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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Commercialized Prostitution in New York City, by
+George Jackson Kneeland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Commercialized Prostitution in New York City
+
+Author: George Jackson Kneeland
+
+Release Date: June 24, 2011 [EBook #36506]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMERCIALIZED PROSTITUTION IN NEW YORK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
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+
+
+Commercialized Prostitution in New York City
+
+
+
+
+  Publications of the Bureau of Social Hygiene
+
+
+  Commercialized Prostitution in New York City
+
+
+  BY GEORGE J. KNEELAND
+
+
+  With a supplementary chapter by KATHARINE BEMENT DAVIS
+  Superintendent of the New York State Reformatory for Women
+
+
+  INTRODUCTION BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR.
+  Chairman of the Bureau of Social Hygiene
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  THE CENTURY CO.
+  1913
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1913, by THE CENTURY CO.
+
+  _Published, May, 1913_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                             PAGE
+
+  INTRODUCTION                                                         vii
+
+     I. VICE RESORTS IN NEW YORK CITY: (a) PARLOR HOUSES                 3
+
+    II. VICE RESORTS: (b) TENEMENT HOUSES, HOTELS, FURNISHED ROOMS,
+        MASSAGE PARLORS                                                 24
+
+   III. PLACES WHICH CATER TO VICE                                      52
+
+    IV. THE EXPLOITERS                                                  77
+
+     V. PROSTITUTE AND CUSTOMER                                        100
+
+    VI. THE BUSINESS OF PROSTITUTION; ITS COST                         112
+
+   VII. PROSTITUTION, THE POLICE, AND THE LAW                          137
+
+  VIII. A STUDY OF PROSTITUTES COMMITTED FROM NEW YORK CITY TO THE
+        STATE REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN AT BEDFORD HILLS                   163
+
+        STATISTICAL TABLES ACCOMPANYING CHAPTER VIII                   197
+
+    IX. PREVENTATIVE, REFORMATIVE AND CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES IN NEW
+        YORK CITY                                                      253
+
+  APPENDICES                                                           275
+
+  INDEX                                                                333
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In presenting to the public this volume, the first of four studies dealing
+with various aspects of the problem of prostitution, it seems fitting to
+make a statement with reference to the origin, work and plans of the
+Bureau of Social Hygiene.
+
+The Bureau came into existence about two years ago, as a result of the
+work of the Special Grand jury which investigated the white slave traffic
+in New York City during the first half of the year 1910. One of the
+recommendations made by the jury in the presentment handed up at the
+termination of its labors was that a public commission be appointed to
+study the social evil. The foreman of the jury subsequently gave careful
+consideration to the character of the work which might properly be done by
+such a commission and the limitations under which it would operate. In
+this connection, separate personal conferences were held with over a
+hundred leading men and women in the city, among whom were lawyers,
+physicians, business men, bank presidents, presidents of commercial
+organizations, clergymen, settlement workers, social workers, labor
+leaders and reformers. These conferences led to the conclusion that a
+public commission would labor under a number of disadvantages, such as the
+fact that it would be short-lived; that its work would be done publicly;
+that at best it could hardly do more than present recommendations. It was
+also believed that the main reason why more results of a permanent
+character had not been obtained by the various organizations which had
+dealt with the subject of the social evil during the past ten or fifteen
+years was that most of these organizations were temporary. While active,
+they materially improved the situation, but as their efforts relaxed,
+there came the inevitable return to much the same conditions as before.
+The forces of evil are never greatly alarmed at the organization of
+investigating or reform bodies, for they know that these are generally
+composed of busy people, who cannot turn aside from their own affairs for
+any great length of time to carry on reforms, and that sooner or later
+their efforts will cease and the patient denizens of the underworld and
+their exploiters can then reappear and continue as before.
+
+So the conviction grew that in order to make a real and lasting
+improvement in conditions, a permanent organization should be created, the
+existence of which would not be dependent upon a temporary wave of reform
+nor upon the life of any man or group of men, but which would go on,
+generation after generation, continuously making warfare against the
+forces of evil. It also appeared that a private organization would have,
+among other advantages, a certain freedom from publicity and from
+political bias, which a publicly appointed commission could not easily
+avoid.
+
+Therefore, as the initial step, the Bureau of Social Hygiene was formed in
+the winter of 1911. Its present members are Miss Katharine Bement Davis,
+Superintendent of the New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford
+Hills, New York; Paul M. Warburg, of the firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Company;
+Starr J. Murphy, of the New York Bar; and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. As the
+work develops, new members may be added.
+
+One of the first things undertaken by the Bureau was the establishment at
+Bedford Hills, adjacent to the Reformatory, of a Laboratory of Social
+Hygiene, under Miss Davis's direction. In this laboratory, it is proposed
+to study from the physical, mental, social and moral sides each person
+committed to the Reformatory. This study will be carried on by experts and
+every case will be kept under observation for from three weeks to three
+months, as may be required. When the diagnosis is completed, it is hoped
+that the laboratory will be in position to suggest the treatment most
+likely to reform the individual, or, if reformation is impossible, to
+recommend permanent custodial care. Furthermore, reaching out beyond the
+individuals involved, it is believed that important contributions may be
+made to our knowledge of the conditions ultimately responsible for vice,
+and that the methods worked out may prove applicable to all classes of
+criminals, thus leading to lines of action not only more scientific and
+humane but also less wasteful than those at present followed.
+
+In entering upon its labors, the Bureau regarded it of fundamental
+importance to make a careful study of the social evil in this country and
+in Europe. This problem, like any other great and difficult one, can be
+approached only through an understanding of the various factors
+involved--physical, moral, social and economic--and of the experience of
+other cities and countries in dealing with it. Arrangements were
+therefore made in January, 1912, to secure the services of Mr. George J.
+Kneeland, who had directed the Chicago Vice Commission investigation.
+Since that time Mr. Kneeland, with a corps of assistants, has been making
+a thorough and comprehensive survey of the conditions of vice in New York
+City, the findings of which are here presented.
+
+The purpose of this volume is to set forth as accurately and fully as
+possible the conditions of vice as they existed in New York City during
+the year 1912. It should be clearly understood that the data upon which it
+is based are not presented as legal evidence, but as reliable information
+secured by careful and experienced investigators, whose work was
+systematically corroborated.
+
+In presenting the facts contained in this report, the Bureau has no
+thought of criticizing any department or official of the city
+administration. The task which the Bureau set itself was that of preparing
+a dispassionate, objective account of things as they were during the
+period above mentioned, the forms which commercialized vice had assumed,
+the methods by which it was carried on, the whole network of relations
+which had been elaborated below the surface of society. The studies
+involved were made in a spirit of scientific inquiry, and it is the hope
+of the Bureau that all departments or officials whose work this book in
+any way touches may find the information therein contained helpful to them
+in the further direction and organization of their work.
+
+The Bureau also secured the services of Mr. Abraham Flexner, whose reports
+on the medical schools in this country and in Europe are well known, to
+study the social evil and the various methods of dealing with it in the
+leading cities of Europe. Mr. Flexner spent the greater part of a year
+abroad, making a searching and exhaustive inquiry into the subject, and is
+now working on his report, entitled "Prostitution in Europe," which will
+be the second volume of the series, to be published in the fall.
+
+The third volume will deal with European police systems. Mr. Raymond B.
+Fosdick, a member of the staff of the Bureau and former Commissioner of
+Accounts of New York City, went to Europe in January for the purpose of
+making this study and is enjoying unusual facilities in the prosecution of
+his inquiry. The police are necessarily so important an instrument in
+dealing with prostitution that the success of whatever plan is adopted
+will depend largely on their organization and efficiency. No adequate
+descriptive and critical account of the British and Continental police
+systems exists. Much has been published from time to time, but there does
+not appear to have been any exhaustive study for the purpose of
+ascertaining the points of excellence, as well as the defects, of the
+European police and the lessons deducible from their experience. The
+police problems of the great European cities closely resemble our own;
+their police organizations have successfully worked through a period of
+storm and stress such as we are now passing through. Whatever differences
+may ultimately have to be taken into account, the experience of London,
+Berlin, and of other cities will, when fully reported, be rich in
+suggestions that will abbreviate our own period of experimentation.
+
+The fourth volume will be based upon studies made in those cities in the
+United States where different conditions exist or where special methods of
+dealing with the social evil have been introduced.
+
+In conclusion, it should be stated that the spirit which dominates the
+work of the Bureau is not sensational or hysterical; that it is not a
+spirit critical of public officials; but that it is essentially a spirit
+of constructive suggestion and of deep scientific as well as humane
+interest in a great world problem.
+
+  JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR.
+  _Chairman._
+
+  New York, May 1, 1913
+    Bureau of Social Hygiene
+      P. O. Box 579, New York City
+
+
+
+
+COMMERCIALIZED PROSTITUTION IN NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+VICE RESORTS:[1] (a) PARLOR HOUSES
+
+
+The actual business of prostitution in New York City is conducted in
+buildings which are designated in this report as vice resorts. These
+resorts are of several kinds. Most prominent are the so-called parlor
+house or brothel, the tenement house apartment, the furnished room house,
+the disorderly hotel, and the massage parlor. The present chapter deals
+only with the first named.
+
+A parlor house or brothel is a building used exclusively for the business
+of prostitution. It derives its name from the fact that its inmates gather
+in the parlor to receive their guests. There is, however, an exception to
+the definition, inasmuch as some parlor houses in New York City are
+situated on the upper floors of buildings, the ground floors of which are
+used for legitimate business enterprises.
+
+During the period of this investigation, extending from January 24, 1912,
+to November 15, 1912,[2] 142 parlor houses were visited in Manhattan.
+Though this number does not include all the places of this character in
+Manhattan, it may be said to approximate the total. It is improbable that
+many were overlooked. Every one of the establishments investigated was
+visited two or more times on different dates by different individuals who
+have made affidavits as to their findings; and the findings of different
+investigators working in ignorance of one another have been carefully
+compared. The date and hour of the observation are given in connection
+with each report.
+
+Of the 142 parlor houses thus investigated, 20 are known to the trade as
+fifty-cent houses; 80 as one-dollar houses; 6 as two-dollar houses; and 34
+as five- and ten-dollar houses. The prices charged in the remaining two
+houses are unknown.
+
+The majority of these houses are situated in the business section of
+Manhattan, namely, on Sixth and Seventh Avenues from West 23rd to West
+42nd Streets, and in residential sections on side streets from West 15th
+to West 54th Streets between Fifth and Eighth Avenues. A few of them are
+located on the East Side on residential streets east of Third Avenue, and
+on Second Avenue. A still smaller number were discovered on the extreme
+East Side near the river and below East 14th Street. Not a few of these
+houses are found in the vicinity of public schools, churches, and hotels;
+others occupy the upper floors over lunch rooms, jewelry shops, clothing
+stores, fur shops, and other business enterprises.
+
+Private houses used exclusively for prostitution are usually three or four
+stories high; those of the cheaper type are in a dilapidated and
+unsanitary condition. For instance, the fifty-cent houses on the lower
+East Side are described as being practically unfit for human habitation.
+The rooms are dirty, the loose and creaking floors are covered with
+matting which is gradually rotting away, the ceilings are low, the windows
+small, the air heavy and filled with foul odors. The sanitary conditions
+in the majority of the one-dollar houses on the West Side streets between
+Sixth and Seventh Avenues are hardly less objectionable. No attempt is
+made to keep the houses clean. The floors are rotten and filthy; they sag
+as one walks across them. The small bedrooms are damp and unventilated;
+the atmosphere is heavy with odors of tobacco and perfumes, mingled with
+the fumes of medicine and cheap disinfectants.
+
+Every step in the process of arranging for and conducting an establishment
+of this character is taken in the most businesslike fashion. Every detail
+is arranged in a cold, calculating spirit. It is first necessary to secure
+the consent of the owner or agent to use the property for the desired
+purpose. Negotiations may be conducted by the prospective keeper himself
+or through a go-between who is paid a bonus for securing a suitable
+building. In the majority of cases regular leases are drawn up and signed
+for stated periods. Usually two or more individuals enter into a regular
+partnership agreement to conduct parlor houses. In the course of this
+investigation interesting data were obtained respecting the purchase,
+sale, and value of these shares,[3] which constantly fluctuate in value.
+Important factors in determining their value at a particular time are
+public opinion and the attitude of the city authorities toward vice. If
+the law is rigidly enforced and frequent arrests are made, the shares
+depreciate and there is a scramble among the partners to dispose of their
+holdings. If the business is fairly undisturbed, the shares increase in
+value and can hardly be purchased.
+
+The house once secured and the owners being ready to begin business, a
+madame or housekeeper is hired by the month or on a percentage basis to
+take personal charge of the enterprise. She is usually a former prostitute
+who has outlived her usefulness in that capacity. To her the owners look
+for results. Every day she reports to them when they call to "make up" the
+books after business is over--generally during the early morning hours.[4]
+
+Servants are employed to aid the madame: one or more cooks, according to
+the number of inmates boarding in the house; and maids, usually colored
+girls, who look after the rooms, tend the door, and aid in the sale of
+liquor to the customers during business hours. A porter is employed to
+care for the house and run errands, a "lighthouse," to stand on the street
+for the purpose of procuring "trade" and to give warning.
+
+The prosperity of the business depends in the main upon the quality of the
+inmates. If they are young and attractive, and, as one madame was heard
+to say in another city, "especially womanly," success is assured. Thus the
+value of the manager depends in the first place on her ability to secure
+and hold the "right sort" of inmate. The girls must be contented; they
+must be stimulated to please; quarrels must be avoided, jealousies nipped
+in the bud. In the art of management, the madame must exercise all her
+ingenuity. If a girl is a good "money maker" the madame attaches her to
+herself in every possible way. Some of these unfortunate inmates become
+"house girls," remaining year after year, the unsuspecting victims of the
+madame's blandishments and exploitation.
+
+Certain of the women are well known as "stars." Their reputation follows
+them wherever they go and madames vie with each other in securing them for
+their particular houses, in much the same way as a business firm is
+constantly looking for clever salesmen who have a reputation and a record
+for increasing business. The author has in mind a particular woman[5]
+whose customers follow her wherever she goes. There are in this business
+many such "stars" or "big money makers," looked upon with envy by their
+less attractive and less prominent rivals. The secret of their popularity
+lies frequently in the perverse practices to which they resort.
+
+The manner of carrying on the business has been somewhat modified in
+recent years. Formerly, the madame gave the girl a brass check for each
+customer. After business hours she cashed in her checks, receiving her
+share of the proceeds, usually fifty cents on the dollar. Nowadays,
+madames or housekeepers have a punch similar to those used by railroad
+conductors. When a customer is secured, the inmate hands the madame a
+square piece of cardboard, in which she punches a hole. Among the exhibits
+obtained during this investigation is a series of sixteen such cards with
+the names of sixteen inmates written upon them. They are literally filled
+with holes, all representing the business done on July 9, 1912, in a
+notorious one-dollar house on West 28th Street. The largest number of
+holes punched on a single card that day was thirty.[6]
+
+The madames are alive to the importance of assuring their customers that
+every precaution is taken to guard the health of their inmates. Hence, in
+practically all the houses here referred to the investigators were assured
+that the girls have in their possession medical certificates signed by
+physicians, certifying that the bearer has been examined and is free from
+venereal disease.[7]
+
+In many houses the "doctor" is said to come every week; he makes a hasty
+and superficial examination, for which he is paid one dollar, one-half of
+which sum he turns over to the owner of the establishment. Of these
+physicians, one, a member of the now notorious Independent Benevolent
+Association--a group of men individually interested either directly or
+indirectly in the business of prostitution in New York City--has a large
+practice among the inmates of the cheaper type of house. At times,
+physicians who make a specialty of this branch are also active in the
+local politics of their respective districts: these men are in demand, for
+the keepers hope thus to "stand in" with those "higher up." On April 27,
+1912, for example, the proprietor[8] of a house in West 36th Street[9]
+related the fact that he had recently employed a physician[10] who was
+being "mentioned" as the next leader in his assembly district. He tried to
+induce another keeper[11] to take the same doctor[12] because of political
+advantages to be gained thereby.
+
+The medical certificates obtained under the circumstances described are,
+of course, worthless. According to the best medical opinion the inmates
+are all dangerous,--in many of them disease is in an acute stage. When
+external indications develop, the women are sent to a hospital. One girl,
+in such a condition as to be utterly useless in the house, was removed by
+her cadet, who, covering up the signs of her disease, put her on the
+street. An equally unconscionable and characteristic incident is the
+following: A young traveling salesman was assured that an inmate was free
+from disease and a medical certificate stating this fact was shown to him.
+As a matter of fact, she was at that time under treatment by the very
+physician who had given her the certificate. The visitor contracted
+venereal disease. When he complained to the madame, she gave him a card of
+introduction to the same doctor, in order that he too might receive
+treatment.
+
+Since the general closing of parlor houses in 1907[13] it is a matter of
+common complaint among owners that business is not what it was before. The
+falling off is explained by an alleged increase of disorderly flats in
+tenements and of massage parlors. An owner who conducted a house on West
+24th Street before and after the cleaning up in 1907 declared that his
+receipts, before that date $3,500 per week from 25 women, have gradually
+declined until now they are about $2,000 per week. Another owner, in West
+36th Street, gave the reason for this falling off: He had visited
+disorderly flats and had there seen the men who had formerly been his
+customers. "Why do the authorities bother us?" he remonstrated. "We are
+locked within four walls. Nobody sees anything; nobody hears anything.
+They pass tenement house laws. Why don't they raid the flats and let us
+alone?"
+
+There is therefore a constant effort on the part of the keepers of parlor
+houses to undermine the business done by women on the street, in flats,
+and in massage parlors. They write anonymous letters to the Police
+Commissioner and the Tenement House Department; they send men to the flats
+to persuade their inmates to leave and enter the parlor houses on the
+pretense that much more money can be earned thus; street walkers are
+frightened away from the vicinity of these houses by threats of the
+police. The madame of an establishment in West 28th Street drove away a
+street walker who was soliciting men for a nearby tenement house by
+telling her that she would make a complaint against her for using a
+tenement for immoral purposes. There are cases on record where keepers
+have had officers on the beat and plainclothes men arrest street walkers;
+they have also been known to "beat up" girls loitering near their places.
+
+If the getting and holding of attractive inmates is one important
+qualification in a madame, getting and holding trade is its necessary
+counterpart. Madames are selected who are known to be expert in soliciting
+trade and "keeping it in the house." They gradually accumulate lists of
+names and addresses of men and boys, keeping them up to date, and at
+stated intervals they send announcements of change of address or a veiled
+suggestion as to the "quality" of "goods" on display. One ingenious owner
+has a very neat printed folder reading, "Kindly call at our old place of
+business, as we have a Beautiful Spring Stock on view." Occasionally--as
+in the accompanying circular--no object at all is alleged:
+
+     "_Dear Sir_:--Kindly call at your earliest convenience at the below
+     address.
+
+        "Respectfully yours,
+          "X 1. W. 36th Street."
+
+This notice was sent to a long list of patrons--to sailors on board
+certain war vessels, to business men, and to clerks.
+
+Runners, lookouts, lighthouses, and watchboys--the names involve
+overlapping duties--also figure largely in procuring trade. The chief
+business of the lookout is to stand on the curb in front of the house or
+near the door and warn the inmates who solicit at the windows, or the
+madame in the house, when officers or suspicious-looking strangers
+approach. He opens the doors of cabs and taxis and conducts prospective
+customers to the entrance of the house. If a stranger appears to be
+"green," the lookout urges him to visit the resort, at the same time
+describing the inmates and the prices charged. One of his important duties
+is to see that street walkers do not solicit in front of his employer's
+house and "take the trade away." Together with the runner or lighthouse,
+the lookout is supplied with cards advertising the house, which he gives
+to men and boys in the street. He also goes wherever men and boys
+congregate--to saloons, restaurants, entertainments, prize fights,
+wrestling bouts, lobbies of theaters, hotels, and other public places, to
+distribute cards and to drum up trade. For example, on March 7, 1912, a
+runner, who was paid twelve dollars a week and tips for his services in
+behalf of a "fashionable house" on West 46th Street, went to the
+Sportsman's Show at Madison Square Garden to advertise his establishment.
+On June 24, 1912, a runner for a house on West 25th Street stood on the
+northwest corner of West 24th Street and Sixth Avenue, describing its
+attractions to passersby. At the noon hour or at closing time he stands in
+front of entrances to factories, department stores, and other places of
+business to accost the workmen and distribute cards.
+
+These young men are usually pimps or ex-pimps, former waiters in saloons
+and restaurants, ex-prize fighters and wrestlers, gamblers, crooks, and
+pickpockets who have lost their nerve.[14] They form a class by
+themselves. They are the "down-and-outers" in the underworld, eager for
+any job no matter how poor the wage. Some of them are well known and take
+pride in their ability to "run in" a lot of customers. Saturday, July 15,
+1912, one of them, Max by name, claimed that he had "hustled in"
+sixty-five customers that day. When an argument arose between him and a
+competitor as to who had been more successful, the latter produced a slip
+on which his business was recorded: for June 15, 16, 17 and 18 it showed
+$142, $117, $68, and $97, respectively.
+
+Chauffeurs and cabmen also do a thriving business in soliciting customers
+for vice resorts,--a service for which they receive an ample commission.
+Standing at street corners or in front of hotels and restaurants, they
+urge men in low tones to go to houses or to "ladies' clubs," as they are
+sometimes called. "I know some good houses," "I'll take you to see the
+girls," "I know where there are a lot of chickens," are among the familiar
+expressions employed. In occasional instances, customers can gain access
+only if escorted to the door by the cabman, who tells the maid that the
+man he has brought is "all right."[15] "Louie," one of the most
+aggressive of these solicitors, is married to a woman[16] who herself
+conducts an assignation house: she has recently served thirty days in jail
+for participation in the robbery of a guest.
+
+Finally, bartenders and waiters in disorderly saloons often act as agents
+for the procuring of customers: indeed, they are not seldom the pimps of
+the women for whom they act. Customers entering the saloon to drink are
+directed to the tables where their women sit or receive the business cards
+of the houses where their women are to be found.[17] Out-of-town visitors
+are not infrequently "steered" by hotel porters and clerks.
+
+With the exception of the relatively small number of "exclusive
+establishments" already alluded to, the resorts here dealt with--something
+approaching one hundred and forty of them--were at the period of this
+investigation notorious and accessible. The advertising devices above
+described were openly employed; and visitors procured easy entrance at
+most places. External order is, however, usually preserved. Madames and
+inmate rarely and then very cautiously solicit trade from windows, doors,
+or stoops of their houses, as they did in former years. They do, however,
+practise this method to some extent at the present time, especially in
+connection with some of the one-dollar houses on the side streets between
+Sixth and Seventh Avenues.
