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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Glacier National Park [Montana], by 
+United States Dept. of the Interior
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Glacier National Park [Montana]
+
+Author: United States Dept. of the Interior
+
+Release Date: June 19, 2011 [EBook #36463]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (Front Cover)]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Glacier NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA]
+
+  _American Section_ WATERTON-GLACIER
+  INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK
+
+United States Department of the Interior
+
+_Harold L. Ickes, Secretary_
+
+NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
+
+_Arno B. Cammerer, Director_
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  UNITED STATES
+  GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+  WASHINGTON: 1937
+
+
+
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS
+
+Briefed
+
+
+The Park Regulations are designed for the protection of the natural
+beauties as well as for the comfort and convenience of visitors. The
+complete regulations may be seen at the office of the superintendent
+and at ranger stations. The following synopsis of the rules and
+regulations is for the general guidance of visitors, who are requested
+to assist in the administration of the park by observing them.
+
+=_Fires._=--Fires are the greatest menace to the forests of Glacier
+National Park. Build camp fires only when necessary and at designated
+places. Know that they are out before you leave them. Be sure your
+cigarette, cigar, pipe ashes, and matches are out before you throw them
+away. During periods of high fire hazard, camp fires are not permitted
+at nondesignated camp grounds.
+
+=_Camps._=--Camping is restricted to designated campgrounds. Burn all
+combustible garbage in your camp fire; place tin cans and unburnable
+residue in garbage cans. There is plenty of pure water; be sure to get
+it. Visitors must not contaminate water-sheds or water supplies.
+
+=_Natural features._=--The destruction, injury, or disturbance in any
+way of the trees, flowers, birds, or animals is prohibited. Dead and
+fallen wood may be used for firewood. Picking wild flowers and removing
+plants are prohibited.
+
+=_Bears._=--It is prohibited and dangerous to feed the bears. Do not
+leave foodstuffs in an unattended car or camp, for the bear will break
+into and damage your car or camp equipment to secure food. Suspend
+foodstuffs in a box, well out of their reach, or place in the care of
+the camp tender.
+
+=_Dogs and cats._=--When in the park, dogs and cats must be kept under
+leash, crated, or under restrictive control of the owner at all times.
+
+=_Fishing._=--No license for fishing in the park is required. Use of
+live bait is prohibited. Ten fish (none under 6 inches) per day, per
+person fishing is the usual limit; however, in some lakes the limit is
+5 fish per day and in others it is 20. Visitors should contact the
+nearest district ranger to ascertain the fish limits in the lakes. The
+possession of more than 2 days' catch by any person at any one time
+shall be construed as a violation of the regulations.
+
+=_Traffic._=--Speed regulations: 15 miles per hour on sharp curves and
+through residential districts; 35 miles per hour on the straightaway.
+Keep gears enmeshed and out of free wheeling on long grades. Keep
+cutout closed. Drive carefully at all times. Secure automobile permit,
+fee $1.
+
+=_Rangers._=--The rangers are here to assist and advise you as well as
+to enforce the regulations. When in doubt consult a ranger.
+
+
+
+
+FOREST FIRES
+
+
+Forest Fires are a terrible and ever-present menace. There are
+thousands of acres of burned forests in Glacier National Park. Most of
+these "ghosts of forests" are hideous proofs of some person's criminal
+carelessness or ignorance.
+
+Build camp fires only at designated camp sites. At times of high
+winds or exceptionally dry spell, build no fires outside, except in
+stoves provided at the free auto camps. At times of extreme hazard,
+it is necessary to restrict smoking to hotel and camp areas. Guests
+entering the park are so informed, and prohibitory notices are posted
+everywhere. Smoking on the highway, on trails, and elsewhere in the
+park is forbidden at such times. During the dry period, permits to
+build fires at any camp sites other than in auto camps must be procured
+in advance from the district ranger.
+
+Be absolutely sure that your camp fire is extinguished before you leave
+it, even for a few minutes.
+
+Do not rely upon dirt thrown on it for complete extinction.
+
+_Drown_ it completely with water.
+
+Drop that lighted cigar or cigarette on the trail and step on it.
+
+Do the same with every match that is lighted.
+
+_Extreme caution is demanded at all times._
+
+Anyone responsible for a forest fire will be prosecuted to the full
+extent of the law.
+
+_If you discover a forest fire, report it to the nearest ranger
+station or hotel._
+
+
+
+
+Events OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE
+
+
+The heart of a territory so vast it was measured not in miles but
+degrees, the site of Glacier National Park was indicated as terra
+incognita or unexplored on most maps even as late as the dawn of the
+present century. To its mountain fastness had come first the solitary
+fur trader, the trapper, and the missionary; after them followed the
+hunter, the pioneer, and the explorer; in the nineties were drawn the
+prospector, the miner, and the picturesque trader of our last frontier;
+today, the region beckons the scientist, the lover of the out-of-doors,
+and the searcher for beauty. Throughout its days, beginning with the
+Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Glacier country has been a lodestone
+for the scientist, attracted from every corner of the earth by
+the combination of natural wonder and beauty to be found here.
+A chronological list of important events in the park's history
+follows:
+
+ --------+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ 1804-5  | Lewis and Clark Expedition. Meriwether Lewis reached a
+         |   point 40 miles east of the present park. Chief Mountain
+         |   was indicated as King Mountain on the expedition map.
+         |
+ 1810    | First definitely known crossing of Marias Pass by white man.
+         |
+ 1846    | Hugh Monroe, known to the Indians as Rising Wolf,
+         |   visited and named St. Mary Lake.
+         |
+ 1853    | Cutbank Pass over the Continental Divide was crossed by
+         |   A. W. Tinkham, engineer of exploration party with Isaac
+         |   I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory. Tinkham
+         |   was in search of the present Marias Pass, described to
+         |   Governor Stevens by Little Dog, the Blackfeet chieftain.
+         |
+ 1854    | James Doty explored the eastern base of the range and
+         |   camped on lower St. Mary Lake from May 28 to June 6.
+         |
+ 1855    | Area now in park east of Continental Divide allotted as
+         |   hunting grounds to the Blackfeet by treaty.
+         |
+ 1872    | International boundary survey authorized which fixed the
+         |   location of the present north boundary of the park.
+         |
+ 1882-83 | Prof. Raphael Pumpelly made explorations in the region.
+         |
+ 1885    | George Bird Grinnell made the first of many trips to the region.
+         |
+ 1889    | J. F. Stevens explored Marias Pass as location of railroad line.
+         |
+ 1891    | Great Northern Railroad built through Marias Pass.
+         |
+ 1895    | Purchase of territory east of Continental Divide from the
+         |   Blackfeet Indians for $1,500,000, to be thrown open to
+         |   prospectors and miners.
+         |
+ 1901    | George Bird Grinnell published an article in Century Magazine
+         |   which first called attention to the exceptional grandeur
+         |   and beauty of the region and need for its conservation.
+         |
+ 1910    | Bill creating Glacier National Park was signed by President
+         |   Taft on May 11. Maj. W. R. Logan became first superintendent.
+         |
+ 1932    | Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park dedicated.
+         |
+ 1933    | Going-to-the-Sun Highway opened to travel throughout its
+         |   length.
+         |
+ 1934    | Franklin D. Roosevelt first President to visit Glacier National
+         |   Park.
+ --------+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                                          _Page_
+
+  International Peace Park                                 1
+
+  How to Reach Glacier Park                                3
+    By Rail                                                3
+    By Automobile                                          3
+    By Airplane                                            3
+
+  Centers of Interest                                      3
+    Glacier Park Station                                   3
+    Two Medicine                                           4
+    Cutbank                                                6
+    Red Eagle                                              6
+    St. Mary and Sun Camp                                  6
+    Many Glacier Region                                    8
+    Belly River Valley, Waterton Lake, and Goathaunt      11
+    Flattop Mountain and Granite Park                     13
+    Logan Pass                                            14
+    Avalanche Camp                                        14
+    Lake McDonald                                         15
+    Sperry Chalets                                        16
+    Belton                                                16
+
+  What to Do and See                                      17
+    Fishing                                               17
+    Hiking and Mountain Climbing                          18
+    Popular trails                                        21
+    Swimming                                              22
+    Camping out                                           22
+    Photography                                           22
+
+  Park Highway System                                     22
+
+  How to Dress                                            23
+
+  Accommodations                                          24
+
+  Saddle-Horse Trips                                      25
+
+  All-Expense Tours by Bus                                26
+
+  Transportation                                          27
+
+  Launches and Rowboats                                   28
+
+  Administration                                          28
+
+  Naturalist Service                                      29
+
+  Automobile Campgrounds                                  29
+
+  Post Offices                                            29
+
+  Miscellaneous                                           29
+
+  The Park's Geologic Story                               30
+
+  Flora and Fauna                                         34
+
+  Ideal Place to See American Indians                     34
+
+  References                                              37
+
+  Government Publications                                 40
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Hileman._ KINNERLY PEAK FROM KINTLA LAKE]
+
+
+
+
+GLACIER _National Park_
+
+SEASON JUNE 15 TO SEPTEMBER 15
+
+
+Glacier National Park, in the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Montana,
+established by act of Congress May 11, 1910, contains 981,681 acres, or
+1,534 square miles, of the finest mountain country in America. Nestled
+among the higher peaks are more than 60 glaciers and 200 beautiful
+lakes. During the summer months it is possible to visit most of the
+glaciers and many of the lakes with relatively little difficulty.
+Horseback and foot trails penetrate almost all sections of the park.
+Conveniently located trail camps, operated at a reasonable cost, make
+it possible for visitors to enjoy the mountain scenery without having
+to carry food and camping equipment. Many travelers hike or ride
+through the mountains for days at a time, resting each evening at one
+of these high mountain camps. The glaciers found in the park are among
+the few in the United States which are easily accessible.
+
+
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK
+
+The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park was established in 1932
+by Presidential proclamation, as authorized by the Congress of the
+United States and the Canadian Parliament.
+
+At the dedication exercises in June of that year, the following message
+from the President of the United States was read:
+
+
+    The dedication of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
+    is a further gesture of the good will that has so long blessed
+    our relations with our Canadian neighbors, and I am gratified by
+    the hope and the faith that it will forever be an appropriate
+    symbol of permanent peace and friendship.
