsewhere, or +whose bodies had been exposed for a time on +scaffolds or in dead-houses. Among several +northeastern tribes it was the custom to place the +bodies for some time in dead-houses, or temporary +graves, and at certain times to collect together all +the bones, and bury them at once in some great +trench or hole. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most tribes buried objects with the dead. +With a man were buried his bow and arrows, war-club, +and choicest treasures. The woman was +accompanied by her ornaments, tools, and utensils. +Even the child had with it its little toys +and cradle, as we have seen in connection with +the Sacs and Foxes. The Indians believed that +people have souls which live somewhere after the +men die. These souls hereafter delight to do the +same things the men did here. There they hunt, +and fish, and war, work and play, eat and drink. +So weapons and tools, food and drink, were placed +with the body in the grave. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They knew perfectly well that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">things</span></em> do +not go away; they believed, however, that things +have souls, as men do, and that it is the soul of +the things that goes with the soul of the man into +the land of spirits. Among tribes that are great +horsemen, like the Comanches, a man's ponies +are killed at his death. His favorite horse, decked +out in all his trappings, is killed at the grave, so +that the master may go properly mounted. When +a little child among the Sacs and Foxes dies, a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +little dog is killed at the grave to accompany the +child soul, and help the poor little one to find its +way to the spirit world. Such destruction or +burial of property may be very nice for the dead +man's soul, but it is not nice for the man's survivors, +who are sometimes quite beggared by it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes the objects put into or upon a grave +are broken, pierced, or bent. The purpose in +thus making the objects <span class="tei tei-q">“dead”</span> has sometimes +been said to be to set free the soul of the object; +far more frequently, it is likely that it is to prevent +bad persons robbing the grave for its treasures. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cremation or burning the dead body was found +among a number of Indian tribes, particularly +upon the Pacific Coast. The Senel in California +and some Oregon tribes are among these. So +are the Tlingit of Alaska and their near neighbors +and kin, the Haida of Queen Charlotte +Islands. Among the last two tribes all but the +Shamans were usually burned. The Shamans +were buried in boxes raised on tall posts. After +a Tlingit or Haida body was burned the ashes +were usually gathered and placed in a little box-like +cavity excavated in an upright post near its +base; at the top of this post was a cross-board on +which was carved or painted the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">totem</span></span> or crest of +the dead man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Where there were great caves (as in Kentucky), +and where the people dwelt in caverns (as at one +time in the Southwest), the dead were often laid +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +away in some corner of the cave. In almost all +such cases the body was folded into the smallest +space, with the knees drawn up against the +chin; it was then wrapped up in blankets and +robes and corded. Such bodies were generally +not buried, but simply stowed away. These dried +bodies are sometimes called <span class="tei tei-q">“mummies,”</span> but that +name should only be used when something has +been done to the body with the definite purpose +of preserving it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/scaffold-burial.png" alt="Illustration." title="Scaffold Burial. (After Yarrow.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Scaffold Burial. (After Yarrow.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mention has already been made of box burial +in connection with the Tlingit and Haida Shamans. +Many Eskimos bury their dead in boxes +supported on posts. The weapons, tools, and +utensils of the dead are usually stuck upon the +posts or hung over the boxes. The Ponkas also +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +bury in raised boxes, and at their present reservation +in Oklahoma there are two extensive cemeteries +of this kind. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among some tribes in the extreme northwestern +part of the United States canoes are +used instead of boxes. They are supported +above ground by posts. Usually two canoes are +used; the body is placed in the lower, larger one; +the smaller one is turned upside down over the +corpse and fits within the larger. In the Mississippi +and Missouri valley region many Siouan +tribes placed their dead upon scaffolds, supported +by poles at a height of six or eight feet in the air. +Extensive cemeteries of this kind used to occupy +high points overlooking the rivers; they could +be seen—dreary sights—a long way across the +country. Some tribes in wooded districts placed +the dead in trees. Often scaffold and tree burial +were only temporary, the body being later taken +elsewhere for permanent burial. One time, visiting +a winter camp of the Sacs and Foxes, far +from their permanent village, we saw a strange +bundle in a tree. It was the blanketed corpse of +an old woman who had died a few days before; +the party took it with them when they returned +home in the spring. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We should find some of the mourning customs +interesting. The friends of the dead wail and +scream fearfully; they cut off their hair; they +gash their bodies; they sometimes even chop off +their finger tips or whole joints. They watch by +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the grave—this is particularly +true of women. Food and drink +are often carried to the grave +for some time after the burial. +Fires are kindled to supply light +or heat to the soul on its long +journey. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ojibwa-gravepost.png" alt="Illustration." title="Ojibwa Gravepost. (From Schoolcraft.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Ojibwa Gravepost. (From Schoolcraft.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not many tribes have special +posts or marks at the grave. A +few do. The Ojibwa made +such with much care. Usually +they bore pictures or marks +telling about the dead man. +His totem animal was often +represented, usually upside +down to indicate that the +bearer of the emblem was +dead. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">H. C. Yarrow.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Army physician, ethnologist. Wrote, among +other papers, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary +Customs of the North American Indians</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> +<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XV" id="Chapter_XV" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XV. Mounds And Their Builders.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In many parts of the United States, from +western New York to the Rocky Mountains and +even beyond, there are great numbers of artificial +heaps and extensive embankments of earth. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +These show skill in construction, and from them +have been dug many relics of artistic merit and +good workmanship. At one time these earthworks +and relics were generally believed to be +the work of a single, highly civilized people, who +preceded the Indians, who were not related to +them, and who are now extinct. To this people +the name <span class="tei tei-q">“mound-builders”</span> was given. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are three ways in which we can learn +about these so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“mound-builders.”</span> We +may learn something from the mounds themselves, +from the relics found in the mounds, and +from the bones of persons who were buried in +them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Studying the mounds themselves, we find that +they differ in different areas. We will look at +three areas: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(1) In Ohio there are thousands of mounds +and earthworks. Near every important modern +town there are groups of them. Cincinnati, +Chillicothe, Dayton, Xenia, are all near important +mounds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The regular enclosures are numerous in this +area: these are great embankments of earth inclosing +a regular space. Some are in the form +of circles; others are four-sided; in a few cases +they are eight-sided. Sometimes a square and a +circle are united. There is one such combination +at Hopeton; one of the embankments is a +nearly true circle containing twenty acres; joined +to it is a square of almost the same area. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At Newark there was a wonderful group of +enclosures. The group covered about two miles +square and consisted of three divisions, which +were connected with one another by long parallel +embankment walls. One circle in this group +contained more than thirty acres: the walls were +twelve feet high and fifty feet wide; a ditch seven +feet deep and thirty-five feet wide bordered it on +the inner side; a gap of eighty feet in the circle +served as an entrance. In the center of the area +enclosed by this great circle was a curious earth +heap somewhat like a bird in form. Northwest +from this great circle, nearly a mile distant, were +two connected enclosures, one octagonal, the +other circular: the former contained more than +fifty acres, the latter twenty. East from these +and northeast from the great circle was a fine +twenty-acre enclosure, nearly a square in form. +Besides these great walls, there were long parallel +lines of connecting embankment walls, small +circular enclosures, and little mounds in considerable +variety. This great mass of works represented +an enormous amount of time and labor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What was the purpose of these regular enclosures? +Some writers claim that they were +forts for protection; others consider them protections +for the corn-fields; others think they were +places for games or religious ceremonials; one +eminent man insists that they were foundations +upon which were built long and narrow houses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Altar mounds”</span> occur in Ohio. Professor +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Putnam and his assistants opened a number of +these. They are small, rounded heaps of earth. +At their center is a basin-shaped mass of hard +clay showing the effect of fire. These basins are +a yard or four feet across and contain ashes and +charcoal. Upon these are found many curious +objects. On one altar were two bushels of ornaments +made of stone, copper, mica, shells, bears' +teeth, and sixty thousand pearls. Most of these +objects were pierced with a small hole and were +apparently strung as ornaments. These objects +had all been thrown into a fire blazing on the +altar and had been spoiled by the heat. After +the kindling of the fire, and the destruction of +these precious things, earth had been heaped up +over the altars, completing the mound. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most famous mound in Ohio is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the great +serpent</span></span> in Adams County. It lies upon a narrow +ridge between three streams, which unite. It is +a gigantic serpent form made in earth; across the +widely opened jaws it measures seventy-five feet; +the body, just behind the head, measures thirty +feet across and five feet high; following the curves +the length is thirteen hundred forty-eight feet. +The tail is thrown into a triple coil. In front of +the serpent is an elliptical enclosure with a heap +of stones at its center. Beyond this is a form, +somewhat indistinct, thought by some to be a frog. +Probably this wonderful earthwork was connected +with some old religion. While there are many +other earthworks of other forms in Ohio, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sacred enclosures</span></em>, the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">altar mounds</span></em>, and the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great +serpent</span></em> are the most characteristic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/serpent-mound.png" alt="Illustration." title="Great Serpent Mound: Ohio. (From The Century Magazine.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Great Serpent Mound: Ohio. (From The Century Magazine.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(2) In Wisconsin the most interesting mounds +are the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">effigy mounds</span></span>. There are great numbers +of them in parts of this and a few adjoining states. +They are earthen forms of mammals, birds, and +reptiles. They are usually in groups; they are +generally well shaped and of gigantic size. Among +the quadrupeds represented are the buffalo, moose, +elk, deer, fox, wolf, panther, and lynx. Mr. Peet, +who has carefully studied them, shows that quadruped +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mammals are always represented in profile +so that only two legs are shown; the birds have +their wings spread; reptiles sprawl, showing all +four legs; fish are mere bodies without limbs. +We have said these earth pictures are gigantic: +some panthers have tails three hundred and fifty +feet long, and some eagles measure one thousand +feet from tip to tip of the outspread wings. Not +only are these great animal and bird pictures found +in Wisconsin in relief; occasionally they are found +cut or sunken in the soil. With these curious +effigy mounds there occur hundreds of simple +burial mounds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The purpose of the effigy mounds is somewhat +uncertain. Some authors think they represent +the totem animals after which the families of +their builders were named, and that they served +as objects of worship or as guardians over the +villages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/earthworks-plan.png" alt="Illustration." title="Ground Plan of Earthworks at Newark, Ohio. (After Squier and Davis.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Ground Plan of Earthworks at Newark, Ohio. (After Squier and Davis.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(3) Farther south, in western Tennessee, another +class of mounds is common. These contain +graves made of slabs of stone set on edge. The +simplest of these stone graves consist of six +stones: two sides, two ends, one top, and one +bottom. There may be a single one of these +graves in a mound, or there may be many. In +one mound, about twelve miles from Nashville, +which was forty-five feet across and twelve feet +high, were found about one hundred skeletons, +mostly in stone graves, which were in ranges, one +above another. The upper graves contained the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +bones of bodies, which had been buried stretched +at full length; the bones were found in their +natural positions. The lower graves were short +and square, and the bones in them had been +cleaned and piled up in little heaps. This mound +was very carefully made. The lids of the upper +graves were so arranged as to make a perfectly +smooth, rounded surface. Sometimes these stone +graves of Tennessee are not placed in mounds, +but in true graveyards in the level fields. In +these stone graves are found beautiful objects of +stone, shell, and pottery. The stone-grave men +were true artists in working these materials. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the same district are found many dirt rings +called <span class="tei tei-q">“house-circles.”</span> These occur in groups +and appear to mark the sites of ancient villages, +each being the ruin of a house. These rings are +nearly circular and from ten to fifty feet across, +and from a few inches to two or three feet high. +Excavation within them shows old floors made of +hard clay, with the fireplace or hearth. The stone-grave +people lived in these houses. They often +buried little children who died, under the floor. +Their stone coffins measured only from one to +four feet long. They contain the little skeletons +and all the childish treasures—pretty cups and +bowls of pottery, shell beads, pearls, and even the +leg bones of birds, on which the babies used to +cut their teeth as our babies do on rubber rings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These are but three of the areas where mounds +are found; there are several others. If the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“mound-builders”</span> were a single people, with +one set of customs, one language, and one government, +it is strange that there should be such +great differences in the mounds they built. If +we had space to speak about the relics from the +mounds, they would tell a story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/shell-gorgets.png" alt="Illustration." title="Shell Gorgets: Tennessee. (After Holmes.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Shell Gorgets: Tennessee. (After Holmes.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They would show that the builders of the +mounds, while they made many beautiful things +of stone, shell, bone, beaten metals, could not +smelt ores. They were Stone Age men, not +civilized men. The objects from different areas +differ so much in kind, pattern, and material as +to suggest that their makers were not one people. +Study of skulls from mounds in one district—as +Ohio or Iowa—show that different types of +men built the mounds even of one area. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So neither the mounds, the relics, nor the +remains prove that there was one people, the +<span class="tei tei-q">“mound-builders,”</span> but rather that the mounds +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were built by many different tribes. These +tribes were not of civilized, but of barbarous, +Stone Age men. It is likely that some of the +tribes that built the mounds still live in the +United States. Thus the Shawnees may be +the descendants of the stone-grave people, the +Winnebagoes may have come from the effigy-builders +of Wisconsin, and the Cherokees may +be the old Ohio <span class="tei tei-q">“mound-builders.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">E. G. Squier</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">E. H. Davis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.—Authors of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ancient +Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, published in 1847. It +was the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">first</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> great work on American Archæology. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Increase Allen Lapham.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Civil engineer, scientist. His +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Antiquities of Wisconsin</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> was published in 1855. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Stephen D. Peet.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Minister, antiquarian, editor. Established +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The American Antiquarian</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, which he still conducts. +Wrote </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Emblematic Mounds</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Cyrus Thomas.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Minister, entomologist, archæologist. In +charge of the mound exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology. +Wrote </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United +States</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Report of the Mound Explorations of the Bureau +of Ethnology</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Frederic Ward Putnam.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Ichthyologist, archæologist, +teacher. For many years Curator of the Peabody Museum of +Ethnology, at Cambridge, Mass. Has organized much field +work upon mounds of Ohio and Tennessee. Also Curator in +Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in +New York. +</span></p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> +<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XVI" id="Chapter_XVI" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XVI. The Algonkins.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Algonkin tribes occupied the Atlantic seacoast +from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick south to +Virginia, and stretched west as far, at places, as +the Rocky Mountains. They also occupied a +large area in the interior of British America north +of the Great Lakes. Brinton names more than +thirty tribes of this great group. Among the +best known of these were the Lenape (Delawares), +Blackfeet, Ojibwas, and Crees. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was chiefly Algonkin tribes with whom the +first white settlers met. The Indians who supplied +the Pilgrims with corn in that first dreadful +winter were Algonkins; so were Powhatan +and Pocahontas, King Philip and Massasoit. Of +course whites came into contact with the Iroquois +in New York, and with the Cherokees, the +Creeks, and their kin in the south, but much the +larger part of their early Indian acquaintance was +Algonkin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are a number of borrowed Indian words +in our English language of to-day. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wigwam</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">wampum</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">squaw</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">papoose</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">moccasin</span></span>, are examples. +These have been taken from the Indian languages +into our own, and most of them—all +of those mentioned—are Algonkin. They +soon became common to English speakers, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were carried by them everywhere they went. All +the western tribes had their own names for all +these objects, but we have forced these upon +them, and to-day we may hear Utes speak of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">wigwams</span></span> +and Navajo talk about <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">squaws</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">moccasins</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We shall speak of two Algonkin tribes. One—the +Lenape—is eastern; the other—the Blackfeet—is +western. The former are woodland, the +latter Plains Indians. The Lenape lived in settled +villages, and had a good deal of agriculture; they +were also hunters, fishermen, and warriors. Their +houses were like those of their Iroquois neighbors, +but each family had its own. They were +huts of poles and interwoven branches with a +thatching of corn leaves, the stalk of sweet-flag, +or the bark of trees. Sometimes at the center +of the village, surrounded by the houses, was a +sort of hillock or mound from which the country +around might be overlooked. The women made +good garments of deerskin with skillful beadwork. +In cooking they used soapstone vessels. For +pounding corn they had mortars of wood, dug +out of a section of a tree trunk, and long stone +pestles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In districts where the wild rice or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">zizania</span></span> grew +abundantly great quantities of it were gathered. +The women in canoes paddled out among the +plants, bent the heads over the edge of the canoe +and beat out the grain. This was a food supply +of no importance to the Lenape, but the Ojibwas +and their neighbors used much of it. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/gathering-rice.png" alt="Illustration." title="Ojibwa Women Gathering Wild Rice. (After Schoolcraft.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Ojibwa Women Gathering Wild Rice. (After Schoolcraft.)</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In war, the men used the bow and arrows, spear +and tomahawk. They protected themselves with +round shields. They speared fish in the streams +and lakes or caught them in brush nets or with +hooks of bone or bird-claws. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There were three totems of the Lenape. Every +man was either a wolf, turkey, or turtle. He had +one of these three animals for his emblem, and +was as fond of drawing or carving it as a boy +among us is of writing his name. This emblem +was signed to treaties, it was painted on the +houses, it was carved on stones. But only those +who were turtles drew their totem entire; usually +the wolf or the turkey were represented only by +one foot. Between a person and his totem there +was a curious friendship, and it was believed that +the animal was a sort of protector and friend of +those who bore his name. All who had the same +totem were blood-relations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All Algonkins were accustomed to draw pictures +to record events. The blankets of chiefs +were decorated with such pictures. The Ojibwas +were fond of writing birch-bark letters. One of +the most interesting Indian records known is the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Walam olum</span></span>; this means the red score or red +record. Probably it at first consisted of a lot of +little sticks or boards with some quaint red pictures +upon them. These were probably kept tied +together into a little bundle. The original sticks +have long been lost, but the one hundred and +eighty-four pictures were copied and are still +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +preserved. They were intended to assist in remembering +a long poetical legend in which the +Algonkin ideas regarding the creation of the +world and their tribal history were told. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At first everything was good. Animals and +men lived in peace. Then a wicked serpent +tried to drown the world. Only a few persons +escaped to the back of a great turtle. Their +great hero Nanabush helped them. The waters +subsided. As the land where they now found +themselves was cold, the people determined to +move southward. The story of their quarrels +and divisions on the journey is told, and also the +way in which they seized their new home, destroying +or driving out the original owners. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The song in which this story is told is long +and full of old words difficult to understand. +The Indians themselves must have had difficulty +in remembering it. It was a great help to have +these little sticks with the red pictures to remind +them of its different parts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Far to the west, close against the base of +the Rocky Mountains, lived a famous Algonkin +tribe—the Blackfeet. They were great buffalo +hunters and warriors. We often think of Indians +as being stern and morose, never smiling, never +amused. Yet most tribes had sunny tempers +like children. Mr. Grinnell, to show this side +of Indian nature, describes a day in camp in the +olden, happy time. Two parts of his description +describe feasts and gambling. Feasts were in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +constant progress: sometimes one man would +give three in a day; men who were favorites +might go from feast to feast all day long. If a man +wished to give a feast, he ordered the best food +he had to be cooked. Then, going outside, he +called out the list of invited guests: the name +of each one was cried three times. At the close +of his invitation he announced how many pipes +would be smoked: usually three. When the +guests came, each was given a dish, with his +share of the food; no one might have a second +help, but it was quite polite to carry away what +was not eaten. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While the guests were feasting, the man of the +house prepared a pipe and tobacco. After the +eating was over, the pipe was lighted and passed +from hand to hand, each person giving it to the +one on his left. Meantime stories of hunting +and war were narrated and jokes cracked. Only +one man spoke at one time, the rest listening until +he was through. Thus they whiled away the time +until the last pipe was smoked out, when the +host, knocking the ashes from the pipe, told them +they might go. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All Indians are gamblers, and they have many +gambling games. The Blackfeet played one +which was something like the famous game of +Chunkey, played among the Creeks. (See <a href="#Chapter_XIX" class="tei tei-ref">XIX.</a>) +A wheel about four inches in diameter with five +spokes on which were beads of different colors, +made of horn or bone, was used. It was rolled +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +along upon a smooth piece of ground at the ends +of which logs were laid to stop it. One player +stood at each end of the course. After a player +set the wheel to rolling, he hurled a dart after it. +This was done just before the wheel reached the +end of its journey. Points were counted according +to the way in which the wheel and dart fell +with reference to each other. Ten counts made +the game. This game always attracted great +crowds of spectators, who became greatly excited +and bet heavily on the result. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/squaw-traveling.png" alt="Illustration." title="Blackfoot Squaw Traveling." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Blackfoot Squaw Traveling.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At night about their camp-fires the Blackfeet +delighted to tell their sacred stories, which they +did not dare repeat in daylight. In telling a +story of personal adventure, Indians, like white +people, were often tempted to make it larger than +it really was. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Blackfeet and some other Indians had the +following mode of getting at the truth. When a +man told an improbable story some one handed +a pipe to the medicine man, who painted the stem +red and prayed over it, asking that the man's life +might be long if his story were true, but cut short +if the story were false. The pipe was then filled +and lighted and given to the man. The medicine +man said, as he handed it to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Accept +this pipe, but remember that if you smoke, your +story must be as sure as that there is a hole +through this pipe and as straight as the hole +through this stem. So your life shall be long +and you shall survive; but if you have spoken +falsely, your days are counted.”</span> If he refused to +smoke, as he surely would if he had not spoken +true things, every one knew that he was a braggart +and a liar. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Daniel Garrison Brinton.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Physician, anthropologist. Has +written many books, mostly about American Indians. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The +Lenape and their Legends</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, in which the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Walam olum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is given +in full, is a volume in his </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Library of Aboriginal American +Literature</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> +<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XVII. The Six Nations.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When white men began to settle what is now +the state of New York, that part of it extending +from about the Hudson River west along the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Mohawk and on beyond it to the Niagara, was +occupied by the Iroquois or Five Nations. The +separate tribes, naming them from the east, were +the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and +Senecas. These were flourishing tribes; they +had important villages and towns and large cornfields; +they were, however, also hunting tribes and +powerful in war. In fact, they were the terror +of their milder Algonkin neighbors. Personally, +Iroquois Indians were finely built, strong, +energetic, and active. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They spoke languages much alike and probably +derived from one ancient language. This was +believed by them to prove that the five tribes +were related. Still they were at one time frequently +at war with each other. This was before +the white men came. Finally, a man named +Hayenwatha was a chief among the Onondagas. +He was wise, kind, and peaceable. There was at +this same time another Onondaga chief named +Atotarho, who was in character the opposite of +Hayenwatha. He was a bold warrior and the +dreaded foe of the Cayugas and Senecas, against +whom he led war-parties; he was feared and disliked +by his own people. When these two men +were chiefs among the Onondagas, the Mohawks +and the Oneidas were much harassed by their +Algonkin neighbors, the Mohicans. Hayenwatha +thought much over the sad condition of the +Iroquois tribes. Constantly warring with their +kindred in the west and troubled by outside foes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in the east, their future looked dark. He thought +of a plan of union which he believed would bring +peace and prosperity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most Indian tribes consisted of a few great +groups of persons, the members of which were +related to each other and lived together. Such +groups of related persons are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gentes</span></span>; the singular +of the word is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gens</span></span>. There were three gentes +among the Mohawks, three among the Oneidas, +and eight in each of the other three tribes. These +gentes usually bore the name of some animal; +thus the Oneida gentes were the wolf, bear, and +turtle. The people belonging to a gens were +called by the gens name. Thus an Oneida was +either a wolf, bear, or turtle. Every wolf was +related to every other wolf in his tribe; every +turtle to every other turtle; every bear to every +other bear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Each tribe was ruled by a council which contained +members elected from each gens. Each +gens had one or more councillors, according to +its size and importance. Each member of the +council watched with care to see that his gens +got all its rights and was not imposed upon by +others. Every tribe was independent of every +other tribe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hayenwatha's idea was to unite the tribes into +a strong confederacy. Separately the tribes were +weak, and a foe could do them much harm; united +they would be so strong that no one could trouble +them. He did not wish to destroy the tribes; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +he wished each to remain independent in managing +its own affairs; but he desired that together +they should be one great power which would help +all. Three times he called a council of his people, +the Onondagas, to lay his plan before them; three +times he failed because the dreaded Atotarho, who +did not desire peace, opposed his scheme. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he found he could not move his own +people, Hayenwatha went to the Mohawks, where +he found help; they agreed that such a union was +needed. Next the Oneidas were interested. Two +great chiefs, one Mohawk and one Oneida, then +went to the Onondagas to urge these to join with +them; again the plan failed because Atotarho +opposed it. The two chiefs went further westward +and had a council with the Cayugas, who +were pleased with their plan. With a Cayuga +chief to help them, they returned to the Onondagas. +Another council was held, and finally the +Onondagas were gained over by promising the +chieftaincy of the confederacy to Atotarho. There +was then no trouble in getting the consent of the +Senecas. Two chiefs were appointed by them to +talk over the plan with the others. Hayenwatha +met the six chiefs at Onondaga Lake, where the +whole plan was discussed and the new union was +made. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was at first <span class="tei tei-q">“The Five Nations.”</span> At that +time the Tuscaroras lived in the south. Later +on, perhaps more than two hundred years later, +they moved northward, and joined the confederacy, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +making it <span class="tei tei-q">“The Six Nations.”