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diff --git a/36066.txt b/36066.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cf89b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/36066.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1134 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hermann Stieffel, Soldier Artist of the West, by +Edgar M. Howell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Hermann Stieffel, Soldier Artist of the West + +Author: Edgar M. Howell + +Release Date: May 9, 2011 [EBook #36066] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERMAN STIEFFEL, SOLDIER/ARTIST *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +CONTRIBUTIONS FROM + +THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY + +PAPER 12 + + +HERMANN STIEFFEL, SOLDIER-ARTIST OF THE WEST + +_Edgar M. Howell_ + +[Illustration: Figure 1.--Area in which Hermann Stieffel served with +Company K, 5th U.S. Infantry, 1858-1882.] + + + + +By Edgar M. Howell + +Hermann Stieffel, + +Soldier Artist +of the West + + + _A number of gifted artists painted the West and the colorful + Indian-fighting army of the post-Civil-War period, but since none + of these were military men their work lacked the viewpoint that + only a soldier could provide._ + + _German-born Hermann Stieffel, for 24 years a private in the U.S. + Infantry, painted a series of water colors while serving in the + Indian country in the 1860's and 1870's. Although Stieffel could + never be called talented, and certainly was untutored as an artist, + his unusually canny eye for the colorful and graphic and his + meticulous attention to detail have given us valuable pictorial + documentaries on the West during the Indian wars._ + + _The Author: Edgar M. Howell is curator of military history in the + United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution._ + +The American West has never wanted for artists with a high sense of the +documentary. Through the talented hands of men like George Catlin, Carl +Bodmer and Alfred Jacob Miller, Frederick Remington, and the cowboy +painter Charles M. Russell the trans-Mississippi regions have been +pictured as have few other areas on earth.[1] From historical and +ethnological standpoints these men made tremendous and timeless +contributions to our American heritage. But the West held an esthetic +fascination for the untutored and less talented as well, and not a few +soldiers, miners, stage drivers, and just plain adventurers recorded +their impressions on paper and canvas. Crude though many of these works +are, they are nonetheless significant, for they are a graphic record of +what these men saw, where they lived, and what they did, in many cases +the only record of particular places and events, for the camera of L. A. +Huffman and his colleagues did not come into its own until the late +1870's.[2] Without them we would have no description, graphic or +otherwise, of much of the West both before and after the Civil War--the +early trading posts and forts, the Oregon, Santa Fe, and Overland +Trails, the Bozeman Trail, the stage stations, all of which played a +part in the opening and development of the West.[3] + +[Illustration: Figure 2.--Attack on General Marcy's train near Pawnee +Fort, Kansas, September 23, 1867. The train was escorted by Company K, +5th U.S. Infantry, Brevet Major D. H. Brotherton commanding. (_USNM +384185; Smithsonian photo 38986-A._)] + +In 1946 the heirs of Lt. Col. David H. Brotherton, U.S. Army, an +Indian-fighting officer of many years experience on the frontier, +donated to the United States National Museum a collection[4] comprising +a number of Sioux Indian specimens, including a Model 1866 Winchester +carbine said to have been surrendered in 1881 to Colonel Brotherton by +the Sioux chief, Sitting Bull, and ten water colors by a German-born +private soldier, Hermann Stieffel of Company K, 5th U.S. Infantry. Nine +of these paintings (the tenth being a view of Rattenberg in the Tyrol +Alps) are photographically reproduced herein. They constitute an +unusually graphic and colorful, if somewhat unartistic, series of +documentaries on the West of the post-Civil-War Indian fighting period. + +It can be surmised that Brotherton obtained the paintings from Stieffel, +for from 1861 to 1879 he commanded the infantry company in which the +latter spent the entire 24 years of his Army career. Brotherton's career +itself is an interesting sidelight on the West of the period and an +excellent if somewhat sad commentary on the promotion system in the Army +during a period when the development of the West was so heavily +dependent on the Army's curbing Indian depredations. + +Brotherton was graduated from the U.S. Military Academy with the class +of 1854 along with several officers who later distinguished themselves +in the Confederate States Army, including George Washington Custis Lee, +son of Robert E. Lee, John Pegram, J. E. B. Stuart, Stephen D. Lee, and +William Dorsey Pender.