+
+
+In the administration of these areas each component part of the Peace
+Park retains its nationality and individuality and functions as it did
+before the union.
+
+[Illustration: _Copyright, Hileman._ WATERTON LAKE--THE INTERNATIONAL
+PEACE LAKE]
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO REACH GLACIER PARK
+
+
+BY RAIL
+
+The park entrances are on the main transcontinental line of the Great
+Northern Railway. Glacier Park Station, Mont., the eastern entrance, is
+1,081 miles west of St. Paul, a ride of 30 hours. Belton, Mont., the
+western entrance, is 637 miles east of Seattle, a ride of 20 hours.
+
+For information regarding railroad fares, service, etc., apply to
+railroad ticket agents or address A. J. Dickinson, passenger-traffic
+manager, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn.
+
+A regular bus schedule is maintained by the Glacier Park Transport Co.
+to accommodate persons arriving by rail.
+
+
+BY AUTOMOBILE
+
+Glacier National Park may be reached by motorists over a number of
+well-marked automobile roads. The park approach roads connect with
+several transcontinental highways. From both the east and west sides
+automobile roads run north and connect with the road system in Canada,
+and motorists may continue over these roads to the Canadian national
+parks. Glacier National Park is the western terminus of the Custer
+Battlefield Highway.
+
+A fee of $1 is charged for a permit to operate an automobile in Glacier
+Park. This permit allows reentry into the park at any time during the
+current season. Maximum speed limit in the park is 30 miles per hour.
+On mountain climbs and winding roads, utmost care in driving is
+demanded. All cautionary signs must be observed.
+
+
+BY AIRPLANE
+
+Fast de luxe airplane service is available by Northwest Airlines to
+Missoula, Mont., and Spokane, Wash., as is transportation via United
+Air Lines, from the east and west coasts to Spokane. National Park
+Airlines has a service from Salt Lake City, Utah, to Great Falls, Mont.
+
+
+
+
+CENTERS OF INTEREST
+
+
+GLACIER PARK STATION
+
+Glacier Park on the Great Northern Railway is the eastern entrance to
+the park. It is located on the Great Plains, near the base of Glacier's
+Rockies. It is on U S 2, which traverses from the east through northern
+Montana along the southern boundary of the park to Belton, the western
+entrance, and on to the Pacific coast. Glacier Park is also the southern
+terminus of the Blackfeet Highway which parallels the eastern boundary
+of the park and connects with the Alberta highway system. It is the
+southern end of the Inside Trail to Two Medicine, Cutbank, Red Eagle,
+and Sun Camp.
+
+The commodious Glacier Park Hotel, several lesser hotels, auto camps,
+stores, an auxiliary park office, a Government fish hatchery, a post
+office and other structures are located here. The village gives a
+fine touch of western life, with Indians, cowboys, and picturesque
+characters contributing to its color. An encampment of Blackfeet is
+on Midvale Creek; these Indians sing, dance, and tell stories every
+evening at the hotel.
+
+
+TWO MEDICINE
+
+Two Medicine presents a turquoise mountain lake surrounded by majestic
+forest-covered peaks separated by deep glaciated valleys. A road leads
+into it from the Blackfeet Highway and ends at the chalets near the
+foot of Two Medicine Lake. Across the water rises Sinopah Mountain,
+while to the north sweep upward the gray-green slopes of Rising Wolf
+to terminate in purple-red argillites and snow banks. One of the most
+inviting camp sites of the park is immediately below the outlet of the
+lake, not far from the chalets. From it, one looks across a smaller
+lake, banked with gnarled and twisted limber pines, to the superb
+mountain scenery in every direction.
+
+The cirques and broad mountain valleys above timberline are studded
+with cobalt blue lakes, and carpeted with multicolored beds of flowers.
+Mountain goats and sheep are frequently seen in these higher regions.
+Beaver colonies are located at the outlet of Two Medicine Lake and
+elsewhere around it, making this one of the best regions in the park
+to study these interesting mammals. An abundance of brook and rainbow
+trout in Two Medicine waters makes it a favorite spot for fishermen.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Hileman._ TRICK FALLS IN TWO MEDICINE CREEK]
+
+A campfire entertainment with a short popular talk is conducted every
+evening in the campfire circle of the auto camp by a resident ranger
+naturalist. Both chalet and campground guests avail themselves of the
+opportunity to meet for pleasure and instruction under the stars.
+Trails for hikers and saddle-horse parties radiate to adjacent points
+of interest: to Glacier Park via Scenic Point and Mount Henry, to Upper
+Two Medicine Lake and Dawson Pass, to Two Medicine Pass and Paradise
+Park, and up the Dry Fork to Cutbank Pass and Valley. A daily afternoon
+launch trip across Two Medicine Lake brings the visitor to the foot of
+Sinopah, from which there is a short, delightful path through dense
+evergreen forest to the foot of Twin Falls. Trick Falls, near the
+highway bridge across Two Medicine River, 2 miles below the lake, is
+more readily accessible and should be visited by everyone entering the
+valley. A great portion of its water issues from a cave beneath its
+brink. In the early season it appears a very proper waterfall, paneled
+by lofty spruce with the purple, snow-crowned Rising Wolf Mountain in
+the background. In late season water issues from the cave alone, with
+the dry fall over its yawning opening.
+
+
+CUTBANK
+
+Cutbank is a primitive, densely wooded valley with a singing mountain
+stream. Six miles above the Blackfeet Highway are a quiet chalet,
+a ranger station, and a small grove for auto campers. A spur lane,
+leaving the highway at Cutbank Bridge, 4 miles north of the Browning
+Wye, brings the autoist to this terminus. A more popular means of
+approach is on horseback, over Cutbank Pass from Two Medicine or over
+Triple Divide Pass from Red Eagle. Cutbank is a favorite site for
+stream fishermen. At the head of the valley above Triple Divide Pass is
+the Triple Divide Peak (8,001 feet) which parts its waters between the
+three oceans surrounding North America, i. e., its drainage is through
+the Missouri-Mississippi system to the Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic),
+through the Saskatchewan system to Hudson Bay (Arctic), and through the
+Columbia system to the Pacific.
+
+
+RED EAGLE
+
+Red Eagle Lake in Red Eagle Valley is reached by trail only from
+Cutbank over Triple Divide Pass or from St. Mary Chalets or Sun
+Camp via the Many Falls Trail. From the lake rise imposing Split,
+Almost-a-Dog, and Red Eagle Mountains. On its sloping forested sides
+reposes Red Eagle Camp, which furnishes rest and shelter. It is a
+stopping place for travelers on the Inside Trail from Sun Camp or St.
+Mary to Glacier Park, and is a favorite spot for fishermen, as large,
+gamey, cutthroat trout abound in the waters of the lake. Reached by a
+secondary, picturesque trail that winds through magnificent forests,
+the head of Red Eagle Creek originates in a broad, grassy area almost
+as high as the Continental Divide. This bears Red Eagle Glacier and a
+number of small unnamed lakes, and is hemmed in by imposing rock walls
+and serrate peaks.
+
+
+ST. MARY AND SUN CAMP
+
+To many people Upper St. Mary Lake is the most sublime of all mountain
+lakes of the world. From its foot roll the plains northeastward to
+Hudson Bay and the Arctic. Its long and slender surface is deep emerald
+green, nestled in a salient in the Front Range, with peaks rising
+majestically a mile sheer over three of its sides. These for the most
+part possess names of Indian origin: Going-to-the-Sun, Piegan, Little
+Chief, Mahtotopa Red Eagle, and Curley Bear.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ GOING-TO-THE-SUN CHALETS]
+
+St. Mary Chalet at the lower end of the lake, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets
+(Sun Camp) near the upper end, Roes Creek Camp Grounds on the north
+shore, and a hikers' camp at the outlet of Baring Creek furnish ample
+accommodations for all classes of visitors.
+
+The celebrated Going-to-the-Sun Highway from St. Mary Junction over
+Logan Pass to Lake McDonald runs along the north shore of St. Mary Lake
+past Roes Creek Camp. Spurs connect the chalets. Trails centering at
+Sun Camp lead everywhere: Along the south shore (the Many Falls Trail)
+to Red Eagle and St. Mary Chalets; up St. Mary Valley to Blackfeet
+Glacier, Gunsight Lake, and over Gunsight Pass to Lake Ellen Wilson,
+Sperry Chalets, and Lake McDonald; up Reynolds Creek over Logan Pass
+and along the Garden Wall to Granite Park; a spur from the trail up
+the same creek turns right and joins at Preston Meadows, high on
+Going-to-the-Sun Mountain, with another trail from Sun Camp which leads
+up Baring Creek past Sexton Glacier and over Siyeh Pass; from Preston
+Meadows over Piegan Pass and down Cataract Canyon to Many Glacier; up
+Roes Creek to Roes Basin; up Mount Reynolds to a fire look-out.
+
+A ranger naturalist is stationed at Sun Camp who conducts field trips
+daily, lectures each evening in the chalet lobby, and maintains a
+cut-flower exhibit there. Small stores are maintained at both chalets;
+gasoline is obtainable at each. Scenic twilight launch rides on the
+lake are featured when the waters are calm. The ranger-naturalist
+generally accompanies these trips to impart interesting information
+about the lake and mountains.
+
+Walks and hikes are popular at Sun Camp--to Baring, St. Mary, Florence,
+and Virginia Falls; to Roes and Baring Basins; to Sexton and Blackfeet
+Glaciers; to the summit of Goat Mountain. Sunrift Gorge, 100 feet north
+of the highway at Baring Creek Bridge, should be seen by everyone. It
+can be reached by trail from Sun Camp.
+
+
+MANY GLACIER REGION
+
+For many Swiftcurrent Lake is the hub of points of interest, to be
+surpassed by no other spot in the park. From it branch many deep and
+interesting glacial valleys. Fishing, boating, swimming, hiking,
+photographing, mountain climbing, horseback riding, and nature study
+are to be enjoyed at their best here. It is reached by an excellent
+spur road from the Blackfeet Highway at Babb, or by trail from Sun
+Camp, Granite Park, and Waterton Lakes.