+
+The sale of wine and beer plays an important part in the prosperity of the
+parlor house. Deprived of this adjunct, business falls off to an alarming
+extent. There is no difference of opinion among owners and madames as to
+the importance of the sale of intoxicating liquors. Especially is this
+true in the five-, ten-, and twenty-dollar houses, frequented by a more
+pretentious type of customer. In such places a small bottle of wine is
+sold for five dollars. A "round of drinks," namely, a pint of beer served
+in very small glasses, brings two dollars. Very little wine or beer is
+sold in the one- or two-dollar parlor houses in New York City at the
+present time.
+
+In the more exclusive parlor houses "circuses" or "shows" are also given
+by way of stimulating business. These exhibitions are too vulgar and
+degrading to be described. Suffice it to say that men have been known to
+spend fifty and seventy-five dollars for such exhibitions. So also,
+obscene books, photographs, etc., are sold or exhibited.
+
+One more fact must be emphasized in connection with business management:
+alcohol is needed to keep the inmates to their task; but even more
+essential from the business standpoint are drugs. The girl must be kept
+gay and attractive; her eyes must look out upon the world of business
+bright and unfaltering. She must smile and laugh and sing and dance, or
+she becomes a "has been," a "poor money maker," and so in danger of
+losing her "job." Is it any wonder that she becomes a drug fiend as well
+as a drunkard?
+
+In the preceding account I have aimed to give certain general
+characteristics of the parlor house. By way of making the picture somewhat
+more vivid I shall briefly describe a few houses of each of the three
+types with which the account deals, namely, the fifty-cent house, the
+dollar house, the five-and ten-dollar house.
+
+A well known place in Worth Street[18] is a fair sample of the cheapest
+establishment,--a frame building, four stories in height. The investigator
+who entered at 4.30 P. M., April 12, 1912, picked his way through a
+basement where a cobbler sat at his work. After climbing two flights of
+stairs he found himself in a large, loft-like room formerly used for
+manufacturing purposes. The rooms where prostitution is carried on are
+partitioned off by means of curtains. The only furniture in the receiving
+"parlor" are old leather couches and chairs. The curtains over the windows
+are of dark, heavy material, almost shutting out the light and air. The
+entire interior is in a condition of decay, a fit setting for the use to
+which it is put. Three of the five inmates were present, scantily dressed
+and all claiming to possess health certificates, issued by the house
+doctor.
+
+In the parlor of a three-story house in Hester Street,[19] investigated at
+1 P. M. on April 15, 1912, there were three inmates awaiting customers. A
+lighthouse, named Angelo, stood on the stoop, beckoning to passers-by to
+enter. Angelo is about thirty-five years of age, a short, heavy man, with
+a black mustache; a cap sits upon his mass of black hair. The man is well
+versed in the art of "pulling" customers into the house for which he
+works. As men approach, he motions with his head and right thumb toward
+the door, and, at the same time an expressive look comes into his watery
+eyes. In the rear of the house is a large tenement building and little
+children were playing and running through the hall at the time.
+
+In one of the houses of this type a large wooden bench was placed against
+the wall of the receiving parlor. Business was very brisk at the time the
+investigator entered. The bench was full of customers crowded close
+together, while others, who could not be accommodated with seats, stood
+about the room. At the foot of the stairs which led to the bedrooms above,
+a man was stationed. Every time a visitor came groping his way down the
+stairs, the businesslike and aggressive announcer would cry out, "Next!"
+At the word, the man sitting on the end of the bench nearest the stairs
+arose and passed up. As he did so, the men on the bench moved along and
+one of the men who were standing took the vacant seat.
+
+Of the three grades of parlor house, the one-dollar establishment
+predominates in Manhattan. Eighty of them were discovered during this
+investigation. They differ from the fifty-cent houses just described only
+in the somewhat better character of their surroundings. One of them on
+Sixth Avenue[20] was visited at 12.45 A. M., March 1, 1912. A little woman
+admitted the investigator to the receiving room, where sat nine inmates,
+all scantily dressed. At 9.30 P. M. on March 6, 1912, another investigator
+counted eighteen inmates at this same address; during the evening of
+October 8, 1912, still another investigator visited this house and counted
+ten inmates. The house is one of the most prosperous in the business; it
+is well advertised and has a large list of customers.
+
+The receiving parlor of another house on Sixth Avenue[21] is reached by
+climbing a flight of winding stairs and passing through a red door with a
+little window in it. The bedrooms are small and dirty, with practically no
+furniture. But the madame is very energetic. As customers enter the house
+she does not allow them to sit about and talk with the inmates, but urges
+them to spend money or leave. At 12.45 A. M., March 14, 1912, twelve
+inmates in flimsy costumes were seated about the parlor with five men--one
+a forlorn peddler who had come in to sell fruit. The place was in an
+uproar. One of the inmates was quarreling with the madame; several were
+complaining of poor business. One of them showed the investigator a plain
+white card with seven punched holes, proving that up to that hour she had
+earned only seven dollars, half of which was hers. She stated that she has
+to pay two dollars per day for board whether she lives at the house or
+not. As a matter of fact, she as well as other girls in some of these
+houses lives at home, going home early in the morning and not coming to
+"work" until 6 P. M.
+
+In an establishment in West 28th Street[22]--torn down during the summer
+to make way for a loft building--the business was so profitable in June
+that the keepers are said to have paid the wrecker a large sum to delay
+from week to week. July 9 was one of the hottest days of the year. The
+odors in the old house, dirty and falling into decay, were indescribable.
+Through the long hours the sixteen inmates sat, hot and sullen. The day
+before the madame had left for a resort in Sullivan County where many of
+her kind go during the summer months. She had placed in charge the
+housekeeper,[23] who did the best she could to keep the girls in good
+humor and to get through the day's business. On this hot July day there
+were 264 customers. So the records on the cards showed the next morning as
+the housekeeper sat with the "boss" making up the "books." Buster served
+30 of these; Babie, 27; Charlotte, 23; Dolly, 20, and so on. But the
+"boss" was not satisfied. "Why were not more women on the job last night?"
+he demanded. The housekeeper replied that they had stayed away because of
+the heat,--they had been completely "done up" the day before. Then the fat
+and well-groomed owner of the business picked up a china cup and hurled it
+at his luckless representative, while he cursed loud and deep. "The trade
+must be taken care of" and if she couldn't "do it" he would get "some one
+who could."
+
+To the third group belong all houses where higher prices rule: sometimes
+twenty-five dollars, or even more, are demanded, according to the nature
+of the service performed. Men of standing have been heard to advise young
+men to patronize this class of house on the ground that there is less
+danger; everything is said to be sanitary, the inmates less vulgar,
+younger, and more intelligent. The external appointments are indeed good,
+and there is at times even an outward air of refinement. Costly dresses
+and valuable jewelry are worn; the women are young, sometimes attractive
+in appearance.
+
+For several years a house in West 15th Street[24] has been a notorious
+resort of this description. The property is owned by the madame who
+conducts the business for a very exclusive trade. For some time it was
+impossible for the investigators to gain admittance. Finally, at 11.45 P.
+M., May 5, 1912, one of them was "introduced" by a man well known as a
+promoter of the business in former years. Six inmates were on hand at this
+hour, "house girls," as they are called,--that is, they are "steady" and
+leave all their earnings to the house, purchasing from the madame
+everything they require, dresses, hats, gloves, hose, cosmetics, etc., all
+at exorbitant prices. On one occasion a rich man remained here four days
+and spent $600. To use the madame's words, "He opened ninety pints of wine
+at five dollars a pint; that is, I charged him for ninety pints."
+
+On this same street is another establishment,[25] which has been conducted
+for several years. Here again the investigator had to be introduced before
+he was allowed to enter. The madame owns the property, having paid $20,000
+for it some years ago. Like other women of her type, she has what she
+calls a "protector"--in this case said to be a politician and ex-city
+official. Ten years ago this man met her when she was an inmate in
+Diamond Fanny's house on West 40th Street. Becoming infatuated with her,
+he took her away and "kept" her. Finally, he "set her up in business," and
+now he "looks after her." The madame keeps a list of girls whom she calls
+to the house as occasion requires. She described them as being "short
+ones," "tall ones," "blondes," "brunettes," "stout ones," "thin ones," and
+"just kids." "Men," she said, "are very fussy and you have to cater to
+them if you want to keep their trade." Some of the girls, she said, are
+employed by day in stores and offices, and take this method of increasing
+their earnings.
+
+At 11.30 P. M., February 16, 1912, the investigator was taken to a very
+exclusive house[26] by a chauffeur who receives a commission on every
+customer he secures. There were fifteen young and attractive girls in the
+receiving parlors, in one of which in the rear of the house an orchestra
+of young men played through the evening. The patron is ushered into the
+front parlor by colored maids trim and smart in white aprons; here the
+youngest of the "stock" is shown. The parlors are equipped with
+gold-trimmed furniture. Rich rugs and pretentious paintings testify to
+prosperity. Wine and beer are sold at the usual exorbitant prices. The
+inmates are dressed in elaborate evening gowns of silk and satin. As the
+investigator started to leave, the madame said, "Every Saturday night is
+bargain night, and next Saturday I shall have twelve young girls and
+guarantee them to be not over sixteen years of age. You must come early
+and get one of the bargains."
+
+To some of these places customers are admitted only if they come in a cab
+or a taxi. This was the case at a place in West 46th Street[27] at 2.30 A.
+M., April 1, 1912. At this hour two men were refused admission because
+they were not known and did not come in a cab. The investigator, however,
+fared better: he had been brought to the house by Joe,[28] a cabman who
+recommended him to the madame.
+
+It might be suggested that the foregoing data prove at most that parlor
+houses were in operation on the specific dates mentioned, and then only.
+As a matter of fact, the establishments in question were observed from
+week to week and from month to month. Notorious though they were, there
+was for the most part no interruption of business, except, in the latter
+part of the period of our investigation, as a consequence of a startling
+event to be described later.[29] A dollar house in Sixth Avenue[30] was
+visited March 5, March 6, May 25, July 21, and August 25, 1912;
+another[31] on West 24th Street, was visited February 2, February 19,
+March 24, May 24, May 25, 1912; twelve visits were paid to another in West
+25th Street[32] between February 1 and July 16; the same number between
+February 8 and July 15 to a house in West 31st Street.[33]
+
+The above instances are taken almost at random; many more are brought
+together at the close of this volume.[34] They establish beyond a doubt
+the systematic, notorious, and well-night undisturbed conduct of a large
+number of brothels in Manhattan during the period with which this record
+deals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+VICE RESORTS: (b) TENEMENT HOUSES,[35] HOTELS, FURNISHED ROOMS, MASSAGE
+PARLORS
+
+
+The general situation in respect to vice resorts other than parlor houses
+does not materially differ from the conditions described in the preceding
+chapter. Tenements, hotels, and massage parlors were found to be openly,
+flagrantly, and in large numbers utilized for the commercial exploitation
+of prostitution in the interest, not of the woman herself, but of a
+promoter who drives her to do her utmost and assists in the work by
+cunningly angling for victims for her. The resorts to be now described
+were in many, perhaps in most instances, well known, accessible, and--for
+the period of this inquiry--usually unmolested.
+
+
+(1) VICE RESORTS IN TENEMENTS
+
+The tenement house law of 1911 defines a tenement house as a "house or
+building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let or hired out,
+to be occupied, or is occupied as the home or residence of three families
+or more living independently of each other, and doing their cooking upon
+the premises, or by more than two families upon any floor so living and
+cooking, but having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards,
+water-closets or privies, or some of them." Any portion of a house of
+this description which is habitually used for the business of prostitution
+is regarded in this volume as a vice resort in a tenement. During the
+period of this investigation 1172 different vice resorts were found in 575
+tenement houses at separate addresses in Manhattan.
+
+The majority of the tenement buildings in which professional prostitutes
+thus ply their trade are situated between West 59th Street and West 110th
+Street, from Central Park west to Broadway or the river. A few of the
+cheaper type are conducted on the East Side in the vicinity of East 127th
+Street. On the lower East Side these resorts are less numerous than
+formerly.
+
+The conditions in many of these tenements are scandalous and demoralizing
+to the last degree. Children grow up in them amid unsanitary conditions,
+with bad air and light, wearing clothes which do not keep the body warm,
+eating food which does not nourish, sleeping in crowded rooms,--brothers
+with sisters, daughters with fathers,--dressing and undressing in the
+presence of boarders or distant relatives, and witnessing sights never
+meant for the eyes of innocence. And, as if this were not enough to
+complete the moral breakdown, the prostitute creeps in like an infectious
+disease and spreads her degrading influence,--often without the least
+effort to conceal her vocation.
+
+Examples are all too common: On February 19, about 7:30 P. M., an
+investigator was told of a disorderly place in a basement near by.[36] It
+was suggested that he ring the janitor's bell and ask for the woman. When
+he did so, a little girl, apparently twelve years of age, came to the
+door. The child fully understood; going to the basement door, she called
+for the woman, who, opening the door, carefully scrutinized the
+investigator and invited him to enter.
+
+A pale little girl, about fourteen years of age, was the companion of the
+dirty, rum-soaked janitress of a tenement on West 107th Street. The woman
+declared with vehemence that she would never allow any of these "vile
+huzzies" to live in her house; but there were plenty of them on the
+street, she said, turning to the child for confirmation of her statement.
+And the child told of their haunts in the neighborhood, giving
+house-number after house-number.
+
+One day on West 108th Street the following scene was enacted: Two small
+girls and two boys were standing on the stoop as a man came up and rang a
+certain bell. As he did so the children snickered and spoke in whispers to
+one another. They knew that the bell rang in the apartment on the second
+floor rear; that the woman who came to the door in a loose kimono, with a
+mass of yellow hair and painted cheeks, was a prostitute[37] and that many
+other men with the same furtive eye, the same hesitating manner, had often
+passed through that door on other afternoons and nights.
+
+A census was taken in 27 different tenements where immoral conditions were
+found to exist during the month of February, 1912; 18 of them situated on
+the East Side, 9 on the West Side. There were 390 families living in the
+27 tenements, with 425 children under 16 years of age, 214 boys and 211
+girls. In addition, there were 92 unmarried men over 16 and 65 unmarried
+women over 16. The investigator also reported 30 widows living in these
+houses, with 18 children, the eldest being 12 years of age. In the
+different apartments 56 women were found who, on the basis of dress,
+conversation, and general bearing, were classed as "suspicious." While
+passing through the buildings up flights of stairs, from floor to floor,
+he noted the bad air, the dim light, the sagging floors, the dirty rooms
+where the walls were cracking through the paper. At times children were
+playing in front of doors behind which prostitutes plied their trade.
+
+The prostitute does well for herself to take up her abode among the
+families of the poor. Her first move is to "get a stand-in" with the
+janitor or his wife. She "slips" them a dollar to see that the moving man
+does not injure the furniture. She alone among the tenants gives presents,
+fruit and candy to the children and pays them to run errands; slowly, but
+surely, she establishes herself securely under the eye that does not see
+and the ear that does not hear.
+
+In no essential respect does the conduct of a tenement vice resort differ
+from that of the parlor house previously described. Prices are of the same
+range, from fifty cents to ten dollars; occasionally twenty-five dollars
+may be demanded. The same pretense of medical examination is made. The
+same advertising devices are employed. A madame who conducts a prosperous
+business in a tenement in West 58th Street sends a letter to her former
+customers announcing the removal of the "library."[38] The use of the
+word "library" to indicate the resort and of "books" to indicate inmates
+is a popular one. Another madame urges her former patrons to renew their
+"membership in the library"; "new books," she asserts, are "on file in our
+new quarters." Still another enterprising promoter invites men to her
+place of business by saying, "Please call as I have a _new_ member in the
+lodge." Similarly, business is procured through the same agents utilized
+by the parlor house--runners, bartenders, cabmen and chauffeurs. Where
+several establishments are conducted in one apartment building, elevator
+boys are given liberal tips by rival madames for "steering" callers to
+their flats. Often the madames or selected inmates go to public places or
+on the streets to solicit men. Sometimes they visit a large office
+building and under some pretext seek an interview with the heads of firms
+or with managers, and leave their cards. One day a young lawyer received a
+letter asking him to call at a certain address in Harlem on a matter of
+business. Though he did not recognize the name, he kept the appointment.
+He was dumfounded to find the supposed client a madame who had four
+inmates in her resort.
+
+Liquor is more largely sold in tenement resorts than in parlor houses; the
+prices are usually the same, five dollars for a small bottle of wine, two
+dollars for a round of beer. In many of the resorts in tenements drugs are
+used by the inmates and sold to customers. For instance, the investigator
+of a resort on West 111th Street found several men smoking opium. In
+another flat, on West 37th Street, one of the colored inmates was
+snuffing cocaine. In a tenement on West 39th Street there is an opium
+"joint" on the second floor where prostitutes "smoke." Some of the girls
+spend five and six dollars a day in this place. A girl who solicits on the
+street for a vice resort in a tenement on West 38th Street is a "dope
+fiend," and the madame of a flat on West 43rd Street, where there are four
+inmates, is addicted to the opium habit.
+
+Not infrequently an apartment is utilized as a call-house: girls, not
+living on the premises, are summoned by telephone when customers arrive.
+Additional recruits are also procured by call, when needed. The "call" is
+sometimes a half-way stage for the working girl on the road to complete
+prostitution. One day the madame of a call-house on West 58th Street
+received a special delivery letter, the number of which was 14.446--9,
+reading as follows:
+
+     "_Dear Madam_,--
+
+     "I tried to get you on the wire, but could not get you. Kindly send
+     Miss Viola, the pretty little blonde, over at 2.30, not later if
+     possible, on Monday afternoon (to-morrow) without fail--this is a
+     good engagement.
+
+     "Also send me another pretty young girl and accommodating at 1.30
+     sharp. Now please do not disappoint me.[39]
+
+        "Signed (Mrs.) ----
+
+     "Sunday, May 28th."
+
+Call-houses are usually cozy and homelike, presided over by a woman who
+dwells upon her efforts to make her customers happy and comfortable. She
+declares that there are so many "nice respectable men" who are lonely in a
+big city and who want places where they will feel absolutely safe, where
+they can meet pretty girls, spend the evening, and get a few drinks. The
+stock in trade of such a house is usually a collection of photographs of
+the girls who are "on call." In addition, the madame exhibits a
+description of them, with measurements to show their physical development;
+the prices are appended. Her victims are variously procured: sometimes in
+restaurants frequented by girls who are employed in offices and stores:
+again, her place of operation may be the ladies' retiring room, where she
+enters into conversation with girls, inviting them to a meal or to spend
+an evening in her apartment. If she sees a girl alone at a table, she asks
+whether she may sit down with her and urges her to have a "little drink."
+Thus acquaintance springs up and "dates" are made for the theater, the
+madame paying the bill. At other times she goes to a department store and
+selects a girl, from whom she makes her purchases. The girl may be
+flattered by evidences of interest and friendship, or tempted by the
+prospects of fine clothes, leisure, and opportunities for pleasure. The
+danger is especially great if she has previously lapsed.
+
+On certain streets on the East Side below 14th Street and in Harlem there
+are a number of cider "stubes" in the basement of tenement houses. In
+these "stubes" foreign girls act as waitresses, serving small glasses of
+cider or other soft drinks to customers. While serving, the girls solicit
+their customers to enter small rooms in the rear of the basement. The
+keepers of these "stubes" are constantly advertising in the foreign
+papers published in New York for waitresses, offering to pay five or six
+dollars a week for such service. There is no doubt that many ignorant
+foreign girls are thus lured into lives of prostitution. One keeper who
+had a waitress about 38 years of age told the investigator that she
+expected to have two or three young girls in a few days. Another
+proprietor tried to secure the custom of the investigator by saying that
+he expected to secure two nice young girls for his "stube." Both were
+advertising in a German paper for help at the time. Such an advertisement
+for a very disreputable "stube" on East 4th Street appeared in a German
+newspaper on March 29, April 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, and 19.
+
+Our records abound in material illustrating the foregoing account. For
+example, on May 19, 1912, at 7 P. M., and again on May 20, 1912, at 8 P.
+M., the investigator visited a vice resort in a tenement in West 43rd
+Street.[40] There were four inmates in the receiving parlor, all claiming
+to have medical certificates. The madame[41] declared, however, that if
+none of them suited she would for a larger price call up a young girl who
+was not "a regular sport." Thereupon she summoned the girl by
+telephone.[42] The newcomer appeared to be about eighteen years of age.
+While talking with the investigator, Irene said she had been in the
+"business" since last September but worked in a department store in
+Brooklyn.[43] Previously to this she had been employed in a store on Sixth
+Avenue. About one and a half years ago--so she says--her sweetheart, a
+shipping clerk, who makes $12 a week, seduced her, promising marriage: he
+does not know that Irene is making money "on the side" in this manner. Her
+aunt, with whom she lives, is very strict with her, requiring her to be
+home at ten o'clock every night.
+
+The investigator pretended not to be satisfied with Irene; thereupon
+another girl, Margie, spoke up: she knew a "kid" that would suit, but the
+price would be ten "bucks" (dollars). From other remarks made, the
+investigator believes that the "kid" referred to is her sister. Margie
+leaves the flat at 5.30 P. M., for her home in Brooklyn, where she lives
+with her parents. They are under the impression that she is employed
+through the day in a wholesale millinery store downtown. The madame still
+insisted that if the supposed prospective customer really wanted young and
+pretty girls she could get them: "but," she added, "these girls come high,
+five and ten dollars."
+
+On November 6, 1911, a woman who was afterwards employed in this
+investigation received a letter concerning a cider "stube" in a tenement
+in East 5th Street.[44] The letter read as follows:
+
+     "Reading of your good work in lending your services to assist the
+     unfortunate creatures, I hope you will give your undivided attention,
+     for this certain woman[45] is engaged in this business for the last
+     seven years and is too shrewd to be caught. You will have to watch
+     carefully her movements. She keeps a cider store on East 5th Street,
+     New York.... Look up her record and you will see she was arrested a
+     few times.... She just was sentenced four months over the Island....
+     Please I beg you to look into this matter. I would give you my name,
+     but it is impossible for me to do so. I am a citizen of the U. S. A.
+     I know this place ruins many young girls."
+
+At 12.30 P. M., February 22, 1912, the investigator found two women in
+this place, by both of whom he was solicited to go to a rear room for
+immoral purposes. When they failed in their efforts, the proprietor said
+that she could get him a young girl if he preferred. Two days later the
+resort was visited by another investigator, who found two women acting as
+waitresses, by one of whom he was similarly solicited.
+
+The various establishments above mentioned were all repeatedly visited in
+order to show their relatively permanent character and their freedom from
+interference: one[46] on Broadway was visited nine times in five weeks:
+another,[47] in West 29th Street, five times between February 8 and August
+19; a third,[48] in the same neighborhood, five times in four months.
