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diff --git a/36128-h/36128-h.htm b/36128-h/36128-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea188bd --- /dev/null +++ b/36128-h/36128-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2152 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Grand Teton National Park (1937), by United States Department of the Interior. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2.5em; + padding-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +ul {list-style-type: none;} + +li {list-style-type: none;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Grand Teton [Wyoming] National Park, by +United States Dept. of the Interior + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Grand Teton [Wyoming] National Park + +Author: United States Dept. of the Interior + +Release Date: May 17, 2011 [EBook #36128] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAND TETON [WYOMING] *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Diane Monico, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;"> +<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="393" height="600" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1> +Grand Teton<br /> +<small>[WYOMING]</small><br /> +National Park</h1> + +<p class="title">United States Department of the Interior<br /> +<i>Harold L. Ickes, Secretary</i><br /><br /> + +NATIONAL PARK SERVICE<br /> +<i>Arno B. Cammerer, Director</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="200" height="202" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="title">UNITED STATES<br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br /> +WASHINGTON: 1937 +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="DO_YOU_KNOW_YOUR_NATIONAL_PARKS" id="DO_YOU_KNOW_YOUR_NATIONAL_PARKS"></a>DO YOU KNOW YOUR NATIONAL PARKS?</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">ACADIA, MAINE.—Combination of +mountain and seacoast scenery. Established +1919; 24.08 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">BRYCE CANYON, UTAH.—Canyons +filled with exquisitely colored pinnacles. +Established 1928; 55.06 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">CARLSBAD CAVERNS, N. MEX.—Beautifully +decorated limestone caverns +believed largest yet discovered. Established +1930; 15.56 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">CRATER LAKE, OREG.—Astonishingly +beautiful lake in crater of extinct +volcano. Established 1902; 250.52 +square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">GENERAL GRANT, CALIF.—Celebrated +General Grant Tree and grove +of Big Trees. Established 1890; 3.96 +square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">GLACIER, MONT.—Unsurpassed alpine +scenery; 200 lakes; 60 glaciers. +Established 1910; 1,533.88 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">GRAND CANYON, ARIZ.—World's +greatest example of erosion. Established +1919; 1,009.08 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">GRAND TETON, WYO.—Most spectacular +portion of Teton Mountains. +Established 1929; 150 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS, N. C.-TENN.—Massive +mountain uplift +covered with magnificent forests. +Established for protection 1930; 617 +square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">HAWAII: ISLANDS OF HAWAII AND +MAUI.—Volcanic areas of great interest, +including Kilauea, famous for +frequent spectacular outbursts. Established +1916; 245 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">HOT SPRINGS, ARK.—Forty-seven hot +springs reserved by the Federal Government +in 1832 to prevent exploitation of +waters. Made national park in 1921; +1.58 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">LASSEN VOLCANIC, CALIF.—Only +recently active volcano in continental +United States. Established 1916; 163.32 +square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">MAMMOTH CAVE, KY.—Interesting +caverns, including spectacular onyx cave +formation. Established for protection +1936; 38.34 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">MESA VERDE, COLO.—Most notable +cliff dwellings in United States. Established +1906; 80.21 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">MOUNT McKINLEY, ALASKA.—Highest +mountain in North America. +Established 1917; 3,030.46 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">MOUNT RAINIER, WASH.—Largest +accessible single-peak glacier system. +Established 1899; 377.78 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">PLATT, OKLA.—Sulphur and other +springs. Established 1902; 1.33 square +miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">ROCKY MOUNTAIN, COLO.—Peaks +from 11,000 to 14,255 feet in heart of +Rockies. Established 1915; 405.33 +square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">SEQUOIA, CALIF.—General Sherman, +largest and perhaps oldest tree in the +world; outstanding groves of Sequoia +gigantea. Established 1890; 604 square +miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">SHENANDOAH, VA.—Outstanding +scenic area in Virginia section of Blue +Ridge. Established 1935; 275.81 square +miles.</p> + +<p class="i4"><a name="WIND_CAVE" id="WIND_CAVE"></a>WIND CAVE, S. DAK.—Beautiful +cavern of peculiar formations. No stalactites +or stalagmites. Established 1903; +18.47 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">YELLOWSTONE: WYO.-MONT.-IDAHO.—World's +greatest geyser area, +and an outstanding game sanctuary. +Established 1872; 3,471.51 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">YOSEMITE, CALIF.—Valley of world-famous +beauty; spectacular waterfalls; +magnificent High Sierra country. Established +1890; 1,176.16 square miles.</p> + +<p class="i4">ZION, UTAH.—Beautiful Zion Canyon +1,500 to 2,500 feet deep. Spectacular +coloring. Established 1919; 148.26 +square miles.</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="RULES_AND_REGULATIONS" id="RULES_AND_REGULATIONS"></a>RULES AND REGULATIONS</h2> + + +<p>The Park Regulations are designed for the protection of the natural +beauties as well as for the comfort and convenience of visitors. The following +synopsis is for the general guidance of visitors, who are requested to +assist in the administration of the park by observing them. Copies of the +complete rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior +for the government of the park may be obtained at the office of the +superintendent and at other points of concentration throughout the park.</p> + +<p>The destruction, injury, defacement, or disturbance of any buildings, +signs, equipment, trees, flowers, vegetation, rocks, minerals, animal, bird, +or other life is prohibited.</p> + +<p>Camps must be kept clean. Rubbish and garbage should be burned. +Refuse should be placed in cans provided for this purpose. If no cans are +provided where camp is made, refuse should be buried.</p> + +<p>Do not throw paper, lunch refuse, or other trash on the roads and trails. +Carry until the same can be burned in camp or placed in receptacle.</p> + +<p>Fires shall be lighted only when necessary and when no longer needed +shall be completely extinguished. No lighted cigarette, cigar, match, or +other burning material shall be thrown from any vehicle or saddle animal +or dropped into any leaves, grass, twigs, or tree mold. Smoking or the +building of fires may be prohibited by the superintendent when the hazard +makes such action necessary.</p> + +<p>The hunting, killing, wounding, frightening, capturing, or attempting to +capture any wild bird or animal is prohibited. Firearms are prohibited +within the park except with the written permission of the superintendent.</p> + +<p>When fishing, avoid closed waters. Except where otherwise posted, the +limit for a day's catch is 10 fish. The possession of more than 2 days' catch +at any one time is prohibited. Fishing in any way other than with hook +and line is prohibited.</p> + +<p>Still- and motion-picture cameras may be freely used by amateurs in the +park for general scenic purposes.</p> + +<p>No pictures for commercial use may be taken without special permission +from the superintendent.</p> + +<p>All mountain climbers must report at a ranger station before and after +making the ascent of any peak. No solo climbs are permitted in this +park.</p> + +<p>Drive carefully at all times. Muffler cut-outs must be kept closed. +Speed limits must be observed. All accidents must be reported at the +nearest ranger station or to the office of the superintendent.</p> + +<p>The penalty for violation of the rules and regulations is a fine not exceeding +$500, or imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or both, together with +all costs of the proceedings.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Government is not responsible for accidents of any nature.</i></b></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Events" id="Events"></a>Events<br /> +<small>OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE</small></h2> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="events"> +<tr><td align="right"> 1807-8</td><td align="left">Discovery of the Tetons by John Colter.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1811</td><td align="left">The Astorians crossed Teton Pass.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1810-45</td><td align="left">"The Fur Era" in the Rocky Mountains, which reached its height between 1825 and 1840.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1829</td><td align="left">Capt. William Sublette named Jackson Hole after his partner in the fur trade, David Jackson.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1832</td><td align="left">Rendezvous of the fur trappers in Pierres Hole; the Battle of Pierres Hole.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1835</td><td align="left">Rev. Samuel Parker conducted the first Protestant service in the Rocky Mountains a few miles south of the Tetons.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1843</td><td align="left">Michaud attempted an ascent of the Grand Teton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1860</td><td align="left">Jim Bridger guided Capt. W. F. Reynolds' expedition through the Teton country.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1872</td><td align="left">William H. Jackson, with a geological party of the Hayden survey in the Tetons, secured the first photographs of these famous landmarks.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1877</td><td align="left">The Hayden survey party of Orestes St. John made geological studies in the Tetons.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1879</td><td align="left">Thomas Moran painted the Teton Range.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1884</td><td align="left">The first settlers entered Jackson Hole.