+
+Many Glacier Hotel, the largest hotel in the park, is located on
+Swiftcurrent Lake. Just beyond the hotel is an excellent auto camp and
+a group of auto housekeeping cabins. The hotel has telegraph and
+telephone services, an information desk, curio shop, a grill room and
+soda fountain, swimming pool, barber and shoe-shining shop, photograph
+shop, a first-aid medical establishment, and other services. A garage
+is situated near the hotel. A store with an ample line of campers'
+needs, including fresh meat, bread, butter, and eggs, is located in
+the auto campground.
+
+Ranger-naturalist service is available at Many Glacier. This includes
+daily field walks; a nightly lecture augmented by motion pictures and
+slides in the Convention Hall in the basement of the hotel; an evening
+campfire entertainment in the auto camp; a cut-flower and geological
+exhibit in the hotel lobby and in the auto camp; a small museum on the
+opposite shore of the lake from the hotel, on the road leading to the
+campground; a self-guiding trail around Swiftcurrent Lake; information
+service in the museum; a naturalist-accompanied launch trip on
+Swiftcurrent and Josephine Lakes in the afternoon. In addition to this
+last-named, several other launch trips are taken daily on these lakes.
+This service may be used to shorten hikers' distance to Grinnell Lake
+and Glacier.
+
+[Illustration: _Grant photo._ PICTURESQUE GLACIER PARK HOTEL]
+
+Many Glacier is a center for fishermen, as there are a dozen good
+fishing lakes in the vicinity. Rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout
+abound in Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and Grinnell Lakes, and the lakes
+of the Upper Swiftcurrent Valley. Wall-eyed pike are plentiful in Lake
+Sherburne, the only body of water in the park in which these fish are
+found.
+
+There are many excellent trails in the Swiftcurrent region. Cracker
+Lake, Morning Eagle Falls, Cataract Falls, Grinnell Lake, Grinnell
+Glacier, Iceberg Lake, and Ptarmigan Lake are all reached by oiled
+horseback trails. Good footpaths lead around Swiftcurrent and Josephine
+Lakes to the summit of Mount Altyn and to Appekunny Falls and Cirque.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ BIGHORN RAMS ARE AMONG THE MANY
+INTERESTING ANIMALS TO BE SEEN IN GLACIER]
+
+The possibility of seeing and studying wildlife is best in the Many
+Glacier region. Except during midsummer, mountain sheep are commonly
+seen at close range around the chalets or in the flats above Lake
+Sherburne. Throughout summer they are high on the slopes of Mount Altyn
+or Henkel. Mountain goats are often seen clinging to the precipitous
+Pinnacle Wall on the way to Iceberg Lake, or on Grinnell Mountain while
+en route to Grinnell Glacier, or on the trail to Cracker Lake. Black
+bears and grizzlies occasionally visit the grounds near the hotel.
+Conies are to be heard bleating among the rock slides back of the
+ranger station along the trail to Iceberg Lake, or near the footpath
+across the lake from the hotel. Early in the morning, or at twilight,
+beavers are frequently seen swimming in the lake. Marmots are common in
+many valleys near the hotel and auto camp. Deer infrequently visit the
+region. Hikers, horseback riders, and rangers have reported seeing such
+rare animals as foxes, wolves, and lynxes. Without moving from one's
+comfortable chair on the veranda of the hotel one may watch the ospreys
+soaring back and forth over the lake in quest of fish. These graceful
+and interesting birds have their huge nest on top of a dead tree across
+the lake from the hotel. The pair of birds return annually to the same
+nest. Beside Swiftcurrent Falls, two families of nesting water ouzels
+may be studied at close range.
+
+
+BELLY RIVER VALLEY, WATERTON LAKE, AND GOATHAUNT
+
+Though much like Swiftcurrent Valley in topographical make-up, the
+Belly River district is much wilder and more heavily forested. It is
+accessible by trail only from Many Glacier over Ptarmigan Wall or from
+Waterton Lake over Indian Pass. These, with spur trails to Helen and
+Margaret Lakes, make up the principal trail system. The Glacier Park
+Saddle Horse Co. maintains a comfortable mountain camp on Crossley
+Lake, where food and lodging are available at reasonable rates. Fishing
+is good in the lakes of the Belly River country. The 33-mile trip from
+Many Glacier to Waterton is one of the finest to be taken in the park.
+Crossley Lake Camp is approximately midway.
+
+The International Waterton Lake and the northern boundary line of
+Glacier National Park mutually bisect each other at right angles. Mount
+Cleveland rises 6,300 feet sheer above the head of the lake. Waterton
+Lake townsite, Alberta, is located at the foot. It is reached by
+highway from Glacier Park, Babb, Cardston, Lethbridge, Calgary, and
+points in the Canadian Rockies. The modern Prince of Wales Hotel,
+several other hostelries, cabin camps, garages, stores, and other
+conveniences are in the settlement. A 12-mile spur highway leads to
+Cameron Lake, another international body of water on whose northern
+(Canadian) shore is a fine example of a sphagnum bog. Another winding
+road leads to a colorful canyon known as "Red Rock."
+
+A picturesque cut-off highway over aspen-covered foothills around the
+very base of majestic Chief Mountain, and beginning at a point 4 miles
+north of Babb, leads to Waterton Lakes Park in Canada.
+
+Trails lead from the village to principal points of interest in the
+Canadian Park as well as up the west shore to the head of the lake at
+which are situated the Government ranger station and Goathaunt Camp.
+The head of the lake is more readily reached by the daily launch
+service from Waterton Village, or over trail from Many Glacier by
+Crossley Lake Camp, or by Granite Park and Flattop Mountain. A scenic
+trail leads to Rainbow Falls and up Olson Valley to Browns Pass, Bowman
+Lake, Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, Boulder Pass, and Kintla Lake in the
+northwest corner of the park. There are no hotel or camp accommodations
+at Bowman or Kintla Lakes.
+
+[Illustration: _Grant photo._ HORSEBACK PARTY ON BOULDER PASS]
+
+Game is varied and abundant at Waterton Lake. Moose are sometimes seen
+in the swampy lakes along Upper Waterton River. Later in the season,
+bull elk are heard bugling their challenge through the night. Deer are
+seen both at Waterton Lake Village and Goathaunt Camp. Sheep and goats
+live on neighboring slopes. One does not have to leave the trail to see
+evidence of the work of the beaver. The trail down Waterton Valley has
+had to be relocated from time to time, as these industrious workers
+flooded the right-of-way. A colony lives at the mouth of the creek
+opposite Goathaunt Camp. Otters have been seen in the lakes in the
+evening. Marten have bobbed up irregularly at the ranger station.
+
+Bird life is abundant in this district, because of the variety of
+cover. Waterfowl are frequently seen on the lake. A pair of ospreys
+nest near the mouth of Olson Creek. Pine grosbeaks, warblers, vireos,
+kinglets, and smaller birds abound in the hawthorne and cottonwood
+trees, and in the alder thickets.
+
+
+FLATTOP MOUNTAIN AND GRANITE PARK
+
+Glacier Park has within its boundary two parallel mountain ranges.
+The eastern, or front range, extends from the Canadian boundary almost
+without a break to New Mexico. The western, or Livingston Range, rises
+at the head of Lake McDonald, becomes the front range beyond the
+international line, and runs northwestward to Alaska. Between these two
+ranges in the center of the park is a broad swell which carries the
+Continental Divide from one to the other. This is Flattop Mountain,
+whose groves of trees are open and parklike, wholly unlike the dense
+forests of the lowlands with which every park visitor is well
+acquainted.
+
+A trail leads south from Waterton over Flattop to the tent camp called
+"Fifty Mountain" and to Granite Park, where a comfortable high-mountain
+chalet is located. Here is exposed a great mass of lava, which once
+welled up from the interior of the earth and spread over the region
+which was then the bottom of a sea. The chalets command a fine view of
+the majestic grouping of mountains around Logan Pass, of the noble
+summits of the Livingston Range, and of systems far to the south and
+west of the park. Extending in the near foreground are gentle slopes
+covered with sparse clumps of stunted vegetation. In early July open
+spaces are gold-carpeted with glacier lillies and bizarrely streaked
+with lingering snow patches. Beyond are the deep, heavy forests of
+Upper McDonald Valley.
+
+The chalets may also be reached from Sun Camp and Logan Pass over a
+trail along the Garden Wall, from the highway 2 miles above the western
+switchback by a 4-mile trail, from Avalanche Camp and Lake McDonald
+over the McDonald Valley trail, and from Many Glacier by the beautiful
+trail over Swiftcurrent Pass. A short distance from the chalets a spur
+from the trail to the Waterton Lake leads to Ahern Pass, from which
+there is an unexcelled view of Ahern Glacier, Mount Merritt, Helen and
+Elizabeth Lakes, and the South Fork of the Belly River. This spur is
+only a mile from the chalets. At Fifty Mountain Camp, half-way between
+Granite Park and Waterton, a second spur, a quarter of a mile long,
+takes one above Flattop Mountain to the summit of the knife-edge. From
+here there is a fine panorama of Mount Cleveland, Sue Lake, and Middle
+Fork of Belly River.
+
+A foot trail 1 mile long leads from the Granite Park chalet to the
+summit of Swiftcurrent Mountain upon which a fire lookout is located.
+For the small amount of effort required to make this ascent of 1,000
+feet, no more liberal reward of mountain scenery could be possible.
+Another foot trail leads from the chalets to the rim of the Garden
+Wall, from which there are splendid views of Grinnell Glacier and the
+Swiftcurrent region.
+
+Animal life is varied and easily studied at Granite Park. Bear and deer
+are common in this section. Mountain goats are frequently seen above
+Flattop Mountain or near Ahern Pass. Mountain sheep graze on the slopes
+of the Garden Wall. Ptarmigan should be looked for, especially above
+Swiftcurrent Pass.
+
+Granite Park is a paradise for lovers of alpine flowers. On the Garden
+Wall, the connoisseur should seek for the rare, heavenly blue alpine
+columbine. Here are expanses of dryads, globe flowers, alpine firewood,
+and a wealth of others. Early July is the best time for floral beauty.