+
+
+(2) ASSIGNATION AND DISORDERLY HOTELS
+
+The parlor house and the tenement vice resort are, like shops, fixed
+places for the carrying on of prostitution as a trade. There is, besides,
+an enormous amount of itinerant prostitution utilizing mainly disorderly
+hotels. These places are commonly called "Raines Law" hotels.
+
+The history of the creation of the "Raines Law" hotels in New York City is
+exceedingly interesting. The primary object of the framer of the law was
+to minimize the evils connected with saloons. As pointed out in the report
+of The Research Committee of The Committee of Fourteen, issued in 1910
+under the title of "The Social Evil in New York City, a study of Law
+Enforcement,"[49]
+
+     "from the passage of this law dates the immediate growth of one of
+     the most insidious forms of the Social Evil. This growth was due to a
+     heavy increase in the penalties for a violation and the expected
+     increased enforcement of the law by state authorities beyond the
+     reach of local influences. To illustrate, the license tax was raised
+     from $200. to $800., and the penalty of the forfeiture of a bond was
+     also added.[50] To escape these drastic penalties for the selling of
+     liquor on Sunday in saloons, saloon keepers created hotels with the
+     required 10 bedrooms, kitchen and dining-room. The immediate increase
+     was over 10,000 bedrooms. There being no actual demand for such an
+     increase in hotel accommodations, the proprietors in many instances
+     used them for purposes of assignation or prostitution, to meet the
+     additional expense incurred. In 1905 there were 1407 certificated
+     hotels in Manhattan and the Bronx, and of these about 1150 were
+     probably liquor law hotels. In 1906 an important administrative
+     provision was added to the law. This amendment, known as the Prentice
+     Act, provided that hotels must be inspected and passed by the
+     Building Department as complying with the provisions of the law,
+     before a certificate could be issued to them. As a result of this new
+     legislation, 540 alleged hotels were discontinued in Manhattan and
+     the Bronx. A large number of these places, however, continued under
+     saloon licenses."
+
+Since that time the fight against these vicious hotels on the part of the
+Committee of Fourteen has been constant and effectual. As a result, the
+business of prostitution as formerly carried on in them has been well-nigh
+suppressed. Very few of the hotels found to be used for "assignation" and
+"disorderly" purposes during the present investigation are ten-room
+establishments. In 1912, 400 of the 425 ten-room hotels which now exist
+were conducted as hotels for men only.[51]
+
+A disorderly hotel, as we use the term, is one which violates Section 1146
+of the Penal Law (keeping a disorderly house) by admitting the same woman
+twice in one night with two different men, or by renting the same room
+twice in one night to two different couples, or by regularly admitting
+known and habitual prostitutes. An assignation hotel is one doing business
+with transient couples, the women not necessarily being habitual
+prostitutes.
+
+According to the official records, there were 558 hotels in Manhattan in
+1912 which were certificated under the Liquor Tax Law. This number
+includes the legitimate commercial hotels as well as those which were the
+outgrowth of the Liquor Law. During the period of this investigation in
+1912, 103 hotels were found which are classed as being assignation places,
+disorderly, or suspicious. Evidence was discovered which proved that
+habitual prostitutes were openly soliciting men on the street and
+elsewhere to go to 65 of these hotels for immoral purposes. A woman
+investigator discovered 25 additional hotels where prostitutes declared
+they could freely take customers or have them openly visit their
+apartments or rooms. This gives a total of 90 different hotels in
+Manhattan which may be classified as "disorderly." In addition to these,
+seven different hotels were discovered which prostitutes claimed to be
+able to use for immoral purposes, though admitting that they had to be
+careful not to frequent them too often. In some of these places
+prostitutes are not allowed to use a room more than twice during every
+twenty-four hours, once during the day and again at night. There are six
+very high-class hotels which prostitutes asserted to a woman investigator
+they had used, or could use, under certain conditions. It is no uncommon
+thing for the more prosperous and well-dressed prostitutes to solicit
+trade in the lobbies of these hotels.
+
+The hotels above referred to are situated in the following sections of
+Manhattan: Sixth Avenue from West 23rd Street to West 46th Street; Eighth
+Avenue from West 116th to West 125th Streets; the side streets between
+Broadway and Sixth Avenue from West 34th to West 53rd Street; Lexington,
+Third, and Fourth Avenues, and Irving Place. The centers where soliciting
+for these hotels is most flagrant are as follows: East 14th Street and
+Third Avenue, and north on Lexington Avenue; Sixth Avenue and West 28th
+Street; Seventh Avenue and West 35th Street; Longacre Square to the east;
+Columbus Avenue from West 60th to West 62nd Street; Eighth Avenue from
+West 116th to West 125th Streets.
+
+Of these resorts many are weather-beaten buildings, dirty and unsightly
+without, unsanitary and filthy within. The small rooms are separated by
+thin partitions through which even conversations in low tones can be
+heard. The furniture is cheap and worn with constant use. A dilapidated
+bureau or dresser occupies one corner; a rickety wash-stand equipped with
+dirty wash bowl and pitcher stands in another. Cheap chromos hang on the
+wall, dingy with age. A small, soiled rug partly covers the floor which is
+seldom, if ever, scrubbed with soap and water. The air is foul and heavy
+with unpleasant odors, for the windows are rarely opened. The awnings that
+shut out the light are seldom lifted; they are sign-posts to the
+initiated, hanging mute and weather-beaten all the year round.
+
+During the fall of 1907 a large number of parlor houses in the Tenderloin
+were raided and closed through the combined efforts of the Police
+Commissioner and the District Attorney's office. Some of these houses had
+been operated by men who subsequently transferred their activities to
+"hotels," where they continued to practise their former methods. Others
+took their women with them, lodging them in the "hotels," paying them
+certain commissions, and treating them in the same manner as in the house.
+A group of women thus attached to a "hotel" solicit for it on the street
+or in the rear rooms of saloons.
+
+Between the proprietors of these "hotels" there is great business
+rivalry. They constantly try to induce prostitutes attached to other
+resorts to patronize their place of business and become "regulars." They
+even go so far as to hire young men to make friends with the women and to
+offer them large commissions and better protection than they can secure
+elsewhere. At times, saloon keepers who allow prostitutes to solicit in
+their rear rooms do so on condition that the women take customers secured
+in their places of business to friendly hotels. For instance, the owner of
+a notorious saloon in East 14th Street demands that the women in his rear
+room take their customers to a certain hotel on Third Avenue. If one
+should break the compact and go to a rival place, she would be thereafter
+debarred, as if she had violated a code of honor.
+
+Most of the solicitation for "hotels" is nowadays done on the street. Even
+here the proprietor attempts to keep his women in line. He sets spies at
+work to see that they take the trade where it belongs. The young men so
+employed are often the "pimps" of the street walkers, keen to see that
+their women do not "get away with any money" by going to a strange hotel,
+from which they cannot collect the commission. A young man of this
+character stations himself near the entrance of a certain hotel on the
+Bowery and, as his woman enters with a customer, carefully takes a pin
+from the right lapel of his coat and puts it on the left lapel. Woe to the
+woman if she fails to produce the money represented by the accumulation of
+the pins in the left lapel, when the business of the night is over!
+
+When the street walkers of certain hotels are arrested, the proprietor
+hastens to court to pay the fines, should such be imposed, or offer bail
+so that the girls may return to their "duties." In some cases he insists
+on repayment of the money he has advanced; and the girl is grateful
+because he has saved her from the Island. If a girl "breaks away" from a
+hotel and goes to a rival place of business the proprietor will go so far
+as to have her arrested again and again to teach her the lesson of
+"loyalty." In some cases she is glad to return to his good graces,
+especially if she finds herself on the Island.
+
+There are many street walkers who are "free lances," taking their trade to
+the hotel which offers the best inducements. They realize that they are
+adrift--with no one but their "pimp" to protect them. And "pimps" are
+usually admirable protectors, masters of the art of "saving" their women
+from the hand of the law. They are keen, wise young men, well grounded in
+the business of exploiting the girls of the street at the least possible
+expense. Some of them are known as "gun men," "strong arm guys,"
+"guerillas," and do effective work for politicians.
+
+The prostitutes who are attached to certain hotels, as well as those who
+go from place to place with their trade are often given "rebates" or
+"commissions" on all the business they bring in. The rebate system was
+found to exist in 21 of the 65 hotels to which investigators were
+solicited to go for immoral purposes. If a customer pays $2.00 for a room,
+the prostitute receives $1.00 as a rebate. If, when in the room, he orders
+wine or beer, the girl receives another rebate or commission on the amount
+of the bill. Sometimes it is ten per cent, sometimes twenty-five per
+cent: this, in addition to her own price, which varies from $1.00 to
+$5.00, or as much as she is able to persuade the customer to give her.
+Many hotels have rebate clerks whose duty it is to keep the accounts of
+the girls and pay them the commissions due them. This is a very important
+branch of the business; for if the solicitor is satisfied and is making
+"good money," she feels like continuing her patronage and "hustling" all
+the harder for her hotel.
+
+Some of the disorderly hotels have two registration books, one of which is
+used for entering single visits during a period of twenty-four hours, the
+other to register the number of times different rooms are used during the
+same period. The first book is the one displayed to inquisitive
+investigators or inspectors. In some resorts there is a regular office, as
+in a legitimate hotel, where couples register at the desk; in others, a
+small window is all that can be seen. The clerk pushes the book through
+the opening and the man registers, often without seeing the clerk's face.
+The woman is not seen by the clerk at all, as she stands in the shadow
+away from the window.
+
+Disorderly hotels offer a comparatively safe place in which to commit
+crimes of one kind or another. A well-known hotel referred to on another
+page has been the scene of murder. But the chief crime is stealing. The
+most successful prostitutes who solicit for these hotels are "gun mols,"
+that is, pickpockets. They use all manner of subterfuges to "lift" the
+"roll" from the pockets of their customers. When their victim is heavy and
+sleepy from drink, they usually succeed, getting away before he realizes
+his loss.
+
+But the hotel is utilized not only by the criminal prostitute: it is too
+often the scene of first seduction. A young, weak, and foolish girl is
+induced to dine, then to drink, with a comparative stranger who has first
+taken pains to ingratiate himself with her: without recollection of what
+has taken place in the interval, she awakens next morning amid the totally
+strange surroundings of a hotel of this character.
+
+A brief description of a typical assignation and disorderly hotel will
+illustrate some of the general observations above made:
+
+A Third Avenue hotel[52] has had an interesting and varied history. The
+ground is owned by citizens who are well known in social and financial
+circles. The name of the place has been changed since 1906-7, but the same
+proprietor conducts the establishment. Once he ran a house in the old
+Eldridge precinct, later another in East 9th Street. When these places
+were suppressed, he opened the hotel here in question. He and his
+manager[53] were both members of the Independent Benevolent Association in
+1909. For some years this hotel has been on the Police List as under
+"strict surveillance"; now and then it has been raided. As far back as
+1906 one of the agents of an investigation then in progress was told by a
+prostitute that detectives had informed the girls that if they resorted to
+this hotel they would not be molested; whether this is true or not, the
+fact remains that the hotel was still doing business during the period of
+this investigation.
+
+On January 26, 1912, an investigator was solicited in the rear room of a
+notorious saloon on East 14th Street by "Pearl," who said she would have
+to take him to the hotel in question. Knowing the history of the resort,
+he accompanied the girl to the sitting-room in order to see if conditions
+were still the same; while there he talked with two other girls who are
+attached to the place. Thus he ascertained that the proprietor has two
+relays of solicitors, one group on the street from early morning until
+night, the other group on duty all night. To see that they attend strictly
+to business, a young man is employed to watch them at their work. If the
+girls enter into a dispute with customers over terms, the assistant
+endeavors to straighten out the difficulty. If they are arrested, he
+informs his employer, who, in turn, goes to the court and does what he can
+to secure their release. Mamie and Mary both stated that the rebate clerk
+gives them all amounts over $1.00 which their customers pay for rooms. In
+case customers buy wine at $5.00 per bottle, the girls receive $2.00 per
+bottle as a commission.[54]
+
+
+(3) FURNISHED ROOM HOUSES
+
+In addition to the more elaborate establishments already described,
+furnished rooms frequently serve their occupants as vice resorts. During
+the period of this investigation 112 furnished room assignation houses
+were discovered. The majority of these are within the following
+boundaries: First Avenue, Houston Street, the Bowery, and Avenue B;
+Second Avenue, 27th Street, Seventh Avenue, 31st Street; 33rd Street,
+Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street; Third Avenue, 27th Street, Seventh Avenue,
+31st Street; Eighth Avenue, 33rd Street; Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street. The
+places are particularly dangerous because a stranger, seeking inexpensive
+board and lodging, has no way to ascertain their character: an innocent
+girl may thus unwittingly find herself in the most demoralizing
+surroundings.
+
+Prostitutes do not necessarily live in the furnished room house. They may
+simply have an understanding with the madame, who, in reality, conducts an
+assignation house run on the same principle as a hotel, but without
+register or clerk. The price of the room is determined by the "privileges"
+for which the girl stipulates,--usually to the effect that, though not
+resident, she may bring "friends" there at any hour of the day or night.
+In some houses the prostitute pays $2.00 per night; elsewhere the landlady
+demands as much as $3.00 per night, or half of what the prostitute earns.
+In this way a large weekly rental is secured for very inferior quarters.
+Once possessing such a room with "privileges," the prostitute solicits or
+picks up customers on the street, and in public places of all sorts, such
+as dance halls, restaurants, and the rear rooms of saloons.
+
+The women who use the furnished room houses are divided into three
+classes. The first are the occasional or clandestine prostitutes, to whom
+the furnished room offers a more secret place than the hotel for both the
+woman and the man. The second are regular prostitutes who use hotel and
+room alternately. They prefer to go to the hotel, as they declare it is
+safer. "We are protected in the hotel," they say; "the proprietor knows us
+and you won't be molested." But customers who object to hotels are taken
+to her furnished room if the girl is not suspicious. The third class, who
+use the furnished rooms almost exclusively, are women who are nearing the
+end of their vogue as professional prostitutes. Rejected by hotels because
+they are dirty, diseased, or in the last stages of drug and liquor habits,
+these outcasts from the prosperous marts of trade escort their prey to
+their own miserable quarters.
+
+A few illustrations of the manner in which the furnished room trade works
+will suffice:
+
+A house of this character in West 31st Street[55] is one of the most
+notorious in the city. Late at night, August 23rd, 1912, it was entered by
+a large number of couples from a dance hall near by; subsequently, one of
+the men, about forty-five years of age, complained to the investigator
+that he had been robbed there that night. Four evenings later, eight
+different prostitutes entered with their customers in the course of less
+than five minutes. Shortly after, a colored maid from the house applied to
+a saloon near by to change two five-dollar bills. During the conversation
+she told the bartender, from whom she frequently bought liquor for the
+guests, that the rooms in the house were nearly all taken.
+
+At 11 P. M. on March 19, 1912, several prostitutes were soliciting on
+Third and Lexington Avenues for a furnished room house in East 116th
+Street.[56] They each pay the landlord $2.00 per night for room and
+"privileges." One of these women appeared to be about twenty-one years of
+age. "I pay $2.00 per night for my room," she said, "and bring in as many
+men as I can grab. Whenever I am ready to quit for the night I meet my
+'fellow' and we go there to sleep."
+
+A furnished room house in West 40th Street[57] is surrounded by tenements
+in which many white and colored families are living. On February 9, 1912,
+two colored women stood in the doorway, soliciting men as they passed by.
+As the investigator approached, two white children about ten and twelve
+years of age respectively, stood a few feet away listening to what was
+said.
+
+
+(4) MASSAGE PARLORS
+
+The massage parlor, so-called, is the last of the resorts to be dealt
+with. It is estimated that there are over 300 so-called massage parlors in
+Manhattan, a large part of which are believed to be vice resorts: only 75,
+however, were actually investigated in the course of this study and this
+is the number used in calculating the number of vice resorts in Manhattan.
+
+Our investigation was thus restricted because of the peculiar difficulties
+involved in ascertaining the real character of many of these
+establishments. Some are transparent enough: others can be uncovered only
+by a customer. Our workers were instructed that it was not desired to
+attempt an extended investigation of every place. They were told to learn
+the nature of the massage given, the equipment, prices, the bearing,
+attire, and general behavior of the operatives. On the basis of these
+data they were to form an estimate as to whether or not conditions were
+suspicious. From earlier investigations and reports it was already
+believed that in nine cases out of ten the practices in these places are
+immoral and degrading to the last degree.
+
+A large number of massage parlors are located on the upper floors of
+buildings on Sixth and Columbus Avenues and on the side streets from West
+23rd Street to West 80th Street. They are indicated by means of large
+signs displayed in the windows or tacked on the doors. These places also
+advertise in a weekly paper published on Saturdays and offered for sale at
+five cents per copy on news-stands in hotels and other public places.
+
+The rooms are usually equipped with high couches, bureaus displaying comb,
+brush, alcohol, and powder, and with wash stands. A manicure table is
+often placed by the window,--on it a set of instruments used in caring for
+the nails. In these places the operators insist that they give straight
+massage and that they do not conduct an immoral business. In other
+parlors, the sign on the window or door is the only evidence that such
+treatment is given. These are openly disorderly, no apparent effort being
+made to conceal the fact. The prices charged range from two dollars to
+five dollars, according to the service demanded.
+
+Not a few former madames of houses of prostitution have established vice
+resorts under the guise of massage parlors for the purpose of continuing
+in business after their houses were closed by action of the law. Into
+these resorts they bring their former inmates, who now pose as experts in
+the art of scientific massage. In the matter of securing new girls, the
+keeper of a massage parlor has a great advantage; for she openly
+advertises in the daily papers for girls to learn the "business of
+massage," or for those who have had experience in this or that method of
+massage as practiced in foreign lands. The advertisements state the age of
+the girl wanted and the weekly salary. As a result, many unsuspecting
+girls, answering advertisements, come into personal contact with
+well-dressed and apparently respectable proprietors. If the girl appears
+to be weak and easily led, the keeper begins by asking her how much money
+she has been in the habit of making each week; then remarks smilingly that
+some of her former operatives have made four or five times as much by not
+"being too particular." She describes in a general way what she means by
+"too particular." "Her customers," she says, "are often very rich and
+generous; if a girl is attentive and jolly, these men will give her
+generous prices and tips, and thus she can 'coin' money."
+
+It is only just to say that not all massage parlors are of the type
+described above. Some are legitimate and render scientific service to men
+and women who are actually ill. If the proprietors of such places would
+escape the general condemnation of their business, they should voluntarily
+seek the endorsement of respectable physicians and engage operatives who
+have _bona fide_ certificates showing that they have spent a certain
+period of time in recognized institutions in preparation for their
+calling.
+
+A few examples only need be given:
+
+Margaret,[58] proprietress of a massage parlor on Sixth Avenue,[59] spent
+the evening of May 10, 1912, at a cafe in West 45th Street.[60] She
+admitted that business had latterly not been brisk: it had become
+difficult to get suitable operatives. The men who were procuring girls for
+her were becoming afraid to go after "young girls" and she did not want
+any "old ones." "Some fools," she said, "are writing stories about young
+girls being sold into slavery and even country girls are getting wise and
+think the men are going to put them into prison instead of giving them a
+chance to make a little money for themselves. That sort of thing only
+happens in the lower class of places. I have a nice business and nice men
+and I give the girl one dollar out of every two and three, and two dollars
+out of five, and half of anything over that. I had two girls; but one left
+me the other night because I would not let her take 'dope.' There comes a
+time with these 'dope fiends' when it interferes with business and they
+have to cut it out."
+
+By way of inducement, Margaret invited the investigator, who was a woman,
+to work in her massage parlor the following Saturday and Sunday, offering
+to allow her to keep all she made: she "had to have an operative to help
+take care of her regular Saturday and Sunday customers"; by the following
+week she felt sure that her procurer would have a girl for her. The
+investigator called at the parlor early the following week to ascertain
+what had happened. She found that the house had been sold and that the new
+landlord had raised the rent for the "parlor" occupied by Margaret from
+$60 to $75 per month. Thereupon Margaret had moved out, going to the
+beach to open a temporary house for the summer.
+
+Massage parlors are not uncommonly found in tenements,--there is one, for
+instance, in such a building in West 47th Street.[61] Two operatives were
+employed there with a madame[62] in April, 1912. Different resorts in this
+tenement have been reported to the Tenement House Department several times
+by the police, and arrests have been made here as far back as 1909.
+
+A former member of the Chicago Vice Commission was in New York City in
+April. His experience in studying conditions in the former city had made
+him watchful and suspicious. One day he noticed a number of working girls,
+young, and foreign in type, climbing the stairs of a building in West 43rd
+Street.[63] As the girls came down some appeared to be disappointed, as
+though they had not been successful in their errand, whatever it might be.
+His interest was aroused. Observing a massage sign on the second floor, he
+concluded that the girls had been answering an advertisement to call at
+this place of business. An investigation thus started resulted in securing
+the following facts:
+
+     On April 3, 1912, a morning newspaper contained the following
+     advertisement under the classification of "Help Wanted--Female."
+     "Girl for light housework, not under 18; $7 to $9 a week. Mrs.[64]
+     ----, ---- West 43rd Street, 2 flights up."
+
+     Later in the day a young woman investigator was sent to the address
+     with a copy of the advertisement. She was greeted at the door by the
+     woman, who soon disclosed the character of the place. In reply to the
+     inquiries of the investigator, she explained the nature of the
+     business: her customers paid from two to ten dollars, the girls
+     receiving approximately one-half. An inmate had earned $48 in a week:
+     but a girl's usefulness is brief, for frequent changes are necessary
+     in order to retain the trade.
+
+     On the same date a morning paper published in the German language
+     printed the following advertisement under the classification,
+     "_Verlangt Weiblich_."[65] "Girl, neat, German, not under 18 years of
+     age. One who knows how to massage or one who is willing to learn.
+     Wages paid while learning. Inquire Mrs.[66] ----, ---- West 43rd
+     Street, two flights up." This is the massage parlor described above.
+
+     On April 9, 1912, the same investigator received the following letter
+     from the proprietor of the parlor:
+
+          "_Dear Mrs. ----_:
+
+          "If you have not taken any position yet, would you kindly call
+          on me?
+
+             "Respectfully,
+               (Signed) "----."
+
+     A week later the investigator called again, finding the establishment
+     still in operation, with a new assistant, procured through the
+     landlord. With a little prodding, the garrulous madame resumed her
+     confidences, explaining the process of "fixing up" girls so as to
+     appear young, and other details of her nefarious occupation.
+
+In the foregoing pages we have circumstantially described the more
+prominent forms taken by vice in New York City. It is surely no
+exaggeration to maintain that the evidence submitted proves that
+prostitution in New York City is widely and openly exploited as a business
+enterprise.[67] The exploiters, the scenes of their operations, their
+methods, their associations, and their victims are all equally notorious.