[5] Assigned to the 5th Infantry, Brotherton by +1861 had risen to the rank of captain and had acquired considerable +experience against the Comanches and Apaches in the Southwest, the +Seminoles in Florida, and the Mormons in Utah. Electing to remain with +his regiment at the outbreak of the Civil War rather than resign and +enter a volunteer or militia unit where he easily might have risen to +general rank as did so many of his contemporaries, he remained a captain +in the Army until 1879 when a vacancy occurred and he was promoted to +major. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1883 after 29 years of +service, but only at the expense of transferring from his old regiment +to the 7th Infantry, where there was a vacancy at that rank. He retired +for disability in 1885 after 30 years of almost constant service in the +field. + +We know little of Stieffel the man. He was born in Wiesbaden, Germany, +in 1826, and became a printer by trade, indicating a fair amount of +education. He emigrated to this country at an unknown date and in +December 1857 at New York City enlisted in the Army as a private of +infantry. He was 31 years old at the time, and was described as being +five feet five and one-half inches tall with blue eyes, sandy hair, and +a fair complexion.[6] He remained a private for the entire time of his +military service. After recruit training at a general depot, he was +assigned to Company K, 5th Infantry, joining that unit late in August +1858 at Camp Floyd (later Fort Crittenden), Utah Territory, where the +regiment was an element of Col. Albert Sidney Johnston's "Army of Utah" +sent westward to police the recalcitrant Mormons.[7] + +Stieffel's record shows nothing of note until December 1859 when he was +court-martialed and fined.[8] This court-martial seemed to set the pace +for him. Although the precise charge on which he was tried is not +stated, in view of his later record it can be surmised that it was for +drunkenness--a very common offense in the frontier army--for in October +1861 Stieffel owed a sutler $27.95, a heavy debt for a day when a +private's net pay was less than $11.00 a month.[9] The debt remained +unpaid through 1862 and even increasing an additional $15.00. During +this period Stieffel also was in confinement on a number of occasions +for crimes or misdemeanors unspecified.[10] + +In 1860 the 5th Infantry was transferred from Utah southward to the +Department of New Mexico. It was here in 1862 that Stieffel saw his +first combat in Col. E. R. S. Canby's[11] Union force, which frustrated +the wild Confederate attempt under Brig. Gen. H. H. Sibley to invade the +present states of New Mexico and Arizona and conquer California.[12] +Captain Brotherton, Private Stieffel, and the remainder of Company K +fought in the sharp action at Valverde, New Mexico, on February 21, +1862, and evidently with some distinction as Brotherton was breveted +major for gallantry as a result of his unit's performance.[13] +Unfortunately for posterity, Stieffel did not record his impressions of +this little-known sideshow of the Civil War. + +[Illustration: Figure 3.--Satanta addressing the peace commissioners at +Council Grove, Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas. (_USNM 384183; Smithsonian +photo 38298._)] + +The Battle of Valverde was Stieffel's only experience in formal combat +so far as the record shows. After the final withdrawal of Sibley's force +into Texas whence it had come, the 5th Infantry turned its hand to +policing the Indians and was almost constantly in the field during the +period 1863-1866.[14] Stieffel, however, was seldom with his unit during +this time. When not on one of his frequent stays in the stockade, he was +on extra duty at the closest army hospital.[15] He continued on such +duty for most of the remainder of his service,[16] except for +confinements, a period of desertion, and necessary changes of station. + +Stieffel's exact unofficial status in Company K over the years is +difficult to account for. It is possible, though hardly probable, that +Captain Brotherton had developed a friendship with the German, which +might account for both his acquisition of the paintings and Stieffel's +extra-duty tours. But such is doubtful. Brotherton was a hardened +professional officer in an era when there was a far wider gap between +officer and enlisted man than exists today. There is no evidence that +Stieffel was a shirker. At the end of each enlistment he reenlisted and +always in Company K, and such reenlistment was subject to the company +commander's veto. It is probable that he was not a particularly good +soldier. But after the Civil War an army career in the ranks held little +glamor for the average young man and recruiting officers were hard put +to keep the ranks even partially filled, too often being forced to take +what they could get. The most plausible explanation is that since every +unit in the Army, then as today, was constantly called on for extra-duty +men, the company first sergeant just as constantly selected the +apparently agreeable Stieffel as the person whose absence was least +likely to weaken the combat readiness of the company. The arrangement +must have suited Brotherton, for he allowed it to continue for years. It +obviously suited Stieffel, for once he was placed more or less +permanently on such detail his periods of confinement ceased. Hospital +duty in that day and age was hardly arduous, and the discipline was +light. Also, it provided 25 cents a day extra pay. Thus, this duty gave +Stieffel time to paint and, if our surmise is correct, both the time and +the money for him to indulge his thirst. In any case, we are indebted to +this light duty that gave him the opportunity to paint. + +In September 1867 Company K left New Mexico for Fort Harker, Kansas, in +the Department of the Missouri, as escort for Brig. Gen. R. B. Marcy, an +old member of the 5th Infantry who was acting as inspector general for +troop units west of the Mississippi. On that march of something more +than 500 miles the column was sharply attacked near Fort Dodge on the +Arkansas River by a large force of Cheyenne believed led by Black +Kettle, and Stieffel had his second and last taste of combat. The action +must have impressed him, for it furnished the subject of the first of +his paintings (fig. 2). From Fort Harker, Company K escorted the Indian +peace commissioners to Council Grove on Big Medicine Lodge Creek for +their treaty meeting with the Kiowas, Apaches, Comanches, Cheyenne, and +Arapahoes in October. This historic meeting Stieffel witnessed and +depicted with considerable color and attention to detail (figs. 3, 4). + +[Illustration: Figure 4.--Camp of the peace commissioners at Medicine +Lodge Creek, Kansas. (_USNM 384184; Smithsonian photo 38298-A._)] + +After another period of hospital duty at Fort Harker (figs. 6, 7), +Stieffel went in the field, for what appears to have been the last time, +as a member of a wagon-train escort to Medicine Bluff, Indian Territory +(present day Oklahoma), where General Sheridan was establishing Fort +Sill on the southern edge of the Wichita Mountains.[17] This picturesque +overhang of Medicine Bluff Creek, a small tributary of the Red River, +was the subject of one of Stieffel's landscapes and perhaps his finest +single work (fig. 5). + +[Illustration: Figure 5.--The Wichita Mountains from Medicine Bluffs, +Indian Territory. (_USNM 384188; Smithsonian photo 42880._)] + +After this brief interlude in the wilderness, Stieffel went back to his +hospital work. Then in September 1873, following a change of station +for Company K from Harker to Fort Leavenworth, he went in desertion +until the following May, being restored to duty upon his return, rather +strangely, without trial but with loss of pay for the period of his +absence.[18] The only possible explanation for this leniency in a period +when court-martial sentences tended to severity could be that since +extra-duty men had to be furnished, Stieffel was worth more to the +company out of the stockade than in. With Indian unrest increasing every +man counted.[19] + +[Illustration: Figure 6.--Fort Harker, Kansas; east side. (_USNM 384187; +Smithsonian photo 42895._)] + +Following the Custer massacre on June 25, 1876, all posts in the +Department of the Missouri were virtually stripped of troops, among them +the 5th Infantry, and dispatched to the Department of Dakota in an +all-out attempt to bring the rampaging Sioux under control. But Stieffel +saw no action in the campaigns that followed. He was sick[20] and was +left behind on July 12 when Company K left Leavenworth for the northwest +for five years of almost continuous campaigning including numerous +actions with the Sioux and the campaign against the gifted Indian +tactician, Chief Joseph, and his Nez Perce. We could wish that Stieffel +had been present during the Nez Perce campaign, for he might have +pictured for us Nelson Miles and the 5th Infantry taking the surrender +of Joseph in the Bear Paw Mountains at the end of his epochal 1,600-mile +running fight.[21] + +Stieffel remained at Fort Leavenworth until 1877 when he rejoined his +regiment at Cantonment Tongue River, Montana Territory, renamed Fort +Keogh in 1879. At Keogh he was again placed on hospital extra-duty and +so remained until he was discharged June 23, 1882,[22] on a surgeon's +certificate of disability. After his discharge he retired to the +Soldier's Home in Washington where he died on December 14, 1886, at the +age of 60. He was buried in the National Cemetery on the Soldiers' Home +grounds.