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1897</td><td align="left">Teton Forest Reserve created.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1898</td><td align="left">The first major Teton peaks scaled (Buck Mountain and Grand Teton).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1909</td><td align="left">The Upper Gros Ventre landslide.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1925</td><td align="left">The Lower Gros Ventre landslide.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1927</td><td align="left">The Gros Ventre flood.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1929</td><td align="left">Grand Teton National Park created and dedicated.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1930</td><td align="left">The last major Teton peaks scaled (Nez Perce and Mount Owen).</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a>Contents</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">History of the Region</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Geographic Features</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Teton Range</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Jackson Hole</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Work of Glaciers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Trails</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mountain Climbing</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wildlife</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Trees and Plants</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Naturalist Service</td><td align="right"><a href="#NATURALIST_SERVICE">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fishing</td><td align="right"><a href="#FISHING">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Swimming</td><td align="right"><a href="#SWIMMING">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hunting</td><td align="right"><a href="#HUNTING">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dude Ranches</td><td align="right"><a href="#DUDE_RANCHES">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">How to Reach the Park</td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_TO_REACH_THE_PARK">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> By Automobile</td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_TO_REACH_THE_PARK">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> By Railroad</td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_TO_REACH_THE_PARK">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> By Airplane</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Points of Interest Along the Way</td><td align="right"><a href="#POINTS_OF_INTEREST_ALONG_THE_WAY">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Accommodations and Expenses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Public Campgrounds</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Saddle Horses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Boating</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Guide Service</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Photographs</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Motor Transportation</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bibliography</td><td align="right"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Government Publications</td><td align="right"><a href="#GOVERNMENT_PUBLICATIONS">30</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2><a name="Images" id="Images"></a>List of Images</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="loi"> + +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#TEEWINOT_ACROSS_JENNY_LAKE">TEEWINOT ACROSS JENNY LAKE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#GRAND_TETON_NATIONAL_PARK_MAP">GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK MAP</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#TEEWINOT_THE_GRAND_TETON_AND_MOUNT_OWEN_FROM_THE_NORTHEAST">TEEWINOT, THE GRAND TETON, AND MOUNT OWEN FROM THE NORTHEAST</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#NORTH_VIEW_OF_TETONS">NORTH VIEW OF TETONS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#PROFILE_OF_THE_YELLOWSTONE_GRAND_TETON_REGION">PROFILE OF THE YELLOWSTONE-GRAND TETON REGION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#A_CREVASSE_IN_TETON_GLACIER">A CREVASSE IN TETON GLACIER</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#WINTER_SCENE_IN_THE_TETONS">WINTER SCENE IN THE TETONS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ALONG_THE_TRAIL_AT_THE_HEAD_OF_CASCADE_CANYON">ALONG THE TRAIL AT THE HEAD OF CASCADE CANYON</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THE_ICY_WATERS_OF_CASCADE_CANYON">THE ICY WATERS OF CASCADE CANYON</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#TEEWINOT_AND_THE_GRAND_TETON_FROM_A_HIGH_MOUNTAIN_SLOPE">TEEWINOT AND THE GRAND TETON FROM A HIGH MOUNTAIN SLOPE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#BULL_ELK">BULL ELK</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THE_SNOW_CAPPED_TETONS_LOOK_DOWN_ON_BEAUTIFUL_WILD_FLOWER_FIELDS">THE SNOW-CAPPED TETONS LOOK DOWN ON BEAUTIFUL WILD-FLOWER FIELDS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#THE_TETON_RANGE_MIRRORED_IN_JACKSON_LAKE">THE TETON RANGE MIRRORED IN JACKSON LAKE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#AREAS_ADMINISTERED_BY_THE_NATIONAL_PARK_SERVICE">AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 458px;"> +<a name="TEEWINOT_ACROSS_JENNY_LAKE" id="TEEWINOT_ACROSS_JENNY_LAKE"></a> +<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="458" height="600" alt="TEEWINOT ACROSS JENNY LAKE + +Crandall photo." title="TEEWINOT ACROSS JENNY LAKE + +Crandall photo." /> +<span class="caption">TEEWINOT ACROSS JENNY LAKE<br /> + +Crandall photo.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GRAND_TETON" id="GRAND_TETON"></a>GRAND TETON<br /> +<i><small>National Park</small></i></h2> + +<p class="center">OPEN FROM JUNE 1 TO OCTOBER 15</p> + + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Grand Teton National Park</span> embraces the most scenic portion +of the Teton Range of Wyoming, with an area of approximately 150 +square miles, or 96,000 acres. It varies from 3 to 9 miles in width +and is 27 miles in length. The northern extremity of the park is about +11 miles south of the southern boundary of Yellowstone National Park. +This park was established by President Coolidge on February 26, 1929.</p> + +<p>In addition to its sublime peaks and canyons, the Grand Teton National +Park includes six large lakes and many smaller bodies of water, glaciers, +and snowfields, and extensive forests of pine, fir, spruce, cottonwood, and +aspen. However, much of the park area is above timber line (10,500 feet), +the Grand Teton rising to more than 7,000 feet above the floor of Jackson +Hole.</p> + +<p>The great array of peaks which constitutes the scenic climax of this +national park is one of the noblest in the world. It is alpine in the truest +sense. Southwest of Jenny Lake is a culminating group of lofty peaks +whose dominating figure is the Grand Teton, the famous mountain after +which the park takes its name. The resemblance of this group, whose +clustered, tapering spires tower aloft to a height of thousands of feet and +are hung with never-melting snowfields, to a vast cathedral, must suggest +itself to every observer.</p> + +<p>However widely traveled, visitors viewing the Tetons for the first time +confess that the beauty of this park and the rugged grandeur of its mountains +come to them as a distinct revelation. This is amply proved by the +increasingly large number of visitors who return summer after summer to +spend their vacations in the Grand Teton National Park. The recreational +possibilities of these mountains, they have found, are practically limitless. +Here they may camp on the lakes, swim and fish, ride or hike the trails,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +engage in the strenuous sport of mountaineering, or—if their needs and +wishes so dictate—simply relax and rest.</p> + +<p>The Grand, Middle, and South Tetons comprise the historic <i>Trois Tetons</i>, +which were noted landmarks to the trappers and explorers of the early +nineteenth century. The Three Tetons are seen to best advantage from +the west and southwest. As the observer's viewpoint is shifted, the major +peaks change greatly in outline and relative position, but despite this fact +one soon learns to recognize each.</p> + +<p>Eleven peaks are of such boldness and prominence that they receive +rank as major peaks. In order of descending altitude they are: Grand +Teton, 13,766 feet; Mount Owen, 12,922; Middle Teton, 12,798; Mount +Moran 12,594; South Teton, 12,505; Mount Teewinot, 12,317; Buck +Mountain, 11,923; Nez Perce, 11,900; Mount Woodring, 11,585; Mount +Wister, 11,480; and Mount St. John, 11,412.</p> + +<p>In addition to the 11 major peaks there are an even larger number of +lesser prominence and altitude, such as Cloudveil Dome, 12,026 feet; +Eagle Rest, 11,257; Prospectors Mountain, 11,231; Mount Rockchuck, +11,150; Table Mountain, 11,075; Bivouac Peak, 11,045; Rendezvous Peak, +10,924; Fossil Mountain, 10,912; Rolling Thunder, 10,902; Mount Hunt, +10,775; Symmetry Spire, 10,546; and Storm Point, 10,040, as well as a +host of nameless pinnacles and crags which serve still further to make the +Teton skyline the most jagged of any on the continent. The larger lakes +of the park—Leigh, String, Jenny, Bradley, Taggart, and Phelps—all lie +close to the foot of the range and, like beads, are linked together by the +sparkling, tumbling waters of Cottonwood Creek and neighboring streams. +Nestled in dense forests outside the mouths of canyons, these lakes mirror +in their quiet depths nearby peaks whose pointed summits rise with sheer +slopes a mile or more above their level.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 625px;"> +<a name="GRAND_TETON_NATIONAL_PARK_MAP" id="GRAND_TETON_NATIONAL_PARK_MAP"></a> +<a href="images/image004a.jpg"><img src="images/image004.jpg" width="625" height="800" alt="GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK MAP" title="GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK MAP" /> +</a><span class="caption">GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK MAP<br />(click on map for enlarged view)</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HISTORY_OF_THE_REGION" id="HISTORY_OF_THE_REGION"></a>HISTORY OF THE REGION</h2> + + +<p>Many of our national parks have been carved from wilderness areas +previously little known to man and but seldom visited. The Tetons, on +the contrary, are remarkably rich in historic associations. The Grand +Teton itself has been referred to by an eminent historian as "the most +noted historic summit of the West."