</span> The Five Nations +formed one government under a great council. +This council consisted of fifty members—nine +Mohawks, nine Oneidas, fourteen Onondagas, ten +Cayugas, eight Senecas. The names of the first +councillors were kept alive by their successors +always assuming them when they entered the +council. The government did not interfere with +the rights of the different tribes. It was always +ready to receive new tribes into itself. Its purpose +was said to be to abolish war and bring +general peace. It did this by destroying tribes +that did not wish to unite with it. At times the +Iroquois Confederacy really did receive other +tribes, such, for example, as the Tuteloes, Saponies, +Tuscaroras, and fragments of the Eries and +Hurons. They themselves always called the confederacy +by a name meaning the <span class="tei tei-q">“long house”</span> +or the extended or drawn-out house. The confederacy +was thus likened <span class="tei tei-q">“to a dwelling, which +was extended by additions made to the end, in +the manner in which their bark-built houses were +lengthened. When the number of families inhabiting +these long dwellings was increased by +marriage or adoption, and a new hearth was +required, the end wall was removed, an addition +of the required size was made to the edifice, and +the closing wall was restored.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The confederacy became a great power, and is +often mentioned in history. When the French +or English went to war, it was important for either +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +side to get the help of the Iroquois. In the council +meetings of the tribes, and in the meetings of the +great council of the confederacy, there were often +important discussions. We have spoken of the +warlike spirit of the Iroquois. A man who was a +great warrior had great influence. So, however, +had the man who was a great speaker. Oratory +was much cultivated, and the man who, at a +council, could move and sway his fellows, influencing +them to war or peace, was an important +person. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There were a number of the Iroquois orators +whose names are remembered, but none is more +famous than Red Jacket. We will give a passage +from one of his speeches as an example of Indian +oratory. The speech was made in 1805, at a +council held at Buffalo. A missionary, named +Cram, had come to preach to them, and invited a +number of chiefs and important men to attend, +that he might explain his business to them. After +he had spoken, the old Seneca orator rose, and in +his speech said the following words: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Brother, listen to what we say. There was a +time when our forefathers owned this great island. +Their seats extended from the rising to the setting +sun. The Great Spirit had made it for the use +of Indians. He had created the buffalo, the deer, +and other animals, for food. He made the bear +and the beaver, and their skins served us for +clothing. He had scattered them over the country, +and taught us how to take them. He had +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +caused the earth to produce corn for bread. All +this he had done for his red children because he +loved them. If we had any disputes about hunting +grounds, they were generally settled without +the shedding of much blood, but an evil day came +upon us; your forefathers crossed the great water, +and landed on this island. Their numbers were +small; they found friends and not enemies; they +told us they had fled from their country for fear +of wicked men, and came here to enjoy their +religion. They asked for a small seat; we took +pity on them, granted their request, and they sat +down among us; we gave them corn and meal; +they gave us poison [whisky] in return. The +white people had now found our country; tidings +were carried back, and more came amongst us, +yet we did not fear them; we took them to be +friends; they called us brothers; we believed +them, and gave them a larger seat. At length +their numbers had greatly increased; they wanted +more land; they wanted our country. Our eyes +were opened, and our minds became uneasy. +Wars took place; Indians were hired to fight +against Indians, and many of our people were +destroyed. They also brought strong liquors +among us; it was strong and powerful, and has +slain thousands.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brother</span></span>, our seats were once large, and yours +were very small; you have now become a great +people, and we have scarcely a place left to spread +our blankets; you have got our country, but are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +not satisfied; you want to force your religion +upon us.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Horatio Hale.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Explorer, linguist, ethnologist. One of +the earliest prominent American ethnologists. Among his important +works is </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Iroquois Book of Rites</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> +<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XVIII. Story Of Mary Jemison.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Years ago, when I was a small boy, some one +pointed out to me the <span class="tei tei-q">“old white woman's +spring,”</span> and told me a part of the story of +Mary Jemison. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the year 1742 or 1743 an Irishman named +Thomas Jemison, with his wife and three children, +left his own country for America, on a +ship called the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">William and Mary</span></span>. On the +voyage a little girl was born into the family, to +whom they gave the name of Mary. She had +a light, clear skin, blue eyes, and yellow or +golden hair. After landing at Philadelphia, the +family soon moved to Marsh Creek (Pennsylvania), +which was then in the far West and quite +in the Indian country. There Thomas Jemison +had a farm, built a comfortable house, and by +industry prospered. In the new home two +younger children were born, both boys. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1754 they moved to a new farm, where +they lived in a log house. Here they spent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the winter. Spring came, and every one was +busy in the fields. It was the time of the +French and Indian wars against the English. +A number of attacks had been made upon settlers. +One day Mary was sent to a neighbor's +for a horse; she was to spend the night, returning +in the morning. At that time some +strangers were living at Mary's house—a man, +his sister-in-law, and her three little children. +Mary had secured the horse for which she had +been sent, and had ridden home in the early +morning. As she reached the house, the man +took the horse and rode off to get some grain, +taking with him his gun, in case he should see +some game. Every one about the house was +busy. Mary, years afterward, told the story of +what then took place: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Father was shaving an ax-helve at the side +of the house; mother was making preparations +for breakfast; my two oldest brothers were at +work near the barn; and the little ones, with +myself and the woman and her three children, +were in the house. Breakfast was not yet +ready, when we were alarmed by the discharge +of a number of guns that seemed to be near. +Mother and the woman before mentioned almost +fainted at the report, and every one trembled +with fear. On opening the door, the man and +horse lay dead near the house, having just been +shot by the Indians. I was afterward informed +that the Indians discovered him at his own +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +house with his gun, and pursued him to father's, +where they shot him as I have related. They +first secured my father, and then rushed into +the house and without the least resistance made +prisoners of my mother, brothers, and sister, the +woman, her three children, and myself.... My +two brothers Thomas and John, being at the +barn, escaped.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The party which had seized them was composed +of six Shawnee Indians and four Frenchmen. +The first day was terrible. They were +kept rapidly marching until night; they had no +food or water during the whole day. One Indian +went behind the party with a whip, with +which he lashed the little ones to make them +keep up with the party. At night there was +no fire and they had no covering. They were +afoot again before daylight, but as the sun rose, +stopped and ate breakfast. The second night +they camped near a dark and dreary swamp, and +here they were given supper, but were too tired +and sad to care much for food. After supper, +an Indian stripped off Mary's shoes and stockings +and began putting moccasins upon her. +The same thing was done to the woman's little +boy. Noticing this, Mary's mother believed the +Indians intended to spare the two children. She +said to the girl: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“My dear little Mary, I fear the time has arrived +when we must be parted forever. Your +life, I think, will be spared; but we shall probably +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +be tomahawked here in this lonesome place, +by the Indians. Alas! my dear, my heart bleeds +at the thought of what awaits you; but if you +leave us, remember your name, and the names +of your father and mother. Be careful and not +forget your English tongue. If you shall have +an opportunity to get away from the Indians, +don't try to escape; for if you do, they will find +and destroy you. Don't forget, my little daughter, +the prayers that I have learned you; say +them often; be a good child, and God will bless +you. May God bless you, my child, and make +you comfortable and happy.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Just then an Indian took Mary and the little +boy by the hand and led them away. As they +parted, the mother called out to the child, who +was crying bitterly, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't cry, Mary! Don't cry, +my child! God will bless you! Farewell, farewell!”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indian took the children into the woods, +where they lay down to sleep. The little boy +begged Mary to try to escape, but she remembered +her mother's warning. The next morning +the other Indians and the Frenchmen rejoined +them, but their white captives were not with them. +During the night, in that dark and dismal swamp, +Mary's father and mother, Robert, Matthew, and +Betsey, the woman, and two of her children had +been killed, scalped, and fearfully mangled. When +they camped again, Mary saw with horror the +Indians at work upon the scalps of her parents. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A fourth and fifth day the party journeyed on, +and then, driven by bad weather, camped for three +nights in one place. Finally the party came near +Fort Du Quesne, where Pittsburg now stands. +They had been joined by other Indians who had +a young white man prisoner. When they reached +this place, the Indians carefully combed the hair +of the three prisoners, and painted their faces and +hair with red as Indians do. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next morning after they reached the fort, +the little boy and young man were given to the +French. Mary was given to two young Seneca +women. By them she was taken to their town +some distance down the Ohio River. Here they +washed her and dressed her nicely in Indian +clothing. They publicly adopted her in place of +a brother who had just been killed. These women +and their brothers were kind to Mary, treating +her as their real sister, and she came to love them +dearly. She was with them for three winters +and two summers on the Ohio River, when, at +their wish, she married a Delaware Indian named +Shenanjie. He was a good husband, but died +when they had been married but two or three +years. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We will tell but one more incident in Mary's +life. Not long after marrying Shenanjie, she +moved with her sisters and their brothers to the +Genesee Valley in New York. The wars were +now over. Mary was a young widow with a little +son. The King of England offered a bounty to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +any one who would find white prisoners among +the Indians and bring them in to the forts to be +redeemed. A Dutchman named Van Sice, who +knew that Mary was a captive, determined to take +her to the fort and get his bounty. Mary learned +of his plan, but had no wish to leave the Indians. +She was afraid of the man. One day, when she +was working in the field alone, she saw him coming +to seize her. He chased her, but she escaped +and hid herself for three days and nights. The +Indian council then decided that she could not +be taken back against her wish, and her fear of +Van Sice ceased. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But she had a more dangerous enemy. An old +chief of the tribe determined himself to return +her and get the bounty. He told one of Mary's +Indian brothers of his intention to take her to +Niagara to be redeemed. A quarrel took place +between the two men, and her brother declared +that he would kill her with his own hand before +he would allow the old man to carry her off +against her will. This threat he made known to +his own sister. She at once told Mary to flee +with her babe and hide in some weeds near the +house. She also told Mary that at night their +brother would return, informed of the old chief's +plans, and that if the sachem persisted in carrying +her off, he would surely kill her. The woman +told her, after it was dark to creep up to the +house, and if she found nothing near the door, to +come in, as all would be safe. Should she, however, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +find a cake there, she must flee. Poor Mary +hid in the weeds with her baby boy; at night, +when all was still, she crept up to the house; the +little cake was there! Taking it, she fled to the +spring now called, for that reason, <span class="tei tei-q">“the white +woman's spring.”</span> Her sister had suggested the +place. That night the old chief came to the +house to get Mary, and her brother sought her +to kill her, but neither could find her. The old +sachem gave up the hunt and set out for Niagara +with his other prisoners. After he was gone, and +the excitement was past, Mary's sister told her +brother where Mary was hidden. He went there, +and at finding her, greeted her kindly and brought +her home. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">James E. Seaver</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> has written the story of Mary Jemison as +she told it to him in her old age. The name of the book is +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Life of Mary Jemison: the White Woman of the Genesee</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> +<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XIX" id="Chapter_XIX" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XIX. The Creeks.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Creeks or Muskoki were one of the strongest +tribes of the southern states. To them were +related in language a number of important tribes—the +Apalachi, Alibamu, Choctaw, Chicasaw, +and others. Several of these tribes were united +with the Creeks into a so-called confederacy. +This union was not to be compared with that of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Iroquois or the Aztecs, but was a loose combination +against foes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Creeks and their kindred tribes present a +number of points of rather peculiar interest. In +the olden time there were two kinds of Creek +towns—white towns and red towns. The red +towns were war towns, governed by warriors. +The white or peace towns were governed by +civil chiefs. It is said by some of the early +writers that the white towns were <span class="tei tei-q">“cities of +refuge”</span> to which those who were being pursued +for some crime or unfortunate accident could flee. +The red towns could be known as such as soon as +a stranger entered the public square, as the posts +of the <span class="tei tei-q">“great house”</span> were painted red. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Warriors were the most honored of men among +the Creeks. Until a young man was successful +in battle he was treated hardly different from a +servant. The Creek boys had a pretty hard time. +They were made to swim in the coldest weather; +they were scratched with broken glass or fish teeth, +from head to foot till the blood ran; these things +were intended to toughen them to the endurance +of pain. When the boy was fifteen to seventeen +years old he was put through a test, after which +he was no longer a boy, but a man. At the proper +time he gathered an intoxicating plant. He ate +the bitter root of it for a whole day, and drank a +tea made of its leaves. When night came he ate +a little pounded corn. He kept this up for four +days. For four months he ate only pounded maize, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +which could only be cooked for him by a little +girl. After that his food might be cooked by any +one. For twelve months from the time of his first +fast he ate no venison from young bucks, no turkeys +nor hens, no peas nor salt; nor was he permitted +to pick his ears or scratch his head with +his fingers, but used a splinter of wood for the +purpose. At the time of new moon he fasted four +days, excepting that he ate a little pounded maize +at night. When the last month of his twelve +months' test came, he kept four days' fast, then +burned some corncobs and rubbed his body with +the ashes. At the end of that month, he took a +heavy sweat and then plunged into cold water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Men who wished to become great warriors +selected some old conjurer to give them instruction. +Four months were spent with him alone. +The person desiring to learn fasted, ate bitter +herbs, and suffered many hardships. After he +had learned all the old conjurer could teach him, +it was believed that he could disarm the enemy +even at a distance, and if they were far away, +could bring them near, so that he might capture +them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the center of every large Creek town there +was a public square. In this square there were +three interesting things,—the great house, the +council house, and the playground. The great +house consisted of four one-story buildings, each +about thirty feet long; they were arranged about +a square upon which all faced. The side of these +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +which opened on the central square was entirely +open. Each of the four houses was divided into +three rooms or compartments by low partitions of +clay. At the back of each compartment were +three platforms or seats, the lowest two feet high, +the second several feet higher, the third as much +higher than the second. These were covered +with cane matting, as if for carpeting. New mats +were put in each year, but the old ones were not +removed. Each of these four buildings was a +gathering-place for a different class of persons. +The one facing east was for the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">miko</span></span> and people +of high rank; the northern building was for +warriors; the southern was for <span class="tei tei-q">“the beloved +men”</span>; and the eastern for the young people. +In the great house were kept the weapons, scalps, +and other trophies. Upon the supporting posts +and timbers were painted horned warriors, horned +alligators, horned rattlesnakes, etc. The central +court of the great house was dedicated ground, +and no woman might set foot in it. In the center +of it burned a perpetual fire of four logs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The council house was at the northeast corner +of the great house. It stood upon a circular +mound. It consisted of a great conical roof supported +on an octagonal frame about twelve feet +high. It was from twenty-five to thirty feet in +diameter. Its walls were made of posts set upright +and daubed with clay. A broad seat ran +around the house inside and was covered with +cane mats. A little hillock at the center formed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a fireplace. The fire kept burning upon this was +fed with dry cane or finely split pine wood which +was curiously arranged in a spiral line. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The council house was used as a gathering or +meeting place, much as the great house, but it +was chiefly for bad weather, especially for winter. +Here, too, private meetings of importance were +held at all times. Here young men prepared for +war-parties, spending four days in drinking war-drink, +and counseling with the conjurers. This +council house was also the place for sweat baths. +Stones were heated very hot; water was thrown +upon them to give steam. Those desiring the +bath danced around this fire and then plunged +into cold water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The playground was in the northwest corner +of the public square; it was marked off by low +embankments. In the center, on a low, circular +mound, stood a four-sided pole, sometimes as +much as forty feet high. A mark at the top +served as a target for practice with the bow and +arrow. The floor of this yard was beaten hard +and level. The chief game played here was +called Chunkey. It was played with neatly polished +stone disks. These were set rolling along +on the ground, and the players hurled darts or +shafts at them to make the disk fall. (Compare +with the wheel game of the Blackfeet.) Ball +games and sometimes dances were also held upon +this playground. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The great celebration of the Creeks was the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +annual <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">busk</span></span>. They called it <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">puskita</span></span>, or fast. The +ceremony was chiefly held at the great house. +The time was determined by the condition of the +new corn and of a plant named cassine. The +ceremony lasted eight days and included many +details. Among them we can mention a few. +On the first day a spark of new fire was made +by rubbing two pieces of wood together. With +this a four days' fire was kindled; four logs of +wood were brought in and arranged so that one +end of each met one end of the others at the +middle, and the four formed a cross, the arms of +which pointed to the cardinal points; these were +fired with the spark of new fire. Bits of new fire, +at some time during the four days, were set outside +where the women could take them to kindle +fresh fires on their home hearths. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At noon of the second day, the men took ashes +from the new fire and rubbed them over their +chin, neck, and body; they then ran and plunged +themselves into cold water. On their return, they +took the new corn of the year and rubbed it +between their hands and over their bodies. They +then feasted upon the new corn. On the last, +eighth day, of the busk, a medicinal liquid was +made from fourteen (or fifteen) different plants, +each of which had medicinal power; they were +steeped in water in two pots and were vigorously +stirred and beaten. The conjurers blew into the +liquid through a reed. The men all drank some +of this liquid and rubbed it over their joints. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They did other curious things during this day. +When night came, all went to the river. <span class="tei tei-q">“Old +man's tobacco”</span> was thrown into the stream by +each person, and then all the men plunged into +the river and picked up four stones from the +bottom. With these they crossed themselves +over the breast four times, each time throwing +back one stone into the river. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mr. Gatschet thinks that much good resulted +from the busk. After it all quarrels were forgotten; +crimes, except murder, were forgiven; +old utensils were broken and new ones procured. +Every one seemed to leave the past behind and +begin anew. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Albert S. Gatschet.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A Swiss, living in America: linguist, +ethnologist. Connected with Bureau of American Ethnology. +Edited </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A Migration Legend of the Creeks</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> +<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XX" id="Chapter_XX" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XX. The Pani.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All the Plains Indians were rovers, buffalo +hunters, and warriors; none of them were bolder +or braver than the Pani. This tribal name is +more frequently spelled Pawnee. The tribe belonged +to the Caddoan family, which includes +also the Caddoes and Wichitas and perhaps the +Lipans and Tonkaways. The Pani were formerly +numerous and occupied a large district in Nebraska. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +To-day they are few, and rapidly diminishing. +In 1885 they numbered one thousand +forty-five; in 1886, nine hundred ninety-eight; in +1888, nine hundred eighteen; in 1889, eight hundred +sixty-nine. To-day they live upon a reservation +in Oklahoma. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is believed that the Pani came from the +south, perhaps from some part of Mexico. They +appear first to have gone to some portion of what +is now Louisiana; later they migrated northward +to the district where the whites first knew them. +The name Pani means wolves, and the sign language +name for the Pani consists of a representation +of the ears of a wolf. Several reasons have +been given for their bearing this name. Perhaps +it was because they were as tireless and enduring +as wolves; or it may be because they were skillful +scouts, trailers, and hunters. They were in the +habit of imitating wolves in order to get near +camp for stealing horses. They threw wolfskins +over themselves and crept cautiously near. +Wolves were too common to attract much attention. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the olden time the Pani hunted the buffalo +on foot. Choosing a quiet day, so that the wind +might not bear their scent to the herd, the +hunters in a long line began to surround a little +group of grazing buffalo. Some of the men were +dressed in wolfskins, and crept along on all +fours. When a circle had been formed around +the animals, the hunters began to close in. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Presently one man shouted and shook his blanket +to scare the buffalo nearest him. The others did +the same, and in a short time the excited herd +was running blindly, turning now here and now +there, but always terrified by one or another of +the men in the now ever smaller circle. Finally +the animals were tired out with their running and +were shot and killed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The way in which the Pani used to make +pottery vessels was simple and crude. The end +of a tree stump was smoothed for a mold. Clay +was mixed with burnt and pounded stone, to +give it a good texture, and was then molded over +this. The bowl when dry was lifted off and +baked in the fire. Sometimes, instead of thus +shaping bowls, they made a framework of twigs +which was lined with clay, and then burnt off, +leaving the lining as a baked vessel. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As long as they have been known to the +Whites, the Pani have been an agricultural +people. They raised corn, beans, pumpkins, and +squashes, which they said Tirawa himself, whom +they most worshiped, gave them. Corn was +sacred, and they had ceremonials connected with +it, and called it <span class="tei tei-q">“mother.”</span> In cultivating their +fields they used hoes made of bone: these were +made by firmly fastening the shoulder-blade of a +buffalo to the end of a stick. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two practices in which the Pani differed from +most Plains Indians remind us of some Mexican +tribes: they kept a sort of servants and sacrificed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +human beings. Young men or boys who were +growing up often attached themselves to men of +importance. They lived in their houses and +received support from them: in return, they +drove in and saddled the horses, made the fire, +ran errands, and made themselves useful in all +possible ways. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sacrifice of a human being to Tirawa—and +formerly to the morning star—was made +by one band of the Pani. When captives of +war were taken, all but one were adopted into +the tribe. That one was set apart for sacrifice. +He was selected for his beauty and strength. He +was kept by himself, fed on the best of everything, +and treated most kindly. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before the day fixed for the sacrifice, the people +danced four nights and feasted four days. +Each woman, as she rose from eating, said to +the captive: <span class="tei tei-q">“I have finished eating, and I hope +I may be blessed from Tirawa; that he may +take pity on me; that when I put my seeds in +the ground they may grow, and that I may have +plenty of everything.”</span> You must remember that +this sacrifice was not a merely cruel act, but was +done as a gift to Tirawa, that he might give good +crops to the people. On the last night, bows +and arrows were prepared for every man and +boy in the village, even for the very little boys; +every woman had ready a lance or stick. By +daybreak the whole village was assembled at +the western end of the town, where two stout +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +posts with four cross-poles had been set up. +To this framework the captive was tied. A fire +was built below, and then the warrior who had +captured the victim shot him through with an +arrow. The body was then shot full of arrows +by all the rest. These arrows were then removed, +and the dead man's breast was opened +and blood removed. All present touched the +body, after which it was consumed by the fire, +while the people prayed to Tirawa, and put +their hands in the smoke of the fire, and hoped +for success in war, and health, and good crops. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Almost all these facts about the Pani are from +Mr. Grinnell's book. I shall quote from him +now the story of Crooked Hand. He was a +famous warrior. On one occasion the village +had gone on a buffalo hunt, and no one was +left behind except some sick, the old men, and +a few boys, women, and children. Crooked +Hand was among the sick. The Sioux planned +to attack the town and destroy all who had been +left behind. Six hundred of their warriors in all +their display rode down openly to secure their +expected easy victory. The town was in a panic. +But when the news was brought to Crooked +Hand lying sick in his lodge, he forgot his illness +and, rising, gave forth his orders. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They were promptly obeyed. <span class="tei tei-q">“The village +must fight. Tottering old men, whose sinews +were now too feeble to bend the bow, seized +their long-disused arms and clambered on their +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +horses. Boys too young to hunt grasped the +weapons that they had as yet used only on +rabbits and ground squirrels, flung themselves +on their ponies, and rode with the old men. +Even squaws, taking what weapons they could,—axes, +hoes, mauls, pestles,—mounted horses +and marshaled themselves for battle. The force +for the defense numbered two hundred superannuated +old men, boys, and women. Among +them all were not, perhaps, ten active warriors, +and these had just risen from sick-beds to take +their place in the line of battle.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“As the Pawnees passed out of the village +into the plain, the Sioux saw for the first time +the force they had to meet. They laughed in +derision, calling out bitter jibes, and telling what +they would do when they had made the charge; +and, as Crooked Hand heard their laughter, he +smiled too, but not mirthfully.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The battle began. It seemed like an unequal +fight. Surely one charge would be enough +to overthrow this motley Pawnee throng, who +had ventured out to try to oppose the triumphal +march of the Sioux. But it was not ended so +quickly. The fight began about the middle of +the morning; and, to the amazement of the +Sioux, these old men with shrunken shanks and +piping voices, these children with their small, +white teeth and soft, round limbs, these women +clad in skirts and armed with hoes, held the +invaders where they were: they could make no +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +advance. A little later it became evident that +the Pawnees were driving the Sioux back. Presently +this backward movement became a retreat, +the retreat a rout, the rout a wild panic. Then +indeed the Pawnees made a great killing of their +enemies. Crooked Hand, with his own hand, +killed six of the Sioux, and had three horses +shot under him. His wounds were many, but +he laughed at them. He was content; he had +saved the village.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From 1864 until 1876 the famous Pani scouts +served our government faithfully. Those years +were terrible on the Plains. White settlers were +pressing westward. The Indians were desperate +over the encroachments of the newcomers. +Troubles constantly occurred between the pioneers +and the Indians. During that sad and +unsettled time, Lieutenant North and his Pani +scouts served as a police to keep order and to +punish violence. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> +<a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XXI" id="Chapter_XXI" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXI. The Cherokees.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The old home of the Cherokees was in the +beautiful mountain region of the South—in +Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but +especially in Georgia. They were Indians of +great strength of character, and ready for improvement +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and progress. When Oglethorpe settled +Georgia, the Cherokees were his friends and +allies. But after our government was established, +the tribe, which had been so friendly to the whites, +began to suffer from our encroachments. Treaties +were made with them only to be broken. +Little by little, the Indians were crowded back: +sacred promises made by our government were +not fulfilled. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finally they refused to cede any more of their +land to the greedy white settlers, and demanded +that the United States protect them in their +rights. The quarrel was now one between the +United States and Georgia, and the central government +found itself unable to keep its pledges. +So orders were given that the Cherokees should +be removed, even against their wish, to a new +home. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At this time the Cherokees were most happy +and prosperous. Their country was one of the +most lovely portions of our land. A writer says: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The climate is delicious and healthy; the winters +are mild; the spring clothes the ground with the +richest scenery; flowers of exquisite beauty and variegated +hues meet and fascinate the eye in every +direction. In the plains and valleys the soil is +generally rich, producing Indian corn, wheat, oats, +indigo, and sweet and Irish potatoes. The natives +carry on considerable trade with the adjoining +states; some of them export cotton in boats +down the Tennessee to the Mississippi, and down +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that river to New Orleans. Apple and peach +orchards are quite common, and gardens are cultivated, +and much attention paid to them. Butter +and cheese are seen on Cherokee tables. There +are many public roads in the nation, and houses +of entertainment kept by natives. Numerous +and flourishing villages are seen in every section +of the country. Cotton and woolen cloths are +manufactured; blankets of various dimensions, +manufactured by Cherokee hands, are very common. +Almost every family in the nation grows +cotton for its own consumption. Industry and +commercial enterprise are extending themselves +in every part. Nearly all the merchants in the +nation are native Cherokees. Agricultural pursuits +engage the chief attention of the people. +Different branches of mechanics are pursued. +The population is rapidly increasing.