[23] + +Stieffel painted three scenes of Fort Keogh and vicinity--one of the +fort itself, one of Miles City across the Tongue River, and a landscape +of the Yellowstone River near Miles City (figs. 8-10). + + +The Paintings + +Chronologically, the first of the paintings (fig. 2) is that of the +Indian attack on General Marcy's train escorted by Company K on +September 23, 1867. This attack took place on the Arkansas River about +nine miles west of Cimarron Crossing, Kansas. It was an insignificant +action as such, similar to hundreds of other such fights in the West, +but, in the days of wet-plate photography and low-speed camera shutters, +the painting is significant as a rare eye-witness drawing and tells us +far more than might any written description. General Marcy's report is +somewhat cursory: + + Yesterday at about 9 o'clock a.m. as we were approaching a bluff + near the Arkansas River thirty-five miles above here we suddenly + discovered a great many Indians approaching us from various + different directions. I immediately halted our train and after + arranging our escort in proper order for action went forward. The + Indians circled around us at full speed firing as they ran but did + not come very near us. I would not allow our men to fire at the + long range, believing that the Indians would come nearer but they + did not. Some of the men fired and it is believed that two were + wounded as groups collected around them. They wounded Lt. Williams + severely in the leg and one soldier who has since died. + + Near the point where the affair occurred was a large train of + wagons en route to New Mexico with valuable freight. The train had + two hundred mules driven off by the Indians about twelve days ago, + and it had been guarded by twenty-five men since, and it is + probable that the Indians were there for the purpose of capturing + the train as they had been firing into it previous to our + arrival.[24] + +Stieffel tells us much more in his painting. Upon being attacked the +train has pulled off the road, visible in the left foreground, and +corralled. The horses remain hitched, witness to the suddenness of the +attack. That the Indians did not venture overly close, as stated by +Marcy, is indicated by the fact that Brotherton's men have not been +forced to take cover behind the wagons. That the Indians appear closer +than Marcy indicates is due to the artist's lack of perspective. They +are firing muzzle-loading rifles, several men being in the act of +ramming home charges. Stieffel is doubtless correct in this detail. The +Chief of Ordnance reported in October 1867 that nearly all the infantry +in the Departments of the Missouri and the Platte had been issued +breech-loaders.[25] It seems more than probable that Company K, in +transit as it was from the distant Department of New Mexico, had never +seen the new weapons. + +In the matter of uniform, Stieffel may have been indulging his fancy +somewhat when he pictured the men as wearing the long frock coat and +black campaign hat. A miscellany of dress with the short fatigue jacket +and kepi predominating would seem far more reasonable for an outfit +which had just finished six rough years in the desert Southwest and was +even then nearing the end of a 500-mile march. The artist, as did most +observers of the period, has patently overestimated the number of +Indians who must have carried firearms in the attack. Fully 50 percent +or more of the Indians are pictured as so armed, a point +which--understandable as it may be in the case of an observer +participating in what may well have been his first Indian fight--is not +borne out by the record. In the Fetterman Massacre of the previous +December, of the 81 white men killed only six bore gunshot wounds,[26] +and the best evidence indicates that the force which overwhelmed Custer +on the Little Big Horn River in 1876 was at least 50 percent armed with +bow and arrow.[27] Then again, General Marcy's report would seem to bear +this out. Had the Indians been well armed, the freight wagon train, +which Stieffel pictures corralled in the right background, could hardly +have held out for twelve days against a force estimated at 300 or more +warriors defended by only 25 men, at least a part of whom were Mexicans +described by Marcy as badly frightened.[28] The soldier in the center +background making a dash for the corralled wagons is probably a flanker +cut off by the sudden attack, possibly the Lt. Williams who was wounded, +since only officers in the infantry were mounted. The group of Indians +around the fire (in the right centerground) cannot be accounted for. + +[Illustration: Figure 7.--Fort Harker, Kansas; south side. (_USNM +384186; Smithsonian photo 38986._)] + +Stieffel's two pictures of the meeting of the Government's peace +commissioners with the Indians at the general tribal rendezvous on Big +Medicine Lodge Creek in October 1867 (figs. 3, 4) are his most important +from a historical standpoint, especially the one of Satanta, the Kiowa +chief, addressing the meeting.[29] + +Indian unrest during and immediately after the Civil War caused by the +ever-increasing white migration to the West had grown to such +proportions that in 1867 the Congress launched an all-out effort to +establish a lasting peace on the frontier. The plan was to persuade the +warring tribes to sign treaties whereby they would move onto +reservations where they would be undisturbed by the whites and, in turn, +would cease to molest the frontier settlements.