</p> + +<p>Up to the beginning of the last century Indians held undisputed sway +over the country dominated by the Three Tetons. Then, as now, Jackson +Hole was literally a happy hunting ground, and, while the severe winters +precluded permanent habitation, during the milder seasons, bands of Indians +frequently came into the basin on hunting or warring expeditions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +They represented many tribes, usually hostile to each other. The dreaded +Blackfeet, the Crows, the Nez Perce, the Flatheads, the Shoshoni, and +others. There is little reason to believe that these Indians ever invaded +the more rugged portions of the Tetons, but it is certain they regularly +crossed the range, utilizing the several passes.</p> + +<p>The Tetons probably first became known to white men in 1807-8, when +the intrepid John Colter crossed the range, presumably near Teton Pass +on the memorable journey which also made him discoverer of the Yellowstone +country. In 1811 the Astorians, under Wilson Price Hunt, entered +Jackson Hole by the Hoback Canyon and, failing in an attempt to navigate +the Snake River, likewise crossed the Teton Range in the vicinity of Teton +Pass, continuing thence to the mouth of the Columbia, where the trading +post, Astoria, was founded. The Tetons also figure in the adventures of +the returning Astorians in 1812. In Washington Irving's classic account +of the Astorian expedition (Astoria, published in 1836) the name "Tetons" +first appears in literature.</p> + +<p>The decades which follow may truly be referred to as "the Fur Era", for +the Tetons became the center of remarkable activities on the part of fur +trappers representing both British and American interests, the former by +the Northwest and Hudson's Bay Companies, the latter by a succession of +companies operating out of St. Louis, Mo. "It was the trio of peaks so distinctively +presented from the west and southwest that made the Tetons +famous as landmarks among the roving trappers who, guiding their courses +by these easily recognized summits, singly or in groups passed over Teton +Pass and through Pierres Hole in their seasonal migrations to and from their +remote hunting grounds." Could these ancient monuments speak they +would make known some of the most interesting events in the annals of +the fur trade. For this was the paradise of the trapper. In every direction +meandered the streams along which he pursued his trade, and nearby were +the valleys where the rival companies gathered in annual conclave to fight +the bloodless battles of their business. There is scarcely an acre of open +country in sight of it that has not been the scene of forgotten struggles with +the implacable Blackfeet, while far and near, in unknown graves, lie many +obscure wanderers of whose lonely fate no record survives. Captain +Bonneville, Father DeSmet, Rev. Samuel Parker, Jedediah Smith, Bridger, +Kit Carson, David Jackson (after whom Jackson Hole and Jackson Lake +were named), Sublette, Joe Meek—these are names to conjure with in +western history. These and many others equally distinguished appear in +the records of the Teton country, particularly in the third and fourth +decades of the century. The 1832 rendezvous of the American trappers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +was held in Teton Basin, then known as "Pierre's Hole", at the west base +of the Tetons. It was attended by many of the most famous trappers of +the time, and furnished occasion for the Battle of Pierre's Hole, a notable +engagement between the trappers and Gros Ventres.</p> + +<p>The picturesque name "Jackson Hole" dates back to 1829, in which year +Capt. William Sublette so named it after his fellow trapper, David E. +Jackson, who was especially partial to this beautiful valley. The term +"hole" was used by the trappers of that period in much the same sense as +is the word "basin" today, being applied to any mountain-girt valley.</p> + +<p>In the 1840's the value of beaver skins declined and with it the fur trade. +By 1845 the romantic trapper of "the Fur Era" had vanished from the +Rockies—not, however, without having won for himself an imperishable +place in American history. During the next four decades the valleys near +the Tetons were largely deserted, except for wandering bands of Indians +that still occasionally drifted in. But the frontier was relentlessly closing +in, and one Government expedition after another passed through the Teton +country or skirted its borders. Most important of these were the Hayden +surveys, which in 1871, 1872, 1877, and 1878 sent parties into the region. +The names of several members of the 1872 expedition are perpetuated in +connection with Leigh, Jenny, Bradley, and Taggart Lakes. Orestes St. +John, geologist with the 1877 Hayden party, and the great artist, Thomas +Moran, who in 1879 went with a military escort to paint the Tetons, are +similarly remembered in the names of two of the principal peaks. To this +transition period also belong the earliest prospectors of Jackson Hole, as +well as several famous big-game hunters who came here in search of +trophies—forerunners of the hundreds of hunters who now annually invade +this region.</p> + +<p>In the middle eighties came the first settlers. They entered by the Gros +Ventre River and Teton Pass, and to begin with naturally settled in the +south end of the hole. Here as elsewhere the story of the homesteader has +been one of isolation, privations, and hardships, met, however, with persistency +and indomitable courage. Nor is the story confined to the past, +for maintaining a livelihood amongst these mountains still calls for resourcefulness, +fortitude, and—not infrequently—even heroism.</p> + +<p>History, here, is still in the making. Teton Forest Reserve was not +created until 1897; the railroad reached Victor in 1912; the Jackson Lake +Dam was finished in 1914; many of the roads and bridges of the region were +constructed within the past decade; and the Grand Teton National Park +was created in 1929. The detailed exploration of the range and the conquest +of its high peaks have taken place in relatively recent years, and since +1929 trails have been built which for the first time make the Tetons really +accessible to the public.</p> + +<p>In later paragraphs will be found an account of the mountaineering +history of the Tetons. And so the dramatic human story of these mountains +is brought down to the present.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="TEEWINOT_THE_GRAND_TETON_AND_MOUNT_OWEN_FROM_THE_NORTHEAST" id="TEEWINOT_THE_GRAND_TETON_AND_MOUNT_OWEN_FROM_THE_NORTHEAST"></a> +<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="800" height="504" alt="TEEWINOT, THE GRAND TETON, AND MOUNT OWEN FROM THE NORTHEAST" title="TEEWINOT, THE GRAND TETON, AND MOUNT OWEN FROM THE NORTHEAST" /> +<span class="caption">TEEWINOT, THE GRAND TETON, AND MOUNT OWEN FROM THE NORTHEAST</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GEOGRAPHIC_FEATURES" id="GEOGRAPHIC_FEATURES"></a>GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES</h2> + + +<h3>THE TETON RANGE</h3> + +<p>On the Jackson Hole side the Teton Range presents one of the most precipitous +mountain fronts on the continent. Except for Teton Pass, at its +southern end, the range is practically an insuperable barrier. Forty miles +in length, it springs abruptly from Jackson Hole and only a few miles west +of its base attains elevations of more than 13,000 feet above the sea. Thus +most of the range is lifted above timber line into the realm of perpetual +snow, and in its deeper recesses small glaciers still linger. The grandeur +of the beetling gray crags, sheer precipices, and perennial snow fields, +is vastly enhanced on this side by the total absence of foothills and by +contrast with the relatively flat floor of Jackson Hole, from which they +are usually viewed.</p> + +<p>The Teton Range may be described as a long block of the earth that has +been broken and uplifted along its eastern margin, thus being tilted westward. +Movement of this sort along a fracture is what the geologist terms +"faulting." The total amount of uplift along the eastern edge of the block +amounts to more than 10,000 feet. Doubtless this uplift was accomplished +not by one cataclysm but by a series of small faulting movements distributed +over a very long period. Probably the time of faulting was as remote as +the middle of the Tertiary period (the period just before the Ice Age, the +latest chapter of the earth's history).</p> + +<p>Very impressive is the contrast between the east and west sides of the +Teton Range. From the east, the Jackson Hole side, one views the precipitous +side of the mountain block as it has been exposed by uplift and +erosion. From the west, the Idaho side, is seen the broad top of the block, +which is gently inclined toward the west. In the eastern front, furthermore, +one sees the ancient, deep-seated crystalline rocks (gneiss, schist, and +pegmatite) belonging to the earliest known geologic eras, the pre-Cambrian. +In places on the top of the block, at the head of Death and Avalanche +Canyons, for example, are seen the inclined layers of limestone, quartzite, +and shale belonging to the less ancient Paleozoic era. These layers +formerly covered the entire block, but they have been worn away +from half of the area, thus exposing the underlying crystallines. The west +and north flanks of the range are overlapped by relatively young beds +of lava that are continuous with those covering eastern Idaho and the +Yellowstone plateaus.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="NORTH_VIEW_OF_TETONS" id="NORTH_VIEW_OF_TETONS"></a> +<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="800" height="503" alt="NORTH VIEW OF TETONS" title="NORTH VIEW OF TETONS" /> +<span class="caption">NORTH VIEW OF TETONS</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + +<h3>JACKSON HOLE</h3> + +<p>Jackson Hole, which adjoins the park on the southeast, is one of the most +sequestered valleys in the Rockies, encompassed on all sides as it is by +mountain barriers. It is 48 miles long, for the most part 6 to 8 miles wide, +and embraces an area of more than 400 square miles. The floor of the +valley slopes from an altitude of 7,000 feet at the north end to 6,000 at +the south. Jackson Hole lies a few miles west of the Continental Divide, +and occupies the central portion of the headwaters area of the Snake River. +Mountain streams converge radially toward it from the surrounding highlands, +and the Snake River receives these as it flows through the valley.