+It is idle to explain away the phenomena on the ground that they are the
+results of the inevitable weakness of human nature: human weakness would
+demand far fewer and less horrible sacrifices. Most of the wreckage, and
+the worst of it, is due to persistent, cunning and unprincipled
+exploitation: to the banding together in infamous enterprises of madame,
+pimp, procurer, brothel-keeper, and liquor vender to deliberately carry on
+a cold-blooded traffic for their joint profit,--a traffic, be it added,
+from which the girl involved procures at the most, with few exceptions,
+her bare subsistence, and that, only so long as she has a trade value.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+PLACES WHICH CATER TO VICE
+
+
+Places which cater to vice are divided into two groups. The first group,
+catering directly to vice, includes saloons and their accessories, such as
+concert halls and cabaret shows; the second group, operating indirectly,
+comprises public dance halls, burlesque theaters, amusement parks, and
+boat excursions. The proprietors of these places usually have full
+knowledge of the demoralizing influence of their establishments, and
+deliberately encourage such conditions for the purpose of increasing their
+profits. "The saloons which cater to women," writes Professor
+Rauschenbusch, "the dance halls that encourage indecent dances and supply
+long intermissions for the consumption of liquor; pleasure resorts and
+excursion steamers, theaters, music halls, and moving picture shows that
+use the ever ready attractiveness of sex interests--are all smoothing the
+downward road--and they know it."[68]
+
+Nevertheless, it would be unjust to condemn indiscriminately all persons
+connected with the places which indirectly promote vice. An exception
+should be made of certain proprietors of dance halls and amusement parks,
+the commissioners of public parks, and some excursion boat owners.
+
+
+(1) DISORDERLY SALOONS, CONCERT HALLS, AND CABARET SHOWS.
+
+These places may all be considered under one heading because they are
+connected with saloons: they differ only in the character and grade of
+entertainment given in them, this varying with the ingenuity of the
+proprietor.
+
+A disorderly saloon is one where indecent acts occur, where indecent
+language is used publicly, where there is open solicitation for immoral
+purposes, or to which known and habitual prostitutes resort. The records
+in the office of the State Commissioner of Excise show that up to and
+including January 28, 1913, 4,583 liquor tax certificates were issued in
+the Borough of Manhattan under Sub-Division One of the Liquor Tax Law.
+During the period of this investigation, _i. e._, from January 24, 1912,
+to December 15, 1912, the rear rooms of 765 saloons at separate addresses
+were investigated. Unescorted women, who from their actions and
+conversation were believed to be prostitutes, were seen in 308 of the 765
+rear rooms investigated, and the investigators were openly solicited by
+prostitutes for immoral purposes in 107 separate rear rooms. In some of
+these places white men and colored women, in others colored men and white
+women, mingle freely.
+
+The majority of disorderly saloons are situated on Third Avenue and side
+streets from East 10th to East 125th Streets; on Sixth Avenue and side
+streets from West 22nd to West 49th Streets; on Seventh Avenue and side
+streets from West 23rd to West 52nd Streets; and on Eighth Avenue and side
+streets from West 14th to West 125th Streets. There are other disorderly
+saloons on the lower East Side, on the Bowery and surrounding streets, on
+Amsterdam, Columbus, and Lexington Avenues.
+
+Many of these disorderly saloons occupy the ground floor of buildings the
+upper floors of which are used as assignation and disorderly hotels under
+the same management. The rear rooms are filled with small tables, where
+customers are served with drinks from the bar. Some of the rooms are large
+and clean, others small and exceedingly dirty. The ladies' retiring rooms
+in the most disorderly places are very unsanitary. A report on one of the
+rear rooms describes it as being "long and narrow, with a row of tables
+down the length of two walls and in the center. So narrow and low and
+dirty is the room that it is as if a stable had been hastily emptied and
+swept out and turned into a temporary drinking booth."
+
+The managers of these establishments are sometimes sober and industrious
+men. They have been selected by the brewers to open saloons because of
+their personal qualities; for they are hail fellows well met, "good
+mixers," who make and hold friends. But these qualities do not always go
+hand in hand with business sagacity. The "good mixer" soon finds himself
+in debt to the brewer who set him up in business. The iron-clad mortgage
+which the brewer holds on the fixtures hangs over the saloon keeper like a
+menacing hand. He finds that he cannot make any money in the ordinary
+business of selling liquor over the bar; sales are increased if women of
+the street are encouraged to use the rear room as a "hangout" where they
+can enter unescorted to meet men. In addition, the proprietor finds that
+he can still further increase his profits by renting rooms over the
+saloons to the women and their customers. "We have to evade the law to
+make any money,"[69] remarked the owner[70] of a resort in East 116th
+Street.
+
+Some of the saloon keepers, of course, need no forcing. They started out
+to exploit prostitution in connection with the liquor business. Their
+business is organized with that in view. Prostitutes are attached to the
+rear room, as to the hotels previously described, by certain rules and
+customs. For example, one woman is not permitted to entice the customers
+of another; the girl who is unable to hold her customer is gradually
+forced to saloons that are less exacting. When the prostitute has secured
+her customer, she must in certain saloons order fancy drinks. This has to
+be cleverly done so as not to offend. The girl intimates that she loves to
+drink wine because it makes her jolly and companionable. If she is
+personally attractive and well dressed, the man does not object. "You
+know," she murmurs, "I hate a cheap skate who won't treat a girl like a
+lady." If she is unsuccessful in persuading her customer to buy expensive
+drinks, the proprietor puts her out as a poor "wine agent," discharges her
+from his employ, as it were. This is the practice of the manager of a
+well-known saloon in East 14th Street.[71] On the other hand, the
+proprietor protects the successful prostitute, just as does the hotel
+keeper, previously mentioned.
+
+The giving of commissions to prostitutes on the sale of drinks to their
+customers in the rear rooms of saloons does not appear to obtain as a
+general practice in Manhattan; but it is understood that women do receive
+commissions on bottled wine and beer which customers order when occupying
+with them the rooms upstairs.
+
+Efforts are frequently made to enliven the scene by music and singing. In
+the ordinary rear room, with cheap furniture, flickering lights, bad air,
+and filled with rough men, a sallow-faced youth, with a cigarette hanging
+out of the corner of his mouth, sits at a piano and indifferently bangs
+out popular airs in wild, discordant notes. This becomes a "concert hall"
+when the proprietor provides more music and additional singers. After a
+while a cafe is established, where food can be obtained as well as drinks.
+The grade of the entertainment improves a bit further and the place is
+known as a cabaret show, a poor imitation of the legitimate cabaret show
+given in respectable restaurants. Besides music, dancing, sometimes of an
+obscene character, is carried on in the rear room. Dancing is, indeed,
+cultivated for the express purpose of stimulating the sale of liquor and
+what goes with it. The dances are frequented by prostitutes, pimps,
+thieves, and those who want to see the "sights." Young and foolish girls,
+for whom "social club" dances have become commonplace, are persuaded to
+visit these saloons. Here they meet men whose sole object is their
+subsequent exploitation for pleasure or for money. Under this influence
+and environment they drift all the more rapidly into lives of
+professional prostitution.
+
+The prostitutes who frequent certain saloons in Manhattan combine their
+immoral business with crime, particularly stealing. They boldly seek out a
+man who appears to be "green," or under the influence of liquor, and "trim
+him," as they say. The girls use their pimps, or, what may be nearer the
+truth, the pimps use their girls, to carry out these robberies. A pimp,
+becoming acquainted with a stranger, "steers" him "up against" his "gun
+mol" (a prostitute who is a pickpocket), who aids in the "trimming"
+process. Sometimes, if the hour is late and they are in the right place,
+the pimps and their women become so bold as openly to go through the
+pockets of their victims and afterwards throw them into the street. On one
+such occasion the victim called loudly for the police, and, though an
+officer stood on the other side of the street, his eyes were withheld and
+his ears were stopped. The pimp laughed at the stranger and told him to
+"yell louder" for all the good it would do him.
+
+Of the statements just made abundant confirmation is at hand:
+
+A saloon in East 14th Street,[72] one of the landmarks of this busy
+street, has been notorious for many years. Its proprietor has a wide
+reputation. His home life, according to report, is all that it should be;
+no one has ever seen him intoxicated. Big, jolly, aggressive, he is the
+embodiment of hospitality as he stands at the bar, greeting those who
+enter with a kindly shake or a friendly nod. In the rear room of his
+resort disgraceful conditions exist. At one end there is a small platform,
+on which a young man sits, playing popular airs on a piano through the
+long hours of the night. White-faced waiters, with their hair carefully
+cut and plastered down, glide noiselessly about the tables. Carefully
+trained are these young men in keeping the glasses full. They work
+quickly. About the tables sit equally well-trained prostitutes. A man who
+entered at 6.30 P. M., January 26, 1912, and stayed until 8.30 saw the
+waiters urge the men customers to invite different girls to their tables.
+Two of the girls were not engaged. As the rule of the place forbade them
+to go to the table where men were sitting, they enlisted the waiter's aid.
+Gliding to the table where three men were drinking, he soon succeeded in
+having the girls invited to join the party. The investigator gained the
+confidence of the girls with whom he conversed. "A girl must order fancy
+drinks here when she is treated," said one of them; "if she don't, the
+manager[73] orders her out and won't let her come in again." Pearl, a girl
+about twenty years of age, solicited him to go to a hotel[74] not far
+away. Two months later, at about 11 P. M., there were more than twenty
+prostitutes and fifteen men in this rear room. The same conditions existed
+during the evening of April 8, 1912, when a woman entered the rear room
+alone. She walked to the extreme end of the room and saw eleven
+prostitutes and four men sitting at tables. If this woman had been a
+"regular," that is, one who frequented the place night after night, a
+waiter would have brought her, entirely free, a small glass of beer or
+ginger ale. She learned on inquiry that if a "regular" was "arrested" the
+manager would "fix it up." Inducements were also offered in the hope that
+she would enter the service of this house. The "suckers" all come down
+here, she was told: "We get them before the girls on Sixth Avenue do."
+
+On January 20, 1912, a well known pimp[75] met his woman in the rear room
+of a saloon on Seventh Avenue.[76] An investigator saw this prostitute
+give him a ten dollar bill. The pimp upbraided the girl for not having
+more money and struck her a heavy blow in the face. She fell to the floor.
+There was some excitement when this occurred. The girl was advised to have
+the pimp arrested, but she refused to do so although her eyes were swollen
+and discolored. This same rear room harbors other prostitutes who night
+after night take their customers to a furnished room house in West 27th
+Street,[77] where the landlord charges twenty-five cents for the use of a
+room.[78]
+
+
+(2) MISCELLANEOUS PLACES
+
+In New York City there are places of a certain type which cater directly
+to vice in that they are frequented, for the most part, by immoral and
+dissolute persons who not only solicit on the premises for immoral
+purposes, but create conditions which stimulate the business of
+prostitution. The proprietors have a guilty knowledge of the fact that
+prostitutes and their kind use the premises as an adjunct to immoral
+trade. Such places include restaurants, pool rooms, delicatessen stores,
+candy shops, hair dressing and manicure parlors, barber shops, cigar
+stores, palmist and clairvoyant parlors, livery stables, and opium dens.
+The places in question are usually situated in the vicinity of vice
+resorts. To the ordinary observer their outward appearance is that of any
+respectable business establishment. The signs are on the windows, goods
+are displayed, customers may come and go, and there is a general air of
+activity. From January 24, 1912 to November 15, 1912, 180 reports were
+made in connection with conditions in 91 such miscellaneous places.
+
+In some of these places, known as "hangouts," respectable trade is neither
+sought nor encouraged. A stranger is looked upon with a certain amount of
+suspicion and treated as an intruder. If he asks for a meal, he is told
+that the hour for serving meals has passed; if he desires to purchase a
+package of food from the shelves, he is informed that the particular brand
+he seeks is missing.
+
+The real purpose of the place is to afford a rendezvous where confidences
+may be exchanged and deals planned--where birds of a feather may flock
+together and be fed or entertained. It is indeed a varied group that sit
+about the tables or lounge idly at the entrance: owners of houses of
+prostitution, madames and inmates, street walkers, pimps, procurers,
+gamblers, pickpockets, thieves, and crooks of every shade and kind. Young
+boys of the neighborhood become fascinated with the adventurous lives of
+the men who frequent these places and soon join their ranks.
+
+One of the most important of these establishments is a delicatessen store
+on Seventh Avenue,[79] a notorious and popular place. The little room is
+crowded with things to eat and drink. Small tables are placed about the
+vacant places and at these tables sit owners of houses, madames and
+inmates, pimps, runners, and lighthouses. All the forces for the conduct
+of the business of prostitution in parlor houses are here, scheming,
+quarreling, discussing profits, selling shares, securing women, and paying
+out money for favors received. If the walls of this little room could
+speak, they would reveal many secrets. The value of houses is debated, the
+income from the business, the expenses of conducting it, the price of
+shares to-day, or to-morrow, or in the future, if this or that happens.
+Here is the center of the trade in certain types of houses,--the stock
+market, where members bid and outbid each other and quarrel over advantage
+given or taken. The owner of this delicatessen store, a stout and rather
+handsome man, moves about quietly. Upstairs, his wife, hearty and ample,
+cares for his home and his children. Now and then the children sit at the
+tables with wondering eyes and listen. The eldest girl, about seventeen,
+dressed in white, talks earnestly with a handsome procurer or holds the
+hand of a madame.
+
+In some of the places here alluded to liquor is sold without a license; in
+others, gambling is carried on. Poker, stuss, No. 21, pinochle, are played
+in the rear behind closed doors. For instance, during the month of April,
+1912, a stranger entered a "coffee and cake hangout" in East 114th
+Street.[80] The usual crowd of pimps, crooks, and gamblers sat about the
+tables eating and drinking. A man rose from a table and walked to the rear
+to a little white door. He tapped gently; the door opened and closed
+behind him. As it did so, the stranger saw in an inner room men seated
+about a table.
+
+Elsewhere a lucrative business in the sale of drugs is carried on.
+Blanche, a street walker, crazy for morphine at 2.30 A. M., on May 18,
+1912, pleaded with a man in a restaurant on Seventh Avenue[81] to purchase
+some for her. The stranger with whom she was at the time, moved to pity at
+her pleading, furnished the money. A bottle of morphine tablets was
+hastily procured from a well-known pharmacy on Seventh Avenue. Snatching
+the bottle from his hand, she concealed it in her stocking.[82]
+
+The cigar store, the pool room, the coffee and cake restaurant, are the
+favorite resorts of the pimps. Here they come to make deals for their
+women, to receive telephone messages from their girls on the street or in
+vice resorts, to plan "line ups"[83] when a "young chicken" is about to be
+broken into the business, and to buy drugs for their girls and themselves.
+It is common knowledge that here gangs are formed and arrangements for
+robberies or other criminal acts made; here the spoils are divided; guns
+are hidden when officers come to search, and men beaten who make a
+"squeal."
+
+The prostitute herself frequents the hairdressing and manicure parlors,
+popular with her for two reasons: first, because here she makes herself
+"beautiful" under the hands of the proprietor, and second, because through
+the operator she learns of resorts where she may earn "better money." The
+imparting of such information is a part of the hairdresser's trade. She is
+the fount of knowledge on this subject; "swell" madames patronize her
+place, urging her to send them attractive girls. If the right girls do not
+come in, she advertises in the papers, using her "parlor" as a decoy. Her
+husband--if she has one--may be a thrifty man who mingles with his wife's
+customers, selling them attractive hats or suits, and other things, and
+finally acting as their bail bondsman if they are arrested and brought to
+court. At least one such husband has grown wealthy in the business.
+
+Such a hairdressing and manicure parlor, for example, is conducted on
+Sixth Avenue.[84] The woman caters only to prostitutes; and part of her
+business is to find out if any of her customers are dissatisfied with
+their present places or if they are not attached to any resort. In either
+event, she offers to send them to find a place where they can earn more
+money. One day a woman having her hair shampooed in this parlor actually
+heard the proprietor send girls to different vice resorts. She advertises
+in the daily press for help. For instance, on Saturday, April 6, 1912, a
+daily paper contained the following advertisement under "Female Help
+Wanted":
+
+     "Hairdresser and manicure wanted, experienced. Apply ----, ---- Sixth
+     Avenue."[85]
+
+Pool rooms and cigar stores offer peculiar facilities for young boys of
+the neighborhood to become acquainted with the life of the underworld.
+Even before leaving school, boys often frequent them; soon some of them
+join little cliques and gangs formed by the criminal element. They become
+pickpockets or ordinary crooks. If endowed by nature with large muscles
+and an instinct for fighting, they become preliminary boxers and gradually
+develop into the gang members or political guerillas who do such valiant
+service at the polls on primary or election day. From the ranks of these
+the pimp is developed. As neighborhood boys they have little difficulty in
+securing girls who, like themselves, are adventurous, or already immoral.
+It therefore becomes easy either to trap a girl and ruin her, or to "break
+in" the already immoral girl to a life of professional prostitution under
+protection.
+
+It is a strange fact, but it is true, that prostitutes often select young
+men whom they see in front of pool rooms and cigar stores and actually
+invite them to become their pimps and share the proceeds of their
+business. A young boy about eighteen years of age was standing near the
+entrance of a pool room on Second Avenue one hot afternoon in August,
+1912, jauntily puffing a cigarette as a stranger passed with a man who had
+lived in the neighborhood many years. "See that kid?" said the man. "A
+young prostitute on the avenue has picked him out for her pimp. They grew
+up together and both have gone on the bum. She was 'lined up' about a year
+ago by a gang that 'hangs out' in a cigar store on East 14th Street. Since
+then she has been a regular prostitute."
+
+There is another group of miscellaneous places, different from those
+referred to above, namely, the natural channels through which the varied
+life of a great city passes. These are freely used by the prostitute.
+Attention is called to them simply to emphasize the fact that wherever
+groups of people meet for innocent pleasure or for business, there the
+prostitute lingers to ply her trade. Such places include subway and
+railway stations, hotel lobbies, entrances to department stores, ferry
+slips, and post office buildings. Prostitutes find these crowded
+thoroughfares excellent centers in which to solicit or to make "dates."
+Pimps and procurers also frequent such places to "pick up" adventurous
+girls who are alone or in pairs, out for pleasure or excitement.[86]
+
+
+(3) THE STREETS
+
+The streets of Manhattan are openly used by prostitutes for soliciting.
+During the period of this investigation, street walking has been most
+conspicuous in certain localities which may be roughly described as
+follows:
+
+Broadway, from West 27th to West 68th, and the side streets from West 26th
+to West 64th;
+
+Sixth Avenue, from West 16th to West 45th, and the side streets from West
+25th to West 31st;
+
+Seventh Avenue, from West 24th to West 42nd;
+
+Columbus Avenue, from West 59th to West 66th;
+
+Columbus and Eighth Avenues, from West 99th to West 125th;
+
+Second Avenue, from East 8th to 9th, and between East 12th and East 14th;
+
+Third Avenue, from East 9th to East 28th, and from East 99th to East
+137th, and the side streets to Lexington Avenue;
+
+Irving Place, from East 14th to East 15th;
+
+Houston Street, on the lower East Side around Allen and Forsythe Streets.
+
+Of all these thoroughfares, Broadway is most freely utilized for
+soliciting. During the nights of March 7, 11, 14, 19, 20, and 21, 1912, at
+the hours of 8.30 P. M., 9 P. M., 10 P. M., 11 P. M., 11 to 12 P. M.,
+11.30 P. M., 12 A. M., 12.15 A. M., 12.30 A. M., 12.45 A. M., and 1.55 A.
+M., eighty-four street walkers were seen accosting men at different places
+on Broadway from West 34th to West 65th Streets. This number does not take
+into account prostitutes who were merely promenading or those who were
+lurking in the shadows of the side streets. Reports of a similar character
+could be given for the months of April, May, June, July, August,
+September, and October, 1912, showing that solicitation on Broadway was
+continuous.
+
+Sixth Avenue is another favorite resort for street walkers. On September
+17, 18, 23, 25, 26, and 28, 1912, at such hours as 4 P. M., 4.30 P. M.,
+6.30 P. M., 7.15 P. M., and 8 to 9 P. M., fifty-five prostitutes were seen
+soliciting men between West 24th and West 29th Streets. In most instances
+the destination of these couples was hotels on two corners of West 28th
+Street. The same general conditions as described regarding solicitation on
+Broadway and Sixth Avenue exist in other sections of the city.[87]
+
+
+(4) PUBLIC DANCE HALLS
+
+No places of amusement are so filled with moral dangers to boys and girls
+as certain public dance halls in New York City. A conviction to this
+effect, long held, has been strengthened as a result of a thorough and
+comprehensive investigation of 85 public dances given in 47 different
+dance halls in Manhattan from January 24 to June 24, 1912. Ninety-six
+reports were made of conditions in these dance halls by three
+investigators, two young men and a young woman, who worked independently.
+In some instances they reported on the same dance without knowing of the
+presence of one another, thus removing all doubt regarding the facts as
+presented. No special dances were selected for observation, the
+investigators having been sent to those which were publicly advertised
+from time to time.
+
+Of 75 different dances reported between January 24 and June 24, only 5 are
+characterized as decent; 11 were more or less objectionable, 59 wholly so.
+At all but 3, intoxicating liquor was sold; at 61, minors were present; at
+all but 2, the investigator concluded that the attendance was largely
+disreputable.
+
+A woman investigator reported 31 dances, at 22 of which she was solicited
+by 53 men; men investigators, reporting 80 dances, were solicited 47 times
+by 43 different women.
+
+The proprietors of the dance halls in question have "open dates," on which
+their halls may be rented by social clubs or other organizations for the
+purpose of giving an "affair" or a "racket," as a ball is sometimes
+called. There are hundreds of these clubs and organizations in New York
+City, and the chief feature of the year's activity is the giving of a ball
+which all the friends of the members are expected to attend. Their
+membership lists are made up of cliques or gangs of young boys and men who
+come together because of some mutual interest, sometimes for worthy
+motives, but very often as a cover for disorderly and even criminal
+purposes. Between some of these groups there is great rivalry, at times
+leading to fights and disturbances.
+
+The usual method of advertising dances is by distributing "throw aways" or
+small colored cards on which are printed, not only the name of the group
+giving the dance, but also the choruses of popular songs, parodies, or
+verses. These latter intimate the character of the proposed frolic. They
+all appeal to the sex interest, some being so suggestive that they are
+absolutely indecent. During the progress of a dance in St. Mark's
+Place,[88] a young girl, hardly above seventeen years of age, presented a
+boy with a printed card advertising a ball soon to be held. When the card
+is folded, it forms an obscene picture and title.