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This was written in 1825. Only about ten +years later, this happy, industrious, and prosperous +people were removed by force from their so +greatly loved home. Two years were allowed +in which they must vacate lands that belonged +to them, and which the United States had pledged +should be always theirs. Few of them were gone +when the two years had ended. In May, 1838, +General Winfield Scott was sent with an army to +remove them. He issued a proclamation which +began as follows:— +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cherokees</span></span>,—The President of the United +States has sent me with a powerful army to cause +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +you, in accordance with the treaty of 1835, to join +that part of your people who are already established +on the other side of the Mississippi. Unhappily, +the two years which were allowed for the +purpose you have allowed to pass away without +following, and without making any preparations +to follow; and now, or by the time that this solemn +address reaches your distant settlements, the emigration +must be commenced in haste, but I hope +without disorder. I have no power, by granting +a further delay, to correct the error you have +committed. The full moon of May is already on +the wane, and before another shall have passed +away, every Cherokee man, woman, and child in +these states<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> must be in motion to join their +brethren in the West.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And so this harmless, helpless people left for +their long journey. Their only offense was that +they owned land which the whites wanted. +There are still old Indians who remember the +<span class="tei tei-q">“great removal.”</span> Most of them were little children +then, but the sad leaving their beloved +mountains and the sorrow and hardship of the +long journey is remembered after sixty years. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A few years since, we visited the Eastern Cherokees. +Perhaps two thousand of them now live +in the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. +Some of these are persons who never +went to the Indian Territory, but hid themselves +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in rocks and caves until the soldiers were gone; +some ran away from the great company as it +moved westward, trudging back a long and toilsome +journey; some are the children and grandchildren +of such refugees; some are persons who +drifted back in later years to the hills and forests, +the springs and brooks, which their fathers had +known and loved. They are mostly poor,—unlike +their relatives in the West,—but they are +industrious and happy. Their log houses are +scattered over the mountain slopes or perched +upon the tops of ridges or clustered together in +little villages in the pretty valleys. Their fields +are fenced and well cultivated. They work them +in companies of ten or twelve persons; such companies +are formed to work the fields of each +member in order. They dress like white people, +and most of the old Indian life is gone. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Still there are some bits of it left. The women +are basket-makers, and make baskets of wide +splints of cane, plain or dyed black or red, which +are interwoven to make striking patterns. Some +old women weave artistically shaped baskets from +slender splints of oak. Old Catolsta, more than +ninety years old, still shapes pottery vessels and +marks them with ornamental patterns which are +cut upon a little paddle of wood, and stamped on +the soft clay by beating it with the paddle. They +still sometimes use the bow and arrow, though +more in sport than in earnest, as most of them +have white men's guns. The arrow race is still +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sometimes run. Several young men start out +together, each with his bow and arrows. The +arrows are shot out over the course; they run as +fast as possible to where these fall and picking +them up shoot them on at once. +And so they go on over the whole +course, each trying to get through +first. Ball is largely +a thing of the +past, and great +games are not common. +Still there +are rackets at many houses. One +day we got a <span class="tei tei-q">“scratcher”</span> from +old Hoyoneta, once a great medicine +man for ball-players. This +scratcher consisted of seven splinters +of bone, sharpened at +one end and inserted into +a quill frame which held +them firmly, separated from +one another by about a +quarter of an inch or less. When a young man +was about to play his first great game of ball, he +went to Hoyoneta, or some other medicine man, +to be scratched. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 70%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ball-player.png" alt="Illustration." title="Indian Ball-Player. (After Catlin.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Indian Ball-Player. (After Catlin.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He had already fasted and otherwise prepared +himself for the ordeal. The old man, after muttering +charms and incantations, drew the scratcher +four times the length of the young man's body, +burying the points each time deeply in the flesh. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Each time the instrument made seven scratches. +One set of these ran from the base of the left +thumb, up the arm, diagonally across the chest, +down the right leg to the right great toe; another, +from the base of the right thumb to the left +great toe; another, from the base of the left little +finger, up the back of the arm, across the back, +down the right leg to the base of the little toe; +the other, from the base of the right little finger, +to the left little toe. The young man then +plunged, with all these bleeding gashes, into a +cold running brook. He was then ready for the +morrow's ball play, for, had he not been scratched +twenty-eight times with the bones of swift running +creatures, and been prayed over by a great +medicine man? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Every one should know of Sequoyah or George +Guess or Guest, as he was called in English. He +was a Cherokee who loved to work at machinery +and invent handy devices. He determined to +invent a system of writing his language. He saw +that the writing of the white men consisted in the +use of characters to represent sounds. At first +he thought of using one character for each word; +this was not convenient because there are so +many words. He finally concluded that there +were eighty-six syllables in Cherokee, and he +formed a series of eighty-six characters to represent +them. Some of these characters were borrowed +from the white man's alphabet; the rest +were specially invented. It took some little time +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for the Cherokees to accept Sequoyah's great +invention, but by 1827 it was in use throughout +the nation. Types were made, and soon books +and papers were printed in the Cherokee language +in Sequoyah's characters. These are still +in use, and to-day in the Indian Territory, a +newspaper is regularly printed by the Cherokee +Nation, part of which is in English, part in the +Cherokee character. This newspaper is, by the +way, supplied free to each family by the Cherokee +government. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/character-examples.png" alt="Illustration." title="Examples of Sequoyah's Characters." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Examples of Sequoyah's Characters.</div></div> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Helen Hunt Jackson.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Writer. Her </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">nom de plume</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> was +</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">H. H.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Wrote two books about Indians, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">A Century of +Dishonor</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ramona</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. Every American boy should read the +former. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> +<a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XXII" id="Chapter_XXII" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXII. George Catlin And His Work.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A famous man in America fifty years ago was +George Catlin. He was born at Wyoming, Pennsylvania, +in 1796, and lived to a good old age, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dying in 1872. His father wished him to be a +lawyer, and he studied for that profession and +began its practice in Philadelphia. He was, however, +fond of excitement and adventure, and found +it hard to stick to his business. He was fond of +painting, though he considered it only an amusement. +While he was living in Philadelphia a +party of Indians from the <span class="tei tei-q">“Far West”</span> spent some +days in that city on their way to Washington. +Catlin saw them, and was delighted with their +fine forms and noble bearing. He determined to +give up law practice and to devote his life to +painting Indians, resolving to form a collection of +portraits which should show, after they were gone, +how they looked and how they lived. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He made his first journey to the Indian country +for this purpose in 1832. For the next +eight years he devoted himself to the work. He +traveled many thousands of miles by canoe and +horse, among tribes some of which were still quite +wild. His life was full of excitement, difficulty, +and danger. He made paintings everywhere: +paintings of the scenery, of herds of buffalo, of +hunting life, Indian games, celebrations of ceremonies, +portraits—everything that would illustrate +the life and the country of the Indian. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/george-catlin.png" alt="Illustration." title="Portrait of George Catlin." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Portrait of George Catlin.</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the tribes he visited were the Mandans, +who lived along the Missouri River. Some of +his best pictures were painted among them. He +there witnessed the whole of their sun-dance +ceremony, and painted four remarkable pictures +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of it. These represent the young men fasting in +the dance lodge, the buffalo dance outside, the +torture in the lodge, the almost equally horrible +treatment of the dancers outside after the torture. +Although a terrible picture, we have copied the +painting showing the torture in the lodge (see +next chapter) as an example of his work. Other +pictures by him are the ball-player (see <a href="#Chapter_XXI" class="tei tei-ref">XXI.</a>) +and the chief in war dress (see <a href="#Chapter_I" class="tei tei-ref">I.</a>). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes the Indians did not wish to be +painted. They thought it would bring bad luck +or shorten life. At one Sioux village the head +chief was painted before any one knew it. When +the picture was done, some of the headmen were +invited to look at it. Then all the village wanted +to see it, and it was hung outside the tent. This +caused much excitement. Catlin says the medicine +men <span class="tei tei-q">“took a decided and noisy stand against +the operations of my brush; haranguing the populace +and predicting bad luck and premature death +to all who submitted to so strange and unaccountable +an operation! My business for some days +was entirely at a stand for want of sitters; for the +doctors were opposing me with all their force; +and the women and children were crying with +their hands over their mouths, making most pitiful +and doleful laments.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At another town up the Missouri River, near +the Yellowstone, there was a still greater excitement +over one of Catlin's pictures. About six +hundred Sioux families were gathered at a trading +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +post from the several different sub-tribes +of that great people. There had been some +trouble over his painting, and the medicine men +threatened that those who were painted would +die or have great misfortune. An Uncpapa Sioux +chief named Little Bear offered to be painted. +He was a noble, fine-looking fellow, with a strong +face which Catlin painted in profile. The picture +was almost finished when a chief of a different +band, a surly, bad-tempered man whom no one +liked, came in. His name was Shonko, <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Dog.”</span> After looking at the picture some time, +he at last said in an insolent way, <span class="tei tei-q">“Little Bear is +but half a man.”</span> The two men had some words, +when finally The Dog said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ask the painter, he +can tell you; he knows you are but half a man—he +has painted but one half your face, and knows +the other half is good for nothing.”</span> Again they +bandied words back and forth, Little Bear plainly +coming out ahead in the quarrel. The Dog +hurried from the room in a great rage. Little +Bear knew he was in danger; he hurried home, +and loaded his gun to be prepared. He then +threw himself on his face, praying to Wakanda +for help and protection. His wife, fearing that +he was bent on mischief, secretly removed the +ball from his gun. At that moment the insolent +voice of The Dog was heard. <span class="tei tei-q">“If Little Bear is +a whole man, let him come out and prove it; it is +The Dog that speaks.”</span> Little Bear seized his +gun and started to the door. His wife screamed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as she realized what she had done. It was too +late; the two men had fired, and Little Bear fell +mortally wounded in that side of his face which +had not been painted in the portrait. The Dog +fled. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The death of Little Bear called for vengeance. +Such an excitement arose that Catlin soon left, +going further up the river. The warriors of the +two bands organized war-parties, the one to protect, +the other to destroy, The Dog. The Dog's +brother was killed. He was an excellent man, +and his death was greatly mourned. The Dog +kept out of reach. Councils were held. When +the matter was discussed, some things were said +which show the Indian ideas regarding portraits. +One man said: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“He [Catlin] was the death of Little Bear! +He made only one side of his face; he would not +make the other; the side he made was alive, the +other was dead, and Shonko shot it off.”</span> Another +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Father, this medicine man [Catlin] +has done us much harm. You told our chiefs +and warriors they must be painted—you said +he was a good man and we believed you! you +thought so, my father, but you see what he has +done! he looks at our chiefs and our women and +then makes them alive! In this way he has +taken our chief away, and he can trouble their +spirits when they are dead! they will be unhappy.”</span> +On his return voyage Catlin had to be +cautious, and avoided the Uncpapa encampment. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Some months later The Dog was overtaken and +killed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Catlin's pictures varied much in quality. Some +were fine; others were poor. Often he made the +outlines and striking features wonderfully well. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Catlin was among the Mandans in 1832. +Thirty-three years later Washington Matthews +was in the Upper Missouri country. He had +with him a copy of Catlin's book with line pictures +of more than three hundred of his paintings. +The Indians had completely forgotten Catlin and +his visit, but were much interested in his pictures. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The news soon spread that the white man had +a book containing the <span class="tei tei-q">“faces of their fathers.”</span> +Many went up to Fort Stevenson to see them. +They recognized many of the portraits and expressed +great emotion. That is, the women did, +weeping readily on seeing them. The men +seemed little moved. One day there came from +the Mandan town, sixteen miles away, the chief, +Rushing Eagle, son of Four Bears, who had been +a favorite of Catlin's. Catlin painted him several +times (see opposite page <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>). When the son saw +his father's picture, though he gazed at it long +and steadily, he showed no emotion. Dr. Matthews +was called away on some errand, and told +the chief that he would be away some time and +left him alone with the book. He was obliged, +however, to return for something, and was surprised +to find Rushing Eagle weeping and earnestly +addressing his father's portrait. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Catlin not only painted hundreds of pictures +among many tribes; he also secured many fine +Indian objects—dress, weapons, scalps, objects +used in games, painted blankets, etc. With his +pictures and curiosities, which had cost him +so much time, labor, and danger, he traveled +through the United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He exhibited in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, +Washington, and many less important cities, +and everywhere attracted crowds. He went to +Europe and exhibited in France, Belgium, and +England. Every one spoke of him. He was the +guest of kings and prominent men everywhere. +Louis Philippe, King of France, was so much +interested in his work that he proposed to buy +the pictures and curiosities for the French nation. +But just then came the Revolution which dethroned +him, and the sale fell through. Many of +Catlin's pictures and some of his curiosities are +still in existence, and the greater part of these +are in the United States National Museum at +Washington. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Washington Matthews.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Physician, ethnologist. Author +of important works regarding the Hidatsa and Navajo Indians. +Wrote </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Catlin Collection of Indian Paintings</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> +<a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXIII. The Sun Dance.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Sioux or Dakota Indians are one of the +largest tribes left. They live at present chiefly +in the states of North and South Dakota. There +are a number of divisions or sub-tribes of them—the +Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Yankton, +Yanktonnais, and Teton Sioux. The Tetons in +turn are divided into several bands each with its +own name. These are all Sioux proper, but there +are many other tribes that speak languages that +are related to the Sioux. Among these Siouan—but +not Sioux—tribes are the Winnebagoes, +Mandans, Ponkas, Assinaboines, Omahas, and +Otoes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Sioux are tall, finely built Indians, with +large features and heavy, massive faces. They +are a good type of the Plains Indians who until +lately lived by hunting buffalo. There are now +nearly thirty thousand true Sioux and about ten +thousand Siouans of related tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among all peoples of the Siouan family it is +probable that the terrible sun dance was practiced. +It differed somewhat from tribe to tribe. It was +seen and described by a number of whites, but +to-day it has been forbidden by the United States +government, and it is some years since it last took +place. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sun dance was made to please Wakantanka, +the sun. If there were a famine or disease, +or if one wished success in war, or to have a good +crop, a young man would say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will pray to +Wakantanka early in the summer.”</span> The man at +once began to prepare for the event. He took +sweat baths, drank herb teas, and gave feasts to +his friends, where herb teas were used. He had +to be careful of what things he touched; used a +new knife, which no one else might use; must +not touch any unclean thing. He could not go +in swimming. He and his friends gathered together +all the property they could, that he might +give many gifts at the time of the dance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At his house every one had to treat him kindly +and not vex him. An <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">umane</span></span> was made near the +back of the tent. This was a space dug down to +the lower soil. Red paint was strewn over it, and +no one might set foot upon it. Any of those who +were to take part in the dance, after he had +smoked would carefully empty the ashes from his +pipe upon this spot. The spot represented life +as belonging to the earth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Invitations to neighboring tribes were sent +early, and long before the dance parties began +to arrive. Some of these would spend several +weeks about the village. At first they pitched +their camps wherever it best suited them. A +little before the dance orders were given, and all +the visitors camped in one large camp circle, each +tribe occupying a special place. The space within +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +this circle was carefully leveled and prepared. A +special building was erected in the center of this +circle in which the young men made their preparations. +In it were buffalo skulls,—one for each +dancer,—a new knife and ax, and couches of +sage for the dancers to lie upon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A sacred tree was next secured and set up. +This was an important matter. Men of consequence +were first sent out to select it. When +they had found one they announced it in the village, +and a great crowd rode out on horseback to +the spot. Many strange things were done in getting +it, but at last it was cut down. A bundle +of wood, a blanket, a buffalo robe, and two pieces +of buffalo skin—one cut to the shape of a man, +the other to that of a buffalo—were fastened in +the tree. It was then carried in triumph back +to the camp and set up. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A dance house was built around this tree. It +was like a great ring in shape, and the space +between it and the tree was not roofed. The +dance house was built of poles and leaves. In it +all the more important parts of the ceremony were +performed. After the tree was set up and the +dance house built, all the town was in excitement; +men, dressed in all their finery, went dashing on +horseback around the camp circle, shooting their +pistols and making a great noise. The old men +shot at the objects hung in the sacred tree. At +evening the young men and women rode around, +singing. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During all this time the young men had been +preparing for the dance. They were especially +dressed, they had sung, drummed, and smoked. +When the evening came that has been described, +the dance really began. The young men danced +from the lodge, where they had been making +preparation, to the dance lodge. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The leader carried a buffalo skull painted red. +All cried as they went. On entering the dancing +house they saluted the four cardinal points and +seated themselves at the back of the lodge, singing. +A spot, shaped like a crescent, was then +cut in the ground, and the dancers placed in it +the buffalo skulls they carried. Shortly afterward +began the tortures, which have made this +dance so famous. They were intended to test +the bravery of the young men and to please the +sun. Sometimes a man stood between four posts +arranged in the form of a square. His flesh was +cut in two places in the back, and thongs were +passed through and tied to the post in front. +Another had a buffalo skull hung to the thong +passed through his back, and danced until the +weight of the skull tore out the thong. From a +pole hung eight thongs; one man took two of +these and passed them through his cuts and fastened +them; he then hung back and looked upward +at the sun. Other men, who did not take +part in the dance itself, sat near the sun pole, and +with new knives cut bits of flesh from their shoulders +and held them up to the sun pole. Sometimes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a man took his horse with him into the +dancing lodge. His chest was pierced in two +places and thongs from the pole were inserted; +he was then tied to his horse, and the animal +was whipped up. The thongs were thus suddenly +jerked and the flesh torn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/mandan-tortures.png" alt="Illustration." title="Tortures of the Mandan Sun Dance. (After Catlin.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Tortures of the Mandan Sun Dance. (After Catlin.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These are only a few of the dreadful things +that have been told of sun-dance tortures. They +are taken from a description given by an Indian +named George Bushotter. He not only described +the dance, but drew a curious lot of rude pictures +showing it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Years before, George Catlin saw the sun dance +of the Mandans, and left four terrible pictures of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it. The celebration at that time among the +Mandans exceeded in the horror of its tortures +that which we have described. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While these tortures were going on in the +dancing lodge, all sorts of things were being done +outside. The old women danced. Songs were +sung in honor of the young men. Children were +gathered together and their ears were pierced. +Presents were given away. A double fence of +poles connected the house of preparation and the +dance house, and upon it objects of all kinds were +hung. These were free gifts to any one who chose +to take them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From the time the sacred tree was set up until +the dance was over, the young men taking part +fasted and took no drink. While they suffered, +and as they gazed at the sun or lifted up their +hands toward it, they continually prayed, saying, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Please pity me; bring to pass the things I desire.”</span> +When all was over, the young men were taken +home, and each was given four sips of water and a +bit of food. A little later they might eat all they +liked. Then they went into the sweat lodge. +They were now through, and ever after might +boast of having danced to Wakantanka. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">J. Owen Dorsey.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Missionary, ethnologist. Was connected +with the Bureau of Ethnology. Wrote many papers, one of +which is </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Siouan Cults</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> +<a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXIV. The Pueblos.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most interesting Indians of the Southwest +are the Pueblos, so called from their habit of living +in towns. The word Pueblo is Spanish, and +means a village or town. More than three hundred +years ago the Spaniards, exploring northward +from Mexico, found these clusters of industrious +Indians living in their quaint towns. They conquered +them and brought them missionaries. +They taught them their beautiful language, and +even to-day Spanish is spoken in all the pueblos +in addition to the native Indian tongue. When +the Spaniards entered New Mexico there were +more than one hundred pueblos; to-day there are +about twenty. Most of these are in New Mexico, +but seven, the Moki towns, are in Arizona. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The home of the Pueblos is a wonderful land. +It is a country of desert, of flat-topped <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mesas</span></span>, of +sharp-pinnacled crests, of broad valleys, and deep +and narrow cañons. It is a land where the sky +is almost always blue, and where the air is clear. +There are but few streams, and every spring is +precious. The people always built near water, +and selected some spot in a valley where there +was room for the corn-fields. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The largest of the present pueblos is Zuñi, in +New Mexico. Some years ago a white man, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Frank Cushing, went to Zuñi and lived for a long +time there to learn about the life and customs of +the Pueblo Indians. They were kind to him, at +first taking him into their own houses, and later +allowing him a little house by himself. Since Mr. +Cushing went to live at Zuñi, a number of other +persons have lived at other pueblos, so that we +know a good deal about them now. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/taos-pueblo.png" alt="Illustration." title="View of Pueblo: Taos, N. M. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">View of Pueblo: Taos, N. M. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In former times a pueblo consisted of one +great house, or, at most, of a few great houses, +each the home of a large number of people. +Taos, in northern New Mexico, is, perhaps, as old-fashioned +as any of the pueblos now occupied. +Even to-day it consists almost entirely of two +large houses, one on each side of the little Taos +River. The houses are so built that the flat roofs +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the different stories form a set of steps as one +looks at them from in front. In a three-story +building the lower floor would have three sets of +rooms, one in front of another. The roof of the +front line of rooms would form a flat platform in +front of the front rooms of the second story, +which consisted only of two lines of rooms. The +roof of the front line of these, in turn, was a +platform in front of the single line of third-story +rooms. Formerly there were no doors in the +lower rooms, but ladders were placed against the +wall, and persons climbed up on the roof; then +through a hole in the roof, by means of another +ladder they climbed down into the room. By +ladders from the roof of the first floor they climbed +to the top of the second story; there were doors +in the rooms of the second and third stories. +Nowadays there are usually doors into the lower +rooms, but they still use ladders for getting into +the upper stories. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The people are fond of sitting on the house-tops +as they work. There they spin, shell corn, +cut and dry squashes, shape pottery vessels, etc. +There they gather in crowds when there are +dances in the pueblo, and when there are foot +races or pony races. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The walls of these houses are built of stone +covered over with adobe mud, or of sun-dried adobe +bricks. They did not formerly have what we +would call windows, but there were small openings +in the walls for air, or for peepholes. In +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the pueblos of to-day we find true sashes with +glass in a few of the houses. There are also some +rather old rooms that have windows made of +<span class="tei tei-q">“isinglass”</span> or gypsum, a mineral found in the +mountains, which can be split into thin sheets, +which are transparent. The chimneys in these +houses are made of broken water-jars laid up, one +on another, and the joints plastered with mud. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/pueblo-pottery.png" alt="Illustration." title="Pueblo Pottery. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Pueblo Pottery. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Pueblo Indians are industrious. The men +have to attend to their fields, their orchards of +peaches and apricots, and their flocks and herds. +The women tend the gardens, make pottery and +baskets, and prepare the food. Men are also +weavers of blankets and belts. The produce of +the fields is chiefly corn, but some wheat is also +raised. Considerable crops are made of watermelons, +muskmelons, squashes, and gourds. The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +most important domestic animals are ponies, the +little donkeys called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">burros</span></span>, and goats. Near +the pueblos are always several enclosures built of +poles set in the ground, called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">corrals</span></span>. These +are for the animals, and one kind only is usually +kept in one corral. The Indian boys have great +fun at evening when the burros are brought +home from pasture and put into the corral. +They go in among them and play until dark +with the patient little beasts. They climb up +on to them and ride, push, pull, and tease them. +Early the next morning the whole herd is taken +out to pasture by two or three boys, whose work +it is to stay with them all day. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/cochiti-estufa.png" alt="Illustration." title="Estufa at Cochiti, N. M. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Estufa at Cochiti, N. M. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A visitor to a pueblo would be sure to notice +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">estufas</span></span>. These differ with the pueblo, but +the characteristic Rio Grande pueblo type is a +large, round, single-roomed, flat-topped building. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +They are smoothly coated outside with adobe +clay. A flight of steps leads to the roof, and a +long ladder projecting through a hole in the +roof leads down to the inside. The floor of the +estufa is considerably lower than the ground +outside. Years ago, before the Spanish priests +taught the Indians our ideas of family life, all +the men and large boys slept in the estufa at +night, while the women and little children slept +in the big houses. Nowadays the estufas are +somewhat mysterious places where the dancers +practice for the great dances, and where, on the +day of celebration, they dress and ornament for +the event. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the pueblos are many little round-topped +buildings of clay and stone. They have a small +opening or door at the bottom. They are the +ovens for baking bread. The women build a fine +fire of dry brush inside the oven until it is heated +thoroughly. The ashes and coals are then raked +out, and the loaves of bread, shaped like large +rolls, are put inside on the floor, and a sheepskin +is hung at the door. In about an hour the bread +is removed, well baked and piping hot. Some +years ago a lady visiting Taos wrote a description +of that pueblo. She mentioned these clay +ovens, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“When not in use for baking +bread, they make nice dog kennels.”</span> We have +never seen any except such as had the doorway +carefully filled up with stones when they were +not in use for baking. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The bread baked in these ovens is made of +wheat flour. Another kind, called paper-bread, +is made of corn. The chief work of the Pueblo +woman is grinding corn meal. The grinding is +done upon a stone set slantingly on the ground. +This stone is called a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">metaté</span></span>. The woman kneels +in front of it and holds a rubbing stone in her +hands. Throwing a handful of grains of corn +upon the metaté, she rubs it to meal with the +rubbing stone. It is hard work, and the woman's +body moves up and down, up and down, as she +grinds. Usually she sings in time to her movements. +Sometimes three or four grindstones are +set side by side, separated from each other by +boards. Several women grind together, each at +one of the stones. The first grinds the corn to +a coarse meal; she then passes it to the next, +who grinds it finer, and then passes it along to +be made still finer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In making paper-bread fine corn meal is mixed +with water into a dough or batter. A fire is +then built under a flat stone with a smooth top. +When this is hot, the woman spreads a thin sheet +of dough upon it with her hand; in a moment +this is turned, and then the sheet, which is almost +as thin as paper, is folded or rolled up and is ready +to eat. The color of paper-bread varies, but commonly +it is a dull bluish-green and tastes sweet +and good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For threshing wheat the Pueblos prepare a +clean, round spot of ground, perhaps twenty feet +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +across. It is smooth, with a hard, well-trodden +floor of clay. It is surrounded with a circle of +poles stuck in the ground, to which ropes are +fastened in order to make an enclosure. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The grain, cut in the fields, is brought in and +heaped up on the clay floor. Ponies are driven +into the enclosure, and a boy with a whip keeps +them running around. They tread the grain +loose from the chaff or husk. In the afternoon, +when the wind has risen, men with wooden +shovels and pitchforks throw the grain and chaff +into the air. The wheat, being heavy, falls, +while the chaff is blown away. When the grain +has thus been nearly cleaned, the women come +with great bowl-shaped baskets. Spreading a +blanket or skin robe on the ground, a woman +takes a basketful of the grain, holds it up above +her head, and gently shakes it from side to side, +pouring out a little stream of the grain all the +time. As this falls, the wind blows out the last +of the chaff and dirt, and the grain is left clean, +ready for use. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> +<a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXV. The Snake Dance.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In northeastern Arizona, in a region of unusual +wildness, even for the Southwest, lies the +Moki Reservation. There are seven Moki pueblos +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +built on the crests of the mesas. All are +built of stone. The two largest are Walpi and +Oraibe. Six of these towns speak a language +related to that of the Shoshones; the seventh, +Hano, is a settlement of strangers from the east, +who speak the language of Taos on the Rio +Grande. The Moki pueblos are, in some ways, +particularly old-fashioned. Here the women do +their hair up curiously: it is parted in the middle, +and neatly smoothed out at the sides; behind +it is done up in two queer, rounded masses, +like horns. Formerly, perhaps, the women at +some other pueblos wore their hair in this same +way. In these Moki towns they weave the dark +blue or black woolen <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mantas</span></span>, or dresses, which +are worn by women in all the other pueblos. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In most respects the life of the Moki is like +that of other Pueblo Indians. There is, however, +among them a great religious ceremony, +which is famous, and is perhaps the wildest and +weirdest of all Indian rituals. This is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Snake +Dance</span></span>. It is held at any one town only once +in two years, but it occurs at some town or other +every year. Thus it is held at Walpi in the +odd years—1899, 1901; it is held at Oraibe, +the even years—1900, 1902, etc. It is celebrated +about the middle of August, and always +attracts a crowd of Indian and white visitors. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The whole ceremony, of which the snake +dance is a part, requires nine days or more, for +its celebration. Most of the things are done in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kiva</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">estufa</span></span>, secretly. Dr. Fewkes has +given a full account of these, some of which are +very curious. During the earlier days runners +are sent out to place prayer sticks at the springs +and sacred places. The first days they are sent +out the messengers go to the more distant shrines, +but each day take in places nearer and nearer +home. During the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth +days snake hunts take place; the hunter priests +go out to capture living snakes. The first day +they go to the north, the second to the west, the +third to the south, the fourth to the east. All +kinds of snakes are taken, though perhaps the +rattlesnakes are most prized. Few white men +have ever seen the snake hunt. One who has +seen it writes: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In a short time a low call came from a man +who was thrusting his stick into a dense clump of +greasewood, and as the hunters gathered, there +was found to be a large rattlesnake, lying in the +heart of the thicket. Without hesitation they at +once proceeded to cut away the bushes with their +hoes, and strangely enough, although the snake +lay in coil and watching them, it made no rattling +or other display of anger. One of the twigs +fell upon it, and the man nearest stooped down +and deliberately lifted the branch away. Each one +then sprinkled a pinch of meal upon the snake, +and the man who had found it bent over and +tapped it lightly with the feathers of his snake +whip, and then it straightened out to make off, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +but just as it relaxed from coil, the hunter, using +his right hand, in which he held his snake whip, +instantly seized it a few inches back of the head. +Holding it out, he gave it a quick shake, and then +proceeded to fold it up and put it in one of the +small bags carried for this purpose, showing no +more concern in its handling than if it had been +a ribbon.”</span> All these snakes are cared for, being +put into jars or vessels in the kiva. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We can speak of few things in the kiva. The +altars of colored sands, the dances, the songs, +the sacred vessels, and other objects used, the +dramatic representation of passages from their +legends, are all curious. We have not time to +speak of them. On the eighth day, the priests +of the antelope society dance, sing the sixteen +songs, and perform a drama, all in the kiva. +At last the ninth day arrives. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The plaza, or square, in the middle of the +town has been prepared. In it is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kisi</span></span>, built +of green boughs, intended as a shelter for the +snakes. In front of it is a board in which is a +hole, called the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">sipapu</span></span>. This hole is supposed +to lead down into the lower world, where people +used to live. Early in the morning there was a +race between boys and girls. They went first +to the fields, and then raced in, each bringing a +load of melon vines, corn plants, or other vegetable +life. These they placed in the plaza. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At noon the snakes are washed in the kiva. A +great bowl is brought in and carefully set down. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Into it liquid is poured from the north, west, +south, and east. The snakes, which have been +kept in jars at the corners of the room, are taken +and handed to certain priests near the washbowl. +All those in the kiva begin to shake their rattles +and to sing in a low, humming voice. The priests +holding the snakes begin to beat time with them +up and down above the liquid. The song increases, +becoming <span class="tei tei-q">“louder and wilder, until it +bursts forth into a fierce, blood-curdling yell, or +war-cry. At this moment the heads of the snakes +were thrust several times into the liquid, so that +even parts of their bodies were submerged, and +were then drawn out, not having left the hands +of the priests, and forcibly thrown across the +room upon the sand mosaic.... As they fell +on the sand picture, three snake priests stood in +readiness, and while the reptiles squirmed about, +or coiled for defense, these men, with their snake +whips, brushed them back and forth in the sand +of the altar.... The low, weird song continued +while other rattlesnakes were taken in the hands +of the priests, and as the song rose again to the +wild war-cry, these snakes were also plunged into +the liquid and thrown upon the writhing mass, +which now occupied the place of the altar.... +Every snake in the collection was thus washed.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Late in the afternoon, near sunset, the antelope +priests in all their finery and paint appear +in a procession and circle four times around the +plaza, dancing as they go and thumping heavily +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +upon the board in front of the kisi as they pass +over it. Then they draw up in line before the +kisi. Then the snake priests come out of their +kiva, with bodies painted red and their chins black, +with white lines. They wear dark red kilts and +moccasins. They dance four times around the +plaza, but with more energy and wildness than +the antelope priests had done. They then draw +up in a line opposite the antelope priests and go +through with strange singing and movements. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/snake-dance.png" alt="Illustration." title="Moki Snake Dance. (After Fewkes.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Moki Snake Dance. (After Fewkes.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Suddenly the party of snake priests divides +into bands of three persons. These little bands +approach the kisi, where the snakes have been +placed. One of the men kneels, and when +he rises holds a snake in his hand. This he +places squirming in his mouth, holding it at +about the middle of its body. One of his companions +throws an arm about the neck of the +snake carrier; in his other hand he holds a +feather wand or brush, with which he brushes at +the snake as if to attract his attention. The +third man of the band follows the other two. In +this way they go with the wriggling snake. Four +times these bands of three go around the plaza, +when the snakes are dropped. The followers +catch them up at once. When all the snakes +have been danced with and are gathered into the +arms of the followers, an old priest advances into +the center of the plaza and makes a ring of sacred +meal. Those holding the snakes run up and +throw them into one squirming, writhing mass +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +within this ring. All the priests then rush in, +seize what snakes they can, and dart with them, +down the trail, out into the open country, where +they release the snakes to go where they please. +Meantime, the antelope priests close the public +ceremony by marching gravely four times round +the plaza. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This ceremony is a prayer for rain. It also +celebrates in a dramatic form the story of how +the great snake and antelope societies began. +The snakes gathered in the fields hear the prayers +of the people, and when they are loosed carry +them to the gods. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Jesse Walter Fewkes.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Naturalist, ethnologist. Now with +the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C. Has written a +number of papers about the snake dance. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">John G. Bourke.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Soldier, ethnologist. Was the first +American ethnologist to describe the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Snake Dance of the Moki</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. +</span></p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> +<a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXVI. Cliff Dwellings And Ruins Of The +Southwest.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Through a large area in Colorado, New Mexico, +Arizona, and Utah, also in parts of northern Mexico, +there are found several kinds of ancient ruins. +At some places they are pretty well preserved, and +walls still stand to a considerable height. At +others they are mere heaps of stone blocks or +crumbling adobe bricks. The three best defined +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +types of buildings found in these ruins are old +pueblos, cliff ruins, and cave houses. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Zuñi is the largest inhabited pueblo. Not far +from it lies Old Zuñi; and under the ruins of +Old Zuñi lie the ruins of a yet older pueblo. +Such ruins of old pueblos number hundreds in +the Southwest. Sometimes the old walls were +built of stone, carefully laid, and with the cracks +neatly chinked with splinters of stone; sometimes +the stones of the walls were laid in adobe cement; +sometimes the walls were constructed of great +adobe bricks. These old pueblos were in style +and character like those now inhabited. They +were often three or four stories high and terraced +from in front back. Sometimes they were elliptical +or rounded in general form, but more commonly +they were built around the three sides of +a central court, upon which the buildings faced. +Some of these old pueblos were larger than any +now occupied, and many of them were better built. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The cliff dwellings were built on ledges of rock +along the sides of cliffs. Many of the streams of +the Southwest flow through deep and narrow +gorges cut in the solid rock. Such gorges are there +called cañons. Among the famous cliff-dwellings +are those in the cañon of the Chelley River, +and those in Mancos Cañon. Here are houses +perched up on ledges or stowed away in natural +caverns. Some of them are hundreds of feet +above the stream, and have a perpendicular rock +wall for one hundred feet below them. These +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +houses are carefully built with stone laid in +cement. Besides houses of many rooms, and +of two or more stories, there are circular towers. +Plainly, the people who built these houses did it +to secure themselves from attack. Their gardens +and fields must have been far below in the valley. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/mancos-ruins.png" alt="Illustration." title="Cliff Ruins at Mancos Canyon. (After Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Cliff Ruins at Mancos Canyon. (After Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The cave houses were usually dug out in the +rocks by human beings. They were cut in the +soft rock with picks or axes of stone. Some of +these dwellings were cut out as simple open caves. +In such, there were walls erected at the front. +The cave might be so cut that the rock face remained +for the front wall of the house; a hole +was first cut for a doorway, and then the room or +rooms would be dug out from it behind the cliff +wall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some persons believe these three kinds of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +houses were built by three distinct peoples or +tribes. This is not likely, for sometimes two or +all three kinds are found together, so related as +to show that all were occupied at one time by the +people of one village. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +About twenty or twenty-five miles up the Rio +Grande from the pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico, +is a brook called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El Rito de los Frijoles</span></span>, which +means <span class="tei tei-q">“the brook of the beans.”</span> It runs in a +fine gorge with rock banks; large pine trees grow +in the valley and cap the summits of the chasm. +In one of the side cliffs are hundreds of holes, +the remains of old dug cave rooms and houses. +In most of them the rock cliff face itself forms +the front wall of the house. We entered one +single-roomed house that looked almost as if it +had been used yesterday. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We crept in through a little doorway about +a dozen feet up in the cliff and found ourselves +in a small room about fifteen feet square. We +could see the marks on the roof and the upper +part of the walls, where stone picks had been +used in cutting out the house. The floor was +neatly smoothed, and covered with hard clay. +The lower part of the wall was finished smooth +with clay, washed over with a thin coat of fine +cream-colored clay. The roof was black with +the smoke of ancient fires; a little smoke-hole +pierced the forward wall, near and above, but +at one side of, the door. There were niches +cut out in the wall, where little treasures used to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +be kept. Ends of poles set in the rock seemed +to be pegs upon which objects were hung; their +unevenly cut ends showed the marks of stone +axes. In the floor we found a line of loops to +which the bottom pole of the old blanket-weaving +loom must have been fastened. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But these cave houses are not the only ruins +at El Rito. Along certain parts of the cliff are +remains of ancient buildings of the true pueblo +type, which had been built against the base of the +cliff. They are often placed in such a way with +reference to cave rooms in the cliff as to show +that both were parts of one great building. Thus, +on the ground floor there might be two pueblo +rooms in front of a cave room, on the second +floor there might be one pueblo room in front of +one cave room, and on the third floor there might +be only cave rooms. Following up the cañon a +little way from this mass of ruins, passing other +cave houses, and heaped-up rubbish of old pueblo +walls, on the way, we see, perhaps a hundred feet +up the cliff, a great natural cavern. Climbing +to it, we find as genuine cliff houses constructed +therein as those of Mancos Cañon itself. It is +certain that at El Rito the people built at one +time the three kinds of houses,—the pueblo, the +cliff house, the cave house. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At El Rito we find what is common near these +ruins in many places,—great numbers of pictures +cut in the rock wall. These pictures are sometimes +painted as well as cut in, and often represent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sent the sun, the moon, human beings, and animals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many relics are found at these ruins. The +old <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">metatés</span></span> and rubbing stones for grinding +meal are common. Axes, adzes, and picks of +stone are not rare, and once in a while a specimen +is found with the old handle still attached. +These stone tools have a groove around the +blade. A flexible branch was bent around this +and tied, thus forming the handle. Many round +pebbles are found which are much battered; +these were hammers. Pieces of sandstone are +found with straight grooves worn across them; +they were used to straighten and smooth arrows +on. Arrow heads and spear heads made of chert, +jasper, chalcedony, and obsidian, are common. +Sometimes yarns of different colors, bits of cloth, +and objects made of hair are found. Sandals +neatly woven of yucca fiber are common. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In many of these old caves dried bodies have +been found. They are usually called <span class="tei tei-q">“mummies,”</span> +but wrongly so. Sometimes sandals are found +still upon their feet, and not rarely the blankets +made of feather cloth, in which they were +wrapped, are preserved. This was made by +fastening feathers into a rather open-work cloth +of cords. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The art of all arts, however, among the people +who built these ancient houses is the one in +which modern Pueblos excel,—pottery. Thousands +of whole vessels have been taken from +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +these ruins. There are many forms,—great +water-jars, flasks, cups, bowls, ladles,—and, in +ware and decoration, they are much better than +those made by modern Pueblos. The ware is +generally thinner, better baked, firmer, and gives +a better ring when struck. The decorations are +usually good geometrical designs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancient builders were, in culture, mode +of life, and architecture, much like the modern +Pueblos. It is probable that some of them +were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. The +Mokis claim that some of the ruins of the +McElmo Cañon were the old homes of their +people; and the inhabitants of Cochiti assert +that it was their forefathers who lived at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El +Rito de los Frijoles</span></span>. We cannot say of every +ruined building who built it, but certainly the +builders were Indians very like the Pueblos. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Adolf F. Bandelier.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Historian, archæologist; made an +extended study of the ruins of New Mexico, Arizona, and +northern Mexico. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> +<a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXVII. Tribes Of The Northwest Coast.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A long and narrow strip of land stretches +from Vancouver Island northward to Alaska. It +is bounded on the east by the great mountains, +on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Its coast +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +line is irregular; narrow fiords run far into the +land. The climate is generally temperate, but +there is much rain. Dense forests of pine, cedar, +hemlock, and maple cover the mountain slopes. +Many kinds of berries grow there abundantly, +supplying food for man. In the mountain forests +are deer, elk, caribou; both black and grizzly +bears are found; wolves are not uncommon. In +the remoter mountains are mountain sheep and +mountain goats. Beaver and otter swim in the +fresh waters, while the seal, fur seal, sea-lion, and +whale are found in the sea. In the waters are +also many fish, such as halibut, cod, salmon, herring, +and oolachen; shell-fish are abundant. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this interesting land are many different +tribes of Indians, speaking languages which in +some cases are very unlike. Among the more +important tribes or group of tribes, are the Tlingit, +Haida, Tshimpshian, and Kwakiutl. While all +these tribes are plainly Indians, there are many +persons among them who are light-skinned and +brown-haired. The hair is also at times quite +wavy. The forms are good and the faces pleasing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But these Indians are not always satisfied with +the forms and faces nature gives them. They +have various fashions which change their appearance. +Among these is changing the shape of +the head. Formerly the Chinooks, living near +the Columbia River, changed the shape of all the +baby boys' heads. The bones of the head in a +little baby are soft and can be pressed out of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +shape. As the child grows older, the bones become +harder and cannot be easily altered. The +Chinooks made the little head wedge-shaped in +a side view. This was +done by a board, which +was hinged to the cradle-board, +and brought down +upon the little boy's +forehead. It forced the +head to broaden in front +and the forehead to +slant sharply. After the +pressure had been kept +on for some months, +the shape of the head +was fixed for life. From +the strange shape of +their heads thus produced, +the Chinooks +were often called <span class="tei tei-q">“Flat-heads.”</span> +On Vancouver Island the head of the +Koskimo baby girl was forced by circular bandages +wrapped around it to grow long and +cylindrical. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/chinook-baby.png" alt="Illustration." title="Chinook Baby in Cradle. (From Mason.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Chinook Baby in Cradle. (From Mason.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another fashion among the women of some +tribes was the piercing of the lower lip for the +wearing of a plug as an ornament. Thus, when +a little girl among the Haida was twelve or +thirteen years old, her aunt or grandmother took +her to some quiet place along the seashore; there +she pierced a little hole in the lower lip of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +child, using a bit of sharp shell or stone. To +keep the hole from closing when it healed, a bit +of grass stalk was put into it. For a few days +the place was sore, but it soon got well. The bit +of stalk was then removed, and a little peg of +wood put in. Later a larger peg or plug was +inserted. When the girl had grown to be an old +woman, she wore a large +plug in her lower lip, which +would hold it out flat almost +like a shelf. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/haida-tattooing.png" alt="Illustration." title="Tattooing on a Haida Man. (From Mallery.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Tattooing on a Haida Man. (From Mallery.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many of the Northwest +Coast tribes tattooed; generally +the men were more +marked with this than women. +The patterns were +usually animal figures, showing +the man's family. The +Haida were fond of having +these queer pictures pricked +into them. Upon their breasts +they had the totem animal; +on their arms other suitable +patterns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/gold-chiefs-house.png" alt="Illustration." title="Gold Chief's House. Queen Charlotte's Island. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Gold Chief's House. Queen Charlotte's Island. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The villages of these tribes are almost always +on the seashore. The houses were generally in +one long line, and all faced the sea. The houses +of the different tribes differed somewhat. The +house of the Haida was almost square, measuring +perhaps forty or fifty feet on a side. In +olden times they were sunk several feet into the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ground. On entering the house the visitor found +himself upon a platform several feet wide running +around the four sides; from it he stepped +down upon a second platform, and from it upon +a central square of dirt which contained the fireplace. +The eating place was around this hearth; +the place for lounging, visiting, and sleeping was +on the upper platform. There each person of the +household had his or her own place. At its rear +edge, near the wall, were boxes containing the person's +treasures and the household's food. There +was but one doorway and no windows in a Haida +house. Outside the house, at the middle of the +front, stood a curious, great, carved post of wood. +These were covered with queer animal and bird +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +patterns, each with some meaning (see <a href="#Chapter_XXIX" class="tei tei-ref">XXIX.</a>). +In Haida houses the doorway was cut in the +lower part of this great post or pole. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The beach in front of the village used to be +covered with canoes dragged up on the sand. +These canoes were <span class="tei tei-q">“dugouts”</span> of single tree +trunks. The logs were cut in summer time, the +best wood being yellow cedar. The chief tool +used was the adze, made of stone or shell. Fire +was used to char the wood to be cut away. After +it had been partly cut out inside it was stretched +or shaped by steaming with water and hot stones, +and then putting in stretchers. Sometimes single-log +canoes were large enough to carry from thirty +to sixty people. They were often carved and +painted at the ends. The paddles used in driving +these canoes were rather slender and long-bladed, +often painted with designs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The present dress of these Indians is largely +the same as our own. In the days of the first +voyagers, they wore beautiful garments of native +manufacture. They had quantities of fine furs +of seals and sea-otters. These were worn as +blankets; when not in use they were carefully +folded and laid away in boxes. They wore close +and fine blankets of the wool of the mountain +sheep and the hair of the mountain goat. These +were closely woven and had a fine long fringe +along the lower border. They were covered with +patterns representing the totem animals. The +blanket itself was a dirty white in color, but +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the designs were worked in black, yellow, or +brown. Further south, among the Tshimpshian +Indians of British Columbia, fine blankets were +woven of the soft and flexible inner bark of the +cedar; these were bordered with strips of fur. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/chilcat-blanket.png" alt="Illustration." title="Blanket: Chilcat Indians, Alaska. (From Niblack.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Blanket: Chilcat Indians, Alaska. (From Niblack.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These Indians still wear the ancient hat. +Among the southern tribes it is made of cedar +bark, and is soft and flimsy. In the north it is +made of spruce or other roots, and is firm and +unyielding. The shape of the lower part of the +hat is a truncated cone. Among the Tlingit and +Haida this is surmounted by a curious, tall cylinder, +which is divided into several joints, or segments, +called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">skil</span></span>. The number of these shows +the importance of the wearer. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 70%; text-align: center"><img src="images/halibut-hooks.png" alt="Illustration." title="Halibut Hooks of Wood. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Halibut Hooks of Wood. (From Originals in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The food of these tribes came largely from the +sea. Fish were speared, trapped, and caught with +hook and line. For halibut, queer, large, wooden +hooks were used. +When the fish had +been drawn to the +surface, they were +killed with wooden +clubs. Both hooks +and clubs were curiously +carved. Flesh +of larger fishes, like +halibut and salmon, +was dried in the sun +or over fire, and packed +away. Clams were +dried and strung on +sticks. Seaweed was +dried and pressed into +great, square flat +cakes; so were berries and scraped cedar bark. +The people were fond of oil, and got it from many +different fish. The most prized was that of the +oolachen or candle-fish. This fish is so greasy +that when put into a frying-pan, there is soon +nothing left but some bones and scales floating +about in the grease! To get this oil, the little fish +were thrown into a canoe full of water. This was +heated with stones made very hot in a fire, and +then dropped into it. The heat drove out the +oil, which floated on the top and was skimmed off +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and put into natural bottles—tubes of hollow +seaweed stalk. At all meals a dish of oil stood +in the midst of the party, and bits of dried fish, +seaweed cake, or dried bark were dipped into it +before being eaten. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> +<a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXVIII. Some Raven Stories.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All the Northwest Coast tribes had many +stories. Some of these stories had been borrowed +from tribe to tribe, and were told at many different +places. Usually, however, the single tribes had +stories that were favorites with them and really belonged +to them. The favorite stories among the +Tlingit and Haida were about the raven, whom +they called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">yetl</span></span>. There were many stories told of +him and his doings. It is difficult sometimes to +tell just what yetl was—whether bird or man. He +could take on many forms, and was usually the +friend of the Indians. In the olden time they +did not have fire, daylight, fresh water, or the +oolachen fish. It was yetl, the raven, called also +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekilstlas</span></span>, who got them these good things. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All of these precious things belonged to a +great chief who had a lovely daughter. The +raven made love to this maiden. Once when at +their house he pretended to be thirsty and begged +her for a drink of water. The girl brought it to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +him in a bucket. He drank a little and laid the +rest aside. By and by every one in the house +was fast asleep except the raven; he was watching. +He then got up quietly, put on his feather +coat, took up the bucket in his bill and flew away +with it. He was in such a hurry that he spilled +the water here and there, and where it fell there +have since been rivers and lakes. Never since +that time have the Indians been without water. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But it was much harder to get the fire. Nekilstlas +no longer dared to go to the chief's house +or to make love to the maiden. He, however, +changed himself into a spruce needle and floated +on the water. He was thus got into the house +without any one's knowing it, and there he +changed into a little boy baby, whom the girl +treated like her own son. He stayed there a +long time, waiting his chance. At last, one day, +he seized a burning brand from the fire and flew +out of the smoke-hole in the roof with it. He +was so careless that he set fire to many things. +At the north end of Vancouver Island many of +the trees are black, almost as if they were burned, +and they say that was done by Nekilstlas when +he flew away with the fire. However that may +be, since then the Indians have had fire. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The old chief had the sun and the moon, but +he kept them away from the people, and was very +proud to think that he alone had light. Nekilstlas +had to think a long time before he could make a +plan to secure these for the Indians. At last he +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +made himself an imitation sun and put on it +something which made it shine. He then taunted +the chief by telling him that he too had a light. +For a time the chief did not believe him. At last +Nekilstlas drew back his feather coat and let a +piece of his bogus sun be seen. The chief believed +it, and was so angry that he placed his real +sun and moon in the sky, where they have been +lights to the Indians ever since. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The last of the four possessions which the +raven wanted to get from the old chief for his +human friends was the oolachen fish, which yields +the oil of which the Indians are so fond. The +shag is a dirty seaside bird that has the unpleasant +habit of vomiting up its food when it is +excited. He was, however, a special friend of the +chief, and one of the few whom he used to invite +to eat oolachen with him. One time the shag had +been eating pretty heartily at the chief's house, +and afterward the raven set him and the sea-gull +to fighting. In his excitement the shag threw +up the fish he had eaten. The raven took the +scales and smeared himself and his canoe all over +with them. Going then to the chief's house, he +asked if he might come in and rest, that he was +tired out from catching oolachen. The chief +thought at first that he was telling a lie, but when +he saw the scales, he thought there must be other +oolachen besides his, and in his rage he opened +the boxes in which he kept them and let them all +loose. Since then the Indians have had abundance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the oolachen to give them the oil they +need. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Besides these stories of the things the raven +got for them, there are others. The raven is not +always the friend of men, and sometimes he does +them harm and not good. There is a story of the +raven and the fisherman. This fisherman had +much trouble from some one stealing the bait and +fish from his fish-hook. The thief was no one +else than the raven. The fisherman finally put +a magic hook on his line and let it down. +When the raven tried to steal from this he was +caught. When he had been pulled up to the +surface of the water, he struggled fearfully, by +pressing against the canoe with his feet and his +wings. The fisherman, however, was too strong +for him. He pulled so hard that he tore the +raven's beak off, and then, seizing him, dragged +him in shore. When he pulled off the raven's +beak, the bird turned into a man, but he kept his +face so covered up with his feather garment that +only his eyes could be seen. The fisherman could +not make him uncover his face; but one young +man who stood by picked up a handful of dirt +and rubbed it into the raven's eyes. Smarting +with pain and taken by surprise, the raven threw +off his mantle, and the men saw who he was. +The raven was so angry, that ever since then +ravens and their friends, the crows, have constantly +troubled fishermen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Tshimpshian, who live south of the Tlingit, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +on the mainland, have a story of the raven. They +say that two boys lived in a village. One of them +was the son of a chief. One day the chief's son +said to the other, when they were playing, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let +us take skins of birds and fly up to heaven.”</span> +They did so, and found things up there quite like +this world. They found a house there, near a +pond of water; and in this house lived a chief, +who was a sort of deity. The daughters of this +deity caught the two boys and were finally married +to them, although the deity did not like them, and +tried in every way to do them harm. They always +escaped, however. They lived together there for +a long time, and at last the wife of the chief's son +had a little boy baby. One day, when she was +playing with the baby, the little one slipped out +of her hands, and fell down, down, from the sky +into the sea. It happened that it was found and +saved by the chief, who was really the baby's +grandfather, though no one knew it at the time. +When the little one had been taken to the village, +it would not, for some time, eat anything. They +offered it salmon and berry cake and hemlock +bark, but he would not touch any of them. At +last his grandfather said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Feed him some fish +stomachs.”</span> Then the little fellow began to eat +very greedily, and before he got through he had +eaten up all the food that the village had stored +away for use. Then he surprised every one by +saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't you know who I am? I am the +raven.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/indian-carrier.png" alt="Illustration." title="Indian Carrier: Alaska. (From Krause.