</p> + +<p>Jackson Hole has largely been excavated by the Snake River and its +tributaries from the shale formations which once extended over the region +to a depth of several thousand feet. Rocks surrounding the region, being +more resistant, were reduced less rapidly and therefore have been left +standing in relief as highlands.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WORK_OF_GLACIERS" id="THE_WORK_OF_GLACIERS"></a>THE WORK OF GLACIERS</h2> + + +<p>Here, as in several other national parks, the glaciers of the Ice Age, +known to the geologist as the Pleistocene period, played a leading role in +developing the extraordinary scenic features. Just as the streams now converge +toward Jackson Hole, so in ages past glaciers moved down toward, +and in many instances into, the basin from the highlands to the east, north, +and west. Detailed study has shown that the Ice Age was not a single, +simple episode, but is divisible into "stages"—glacial stages, during which +extensive ice fields formed, and interglacial stages, during which these were +largely or wholly withdrawn. The duration of each is to be thought of +in terms of tens of thousands of years. In Jackson Hole, three glacial and +two interglacial stages have been recognized. Only the most recent glacial +stage need concern us here, the other two having occurred so long ago that +their records are much obscured.</p> + +<p>This stage ended but yesterday, geologically speaking, and to it is due +much of the grandeur of the region. In the Teton Range every canyon +from Phillips northward contained a glacier, and many of these reached +eastward to the base of the range where they spread widely upon the floor +of Jackson Hole. Where Jackson Lake now is there lay a great, sluggish +field of ice resulting from the confluence of adjacent alpine glaciers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>Moraines, outwash plains, and lakes are easily recognizable features that +originated during the latest glacial stages, and most of the peaks and +canyons were greatly modified.</p> + +<p>Moraines are deposits of debris, piled up by the ice itself. Such are the +heavily wooded, hummocky embankments which rest along the base of the +mountains from Granite Canyon northward, rising in some cases 200 or +300 feet above the floor of Jackson Hole and heaped with enormous +boulders quarried by the ice far back in the range.</p> + +<p>With two exceptions each of the large moraines incloses a lake. In this +way Phelps, Taggart, Bradley, Jenny, Leigh, and Jackson Lakes originated; +all ranged along the western border of Jackson Hole. No lakes were +formed along the eastern border, inasmuch as on this side no glaciers extended +beyond their canyons. String Lake is dammed in part by a gravel fill.</p> + +<p>Outwash plains are the deposits formed by streams which, during the Ice +Age, issued from the glaciers. Of this origin are the broad, cobble-strewn +flats, usually overgrown with sage, which cover the floor of Jackson Hole. +They are diversified by bars, abandoned stream channels, terraces and +"pitted plains", features of exceptional interest to one who examines them +in detail. Several isolated buttes—Signal, Blacktail, and the Gros Ventre +Buttes—rise like islands a thousand feet or more above these flats.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="PROFILE_OF_THE_YELLOWSTONE_GRAND_TETON_REGION" id="PROFILE_OF_THE_YELLOWSTONE_GRAND_TETON_REGION"></a> +<img src="images/image007.jpg" width="800" height="317" alt="PROFILE OF THE YELLOWSTONE-GRAND TETON REGION" title="PROFILE OF THE YELLOWSTONE-GRAND TETON REGION" /> +<span class="caption">PROFILE OF THE YELLOWSTONE-GRAND TETON REGION</span> +</div> + +<p>Each canyon gives evidence of the vigor with which the glacier it once +contained gouged out its channel. In many places the rock of the broad +floors and steep sides is still remarkably polished. Every canyon leads up +to one or more amphitheaters, or cirques, with sheer bare walls hundreds +of feet high. Tracing these ice-gouged canyons headward one will discover +many rock-rimmed lakelets, some hung on precipitous mountain sides +where one might be pardoned for asserting that no lake could possibly exist.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<a name="A_CREVASSE_IN_TETON_GLACIER" id="A_CREVASSE_IN_TETON_GLACIER"></a> +<img src="images/image008.jpg" width="300" height="524" alt="A CREVASSE IN TETON GLACIER + +Crandall photo." title="A CREVASSE IN TETON GLACIER + +Crandall photo." /> +<span class="caption">A CREVASSE IN TETON GLACIER<br /> + +Crandall photo.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<a name="WINTER_SCENE_IN_THE_TETONS" id="WINTER_SCENE_IN_THE_TETONS"></a> +<img src="images/image009.jpg" width="300" height="524" alt="WINTER SCENE IN THE TETONS + +Copyright, Crandall." title="WINTER SCENE IN THE TETONS + +Copyright, Crandall." /> +<span class="caption">WINTER SCENE IN THE TETONS<br /> + +Copyright, Crandall.</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TRAILS" id="TRAILS"></a>TRAILS</h2> + + +<p>An unbroken wilderness a few years ago, the Grand Teton National Park +is now penetrated by some of the finest trails in the national-park system. +These trails, suitable alike for travel afoot or on saddle horses, are 3 to 4 +feet wide, free of boulders, and of grade so moderate they may be followed +by old or young with full safety and a minimum of physical exertion. While +the trails are traversable during the greater part of the summer, some of +them may be blocked by snow early in the season. Those visitors expecting +to climb the high trails should inquire at park headquarters or the office at +the museum at Jenny Lake for information regarding the condition of the +high trails.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Lakes Trail</i></b> runs parallel to the mountains, following closely the +base of the range and skirting the shore of each large body of water from +Leigh Lake at the north to Phelps Lake at the south. It makes accessible +the most important lakes, canyons, and peaks of the park, and is naturally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +the one from which all expeditions into the range begin. One can encircle +by trail either Jenny Lake or String Lake, the hike around the former being +one of the most popular in the park.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Canyon Trails</i></b> described below are spur trails extending westward +from the Lakes Trail, back into the most rugged areas in the Teton Range. +Intervening canyons have been left in their splendid wildness.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Teton Glacier Trail</i></b> extends up the east slope of the Grand Teton +to two alpine lakes, Surprise and Amphitheater, at altitudes close to 10,000 +feet. By means of the 17 switchbacks on this trail the hiker or horseman +climbs to a point on the face of the Grand Teton, 3,000 feet above the floor +of the valley, throughout this ascent enjoying matchless panoramas of the +entire Jackson Hole country, and witnesses a view extending eastward +80 miles to the Wind River Mountains, whose peaks and glaciers are +sharply outlined against the horizon. Amphitheater Lake, at the end of the +trail, occupies a protected glacial cirque and is the starting point for Teton +Glacier, the most accessible of the ice fields, three-fourths of a mile northwest +from the end of the trail. Though seasoned hikers make the climb +from Jenny Lake to the glacier by way of this trail, one can, if he chooses, +take horses as far as Amphitheater Lake, and continue on foot with a guide +over to the glacier.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Indian Paintbrush Trail</i></b> starts near the outlet of Leigh Lake and +follows up the bottom of Indian Paintbrush Canyon to connect with the +Cascade Canyon Trail by way of Lake Solitude, a lakelet of rarest beauty +at timber line near the head of the north fork of Cascade Canyon. The +wealth of wild flowers along this trail gives name to the canyon, and early +or late in the day one may see big game, especially moose, near the lakes +and swamps. This trail affords superb views of Jackson and Leigh Lakes +eastward beyond the mouth of the canyon, and westward along the Divide +glimpses of snowclad ridges and peaks.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Cascade Canyon Trail</i></b> passes through a chasm whose walls rise +sheer on either side for thousands of feet. By this trail one penetrates into +the deepest recesses of the Tetons. It skirts the base of several of the +noblest peaks, Teewinot, Mount Owen, Table Mountain, and the Three +Tetons, and it enables one to see these titans not only at close range but +from new and impressive angles. Lake Solitude may be reached by means +of this trail, by taking the Cascade Canyon-Indian Paintbrush loop trail +leading up the north fork of Cascade Canyon.</p> + +<p><b><i>The Death Canyon Trail</i></b> traverses the full length of a canyon which in +its lower portion is of profound depth and grandeur, as awesome as its +name, but which above opens into broad, sunny meadows. No canyon +better illustrates the difference between the rugged, alpine landscapes +developed in the crystalline rock of the Teton east border and the softer +contours formed in the sedimentary strata to the west, near the Divide.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="ALONG_THE_TRAIL_AT_THE_HEAD_OF_CASCADE_CANYON" id="ALONG_THE_TRAIL_AT_THE_HEAD_OF_CASCADE_CANYON"></a> +<img src="images/image010.jpg" width="800" height="502" alt="ALONG THE TRAIL AT THE HEAD OF CASCADE CANYON + +Grant photo." title="ALONG THE TRAIL AT THE HEAD OF CASCADE CANYON + +Grant photo." /> +<span class="caption">ALONG THE TRAIL AT THE HEAD OF CASCADE CANYON<br /> + +Grant photo.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<p><b><i>The Skyline Trail</i></b> is that portion of the trail system which connects the +Indian Paintbrush, Cascade Canyon, and Death Canyon Trails. Following +down the north fork, then up the south fork of Cascade Canyon, it +crosses the head of Avalanche Canyon to Alaska Basin, in the western +watershed of the Tetons, thence over a high saddle on Buck Mountain and +down a series of switchbacks to join the Death Canyon Trail. This trail +takes the hiker, or rider, through alpine meadows to rugged cliffs and ledges +above timber line from which can be viewed to the westward the valleys +and mountains of Idaho, as well as the Wyoming country to the east as far +as the Wind River Range. In traversing this loop one completely encircles +the three Tetons and adjacent high peaks, viewing them from all sides, and +learns to know them with an intimacy impossible to the visitor who contents +himself with distant views.