+
+During the past few years aggressive measures have been taken by
+different reform organizations aiming to bring about a more wholesome
+atmosphere in connection with public dances, especially those attended by
+poorer boys and girls. Proprietors have been induced to employ special
+officers to attend the dances and keep order, prevent "tough" and
+"half-time" dancing, and protect innocent girls from the advances of
+undesirable persons. The duties of the special officer are difficult to
+perform. If he interferes too much, the dancers go to some other place
+where they enjoy more freedom. As a result, the honest proprietor who
+endeavors to conduct a respectable hall loses patronage, while the
+disreputable owner makes all the profit. Again, the young people who
+attend these balls know immediately when a person different from
+themselves appears in the hall. At once the dance becomes modest and
+sedate and the visitor goes away to report "that while conditions are not
+what they should be, yet on the whole there is great improvement."
+
+A social club[89] gave a ball on the evening of March 23, 1912, at a
+hall[90] in East 2nd Street. The dancing was very suggestive. The special
+officer[91] was entertaining a police sergeant, but neither made any
+effort to regulate the actions of the dancers. The next afternoon another
+club[92] occupied the hall at the same address, with the same special
+officer in attendance. Suddenly, when the dancing was in full swing, the
+officer hurriedly rushed among the dancers and told them to "cut it out"
+as three detectives had just come in and he did not want to see the place
+closed up. A girl, apparently thirteen years of age, was dancing at the
+time and the officer put her off the floor, loudly declaring that the
+proprietor did not allow young girls to dance in the hall. Things resumed
+their former aspect, however, as soon as the detectives retired.
+
+Wine, whisky, and beer, freely sold in connection with certain public
+dances, are responsible for much vulgarity and obscenity. Young girls have
+been seen to yield themselves in wild abandon to their influence, and have
+been carried half fainting to dark corners of the hall and there, almost
+helpless, have been subjected to the most indecent advances.
+
+A political organization gave a ball at a resort[93] in Avenue D, February
+16, 1912. Wine, champagne and beer were sold from a bar located on the
+north side of the hall or served at tables. The waiters were men, while
+three women acted as bartenders. By actual count, one hundred girls and
+boys were intoxicated. Many of the drunken girls were sitting in corners
+of the hall on the laps of their equally intoxicated partners, who were
+hugging and kissing them. The same conditions, with variations, have been
+observed in other dance halls where liquor was served and where the
+intermissions between the dances were extended so as to give all an
+opportunity to buy drinks.
+
+At a ball given by another organization[94] in an East 2nd Street
+resort[95] on March 1, 1912, the dancing was exceedingly vulgar and
+suggestive. A police officer watched the obscene exhibition in company
+with the proprietor of the hall. After the officer left, a detective in
+plain clothes and another officer in uniform came in. The proprietor
+escorted them to the bar, where they were served. Then the host
+entertained his guests by pointing out the girls whom he considered to be
+the most adept; and the three men passed comments upon their cleverness.
+
+A crowd of pimps, gamblers, pickpockets, and "strong arm guys" attended a
+dance given on March 30, 1912.[96] Here a pimp named Daniel[97]
+deliberately struck his girl in the face with his fist. She fell to the
+floor and was carried to the dressing room covered with blood. The woman
+investigator, who had been a nurse, took charge of the girl and summoned a
+physician. A doctor[98] with an office in East 4th Street, sewed four
+stitches in the girl's lip and charged her five dollars, which was to
+include two future visits. The doctor offered the investigator fifteen
+dollars to help him with a case that night, and five dollars extra if she
+would accompany him to his room. Nor was this the only immoral
+solicitation that the woman investigator was subjected to in order to get
+the facts.
+
+A man who was shot to death not long ago, a "gun man," gave a dance on
+March 29, 1912, for his own benefit. It was a great event. "Three of the
+foremost gamblers were present," a man proudly declared, and, with equal
+pride further said that several madames of houses of prostitution and
+their inmates were there also. The program of this dance is a veritable
+directory of "gamblers," "gun men," "strong arm guys," pimps, doctors,
+lawyers, and politicians. Some of the names are very familiar. They made a
+motley crowd--all with mutual interests. Many in this remarkable
+gathering came together and paid large admission fees at the door because
+they feared the gambler who gave the dance.
+
+The occasions above described are not utilized only by hardened
+profligates: young girls, some perhaps innocent, others, if not entirely
+innocent, at any rate not yet wholly depraved, and young men not yet
+altogether vicious attend the gatherings in search of amusement and
+change. Some of the girls who frequent these public dance halls reveal
+their loose morals by their manners and actions, but many are innocent
+working girls who seek legitimate recreation. The sinister element is the
+pimp who attends with the coldblooded purpose of finding new subjects of
+debauchery and of subsequent exploitation for gain. These agents of
+commercialized vice are usually well-dressed, well-mannered, and introduce
+themselves politely and easily to strangers. They often pretend love at
+first sight and exhibit marked devotion, by which girls are deceived and
+to which they too often yield. Clever subterfuges are sometimes employed:
+a pretended drummer states that he has "sample shoes" or "sample dresses"
+at his room: "If they fit, they are yours," he says. When the seduction of
+the girls is accomplished, they are put on the street, and their ruin is
+complete. These "powers that prey" are a constant danger in public dance
+halls and find there easy quarry. The girls who refuse to be inveigled are
+often so ostracized that they must unbend, if they wish to participate in
+the fun. Dances and refreshments are withheld until the "wall-flower"
+comes round. Examples can be cited: a model who earns $18 a week, one-half
+of which she gives her father;[99] an embroidery worker,[100] making $10
+a week; the head of stock in the shoe department of a Sixth Avenue
+store;[101] a department store girl earning $6 a week.[102] With these
+working women, pimps and professional prostitutes freely mingle. Forty
+professional prostitutes were counted at one dance given on March 10,
+1912.[103]
+
+
+(5) EXCURSION BOATS AND PARKS
+
+In addition to the places already mentioned, the prostitute and her
+exploiter take advantage of other opportunities to ply their trade. The
+excursion boats between New York and Albany, Bridgeport, New Haven,
+Providence, Block Island, etc., are often used for a rendezvous.
+Occurrences of a highly suspicious character are abundant:
+
+August 25, 1912, three couples left the boat bound for New Haven because
+they could not secure rooms: this, in spite of the fact that it was a day
+trip. On an excursion boat bound for Montauk Point on July 28, 1912, two
+young couples occupied staterooms 19 and 21. The girls appeared to be
+about eighteen years of age. Two girls, apparently seventeen years of age,
+rented stateroom No. 11, where they remained all day and were visited by
+four different men. When the boat returned to New York the girls went
+ashore and boarded a car on East 23rd Street. One pretty little girl on
+this excursion was accompanied by a woman who appeared to be her mother.
+The girl became friendly and offered to make a "date" with the
+investigator. She lives on DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn. There were two
+others, living in Harlem, evidently working girls, who were also willing
+to make "dates."
+
+It is indeed a matter of common knowledge that professional prostitutes
+make a practice of soliciting on excursion boats for immoral purposes. The
+women make regular trips and have a business understanding with porters
+and waiters, who aid in securing customers. On July 20, 1912, as the boat
+for New Haven was about to leave the dock, two prostitutes who solicit in
+a cafe on West 44th Street[104] came aboard. A street walker who solicits
+on Broadway and has a home in the Bronx took the trip to New Haven on
+August 25, 1912. Six prostitutes were soliciting young men on the trip to
+Block Island on August 11, 1912, one of them formerly an inmate in a house
+of prostitution in West 47th Street.[105] Her companion solicits on
+Broadway. These girls said they had rooms in a Block Island hotel,[106]
+where they invited the men to meet them.
+
+Some of the waiters and porters on these boats act as solicitors for
+prostitutes. A colored porter[107] on a boat running to Block Island,
+August 11, 1912, said there were many couples on board having immoral
+relations. He offered to introduce two men to two girls. On August 8,
+1912, a colored porter on a boat for Providence, Rhode Island, told a man
+that a "wise young girl" occupied stateroom No. 68, and that she would
+receive men. Robert,[108] a waiter on one of them, declared that immoral
+conditions were most flagrant on the Sunday trips. He described in detail
+the actions of couples in the staterooms when he served them drinks.
+
+Amusement parks are similarly abused. Seven such parks in the vicinity of
+New York City were visited during the summer of 1912, and vicious
+conditions were found to exist to a greater or less extent in all of them.
+In the drinking places prostitutes sit on the stage in short skirts and
+sing and dance for the entertainment of men and boys drinking at the
+tables. The girls are paid very low salaries, and therefore depend upon
+making extra money from prostitution. The waiters aid in securing
+customers and receive commissions from the girls on the stage for this
+service. In some concert halls the girls have signs which they use to
+indicate the time they are free to leave the stage or the price they
+require. If they succeed in persuading a man to buy wine in the balcony of
+the hall, they receive a commission on the sale. In the winter time some
+of these prostitutes join burlesque shows or continue to carry on their
+immoral business otherwise in the city.
+
+An investigator visited a concert hall connected with an amusement park on
+Long Island, July 23, 1912. There were eighteen girls seated on the stage
+in short skirts, the majority of them intoxicated; in their wild efforts
+to entertain the crowd of men and boys they exposed their persons.
+Twenty-five girls sing and dance in a concert hall at another popular
+amusement park. They are divided into two shifts, each shift working a
+stated number of hours during the afternoon and night. One of the singers
+was recognized by a man who had seen her in a house of prostitution in a
+city in Pennsylvania; one of her companions solicits for immoral purposes
+on Broadway. Many of these concert halls and similar places are connected
+with the hotels to which the entertainers take their customers. A very
+notorious hotel of this character[109] adjoins a disreputable concert hall
+in an amusement park on Staten Island.
+
+The conditions in dance halls in connection with certain amusement parks
+are similar to those described under the heading "Public Dance Halls."
+Here young and thoughtless working girls and boys often yield themselves
+to the degrading influence of liquor and suggestive dancing; and here also
+are found the prostitutes and their pimps.
+
+In reference to public parks, it may be stated that the police force is
+entirely inadequate to their proper surveillance. Shocking occurrences by
+the score are reported in Central and other parks by different
+investigators under the date of July 15, August 5, July 20, July 12, etc.
+Not infrequently boys and girls of sixteen and seventeen are involved in
+these affairs,--and cases implicating still younger children are reported.
+The benches in certain sections of Central Park, between 10 P. M. and 1 A.
+M., presented a most demoralizing spectacle to the observation of every
+one who walked through the Park during the months of July and
+August.[110]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE EXPLOITERS
+
+
+The present investigation has established the fact that the business of
+prostitution in New York City is exploited and, for the most part,
+controlled by men, though women are also involved. The names and addresses
+of over 500 men so engaged have been secured, together with personal
+descriptions and the records of many of them. Some are owners, others,
+procurers, the rest mainly cadets or pimps,--younger men who have a single
+girl, at times a "string" of girls, "working" for them on the street or in
+houses. The woman exploiter is at times, herself a proprietor; usually,
+however, she is employed by men on a salary to operate a resort.
+
+
+(1) OWNERS
+
+The men proprietors have reached their present vocation by many paths.
+They have been wrestlers, prize-fighters, gamblers, "politicians,"
+proprietors of "creep houses,"[111] fruit venders, pawnbrokers,
+pickpockets, crooks, peddlers, waiters, saloonkeepers, etc. Some of them
+pose as "business men," carrying cards and samples, to serve as a
+subterfuge when they are arrested as vagrants or for living off the
+proceeds of prostitution. Not a few, however, without concealment, devote
+their entire time and energy to managing parlor houses and other resorts
+of prostitution. Some of the latter own a business outright; others have
+partners who share in the profits. One man, for instance, conducts a house
+with from fifteen to twenty-five inmates, and, in addition, has an
+interest in several other ventures of the same character. In some cases
+the firm is a family affair, including brothers, brothers-in-law, uncles,
+and cousins.
+
+For several years thirty one-dollar houses of prostitution in the
+Tenderloin have been operated as a "combine," under the direct control of
+fifteen or more men. The individuals in question have been in business for
+many years in New York City, as well as in other cities both in this
+country and abroad. They buy and sell shares in these houses among
+themselves, and it is seldom that an outsider, unless he be a relative,
+can "break" into the circle and share in the profits. The value of the
+shares depends upon the ability of the owners to maintain conditions in
+which the houses, being unmolested, are permitted to make large profits.
+The man who proves himself capable of achieving this through business
+sagacity and political pull is called the "king." Upon him falls the
+responsibility of "seeing" the "right" individuals.
+
+Owners follow the trend of public sentiment with a keenness and foresight
+truly remarkable. If a new official indicates by orders or by sentiments
+expressed in public that he is in favor of an "open town," there is great
+rejoicing among the promoters. Agitation in the opposite direction reacts
+on the value of their properties: prices drop and there is a scramble to
+"get under cover." If spasmodic efforts at reform are made, the more
+prominent owners meet in council with their lawyers and solemnly discuss
+what their policy should be. If their houses are closed, they still keep
+on paying rent, ready to open again--when a favorable word comes or when
+the moral outbreak subsides. For the owner has no faith in reformers.
+"They get tired and quit"; "all this will blow over"; "they are sick of it
+already";--such are his reflections as he recalls past experiences.
+
+The majority of men exploiters of prostitution in New York City are
+foreigners by birth. Some of them have been seducers of defenseless women
+all their lives. In one instance, at least, a whole family is engaged in
+the business,--the parents[112] conduct a restaurant, which is a "hangout"
+for pimps, procurers, crooks, and prostitutes; the daughters are
+prostitutes, the two sons, pimps and procurers. The father and mother are
+constantly on the lookout for girls whom their sons may ruin and exploit
+on the street or in houses. Another family[113] has already been referred
+to as conducting a delicatessen store in Seventh Avenue: they occupy the
+upper floors as their dwelling; the shop below is the favorite rendezvous
+of owners, madames, procurers, pimps, and prostitutes. The children of
+this family, one a girl just reaching womanhood, mingle freely with them.
+The father keeps an eye on the handsome procurers who talk with his
+children; though he listens daily to their schemes for securing women and
+girls he would "cut to pieces" any man among them who attempted to defile
+his own daughters.
+
+The owners in question did not all come directly to America. Some of them
+drifted to other parts of Europe with young girls whom they had secured in
+the small towns or cities of their own countries. South Africa was a
+favorite destination--especially Johannesburg. Many, going thither during
+the Boer War, are reputed to have made large profits from their business
+with soldiers as customers. The authorities, however, beat them with whips
+and drove them from the cities. They fled to South America and then to
+North America. Their trail of seduction and corruption may be traced
+through Argentine, Brazil, Cuba, Canada, Alaska, and the large cities of
+our own country--San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Butte, Denver,
+Omaha, St. Louis, Chicago, Pittsburg, Philadelphia; finally they realize
+their hopes in New York City. Here they have made a center, and from this
+center they go back over the old trail from time to time.
+
+If a composite photograph could be made of typical owners of vice resorts,
+it would show a large, well-fed man about forty years of age and five
+feet, eight inches, in height. His clothes are the latest cut, loud in
+design, and carefully pressed. A heavy watch chain adorns his waistcoat, a
+large diamond sparkles in a flashy necktie, and his fat, chubby fingers
+are encircled with gold and diamond rings.
+
+On April 6, 1912, a group of owners were parading up and down Seventh
+Avenue in front of the above-mentioned delicatessen store, discussing
+"business." They were all dressed in their best and looked prosperous.
+One, a large man with a black mustache, wore a very fine English suit and
+a hat which was said to have cost eight dollars. A large diamond ring
+sparkled on his fat hand, a diamond horse shoe pin flashed in his tie, and
+a charm set with precious stones hung from a heavy gold watch chain. His
+brother-in-law, part owner with him of a house of prostitution in West
+25th Street,[114] was also dressed in the height of fashion,--a smart
+suit, a black derby hat, and patent leather pumps. A third partner
+presented an equally dignified appearance. There were eight other owners
+in the group, making a very imposing appearance as they eagerly waited to
+talk over matters of "business" with the representative of the "boss,"--a
+certain official who, as the men claimed, was on this day to send word
+whether or not the owners could proceed with their nefarious business.
+
+The "king"[115] of this set has the reputation of being able to "see" the
+right persons; when a member is "in wrong" or wants to open a house, the
+"king" must first be consulted. The "king" is interested in eleven houses
+of prostitution--of some of which he is the sole owner; each establishment
+contains an average of about fifteen inmates. He supports two notorious
+women,[116] who serve as madames, each jealous of every attention bestowed
+by him on the other. Many years ago he was a soldier in Russia, where he
+ruined a young girl whom he afterwards took to South Africa. Since that
+time she has earned thousands of dollars for him. He brought her to this
+country and traveled with her from city to city until finally he settled
+in New York, where he has since built up a prosperous business and gained
+an "influential" position.
+
+Among the others are two brothers who combine the business of exploiting
+prostitution with that of selling diamonds. They are noted for their
+ability to outwit the law, for they openly declare that they can buy their
+way out of any trial. Besides their houses, they have conducted pool
+parlors and restaurants, and one of them has the reputation of being a
+"fence," or receiver of stolen goods. The history of these two men
+illustrates the manner in which pimps develop into proprietors. When they
+first came to America about twenty years ago, they found employment on a
+peddler's wagon. Soon after, one of them ruined a fifteen-year old girl
+who was born on Broome Street, New York City. For seven years subsequently
+she was his woman, earning money for him on the street and in houses. The
+other brother, not to be outdone, also secured a girl and became a pimp.
+Later they were both employed as watchboys about houses of prostitution.
+Being ambitious, they were soon operating regular houses on Allen Street,
+which at that time was part of the old Red Light District in Manhattan.
+Here they prospered for a number of years, though in the end they were
+driven from the East Side. With four women they then went to Boston, where
+they opened a house. Apprehended there, they "jumped their bail" and
+returned to their former haunts in New York. Their old enemy had
+evidently lost his power; for the brothers were allowed to continue in
+business. After the closing of the district, the scene of their business
+ventures was transferred to Buffalo during the Exposition of 1901. Driven
+thence, they went to St. Louis, where they soon owned houses, saloons, and
+gambling places. Ex-Governor Folk was District Attorney in St. Louis at
+that time and the brothers were among those who fell into his net. One
+brother, known as the "King of White Chapel," that being the Red Light
+District, was indicted on several counts for felonies and misdemeanors.
+The other brother and one of his women[117] were also indicted. The
+enterprising pair secured bail, which they immediately forfeited, and,
+leaving all their wealth behind, began to roam from place to place with
+their women. One went to Havana, and one to Pittsburg; driven from
+Pittsburg, the latter soon joined his brother in Havana. From Havana the
+two men and their women went to South Africa and settled in Johannesburg.
+Here once more they made a large sum of money. The authorities seized one
+of the brothers and sentenced him to jail; on the expiration of his term,
+he was whipped and ordered out of the city. The brothers then went to
+Vienna, to London, and from London sailed to New York City. When they
+returned to the city of their early business success, they opened a house
+of prostitution on West 34th Street in company with a man who had just
+returned from South Africa. For a year they prospered. When the former
+District Attorney of St. Louis, who had since become Governor, learned of
+their presence in this country, he secured their extradition. The brothers
+took $25,000 to St. Louis with them and not long afterwards returned to
+New York entirely penniless. No wonder the elder and more crafty of the
+two brothers declares that the law cannot touch them! No wonder, when he
+is intoxicated, he strikes his chest and shouts defiance to the law!
+During all these vicissitudes one of his women[118] remained loyal. She is
+known among the owners of houses all over the country as the "best money
+getter" in the world. When her owner was "broke" and in sore distress, she
+put him on his feet again. She is his woman to-day.
+
+The instances cited are by no means exceptional. Prostitution has become a
+business, the promoters of which continually scan the field for a location
+favorable to their operations; and the field is the entire civilized
+world. No legitimate enterprise is more shrewdly managed from this point
+of view; no variety of trade adjusts itself more promptly to conditions,
+transferring its activities from one place to another, as opportunities
+contract here and expand there. The keeper of a disorderly saloon[119]
+finds himself hampered in Chicago: he migrates to New York to become part
+owner of a Sixth Avenue resort.[120] Raided in Philadelphia, another[121]
+goes first to Pittsburg, thence to this city, where he purchases an
+interest in a West 25th Street[122] establishment. The former owner[123]
+of places in St. Louis and Omaha is now part owner in two houses[124] on
+this same street. Still another[125] was in the business successively in
+Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, Dallas, and Los Angeles. One of the
+partners[126] in a resort in West 36th Street[127] has at different times
+had houses in Portland, Seattle, Brazil, Argentine, and London.
+Another[128] is simultaneously interested in houses in this city[129] and
+in Norfolk, Virginia. The part owner[130] of a notorious place on Sixth
+Avenue[131] has conducted houses of prostitution in St. Louis, Buffalo,
+and Johannesburg, South Africa, and has traveled all over the world in the
+business of exploiting prostitution.[132]
+
+
+(2) PROCURERS
+
+While keepers of houses are also procurers, there is a group of men who
+devote themselves singly to this work. These are the typical "white
+slavers," whose trade depends entirely upon the existence of houses of
+prostitution. To this point we shall in a moment recur in connection with
+women promoters of prostitution. For the present I desire simply to
+emphasize the fact that the procurer has practically no chance to ply his
+trade unless there are houses of prostitution from which he can accept
+orders and to which he can dispose of "goods." The successful procurer as
+well as the pimp, to be next described, boasts that, once a girl comes
+under his influence, she will do anything for him. No matter how ugly or
+repulsive outwardly, he holds his women. One of the most active procurers
+in the city is short, heavy, and humpbacked.[133] He has the reputation of
+being even more successful than a competitor[134] who is handsome,
+athletic, and well-dressed. The former has been apprehended in other
+cities on the charge of procuring, once serving two and a half years in
+Philadelphia under an assumed name.[135] To-day he walks the streets of
+New York City, a free man, unmolested.
+
+Procurers frequent entrances to factories and department stores, or walk
+the streets at night striking up acquaintance with girls who are alone and
+looking for adventure. They select a girl waiting on a table in a
+restaurant, or at the cashier's desk, and gradually make her acquaintance.
+They attend steamboat excursions, are found at the sea shore and amusement
+parks, in moving picture shows, at the public dance halls,--in fact,
+wherever girls congregate for business or for pleasure. They choose with
+almost unerring judgment the type of girl who may be pliable to their
+will.
+
+At 5 P. M., on March 14, 1912, six procurers[136] stood on the corner of
+27th Street and Sixth Avenue waiting for the shop and factory girls to
+pass by on their way going home from work. For one hour the investigator
+watched these men and saw them endeavoring to attract the attention of
+several girls. At last two of them[137] succeeded in interesting two
+girls, who accompanied them.
+
+On Sunday, June 23, 1912, a group of procurers[138] went to a certain
+seashore resort. On the beach they were joined by a notorious procurer,
+then employed as a life saver.[139] He greeted his comrades with the
+words: "Ich hob' frisch' Schore" (I have fresh goods.) The group then put
+on their bathing suits and went into the surf. After a while they missed
+one of their number,[140] whom they finally found with a young girl
+apparently eighteen years of age: she was the "fresh goods,"--the object
+of the "line up," as it afterwards developed.