+
+
+LOGAN PASS
+
+Logan Pass lies between the headwaters of Logan and Reynolds Creeks. It
+crosses the Continental Divide and carries the Going-to-the-Sun Highway
+from Lake McDonald to Upper St. Mary Lake and the trail from Sun Camp
+to Granite Park.
+
+Though there are no overnight stopping places on the pass, its
+accessibility by automobile makes it a starting place for several
+delightful walks, chiefly to Hidden Lake, which occupies a basin only
+recently evacuated by ice, and tiny Clements Glacier, which sends its
+water to both the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, and which has been termed
+"Museum Glacier" because it encompasses in its few hundred acres of
+surficial area all of the principal features of a major glacier.
+
+Ranger-naturalist services, including short field trips, are available
+daily throughout summer on the pass.
+
+
+AVALANCHE CAMP
+
+Avalanche auto camp is located in a grove of cedars and cottonwoods on
+a picturesque flat at the mouth of Avalanche Creek. It is equipped with
+modern toilets, showers, and laundry, but has no stores or gasoline
+station. A Government ranger naturalist and a camp tender serve the
+camp, which is on Going-to-the-Sun Highway.
+
+Near the upper end of the camp, Avalanche Creek has cut a deep, narrow
+gorge through brilliant red argillite. It is filled with potholes
+scoured out by stones swirled in the foaming torrent. Drooping
+hemlocks, festooned with goatsbeard lichen, keep the spot in cool,
+somber gloom even on the hottest midday. This gorge is the home of the
+water ouzel, which is often seen flying back and forth in the spray.
+
+From the gorge, a self-guiding trail leads 2 miles to Avalanche Basin,
+a semicircular amphitheater with walls over 2,000 feet high over which
+plunge a half dozen snowy waterfalls. A dense forest and calm lake
+repose on the floor of the cirque. Fishing is good in the lake. The
+narrow canyon through which the trail leads from the camp offers fine
+views of Heaven's Peak, Mount Cannon, Bearhat Mountain, Gunsight
+Mountain with the cirque bearing Sperry Glacier, and the canyon in
+which Hidden Lake reposes. In the early season the walls of the basin
+and canyon are draped with countless waterfalls. The sides of Cannon
+and Bearhat offer one of the most opportune places for seeing mountain
+goats. In late season huckleberries are abundant.
+
+A ranger naturalist conducts an entertainment every evening in the
+campfire circle in the auto camp.
+
+
+LAKE MCDONALD
+
+Lake McDonald is the largest lake in the park, being 10 miles long and
+a mile wide. Its shores are heavily forested with cedar, hemlock,
+white pine, and larch. At its head, impressive, rocky summits rise to
+elevations 6,000 feet above its waters. The Going-to-the-Sun Highway
+runs along its southeastern shore. Its outlet is 2 miles above Belton
+station.
+
+Lake McDonald Hotel is on the highway near the upper end of the lake.
+It has a store for general supplies, a gasoline station, curio shop,
+and all modern conveniences. Its dining room, facing the lake, is one
+of the most appropriate and charming in the park. Its lobby is filled
+with well-mounted animals and birds of the region. It is the focal
+point for trails to Sperry Chalet and Gunsight Pass, Upper McDonald
+Valley, the summit of Mount Brown, and Arrow Lake. There is good
+fishing in Arrow and Snyder Lakes.
+
+Private cabin camps are located at the head and foot of the lake. A
+general store and gasoline filling station are located at the foot of
+the lake. A well-equipped public auto campground is at Sprague Creek,
+near Lake McDonald Hotel.
+
+Ranger-naturalist services are available at the hotel. Lectures on
+popular natural history are delivered each evening in the hotel lobby
+and at the Sprague Creek campfire circle. A cut wild-flower exhibit is
+also placed in the hotel. Self-guiding trails lead to Fish and Johns
+Lakes, short distances from the hotel.
+
+
+SPERRY CHALETS
+
+Sperry Chalets are located in a picturesque high-mountain cirque,
+with precipitous, highly colored Edwards, Gunsight, and Lincoln Peaks
+hemming it in on three sides. It is reached by trail only from Lake
+McDonald and from Sun Camp via Gunsight and Lincoln Passes.
+
+Mountain climbing, exploring Sperry Glacier, fishing in nearby Lake
+Ellen Wilson, and meeting mountain goats are the chief diversions of
+this entrancing spot, located at timberline. During late afternoons
+goats are to be seen perched against the cirque walls. Practically
+every evening they start down for the chalets, to reach there after
+midnight and fill expectant visitors with joy. Besides these, deer,
+marmots, conies, and Clark nutcrackers and other wildlife are abundant.
+
+
+BELTON
+
+Belton, on the Great Northern Railway, is the entrance to the west
+side of the park. It has stores, hotel, chalet, and a cabin camp to
+accommodate the visitor.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT]
+
+
+
+
+WHAT TO DO AND SEE
+
+
+FISHING
+
+The waters of Glacier National Park abound in fish. All popular species
+of trout have been planted. They have thrived owing to the abundant
+natural fish foods and the nearly constant temperature of the waters
+the year around. Cutthroat, eastern brook, and rainbow, are the most
+abundant. Fly fishing is the greatest sport, but spinners and the
+ever-abundant grasshopper may be used successfully by those not skilled
+in the use of the fly. In the larger lakes a Mackinaw or Dolly Varden
+weighing 40 pounds is a possibility. All fishing must be in conformity
+with the park regulations.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ FISHING THE RAPIDS]
+
+_Two Medicine Chalets._--Two Medicine Lake has become well known for
+its eastern brook and rainbow trout. Good fishing is also found in the
+Two Medicine River below Trick Falls. This lake and stream are probably
+better stocked than any in the park, because of the proximity to the
+hatchery at the eastern entrance.
+
+_Cut Bank Chalets._--This camp is located on the banks of the North
+Fork of Cut Bank Creek, which may be fished both ways from the camp for
+a distance of from 3 to 5 miles. Cutthroat and eastern brook inhabit
+this section, and the fisherman who takes the center of the stream and
+fishes with skill is sure of a well-filled creel. The South Fork at Cut
+Bank Creek is a wild little stream, well stocked, but little known.
+
+_St. Mary Chalets._--St. Mary Lake is the home of the Mackinaw trout,
+as well as cutthroat and rainbow trout. Numerous streams empty into
+this lake from which a goodly toll may be taken with fly or spinner.
+Red Eagle Lake, easily reached by trail from St. Mary Chalets, is one
+of the best fishing spots in the park. There is also good fishing in
+Red Eagle Creek.
+
+_Going-to-the-Sun Chalets._--The lakes in Roes Creek Basin will furnish
+excellent sport. For the large Mackinaw trout the upper end of St. Mary
+Lake is a good place. Gunsight Lake, 9 miles distant, is well stocked
+with rainbow trout.
+
+_Many Glacier Hotel._--Lake Sherburne contains pike, Lake Superior
+whitefish, and rainbow and cutthroat trout. Pike, and often a
+cutthroat, are readily taken with the troll. Swiftcurrent River affords
+good stream fishing for the fly caster. Swiftcurrent, Grinnell,
+Josephine, and Ptarmigan Lakes are famous for cutthroat, eastern brook,
+and rainbow trout. The small lakes along the Swiftcurrent Pass Trail
+abound in eastern brook and rainbow trout. Cracker Lake is always ready
+to fill the creel with a small black-spotted trout.
+
+The North and South Forks of Kennedy Creek are excellent for fishing.
+Cutthroats are abundant in them and in Slide Lake. Lower Kennedy Lake
+on the South Fork abounds in grayling.
+
+_Lake McDonald Hotel._--Fishing in Lake McDonald is good but there is
+unusually good trout fishing in Fish Lake (2 miles), Avalanche Lake (9
+miles), Snyder Lake (5 miles), and Lincoln Lake (11 miles). Trout Lake
+(7 miles) and Arrow Lake (11 miles), as well as McDonald Creek, also
+furnish a good day's sport.
+
+There is a good automobile road to within 3 miles of Avalanche Lake.
+
+_Red Eagle Tent Camp._--Red Eagle Lake and Red Eagle Creek, both above
+and below the lake, abound in large cutthroat trout, some attaining the
+weight of 7 pounds.
+
+_Crossley Lake Tent Camp._--Crossley and other lakes on the Middle Fork
+of the Belly River furnish excellent sport. Cutthroat and Mackinaw
+trout are found here. Large rainbow trout and grayling abound in
+Elizabeth Lake. In the Belly River proper, rainbow and cutthroat trout
+and grayling are plentiful.
+
+_Goathaunt Tent Camp._--Large Mackinaw and cutthroat trout are found in
+Waterton Lake; eastern brook trout are numerous in Waterton River; Lake
+Francis on Olson Creek abounds in rainbow trout.
+
+
+HIKING AND MOUNTAIN CLIMBING
+
+The park is a paradise for hikers and mountain climbers. There are
+numerous places of interest near all hotels and chalets which can be
+visited by easy walks. Or trips can be made to occupy one or more days,
+stops being planned at various hostelries or camping sites en route.
+
+Space does not permit giving detailed information regarding points
+of interest along the trails, but this can be secured from Elrod's
+Guidebook and the United States topographic map. Directional signs are
+posted at all trail junctions. There is not the slightest danger of
+hikers getting lost if they stay on the trails. It is safe to travel
+any of these trails alone. Unless wild animals in the park are molested
+or are protecting their young they never attack human beings.
+
+Hikers should secure a topographic map of the park which shows all
+streams, lakes, glaciers, mountains, and other principal features in
+their proper positions. With a little practice it can be read easily.
+The official map can be purchased for 25 cents at the superintendent's
+office at Belton, the administration office at Glacier Park Station,
+the hotels, and all registration stations at the park entrances.
+
+The trip should not be ruined by attempting too much. An average of 2
+or 3 miles per hour is good hiking time in the rough park country. One
+thousand feet of climb per hour is satisfactory progress over average
+trails. In this rugged country hikes of 15 miles or more should be
+attempted only by those who are accustomed to long, hard trips. An
+attempt at mountain climbing or "stunts" should not be made alone
+unless one is thoroughly acquainted with the nature of Glacier's
+mountains and weather. Too often "stunts" result in serious body
+injuries, or even death, as well as much arduous work for rangers and
+others. Hikers should consult a ranger naturalist or information ranger
+before venturing on a hazardous, novel, or new undertaking. No one but
+an experienced mountaineer should attempt to spend a night in the open.