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MOUNTAIN_CLIMBING" id="MOUNTAIN_CLIMBING"></a>MOUNTAIN CLIMBING</h2> + + +<p>Among American climbers no range enjoys higher rank than the Tetons, +and its growing fame abroad is evidenced by increasingly large numbers +of foreign mountaineers who come here to climb. Leading mountaineers +unhesitatingly rank many of the Teton climbs with the best in the Alps and +other world-famous climbing centers. Though the majority of climbs must +be considered difficult even for mountaineers of skill and wide experience, +there are several peaks, notably the Middle Teton, South Teton, and Mount +Woodring, which have relatively easy routes that may be safely followed +by anyone of average strength.</p> + +<p>Although the conquest of the Tetons has largely been accomplished +within the decade just closed, the beginnings of mountaineering go back +nearly a century. Naturally the Grand Teton was first to be challenged +and the Wyoming historian, Coutant, records that in 1843 a French +explorer, Michaud, with a well-organized party, attempted its ascent but +was stopped short of the summit by unscalable cliffs. It is possible that +even earlier white men—trappers and explorers—matched their strength +and strategy against this peak or others in the Tetons, but if so their efforts +have gone unrecorded. From the period of the Hayden surveys in the +seventies, accounts of several attempts have come down to us, and one +party, consisting of N. P. Langford and James Stevenson, purported to +have reached the summit on July 29, 1872. This claim to first ascent has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +been generally discredited because of the serious discrepancies between +Langford's published account and the actual conditions on the peak as +now known. In 1891 and again in 1897 William O. Owen, pioneer +Wyoming surveyor, headed attempts to reach the summit which likewise +failed. Finally in 1898 a party sponsored by the Rocky Mountain Club, +of Colorado, and comprising Owen, Bishop Franklin S. Spalding, John +Shive, and Frank Petersen, on August 11 discovered the traverse which, +700 feet beneath the summit, leads around the northwest face and so +opens up a clear route to the top.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 383px;"> +<a name="THE_ICY_WATERS_OF_CASCADE_CANYON" id="THE_ICY_WATERS_OF_CASCADE_CANYON"></a> +<img src="images/image011.jpg" width="383" height="600" alt="THE ICY WATERS OF CASCADE CANYON + +Copyright, Crandall." title="THE ICY WATERS OF CASCADE CANYON + +Copyright, Crandall." /> +<span class="caption">THE ICY WATERS OF CASCADE CANYON<br /> + +Copyright, Crandall.</span> +</div> + +<p>The conquest of the Grand Teton achieved, public interest waned and a +quarter century elapsed before the peak was again scaled. In 1923 two +parties retraced the route of 1898, and each year thereafter numerous +ascents have been made. In recent years as many as 30 to 40 parties +have climbed the peak each summer.</p> + +<p>Repeated efforts were made to achieve the summit of the Grand Teton by +routes other than the traditional one, and in 1929 one of these resulted in +a successful ascent of the east ridge by Kenneth A. Henderson and Robert +L. M. Underhill. In 1931 no less than three additional routes were discovered: +the southwest ridge was climbed by Glenn Exum; the southeast ridge +by Underhill, Phil Smith, and Frank Truslow; and the north face by +Underhill and Fritiof Fryxell. In 1936 a second route up the extremely +hazardous north face was established by Paul and Eldon Petzoldt and Jack +Durrance. Thus, six wholly distinct routes have been employed on this +mountain, though only the traditional route and possibly the southwest +ridge can be recommended to any except most expert alpinists.</p> + +<p>Within the last decade other peaks in the range have come in for more +and more attention. This they richly deserve, since from both a scenic and +mountaineering standpoint many of them are worthy peers of the Grand +Teton itself. Mount Moran, Mount Owen, Teewinot, Nez Perce, and the +Middle Teton comprise a mountain assemblage which, for nobility of +form and grandeur, would be difficult to equal anywhere.</p> + +<p>So far as known, Buck Mountain, most southerly of the "Matterhorn +peaks", was the first major peak in the range to be scaled, the ascent being +made early in 1898 by the topographical party of T. M. Bannon. +Thereafter no important ascents were made until 1919, when LeRoy +Jeffers scaled the lower summit of Mount Moran. The main summit of +this peak was first climbed in 1922 by L. H. Hardy, Ben C. Rich, and +Bennet McNulty. In 1923 A. R. Ellingwood climbed both the Middle and +South Tetons on the same day, on the South Teton being accompanied by +Eleanor Davis. In 1928 Mount Wister was climbed by Phil Smith and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Oliver Zierlein; in 1929 Teewinot and Mount St. John by Fryxell and +Smith; in 1930 Nez Perce by Fryxell and Smith; and Mount Owen by +Underhill, Henderson, Fryxell, and Smith. With the ascent of Mount +Owen the conquest of the major peaks, begun so many years before, was at +length completed.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the minor peaks were by no means neglected, the first +ascents being made principally since 1929 by the climbers whose names +have already been mentioned. As in the case of the Grand Teton, a +variety of routes have been worked out on almost all of the major and +minor peaks. Between 1929 and 1931 the important summits of the range +were equipped with standard Government register tubes and register +books, in which climbers may enter records of their ascents. The story +of the conquest of the Tetons is told in a book entitled "The Teton Peaks +and Their Ascents." (See Bibliography.)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="TEEWINOT_AND_THE_GRAND_TETON_FROM_A_HIGH_MOUNTAIN_SLOPE" id="TEEWINOT_AND_THE_GRAND_TETON_FROM_A_HIGH_MOUNTAIN_SLOPE"></a> +<img src="images/image012.jpg" width="800" height="534" alt="TEEWINOT AND THE GRAND TETON FROM A HIGH MOUNTAIN SLOPE" title="TEEWINOT AND THE GRAND TETON FROM A HIGH MOUNTAIN SLOPE" /> +<span class="caption">TEEWINOT AND THE GRAND TETON FROM A HIGH MOUNTAIN SLOPE</span> +</div> + + +<h3>SUGGESTIONS TO CLIMBERS</h3> + +<p>Since 1931 authorized guide service has been available in the park. In +view of the difficulties one encounters on the Teton peaks and the hazards +they present, prospective climbers—especially if inexperienced—are urged +to make use of the guide service. If venturing out unguided, climbers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +should under all circumstances consult rangers or guides for full information +relative to routes and equipment. Failure to heed this caution has, in the +past, led to accidents and even fatalities. Climbing parties <i>are required, +under all circumstances</i>, to report at either park headquarters or Jenny Lake +Ranger Station before and after each expedition, whether guided or +unguided. <i>Climbing alone, without a companion, is absolutely prohibited.</i></p> + +<p>The climbing season varies with the amount of snow in the range and the +character of the weather, but ordinarily it extends from the middle of June +to the end of September, being at its best during July, August, and early +September. In most cases it is advisable to allow 2 days for an ascent of the +Grand Teton, Mount Owen, or Mount Moran, and one day for the other +major peaks. Jenny Lake Campground is the logical outfitting point for +most expeditions; it is close to the peaks and the sources of supply as well. +For most ascents the usual alpine equipment—ice axes, rope, and hobbed +boots or climbing shoes—is essential. In the case of guided parties arrangements +for renting equipment may be made with the guides.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WILDLIFE" id="WILDLIFE"></a>WILDLIFE</h2> + + +<p>For a great many years Jackson Hole has been famed for its big game, and +to those who wish to see wild animals the expenditure of a little time in +favorable localities usually will reveal them.</p> + +<p>The visitor should not be disappointed if he does not see animals from his +automobile as he drives through the park. In most cases the roads have +been built so as to avoid going through localities inhabited by wildlife for +fear of frightening it and driving it away.</p> + +<p>Within the actual confines of the park, Shiras' moose is the most common +big game animal, and it is frequently seen in the smaller ponds and marshy +meadows. Though the moose is the largest member of the deer family, it +is not as wary as the deer and is comparatively easy to see.</p> + +<p>Mule deer are increasing in the park, as well as in the rest of Jackson Hole. +Though quite shy, they are often seen along the many miles of trail which +are accessible to both rider and hiker.</p> + +<p>The elk, or wapati, have been the most important of the big game animals +in Jackson Hole, at least since the occupancy of white men; and they have +done much to make the valley known to the world. Their history constitutes +one of the most interesting chapters in the story of the valley. Not +many years ago as the winter range of the elk was more and more taken up +by the cattleman and rancher, depriving the elk of the areas where they +might find winter forage not too deeply covered by winter snow, it became +apparent that something must be done to save these magnificent animals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +Toward this end a Government ranch was established near the town of +Jackson, where the elk could be fed during the winter months. The preservation +of the Jackson Hole elk herd is now assured.</p> + +<p>In the spring elk leave the low country and the Government feed grounds +and move toward the high country in Yellowstone Park and south of it, +on Big Game Ridge, the Thorofare Plateau, and in the mountains east of +Jackson Hole. A small herd summers in the north end of the Teton Range. +With snowfall in the high country, the elk again move down until by +November or December they are back on the feed grounds.</p> + +<p>A small herd of bighorns, or Rocky Mountain sheep, ranges in the Teton +Mountains. Large numbers of bighorns are found, however, in the mountains +east and south of Jackson Hole.</p> + +<p>In the park there are many smaller mammals, among them the marmot, +or "rockchuck", whose shrill whistling makes his presence known at all +altitudes from the valley floor to the peak summits. Marmots make interesting +pets, and tame ones are not uncommon. Like bears, marmots +hibernate through the winter.