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Indian Carrier: Alaska. (From Krause.)</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the stories of the raven, if they were all +written out, would make a large book. The +naughty, greedy, dirty bird was the great hero +of these peoples. They were anxious to explain +everything, and most of their stories are to tell +how things came to be. +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Many persons have made collections of the stories of the +Northwest Coast tribes. Boas, Chamberlain, Niblack, and +Deans are among them. +</span></div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> +<a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> +<a name="Chapter_XXIX" id="Chapter_XXIX" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXIX. Totem Posts.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On approaching villages of many tribes on +the Northwest Coast, the traveler sees great numbers +of carved wooden posts. The largest, most +striking, and most curious are no doubt those +of the Tlingit of Alaska, and the Haida of +Queen Charlotte Islands. Some of these posts +stand in front of the houses, or very near them; +others are set near the beach, beyond the village. +When old they are weather-beaten and gray. +They are sometimes compared to a forest of +tree trunks left after a fire has swept through +a wooded district. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/inlet-chiefs-house.png" alt="Illustration." title="Chief's House: Queen Charlotte's Inlet. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Chief's House: Queen Charlotte's Inlet. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are three kinds of these carved posts,—totem +posts, commemorative posts, and death +posts. The death posts are the simplest of the +three. Among the Tlingit and Haida the dead +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were usually burned. If the man had been important, +a display was made of his body. He was +dressed in his finest clothing, and +all his treasures were placed around +him. People came for some days +to see his riches. At last the day for +the burning of his body arrived. +Many persons were present. The +faces of the mourners were +blackened, their hair cut short, and +their heads were sprinkled with eagle-down. +After the body had been +burned, the ashes were gathered and +put into a box, which was placed in a cavity +hollowed out in the lower part of the death +post. This was the old custom; nowadays the +ashes may be put somewhere else. At the top +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the death post was a cross-board on which +was carved or painted the totem of the dead +man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second kind of carved post is the commemorative +post, put up to celebrate some important +event. An old chief named Skowl once +erected a great post near his house. He had +erected it to commemorate the failure of the +Russian missionaries to convert his village to +Christianity. When the last missionary had +gone, he put it up to recall their failure and to +ridicule their religion. It was curiously carved. +At the top was an eagle; below it a man with +his right hand lifted, pointing to the sky; below +it an angel; then a priest with his hands +crossed upon his breast; then an eagle; lastly +a trader. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The totem posts are, however, the most interesting. +They are taller, more carefully made, +and more elaborately carved than the others. +They stand in front of the houses; among Tlingit +at one side, among Haida at the very middle +and close to the house. In fact, among the +Haida the doorway of the house was a hole +cut through the lower end of the totem post. +The carvings on these posts refer to the people +living in the house. Thus, in one Haida totem +post there was a brown bear at the top—the +totem of the man of the house; next came four +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">skil</span></span> or divisions of a hat; then came the great +raven; then the bear and the hunter; then a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +bear—the last being the totem of the woman +of the house. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the Tlingit and Haida every one bears +the name of some animal or bird. Thus, among +the Tlingit there are eighteen great families, +with the name of wolf, bear, eagle, whale, shark, +porpoise, puffin, orca, orca-bear; raven, frog, +goose, beaver, owl, sea-lion, salmon, dogfish, +crow. The first nine of these are considered +related to one another; so are the last nine +related. A man may not marry a woman of +his own animal name or totem; nor can he +marry one of the related families. Thus a wolf +man could not marry a woman who was a wolf, +or an eagle, or a shark, but he might marry a +raven or a frog. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With us a child takes its father's name, but +with these people it takes its mother's name. +If a bear man married a raven woman, all the +children would be ravens. The animal whose +name a man bears is his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">totem</span></span>. There is +always some story told by people as to how +they came to have their totem. Every one believes +that the animal that is his totem can help +him, and he pays much respect to it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One story of how the bear became a totem is +as follows: Long, long ago an Indian went into +the mountains to hunt mountain goats. When +far from home he met a black bear who took him +home with him, and taught him to build boats +and catch salmon. The man stayed two years +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with the bear, and then went home to his village. +Every one feared him, for they thought him a +bear; he looked just like one. One man, however, +caught him and took him home to his house. +He could not speak, and could not eat cooked +food. A great medicine man advised that he +should be rubbed with magic herbs. When this +was done, he became a man again. After that, +whenever he wanted anything, he went out into +the woods and found his bear friend, who always +helped him. What the bear taught him was of +great use to him, and he caught plenty of salmon +in the winter time when the river was covered +with ice. The man built a fine new house, and +painted the picture of a bear upon it. His sister +made him a new dancing blanket, and into it she +wove a picture of a bear. Ever since then the +descendants of that man's sister have the bear for +their totem. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now you see something of the meaning of the +totem posts. Upon them are carved the totems +of the people living in the house. They are a +great doorplate, giving the names of the family. +This is important, because among Indians all the +persons who have the same totem must help one +another. If a man were in trouble, it was the +duty of his totem-fellows to aid him. If he were +a stranger, it was their duty to receive him. When +a Tlingit or Haida found himself in a strange +village, his first care would be to examine the +totem posts to find one that bore his own totem. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +At the house marked by it he would surely be +welcome. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/northwest-hat.png" alt="Illustration." title="Hat of Northwest Coast, Top and Side View. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Hat of Northwest Coast, Top and Side View. (From Original in Peabody Museum.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But it was a rare thing for a totem post to have +only the figures of the totems of the man and his +wife. Other designs were carved in between +these. These other designs might tell of the +man's wealth or his importance, or they might +represent some family story. The people of every +totem had many stories which belonged only to +them. In the totem post, already described, probably +the great raven, and the bear, and the hunter, +represented such stories. The four <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">skil</span></span> probably +indicated that the man was important, for a man's +importance is shown by the number of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">skil</span></span> in his +hat. The carving at the bottom, however, was +most significant, for it gave the name of the +woman and all her children. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Albert P. Niblack</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, of the United States navy, has written +</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Coast Indians of Southern Alaska and Northern British +Columbia.</span></span> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> +<a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXX. Indians Of California.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nowhere among American Indians are more +languages found in a smaller space than in California. +Those spoken near the Coast, within +the area of the Missions, appear to belong to +at least nine language families or stocks. In +Powell's map the state looks like a piece of +patchwork, so many are the bits of color, which +represent different languages. These Coast Indians +of California were ugly to see. They were +of medium stature, awkwardly shaped, with +scrawny limbs; they had dull faces, with fat +and round noses, and looked much like negroes, +only their hair was straight. In disposition they +were said to be sluggish, indolent, cowardly, and +unenterprising. Some tribes in the interior were +better, but none of the California Indians seem +to have presented a high physical type or much +comfort in life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We shall say little about the life and customs +of the California Indians, and what we do say +will be chiefly about the Coahuilla tribe. These +Indians live in the beautiful high Coahuilla Valley +in Southern California. Formerly at least +part of the tribe were <span class="tei tei-q">“Mission Indians.”</span> Some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of them were connected with the San Gabriel +Mission near the present city of Los Angeles. +They appear to present a better type than many +of the Mission Indians, being larger, better built, +and stronger. Ramona, who was the heroine of +Helen Hunt Jackson's story, is a Coahuilla Indian, +still living. If she ever was beautiful, it +must have been long ago, although she is not +an old woman. These Indians live in little +houses, largely built of brush, scattered over +the valley. They have some ponies and cattle, +and cultivate some ground. Near every house, +perched upon big boulders, are quaint little +structures made of woven willows and like big +beehives in form; they are granaries for stowing +away acorns or grain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/coahuilla-granary.png" alt="Illustration." title="Granary at Coahuilla. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Granary at Coahuilla. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Acorns are much used by California Indians. +They are bitter and need to be sweetened. +They are first pounded to a meal or flour. A +wide basket is filled with sand, which is carefully +scooped away so as to leave a basin-shaped +surface; the acorn meal is spread upon this, +and water is poured upon it. The bitterness is +soaked out, and the meal left sweet and good. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/coiled-baskets.png" alt="Illustration." title="Coiled Baskets: California. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Coiled Baskets: California. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A fine art among most Californian tribes is the +making of baskets. Those made at Coahuilla +are mostly what is known as <span class="tei tei-q">“coiled work.”</span> +A bunch of fine, slender grass is taken and +treated as if it were a rope. It is coiled around +and around in a close coil. Long strips of reed +grass are then taken and wrapped like a thread +around the coiled rope, sewing the coil at each +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wrapping to the next coil. In this way the +foundation coiled rope of grass is entirely covered +and concealed by the wrapping of reed +grass, and at the same time firmly united. By +using differently colored strips of the reed +grass, patterns are worked in. Horses, men, +geometrical patterns, and letters are common. +Among some Californian tribes such baskets +were covered with brilliant feathers, which were +woven in during the making. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the delicacies of some south Californian +tribes was roasted mescal. Mescal is +a plant of the desert, with great, pointed, fleshy +leaves. At the proper time it throws up a +huge flower-stalk, which bears great numbers +of flowers. Mr. Lummis describes the roasting +of its leaves and stalks: <span class="tei tei-q">“A pit was dug, and +a fire of the greasewood's crackling roots kept +up therein until the surroundings were well +heated. Upon the hot stones of the pit was +laid a layer of the pulpiest sections of the mescal; +upon this a layer of wet grass; then another +layer of mescal, and another of grass, and so on. +Finally the whole pile was banked over with +earth. The roasting—or, rather, steaming—takes +from two to four days.... When he +banks the pile with earth, he arranges a few long +bayonets of the mescal so that their tips shall +project. When it seems to him that the roast +should be done, he withdraws one of these plugs. +If the lower end is well done, he uncovers the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +heap and proceeds to feast; if still too rare, he +possesses his soul in patience until a later experiment +proves the baking.”</span> This method of +roasting mescal is about the same pursued farther +north with camas root. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A gambling game common among Californian +tribes is called by the Spanish name <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">peon</span></span>. It is +very similar to a game played in many other +parts of the United States by many Indian tribes. +It consists simply of guessing in which of two +hands the marked one of two sticks or objects +is held. The game is played by two parties, +one of which has the sticks, while the other +guesses. Each success is marked by a stick +or counter for the winner, and ten counts make +a game. Among the Coahuillas there are four +persons on a side. Songs are sung, which become +loud and wild; at times the players break into +fierce barking. Then the guess is made. Great +excitement arises, which grows wilder and wilder +toward the end of a close game. Violent movements +and gestures are made to deceive the carefully +watching guessers. Sometimes men will +bet on this game the last things they own, even +down to the clothes they wear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mr. Barrows, who has described the game of +<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">peon</span></span> tells of the bird dances of the Coahuillas. +These Indians highly regard certain birds. Of +all, the eagle is chief. In the eagle dance the +dancer wears a breech-clout; his face, body, and +limbs are painted in red, black, and white; his +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dance skirt and dance bonnet are made of eagle +feathers. In his dancing and whirling he imitates +the circling and movements of the eagle. At +times he whirls about the great circle of spectators +so rapidly that his feather skirt stands up straight +below his arms. The music of this dance is so +old that the words are not understood even by +the singers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/santa-barbara.png" alt="Illustration." title="Mission of Santa Barbara, California. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Mission of Santa Barbara, California. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They took possession in +1697 and built a Mission at San Dionisio, in +Lower California. By 1745, they had fourteen +Missions established, all in what is now Lower +California. The Jesuits gave way to the Franciscan +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +monks, and these began in 1769 their first +Mission in California proper, at San Diego. One +after another was added, until, in 1823, there were +twenty-one Franciscan Missions, stretching from +San Diego to San Francisco. Each mission had +a piece of ground fifteen miles square. The +center of the Mission was the church, with cloisters +where the monks lived. The houses of the +Indian converts—which were little huts—were +grouped together about the church, arranged in +rows. Unmarried men were housed in a separate +building or buildings, as were young women +also. During the sixty-five years of these Missions +about seventy-nine thousand converts were +made. Every one at these Missions was busy. +The men kept the flocks and herds, sheared the +sheep, and cared for the fields and vines. Women +cared for the houses and the church. There was +spinning, weaving, leather work, and plenty else +to be done. Still the Indians were not hard +worked, and they ought to have been happy. +Their time was regularly planned out for them. +At sunrise all rose and went to mass; soon after +mass breakfast was ready and sent to the houses +in baskets; then every one worked. At noon +dinner was sent around again from house to +house; then came the afternoon work. After +evening mass, there was a supper of sweet gruel. +There was a good deal of time left after the +services and work were through. The monks +allowed the Indians to keep up their native dances +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and amusements so far as they believed them +harmless. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some persons seem to think that the monks +made slaves of the Indians. Rather they considered +them children, who needed oversight, direction, +and sometimes punishment. However, the +Indians were probably better dressed and housed +and fed than ever before, and, perhaps, happier. +But the Missions are now past. Their twenty-one +old churches still stand,—our most interesting +historical relics,—but the Indian converts have +scattered, and in time they will forget, if they +have not already forgotten, that they or their +people were ever Mission Indians. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> +<a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXXI. The Aztecs.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the Spaniards reached Mexico, that +country was filled with Indians belonging to +many different tribes. These differed in language +and in customs. Perhaps the most powerful +and warlike tribe was that of the Aztecs, who +lived in the central high table-land, with a chief +city named Tenochtitlan. This city, occupying +the same site as the present city of Mexico, was +situated upon the shores of, and partly within, the +lake of Texcoco. The lake lay in a beautiful valley +which was occupied not only by the Aztecs, +but also by a number of other tribes related to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +them in speech. Among these tribes were the +Acolhuas, with their chief city of Texcoco, and +the Tecpanecans, whose chief city was Tlacopan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These three tribes spoke about the same language, +and, after a great deal of quarreling among +themselves, they united in a league or confederacy +something like that of the Iroquois. Together, +they were so strong that they carried on successful +war against their neighbors. When they conquered +a tribe, they did not take its land away +nor interfere with its government, but compelled +the people to pay an annual tribute to the confederacy. +At the head of the confederacy was a +great war-chief, who was called by the title of the +Chief of Men. When Cortez conquered Mexico, +the name of this <span class="tei tei-q">“Chief of Men”</span> was Montezuma. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Aztecs raised crops of corn, beans, squashes, +and chili peppers. Still they got a considerable +amount of food from hunting, and they knew how +to make snares and traps for capturing animals. +Their lake used to be covered with ducks, and to +capture these they employed a clever trick. Calabashes +are large gourds. The Aztec hunters +left calabashes floating at places where ducks +were plenty so that the birds should be used to +seeing them, and pay no attention to them. When +a man wished to catch ducks, he placed a big calabash +over his head, and waded cautiously out +into the water until it was just deep enough for it +to look as if his calabash were floating. Little +by little, he moved over toward the swimming +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ducks, and, when among them, he seized one by +the legs and dragged it under water; then another, +and another, and so on. Ducks were not the only +food taken from the lake. The scum or dirt floating +on the water was skimmed off, and pressed +into cakes; the eggs of a fly, which were laid in +bunches on the rushes, near, or in the water, were +gathered and eaten. These eggs are still a favorite +food with modern Mexicans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Aztecs knew how to spin and weave. +They had cotton, and they also had a fine, stout +fiber from the maguey plant. From these they +made good cloths which they sometimes dyed in +bright colors. The dress of the men consisted of +a sort of blanket or cloak—worn knotted over +one shoulder—and the breech-clout. The women +wore a skirt, which was only a long strip of cloth +wrapped around the body, and held firmly in place +by a belt; they also wore a pretty sleeveless waist. +Men wore sandals on the feet, but usually went +bareheaded. Great officials, however, were finely +dressed, and one might tell from the clothing +what official he met. Men often wore lip-stones. +These were in idea like the lip-plugs of the Haida +women, but were different in shape and material. +Most of them were made of obsidian,—a fine-grained, +glassy, black mineral. Their shape was +that of a little stovepipe hat. The brim was +inside the lip and prevented the stone from slipping +out; the crown projected from the hole in +the lower lip. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The common people lived in huts made of mud +or other destructible material; but the buildings +intended for the government and for religion were +sometimes grand affairs, built of stone and covered +with plaster. This plastering was sometimes +white, sometimes red, and upon it were at times +pictures painted in brilliant colors. These pictures +generally represented warriors ready for +battle, or priests before the altar. Temples were +usually built upon flat-topped pyramids. These +were often large, and were terraced on one or +more sides. Sometimes they were coated with +plaster. Flights of steps, or sloping paths, led to +the summit. There would be found the temple +and the gods. The gods of the Aztecs were like +the Aztecs themselves, bloodthirsty and cruel. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In war the Aztecs used clubs, wooden swords, +bows and arrows, spears or darts, slings and +stones. They had wooden swords with broad, +flat blades, grooved along the sides; into these +grooves were cemented sharp pieces of obsidian. +These were fearful weapons until dulled or broken +by use. Spears and darts were often thrown with +a wooden stick or hurler called an <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">atlatl</span></span>. Important +warriors carried round or rectangular shields +upon their left arms to ward off attack. These +shields often bore patterns worked in bright +feathers. Sometimes the whole dress of warriors +was covered with feathers, and famous braves +wore helmets of wood on their heads, from which +rose great masses of fine feathers. Often warriors +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wore a sort of jacket covering the upper +part of the body and reaching the knees. This +was padded thickly with cotton, and arrows shot +with great force could hardly penetrate it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 70%; text-align: center"><img src="images/calendar-stone.png" alt="Illustration." title="Calendar Stone. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Calendar Stone. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In battle the Aztecs did not desire to kill the +enemy, but preferred to capture prisoners to sacrifice +to the gods. When a man was captured +he was very well treated until the day for his sacrifice +came. He was taken up to the temple on +the pyramid and thrown on his back upon a sacrificial +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stone. He was held by several priests, +while the high priest, with a knife of stone, cut +open his breast. The heart was torn out, and +offered to the gods; some other parts were cut +off for them or for the priests. The rest of the +body was then thrown down to the soldier who +had captured the victim, +and who waited below. +He and his friends bore it +away and ate it, or parts +of it, as a religious duty. +All the time the sacrifices +were being made, the great +drum was beaten. It made +a mournful noise that could +be heard to a great distance. +In the National +Museum in the city of +Mexico is a great carved +stone which is believed by +many persons to be one of +these old sacrificial stones +upon which victims were +sacrificed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/stone-idol.png" alt="Illustration." title="Stone Idol: Mexico. (From Photograph.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Stone Idol: Mexico. (From Photograph.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the same museum is a great stone idol. It +was dug up about a hundred years ago in the +central square of the city of Mexico. It probably +stood in the great temple of the old Aztecs, which +was totally destroyed by Cortez and his soldiers +when they finally captured the city of Tenochtitlan. +What an ugly thing it is! It is more +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +than eight feet high and more than five feet across, +but is cut from a single block of stone. It has +a head in front, and another one behind; they +look something like serpent heads. While the +general form of this great idol is human, it has +neither the feet nor hands of a man. The skirt +it wears is made of an intertwined mass of rattlesnakes. +A human skull is at the front of the +belt. Four human hands apparently severed from +their bodies are displayed upon the chest. This +is only one of many curious and dreadful Aztec +gods. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It would take a book larger than this to describe +the Aztecs properly. It would take another +to describe the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. +Cortez had only a handful of men to fight +against many thousands. But he had guns, +powder, and horses, all of which were unknown +before to the Aztecs and which they greatly +feared. Sometime you must read Bernal Diaz del +Castillo's story of the Conquest. He was one of +Cortez's soldiers. He tells us that he was present +in one hundred and nineteen battles and engagements. +He also says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Of the five hundred and +fifty soldiers, who left the island of Cuba with +Cortez, at the moment I am writing this history +in the year one thousand five hundred and sixty-eight, +no more than five are living, the rest having +been killed in the wars, sacrificed to idols, or died +naturally.”</span> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> +<a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXXII. The Mayas And The Ruined Cities Of +Yucatan And Central America.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of all North American tribes the Mayas were +perhaps the most advanced in culture, the nearest +to civilization. They lived in the peninsula of +Yucatan and in the adjacent states of Tabasco +and Chiapas in Mexico, and in Honduras and +Guatemala in Central America. While true +Mayas did <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> occupy the whole of this district, +it was practically occupied by them and peoples +speaking languages closely related to theirs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are many Mayas now alive. It is a +common but serious mistake to imagine that +Aztecs, Mayas, and other tribes of Mexico and +Central America at the time of the Conquest are +extinct. Many tribes have died out; but the +famous Aztecs and Mayas are still numerous. +The Mayas to-day are short, well-built, broad-shouldered +peoples with unusually dark skin. +They have much energy and are notable for their +independent spirit. Within the last few years +they have given the Mexican government much +trouble. They have not given up their own language, +but have learned to write it, and a considerable +number of books and papers have been +printed in it. They retain their ancient dress to +some degree. Almost every one who sees the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +modern Mayas speaks well of them,—as clean, +neat, straightforward, and reliable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not the Mayan peoples of to-day, but those +of the past, of whom we desire to speak. They +were the best builders in North America, and the +ruins of their cities testify to their skill. More +than fifty years ago, John L. Stephens, with an +artist named Catherwood, traveled in Honduras, +Guatamala, Chiapas, and Yucatan. Mr. Stephens +described their travels and the ruins they explored, +and Mr. Catherwood drew pictures of them. +Americans were astonished at these researches. +These travelers visited forty ruins of ancient +cities in Yucatan alone. Since that time many +other travelers have been there, and much is +known of Mayan architecture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most of the ruins appear to be those of buildings +intended for governmental or religious purposes. +Few, if any, were houses for individuals. +Probably these fine, large buildings were at the +center of towns, the dwelling houses of which +were frail huts of poles, branches, canes, etc. +These have disappeared, leaving no sign of their +former existence. All through Mexico, to-day, in +Indian towns, the only permanent constructions +which would leave ruins are the church and the +town house. Everything else is frail hut. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nearly every one of these old towns presents +some peculiarity of interest. We can, however, +only briefly describe three. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palenque</span></span> appears to +be one of the oldest. It is in the most southern +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +state of Mexico, Chiapas. The more important +ruins are those of the <span class="tei tei-q">“palace”</span> and five temples +near it. The buildings were all raised upon +terrace platforms; they were long and narrow; +the walls were thick, and built of stones and mud, +with cement. The walls were faced with slabs of +stone, often carved with figures of gods, hieroglyphic +characters, etc. Usually two long corridors +ran lengthwise, side by side, through the building. +These open upon the supporting platform by a line +of rectangular doorways of uniform size. There +were no true arches, but the corridors had pyramidal +arched vaultings. The roof went up from +all four sides, at a low and then at a sharper +angle. A curious crest or roof-comb surmounted +the roof. Much plastering was used in these +buildings; the walls were sometimes thickly and +smoothly covered. Stucco figures were worked +upon some of the walls. One temple, called the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Temple of the Beau Relief,”</span> had a great tablet +of stucco work, with the figure of a man seated +upon a sort of rounded stone seat; he wore a +coiled cap, with great waving plumes. His hands +were making some sort of signs; he wore a necklace +of beads, with a pendant carved with a human +face. The stone upon which he sits is supported +on a bench, the arms at the ends of which are +lion heads, and the supports of which are four +heavily carved, but well-made, lion feet. In other +temples there were tablets of carved stone. Two +of these are famous. One represents the sun, as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a human face, placed upon two crossed shafts; +on either side of this central object stands a profile +figure, one of which appears to represent a +priest, the other a worshiper. Both stand on +curiously bent human figures. In the second +tablet, two similar figures are shown, but they +stand at the two sides of a cross, upon which +perches a bird. On these tablets of the sun and +cross are many curious hieroglyphs forming an +inscription. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Copan</span></span> in Honduras is another famous location +of ruins left by some Mayan people. The most +interesting objects there are great stone statues +or figures with stone altars before them. These +statues are taller than a man and are cut from +single blocks of stone. They differ so much in +face and dress that they have been believed by +some writers to be portraits. The persons ate +usually beautifully dressed and ornamented. They +wear beads, pendants, tassels, belts, ear ornaments, +and headdresses. The headdresses are +usually composed of great feathers. The sides +and sometimes the back of these figures are covered +with hieroglyphics of the same kind as those +at Palenque. The <span class="tei tei-q">“altars”</span> in front of these +stone figures, differ in form and size, but are cut +from single blocks of stone. One which is +nearly square has at the sides a series of figures +of human beings sitting cross-legged; there are +four of these on each side, or sixteen in all. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/itza-building.png" alt="Illustration." title="Ruined Building at Chicken Itza. (After Stephens.)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Ruined Building at Chicken Itza. (After Stephens.)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chichen Itza</span></span>, the buildings are remarkable +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for the mass of carved stone work with +which they are decorated, outside and inside. +Great horrid masks, geometrical patterns, intertwined +snakes, occur. At some corners of buildings +are curious hook-like projections, which +some persons have thought were meant to represent +elephant trunks. Mr. Holmes describes +carefully carved pillars resting upon gigantic +snake-head carvings. One room in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Temple +of the Tigers”</span> has the inside wall composed of +blocks of stone, each of which is sculptured. The +carvings represent persons richly dressed. When +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the building was first made, these figures were +brightly painted and traces of the colors still +remain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We can tell a good deal about the lives of the +builders of these old buildings from a study of the +figures and carvings. These show their dress and +modes of worship. The ruins themselves show +how they built. Figures on tablets at Palenque +show that they changed their head forms by bandaging +like some tribes of whom we know. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At Lorillard City, ruins explored by Mr. Charnay, +are some curious figures. Among them one +represents a person kneeling, with his tongue out, +and a cord passed through a-hole in it. The old +Mayas really used to torture themselves this way +to please their gods. They pierced their tongues +and passed a rough cord through the hole, and +drew it back and forward. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/reservation-map-west.png" alt="Illustration." title="Map Showing Indian Reservations of the United States in 1897. (West)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Map Showing Indian Reservations of the United States in 1897. (West)</div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 80%; text-align: center"><img src="images/reservation-map-east.png" alt="Illustration." title="Map Showing Indian Reservations of the United States in 1897. (East)" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Map Showing Indian Reservations of the United States in 1897. (East)</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No one can read the characters on the tablets +of Palenque and the stone figures at Copan. Similar +characters occur at other ruins. At Tikal +some were cut upon beautiful wooden panels. +They were carved on greenstone ornaments, +scratched upon shells, and painted upon pottery, +There were plenty of books among the Mayas, +Some of these still exist, and four have been quite +carefully studied. They contain many quaint pictures +of priests, gods, worshipers, etc. They also +contain many numbers and day names. There +are also in them many of the same strange hieroglyphs, +already mentioned. These are called +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“calculiform”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“pebble-shaped”</span> characters, because +they present a generally roundish outline, +as of a pebble cut through. It is plain that they +were at first simply pictures. Some of them, no +doubt, are still simple pictures of ideas; others +convey ideas different from those at first pictured; +many can no longer be seen to be pictures at all; +some, perhaps, represent sounds, and are not now +pictures for ideas. It is possible, in a general +way, to make out something of the sense of parts +of Mayan books and inscriptions, but it is quite +likely that they will never be exactly read as we +read our own written books. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> +<a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">XXXIII. Conclusion.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An old Pani, in speaking of what was perhaps +the first official visit by whites to his tribe, said: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I heard that long ago there was a time when +there were no people in this country except +Indians. After that the people began to hear of +men with white skins; they had been seen far to +the east. Before I was born they came to our +country and visited us. The man who came was +from the Government. He wanted to make a +treaty with us, and to give us presents—blankets +and guns and flint and steel and knives.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The head chief told him that we needed none +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of those things. He said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We have our buffalo +and our corn. These things the Ruler gave us, +and they are all that we need. See this robe. +This keeps me warm in winter. I need no blanket.’</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The white men had with them some cattle, +and the chief said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lead out a heifer here on +the prairie.’</span> They led her out, and the chief, +stepping up to her, shot her through behind the +shoulder with his arrow, and she fell down and +died. Then the chief said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Will not my arrow +kill? I do not need your guns.’</span> Then he took +his stone knife and skinned the heifer, and cut off +a piece of fat meat. When he had done this, he +said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Why should I take your knives? The +Ruler has given me something to cut with.’</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then, taking the firesticks, he kindled a fire +to roast the meat; and while it was cooking, he +spoke and said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘You see, my brother, that the +Ruler has given us all that we need: the buffalo +for food and clothing; the corn to eat with our +dried meat; bows, arrows, knives, and hoes—all +the implements that we need for killing meat or +for cultivating the ground. Now go back to the +country from whence you came. We do not want +your presents, and we do not want you to come +into our country.’</span> ”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And the old chief was right. The Indians +were supplied with all they needed; what the +white man offered them was unnecessary, often it +was harmful. They were happy and contented. +They were doing very well in their own way. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the old times are gone. To-day the Indians +are few in number, and they are growing fewer. +There are many ingenious arguments to prove +the contrary. Three facts, however, are perfectly +plain. First, there were whole tribes that have +disappeared. The Beothuks and the Natchez +are but two tribes which are gone; such tribes +may be numbered by scores. Their names are +on record; their old locations are known; sometimes +we have some knowledge of their customs +and ways, but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></em> are dead. Secondly, many +tribes are rapidly dwindling. The Pani, between +1885 and 1889, a period of five years, fell from +one thousand and forty-five to eight hundred and +sixty-nine. When I knew the Tonkaways in the +Indian Territory, they numbered but thirty-five +persons, and had been disappearing at the rate of +one-third of the population in eight years. The +Haidas of Queen Charlotte Islands are becoming +fewer. Dawson says: <span class="tei tei-q">“One intelligent man +told me that he could remember the time—which +by his age could not have been more than +thirty years ago—when there was not room to +launch all the canoes of the village in a single +row, the whole length of the beach, when the +people set out on one of their periodical trading +expeditions to Port Simpson. The beach is about +half a mile long, and there must have been from +five to eight persons in each canoe.”</span> There are +to-day less than five hundred people in that village, +Skidgate. Thirdly, there are some tribes, like +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Cherokees and Sioux, which are large, prosperous, +and wealthy. It is a money advantage to +belong to such tribes, and a great many men who +should be considered white men are counted with +such tribes and help to make them look as if they +were not dwindling. It is quite certain that true +Indians of pure blood are rapidly diminishing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The whites have brought them whisky, which +has killed thousands. They have brought vices +and diseases which have swept off thousands +more. They have put an end to the old free, +open-air life. They have taught them unwholesome +means of cookery that cause scrofula and +other diseases. They have taught them to build +close, stuffy houses, which cause consumption, +which is fearfully destructive to the Indians. It +seems to make little difference whether it is an +open foe with the whisky bottle, or an apparent +friend with money for a <span class="tei tei-q">“civilized home”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“a nice, +comfortable, little house”</span>) who comes; the white +man's touch destroys the Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whether the Indians really die out or not, their +old life will surely disappear. One after another +many of the things we have here read of together +have, disappeared. Others will soon die out. The +houses, dress, weapons, games, dances, ceremonials, +will go. It is only a matter of time. But +they ought always to be interesting to us as +Americans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The condition of the Indians to-day is a sad +and pathetic one. They may all echo the words +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Red Jacket. They have been crowded upon +by the white man's hunger for land until now +they have little left. Not long ago they held the +continent; to-day they are almost prisoners upon +a few patches of land called reservations. They +are secure of these only until the white man +wants them. Time after time Indians have given +up their lands and removed to distant places because +their old homes were wanted by white men. +Every time they have been promised that in their +new homes they should be undisturbed. Yet +whenever, in their onward march, white men came +to be neighbors, the old troubles came again. +Encroachment, aggression, then perhaps open +warfare, and then, another removal. Helen Hunt +Jackson's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Century of Dishonor</span></span> tells only a part +of the story. Every boy and girl in the United +States should read it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here on a map you see the present location of +most of the Indians. The reservations vary in +size and in quality. Some of them have little +that can attract the whites. In these the Indians +may be left in peace. The present idea of what +to do with the Indians is shown by the Dawes +Bill. This is apparently a benevolent scheme for +happily settling the Indians on individual farms. +Imagine a reservation belonging to some tribe. +A part of the reservation is cultivated by the +more progressive Indians. The rest is not used +except perhaps for hunting or fishing, or wandering +over. The whole belongs to the tribe absolutely, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and we have promised that it shall never +be taken away from them. But now the Dawes +Bill is passed. It is said, a little farm apiece is +all that is necessary for these Indians. It would +be much better to give each of them just what +he needs and then to buy the balance of the +land (cheap of course), and give it to white people. +Whenever the Indians agree to it, we will divide +up the land, allot each his land in severalty, and +the Indian problem is solved. All this sounds +very well, but it is enough to make one's heart +bleed to see the way in which it is carried out. +Many times the Indians do not wish to take their +land in severalty. Certainly they ought not to +be forced to do so against their will. Yet commission +after commission, special agent after +special agent, is sent to tribes to persuade, beg, +and harass them into accepting allotment. Many +times half threats are made; hints are vaguely +thrown out as to what may happen if they don't +take their little farms and sell the balance of their +reservation. Surveyors are hired to go and survey +within the reservation so as to make the +Indians think their land will be taken away anyway. +At last the poor harassed tribe yields. The +men take their farms; they give up the balance +of their land for a small price. Those who were +industrious before take care of their land as they +did before, no better, no worse. But the unprogressive +Indian is not made industrious. He +rents his land to some white man and spends his +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +money in strong drink. As long as they were +on the reservation there were laws to protect +them from bad neighbors and whisky. But on +his little farm the Indian may be next door to +bad white men who sell him liquor whenever it +is to their advantage. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There are many persons who think that missions +and schools will make the Indians good and +happy. So far as schools are concerned there +are many. Some of them are simple day schools +at the agency. Others are boarding schools still +at the agency. Still others are great industrial +schools at a town more or less distant. Of +all these schools we think that those at the +agency are the best kind. Such schools, well +managed by thoroughly good teachers, ought to +do the most good. They ought not to try to +teach high branches, but to speak, read, and write +English, a little arithmetic and a little knowledge +of the great world. They ought to be industrial +schools to the extent of teaching handiness +in all the little things that need to be done about +the house or the farm. They ought to aim to +reach the parents and to interest them in their +work. Progress in such schools is slow, but it is +better for all to make a little progress, than for a +few to get a great mass of information that they +cannot use. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a> +<a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Glossary Of Indian And Other Foreign Words Which May Not +Readily Be Found In The English Dictionary.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The spellings of Indian words vary much with different authors: +in the following list the word as spelled in this book is first given, +then the pronunciation, then the number of a page on which the +meaning of the word will be found. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Single and combined consonants have their usual English +sounds except <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span>, which is equal to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sh</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span> is always as in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span>o; final +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span> as in gem<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span> is represented by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">z</span></span>; soft <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">g</span></span> is represented by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">j</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vowels are as follows:— +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">a as in fat</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ā " mane</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ä " father</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">â " talk</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">e " met</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ē as in meat</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">i " pin</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ī " pine</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">o " not</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ō as in note</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">u " tub</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ū " oo in spoon</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">oi " boil</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Abalone [á-ba-lōn], <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Acolhua [ā-kōl'-wā], <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Adobé [a-dō'-bā], <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Algonkin [al-gón-kin], <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alibamu [ál-i-ba-mū], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Apache [a-pá-chā], <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Apalache [a-pā-lá-chā], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arapaho [ä-rá-pä-ho], <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arickara [a-rí-kä-rä], <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref">64</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Assinaboin, [a-sí-nä-boin], <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Athapaskan [āth'-ä-pás-kan], <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Atlatl [át-la-tl], <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Atotarho [át-ō-tä'r-hō], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Aztec [az-tek], <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beothuk [bē-ō'-thuk], <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Burro [bū'r-o], <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref">91</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Busk [busk], <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Caddo [ká-dō], <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cañon [kán-yun], <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cassine [kás-sēn], <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Catolsta [ka-tō'l-stä], <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cayuga [kā-yū-gä], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chelley [cā], <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cherokee [che-rō-kē], <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref">140</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cheyenne [cī'-en], <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chiapas [chē-á-pas], <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chicasaw [chi-kä-sâ], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chichen Itza [chē'-chen ē'-tsu], <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref">218</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chilkat [chíl-kat], <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chinook [chi-nū'k], <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Choctaw [chók-tâ], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chunkey [chún-kā], <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Coahuilla [kō-wē'-yä], <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref">201</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cochiti [kō'-chē-tē'], <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Comanche [kō-mán-chē], <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Copan [kō-pan'], <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref">218</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Corral [kō-rál], <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Coup [kū], <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref">42</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cree [krē], <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Creek [krēk], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Estufa [es-tū-fä], <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Frijoles [frē-hō-lāz], <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a> (means beans). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Glooskap [glōs-kap], <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Haida [hī-dä], <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Haliotis [ha-lē-ō-tis], <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hano [hä-nō], <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hayenwatha [hī-en-wä-thä], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hayoneta [hoi-ä-nā-tä], <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hupa [hū'-pä], <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Itztapalapa [ēt's-tä-pä-lä'-pä], <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kiowa [kī'-ō-wä], <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kisi [kē'-sē], <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref">170</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kwakiutl [kwä'-kē-ū'tl], <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lenape [le-nä'-pā], <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lipan [lē-pan'], <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maguey [ma-gā'], <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mandan [man'-dan], <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maya [mī'-yä], <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mendoza [men-dō'-zä], <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mesa [mā'-sä], <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mescal [mes-cal'], <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Metate [mā-tä'-tā], <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Micam [mē'-câm], <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Miko [mē'-kō], <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Moki [mō'-kē], <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +M'teoulin [m'tā-ū'-lin], <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Muskoki [mus-kō'-kē], <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nanabush [na'-nä-būc], <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref">112</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Navajo [na'vä-hō], <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Neeskotting [nē'-sko-ting], <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nekilstlas [ne-kils'-tläs], <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ojibwa [ō-jib'-wä], <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref">108</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oneida [ō-nī'-dä], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Onondaga [on'-on-dä'-gä], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oolachen [ū'-la-chen], <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref">191</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oraibe [ō-rai'-bā], <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Otoe [ō'-tō], <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pani [pâ-nē'], <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pemmican [pĕ'-mi-kan], <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pima [pē'-mä], <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Plaza [pla'-zä], <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref">171</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ponka [pon'-kä], <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pueblo [pweb'-lō], <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Puskita [pus'-kē-tä], <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rito [rē'-tō], <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a> (means brook) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sac [säc], <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Santee [San-tē'], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Saponie [sa'-pō-nā], <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Seneca [se'-ne-kä], <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Senel [sā'-nel], <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref">95</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sequoyah [se-kwoi'-yä], <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref">146</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shawnee [câ-nē'], <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref">107</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shenanjie [ce-nan'-jā], <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref">126</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shonko [con'-kō], <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shoshoné [co'-cō-nā'], <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sioux [sū], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sipapu [sē-pä'-pū], <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref">171</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sisseton [si'-se-ton], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Skil [skēl], <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Skowl [skōl], <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Succotash [su'-kō-tac], <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tabasco [ta-bas'-kō], <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Taos [tows], <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref">162</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tecpanecan [tek'-pan-ē'-kan], <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tenochtitlan [te-nōch'-tē-tlan'], <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Teton [tē'-ton], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Texcoco [tec-kō'-kō], <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tikal [tē'-kal], <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref">220</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tirawa [tē-rä'-wä], <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tlacopan [tla-kō'-pan], <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tlingit [tlin'-git], <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tonkaway [ton'-kä-wā], <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Totem [tō'-tem], <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tshimpshian [tcim'-cē-an], <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tuscarora [tus'-kā-rō'-rä], <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref">118</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tutelo [tū'-tu-lō], <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Umane [ū-mä'-nā], <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Uncpapa [unk-pä'-pä], <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ute [yūt], <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wahpeton [wä'-pē'-ton], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wakantanka [wä'-kän-tän'-kä], <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Walam Olum [wä'-läm ōl'-um], <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Walpi [wäl'-pē], <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wampampeog [wäm'-päm-pē-og], <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wichita [wi'-chi-tä], <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Winnebago [wi'-nē-bā'-gō], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yanktonnais [yank'-ton-ā], <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yētl [yātl], <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Zizania [zē-zā-nē-ä], <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Zuñi [zūn'-yē], <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc71" id="toc71"></a> +<a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +[Indian words are in italics; tribal names in small capitals.] +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Abalone, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Acolhua</span></span>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Acorns, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adams Co., Ohio, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adobé, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adoption, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Agriculture, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Alaska, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Algonkin</span></span>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">houses, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">torture, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">villages, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Algonkin words, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Algonquian, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alibamu</span></span>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Altar Mounds, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Altars, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ambuscade, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Animal names, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Antelope society, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Apache</span></span>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Apalache</span></span>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arapaho</span></span>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>; sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Architecture, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>; of Pueblos, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arickara</span></span>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arizona, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Armor, quilted, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arrow racing, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arrows, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Assinaboin</span></span>, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Athapaskan, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlatl</span></span>—or spear-thrower, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Atotarho</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aztec</span></span>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">books, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">picture writing, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baby, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Badger, sign for, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ball, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">game, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sticks, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bandelier, A. F., <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Barrows, D. P., <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Basket making, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baskets, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beads, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">shell, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">turquoise, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bead-work, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bear—Story of Hunter and, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beaver, sign for, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beloved men, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Belts, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beothuk</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bernal Diaz del Castillo, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Berries, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Biography, picture, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Birch-bark, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">letter, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">records, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bird Dances, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Black drink, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Black-foot</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blankets, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blowgun, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Boas, F., <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bones, buried, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Books, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bonnets—feather, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bottles of seaweed stalk, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bow drill, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bows, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Box burial, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Boys—training of, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bread, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Breech-clout, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bricks, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brinton, D. G., <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">British America, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">British Columbia, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brooch, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brook of the Beans, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Buffalo, N. Y., <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Buffalo, sign for, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Buffalo dance, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Buffalo hunt, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Bull-Boat" id="Index-Bull-Boat" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bull-boat, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burial, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in caves, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burros, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bushotter, G., <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Busk</span></span>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caddo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Caddoan, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calabashes, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calculiform characters, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calendar, Dakota, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">California, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">baskets, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cradle, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dress, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">houses, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Camp circle, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canada, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cannibalism, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canoe burial, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canoes, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">birch-bark, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dugout, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cañons, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Captives, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cardinal points, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carrying babies, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carrying strap, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carving, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cassine, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Catherwood, F., <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Catlin, G., <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Catolsta, old, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cave burial, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cave houses, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cayuga</span></span>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cedar bark, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Central America, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Century of Dishonor, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chamberlain, A. F., <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charles V., <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charms, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charnay, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chelley River, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cherokees</span></span>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cheyenne</span></span>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chiapas, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chicasaw</span></span>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chichen Itza, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chief of Men, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chilkat</span></span>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chillicothe, Ohio, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chinook</span></span>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Choctaw</span></span>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chunkey</span></span>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cincinnati, Ohio, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clams, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clark, W. P., <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cliff-dwellers, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cliff-dwellings, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cliff-ruins, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cloths, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clubs, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coahuilla</span></span>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coahuilla Valley, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cochiti</span></span>, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coffins, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coiled baskets, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Colorado, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Columbia River, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Comanche</span></span>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Commemorative posts, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Companions for the dead, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Condition of Indians, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Confederacy, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Conjuring, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Conquest of Mexico, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cooking, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Copan, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Copper, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coppers, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coracle (see <a href="#Index-Bull-Boat" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Bull-boat</a>).