+
+
+(3) THE PIMP
+
+The pimp or cadet as he is commonly called, has not yet developed into a
+professional procurer or keeper of a house of prostitution. While all
+procurers and owners of houses are in reality pimps, the converse is not
+always true: all pimps are not procurers, though they may hope to be some
+day.
+
+The pimp enters the business when he either ruins a young girl for his
+future profit or becomes the lover and protector of a prostitute already
+in the business. As the future pimp grows up in a crowded neighborhood, he
+becomes a member of a gang and, as such, is admired by some reckless girl
+in the vicinity. Proud of her acquaintance with him, she shares the spoils
+resulting from his petty thieving and other escapades. Very early in
+their career the two begin to have immoral relations, not only with each
+other, but with different boys and girls of their own kind. They have
+never had moral standards in any proper sense of the term. The large
+majority of boys who become pimps and seducers of girls and the large
+majority of girls who become prostitutes were at the start not immoral,
+but unmoral. Later the boy drifts to the pool parlor or gambling room for
+his recreation and companionship, the girl to public dance halls and
+similar places of amusement. Many of these girls are already clandestine
+prostitutes, secretly carrying on the business of prostitution while at
+the same time engaged in some legitimate employment "just to keep up a
+respectable appearance." Under the pimp's influence and suggestion the
+girl finally "breaks" away from her secret immoral life and becomes a
+"regular." The pimp shows her the way, provides places for her to solicit
+or "hustle" on the street or in the vice resort. He attends to the
+business arrangements, even to the collection of her money, though when
+she is "well broke," he allows her to collect her own money and give it to
+him. Some pimps beat their women, on the principle that that is the only
+way to make them fear and love them. This may seem a paradox; but it is
+indeed true that many prostitutes do not believe their lovers care for
+them unless they "beat them up" occasionally.
+
+The psychology of the relation of prostitute to pimp is a complicated one,
+difficult for the normal individual to understand. In the cases above
+alluded to, boy and girl have been comrades, the boy lording it over the
+girl until she submits to being his property. But there are prostitutes,
+apparently quite able to stand alone, who deliberately select a pimp; if
+they cease to be satisfied with him, he is discharged and a successor
+taken. Why should a prostitute of either kind desire a pimp? There are
+many reasons: the pimp is her business agent in dealing with owners, hotel
+keepers, etc.; he is her "go-between," if she gets into "trouble" with the
+law; her companion, for she is lonely after the night's business;
+but--most important of all--her lover--one person who seems to care for
+her as a human being, whether he does or not, and for whom she does
+herself really care. A spark of affection lives at the heart of this
+ghastly relation.
+
+In her relation to the pimp, as well as to the house madame, the
+prostitute is not infrequently to all intents and purposes a white slave.
+For the pimp, like the madame, subjects her in many cases completely to
+his will and command. This does not mean that the girl is necessarily
+imprisoned behind locked doors and barred windows. But restraint may be
+thoroughly effective, even though not actually or mainly physical.
+Uneducated, with little or no comprehension of her legal rights or of the
+powers which could be invoked to aid her, often an immigrant or at least a
+stranger, she is soon cowed by the brute to whom she has mistakenly
+attached herself. Should she make an effort to break away, she is pursued
+and hemmed in by the concerted efforts of her cadet and his associates. As
+a rule, however, pimps are skilful enough to play for and to obtain the
+sentimental loyalty of their women; so that the prostitute herself becomes
+the greatest obstacle to her own freedom and rehabilitation.
+
+There are hundreds, perhaps thousands, of pimps in New York City. During
+this investigation scores of their names and personal descriptions have
+been accumulated, as well as those of their women. One of the best
+known[141] is a "life-taker" and "strong arm guy," a dangerous fellow,
+twenty-two years old, who has been repeatedly arrested as a consequence of
+his quarrels. A "pipe fiend" and gambler, his favorite occupation is
+"stuss." At elections he has his own "mob" who work at the polls for
+corrupt politicians. His girl is a slim, bleached blonde, "good for $100
+to $150 a week on the street," it is said.
+
+On June 26, 1912, five pimps were playing cards in a restaurant on Seventh
+Avenue. The day was very hot. During the afternoon the girl[142] who is
+"hustling" for one of them[143] came into the restaurant wearing a heavy
+velvet suit. The wife of the proprietor asked: "What are you doing,
+wearing a suit like that in this kind of weather?" She replied that though
+she was bringing home eight, ten, and twelve dollars every night, she
+could not afford a new dress. "He needs it for gambling," she said,
+pointing to her pimp. Leaving the table in anger he deliberately slapped
+her in the face: "Didn't you pay $32 for that suit?" he said. "What more
+do you want?"
+
+Another[144] frequents a restaurant in Second Avenue.[145] He is
+twenty-nine years of age, smooth shaven, with a scar on his face. Before
+he became a pimp he was known as a "pool room shark." He smokes opium,
+snuffs cocaine, and plays stud poker. With men of his kind he is not very
+popular: they declare that he cannot tell the truth, that for a "shell of
+hop" he would kill a dozen Chinamen, and for a nickel would "frame up" his
+best friend. "Just an ordinary, every day, common pimp," they say,--"can't
+borrow a dollar and lives on nothing but the money his woman earns."
+
+Hearing of places where business is better, owners and pimps ship their
+"goods" about in hope of larger profits. The women remit their earnings,
+even if separated hundreds of miles. For example, Fanny, a woman belonging
+to a notorious pimp,[146] formerly solicited on Third Avenue. A year or
+more ago Fanny was brought into court, charged with street walking. She
+was sentenced to not less than three months nor more than five; after a
+month she was released, according to her pimp, who declared that it had
+cost him $500 in lawyers' fees, etc. Thereupon he sent Fanny to Butte,
+Montana, whence at the end of one week she sent him $150. On June 21,
+1912, the pimp complained that Fanny was then sending him only $150 per
+month. He was sure that she was "holding out on him," for he knew that she
+made at least $100 a week.
+
+Sophia, belonging to an equally well-known cadet,[147] whose own parents
+try to secure women for him, reached New York from New Orleans late in
+June, 1912. Her pimp and her brother met her at the station. To the
+former's utter surprise she declared that she was "through" with him. A
+quarrel ensued; the pimp was worsted and had to abandon his claim to the
+girl,--one of the occasional cases, already referred to, in which the girl
+throws over her pimp.
+
+
+(4) MADAMES
+
+The women who run houses have as a rule risen from the ranks. They were
+once street walkers or parlor house inmates who possess unusual business
+talents. They have learned the secrets of the trade; they know the kind of
+inmates to get, and where to get them. They know how to deal with
+customers and how to make them spend money.
+
+It takes a woman of tact and force to operate a house with from fifteen to
+twenty-five inmates competing with one another on a commission basis. She
+must keep them contented, prevent quarrels, and stifle petty jealousies.
+She must attach as many of them to the house as she can and keep them
+loyal. To do this the madame seeks to become the adviser and friend of the
+girls, while at the same time she drives them to the utmost to earn larger
+profits for the house. It is not uncommon for the girls as well as the
+customers to call her "mother." Strange as it may seem, some men marry
+these women and find them devoted wives.
+
+All of the thirty cheap resorts referred to in a previous chapter as
+belonging to men are managed by madames and housekeepers who are either
+their wives or their women. These women attend to all the details
+connected with the business. They receive customers, "show off the girls,"
+urge visitors to spend money, collect money, punch checks, sell liquor,
+keep the books, and settle up with the boss: when the houses are raided or
+an arrest has to be made they are the ones to go to jail. The large
+majority of them were born in foreign countries. They have had years of
+experience in operating houses in many cities of North and South America,
+as well as in foreign lands, especially South Africa. The loyalty
+displayed by them toward the men who employ them has become a tradition.
+Year after year, through adversity and prosperity they have followed their
+masters and obeyed their will. Beaten, exploited, infected, jailed, they
+still remain steadfast. Very rarely can one of them be persuaded to
+testify in a court of law against her master. A striking example is
+furnished by a woman[148] who came under the influence of her master[149]
+when she was a child of fifteen and was living with her parents in a
+distant country, where he had seduced her. At 9 P. M., on June 27, 1912,
+she came into a restaurant where her man was playing cards and upbraided
+him because he had purchased an automobile and placed it at the disposal
+of another one of his madames, neglecting her. She called him vile names
+and declared that she would go to the police and "squeal" on him. She told
+how for fifteen years she had earned money for him, and all she had to
+show for it was a furnished room to sleep in and a diamond ring, while he
+put his other woman in a "swell" apartment. "I've been cut to pieces for
+you," she wailed, "I've been your slave for fifteen years and now you
+turn me down for that wench." She had hardly concluded her tirade when her
+man rose from his chair and struck her brutally in the face with his fist.
+She reeled as though about to fall, then cowering before him left the
+place weeping. She did not "squeal" to the police.
+
+When a man owner employs either his wife, woman or a housekeeper to
+operate his house, it is understood that she shall be the one to suffer
+punishment in case of arrest. In order to avoid punishment, men who rent
+houses for these purposes sub-let them to the women, who are then held as
+the responsible parties. When arrest or eviction comes, and the madame is
+sent to jail or dispossessed, the real proprietor again sub-lets his house
+to another woman. This fact explains why the arrests for conducting houses
+of prostitution do not result in diminishing to any extent the number of
+such resorts. On June 24, 1912, a keeper had a sub-lease drawn up for a
+house and inserted the name of Anna,[150] the prospective madame who was
+to "stand for" the arrest or eviction notice, should there be one. On
+March 31, 1912, "Joe"[151] said that he was paying $85 per month to his
+landlord and $25 per month as a bonus to the agent for his house of
+prostitution in West 28th Street.[152] The landlord[153] is reputed to be
+a wealthy business man,--"a fine fellow," said Joe, "he is now fighting a
+dispossession notice for me. It is understood between us that if I can't
+beat it, I can sub-let the house to another woman and charge her a bigger
+rent. Later, when we get another notice, I can say, 'All right, I will
+dispossess this woman.' Then I can get another. It's no joke to run a
+house, believe me. The women are sent to jail. My wife got sixty days for
+running this house the other day. That arrest will cost me $300 for her
+alone. Now the women have started a new game. In case one gets three
+months, we have to give her $500 to keep her mouth shut." On March 11,
+1912, a partner[154] in a house of prostitution in West 24th Street[155]
+was describing his fortunes as a keeper of houses in New York City during
+the past fifteen years. Among other things he said, "My housekeeper got
+three months last week, and I am paying her $5 a day for every day she is
+in jail."
+
+Not a few of these madames have been arrested in different countries and
+cities as "gun mols" (pickpockets). That is part of their training, and
+the robberies they commit add many dollars to the incomes of the men who
+have put them in the business. A customer who enters their houses in an
+intoxicated condition is often robbed of everything of value. If he
+remonstrates he is told by the police to swear out a warrant for the woman
+he suspects and appear as a witness against her. It is not often a man
+will do this under the circumstances.
+
+The women who operate houses on their own account belong to a rather
+different type: their establishments are almost always pretentious. Born,
+as a rule, in this country or in France, they make a show of elegance and
+refinement. Their houses are elaborately furnished and they and their
+"boarders" appear in stylish gowns, and endeavor to interest their guests
+by affecting a knowledge of art or music or literature. Many of them
+openly boast of influential and prominent friends, on whose good offices
+they can rely in emergencies.
+
+In either case the housekeeper earns money not only from the customers of
+the house, but from the inmates. Theoretically the inmates receive
+one-half of all the money they take in. This is not actually the case.
+They are indeed fortunate if they receive any money at all after weeks of
+service. At most, they obtain from fifteen to twenty per cent instead of
+fifty per cent. Sometimes, as the first step in the process of
+exploitation, the madame tries to induce the girl to give up her pimp, in
+order that she may have her more directly under control. Having attached
+the girl to herself, she sells her all sorts of things: coats, suits,
+dresses, kimonos, chemises, underwear, hosiery, shoes, hats, gloves,
+feathers, plumes, combs, hairpins, toilet articles, silver meshbags,
+watches and rings. Hundreds of girls are thus preyed upon. Not
+infrequently, however, it happens that madames prefer that their girls
+keep their pimps, because such girls are made to work harder by the aid of
+the latter. As the madames and pimps divide the gains of the unfortunate
+creatures, their interests usually agree and they unite to exploit their
+common property.
+
+The articles mentioned in the preceding paragraph are not infrequently
+described as stolen goods, brought to the houses by peddlers who are hired
+to dispose of them by crooks and shoplifters. A pimp and procurer[156] was
+in a resort[157] on the third floor of a house on West 58th Street[158]
+on June 15, 1912, trying to sell the madame several pairs of silk hose, to
+be sold in turn to the inmates. The stockings were frankly admitted to be
+stolen goods which had been turned over to him by a shoplifter[159] who is
+a member of a 14th Street gang and is known as a "strong arm guy." On
+March 28, 1912, about 8 P. M., a young crook[160] came into a restaurant
+in Seventh Avenue[161] and exhibited a dress which he declared he had
+stolen from a prominent store.[162] The dress was marked $18.29. It did
+not fit any of the madames who were in the restaurant at the time. Finally
+he sold the dress to the madame[163] of a house in West 25th Street[164]
+for $10. She in turn disposed of it to one of her inmates for $35. The
+notorious madame[165] of a house in West 25th Street[166] had fifty
+chemises on March 25, 1912, which she had purchased from a peddler,[167]
+giving him $31 for the lot. "I am selling these to the girls for $6, $7,
+and $8 apiece," she said. "If I bought them in a store they would cost
+$2.75 apiece; but what is the difference whether I get it or the pimp gets
+it?"
+
+"I never allow a girl to get down to owing me less than $5," said another
+madame. "When she is as nearly out of debt as that, I send for Sam the
+peddler and suggest that she buy some clothes and toilet articles. There's
+Ruth,--just watch her when she comes in. I dressed her up the way you
+will see her; the dress cost me $20. She paid me $70 for it."
+
+The procuress may be dealt with in this same connection. Like the madame
+she has, as a rule, become too old to find prostitution itself any longer
+a profitable business; but native shrewdness and plausibility enable her
+to turn her experience to account as a pandar. I have already spoken of
+men procurers; but the woman procurer is even more insidious. She meets
+young girls in private rooms, talks to them in public places, invites them
+to her home without arousing suspicion. As a woman she knows many avenues
+of approach closed to men, and is quick to sympathize with discouraged or
+vain girls.
+
+One of the best procuresses in New York City operates as a sort of
+employment agent, receiving a commission from immoral girls for finding
+profitable houses for them to work in. In this way she supplies the
+cheaper grade of houses, the girls paying her from $2 to $5 commission,
+according to the character of the house to which she sends them.
+Another,[168] also the madame of a house in West 38th Street,[169] goes to
+France to secure girls for her exclusive $5 and $10 house. On June 6,
+1912, eight inmates were counted in her establishment, several of whom
+were young French girls who could speak little or no English. One of them
+told a stranger that she had not been in this country very long. On July
+17, 1912, at about 7 P. M., a madame was asked[170] whether she could use
+three girls just brought from Vancouver, British Columbia. Betsy, the
+madame, said she could not, but pointed with her finger to two men
+owners[171] of a house in West 28th Street.[172] One of them asked the
+woman what the girls looked like. The procuress indicated that they were
+well built, young, and pretty. The man cautiously advised the woman to
+take the girls somewhere and "green them out."[173]
+
+The close and essential connection between the white slave traffic and
+houses of prostitution is clearly exhibited by the foregoing instances.
+Houses of prostitution cannot exist except through trafficking in women.
+Prostitutes who live scattered through the city may earn money for their
+pimps; but traffic in scattered prostitutes is practically impossible. As
+soon as houses are set up, an opportunity for trade is created. The
+proprietors give specific orders to the procurer--for young girls, for
+innocent girls, for blondes, for brunettes, for slender women, for stout
+women. And the procurer fills the order, resorting to every possible
+device in the effort to do so,--to deceit, misrepresentation,
+intoxication, "doping," or what not. The white slave traffic is thus not
+only a hideous reality, but a reality almost wholly dependent on the
+existence of houses of prostitution.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+PROSTITUTE AND CUSTOMER
+
+
+(a) THE PROSTITUTE
+
+The professional prostitute, in the sense in which the term is here used,
+is the woman or girl who sells herself for money, whether for her own
+pecuniary benefit, or under the direction or control of owners of vice
+resorts, of madames, procurers, or pimps. There has been much speculation
+as to the number of such women in New York City. Various estimates have
+been made from time to time, ranging from 25,000 to 100,000. A recent
+estimate places the number at 30,000.
+
+At the beginning of this investigation, it was determined to count all
+women who were believed to be professional prostitutes seen in connection
+with resorts of all kinds in Manhattan, as well as those who used the
+streets for solicitation. Although these resorts were visited two or more
+times, only one count made on one visit is included in the total. As a
+result of this method, adhered to throughout the entire period of the
+study, _i. e._, from January 24th, 1912, to November 15th, 1912, the
+number of professional prostitutes actually counted was 14,926. Of this
+number, 6,759 were found on the streets in different localities in
+Manhattan; 8,167 prostitutes were seen and counted in parlor houses,
+resorts in tenement apartments, disorderly massage parlors, hotels,
+saloons, concert halls, and miscellaneous places.[174] Not all the vice
+resorts operating in Manhattan were visited; nor were all the women in
+these resorts seen during the visits: a certain number of repetitions
+would thus probably be more than offset. On the basis of the foregoing
+figures, it is safe to say that a total in round numbers of 15,000 does
+not overstate the number of professional prostitutes in Manhattan. This
+estimate does not include occasional or clandestine prostitutes; it
+includes those only who publicly offer themselves for sale in the open
+marts.
+
+An effort was made to ascertain the salient facts in the personal history
+of 1,106 prostitutes--mostly street walkers. The approximate accuracy or
+truthfulness of the facts stated may be inferred from the extent to which
+they are confirmed by Miss Davis's intensive study of the inmates of
+Bedford Reformatory.[175] Our investigator was a woman who was regarded as
+extraordinarily successful in winning the confidence of the girls, with
+whom she associated on easy and familiar terms, and by whom she was
+regarded as one of themselves. Of the 1,106 women thus interrogated, 762
+gave America as their native land; 347 gave New York State as their
+birthplace; 95 were born in Pennsylvania, 63 in New Jersey, 35 in Ohio, 26
+in Connecticut. Of the 344 born in foreign countries, 107 came from
+Russia, 72 from Germany, 35 from Austria-Hungary, and 32 from England and
+Scotland. Their previous occupations include domestic service, trade,
+industry, commerce, stenography, school teaching. Those who are arrested
+come mainly from the class first named, thus confirming the results
+obtained by Miss Mary Conyngton, an investigator for the Department of
+Labor at Washington, who declares that out of 3,229 women arrested for
+offenses against the law, 2,606, or 80.71 per cent claim to have followed
+the ordinary pursuits of women "within and outside the home."[176] But, it
+must be added, the majority of those now engaged in prostitution seldom
+reach the Night Court or rescue homes. They are too well-dressed, too
+clever, and have long since learned the art of escaping the hand of the
+law. Of the women at large interrogated, 487 gave their occupational
+history; of these, it is not surprising to find that the percentage of
+domestic servants is lower than among 168 girls found in rescue homes,
+refuges and asylums. Of the 487, there were 117 who stated that they had
+been or were employed in department stores; 28 were clerks in smaller
+stores; 72 had worked in factories; 25 gave office work; 31 said they had
+been or were then stenographers; 9 telephone operators; 72 had been on the
+stage, and 16 of these still remained in this occupation during the
+theatrical season; 13 declared they had been milliners; 8 were school
+teachers; 4 were trained nurses; 5 had sold books on commission; 4 were
+artists; 2 artists' models; and 1 was a translator. Seventy-nine of the
+487 gave home pursuits as their former occupation; 27 of these said they
+had been domestic servants; 8 were nurse girls, 17 were dressmakers, 18
+were waitresses and 9 chambermaids. Five hundred and eighteen (over half)
+represented themselves as without regular employment, either before or
+after they became prostitutes and 101 refused to say what their employment
+had been.
+
+The types of employment appear to be much more varied than the types of
+girl. With few exceptions, the girls are characterized as weak, vain and
+ignorant, fond of pleasure,--not, of course, at the beginning, necessarily
+vicious pleasure,--easily led,--now by natural emotion, again by cunning
+design. The explanation of her present plight as given by the girl is
+almost invariably complicated. No single reason can usually be assigned.
+Roughly speaking, four kinds of causes are mentioned:
+
+  First.   In connection with family life.
+  Second.  In connection with married life.
+  Third.   Personal reasons.
+  Fourth.  Economic reasons.
+
+The great difficulties in their family life seem to have been neglect and
+abuse by parents, sternness and lack of understanding, immorality of
+different members of the family, and poverty in the home. In connection
+with marriage, it was usually alleged that the husband persuaded the wife
+to go into the business: he was practically a pimp. Sometimes, cruelty or
+criminality on his part is assigned,--again, incompatibility, failure to
+provide, or desertion where the wife stated that she had no other
+recourse, never having learned to support herself. Of personal reasons,
+there are usually several, no one of which can be regarded as paramount.
+Sometimes a girl's lover puts her into the life or deserts her after
+seduction, leaving her without hope for the future: "I was ruined anyway,"
+she would say, "and I did not care what became of me." Again, "I loved the
+excitement and a good time, easy money and good clothes." Another one
+remarks, "I was born bad and actually enjoy the life." "I was tired of
+drudgery as a servant," said another, "I'd rather do this than be kicked
+around like a dog in a kitchen by some woman who calls herself a lady."
+Few girls ever admit that they have been forced into the life as "white
+slaves." Some were lonely and wanted company, some were demoralized by the
+environment of the stage; others fell into bad company, and did not have
+the moral courage or the opportunity to desist. Generally speaking, of
+girls and women who are either ignorant, lonely, giddy, sub-normal,
+loveless, childless, rebellious, weak of will, discouraged of heart,
+unhappy or poverty-stricken, the prostitutes are those who at critical
+periods have given way to such an extent that they drift or plunge into
+immoral lives, professional or otherwise.