</p> + +<p>Conies (pikas) are common throughout the rock slides, where these little +animals find numerous refuges. They are guinea-piglike creatures, usually +grayish in color and 7 or 8 inches long. In the rock slides one may find the +little hay piles which they make of the plants growing nearby. Though very +little is known concerning the winter habits of these alpine animals, it is +probable that they do not hibernate but during the winter live on their +stored hay and what additional food is to be found under the snow.</p> + +<p>Bears are found only in the mountains and canyons of the park. <i>They do +not invade the campgrounds.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="BULL_ELK" id="BULL_ELK"></a> +<img src="images/image013.jpg" width="800" height="358" alt="BULL ELK + +Photo by Crandall." title="BULL ELK + +Photo by Crandall." /> +<span class="caption">BULL ELK<br /> + +Photo by Crandall.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<p>That most interesting of smaller mammals, the beaver, is common, and it +is not difficult to find the houses and dams which they have built. In the +campgrounds are pine squirrels, chipmunks, ground squirrels, and mice. +Mink, marten, otter, weasels, coyotes, badgers, fox, and lynx also are found +in the park.</p> + +<p>The Grand Teton National Park offers much to the bird student. +Though the region is old in history, it is new in possibilities of avian observation, +and the seeker finds types from those which inhabit the arid sagebrush +plains to those which spend their lives in the frigid atmosphere far +above timber line.</p> + +<p>In number, there are more than 100 species, a variety which will keep any +ornithologist busy for as long as his stay permits. A list of 93 species was +made during June and July 1933, and at least 3 more species were added +in 1934. Many of these are easily studied within a few hundred yards of +the Jenny Lake Ranger Station.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TREES_AND_PLANTS" id="TREES_AND_PLANTS"></a>TREES AND PLANTS</h2> + + +<p>In several respects the flora of the Tetons is unique. The high mountains +have constituted a barrier to plant migration which many forms could not +cross; hence the range limit of a number of plants is found here. Representatives +from north, south, east, and west are found in this general region, +this being the limit, in many instances, of their distribution. There are +many plants typical of the central Rockies, and a few known only to this +range. Five life zones are recognized within the park, all occurring in a +distance of less than 15 miles. Plants migrating from other regions have +grown equally well in each zone.</p> + +<p>The flowering period begins in the park as soon as the ridges and flats +are free of snow in May, and it continues until about August 15 in the +Arctic-Alpine Zone. Hence, plants of at least one zone and usually of +several may be seen blooming at any time in the spring or summer.</p> + +<p>The evergreen trees form an appropriate frame for the majestic Teton +peaks and are reflected in the beautiful lakes which they encircle.</p> + +<p>Lodgepole pine is the most common tree, covering the floor of the valley +and extending up the mountains to about 8,000 feet. The pines may be +easily distinguished from the other evergreens by the long slender needles +occurring in bundles. Lodgepole has two needles in each bundle. Trees of +this species were extensively used by the Indians for lodge poles.</p> + +<p>Whitebark pine is the tree of timber line; the occasional specimens found +at a lower elevation are usually dwarfed. Needles occur five in each bundle; +cones 2 to 3 inches long and almost ovate; the tree is much-branched and +of medium size.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="THE_SNOW_CAPPED_TETONS_LOOK_DOWN_ON_BEAUTIFUL_WILD_FLOWER_FIELDS" id="THE_SNOW_CAPPED_TETONS_LOOK_DOWN_ON_BEAUTIFUL_WILD_FLOWER_FIELDS"></a> +<img src="images/image014.jpg" width="800" height="503" alt="THE SNOW-CAPPED TETONS LOOK DOWN ON BEAUTIFUL WILD-FLOWER FIELDS + +Copyright, Crandall." title="THE SNOW-CAPPED TETONS LOOK DOWN ON BEAUTIFUL WILD-FLOWER FIELDS + +Copyright, Crandall." /> +<span class="caption">THE SNOW-CAPPED TETONS LOOK DOWN ON BEAUTIFUL WILD-FLOWER FIELDS<br /> + +Copyright, Crandall.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> +<p>Douglas tree has been called "Douglas spruce", "Douglas fir", and "red +fir"; however, it is neither a spruce nor a fir but is worthy of separate distinction. +One needle; cones 2 to 4 inches long; a three-lobed bract projects +from beneath each scale of the cone, a very distinctive character; common +at middle elevations.</p> + +<p>Alpine fir grows from the base of the mountains to timber line; at high +altitudes it is dwarfed and sprawling. One needle, flat; cones 2 to 3 inches +long, scales paper-like; tree usually pyramidal and beautifully symmetrical.</p> + +<p>Engelmann spruce is the largest tree in the park, and is usually found +growing in moist places and near the lakes and streams. One needle, square +in cross section, stiff and sharp; cones 2 to 3 inches long, scales papery.</p> + +<p>Blue spruce is not common and is found only in the Snake River bottoms. +The form found here is not typical, lacking the blue cast. One needle, +square in cross section, stiff and sharp; cones 3 to 5 inches long, scales +papery.</p> + +<p>Creeping juniper is not common. It is a prostrate form, lacking definite +trunk. Leaves awllike, one-half inch long or less, stiff and sharp, spreading +from the twigs; fruit, berrylike.</p> + +<p>Aspen is the most common deciduous tree of the valley, growing on the +slopes up to about 8,000 feet. The leaves are on very slender stalks and the +slightest breeze puts them into motion, hence the popular names "Quaking +asp" and "Quaking aspen." Leaves rounded, 1 to 3 inches broad, with +a slender stalk of about the same length; bark smooth and whitish.</p> + +<p>Balsam poplar is found along some of the stream banks and is the largest +deciduous tree of the park. Leaves about 3 inches long and 2 inches broad, +longer than the stalk; bark smooth on the young trees, becoming rough as +the trees get older. The small seed pods contain many seeds, to each of +which is attached a tuft of white hair or "cotton"; hence one of the common +names, "Cottonwood."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NATURALIST_SERVICE" id="NATURALIST_SERVICE"></a>NATURALIST SERVICE</h2> + + +<p>At Jenny Lake is located the park museum, which also serves as the +ranger station. In it are housed exhibits pertaining to the history, geology, +fauna, and flora of the Teton-Jackson Hole country. The collection devoted +to mountaineering is in many respects unique. Adjacent to the +museum is an open-air amphitheater where campfire talks on geology, +wildlife, and other subjects related to the park are given every evening at +dusk by a ranger-naturalist. A nature walk, auto caravan, or all-day hike +is conducted each day by a member of the ranger-naturalist staff.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="THE_TETON_RANGE_MIRRORED_IN_JACKSON_LAKE" id="THE_TETON_RANGE_MIRRORED_IN_JACKSON_LAKE"></a> +<img src="images/image015.jpg" width="800" height="494" alt="THE TETON RANGE MIRRORED IN JACKSON LAKE + +Copyright, Crandall." title="THE TETON RANGE MIRRORED IN JACKSON LAKE + +Copyright, Crandall." /> +<span class="caption">THE TETON RANGE MIRRORED IN JACKSON LAKE<br /> + +Copyright, Crandall.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<p>An information desk is maintained at the museum, and rangers are there +at all hours of the day to answer inquiries. Information service is also +maintained at park headquarters.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FISHING" id="FISHING"></a>FISHING</h2> + + +<p>Grand Teton Park offers splendid opportunities for fishing. Fish may +be taken with the artificial fly during most of the summer, but the lake or +mackinaw trout which are present in Jackson and Jenny Lakes must be +lured with bait and caught with heavy tackle by means of trolling. Other +species of trout in park waters are the cutthroat (also known as native, red-throat, +and blackspotted) and the brook or speckled trout. The park +waters are being stocked through the cooperation of the United States +Bureau of Fisheries. A Wyoming fishing license, costing $1.50 for State +residents and $3 for nonresidents, is required. For $1.50, however, nonresidents +may secure a 5-day fishing permit.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SWIMMING" id="SWIMMING"></a>SWIMMING</h2> + + +<p>Jenny and Leigh Lakes offer opportunities for those who enjoy lake +bathing. A small beach of clean white sand at the end of the Leigh Lake +Road is especially frequented by bathers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HUNTING" id="HUNTING"></a>HUNTING</h2> + + +<p>Jackson Hole has long been a noted hunting country, and under Wyoming +laws elk, deer, sheep, moose, and bear may be hunted in the mountains +east and south of Jackson Hole. Parties interested in hunting should +consult the local game warden or the State Fish and Game Department at +Cheyenne, Wyo., for information as to licenses and seasons.</p> + +<p>No hunting is permitted in the Grand Teton National Park, which, of +course, will always be a complete sanctuary for wildlife.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="DUDE_RANCHES" id="DUDE_RANCHES"></a>DUDE RANCHES</h2> + + +<p>The trail of the summer vacationist has deviated during the last decade +from the old familiar courses to embrace vast areas in Wyoming and +Montana. A veritable invasion of eastern tourists, known in the parlance +of men of the range as "dudes", has followed the opening up by modern +transportation of this beautiful country.</p> + +<p>Located in the mountainous regions of these two far western States, on +the last frontier, are the dude ranches, in the mouths of canyons, among +foothills, or in clearings in the forest. These ranches are not pretentious +places, but are rustic and unique. Their popularity began in 1904, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +Howard, Willis, and Alden Eaton established the now famous Eaton +Brothers' "Dude Ranch" at Wolf, Wyo.</p> + +<p>Many of these ranches are situated in territory within easy access to the +Grand Teton Park. A complete list may be obtained by addressing the +Dude Ranchers' Association, Billings, Mont.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="ADMINISTRATION" id="ADMINISTRATION"></a>ADMINISTRATION</h2> + + +<p>The representative of the National Park Service in immediate charge of +the park is Thomas E. Whitcraft, superintendent, with office at park +headquarters; address, Moose, Wyo.