+Shelter cabins, for free use by parties overtaken by a storm, have been
+erected by the Government on Indian, Piegan, and Gunsight Passes. They
+are equipped with flagstone floors, stoves, and a limited supply of
+fuel wood. Mountain etiquette demands that they not be left in a
+disorderly state, that no more fuel be consumed than is absolutely
+necessary, and that their privileges and advantages not be abused.
+
+Shelter is not available in some of the most beautiful sections of the
+park. To those who are sufficiently sturdy to pack blankets, cooking
+utensils, and provisions, and are sufficiently versed in woodcraft
+to take care of themselves overnight, Glacier presents wonderful
+opportunities. Provisions can be purchased at Glacier Park Station,
+Belton, and at any hotel or chalet in the park. For fire prevention,
+it is unlawful to build campfires (or fires of any kind) except at
+designated places. The location of these sites can be ascertained from
+park rangers. Unless one is an experienced mountaineer and thoroughly
+familiar with the park, it is unwise to go far from the regular trails
+alone. He should not scorn the services of a guide on such trips.
+_Above all, he should not attempt to hike across country from one trail
+to another._ The many sheer cliffs make this extremely dangerous.
+
+If one is a veteran mountaineer and plans to climb peaks or explore
+trackless country, he should take the precaution to leave an outline of
+his plans at his hotel, chalet, or camp, giving especially the time he
+expects to return or reach his next stopping place.
+
+At each ranger station, hotel, chalet, and permanent camp in the park
+will be found a "Hiker's Register" book. Everyone is urged for his own
+protection to make use of these registers, entering briefly his name,
+home address, time of departure, plans, and probability of taking side
+trips or of changing plans. The hotel clerk should be informed of these
+at the time of departure. If a ranger is not there, this information
+should be entered in the register which will be found near the door
+outside the building, so that when the ranger returns he can report
+it to the next station or to headquarters. These precautions are to
+protect the park visitor. In case of injury or loss, rangers will
+immediately investigate.
+
+In planning hiking trips, the following should also be taken into
+consideration: At higher elevations one sunburns easily and painfully
+because of the rarity of the atmosphere and intense brightness of the
+sun. Hikers should include in their kits amber goggles and cold cream
+for glacier and high mountain trips.
+
+Footwear is most important. A hike should not be started with shoes
+or boots that have not been thoroughly broken in. Because feet swell
+greatly on a long trip, hiking shoes should be at least a half size
+larger than street shoes. They need not be heavy, awkward shoes--in
+fact, light shoes are much easier on the feet. Most people are made
+uncomfortable by high-top boots or shoes which retard the circulation
+of the calves. Six-or eight-inch tops are sufficient. Soles should be
+flexible, preferably of some composition which is not slippery when
+wet. Crepe soles are excellent for mountain climbing and for fishing.
+Hobnailed shoes are necessary only for grassy slopes or cross-country
+work. Hungarian nails are much to be preferred to hobs, and only a
+light studding of soles and heels is most effective. White silk socks
+should be worn next to the feet, a pair of heavy wool (German) socks
+over them. Soaking the feet daily in salt or alum solution toughens
+them. On a hike the feet should be bathed in cold water whenever
+possible.
+
+Hiking trips with ranger naturalists are described under that service.
+There are many interesting short side trips from all hotels, chalets,
+and camps. Short self-guiding trails upon which interesting objects
+of natural history are fittingly labeled have been established at the
+following places:
+
+1. Around Swiftcurrent Lake (2-1/2 miles).
+
+2. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Fish Lake (2 miles).
+
+3. From Lake McDonald Hotel to Johns Lake (2 miles).
+
+4. From Avalanche Campground to Avalanche Lake (2 miles).
+
+Lunches may be ordered from hotels and chalets the night before a trip.
+If an early departure is planned, it should be so stated upon ordering
+the lunch.
+
+
+POPULAR TRAILS
+
+(Figures indicate altitude in feet above sea level)
+
+Glacier Park Hotel (4,796) to Two Medicine Chalets (5,175) via Mount
+Henry Trail (7,500). Distance, 11 miles.
+
+Two Medicine Chalets to Cut Bank Chalets (5,100) via Cut Bank Pass
+(7,600), 17-1/2 miles.
+
+Cut Bank Chalets via Triple Divide Pass (7,400) and Triple Divide Peak
+(8,001) to Red Eagle Camp on Red Eagle Lake (4,702), 16 miles.
+
+Red Eagle Camp to St. Mary Chalets (4,500), 9 miles.
+
+The Many Falls Trail: Red Eagle Camp via the south shore of St. Mary
+Lake and Virginia Falls to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500), 11-1/2
+miles.
+
+The 2-day trip, St. Mary Chalets to Red Eagle Camp (7 miles) and thence
+over Many Falls Trail to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, is excellent.
+
+Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Sunrift Gorge (4,800), Siyeh (8,100), and
+Piegan (7,800) Passes to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861), 17-1/2 miles.
+
+Going-to-the-Sun Chalets via Reynolds Creek, Preston Park, and Piegan
+Pass to Many Glacier Hotel, 19 miles.
+
+Many Glacier Hotel to Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Swiftcurrent
+Pass (7,176), 9 miles.
+
+Granite Park Chalets to Lake McDonald Hotel (3,167) via McDonald Creek,
+18 miles.
+
+Granite Park Chalets (6,600) via Logan Pass (6,654) to Going-to-the-Sun
+Chalets (4,500), 18 miles.
+
+Granite Park Chalets to the Going-to-the-Sun Highway (5,200) meeting it
+2 miles above the switchback, 4 miles.
+
+Granite Park Chalets to Goathaunt Camp at Waterton Lake (4,200) via
+Flattop Mountain (6,500), 20 miles. A short side trail leads to Ahern
+Pass, from which is obtained a splendid view of the valley of the South
+Fork of Belly River. Another from Flattop Mountain to the Summit of the
+Continental Divide overlooks Sue Lake and the Middle Fork of the Belly
+River. Fifty Mountain Camp is midway between Granite Park and Goathaunt
+Camp.
+
+Goathaunt Camp to Browns Pass (6,450), Boulder Pass (8,200), and
+Hole-in-the-Wall Falls, 15 miles. One of the most scenic trips in the
+park. From Boulder Pass a trail leads to Kintla Lake; from Browns Pass
+a trail to Bowman Lake. A secondary road leads from Kintla to Bowman
+Lakes, 20 miles.
+
+Goathaunt Camp via Indian Pass (7,400) to Crossley Lake Camp (4,855),
+18 miles.
+
+Crossley Lake Camp to Many Glacier Hotel (4,861) via the celebrated
+Ptarmigan Trail which includes a 183-foot tunnel through Ptarmigan
+Wall, 17 miles.
+
+Lake McDonald Hotel to Avalanche Camp (3,400), 6-1/2 miles.
+
+Avalanche Camp to Avalanche Lake (3,885), 2 miles.
+
+Lake McDonald Hotel to Sperry Chalets (6,500), 6 miles. From Sperry
+Chalets to Sperry Glacier, 2-1/2 miles.
+
+Sperry Chalets to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets (4,500) via Lincoln (7,000)
+and Gunsight (6,900) Passes, 13 miles.
+
+
+SWIMMING
+
+While it is possible for visitors to indulge in lake bathing, it will
+be found that the water of the lakes, usually just from the melting
+glaciers, is uncomfortably cold, and for this reason is not enjoyed
+except by the most hardy. Swimming pools and plunges with warmed water
+are provided at Glacier Park Hotel and Many Glacier Hotel.
+
+
+CAMPING OUT
+
+The traveler who is not in a hurry may camp out in the magnificent
+wilderness of the park, carrying equipment in his automobile and
+staying as long as he wishes in any of the free Government campgrounds,
+or he may carry his bed and provisions on his back. With a competent
+guide and a complete camping outfit the park visitor may set forth upon
+the trails to wander at will. On such trips one may venture far afield,
+explore glaciers, climb divides for extraordinary views, linger for the
+best fishing, or spend idle days in spots of inspirational beauty.
+
+The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. provides excellent small sleeping
+tents and a complete outfitting of comforts for pack trips.
+
+There are several important points to be remembered on such trips:
+
+A Government topographic map should be procured and consulted
+frequently.
+
+Extreme care should be taken about fires. No fire should be left even
+for a few minutes unless it is _entirely extinguished_. It should be
+_drenched completely with water_.
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY
+
+Glacier offers exceptional views to delight the photographer. While
+the scenic attractions are most commonly photographed, the animals, the
+flowers, and the picturesque Blackfeet Indians provide interesting
+subjects. Photographic laboratories are maintained at Many Glacier,
+Lake McDonald, and Glacier Park Hotels, and at Belton village. Expert
+information regarding exposures and settings is also available at
+these places.
+
+
+
+
+PARK HIGHWAY SYSTEM
+
+
+The Blackfeet Highway, lying along the east side of the park, is an
+improved highway, leading from Glacier Park Station to the Canadian
+line via Babb, Mont., and from the line to Waterton Lakes Park and
+other Canadian points via Cardston, Alberta. There is also an improved
+picturesque cut-off highway, which branches from this road at Kennedy
+Creek Junction, 4 miles north of Babb, leading around the base of Chief
+Mountain to Waterton Lakes Park. Improved highways lead from the
+Blackfeet Highway to Two Medicine Lake, the Cutbank Chalets, and Many
+Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake.
+
+The Theodore Roosevelt Highway (US 2) follows the southern boundary of
+the park from Glacier Park Station to Belton, a distance of 58 miles,
+and a trip over this highway affords views of excellent scenery.
+
+The spectacular Going-to-the-Sun Highway, well known as one of the
+outstanding scenic roadways of the world, links the east and west sides
+of the park, crossing the Continental Divide through Logan Pass at an
+altitude of 6,654 feet, and connects with the Blackfeet Highway at St.
+Marys Junction, a distance of 51 miles from Belton. East of the divide
+an improved spur road leads to Going-to-the-Sun Chalets on famous St.