[30] The Indians +concerned with the Medicine Lodge treaty were the Kiowa, Comanche, +Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe. This treaty is unusually important, as +it changed the entire status of these tribes from that of independence +with free and unrestricted range over the entire plains area to that of +dependence on the Government with confinement to the limits of a +reservation with constant civilian and military supervision. For the +Indians it was the beginning of the end. + +[Illustration: Figure 8.--Fort Keogh, Montana. (_USNM 384189; +Smithsonian photo 37925._)] + +Upon its arrival at Fort Harker following the action of September 23, +Company K had been assigned as escort for the commissioners, thus +Stieffel's presence at Council Grove. It was a colorful gathering, with +some 5,000 Indians on hand. First came a series of speeches. Then the +treaty was drawn up and explained to the Indians. They were to retire to +assigned reservations, cease attacking the whites, and permit railroads +to be built across the plains. In return the reservations were to be +closed to the white buffalo hunters and the tribes were to be issued +certain annuities and provided with farming implements, seeds, churches, +and schools. In short, the Indians were to be forced to "walk the white +man's road." + +When the turn came for the Indians to reply, several chiefs responded, +the most notable being the Kiowa chief, Satanta, or "White Bear" (fig. +11), one of the most remarkable individuals in his tribe's history. +Speaking for all, Satanta made an unusually strong impression on most of +those present, Stieffel among them, for this is the incident which he +chose to depict[31] (fig. 3). + +Satanta is pictured in the act of speaking to the commissioners, three +of whom can be identified as the military members, Generals Terry, +Augur, and Harney from left to right,[32] plus one of the civilian +commissioners, possibly N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. A +daring and successful warrior, Satanta's eloquence and vigor of +expression had already won for him the title "Orator of the Plains." +Every feature on his strong face, every line, showed his character--a +forceful, untamable savage of a tribe as well known for its lack of +honor, gratitude, and general reliability as for its bravery.[33] With +great dignity and impact he first denounced bitterly and scornfully the +killing for mere sport of a number of buffalo near the council site by +some troopers of the 7th Cavalry: + + Has the white man become a child, that he should recklessly kill + and not eat? When the red men slay game, they do so that they may + live and not starve. + +In direct relation to the treaty, he continued with obvious sincerity: + + I love the land and the buffalo.... I don't want any of the + medicine lodges [schools and churches] within the country. I want + the children raised as I was.... I have heard that you intend to + settle us on a reservation near the mountains. I don't want to + settle. I love to roam over the prairies. There I am free and + happy, but when we settle down we grow pale and die.... A long + time ago this land belonged to our fathers; but when I go up to the + river I see camps of soldiers on its banks. These soldiers cut down + my timber; they kill my buffalo; and when I see that my heart feels + like busting. + +Little wonder Stieffel and all those present were impressed. It is +appropriate to add that neither the Indians nor the Government of the +United States observed the provisions of this treaty. + +[Illustration: Figure 9.--Miles City, Montana. (_USNM 384190; +Smithsonian photo 37925-B._)] + +The remainder of Stieffel's paintings have no such impact as the earlier +ones, but nonetheless they are important, especially for their almost +meticulous detail of camp and post life and terrain in the West. In that +of the camp of peace commissioners he accurately depicts the various +types of tentage of the Army at the time--the small slanting wall tents +of the enlisted men, the wall tents of the individual officers, the +large wall headquarters and officers' mess tents, and the familiar +Sibleys, one of which is obviously being used for the guard. The escort +wagons and ambulances are regulation transport of the period. The artist +has even included a sentry walking post at the ration dump with fixed +bayonet, a sound precaution against sticky red fingers. Two Indian +camps are shown in the background, and the Indians, as would befit the +atmosphere of a treaty council, are moving freely through the military +camp to the apparent unconcern of the military. + +[Illustration: Figure 10.--The Yellowstone River near Fort Keogh, +Montana. (_USNM 384191; Smithsonian photo 37925-A._)] + +The landscape of the Wichita Mountains from Medicine Bluffs (fig. 5) on +the present-day Fort Sill reservation is noteworthy as a terrain sketch +to anyone who has served at that post. I have ridden over this country +many times, and the undulating prairie, the meandering of Medicine +Creek, the Bluffs themselves--over the highest of which (left +centerground) the Apache Geronimo did _not_ ride his horse with the 7th +Cavalry in full cry behind--Mount Hinds and lofty Mount Scott are +remarkable in their accuracy when one considers that the painting must +have been done from sketches made when Stieffel was on escort detail to +the Indian Territory in 1869.