</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corpse:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">displayed, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treatment of, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corral, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cortez, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cotton, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Council:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tribal, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">confederacy, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Council house, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coup, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cradle, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cram, Rev. Mr., <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crazy, sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Creation legend, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cree</span></span>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Creek" id="Index-Creek" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Creek</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cremation, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crooked Hand, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crow, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Crow</span></span>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cushing, F. H., <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cycle festival, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dakota</span></span>: (see also <a href="#Index-Sioux" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span></a>) <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tent, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">war feathers, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dakota Calendar, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dances: <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bird, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">buffalo, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rain, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">scalp, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">snake, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sun, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dancing, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Davis, E. H., <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dawes Bill, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dawson, G. M., <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Daylight, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dayton, Ohio, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deaf-mutes, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deans, J., <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Death, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">posts, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">watch, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Decreasing population, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deformation of the head, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delaware</span></span> (see also <a href="#Index-Lenape" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenape</span></span></a>) <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dentalium, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Descent in female line, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Destroying objects for the dead, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disease, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Display:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of corpse, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of property, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dog, sign for, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dog, The, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dorsey, J. O., <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dress, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dancing, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Drum, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Drying meat, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Duck hunting, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dug-outs, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Eagle dance, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Eastern Cherokees, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Effigy mounds, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Elephant-trunk decoration, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">El Rito de los Frijoles, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Elsie, old, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Enclosures, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Erie</span></span>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eskimo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Estufa (see also <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiva</span></span>), <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Eyes, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Families, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Families of Language, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fast, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Feasts, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Feather-cloth, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Feather-on-the-head, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Feathers, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Female descent, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fewkes, J. W., <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fibulæ, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Figures—stone, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fire:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">secured, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">used, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">drill, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">making, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">perpetual, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">signals, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sticks, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for dead, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fisherman and Raven, story of, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fish hooks, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fishing, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">devices, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Five Nations, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flathead</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flint and steel, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fly's eggs, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Food for dead, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Foot race, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ft. Du Quesne, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ft. Stevenson, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Forward Inlet, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Four Bears, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Franciscans, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">French and Indian Wars, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fresh water secured, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Friendship, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Furs, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gambling, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Game drives, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Games, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gatschet, A. S., <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gauntlet running, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gay Head, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Genesee River, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gens, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Georgia, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gestures, calling rain, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Glooskap</span></span>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gods, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Granaries, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grass, dresses of, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grave posts, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Graves, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Great house, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Great Lakes, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Great removal, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grinding meal, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grinnell, G. B., <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Guatemala, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Guessing games, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Guess, or Guest, George, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hadley, L., <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Haida, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hair, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>; forehead, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hair fabrics, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hale, H., <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Halibut, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Haliotis, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hammock, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hano</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hat, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hayenwatha</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Head deformation, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Head-dress, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Helmet, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hieroglyphics, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hoes, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Holmes, W. H., <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Honduras, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hopeton, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Horn bows, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Horses—stealing, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hospitality, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Houses, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pueblo, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">House circles, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Housetops, life on, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hoyoneta</span></span>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hudson Bay Co., <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hudson River, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hunting, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ducks, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">snakes, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hupa</span></span>, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huron</span></span>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hut rings, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hypnotism, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Idol, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indian, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indian Territory, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Initiation, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Iowa, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iroquois</span></span>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ball play, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">houses, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">torture, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Itztapalapa</span></span>, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jacket, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jackson, H. H., <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jemison, Mary, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jemison, T., <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jesuits, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Journeys of George Catlin, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Keeper of the belts, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kentucky, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kilts, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">King Philip, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kiowa</span></span>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kisi</span></span>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Koskimo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kwakiutl</span></span>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lacrosse, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ladders, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land in severalty, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Languages, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lapham, I. A., <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Leggings, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Leland, C. G., <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Lenape" id="Index-Lenape" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenape</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Life:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of cliff-dwellers, etc., <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mayan peoples, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lipan</span></span>, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lip piercing, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lip plug, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Little Bear, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lone Dog, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Long House, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lorillard City, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Los Angeles, Cal., <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Los Cerillos, N. M., <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Louisiana, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lower California, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lummis, C. F., <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Magicians (see <a href="#Index-Medicine-Man" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">medicine men</a>).</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maguey, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mallery, G., <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mancos Cañon, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mandan</span></span>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">house, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bull-boat, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Manta, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Map, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Martha's Vineyard, Mass., <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mason, O. T., <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Massacre, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Massasoit</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Matthews, W., <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Matting, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maya</span></span>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McElmo Cañon, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Meal:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">acorn, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sacred, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Measure, arrow, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Medicinal liquid, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Medicine, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Medicine-Man" id="Index-Medicine-Man" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Medicine man, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">performances, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tested, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Memory helps, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mendoza, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mesa, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mescal, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Metate</span></span>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mexico, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Micam</span></span>, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Miko</span></span>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Milky Way, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mission Indians, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mission work, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missionaries, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mississippi Valley, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missouri River, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missouri Valley, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Moccasin game, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Moccasins</span></span>, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mohawk</span></span>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mohawk River, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mohican</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moki</span></span>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Money, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Monoliths, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Montezuma</span></span>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morgan, L. H., <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morning Star, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morton, T., <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mound builders, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mounds, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mourning, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">M'teoulin</span></span>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mummies, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Museum, National—Mexico, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Museum, National—United States, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Music, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Musical instruments, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Muskoki</span></span> (see <a href="#Index-Creek" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Creek</span></span></a>).</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mutilation—self, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mystery, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mystery men, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanabush</span></span>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nashville, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Natchez</span></span>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Navajo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Neckrings, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Neeskotting</span></span>, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Nekilstlas</span></span>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nets, for rabbits, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Newark, Ohio, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Brunswick, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New England, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Fire, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Mexico, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Spain, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New York, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Niagara, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Niagara River, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Niblack, A. P., <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">North, Lieut., <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">North Carolina, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Northwest Coast, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Notched rattles, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nova Scotia, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Objects buried with dead, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Obsidian, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Offerings to gods, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Oglethorpe, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio River, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Oil, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ojibwa</span></span>, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Oklahoma, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Old Pueblos, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Old Zuñi, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Omaha</span></span>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oneida</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Onondaga</span></span>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Onondaga Lake, N. Y., <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oolachen</span></span>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">secured, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Oraibe</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Orators, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Oregon, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>; cradle, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ornaments, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Otoe</span></span>, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ovens, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pacific Ocean, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paddles, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paintings—Catlin's, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paintings on rocks, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Palace at Palenque, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Palenque, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pani</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pawnee</span></span>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paper, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paper bread, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Papoose</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Papoose board, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pebble-shaped characters, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peet, S. D., <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pemmican</span></span>, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peon, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Physical type, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Picture records, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Picture writing, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Piercing lips, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pilgrims, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pillars, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pima</span></span>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pittsburg, Pa., <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Plains Indians, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Plaster, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Playground, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Plaza, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pleiades, story of, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pocahontas, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Points, in blankets, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Points of compass, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ponka</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Port Simpson, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Posts, carved, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">kinds of, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pottery, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Powell, J. W., <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Powell's Linguistic Map, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Powers, S., <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Powhatan, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prayer, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prayer sticks, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Printed sign-language, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prisoners of war, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Proclamation of Gen. Scott, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Public Square, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pueblos</span></span>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dress, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cradle, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">game drives, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">scalps, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pump drill, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Purification, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Puskita</span></span>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Putnam, F. W., <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pyramids, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Queen Charlotte Islands, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quills—porcupine, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rabbit sticks, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rackets (see Ball-sticks).</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rain dances, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ramona</span></span>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rattles, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rattlesnakes, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Raven stories, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Red Jacket, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Red Score, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Relics, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Reservations, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rio Grande, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rock Paintings, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rocky Mountains, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Roof comb, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ruins, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">types, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Running the gauntlet, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rushing Eagle, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Russians, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacred colors, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacred meal, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacred numbers, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacred tree, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacrifice, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacrificial stone, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sac and Fox</span></span>, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cradle, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dress, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">games, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">graves, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">hammock, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">house, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">moccasins, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Salmon, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sand altar, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sandals, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">San Diego, Cal., <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">San Dionisio, Mex., <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">San Francisco, Cal., <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">San Gabriel, Cal., <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Santee</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Santo Domingo, N. M., <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Saponie</span></span>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scaffold burial, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scalp, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scalp dance, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scalping, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scar-face, story of, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Schoolcraft, H. R., <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Schools, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scott, Gen. W., <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scouts, Pani, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scraper for dressing skins, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scratcher, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Screaming of medicine man, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scum-cakes, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seaver, J. E., <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seaweed, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Secret Societies, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seneca</span></span>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Senel</span></span>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sequoyah</span></span>, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Serpent mound, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Servants, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shag, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shaman, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shawnee</span></span>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shell money, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shenanjie</span></span>, <a href="#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shields, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shonko</span></span>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shoshone</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sign for, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Signals, fire, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sign language, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Signs, examples of, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sinking into ground, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Siouan, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Sioux" id="Index-Sioux" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sipapu</span></span>, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sisseton</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Six Nations, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skidgate, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Skil</span></span>, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skimming sticks, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skins, dressing, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skirt, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Skowl</span></span>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skunk, sign for, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smith, E. A., <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smoke, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smoking, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smoke signals, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Snake, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Snake Dance, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Snake hunt, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Snake society, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Snake washing, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Societies, secret:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">antelope, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">snake, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Soul bone, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Southern States, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spain, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spear-thrower, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Speech:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Pani, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Red Jacket, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Sioux, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spinning, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spirits, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Squaw</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Squaw money, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Squier, E. G., <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stalking animals, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Star, Hill of the, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stephens, J. L., <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stocks, linguistic, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stone Age Culture, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stone boiling, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stone graves, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stone tools, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stories, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Algonkin, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Blackfoot, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Hunter and bears, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Iroquois, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Story-telling, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stucco, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Succotash</span></span>, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sun, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sun dance, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Superstition regarding portraits, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sweat baths, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Syllabary, Cherokee, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sympathetic magic, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tabasco, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tablet of the Cross, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tablet of the sun, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tablets—of stone, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tambourines, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Taos, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Taos River, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tattooing, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tecpanecan</span></span>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Temples, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Temple of <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">beau relief</span></span>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Temple of Tigers, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tennessee, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tenochtitlan</span></span>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tent, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Terrace platforms, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Test:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for bravery, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for liar, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for manhood, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Teton</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Texcoco</span></span>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thomas, C., <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Three Bears, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Threshing, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tikal</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tirawa</span></span>, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tlacopan</span></span>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tlingit</span></span>, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tobacco, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tonkaway</span></span>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Torture:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of prisoners, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of self, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Totem</span></span>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rights and privileges, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Totem posts, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Towns—white and red, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">peace and war, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Town square, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Transformation, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trapping, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tree burial, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tribes of Indians, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tribute, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tshimpshian</span></span>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Turquoise, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuscarora</span></span>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tutelo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Types of Indians, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Umane</span></span>, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Uncpapa</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Utah, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ute</span></span>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vancouver Island, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Van Syce, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vices, introduced, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Villages, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Virginia, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wahpeton</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Waist, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Waiting outside a village, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wakantanka</span></span>, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Walum Olum</span></span>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wall decoration, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Walpi</span></span>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wampampeog</span></span>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wampum</span></span>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wampum belts, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">War, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">War drink, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">War feathers, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Warriors, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dress, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Washing snakes, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Water craft, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Weapons, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Weaving, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wichita</span></span>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Wigwam</span></span>, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wild rice, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">William and Mary, The, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Windows, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Winnebago</span></span>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Winnowing, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wisconsin, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Woman among Indians, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Women, dress, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wyoming, Pa., <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Xenia, Ohio, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yankton</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yanktonnais</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sioux</span></span>), <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yarn, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yarrow, H. C., <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yellowstone River, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Yetl</span></span>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Young, E. R., <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yucatan, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Zizania, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Zuñi</span></span>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Zuñian, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>.