+Marys Lake. On the west side at Apgar, 2 miles above Belton, a narrow
+dirt road follows the north fork of the Flathead River to Bowman and
+Kintla Lakes.
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO DRESS
+
+
+As a rule tourists are inclined to carry too much. There are no
+unnecessary formalities and no need for formal clothes in Glacier Park,
+where guests are expected to relax from everyday affairs of living. An
+inexpensive and simple outfit is required--old clothes and stout shoes
+are the rule. These, together with toilet articles, can be wrapped into
+a compact bundle and put into a haversack or bag. For saddle trips,
+hiking, or idling, both men and women wear riding breeches for greater
+comfort and freedom. Golf knickers are also satisfactory. "Shorts",
+such as are worn by Boy Scouts, are not generally feasible in this
+park. Ordinary cotton khaki breeches will do, although woolen ones are
+preferable; lightweight woolen underwear and overshirt are advised
+because of rapid changes of temperature. A sweater or woolen mackinaw
+jacket, 1 or 2 pairs of cotton gloves, and a raincoat are generally
+serviceable. Waterproof slickers are furnished free with saddle horses.
+
+Supplies and essential articles of clothing of good quality, including
+boots, shoes, leggings, socks, haversacks, shirts, slickers, blankets,
+camping equipment, and provisions, may be purchased at well-stocked
+commissaries at Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels
+and at the camp store at Many Glacier campground. The Glacier Park Hotel
+Co., which operates these commissaries, also makes a practice of
+renting, at a nominal figure, riding outfits, mackinaw coats, and other
+overgarments. Stores carrying a similar general line of articles most
+useful in making park trips are located at Belton and at Glacier Park
+village. There is a store carrying provisions, cigars, tobacco, and
+fishermen's supplies at the foot of Lake McDonald.
+
+
+
+
+ACCOMMODATIONS
+
+
+The Glacier Park Hotel Co., under franchise from the Department of the
+Interior, operates the hotel and chalet system in the park and the
+Belton Chalets. This system includes the Glacier Park Hotel at Glacier
+Park Station, an imposing structure built of massive logs, nearly as
+long as the Capitol at Washington, accommodating 400 guests; the Many
+Glacier Hotel on Swiftcurrent Lake, accommodating over 500 guests; and
+the Lake McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald, with capacity for 100 guests.
+
+The chalet groups are from 10 to 18 miles apart, but within hiking
+distance of one another or of the hotels, and provide excellent
+accommodations for trail tourists. They are located at Two Medicine,
+Cutbank, St. Mary, Sun Camp, Granite Park, Sperry, and Belton. In
+addition to these, the Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co. maintains tent
+camps at Red Eagle Lake, Crossley Lake, Goathaunt, and Fifty Mountain.
+
+There are also a few hotels and camps located on the west side, in
+or adjacent to the park, on private lands. The National Park Service
+exercises no control over their rates and operations. Private tourist
+cabins and hotels are operated outside the park at Glacier Park
+Station, Belton, St. Mary, Babb, and Browning Junction.
+
+
+RATES
+
+The Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels are open from
+June 15 to September 15. The American-plan rates range from $6.50 a day
+for a room, without bath, to $14 a day for de luxe accommodations for
+one. Rooms may also be obtained on the European plan. Breakfast and
+lunch cost $1 each; dinner, $1.50. Children under 8 are charged half
+rates, and a discount of 10 percent is allowed for stays of a week or
+longer at any one hotel. Cabins are obtainable at Lake McDonald Hotel
+at a rate of $5 each, American plan, for 3 persons in 1 room; 2 persons
+in room, $5.50 each; 1 person, $6.50.
+
+Chalets operated during 1937 will be open from June 15 to September 15,
+except Sperry and Granite Park, which will open July I and close
+September 1. Minimum rates are computed on a basis of $4.50 a day per
+person, special accommodations ranging as high as $7.50. A 10-percent
+discount is allowed for stays of a week or more at any one chalet
+group. Tent camp rates are $5 per day, per person, American plan.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ HOUSEKEEPING CABINS AT MANY GLACIER
+CAMPGROUNDS]
+
+The Swiftcurrent auto cabins are located a little more than a mile from
+Many Glacier Hotel. Here a 2-room cabin for 1 or 2 persons costs $2.50
+a day; 3 or 4 persons in a 3-room cabin, $4 a day. Blankets and linen
+may be rented by the day. The 10 percent discount given at the hotels
+and chalets also applies to the housekeeping cabins.
+
+
+
+
+SADDLE-HORSE TRIPS
+
+
+Glacier National Park has the distinction of being the foremost trail
+park. More saddle horses are used than in any other park or like
+recreational region in this country. The Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co.
+has available during the season about 800 saddle animals. There are
+nearly 900 miles of trails in this park.
+
+At Glacier Park, Many Glacier, and Lake McDonald Hotels,
+Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, and Goathaunt Tent Camp, horses may be
+engaged or released for trips in the park, including camping trips.
+At Two Medicine Chalets horses may be engaged or released for local
+rides only.
+
+A wonderful 3-day excursion is afforded by the Logan Pass Triangle
+trip. This trip may be started at either the Many Glacier Hotel and
+Chalets or Going-to-the-Sun Chalets. Beginning at Many Glacier Hotel,
+the first day's route follows up Swiftcurrent Pass to Granite Park
+Chalets, where luncheon is served and the overnight stop made. The
+second day the Garden Wall Trail to Logan Pass is followed, with a box
+luncheon on the way, and Going-to-the-Sun Chalets is reached in late
+afternoon in time for dinner. The return to Many Glacier Hotel is made
+the third day via Piegan Pass, Grinnell Lake, and Josephine Lake.
+
+The South Circle trip requires 5 days to complete and may be
+started either from Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake
+McDonald Hotel on Lake McDonald. Three of the principal passes are
+traversed--Swiftcurrent, Gunsight, and Piegan. The North Circle trip is
+also a 5-day tour via tent camps, crossing Swiftcurrent Pass, Indian
+Pass, and Ptarmigan Wall. The trip starts from Many Glacier Hotel,
+Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, or Lake McDonald Hotel.
+
+There is a 4-day inside trail trip from Glacier Park Hotel via Two
+Medicine, Cut Bank, and Red Eagle to Sun Camp.
+
+Many delightful specially scheduled trips of 1 and 2 days' duration are
+also available.
+
+Information about saddle-horse trips may be obtained at any of the
+hotels or other points of concentration. Practically any type of
+trip desired can be arranged, from short excursions to special points
+of interest, such as the half-day trip from Glacier Park Hotel to
+Forty-Mile Creek for $3.50, to pack trips of unlimited duration; the
+larger the party, the cheaper the rates. For minimum parties of 3
+persons, the average rate for 1-day trips is $5 or $6. For parties of 3
+or more, the all-expense Fifty Mountain Trail trip of 3 days is $28.50;
+the 5-day North Circle trip, $50.50. These are specifically mentioned
+merely to give an idea of the cost; many other fine trips are available
+at rates computed on a similar basis.
+
+Special arrangements can be made for private camping parties making a
+trip of 10 days or more at rates amounting to $11 a day each for groups
+of 7 or more; $12 a day each for 6 persons; $13 for 5; $15 for 4; $16
+for 3; $18 for 2; and $27 for 1 person. A guide and cook, are furnished
+for a party of one or more persons, and extra helpers are added, if the
+number of persons require it. Private trips of less than 10 days may
+also be arranged.
+
+Experienced riders may rent horses for use on the floor of the valleys
+at $1 an hour, $3 for 4 hours, and $5 for 8 hours.
+
+
+
+
+ALL-EXPENSE TOURS BY BUS
+
+
+The Glacier Park Transport Co. and the Glacier Park Hotel Co. have
+jointly arranged some very attractive all-expense tours of 1, 2, 3, and
+4 days' duration. These trips are priced reasonably and include auto
+fare, meals, and hotel lodgings. The trips begin at Glacier Park Station
+for west-bound passengers and at Belton for east-bound passengers and
+are made daily during the season.
+
+[Illustration: _Grant photo._ RESTING AT THE SOUTH PORTAL OF THE TUNNEL
+ON PTARMIGAN WALL TRAIL]
+
+_Trip No. 1._--Logan Pass Detour.--Glacier Park Hotel to Going-to-the-Sun
+Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton, Mont. Leave Glacier Park
+Hotel at 2:30 p.m.; arrive Belton the next day, 2:05 p.m. All-expense
+rate, $15.50.
+
+_Trip No. 2._--Glacier Park Hotel to Many Glacier Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun
+Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton. Leave Glacier Park Hotel 2:30
+p.m.; arrive Belton on third day, 2:05 p.m. All-expense rate, $27.75.
+
+_Trip No. 3._--Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Lake, Many Glacier
+Hotel, Going-to-the-Sun Chalets, Lake McDonald, and Belton. Leave
+Glacier Park Hotel 2 p.m.; arrive Belton on fourth day, 2:05 p.m.
+All-expense rate, $38.
+
+_Trip No. 4._--Same as Trip No. 3, except an extra day at Many Glacier
+Hotel, and the all-expense rate is $44.50.
+
+All west-bound trips are scheduled to arrive at Belton at 2:05 p.m.,
+in time for the Empire Builder, west. The trips east bound all begin
+at Belton and close at Glacier Park Station, in time for the Empire
+Builder, east. The rates for these trips are:
+
+No. 1--$16.50 No. 2--$30.25 No. 3--$36.75 No. 4--$45.00.
+
+All trips, both east and west, are routed over the spectacular
+Going-to-the-Sun Highway and Logan Pass.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSPORTATION
+
+
+The Glacier Park Transport Co. is operated in the park under franchise
+from the Department of the Interior. Daily stage service in each
+direction is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel and St. Mary
+Chalets, Many Glacier Hotel and Chalets, Waterton, and Going-to-the-Sun
+Chalets, Lake McDonald Hotel, and Belton Station. A daily bus trip is
+made from Glacier Park Hotel to Two Medicine Chalets on Two Medicine
+Lake, allowing sufficient time at the lake to fish or make the launch
+trip. Regular motorbus service is maintained between Glacier Park Hotel
+and Belton. On the west side daily bus service is maintained between
+Belton, the foot of Lake McDonald, and the Lake McDonald Hotel at the
+head of Lake McDonald, and between this hotel and Logan Pass on the
+Continental Divide.