[34] + +The two views of Fort Harker, Kansas (figs. 6, 7), now Ellsworth, must +have been painted during 1870 and 1871 while Stieffel was on extra duty +as a hospital attendant there. From an artistic standpoint they are the +poorest of his work. His detail, however, more than compensates for any +deficiencies as a draftsman and gives us an excellent concept of the +physical layout and daily routine of a small post in the Southern +Plains. The two views are from the east and south, and complement one +another nicely. Headquarters, officers' quarters, and barracks, all of +typical clapboard construction, are readily discernible, as are the +stables, the latter being the long unfenestrated buildings. Even the +barrack privies, an outdoor bake oven alongside a mess hall, and +earth-covered powder magazines can be easily identified. The long rows +of cordwood for cooking and heating were to be seen on any post of the +period. In the view from the east (fig. 6) may be seen a detail of +cavalrymen with led horses moving out for animal exercise past the camp +of a transient unit with its standard tentage and transport. The high +white paling fence is difficult to place, being either an animal +corral, in which case it would be much too high, or a forage yard, since +no hay piles are visible elsewhere. Stieffel seems to have been +considerably fascinated by the railroad (fig. 7) with its accompanying +telegraph line running southwest of the fort, for again he paints in +some detail, although this time with an almost childish conception. The +"U.P.R.W.E.D." which he so carefully letters in identifies the line as +the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division.[35] The naming of the +engine "Osage" was as typical of the period as the naming of individual +commercial aircraft is today. + +[Illustration: Figure 11.--Kiowa Chief Satanta, or White Bear. +(_Smithsonian photo BAE 1380-A._)] + +The last three paintings (figs. 8-10) fall in the period of Stieffel's +service at Fort Keogh in the Department of Dakota. The fort, named for +Captain Miles Keogh (who died with Custer in the Little Big Horn +massacre) and originally called Cantonment Tongue River, was located at +the confluence of the Tongue and Yellowstone Rivers near present-day +Miles City, Montana. + +The pictures of both the fort (fig. 8) and Miles City (fig. 9) are +subject to check against extant photographs; they are amazing in their +detail and accuracy. The over-all layout of the fort conforms, and such +minute details as the gable windows and chimneys of the officers' +quarters on the left of the parade ground and the two-story verandas on +the enlisted barracks opposite are absolutely correct.[36] The familiar +stables, corral, wood piles, and hay piles--the latter surrounded by a +stone wall as protection against grass fire in the dry months--are +readily discernible (fig. 8). The low stone buildings and corral in the +right centerground probably are part of the original structures of +Cantonment Tongue River. The small shacks to the left of them probably +are the homes of the civilian hangers-on who founded Miles City in 1876 +after being ejected from the post by Col. Nelson Miles, the commander of +the 5th Infantry. The first site of Miles City can be seen in the upper +right corner on the banks of the Tongue. The town was moved across the +river in 1877. The mounted drill in the foreground is difficult to +explain in a period when and in an area where the troops were almost +constantly in the field under combat conditions. Perhaps it is mere +window dressing by the artist. It is entirely possible, however, that +Stieffel has pictured elements of his own regiment, which was mounted +from 1877 until after the surrender of Sitting Bull in 1881. Being +basically infantry they would be most in need of training in mounted +tactics. Then again, these could be legitimate cavalry whose commander +thought had wandered too far from regulation movements during the +unorthodox winter warfare they had been waging against the Indians. + +The view of Miles City (fig. 9) has little importance in a military +sense, but it is a fine contemporary view of a frontier town of the +period. It is probably the product of a spring afternoon Stieffel spent +along the banks of the Tongue. It was painted before 1880--a wooden +bridge had replaced the ferry by that year[37]--and probably as early as +1878, for the town grew rapidly and Stieffel pictures only two streets, +Main and Park, running at right angles. The town is correctly placed in +a grove of cottonwoods, and low to the river as evidenced by the almost +annual flooding of the streets.[38] Structures which can be readily +identified, reading from left to right on Main Street, are the Diamond D +corral visible near the ferry landing; the town stockade which Stieffel +has either misplaced or which was later moved; Major Bochardt's store, +the white two-story building; Broadwater, Hubbel and Co., the brown +two-story structure next right; the Cottage Saloon at the corner of Main +and Park Streets, just to the right of the flag pole; and Morris Cahn's +drygoods emporium on Park Street, in the right centerground, that can be +identified by Cahn's name on the false front.