</div> +</div> + +</div> + +</div> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc73" id="toc73"></a> + <a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama.</dd></dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIANS*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader75" id="rightpageheader75"></a><a name="pgtoc76" id="pgtoc76"></a><a name="pdf77" id="pdf77"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">April 18, 2011 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name"> + Produced by the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously + made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + </span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader78" id="rightpageheader78"></a><a name="pgtoc79" id="pgtoc79"></a><a name="pdf80" id="pdf80"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 35915-h.html or + 35915-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/9/1/35915/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/5/9/1/35915/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered + trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, + unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge + anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is + very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as + creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. + They may be modified and printed and given away — you may do + practically <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">anything</span></em> with public domain eBooks. + Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially + commercial redistribution.</p></div><hr class="page" /><div id="pglicense" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader81" id="rightpageheader81"></a><a name="pgtoc82" id="pgtoc82"></a><a name="pdf83" id="pdf83"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Full Project Gutenberg License</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Please read this before you distribute or use this + work.</span></em></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free + distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing + this work (or any other work associated in any way with the + phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span>), you agree to comply with all the terms + of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License (<a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">available with this file</a> or online + at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>).</p><div id="pglicense1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 1.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works</span></h2><div id="pglicense1A" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.A.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic + work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to + and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual + property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree + to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease + using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a + copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not + agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may + obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the + fee as set forth in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8.</a></p></div><div id="pglicense1B" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.B.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or + associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be + bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you + can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the + full terms of this agreement. See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1C" class="tei tei-ref">1.C</a> below. There are a lot of things you can + do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this + agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works. See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E" class="tei tei-ref">1.E</a> below.</p></div><div id="pglicense1C" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.C.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (<span class="tei tei-q">“the Foundation”</span> or PGLAF), owns a compilation + copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the + individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the + United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the + United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim + a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, + displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all + references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support + the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by + freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this + agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can + easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in + the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it + without charge with others.</p></div><div id="pglicense1D" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.D.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern + what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in + a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check + the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement + before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or + creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. + The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status + of any work in any country outside the United States.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.E.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p><div id="pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.1.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate + access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any + copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> + appears, or with which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is associated) is + accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + </p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">This eBook is for the use of + anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License included with this eBook or + online at </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="tei tei-xref"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p></div></div><div id="pglicense1E2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.2.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from the public + domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with + permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and + distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or + charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with + the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> associated with or appearing on the work, you + must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for + the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs + <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.3.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission + of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both + paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 and any + additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will + be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission + of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.4.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from + this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work + associated with Project Gutenberg™.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.5.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this + electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without + prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> with active links or immediate access + to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E6" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.6.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, + compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including + any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access + to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or other format used in the official + version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), you must, at + no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a + means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon + request, of the work in its original <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or + other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License + as specified in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1.</a></p></div><div id="pglicense1E7" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.7.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, + copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with + paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.8.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to + or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that</p><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to + calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the + Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this + paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days + following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to + prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly + marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">Section 4, <span class="tei tei-q">“Information about donations to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”</span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does + not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such + a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a + physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other + copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.</p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You provide, in accordance with paragraph <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">1.F.3</a>, a full refund of any money paid for a + work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is + discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the + work.</p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="pglicense1E9" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.9.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or + group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, + you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael + Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set + forth in <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">Section 3</a> below.</p></div></div><div id="pglicense1F" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.F.</span></h3><div id="pglicense1F1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.1.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, + do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works + in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may + contain <span class="tei tei-q">“Defects,”</span> such as, but not limited to, incomplete, + inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other + intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other + medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be + read by your equipment.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.2.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the <span class="tei tei-q">“Right of + Replacement or Refund”</span> described in <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph + 1.F.3</a>, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any + other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, + disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including + legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT + LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE + PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK + OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO + YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL + DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.3.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect in + this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a + refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written + explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received + the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your + written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the + defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a + refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity + providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to + receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy + is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further + opportunities to fix the problem.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.4.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in + <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph 1.F.3</a>, this work is provided + to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR + IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR + FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.5.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or + the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any + disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of + the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be + interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by + the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any + provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F6" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.6.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the + trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone + providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this + agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion + and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all + liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly + or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: + (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, + modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any + Defect you cause.</p></div></div></div><div id="pglicense2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 2.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works + in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including + obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the + efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks + of life.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the + assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s goals and + ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for + generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a + secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn + more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see + Sections <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> and <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">4</a> and the Foundation web page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a>.</p></div><div id="pglicense3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 3.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation + organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax + exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or + federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter + is posted at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf</a>. Contributions + to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. + federal laws and your state's laws.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. + S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are + scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is + located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) + 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date + contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and + official page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For additional contact information: + + </p><div class="block tei tei-address" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">Dr. Gregory B. Newby</span></span><br /><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">Chief Executive and Director</span></span><br /><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">gbnewby@pglaf.org</span></span><br /></div></div><div id="pglicense4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 4.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public + support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number + of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in + machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment + including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are + particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the + IRS.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating + charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United + States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a + considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up + with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where + we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND + DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state + visit <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we + have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition + against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who + approach us with offers to donate.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make + any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from + outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and + addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including + checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please + visit: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p></div><div id="pglicense5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 5.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works.</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-name">Professor Michael S. Hart</span> is the + originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that + could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and + distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer + support.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of + which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright + notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in + compliance with any particular paper edition.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's + eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, + compressed (zipped), HTML and others.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corrected <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">editions</span></em> of our eBooks replace the old file + and take over the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file + is renamed. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Versions</span></em> based on separate sources are treated + as new eBooks receiving new filenames and etext numbers.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search + facility: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to + make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and + how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p></div></div></div> + </div> +</div> +</div> +</body></html> diff --git a/35915-h/images/algonkin-village.png b/35915-h/images/algonkin-village.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cb8e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/algonkin-village.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/apache-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/apache-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd03a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/apache-cradle.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/aztec-book.png b/35915-h/images/aztec-book.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7311904 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/aztec-book.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/ball-player.png b/35915-h/images/ball-player.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..265814b --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/ball-player.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/ball-sticks.png b/35915-h/images/ball-sticks.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5ad74e --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/ball-sticks.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/birch-canoe.png b/35915-h/images/birch-canoe.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a01dbe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/birch-canoe.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/blackfeet-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/blackfeet-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..40147d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/blackfeet-cradle.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/blackfoot-moccasin.png b/35915-h/images/blackfoot-moccasin.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..02d6553 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/blackfoot-moccasin.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/bull-boat.png b/35915-h/images/bull-boat.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0ae622 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/bull-boat.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/calendar-stone.png b/35915-h/images/calendar-stone.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdc5611 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/calendar-stone.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/character-examples.png b/35915-h/images/character-examples.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..881a13d --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/character-examples.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/chilcat-blanket.png b/35915-h/images/chilcat-blanket.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e294e4c --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/chilcat-blanket.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/chinook-baby.png b/35915-h/images/chinook-baby.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f72847 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/chinook-baby.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/coahuilla-granary.png b/35915-h/images/coahuilla-granary.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..73c45b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/coahuilla-granary.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/cochiti-estufa.png b/35915-h/images/cochiti-estufa.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b9dcd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/cochiti-estufa.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/coiled-baskets.png b/35915-h/images/coiled-baskets.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a3fef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/coiled-baskets.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/cree-squaw.png b/35915-h/images/cree-squaw.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b10d47e --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/cree-squaw.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/dakota-calendar.png b/35915-h/images/dakota-calendar.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..25ad0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/dakota-calendar.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/earthworks-plan.png b/35915-h/images/earthworks-plan.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..08e05a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/earthworks-plan.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/front-map-bottom.png b/35915-h/images/front-map-bottom.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee206f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/front-map-bottom.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/front-map-top.png b/35915-h/images/front-map-top.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..39f2465 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/front-map-top.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/gathering-rice.png b/35915-h/images/gathering-rice.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2356003 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/gathering-rice.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/george-catlin.png b/35915-h/images/george-catlin.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f37939 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/george-catlin.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/gold-chiefs-house.png b/35915-h/images/gold-chiefs-house.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a01fd2b --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/gold-chiefs-house.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/group-weapons.png b/35915-h/images/group-weapons.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..12289ce --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/group-weapons.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/haida-tattooing.png b/35915-h/images/haida-tattooing.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dda8534 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/haida-tattooing.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/halibut-hooks.png b/35915-h/images/halibut-hooks.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e605a1a --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/halibut-hooks.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/hupa-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/hupa-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a48451 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/hupa-cradle.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/indian-carrier.png b/35915-h/images/indian-carrier.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a6913f --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/indian-carrier.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/indian-letter.png b/35915-h/images/indian-letter.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1eaf0ea --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/indian-letter.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/inlet-chiefs-house.png b/35915-h/images/inlet-chiefs-house.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d141c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/inlet-chiefs-house.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/iroquois-long-house.png b/35915-h/images/iroquois-long-house.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ed980c --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/iroquois-long-house.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/iroquois-moccasin.png b/35915-h/images/iroquois-moccasin.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c368df --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/iroquois-moccasin.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/itza-building.png b/35915-h/images/itza-building.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c39c47f --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/itza-building.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/kutchin-moccasin.png b/35915-h/images/kutchin-moccasin.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a43a447 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/kutchin-moccasin.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/mancos-ruins.png b/35915-h/images/mancos-ruins.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7b7dac --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/mancos-ruins.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/mandan-chief.png b/35915-h/images/mandan-chief.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..35a1c2d --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/mandan-chief.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/mandan-tortures.png b/35915-h/images/mandan-tortures.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..975c95d --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/mandan-tortures.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/noki-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/noki-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7344c27 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/noki-cradle.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/northwest-hat.png b/35915-h/images/northwest-hat.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4c71f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/northwest-hat.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/ojibwa-gravepost.png b/35915-h/images/ojibwa-gravepost.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..95d58ec --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/ojibwa-gravepost.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/omaha-moccasin.png b/35915-h/images/omaha-moccasin.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e94bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/omaha-moccasin.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/oregon-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/oregon-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ea7b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/oregon-cradle.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/pueblo-pottery.png b/35915-h/images/pueblo-pottery.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1badaf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/pueblo-pottery.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/pueblo-woman.png b/35915-h/images/pueblo-woman.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..49b0d36 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/pueblo-woman.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/rattles-masks.png b/35915-h/images/rattles-masks.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe03bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/rattles-masks.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/reservation-map-east.png b/35915-h/images/reservation-map-east.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d36a560 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/reservation-map-east.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/reservation-map-west.png b/35915-h/images/reservation-map-west.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51adb4d --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/reservation-map-west.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/santa-barbara.png b/35915-h/images/santa-barbara.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..73a0776 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/santa-barbara.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/scaffold-burial.png b/35915-h/images/scaffold-burial.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..35a67a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/scaffold-burial.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/scalps.png b/35915-h/images/scalps.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9258f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/scalps.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/serpent-mound.png b/35915-h/images/serpent-mound.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0ab3f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/serpent-mound.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/shell-gorgets.png b/35915-h/images/shell-gorgets.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a28151 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/shell-gorgets.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/sign-language.png b/35915-h/images/sign-language.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9929546 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/sign-language.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-1.png b/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e13a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-1.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-2.png b/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0de9de2 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/sioux-moccasin-2.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/skin-jacket.png b/35915-h/images/skin-jacket.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..98626ff --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/skin-jacket.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/skin-tents.png b/35915-h/images/skin-tents.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e6bdfc --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/skin-tents.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/smoke-signaling.png b/35915-h/images/smoke-signaling.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cf5be5 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/smoke-signaling.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/snake-dance.png b/35915-h/images/snake-dance.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b910d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/snake-dance.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/spears-shield.png b/35915-h/images/spears-shield.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3689247 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/spears-shield.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/squaw-traveling.png b/35915-h/images/squaw-traveling.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e836940 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/squaw-traveling.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/stone-idol.png b/35915-h/images/stone-idol.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..293b112 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/stone-idol.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/taos-pueblo.png b/35915-h/images/taos-pueblo.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8fcd84 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/taos-pueblo.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/wampum-belt.png b/35915-h/images/wampum-belt.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d11c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/wampum-belt.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/winter-house.png b/35915-h/images/winter-house.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1dd2121 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/winter-house.png diff --git a/35915-h/images/yukon-cradle.png b/35915-h/images/yukon-cradle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b441710 --- /dev/null +++ b/35915-h/images/yukon-cradle.png |