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HOW_TO_REACH_THE_PARK" id="HOW_TO_REACH_THE_PARK"></a>HOW TO REACH THE PARK</h2> + + +<h3>BY AUTOMOBILE</h3> + +<p>The Grand Teton National Park is reached by automobile from the north, +south, east, and west. Each of these approaches is highly scenic in character +affording splendid distant views of the Teton Range and Jackson +Hole. United States Highway No. 287 connects Jackson Hole with +Yellowstone Park and is the north approach to the Teton Park. One mile +north of Moran the traveler reaches United States Highway No. 187 which +traverses Jackson Hole and makes the park accessible. From the east +United States Highway No. 287, known as the Atlantic-Yellowstone-Pacific +Highway, enters Jackson Hole through Togwotee Pass, altitude 9,658 feet, +and the Buffalo Fork of the Snake River, joining the road from Yellowstone +Park, 1 mile north of Moran. The south road enters Jackson Hole via +Hoback Canyon. This is an improved highway (US 187) leaving Rock +Springs, Wyo., on the Lincoln Highway. United States Highway No. 89 +leading to Kemmerer, Wyo., connects with United States Highway No. +187 at Daniel, Wyo. The western approach road from Idaho, via Teton +Pass, to Wilson and Jackson crosses the Teton Range at an altitude of 8,431 +feet. This road connects with the West Yellowstone-Salt Lake City +Highway (U S 191) at Sugar City, Idaho, or by traveling via Pine Creek +Pass and Swan Valley, at Idaho Falls.</p> + + +<h3>BY RAILROAD</h3> + +<p>At the present time parties may reach the Grand Teton National Park by +using rail lines to several gateways. The Union Pacific System has its +nearest terminal at Victor, Idaho. It operates daily trains to and from +Victor in the tourist season, and there is bus service from the rail terminus +to Jackson, Grand Teton National Park, and Moran. Union Pacific +passengers upon leaving the train at Rock Springs, Wyo., may make connections<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +with the mail stage which leaves daily except Sunday to the +Teton region, by way of Hoback Canyon.</p> + +<p>For many years the Yellowstone Park Transportation Co. has operated +daily bus service between Old Faithful and Moran. It makes connections +at Old Faithful, which enable passengers coming to Yellowstone Park via +the Union Pacific (West Yellowstone Gateway), Northern Pacific (Gardiner +Gateway), Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (Cody Gateway), and Chicago, +Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific (Gallatin Gateway), to reach the Grand +Teton National Park.</p> + + +<h3>BY AIRPLANE</h3> + +<p>United Air Lines in its transcontinental route from New York to San +Francisco has a stop at Rock Springs, Wyo., which makes available for +persons of limited time an opportunity to visit the park.</p> + +<p>A mail stage leaves Rock Springs daily, except Sunday, for Grand Teton +National Park via the Hoback Canyon.</p> + +<p>National Park Airways, connecting with United Air Lines at Salt Lake +City, operates daily during the summer season via Idaho Falls and West +Yellowstone to Butte and Great Falls, Mont.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="POINTS_OF_INTEREST_ALONG_THE_WAY" id="POINTS_OF_INTEREST_ALONG_THE_WAY"></a>POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG THE WAY</h2> + + +<p>The Grand Teton National Park is located in the interior of a vast +mountain region, and its avenues of approach are, of necessity, through +canyons and passes. These approaches are themselves of great interest and +beauty, and afford magnificent distant views of the Teton Range. The +country traversed is rich in associations of the Old West and contains +numerous historic shrines which deserve the attention of the passing +traveler.</p> + +<p>The north approach, from Yellowstone Park by United States Highway +No. 287, passes over the Continental Divide just a few miles south of +West Thumb, and in leaving the Yellowstone Plateau follows the course of +Lewis River. In the dense forests along this wilderness stream there are +opportunities to see big game, such as elk, deer, moose, and bears. Descending +into Jackson Hole, the highway skirts the east shore of Jackson +Lake, and the view of the distant Tetons, rising from the far shore of the +lake, is one the traveler will not soon forget. At this distance they glisten +in delicate blue and white, so sharp they seem actually to bristle.</p> + +<p>The west approach, from Salt Lake City and points farther west, leaves +United States Highways Nos. 91 and 191 at Idaho Falls or Sugar City, +Idaho, traverses historic Teton Basin, the "Pierres Hole" of the early +trappers, and passes over Teton Pass, elevation 8,429 feet, to the town of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +Jackson, which lies in the south end of Jackson Hole about 15 miles south +of Teton Park headquarters. This approach is the only one from which +the three Tetons, noted landmarks of a century ago, stand out prominently, +and the view of this trio is highly impressive. No less spectacular is the panorama +of Jackson Hole revealed as one reaches the summit of Teton Pass. +Undoubtedly the Teton Pass view is the finest to be had of this basin from +any point on the highways.</p> + +<p>The south approach, from Evanston, Kemmerer, Rock Springs, and +other towns in southern Wyoming, follows United States Highway No. 187 +or US 89, and avoids all high mountain passes, entering Jackson Hole +by way of the Hoback Canyon. This road does not open up glimpses +of the Tetons until one is well into Jackson Hole, but it affords excellent +views of the snow-clad Wind River Range. Strung along its course is +a series of interesting monuments marking such historic spots as the site +of Fort Bonneville, founded in 1832; the location of the fur trappers' +rendezvous of 1824; the grave of John Hoback, guide to the early expedition +known as "the Astorians"; and similar interesting places. At a point +called "Names Hill", between Kemmerer and Tulsa, Wyo., can be seen +names and dates as old as the 1820's carved in sandstone by the early trappers +and travelers in this region.</p> + +<p>The east approach, from the Black Hills, Casper, and points farther +east, crosses the Wind River Range into Jackson Hole over the Continental +Divide at Togwotee Pass, on United States Highway No. 287. If so desired, +in driving from Casper to Lander one can choose the modern road +which retraces part of the Oregon Trail, past such famous landmarks on +the old trail as Independence Rock, Devils Gate, Muddy Gap, Whiskey +Gap, and Split Rock. From Lander or Riverton a visit to the Shoshone +Indian Reservation can be made with little increase of mileage. The +approach to Togwotee Pass from either side is surprisingly fine, and the +view of the Tetons from points just west of this pass is one of the finest +obtainable. For boldness and jaggedness of skyline the Tetons thus seen +from a distance of 40 miles have no rival anywhere.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="ACCOMMODATIONS_AND_EXPENSES" id="ACCOMMODATIONS_AND_EXPENSES"></a>ACCOMMODATIONS AND EXPENSES</h2> + + +<p>There are no hotels or lodges within the park, but these accommodations +are available nearby at Jackson and Moran at reasonable rates. Dude +ranches and cabin camps near the park also offer suitable accommodations +at reasonable rates. The National Park Service has no control over these +enterprises.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<h3>PUBLIC CAMPGROUNDS</h3> + +<p>There is a modern, well-developed campground at Jenny Lake. This +camp is supplied with running water, sanitary facilities, and cooking grates. +There are also many camping sites away from the main campground, +suitable for overnight stops for pack outfits. Supplies, including fishing +tackle, may be procured at Jenny Lake, Moose, Jackson, or Moran.</p> + + +<h3>SADDLE HORSES</h3> + +<p>Grand Teton is primarily a saddle horse park. Access to the interior +of the park is possible only by trails, as no highways have been built or +are planned.</p> + +<p>At the south end of Jenny Lake, near the ranger station, there is maintained +an excellent string of saddle and pack horses with good equipment +for short or long trips. One may rent saddle horses without guides, but +only to ride over well-defined trails in designated areas. Discretion as to +the ability of patrons to ride, or to go unguided, rests with the operator. +Saddle-horse trips to special points of interest, such as Teton Glacier, are +made daily at reasonable rates. Pack trips to any part of the park or surrounding +country, with guide, cook, and complete camping equipment may +be taken if arrangements are made in advance.</p> + + +<h3>BOATING</h3> + +<p>At the south end of Jenny Lake also, D. Kenneth Reimers maintains +motorboat and rowboat service. Four or more persons may make a trip +around Jenny Lake for 50 cents each. Rowboats may be rented for 50 +cents an hour or $2 a day. Motorboats, with a driver, are $2 an hour, +$1.50 each additional hour, and $10 a day; without a driver, $1.50 an hour, +and $6 a day.</p> + + +<h3>GUIDE SERVICE</h3> + +<p>The authorized official guide for mountain-climbing trips in Grand +Teton National Park is Paul Petzoldt. He maintains summer headquarters +at Jenny Lake, and charges $8 a day, a person, for his services. Climbers +may provide their own food or have their meals at $2 each at a timber +line camp. Blankets and eiderdown sleeping bags may be rented for $2.</p> + + +<h3>PHOTOGRAPHS</h3> + +<p>The Crandall Studios maintain up-to-date picture shops at Jenny Lake +and Moran. Photographs of the Teton Mountains and the surrounding +country in all sizes and styles, as well as hand-painted enlargements, paintings, +moving pictures, and souvenir postcards, are on sale. Laboratories in +the park are maintained for developing, printing, and enlarging photographs.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<p>This booklet is issued once a year, and the rates mentioned herein may have +changed slightly since issuance, but the latest rates approved by the Secretary +of the Interior are on file with the superintendent and the park operators.</p> + + +<h3>MOTOR TRANSPORTATION</h3> + +<p>Regular bus service is maintained between Yellowstone and Moran +Wyo.; also from Moran to Victor, Idaho, via Grand Teton National Park. +Inquire at any concentration point about rates and schedules.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + + +<h3>GENERAL</h3> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Albright, Horace M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Taylor, Frank J.</span> Oh, Ranger! A book about the +national parks. Illustrated.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Burt, Struthers.</span> Diary of a Dude Wrangler. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924. 331 +pages.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Fryxell, Fritiof.