+
+The transportation company and launch companies allow each passenger
+to carry with him 25 pounds of hand baggage without extra charge, which
+is usually sufficient for shorter trips. Trunks are forwarded at
+extra expense. Arrangements can be made for caring for trunks left at
+entrances during tour of park or rechecking them for passengers who
+enter at one side and leave by the other. Storage charges on baggage at
+Glacier Park Station and at Belton are waived while tourists are making
+park trips.
+
+
+
+
+LAUNCHES AND ROWBOATS
+
+
+The Glacier Park Hotel Co. operates launch service on Waterton Lake
+between Goathaunt Camp in Glacier Park, and the Waterton Lake townsite
+in Alberta, Canada, crossing the international boundary line about
+half-way up the lake. One-way, the fare is 75 cents; round trip, $1.50.
+
+Twilight launch rides on St. Mary and McDonald Lakes are featured
+during fair weather.
+
+The J. W. Swanson Boat Co. operates launch service on beautiful
+Two Medicine Lake, at a charge of 75 cents each for four or more
+passengers. For a smaller number the minimum charge for the trip around
+the lake is $3. Trips around Josephine and Swiftcurrent Lakes may be
+made for $1 each. The Swanson Co. also rents rowboats for 50 cents an
+hour; $2.50 a day, or $15 a week for use on the following lakes: Two
+Medicine, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, Josephine, and McDonald. Outboard
+motors may also be rented.
+
+This booklet is issued once a year and the rates mentioned herein may
+have changed slightly since issuance, but the latest rates approved by
+the Secretary of the Interior are on file with the superintendent and
+the park operators.
+
+
+
+
+ADMINISTRATION
+
+
+The representative of the National Park Service in immediate charge of
+the park is the superintendent, E. T. Scoyen, Belton, Mont.
+
+William H. Lindsay is United States commissioner for the park and holds
+court in all cases involving violations of park regulations.
+
+
+
+
+NATURALIST SERVICE
+
+
+A daily schedule of popular guided trips afield, all-day hikes, boat
+trips, campfire entertainments, and illustrated lectures is maintained
+at Many Glacier, Going-to-the-Sun, Two Medicine, Lake McDonald, Sprague
+Creek, and Avalanche Auto Campgrounds, the leading tourist centers.
+Naturalists who conduct local field trips and walks to nearby Hidden
+Lake and Clements Glacier are stationed at Logan Pass daily from 9 to 4.
+
+A small museum dealing with popular local natural history subjects is
+maintained throughout July and August at Many Glacier Ranger Station.
+Cut-flower exhibits are installed at various hotels and chalets, and an
+exhibit of rock specimens is in the lobby of Many Glacier Hotel.
+
+Requests from special parties desiring ranger naturalist assistance
+are given every consideration. All park visitors are urged to avail
+themselves of the services of the naturalists who are there to assist
+them in learning of the untold wonders that abound everywhere in the
+park. Acceptance of gratuities for this free service is strictly
+forbidden.
+
+For complete information on naturalist schedules and types of service
+offered consult the free pamphlet, Ranger-Naturalist Service, Glacier
+National Park.
+
+
+
+
+AUTOMOBILE CAMPGROUNDS
+
+
+For the use of the motoring public a system of free automobile
+campgrounds has been developed on both sides of the park. On the east
+side, these camps are located at Two Medicine, Cutbank, Roes Creek, and
+Many Glacier. The west side camps are at Bowman Lake, Fish Creek,
+Avalanche Creek, and Lake McDonald. Pure water, firewood, cookstoves,
+and sanitary facilities are available, but campers must bring their own
+equipment.
+
+
+
+
+POST OFFICES
+
+
+The United States post offices are located at Glacier Park, Mont.,
+Belton, Mont., Polebridge, Mont., and (during summer season) Lake
+McDonald, Mont., at Lake McDonald Hotel, and Apgar, at the foot of Lake
+McDonald. Mail for park visitors should include in the address the name
+of the stopping place as well as the post office.
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS
+
+
+Telegraph and express service is available at all points of concentration.
+
+Qualified nurses are in attendance at the hotels and both sides of the
+park, and there is a resident physician at Glacier Park Hotel.
+
+
+
+
+THE PARK'S GEOLOGIC STORY
+
+
+The mountains of Glacier National Park are made up of many layers of
+limestone and other rocks formed from sediments deposited under water.
+The rocks show ripple marks which were made by waves when the rock
+material was soft sand and mud. Raindrop impressions and sun cracks
+show that the mud from time to time was exposed to rains and the drying
+action of the air. These facts indicate that the area now known as
+"Glacier National Park" was once covered by a shallow sea. At intervals
+muds were laid down which later became consolidated into rocks known as
+"shales" and "argillites." Limy or calcareous muds were changed into
+limestone. The geologist estimates that these depositions were made
+several hundred million years ago.
+
+In the plains area east of the mountains are other lime and mud
+formations. These are younger and softer than the rocks which make
+up the mountains but were undoubtedly formed under much the same
+conditions. These contain much higher forms of life, such as fish
+and shells.
+
+When originally laid down all these layers must have been nearly
+horizontal, just as they are deposited today in bodies of standing
+water all over the world. Then came a time when the sea slowly but
+permanently withdrew from the area by an uplift of the land, which
+since that time has been continuously above sea level. This uplift, one
+of the greatest in the history of the region, marks the beginning of
+a long period of erosion which has carved the mountains of Glacier
+National Park.
+
+The geologist observes that the rock layers are no longer in the
+horizontal position in which they were laid down. There are folds
+in the rocks and many breaks or faults cutting across the layers.
+Furthermore, the oldest rocks in the region are found to be resting on
+the younger rocks of the adjacent plains. One of the best examples of
+this is to be seen at Chief Mountain where the ancient limestone rests
+directly on the young shale below (fig. 1). The same relationship is
+visible in Cutbank, St. Mary, and Swiftcurrent Valleys. In these areas,
+however, the exact contact is not always so easy to locate principally
+because of the debris of weathered rocks that have buried them. What
+has happened? How did this peculiar relationship come about? The
+answers to these questions unravel one of the grandest stories in earth
+history. Forces deep in the earth slowly gathered energy until finally
+the stress became so great that the rocky crust began to move.
+
+The probable results of the movement in the crust of the earth are
+shown in the diagram (fig. 2). Section A represents a cross section
+of the Glacier Park region, as it most likely appeared, immediately
+following the long period of sedimentation. The rock strata are
+horizontal. Section B shows the same region after the rock layers have
+been slightly wrinkled due to the forces from the southwest, which,
+although slightly relieved by the bending, still persisted and the
+folds were greatly enlarged as shown in section C. At this stage the
+folds reached their breaking limit, and the strata broke in a number of
+places as indicated by dotted lines in the diagram. As a result of this
+fracturing, the rocks on the west side of the folds were pushed upward
+and over the rocks on the east, as shown in section D. The mountain
+rocks (represented by patterns of cross lines) were shoved over the
+rocks of the plains (represented in white), producing what is known as
+an "overthrust fault." It has been estimated that the rocks have moved
+a distance of at least 15 miles.
+
+As the rocks were thrust northeastward and upward they made a greatly
+elevated region, but did not, however, at any time project into the
+air, as indicated in section D, because as the rocky mass was being
+uplifted, streams were wearing it away and cutting deep canyons in its
+upland portion. The rocks of the mountains, owing to their resistant
+character, are not worn away as rapidly as the plains formations with
+the result that great thicknesses of limestone and argillite tower
+above the plains. Where the older, more massive strata overlie the
+soft rocks the mountains are terminated by precipitous walls as
+shown in section E. This explains the absence of foothills that is
+so conspicuous a feature of this mountain front and one in which it
+differs from most other ranges.
+
+While the region now known as "Glacier National Park" was being
+uplifted and faulted, the streams were continually at work. The sand
+and other abrasive material being swept along on the beds of the
+streams slowly wore away much of the rock. The uplifting gave the
+streams life and they consequently cut deep valleys into the mountain
+area. They cut farther and farther back into the mountain mass until
+they dissected it, leaving instead of an upland plateau a region of
+ridges and sharp peaks. This erosional process which has carved the
+mountains of Glacier Park has produced most of the mountains of the
+world.
+
+Following their early erosional history, there came a period of much
+colder climate during which time heavy snows fell and large ice fields
+were formed throughout the mountain region. At the same time huge
+continental ice sheets formed in Canada and also in northern Europe.
+This period, during which glaciers, sometimes over a mile thick,
+covered many parts of the world including all of Canada and New England
+and much of North Central United States, is known as the "Ice Age."
+Such a tremendous covering of ice had an enduring and pronounced effect
+upon the relief of the country.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--_Sketch showing structure of Chief Mountain.
+The ancient limestone above is not appreciably altered, but the lower
+part is broken up by many oblique thrust faults. The entire mountain
+is composed of ancient rocks and rests on shale of a very much younger
+age. After Bailey Willis._]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--_The Lewis overthrust. Diagram illustrating
+how pressure from the northwest affected the rocks of the Glacier Park
+region._]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--_A, An irregular V-shaped valley produced
+by stream erosion; B, the same valley after it has been occupied by
+a glacier. Note the smooth topography and U-shaped form._]
+
+In Glacier National Park some of the ice still remains in the higher
+portions of the valleys and a study of these ice fields helps in
+interpreting the history of the park during the Ice Age. It is evident
+that ice did not cover the entire range, but that the higher peaks
+stood out above the ice, which probably never reached a thickness of
+over 3,000 feet in this region. The V-shaped valleys which had been
+produced by stream erosion were filled with glaciers which moved slowly
+down the valleys. The ice froze onto all loose rock material and
+carried it forward, using it as abrasive to gouge out the rock, the
+valley bottoms, and sides. Gradually the valleys were molded until they
+had acquired a smooth U-shaped character (fig. 3). There are excellent
+examples of this work of ice in the park, among which are Two Medicine,
+Cut Bank, St. Mary, Swiftcurrent, and Belly River Valleys.