[39] + + +A Note on Stieffel's Indians + +In seven of his nine paintings Stieffel has executed his Indian subjects +in colorful detail and with some care. Although he apparently did not +know his subjects well enough to distinguish them by tribe, he does +depict them in typical dress of the period. Many of them are wearing +German silver ornaments of various designs about their necks, on strips +of flannel attached to their hair pigtail-like, or as arm bands. At +least four are wearing hair-pipe breast plates, a fact of interest to +ethnologists,[40] and several wear the comical, Puritan style, tall +black hats issued as annuity goods. The red and blue robes are of +trades-good flannel, as probably are the leggings. Two wear buffalo +robes with the skin side out and the hair side rolled over at the +shoulder.[41] Two, in the Fort Keogh picture (fig. 8) and the +Yellowstone River landscape (fig. 10), wear robes of the familiar, +colorfully striped Hudson Bay blanketing material. Arms are +conventional--bows, quivered arrows, and pipe tomahawks, with a +scattering of firearms. In the Yellowstone River landscape one +discrepancy should be pointed out--the canoe; the Northern Plains +Indians seldom used water transport, and then generally only in the form +of rafts. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: For George Catlin, Gustavus Sohon, and George Gibbs, see: +John C. Ewers, "Gustavus Sohon's Portraits of Flathead and Pend +d'Oreille Indians, 1854," _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, vol. +110, no. 7, 1948; "George Catlin, Painter of Indians and the West," in +_Annual Report of the ... Smithsonian Institution ... 1955_, 1956, pp. +483-528; Marvin C. Ross, _George Catlin, Episodes from Life Among the +Indians and Last Rambles_, Norman, Okla., Univ. Oklahoma Press, 1959; +Harold McCracken, _George Catlin and the Old Frontier_, New York, Dial +Press, 1959; David I. Bushnell, Jr., "Drawings by George Gibbs in the +Far Northwest, 1849-1851," _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, vol. +97, no. 8, 1938. + +For Alfred Jacob Miller, see: Bernard DeVoto, _Across the Wide +Missouri_, Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1947; Marvin C. Ross, editor, +_The West of Alfred Jacob Miller_, Norman, Okla., Univ. Oklahoma Press, +1951. + +For Frederick Remington and Charles Russell, see: Harold McCracken, +_Frederick Remington, Artist of the Old West_, Philadelphia, Lippincott, +1947, and _The Charles M. Russell Book; the Life and Work of the Cowboy +Artist_, Garden City, Doubleday, 1957.] + +[Footnote 2: See: Mark H. Brown and W. R. Felton, _The Frontier Years. +L. A. Huffman, Photographer of the Plains_, New York, Henry Holt and +Co., 1955; Martin F. Schmitt and Dee Brown, _Fighting Indians of the +West_, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948.] + +[Footnote 3: An excellent group of these crude on-the-spot drawings and +paintings is reproduced in Grace Raymond Hebard and E. A. Brininstool, +_The Bozeman Trail_, 2 vols., Cleveland, The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1922.] + +[Footnote 4: No. 173740 in the U.S. National Museum.] + +[Footnote 5: The information on Brotherton's career has been culled +from: _Register of Graduates and Former Cadets United States Military +Academy, 1802-1946_, New York, The West Point Alumni Foundation, Inc., +1946; Francis B. Heitman, _Historical Register and Dictionary of the +United States Army_, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903, vol. +1; George W. Cullum, _Biographical Register of the Officers and +Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy_, Boston, 1891-1930, vol. 3.] + +[Footnote 6: Enlistment papers of Hermann Stieffel dated December 17, +1857, Adjutant General's Records, National Archives, Washington.] + +[Footnote 7: Theo F. Rodenbough and William L. Haskin, _The Army of the +United States_, New York, Maynard, Merrill & Co., 1896, pp. 471-472; +Remarks on Muster Roll, Company K, 5th Infantry (hereinafter cited as +Muster Roll, Co. K), August 31, 1858, Adjutant General's Records, +National Archives, Washington.] + +[Footnote 8: Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), December 31, +1859.] + +[Footnote 9: In 1861 a private's pay was $13.00 per month with $2.00 +withheld until expiration of his enlistment and $.12-1/2 withheld for +support of the U.S. Soldiers' Home at Washington. (_U.S. Army +Regulations_, 1861.)] + +[Footnote 10: Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), October 31, +1861; December 31, 1861; April 30, 1862; June 30, 1862; December 31, +1862; February 28, 1863; April 30, 1863; February 28, 1864; June 30, +1864.] + +[Footnote 11: Canby was murdered by the Modoc Captain Jack in 1873 while +engaged in a peace conference.] + +[Footnote 12: For details of these operations, see: _The War of the +Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies_, 130 +vols., Washington, War Department, 1880-1901, ser. 1, vol. 9, pp. +487-522.] + +[Footnote 13: _Ibid._, ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 2, p. 1246.] + +[Footnote 14: Rodenbough and Haskin, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), p. 472; +Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), April 30, 1863; June 30, +1864; October 31, 1865.] + +[Footnote 15: The first note of such duty is in Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. +cit._ (footnote 7), February 28, 1863.] + +[Footnote 16: See Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), +1863-1882. The muster rolls were submitted bimonthly.] + +[Footnote 17: _Ibid._, June 30, 1868; February 28, 1869; April 30, +1869.] + +[Footnote 18: _Ibid._, December 31, 1869; September 30, 1873; June 30, +1874.] + +[Footnote 19: Company K was almost at full strength at the time, +mustering 58 enlisted men of the 60 authorized. _Ibid._, September 30, +1873; _Official Army Register for January 1874_, Washington, Adjutant +General's Office, 1874, p. 260B.] + +[Footnote 20: Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), August 31, +1876.] + +[Footnote 21: Frederick Remington has pictured this surrender for us, +but he was not an eye witness.] + +[Footnote 22: Muster Roll, Co. K, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), August 31, +1878, to June 30, 1882; Certificate of Disability for Discharge, Private +Hermann Stieffel, April 8, 1882, Adjutant General's Records, National +Archives. The date of June 23, given on the Muster Roll, was apparently +that on which the discharge received final approval in Washington.] + +[Footnote 23: There is no record of Stieffel's ever having been a member +of the Soldiers' Home, but the Home's records for the 1880's are very +incomplete. However, his discharge gives his forwarding address as that +institution, and there is definite record of the date of his death and +interment there.] + +[Footnote 24: Report of Brig. Gen. R. B. Marcy, September 24, 1867, +document no. 1,000, AGO, Department of Missouri, vol. 4, 1867, Civil War +Branch, National Archives.] + +[Footnote 25: _Report of Chief of Ordnance, 1867_, Washington, War +Department, 1868.] + +[Footnote 26: George Bird Grinnell, _The Fighting Cheyenne_, New York, +Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915, p. 235.] + +[Footnote 27: Frazier and Robert Hunt, _I Fought With Custer: The Story +of Sergeant Windolph_, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947, p. 92. +For an excellent discussion of Indian armament at this period, see John +E. Parsons and John S. DuMont, _Firearms in the Custer Battle_, +Harrisburg, The Stackpole Company, 1953.] + +[Footnote 28: Marcy's report, _op. cit._ (footnote 24).] + +[Footnote 29: Jack Howland, artist for _Harper's Weekly_, also pictured +Satanta speaking to the commissioners, and with more accuracy in that +all the civilian commissioners are visible, but his pictures lack the +color and drama of Stieffel's work. See: _Harper's Weekly_, November 16, +1867.] + +[Footnote 30: The records of this treaty meeting are contained in the +Office of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, National Archives. The final +treaties are reproduced in _Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties_, vol. 2, +Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903, pp. 754-764.] + +[Footnote 31: There are several accounts of this. The best, in the +opinion of the writer, is in James Mooney's "Calendar History of the +Kiowa Indians," _17th Annual Report of the Bureau of American +Ethnology_, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1898, pp. 181-186, +206-210.] + +[Footnote 32: See photo taken at later date by Alexander Gardner, Still +Picture Branch, National Archives.] + +[Footnote 33: An interesting sidelight on Satanta: In the spring of 1867 +he accepted a complete general officer's uniform from General Hancock at +Fort Dodge and reciprocated shortly afterwards by attacking the post +while decked out in his new dress.] + +[Footnote 34: Detail and orientation check closely with map of Fort +Sill, Oklahoma, sheet 6353 III NW, scale 1:25,000, Army Map Service.] + +[Footnote 35: This was identified in Engineer Files, Cartographic +Branch, National Archives.] + +[Footnote 36: An over-all photographic view of the post is in Still +Picture Branch, National Archives. For photos of the officers' quarters +and barracks, see Brown and Felton, _op. cit._ (footnote 2), pp. 98, +128.] + +[Footnote 37: See photo in Brown and Felton _op. cit._ (footnote 2), p +135.] + +[Footnote 38: _Ibid._, pp. 137, 140.] + +[Footnote 39: _Ibid._, pp. 157, 163, and end paper map.] + +[Footnote 40: Ewers, _op. cit._ (footnote 1), pp. 58-61, 1948.] + +[Footnote 41: Lower right in the Council Grove scene and in the +foreground of the Fort Keogh picture.] + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hermann Stieffel, Soldier Artist of +the West, by Edgar M. 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