</span> The Grand Tetons, Our National Park of Matterhorns. American +Forests and Forest Life, National Parks Number (August 1929). Pages 453-456.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Wister, Owen.</span> The Virginian. Macmillan Co., 1902. 506 pages. (The setting for +portions of this famous novel is taken from the Teton-Jackson Hole region.)</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Yard, Robert Sterling.</span> The Book of our National Parks. Charles Scribner's Sons, +1928. Illustrated. The Tetons on pages 227-228.</p> + + +<h3>HISTORICAL</h3> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Alter, J. Cecil.</span> James Bridger. Shepard Book Co., Salt Lake City, 1925.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Chittenden, Brig. Gen. Hiram Martin.</span> The Yellowstone National Park. Stanford +University Press, 1933 (fourth edition). Illustrated. 286 pages. The standard history +of the Yellowstone region. History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West. +3 volumes. New York, 1902.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Coutant, C. G.</span> History of Wyoming. Volume 1. Laramie, Wyo., 1899. 712 pages. +(This volume, the only one issued, contains scattered references to the region.)</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Dale, Harrison C.</span> The Ashley-Smith Explorations. Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, +1918.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Fryxell, Fritiof.</span> The Story of Deadman's Bar. Annals of Wyoming, volume 5 +(June 1929). Pages 128-148.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Irving, Washington</span>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains. New York, +1836. (This classic work contains the earliest known use of the name "Tetons.")</p> + +<p class="i4">Adventures of Captain Bonneville. New York, 1837. (An important early work containing +many references to the region.)</p></div> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Jackson, William H.</span>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">The Pioneer Photographer. World Book Co., 1929. The Tetons on pages 123-141. +314 pages. (An account of the Hayden surveys in the Teton Region.)</p> + +<p class="i4">Address Regarding the First Photographing of the Tetons. Prepared for the Dedication +of the Grand Teton National Park. Annals of Wyoming, volume 6 (July-October, +1929). Pages 189-191.</p></div> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Parker, Rev. Samuel.</span> Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains +Andrus, Woodruff, and Gauntlett, Ithaca, New York (4 editions), 1844.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Stone, Elizabeth A.</span> Uinta County, its Place in History.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Vinton, Stallo.</span> John Colter, Discoverer of Yellowstone Park. Edward Eberstadt, +publisher, 1926. 114 pages. (Ch. 11, pp. 43-63, is a discussion of the probable +crossing of the Teton Range by John Colter in 1807.)</p> + + +<h3>SCIENTIFIC</h3> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Bradley, Frank H.</span> (Geological.) Report of Snake River Division. In Sixth Annual +Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories (Hayden Surveys of 1872). +Washington, 1873. Pages 217-223, 261-271.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Brandegee, T. C.</span> Teton Forest Reserve. In Nineteenth Annual Report, U. S. Geological +Survey (for 1898), part V, Washington, 1899. Pages 191-212.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Carey, Merritt</span>. Life Zone Investigations in Wyoming. North American Fauna No. +42, Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, 1917. 95 pages.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Fryxell, Fritiof</span>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">Glacial Features of Jackson Hole, Wyo. Published by Augustana College, Rock +Island, Ill., 1930. Illustrated. 128 pages.</p> + +<p class="i4">Glacial Studies in the Tetons. Journal of Geology, Vol. XLI (1930), pp. 642-646 +and 737-747; Vol. XLIII (1935).</p></div> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Iddings, J. P.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Weed, W. H.</span> Descriptive Geology of the Northern End of the Teton +Range. Chapter IV (pp. 149-164) of Monograph XXXII, part II, Geology of the +Yellowstone National Park. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, 1899. 893 pages.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Preble, Edward A.</span> Report on Condition of Elk in Jackson Hole, Wyo., in 1911. +Bulletin No. 40, Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, +1911. 23 pages.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Sheldon, Charles</span>. The Conservation of the Elk of Jackson Hole, Wyo. Elk Commission +Report. Washington, 1927. 36 pages.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">St. John, Orestes</span>. Report of the Geological Field Work of the Teton Division. In +Eleventh Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories (Hayden +Surveys of 1877). Washington, 1879. Pages 321-508.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAINEERING</h3> + +<p>The mountaineering literature on the Teton Range is voluminous and only a few references +are cited here. For other articles see the files of Trail and Timberline, Bulletin of +the Sierra Club, Appalachia, American Alpine Journal, Canadian Alpine Journal, etc.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Ellingwood, A. R.</span> Our American Matterhorn. Outdoor Life, volume 54 (1924). +Pages 181-186.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Fryxell, Fritiof</span>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">The Teton Peaks and Their Ascents. Crandall Studios, Jenny Lake, Wyo., 1932. 106 +pages. Illustrated (including map). (A history of mountaineering in the Tetons +up to 1931, inclusive. Summarizes the known routes up each peak. Bibliography.)</p> + +<p class="i4">The Ascent of Mount Owen. American Alpine Journal, 1931, pages 320-326.</p></div> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Henderson, Kenneth A.</span> The Grand Teton. American Alpine Journal, 1930. Pages +138-139.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Owen, William O.</span> Ascent of the Grand Teton. Outing, volume 38 (1901). Pages +302-307.</p> + +<p class="i4"><span class="smcap">Underhill, Robert L. M.</span>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="i4">The Grand Teton by the East Ridge. The Alpine Journal (London), November 1930. +Pages 267-277.</p> + +<p class="i4">Two New Routes Up the Grand Teton. The Canadian Alpine Journal, 1931. Pages +72-86.</p></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GOVERNMENT_PUBLICATIONS" id="GOVERNMENT_PUBLICATIONS"></a>GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS</h2> + + +<p><b><i>Motorist Guide Map of Yellowstone National Park.</i></b> Shows roads, campgrounds, +lodges, and hotels, and gives condensed information about Yellowstone +National Park. Distributed in the park only. Free.</p> + +<p><b><i>Recreational Map.</i></b> Shows Federal and State recreational areas throughout +the United States and gives brief descriptions of principal ones. Address +Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Free.</p> + +<p><b><i>Glimpses of Our National Parks.</i></b> Brief descriptions of the national parks. +Address Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Free.</p> + +<p><b><i>National Parks Portfolio.</i></b> By Robert Sterling Yard. Cloth bound and +illustrated with more than 300 pictures of places of outstanding scenic +interest. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. $1.50.</p> + +<p><b><i>Fauna of the National Parks, Series No. 1.</i></b> By G. M. Wright, J. S. Dixon, +and B. H. Thompson. A survey of wildlife with recommendations for +adequate protection. 157 pages, illustrated. Superintendent of Documents, +Washington, D. C. Price, 20 cents.</p> + +<p><b><i>Fauna of the National Parks, Series No. 2.</i></b> By G. M. Wright and B. H. +Thompson. Wildlife management in the national parks. 142 pages, illustrated. +Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 20 cents.</p> + +<p>Illustrated booklets about the following national parks may be obtained +free of charge by writing to the National Park Service:</p> + + +<ul><li>Acadia, Maine.</li> +<li>Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mex.</li> +<li>Crater Lake, Oreg.</li> +<li>General Grant, Calif.</li> +<li>Glacier, Mont.</li> +<li>Grand Canyon, Ariz.</li> +<li>Great Smoky Mts., N. C.-Tenn.</li> +<li>Hawaii, Hawaii.</li> +<li>Hot Springs, Ark.</li> +<li>Lassen Volcanic, Calif.</li> +<li>Mesa Verde, Colo.</li> +<li>Mount McKinley, Alaska.</li> +<li>Mount Rainier, Wash.</li> +<li>National Capital Parks, Washington, D. C.</li> +<li>Platt, Okla.</li> +<li>Rocky Mountain, Colo.</li> +<li>Sequoia, Calif.</li> +<li>Wind Cave, S. Dak.</li> +<li>Yellowstone, Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho.</li> +<li>Yosemite, Calif.</li> +<li>Zion and Bryce Canyon, Utah.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<a name="AREAS_ADMINISTERED_BY_THE_NATIONAL_PARK_SERVICE" id="AREAS_ADMINISTERED_BY_THE_NATIONAL_PARK_SERVICE"></a> +<a href="images/image016a.jpg"> +<img src="images/image016.jpg" width="800" height="549" alt="AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE" title="AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE" /> +</a><span class="caption">AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE<br /><small>(click on map for enlarged view)</small></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + + +<p> +DO YOU KNOW YOUR NATIONAL PARKS: changed stalacites to stalactites.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<a href="#WIND_CAVE">WIND CAVE</a>, S. DAK.—Beautiful cavern.... No stalacites....)</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_15">15</a>: Changed climed to climbed.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(... 30 to 40 parties have climed the peak each summer.)</span><br /> +<br /> +Page <a href="#Page_25">25</a>: Changed magnificient to magnificent.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(and afford magnificient distant views of the Teton Range.)</span><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Grand Teton [Wyoming] National Park, by +United States Dept. of the Interior + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAND TETON [WYOMING] *** + +***** This file should be named 36128-h.htm or 36128-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/1/2/36128/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Diane Monico, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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