+
+The same sort of explanation is given regardless of former occupation: "I
+was glad to get away from drudgery," says a former servant, "father drank
+and I was put out to work too young"; "my folks were poor, father died
+from drink, mother is a heavy drinker," says a factory girl; "I had never
+had anything for myself, father drank heavily," says a saleswoman. Or,
+again,--a factory worker, "there is more money and pleasure in being a
+sport." A shop-girl, "I wanted nice clothes and a good time"; a
+stenographer, "I wanted good times, money and clothes." Seduction, too, is
+alleged at all levels,--base men taking advantage of natural craving for
+interest and affection. "I was 17 when I went with my sweetheart," said a
+shop-girl; "I never intended to make it a business, I was in love with the
+first fellow," declared a former stenographer. The point should also be
+emphasized that victims of this kind do not succumb merely to man's
+impulse; often they are conquered by deliberate design. Undoubtedly
+responsible for part of the supply is, therefore, the thoughtless,
+intelligent, independent man, who seeks out a vain, unhappy, emotional
+girl as his victim. I refer to the employer who takes advantage of his
+stenographer or telephone girl, taking her to luncheons in private
+dining-rooms in expensive restaurants in the business districts. In
+department stores, certain floor-walkers, salesmen, buyers, managers,
+foremen, and even proprietors are constantly placing temptations before
+the weak and yielding girls who come under their direction.[177]
+
+How far direct economic pressure is responsible for prostitution, it is
+difficult to state. A calculation of the wages previously received reveals
+great discrepancies. Seventeen former domestics averaged $5.55 a week,
+plus board and lodging; 18 factory workers received from $3 to $7.50, 20
+received from $8 to $14 a week; 110 shop-girls averaged $8.24 a week. The
+above salaries range, however, from $3 to $15 weekly, the majority
+receiving $6, $7, and $8. Eleven receive $10; eleven, $12 apiece; and
+three, $15 each. Twenty former stenographers earned on the average $11.25
+a week; of the eight women who claimed to have been school-teachers, one
+had earned $80 a month, and one $90. One hundred and thirty-nine girls (12
+per cent) declared that they went into the life for economic reasons.
+Thirty-three put it this way, "I could not support myself"; fifty-five
+declared that they could not support themselves and their babies,
+sometimes their parents; forty-five said they were out of work and could
+not get it; nine were in ill health or had some defect keeping them out of
+work. Many more cited in explanation of their conduct the deprivations to
+which they would otherwise have to submit. Their alleged earnings as
+prostitutes, even if exaggerated, suggest a startling contrast: former
+servants claim that their receipts from soliciting vary from $26 to $68
+per week; thirty former factory workers claim average weekly returns of
+$24; 40 more profess an average of $76 a week; a group of stenographers
+(17) average $55 per week.
+
+The critical period when the first sexual offense of these women was
+committed appears to belong between the 14th and 21st years of life; the
+average of 1,106 such girls is 17 years. Twenty-five servants first erred
+between the 9th and 26th years; their average age was 16; 40 factory
+workers, first erring between 14 and 22, averaged a little over 17; 110
+salesgirls give the same result. Occasionally they declare that they never
+knew the time when they were virtuous. "When I was a kid of 6, I used to
+kiss sailors and other men for candy and do other things," said one.
+Naturally the age is highest in case of the former teachers, of whom one
+reports her first offense at 21, another at 20; one or two report their
+fall in their 18th year. The average time which elapsed before the girls
+finally drifted into professional prostitution was two years, _i. e._,
+when they were 19 years of age. The life of the professional prostitute
+has been estimated at five years, on the ground that she dies, withdraws,
+or is incapacitated after she has been in the business on the average for
+that length of time. But a study of more than a thousand prostitutes, all
+now actively engaged in the business in New York City, does not sustain
+this view. The majority of these girls, though entering the life before
+18, are at 24 still active and aggressive in seeking trade. There is a
+sudden drop, however, at 25, fluctuating more or less until the age of 30
+is reached. Of the 1,097 professional women whose histories were carefully
+compiled on this point, 15 were exceedingly active at 32, 13 at 34, 11 at
+40, 3 at 44, and 3 at 50. The average age of the 1,097 who are at present
+inmates of vice resorts, solicitors in saloons, and on the streets, is 25
+years.
+
+It is curious to note that prostitution is definitely stratified. Women
+divide themselves into three distinct classes and recognize the
+subdivisions. To the upper class belong the inmates of $5 and $10 houses.
+The middle class is formed by girls in one dollar and fifty cent
+establishments. The street girls are, generally speaking, at the bottom.
+As in the upper, so in the underworld, social status changes with
+prosperity or adversity, though the tendency--by reason of the progressive
+demoralization of the life--is definitely downwards. Under the influence
+of age, dissipation and disease, physical deterioration rapidly sets in.
+Those who are at the top fall into the lower classes, except in the cases
+in which they become madames, managers or mistresses, or abandon the life.
+Those in the middle class usually end on the streets.
+
+
+(b) THE CUSTOMER
+
+The necessary counterpart to the prostitute is her customer: she is the
+concrete answer to his demand. There are prostitutes at different economic
+levels, because their customers are derived from all social classes. The
+careless, unkempt woman at the bottom is adjusted to the requirements of
+the least exacting; a somewhat better type meets the demands of men of
+moderate means; the showy woman at the top corresponds to the
+fastidiousness of the spendthrift.
+
+The customers found in the fifty-cent vice resorts already described are
+usually longshoremen, truck drivers, street cleaners, coal heavers,
+soldiers and sailors, recently landed immigrants of low moral standards,
+and laborers of all kinds. Their treatment of the women is not
+infrequently brutal,--usually perhaps in consequence of intoxication. To
+one- and two-dollar houses resort men and boys who earn ten, twenty,
+twenty-five or more dollars per week. They are proprietors of small
+business enterprises, clerks, bookkeepers, bartenders, barbers, tailors,
+waiters, soldiers, sailors, messengers in banks, members of social and
+political clubs or of benefit organizations. Saturday and Sunday are the
+popular nights with men of this type. The owners and madames provide extra
+"goods" to "take care of the trade" on such occasions. This fact was
+brought out many times during the investigation as the workers went from
+one house to the other counting the inmates. A house that early in the
+week contained only ten or twelve inmates would on Saturday and Sunday
+have its numbers increased to fifteen and twenty-five. This was especially
+true in resorts like those on Sixth Avenue.[178]
+
+I have in mind one prominent organization[179] whose members are regular
+customers in houses of this grade. Many of the rank and file are
+themselves owners and pimps, who joined the club in order to advertise
+their houses and women to their associates. Another organization[180] of
+similar character has a membership of about 500 young men whose ages range
+from twenty-one to thirty. They are fond of attending boxing contests,
+wrestling bouts, athletic meets and public dances. After such exhibitions
+or "affairs" they go in groups of five or ten to the houses, spending long
+hours in promiscuous orgies. Owners make a specialty of catering to clubs
+of this character. When they give public balls, "rackets," "chowder
+parties," or other outings, the madames, buying tickets liberally, attend
+with their best looking inmates or with runners to drum up trade. After
+the ball or outing is over, groups of men and boys follow them back to
+their quarters.
+
+The proprietors of the highest priced houses are very cautious in the
+conduct of their business. There is no promiscuous intermingling of
+customers in a common receiving parlor where the men huddle on a bench
+awaiting their turn, or sit in chairs gaping at each other unashamed.
+Separate parlors are used for display; privacy is carefully guarded. In
+order to make doubly sure that their visits will not be known, prominent
+customers occasionally hire an entire establishment. An instance is cited
+in which a well-to-do patron remained three days in such a resort. At
+times, however, men are utterly reckless: they have been known to leave
+their business cards behind them, or their signatures in books or on
+presents given to the inmates or the madame. One such individual is the
+New York agent for a famous automobile concern; another is the manager of
+a company which manufactures a well-known typewriter; another travels
+about from city to city selling hats; while still a fourth is connected
+with a celebrated watch company.
+
+A numerous but pathetic group is that made up of young clerks who, living
+alone in unattractive quarters, find in professional prostitutes
+companions in the company of whom a night's revel offsets the dullness of
+their lives at other times. There are thousands of these men in New York.
+No home ties restrain them; no home associations fill their time or
+thought. Their rooms are fit only to sleep in; close friends they have few
+or none. You can watch them on the streets any evening. Hour after hour
+they gaze at the passing throng; at length they fling themselves into the
+current,--no longer silent and alone.
+
+No small part of the business is the so-called "out of town" trade. It
+has been conservatively estimated that over 250,000 visitors enter this
+city every day in the year for business or for pleasure. This great host
+visit the theaters, parks, seashore resorts, museums; they trade in stores
+and shops, and some of them, before they return to their homes, become
+customers in vice resorts. They, too, include all social classes: soldiers
+and sailors, traveling men and buyers, men in attendance on business,
+political or fraternal gatherings and conventions, and mere pleasure
+seekers.
+
+It is impossible to estimate the number of men and boys who become
+customers in vice resorts in Manhattan during the course of one year. On
+the basis of data actually on file, it may be assumed that inmates of
+resorts and women on the street trade with between ten and fifteen men per
+day. This statement is corroborated by data secured by the Vice Commission
+in Chicago, where the average was found to be 15 per day for 18 inmates in
+one house covering a period of 22 months,[181] as well as by data obtained
+in Syracuse, New York, where the average number of customers entertained
+by one inmate during a period of 6 months was 12.[182] Taking the lower
+figures as the basis of calculation, if the 15,000 professional
+prostitutes of Manhattan entertain ten guests apiece, the customers total
+at least 150,000 persons every day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE BUSINESS OF PROSTITUTION; ITS COST
+
+
+The present chapter deals mainly with the business of prostitution as
+conducted in parlor houses and brothels. Our investigators were fortunate
+in being able to mingle freely with promoters and their assistants during
+a period of many months, listening to their conversations, consulting with
+them about business deals, helping them "make up their books" after the
+day's business was over, and writing letters for them; they were, in fact,
+treated as members of the inner circle and thus obtained first-hand
+information. Copies of leases for property are on our files; records of
+expenses and receipts in the handwriting of the promoters were secured;
+conversations carried on between promoters and bearing on their business
+dealings, have been recorded. It is commonly believed that men who live
+upon the proceeds of prostitution are untruthful, that no dependence can
+be put upon their statements. This doubtless holds as to their utterances
+on the witness stand or before an investigating body. But among themselves
+they talk about their business dealings with great freedom, and probably
+with more or less general accuracy. They eat and drink, buy and sell, plan
+and scheme like other business men; and under such circumstances the
+facts and conversations presented herewith were obtained. On the other
+hand, it must be distinctly stated that our agents were not authorized or
+permitted to "frame up" cases in order to secure facts. They did not
+operate houses of prostitution in the effort to obtain direct evidence,
+although opportunities of this kind frequently presented themselves. They
+could have leased property for immoral purposes, bought shares in houses
+of prostitution, or have become active agents in arranging the details
+essential to the safe and successful conduct of the business. Their
+instructions forbade anything of the kind: it was their part merely to
+observe without arousing suspicion on the one hand, and without actual
+participation on the other.
+
+
+(1) LEASING PROPERTY
+
+In order to secure houses to be used for immoral purposes, "go-betweens"
+called "mecklers" are employed. The "meckler" is paid a fee, never less
+than $30 and sometimes as much as $100. Occasionally he receives a small
+percentage of the receipts.
+
+A man of this character[183] lives in East 139th Street.[184] During the
+period of this investigation, he selected a building on Sixth Avenue[185]
+as suitable for the business of prostitution. Several promoters had
+previously tried unsuccessfully to secure a lease on this property.
+Through the pawnbroker who occupies the first floor, the "meckler" in
+question ultimately succeeded in securing the owner's[186] consent: the
+rental was $300 a month, despite the wretched conditions of the premises.
+He therefore rented the upper floors to three others,[187] who shared with
+him on a 20 per cent basis. The enterprise was not successful; not long
+after the "meckler" sold his share[188] for $450. The house closed in
+March, 1912, because of poor management. Later three other men purchased
+the lease and re-opened the place.
+
+On June 26th, 1912, two owners[189] of a house of prostitution[190] in
+West 28th Street, sought to rent a house[191] on West 29th Street. The
+go-between was instructed to secure a lease on the house for one year if
+possible, and was told to give the agent to understand for what purpose
+they wanted the property. If objection was made, he was to tell the agent
+that in case of dispossession proceedings, the tenant could be evicted and
+a new lease issued under a different name. This was said to be the usual
+plan when the police made an arrest or issued an eviction notice. The
+go-between carried out his instructions literally. The house agents
+candidly admitted that "the owner knows that the only thing we can let the
+house for is for a cat-house" (meaning a house of prostitution). They
+stipulated that the place was not to be conducted as a gambling house or
+pool room; otherwise they did not care. The rental finally agreed upon was
+$2,000 a year. It was also agreed to insert in the lease a clause
+permitting the lessee to sublet the house to some other tenant in case of
+arrest and subsequent dispossession proceedings. A deposit of $30 was
+made and a receipt was given in the name of the supposed broker, or
+"meckler."
+
+In the renting of premises for purposes of prostitution various devices
+are employed to protect agent and owner, despite the fact that there is an
+overwhelming probability that in most cases both possess from the outset
+guilty knowledge of the facts. In some places, direct responsibility is
+avoided through renting empty apartments to janitors for a rental ranging
+from $40 to $50 a month. The janitor furnishes these apartments on the
+instalment plan and sublets them to prostitutes at the rate of $15 to $18
+per week. Then, in addition, he often receives from $3 to $5 per week to
+"look away," as he terms it. If the respectable families do not like it,
+they may move; and many of them do move.
+
+The method of subletting furnished apartments by the janitor, with the
+consent of the agent (who probably shares in the extra profits) is
+employed in a tenement building on West 109th Street. In other places, the
+agents rent apartments by the week, demanding payment in advance. After a
+day or two, they may inform the occupants that a complaint has been made
+and that they will have to move. They do not return any of the advanced
+rental, but proceed to repeat the performance. This has happened in
+connection with furnished apartments on such streets as West 107th and
+West 108th.
+
+During the month of February, 1912, a woman investigator visited 122 real
+estate agents for the alleged purpose of renting an apartment for immoral
+purposes. In each case the investigator endeavored to convey to the agent
+the object for which the apartment was ostensibly desired. Of the 122
+agents visited, only 17 refused outright to be parties to the transaction.
+A few of these were indignant, others said they had to be careful, and
+still others said the owners of the property were exceedingly strict.
+Sixty-seven agents agreed to rent certain apartments for this purpose and
+gave the investigator the addresses of 98 separate apartments where she
+could conduct the proposed business. Many of these addresses proved to be
+places where the present investigation had already discovered disorderly
+conditions. The remaining 38 agents were classified as doubtful. Some of
+them were annoyed because the investigator openly hinted her purpose; they
+suggested that they did not care, but would not knowingly rent the
+property in their charge for such a business. Others pretended to ignore
+the questions of the investigator and gave her 65 separate addresses where
+apartments could be rented. They were willing to rent apartments of this
+character, but did not want to appear to do so. A young man in a real
+estate office on Eighth Avenue stated that they "never ask people for
+their marriage certificates; they require only that tenants conduct
+themselves quietly." One well-known agent[192] betrayed and indeed
+confessed embarrassment when frankly told the purpose for which it was
+desired to rent a house. He remarked: "I know what you wanted the house
+for, but I had much rather you had not told me. If I don't know it, I
+don't know it. Now suppose you people are dispossessed and get on the
+witness stand and squeal, how would I look?" At a further conference, the
+agent refused to agree to a new lease in case of an eviction. "The only
+trouble," he said to the stranger, "is that you talked too much. I knew
+what you wanted the house for, but I very much rather you had not told me.
+What I don't know don't bother me. I tell you what I'll do. You send
+somebody else up here in a week or so and I will give you the house and
+don't talk too much about it."
+
+In some of the buildings mentioned in the course of the negotiations here
+in question, practically every apartment is a vice resort. As many as 16
+such resorts were found in one 7-story building. In another, every
+apartment except one was a vice resort, the one exception being the home
+of a butcher who supplied meat to the other tenants.
+
+Whatever the lease may indicate to the contrary, property rented for
+immoral purposes produces extraordinarily large returns. Not infrequently
+a high rental is thus produced by houses and apartments that are so
+dilapidated that they cannot be rented at all to decent human beings.
+Again, there is a tacit understanding that the rental named in the lease
+is merely a blind. The agent receives an additional sum, which he may
+pocket or divide with the landlord. The lease of a house[193] of
+prostitution in West 26th Street places the rental at $100 a month; the
+keeper[194] pays $150. On October 5th, 1912, three men were negotiating
+with a real estate agent[195] in West 30th Street, who agreed to rent them
+two houses[196] in West 38th Street at extortionate rates. On the same
+day, an Eighth Avenue agent[197] was promised a bonus of $50 per month for
+a house[198] in West 28th Street. Occasionally the increased charge
+appears in the lease. When the madame[199] of a West 40th Street
+establishment undertook to rent this house, she was told by the agent[200]
+that the rent would be $110 per month, and that he would lease the
+building to her for one year with a three months' clause. Then he added,
+"Now be frank; I will find out anyway. Do you intend to do anything up
+there?"
+
+"Well, I might take a chance," she said.
+
+"If you do," he replied, "the rent will be $125 per month."
+
+On March 9th, 1912, at 11.30 P. M., a man was solicited by two colored
+girls to enter a vice resort in West 40th Street.[201] The agents[202] of
+this building have offices in West 42nd Street. The building is 5 stories
+high and four families live on each floor, paying a monthly rental of from
+$20 to $25. The street walkers, however, pay as much as $40 per month for
+their rooms. Their neighbors[203] declare that the agent has knowledge of
+the character of these tenants. A public school is next door, and on the
+opposite side of the street is a church.
+
+
+(2) TRADING IN SHARES
+
+A group consisting of 38 men own and operate 28 one-dollar houses of
+prostitution in a certain section of Manhattan.[204] Among themselves
+they trade actively in shares. One of them[205]--already referred to as
+the "King" by reason of the scope of his enterprises and influence--is
+said to own shares in 10 houses, and his brother and nephew each have a
+sixth interest in another resort which he gave them as a present. His
+one-dollar resorts are located on the following streets:--three on Sixth
+Avenue, two each in West 25th Street and West 24th Street, and one each in
+West 28th Street,[206] West 31st Street,[207] and West 40th Street.[208]
+He is also the proprietor of a $5 house located in West 49th Street.[209]
+In some houses there are three partners who are said also to own shares in
+other places of the same character; in one instance, two brothers are
+partners in two houses--one in Sixth Avenue, and one in West 27th Street.
+Four partners were formerly interested in a business conducted in West
+24th Street.
+
+The group of men who operate these 28 houses of prostitution are very
+careful in disposing of their shares. The purchaser must either be one of
+their own number or some relative or friend. Sales are made for different
+reasons, sometimes to effect economies in management. For example, on June
+7th, 1912, an owner[210] sold a half interest in a Sixth Avenue resort to
+a man from the West, for $2,200. Thereupon he bought a one-third interest
+in another house on Sixth Avenue for $900, being admitted to the firm that
+he might serve as lighthouse and procurer. A half-partner[211] was taken
+into another Sixth Avenue house[212] for $1500. The low price was
+subsequently accounted for by the owner as follows: "Do you suppose if the
+new partner had not had a good woman, I would have taken him in for that
+sum? I would have to take a woman in anyway and give her at least 20 per
+cent of the profits, without getting anything for it except her labor. To
+start with, I am getting $1,500 and a good woman; I save $25 per week on a
+procurer, and besides get a partner who is interested in the house and not
+a total stranger who does not care whether the house does business or not;
+the place is running straight now." While these two men were discussing
+this economical move, the madame[213] of a house in West 40th Street[214]
+approached, to remark that she had a good house in the 26th police
+precinct, and wanted to have one of them come with her as a partner, so
+that she could use his influence in making some very necessary
+arrangements looking toward the success of the business. In reply to this
+offer, the person addressed replied: "They (meaning the police
+authorities) will not stand for a one-dollar house of prostitution on that
+street and besides I have enough, my hands are full." Thereupon one of the
+partners in another resort on Sixth Avenue,[215] remarked that if she
+wanted to pay him $2,000 for his one-third interest, he would sell it.
+
+"Why do you want to sell?" asked the woman.
+
+"My woman is very sick," he replied, "and she has to go to the mountains;
+also her sister is very sick and I am 'broke.'"
+
+"How heavy is business?" she asked.
+
+He replied that the house was "working" between $1,000 and $1,200 per
+week. She regarded $2,000 as too much for a one-third interest, as the hot
+months were coming on and business would probably be very dull; however,
+she would give $1,500.
+
+"No," he answered, "you cannot buy my share for $1,999."
+
+Buyers are of course wary. They must be convinced that they are getting
+what they pay for; occasionally, therefore, tentative arrangements are
+made. A madame is installed until actual experience proves that the
+property is worth the price asked.
+
+The following transactions were actually witnessed by our investigators:
+On March 3rd, 1912, sale of three one-third interests in a Sixth Avenue
+resort for $650 apiece; March 11th, 1912, sale of a half interest in
+another Sixth Avenue resort for $2,200; March 19th, a sale of a one-third
+interest in a West 40th Street resort for $1,500,--a poor investment, for
+the house was shortly closed; in July, 1912, a one-third interest in
+another resort in West 40th Street was purchased for $3,000 by an owner,
+who transferred his women thither from a place in 28th Street.
+Occasionally pressure is brought to force a part owner out. On one such
+transaction, a profit of $500 was made; in another a share was bought for
+$500,--far below its market value.[216]
+
+Quarrels and disputes between shareholders are of frequent occurrence.
+Such disputes are deplored among the more intelligent promoters because
+they fear exposure of one sort or another. A dissatisfied shareholder may
+"squeal" to the police; or his woman may sit on the steps of a rival's
+resort, calling the attention of the police to a particular house. The
+policy of the business is to keep everybody satisfied and contented.
+Nevertheless, misunderstandings occur; on April 8th, 1912, two
+shareholders were engaged in a hot dispute; one of them had been a silent
+partner who never "came to the front" when extra demands were made on the
+finances of the firm, but left the other to pay the bills. It was claimed
+that, as a result of his neglect, the house was closed and an officer was
+ordered to stay inside. The business was ruined. Finally the officer was
+removed, whereupon the "silent" partner wished to be recognized as owning
+a share. As the complainant had borne the brunt of the difficulties with
+the police, as well as the subsequent losses, he refused; besides, he had
+taken in two other men as partners. The delinquent partner became very
+angry and threatened to send his woman to the house and to make all sorts
+of trouble. The two new partners advised that he receive $150 and be
+declared "out for good." But the silent partner was not satisfied when he
+heard that one of the new partners had sold his share for $1,700. So he
+demanded $600 more for his share, claiming that he was still a partner,
+which sum he subsequently received.[217]
+
+The precarious nature of such investments, depending, as it does, for its
+value on variations in public opinion and municipal policy, can be
+illustrated from former as well as current history:
+
+During the fall of 1907, the Commissioner of Police, as well as the
+District Attorney, became very active in closing houses of prostitution in
+Manhattan. An owner who was put out of business at that time made the
+following statement, in substance, in the presence of two witnesses:
+
+"At the time I was put out of business by Police Commissioner Bingham in
+1907, I left New York with $4,800 and bought a farm in Jersey. After
+things had cooled down, or in February, 1911, I came back to New York to
+look the ground over. Finally things looked all right and I bought a
+one-third interest in a place in West 25th Street for the sum of $1,200.