+
+In addition to smoothing the valley down which they moved, the glaciers
+produced many rock basins called cirques. These are the result of ice
+plucking in the regions where the glaciers formed. Alternate freezing
+and thawing cause the rock to break and the resulting fragments are
+carried away by the moving ice mass. In the majority of cases the
+cirques have lakes on their floors. The park is dotted with these
+beautiful little lakes scattered throughout the high mountain country.
+
+The valley lakes are usually larger than the cirque lakes and have a
+different origin. As the glaciers melted they deposited huge loads of
+sand, mud, and boulders in the valley bottoms called moraines. Debris
+of this nature has helped to hold in the waters of St. Mary, Lower Two
+Medicine, McDonald, Bowman, and numerous other lakes in the park.
+
+
+
+
+FLORA AND FAUNA
+
+
+Glacier National Park is exceptionally rich in many kinds of wildlife.
+Its rugged wilderness character, enhanced by numerous lakes and almost
+unlimited natural alpine gardens, combine to offer an unexcelled
+opportunity to enjoy and study nature.
+
+Glacier is noted for its brilliant floral display which is most
+striking in early July. Above timber line hardy plants such as mosses
+and lichens, together with the delicately colored alpine flowers, are
+found. Lower on the mountains are heather, gentians, wild heliotrope,
+and stunted trees of alpine fir, white-barked pine, and alpine larch.
+The valleys on the east bear Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole
+pine, Douglas fir, and limber pine.
+
+The valleys of the west side are within an entirely different plant
+life zone, typified by dense climax forests. For the most part these
+forests consist of red cedar and hemlock, with intermediate forests of
+larch, fir, spruce, and white pine. There are also younger stands of
+larch and lodgepole pine. Some of the white pines in McDonald Valley
+have reached huge dimensions. The deficiency of wild flowers found
+there is in part made up by the presence of sphagnum bogs with a
+typical fauna and flora of their own.
+
+On the east, at lower elevations, representatives of the Great Plains
+flora are found, such as the passion flower, carpet pink, shooting
+star, scarlet paintbrush, red and white geraniums, bronze agoseris, the
+gaillardia, wild hollyhock, asters, and many other composites. The bear
+grass is one of the most characteristic plants of Glacier.
+
+Of equal interest is the abundant animal life, including both the
+larger and smaller forms. Bighorn, mountain goats, moose, wapiti,
+grizzly and black bear, and western white-tailed and Rocky Mountain
+mule deer exist in as natural a condition as is possible in an area
+also utilized by man. Mountain caribou are occasional visitors to the
+park. Mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes are present, although the
+first have been reduced greatly from their original numbers. The
+beaver, marmot, otter, marten, cony, and a host of smaller mammals are
+interesting and important members of the fauna. Among the birds, those
+that attract the greatest interest are the osprey, water ouzel,
+ptarmigan, Clark nutcracker, thrushes, and sparrows.
+
+[Illustration: _Hileman photo._ BEARGRASS]
+
+
+
+
+IDEAL PLACE TO SEE AMERICAN INDIANS
+
+
+With the exception of the Kootenais, few Indians ventured into the
+fastness of the park mountains before the coming of the white men. Yet
+so frequently did a large number of tribes use its trails for hunting
+and warfare, or camp in midsummer along its lakes and streams on the
+edge of the plains, that the park has an Indian story intertwined with
+its own that is unsurpassed in interest. Except for a few plateau
+Indians who had strong plains' characteristics because they once lived
+on the plains, all tribes were of that most interesting of Indian
+types, the plains Indian.
+
+The earliest peoples inhabiting the northern Montana plains of which
+we have any record were apparently Snake Indians of Shoshonean stock.
+Later Nez Perces, Flatheads, and Kootenais pushed eastward through
+passes from the headwaters of the Columbia River system. Then came
+horses and firearms, and the whites themselves to set up an entirely
+different state of affairs in their hitherto relatively peaceful
+existence. First, a growing and expounding Siouan race, pressed forward
+also by an expanding irresistible Algonkian stock, occupied the high
+plains and pushed back its peoples behind the wall of mountains. These
+were the Crows from the south, the Assiniboins to the east. Lastly,
+armed with strategy and Hudson's Bay Co. firearms, and given speed and
+range with horses, the dauntless Blackfeet came forth from their
+forests to become the terror of the north. They grew strong on the
+abundance of food and game on the Great Plains, and pushed the Crows
+beyond the Yellowstone River, until met by the forces of white soldiery
+and the tide of civilization.
+
+Today the Blackfeet on the reservation adjoining the park on the east
+remain a pitiful but picturesque remnant of their former pride and
+glory. They have laid aside their former intense hostility to the
+whites and have reconciled themselves to the fate of irrepressible
+civilization. Dressed in colorful native costume, a few families of
+braves greet the park visitor at Glacier Park Station and Hotel. Here
+they sing, dance, and tell stories of their former greatness. In these
+are reflected in a measure the dignity, the nobility, the haughtiness,
+and the savagery of one of the highest and most interesting of
+aboriginal American peoples.
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+
+ALBRIGHT, HORACE M., and TAYLOR, FRANK J. Oh, Ranger! About the
+     national parks.
+
+BOWMAN, I. Forest Physiography. New York, 1911. Illustrated; maps.
+
+EATON, WALTER PRITCHARD. Boy Scouts in Glacier Park. 1918. 336 pages.
+
+---- Sky-line Camps. 1922. 268 pp., illustrated. A record of wanderings
+     in the Northwestern Mountains from Glacier National Park to Crater
+     Lake National Park in Oregon.
+
+ELROD, Dr. MORTON J. Complete Guide to Glacier National Park. 1924.
+     208 pp.
+
+FARIS, JOHN T. Roaming the Rockies. 1930. 333 pp., illustrated. Farrar
+     & Rinehart, New York City, Glacier National Park on pp. 42 to 80.
+
+HOLTZ, MATHILDE EDITH, and BEMIS, KATHERINE ISABEL. Glacier National
+     Park, Its Trails and Treasures. 1917. 262 pp., illustrated.
+
+JEFFERS, Le ROY. The Call of the Mountains. 1922. 282 pp., illustrated.
+     Dodd, Mead & Co. Glacier National Park on pp. 35-39.
+
+JOHNSON, C. Highways of Rocky Mountains. Mountains and Valleys in
+     Montana, pp. 194-215. Illustrated.
+
+KANE, J. F. Picturesque America. 1935. 256 pp., illustrated. Frederick
+     Gumbrecht, Brooklyn, N. Y. Glacier National Park on pp. 147-169.
+
+LAUT, AGNES C. The Blazed Trail of the Old Frontier. Robt. M. McBride &
+     Co., New York, 1926.
+
+---- Enchanted Trails of Glacier Park. Robt. M. McBride & Co., New
+     York. 1926.
+
+MARSHALL, L. Seeing America. Philadelphia, 1916. Illustrated. Map.
+     Chapter XXIII, Among the American Alps, Glacier National Park,
+     pp. 193-200.
+
+McCLINTOCK, W. The Old North Trail. 539 pp., illustrated, maps.
+     Macmillan Co. 1920.
+
+---- Old Indian Trails, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1923.
+
+MILLS, ENOS A. Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. Houghton
+     Mifflin Co. 1917. Glacier National Park on pp. 148-160, 475-487.
+
+RINEHART, MARY ROBERTS. Through Glacier Park. The Log of a Trip with
+     Howard Eaton. 1916. 92 pp., illustrated.
+
+---- My Country 'Tis of Thee.
+
+Rolfe, Mary A. Our National Parks, Book Two. A supplementary reader on
+     the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students. Benj. H.
+     Sanborn & Co., Chicago. 1928. Glacier National Park on pp. 197-242.
+
+SANDERS, H. F. Trails Through Western Woods. 1910. 310 pp., illustrated.
+
+---- History of Montana, vol. 1, 1913. 847 pp. Glacier National Park on
+     pp. 685-689.
+
+---- The White Quiver. 344 pp., illustrated, Duffield & Co., New York.
+     1913.
+
+SCHULTZE, JAMES WILLARD. Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National Park. 1916.
+     242 pp., illustrated.
+
+STEELE, DAVID M. Going Abroad Overland. 1917. 198 pp., illustrated.
+     Glacier National Park on pp. 92-101.
+
+STIMSON, HENRY L. The Ascent of Chief Mountain. In Hunting in Many
+     Lands, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George B. Grinnell, 1895,
+     pp. 220-237.
+
+YARD, ROBERT STERLING. The Book of the National Parks. Scribner's,
+     1926, 444 pp., 74 illustrations, 14 maps and diagrams. Glacier
+     National Park on pp. 251-283.
+
+
+
+
+GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
+
+
+=Glimpses of Our National Parks.= Brief descriptions of national parks.
+Address Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Free.
+
+=Recreational map.= Shows Federal and State recreational areas throughout
+the United States and gives brief descriptions of principal ones. Address
+as above. Free.
+
+Illustrated booklets about the following national parks may be obtained
+free of charge by writing to the Director, National Park Service:
+
+  Acadia, Maine.
+  Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mex.
+  Crater Lake, Oreg.
+  General Grant, Calif.
+  Grand Canyon, Ariz.
+  Grand Teton, Wyo.
+  Great Smoky Mountains, N. C.-Tenn.
+  Hawaii, Hawaii.
+  Hot Springs, Ark.
+  Lassen Volcanic, Calif.
+  Mesa Verde, Colo.
+  Mount McKinley, Alaska.
+  Mount Rainier, Wash.
+  National Capital Parks, Washington, D. C.
+  Platt, Okla.
+  Rocky Mountain, Colo.
+  Sequoia, Calif.
+  Wind Cave, S. Dak.
+  Yellowstone, Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho.
+  Yosemite, Calif.
+  Zion and Bryce Canyon, Utah.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Publications for sale in Glacier National Park_
+
+
+  Wild Animals of Glacier National Park      $1.00
+  Plants of Glacier National Park              .50
+  Origin of Scenic Features of Glacier         .20
+  Geological Survey map of Glacier             .25
+  Fauna of the National Parks                  .20
+  National Parks Portfolio                    1.50
+
+
+[Illustration: AREAS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE]
+
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF WATERTON-GLACIER INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Glacier National Park [Montana], by 
+United States Dept. of the Interior
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK [MONTANA] ***
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