+Three days later, "bing," I get a raid and a cop in front of the door for
+a whole month. Then the cop was taken away and I opened again for a few
+days, when, "bing," another $300 raid with a cop inside. I was tipped off
+that my partner did not suit, so I bought her interest for $600 while the
+cop was still inside. I then "doubled up" with a friend. We opened very
+slowly; I would not let the women solicit at the windows. The weather was
+very hot. In August I bought my friend out for $1,200 which made me even.
+From February to April, I paid $100 a month in rent and other expenses and
+didn't make a cent until August. Since that time up till now I have saved
+only $9,000. The house stands me $4,000 after paying rent, the cost of the
+raids, and the purchase price."
+
+As already pointed out, any change in the political situation or in the
+attitude toward the business on the part of the authorities of the city,
+or a reform movement, reacts immediately upon the value of the shares in
+vice resorts. Just before the murder of the gambler Rosenthal last summer,
+the shares in houses of prostitution were very valuable, and it was
+practically impossible to secure them except at large prices. On June 4th,
+a part owner in a house in West 25th Street declared: "It is impossible to
+get something decent unless you pay a prohibitive price. I had to pay
+$1,700 for a one-third interest in this place and only to-day I paid
+$1,000 for a year's lease on three houses in the same street. These
+buildings have changed hands seven or eight times during the past year and
+it is rumored that they are going to be torn down."[218] On June 19th,
+1912, the owner of a share in a Sixth Avenue house told a man that the
+"stocks are awful high." He offered to sell his one-third share, costing
+$500 originally, for $2,000.
+
+The Rosenthal murder took place July 15, 1912, and shares in houses of
+prostitution at once declined. Some of the promoters were very pessimistic
+over the situation and declared that the houses would be closed and their
+business ruined. On August 6th, 1912, while discussing the situation, one
+of them[219] declared that it was all over with them. His partner[220]
+remonstrated with him, holding that the authorities would not close the
+houses. To this the former replied:
+
+"Well, I show you how much I think of it--I will sell my interest and get
+out."
+
+"It's a go," said the other, "I've been a gambler all my life; I'll buy
+it." The price paid for this share several months before was $1,700, and
+the same sum was demanded and refused. After some arguing, the bargain was
+closed at $1,000 and $100 was paid on account.
+
+Prior to the murder in question, a one-third interest in a Sixth Avenue
+place was worth $2,000. On August 8th, 1912, the owner offered to sell his
+interest for $1,000.
+
+"No," said the prospective buyer, "I will give you $500, and I am taking a
+gambler's chance in giving you that much."[221]
+
+The decline in values has continued since the date of the above
+conversations. At this moment an interest in certain places can be
+purchased for the amount of a night's profit.
+
+
+(3) BUSINESS DETAILS, ETC.
+
+It is impossible to give even an approximate estimate of the receipts from
+the business of prostitution in Manhattan during a stated period. We could
+not secure access to the books of the owners, even if they kept accounts,
+which none do in a systematic way. But bits of direct evidence, absolutely
+accurate and reliable, in the shape of records for a day, a week, or month
+were obtained here and there; we can also report what owners and inmates
+say regarding their incomes. Whatever allowances are made for
+overstatements and misstatements, intentional or accidental, the total is
+sufficiently staggering.
+
+The most eloquent and significant exhibits obtained were the cards on
+which the night's business of the inmate is punched. These casual bits of
+information are in no wise exceptional. One shrinks from multiplying them
+by the number of women engaged, and the number of days in the year.
+
+Lillie, inmate in a vice resort in Sixth Avenue[222] showed the
+investigator a white card in which were punched 7 holes, each representing
+one customer or service at $1 apiece, or $7. It was the record of her
+earnings during a period of six hours ending at one A. M. on March 14th,
+1912. Of the $7, Lillie received $3.50 as her share, from which amount
+$1.50 was deducted by the madame to pay her board for the day.
+
+The account of 6 inmates in a West 58th Street resort showed that on
+Sunday, April 21st, Alma had earned $7; Pauline, $15; Pansy, $14; Rose,
+$17; Bella, $16; and Ruth, $15: a total of $86, or an average of $14 per
+day for each inmate. The price in this house ranged from $2 to $5,
+according to the customer. The receipts of 3 inmates for another day in
+April were, Rose, $49; Alma, $16; and Ruth, $30: a total of $95, or an
+average for the day of $31 per inmate. The receipts on May 3rd, 1912, were
+as follows: Rose, $28; Bella, $21; Alma, $13; Pansy, $4: a total of $66,
+or an average of over $16 per day per inmate. For the week April 22-28
+inclusive the receipts from 4 to 6 inmates were as follows:
+
+  Monday,    April 22nd, 1912, $50
+  Tuesday,   April 23rd, 1912,  38
+  Wednesday, April 24th, 1912,  34
+  Thursday,  April 25th, 1912,  39
+  Friday,    April 26th, 1912,  54
+  Saturday,  April 27th, 1912,  53
+  Sunday,    April 28th, 1912,  57
+
+This gives a total of $325 or an average of about $46 per day.
+
+Sixteen white cards were obtained from a dollar house in West 28th Street
+showing the earnings per inmate on July 9th, 1912. "Babie" is credited
+with $27; Buster, $30; a girl whose name is not readable, $27; Charlotte,
+$23; Dolly, $20; Dorothy, $11; Minnie, $15; Eva, $16; one whose name is
+not given, $15; another, name not given, $14; another, $10; others whose
+names are omitted, $14, $14, $9, $8, $11 respectively. The total is $264
+or an average of about $16 per inmate for the day. The madame when paying
+the inmates the one-half due them for their day's work always deducted the
+sum of $1.50 for board.
+
+In the figures above given, there is no element of doubt whatsoever: they
+are taken from the actual records of the day's business,--the cards in the
+possession of every inmate. Whether they can be regarded as fairly
+representative is another question, which it would be futile to discuss.
+We possess, however, certain totals, the precise reliability of which the
+reader must judge for himself. It has been stated that our investigators
+succeeded in establishing themselves on an intimate footing with those
+most prominently concerned in the commercial exploitation of prostitution.
+They took part in conferences, and could discuss business and its
+prospects without suspicion. From time to time these agents found
+themselves in position to canvass freely the question of returns, past,
+present and future. The approximate estimates of the value of the various
+properties prior to the Rosenthal murder; and the main items of expense
+incurred in their conduct were set down as thus obtained. In regard to the
+general credibility of the figures it is to be remembered that these men
+are decidedly communicative among themselves and that any exaggerated
+departure from probability would have drawn forth expressions of
+skepticism or disbelief; on the other hand, it is not pretended that the
+figures are more than roughly significant of the scope and profits of a
+fluctuating trade; they are given for what they are worth.
+
+TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE MONTHLY RECEIPTS FROM INMATES, MONTHLY EXPENSES,
+NUMBER OF INMATES, NUMBER OF MADAMES, ETC., IN 30 ONE-DOLLAR HOUSES.
+
+                   +-----------------------------------------------------
+                   |House receipts[223] (1/2 fees)
+                   +      +----------------------------------------------
+                   |      |House expenses[224]
+                   |      +     +----------------------------------------
+                   |      |     |No. inmates
+                   |      |     +     +----------------------------------
+                   |      |     |     |No. madames
+                   |      |     |     +    +-----------------------------
+                   |      |     |     |    |No. maids
+                   |      |     |     |    +   +-------------------------
+                   |      |     |     |    |   |No. lighthouses
+                   |      |     |     |    |   +   +---------------------
+                   |      |     |     |    |   |   |No. owners
+                   |      |     |     |    |   |   +  +------------------
+                   |      |     |     |    |   |   |  | Value of business
+                   |      |     |     |    |   |   |  |   S=sale B=bid.
+                   ------------------------------------------------------
+  Location            A      B     C    D    E   F   G      H
+  of house
+  No.--W. 18       $3,600  $814    18   2    4   1   3
+  "  " "  24        3,200   735    17   2    3   1   2
+  "  " "  25        3,200   606    16   1    3   1   2
+  "  " "  25        4,000   839    24   3    4   1   2
+  "  " "  25        3,227   705    20   1    3   1   1   $5,100 S.
+  "  " "  25        3,000   571     9   2    3       3
+  "  " "  28        2,800   729    17   2    4   1   2
+  "  " "  28        3,000   821    16   4    3   1   3
+  "  " "  31        2,800   516    12        3       3    2,000 S.
+  "  " "  35        2,400   788    14   3    3   1   2
+  "  " "  40        1,200   275     4        2       2
+  "  " "  40        1,000   293     6        2       1
+  "  " "  40        2,000   628    12   2    3   1   2
+  "  " "  56        3,200   797    20   3    4   1   2
+  " Sixth Ave.[225] 2,400   691    14   1    2   1   2
+  "  "     "        3,600   689    19   2    4   1   2    4,400 S.
+  "  "     "        2,400   733    14   2    3   1   3
+  "  "     "        2,000   593    12   1    2       2
+  "  "     "        3,200   555    12   2    2       3    6,000 S.
+  "  "     "        1,200   437     5   1    2   1   1
+  "  "     "        3,200   667    15   2    2   1   2    3,750 S.
+  "  "     "        3,600   847    20   2    4   1   1
+  "  "     "        2,800   627    15   1    2   1   4   10,000 B.
+  No.-- W. 24       2,000   674    10   1    3   2   4   {2,500 S.
+                                                         {3,200 S.
+  "  "  "  26       3,700   819    20   2    4   1   2
+  "  "  "  27       3,000   570    16   1    2   1   2
+  "  "  "  28       3,000   741    16   1    3   1   3
+  "  "  "  28       1,200   441     8   1    2       1
+  "  "  "  36       3,000   748    16   2    3   1   2    3,000 S.
+  "  "  "  36       2,800   706    15   3    3   1   1
+                   ------ ------- ---  --   --  --  --    -----
+  Total           $81,727 $19,655 432  50   87  24  65
+
+Similar data were also procured--and in substantially the same manner--for
+eight five-dollar houses.[226]
+
+TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE MONTHLY RECEIPTS OF HOUSES FROM INMATES, MONTHLY
+EXPENSES, NUMBER INMATES, NUMBER MADAMES, ETC., IN 8 FIVE-DOLLAR HOUSES.
+
+                 House     House     No.     No.    No.   Lowest
+  Location      receipts  expenses inmates madames maids price of
+  of house St. (1/2 fees)                                 service
+
+  No.--W.  38   $ 2,400    $ 871     12       2      4       $3
+  "    "   41     1,800      924     10       2      3        5
+  "    "   46     2,800      938     14       2      3        5
+  "    "   46     3,200      952     16       2      5        5
+  "    "   46     1,800      760     12       1      4        5
+  "    "   47     3,000      871     15       2      3        5
+  "    "   49     1,800      878     12       2      3      { 2
+                                                            { 5
+  "    "   52     1,600      885      9       2      3        5
+                -------   ------    ---      --     --      ---
+    Total       $18,400   $7,079    100      15     28
+
+Ten disorderly tenements were studied in the same way, with the following
+results:[227]
+
+TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE MONTHLY RECEIPTS FROM INMATES, MONTHLY EXPENSES,
+NUMBER INMATES AND NUMBER MAIDS IN 10 DISORDERLY APARTMENTS.
+
+               House receipts   House       No.      No.
+  Location St.   (1/2 fees)    expenses   inmates   maids
+
+  No.--W.  43      $ 500        $ 189        3        1
+   "   "   45        600          235        3        1
+   "   "   49        700          259        4        2
+   "   "   50        700          264        4        2
+   "   "   55        600          261        4        2
+   "   "   58        800          143        4        2
+   "   "   58        800          175        4        2
+   "   "   58      1,000          440        5        2
+   "   "   60        500          208        3        2
+   "   "   65        600          144        3        1
+                  ------       ------       --       --
+      Total       $6,800       $2,318       37       17
+
+We have deliberately refrained from attempting to make even an approximate
+calculation on the basis of the foregoing tables of the profits annually
+derived from commercialized prostitution in New York City. But a moment's
+reflection will suggest the enormous sums involved. If, for example, the
+table dealing with thirty parlor houses, _i. e._, less than one-half of
+those investigated, even roughly represents the monthly volume of
+business, over $2,000,000 a year are paid to their inmates, one-half of
+which is at once paid over to the houses; the running expenses of the
+houses are about one-quarter of a million; but the profits are not reduced
+by this sum, for the payments of the inmates for board and lodging are
+supposed to be equal to the expense of conducting the establishment.
+Moreover, the estimates above given entirely omit certain very important
+indirect sources of revenue,--for large profits are derived from the sale
+of liquor, tobacco, lewd pictures, booklets, verse and other reading
+matter. Finally, patrons often tip lavishly, leaving "gift" or "luck"
+money, and in innumerable other ways add to the revenue of the resorts.
+The total expenditure incurred and the net profit to the exploiters,
+therefore, run high up into the millions annually.[228]
+
+A partial confirmation of the scale of the estimates above given is
+furnished by the following incident:
+
+During the evening of May 3, 1912, one of the owners of a house of
+prostitution in West 25th Street was trying to sell a one-third interest
+in his one-dollar resort. He had written on a sheet of brown wrapping
+paper the receipts and expenses for one month in connection with the
+business in this house. This document is in our possession. The items
+which interest us in this connection are receipts for four weeks and two
+days, or 30 days in all: First week's receipts, $1,735; second week,
+$1,612; third week, $1,463; fourth week, $1,401; two days, $243; making a
+total of $6,454 for the thirty days, or an average of about $215 per day.
+The average number of inmates in this house is 15. In that case, each
+inmate earned $15, that is, received 15 men each day.
+
+The income of the street walker is probably subjected to greater
+fluctuations than that of the house or flat inmate, weather and other
+conditions greatly affecting her earnings. It is therefore impossible to
+gain any conception of the volume of money that changes hands in
+consequence of street business. Samples are, however, available; the
+account book which was secured from a young prostitute, neither very
+aggressive nor very attractive, who solicits on East 14th Street and
+receives usually one dollar for her services, runs as follows:
+
+  Wednesday   $7.50
+  Thursday     7.00
+  Friday       9.00
+  Saturday     9.50
+  Sunday       4.50
+  Monday       7.50
+  Tuesday      8.00
+
+a total of $53.
+
+The items for the next seven days are as follows:
+
+  Wednesday   $6.50
+  Thursday     6.50
+  Friday       7.00
+  Saturday    12.00
+  Sunday      10.00
+  Monday       9.00
+  Tuesday      6.00
+
+a total of $57.
+
+The following six days' receipts were as follows:
+
+  Wednesday   $6.00
+  Thursday     6.00
+  Friday       3.50
+  Saturday     8.00
+  Sunday       5.50
+  Monday       5.00
+
+a total of $34.
+
+The following seven days' receipts are:
+
+  Wednesday   $6.00
+  Thursday     5.00
+  Friday       3.00
+  Saturday     7.00
+  Sunday       8.00
+  Monday       6.00
+  Tuesday      6.00
+
+$41 in all.
+
+There were only five more days accounted for, when the girl ceased to keep
+any record of her receipts:
+
+  Wednesday   $3.50
+  Thursday     2.00
+  Friday       5.50
+  Saturday     4.50
+  Sunday      10.50
+
+the total of these five days being $26.
+
+Thus in 32 days, this poorly dressed, rather ignorant and unsophisticated
+street walker, earned $211, an average of between $6 and $7 per day.
+
+Practically all the figures in the above concern profits derived from the
+sale of the bodies of women. In addition, the exploiters--owners and
+madames mainly--derive further gain (by no means inconsiderable in amount)
+from such items as the sale to their women, at exorbitant prices, of
+clothing and other feminine requirements. Huge as these immediate profits
+of exploitation are, they are enormously increased by the vast sums made
+from the sale of intoxicating drinks, which business has been shown to be
+so closely allied with prostitution, and by abnormal rentals received for
+the use of all kinds of property for purposes of prostitution. Even then,
+the stupendous although unknown figure involved in the maintenance of this
+army of upwards of 15,000 women in New York City fails to indicate what
+prostitution costs society. For perhaps the greatest cost of all is yet
+to be mentioned, namely, disease. Wherever prostitution exists, there
+venereal disease flourishes,--maiming, incapacitating the participants
+surely, and not infrequently innocent ones in close association with them.
+
+Reliable and complete statistics as to the prevalence of venereal disease,
+its consequences immediate and remote, are not to be had. In the absence
+of compulsory reporting, it is impossible to estimate the number of cases
+under treatment by physicians; in addition to these, large numbers
+endeavor to conceal the truth by foolishly resorting to quacks, advertised
+nostrums, etc. Figures obtainable from hospitals represent, therefore,
+only a fraction, probably an inconsiderable fraction, of those afflicted;
+as far as they go, a careful study elicits the following facts:
+
+During the year 1911, 522,722 cases of all kinds were treated in 17
+dispensaries in New York City; 15,781, or 3.01 percent of these cases,
+were venereally affected. The hospitals of the city possess few beds for
+the reception of venereal patients; nevertheless, 5,380 persons--6.33 per
+cent of all cases treated in 13 different hospitals--were venereally
+affected, about two-thirds male, one-third female. These infections occur
+at any time from the first to the seventieth year,--the period of greatest
+frequency being between 16 and 30 years of age: between 16 and 20, 796
+were males and 369 females; between 21 and 25, 1,182 and 454,
+respectively; between 26 and 30, 692 and 268.
+
+For several reasons these figures are far from suggesting the actual
+extent of venereal infection,--in the first place, because, as above
+stated, the hospitals receive but a fraction of the sufferers; in the
+second, because accurate diagnosis has only recently become feasible. The
+percentages increase heavily as soon as the more delicate and reliable
+tests devised by Wassermann and others are applied. For example, 308
+adults were admitted to the medical wards of a certain New York hospital
+during the months of January, February, and March, 1913; though the
+Wassermann test for syphilis was made in the case of only 166 of these,
+38, _i. e._, 23 percent of those examined, gave positive results; this is
+equivalent to 12.3 percent of the entire 308. Had the test been applied to
+all adults admitted, undoubtedly the ratio of syphilitic infection would
+have been higher still. As a matter of fact, the test as usually performed
+does not disclose all cases of infection; so that the prevalence of
+disease is actually greater than the tests indicate.
+
+The civil state of the patients in the cases first mentioned is shown in
+the following table:
+
+            Males                           Females
+
+  single   married   widowers      single   married   widows
+   640       2950       57          589       802       90
+
+From the standpoint of occupation, every social class is
+represented,--necessarily so, inasmuch as every social class figures in
+the phenomena of prostitution. The occupations given by male patients were
+as follows: professional, 52; clerical and official, 307; mercantile and
+trading, 250; public entertainment, 120; personal service, police and
+military, 186; laboring and servant, 1,181; manufacturing and mechanical
+industry, 932; agricultural, transportation, and other outdoor
+employments, 645; no occupations, 58; classified as unknown, 8; children,
+11; congenital origin, 31; schoolboys, 10; students, 10. The occupations
+of female patients are as follows: professional, 46; domestic and
+personal, 1,144; trade and transportation, 109; manufacturing and
+mechanical, 86; no occupations, 72; unknown, 9; schoolgirls, 21; children,
+76.
+
+In respect to the disease with which they were afflicted, 413 of the 1,563
+females suffered from syphilis; 1,036 from gonorrhoea; 9 from
+chancroids, and 105 from complications. Eight hundred and eighty-three of
+the men were suffering from syphilis; 1,445 from gonorrhoea; 203 from
+chancroids, and 1,276 from complications.
+
+It needs no argument to show that the cost of prostitution is enormously
+augmented even by the amount of disease accounted for in the preceding
+discussion; as this represents but a small part of the whole, the totals
+thus reached require to be multiplied by a large factor. But the reckoning
+would still be incomplete, even if we knew the actual volume of syphilis,
+gonorrhoea and chancre; for there would remain to be included the remote
+effects, not less certainly due to venereal affection, and even more
+fateful and costly than the immediate manifestations,--paralysis,
+sterility, miscarriage, deformity, degeneracy, insanity,--curses that
+stretch even "unto the third and fourth generations." From the effort to
+translate such losses into dollars and cents, the boldest calculator may
+well shrink: yet they are a part,--a certain, inevitable part--of the cost
+of prostitution.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+PROSTITUTION, THE POLICE, AND THE LAW
+
+
+In respect to vice and vice resorts, the police rules require that each
+police captain must report to the Commissioner all places in his precinct
+where disorderly, degraded or lawless people congregate, and also give
+notice in writing to the owner, lessee or occupant, that such room or
+building is so used, and that such use constitutes a misdemeanor. If the
+owner, lessee, or occupant does not abate the nuisance, the captain is
+empowered to obtain a warrant for his arrest and to prosecute him as
+required by law. In addition, each captain is required to make charges of
+neglect of duty against any patrolman who fails to discover a serious
+breach of peace on his post, or fails to arrest any person guilty of such
+offense. If a house is under suspicion of being disorderly or is so in
+fact, the officer on the beat is required to restrain acts of disorder,
+prevent soliciting from windows, doors, or on the streets, and to arrest
+all persons so doing. He must also carefully observe all other places of
+suspicious nature, obtain evidence as to the character and ownership of
+such houses and report the same to his commanding officer.[229]
+
+Between January 1 and August 1, 1912, police captains in Manhattan
+reported to the department 112 separate places as suspicious or
+disorderly; against these, they made 542 complaints. Seven complaints were
+made against one place in the 5th precinct, 46 against 9 places in the
+16th precinct, 180 against 35 places in the 23rd. The police activities
+are tabulated in the following table:[230]
+
+  POLICE REPORTS
+
+                          No. of Places
+  Precinct   No. Reports    Involved
+      5           7             1
+      6           8             4
+     12           5             3
+     15          46             9
+     16           9             3
+     18          81            15
+     21          20             6
+     22          34            10
+     23         180            35
+     26         105            15
+     28           5             1
+     36           3             3
+     39          21             3
+     43          18             4
+                ---           ---
+  Totals        542           112
+
+The following table distributes the places reported according to the
+character of the resort and the precinct:
+
+  POLICE REPORTS
+
+             Prostitution  Assignation  Disorderly
+  Precincts     Places       Houses       Places    Total
+      1          ..            ..           ..       ..
+      2          ..            ..           ..       ..
+      5           1            ..           ..        1
+      6          ..            ..            4        4
+      7          ..            ..           ..       ..
+      8          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     10          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     12           3            ..           ..        3
+     13          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     14          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     15          ..            ..            9        9
+     16           3            ..           ..        3
+     17          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     18          ..            ..           15       15
+     21           1             5           ..        6
+     22           9             1           ..       10
+     23          25             5            5       35
+     25          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     26          15            ..           ..       15
+     28          ..            ..            1        1
+     29          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     31          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     32          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     33          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     35          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     36          ..             3           ..        3
+     39           3            ..           ..        3
+     40          ..            ..           ..       ..
+     43           4            ..           ..        4
+    ---          --            --           --      ---
+  Totals         64            14           34      112
+
+On the basis of both months and precincts these reports are distributed
+thus:
+
+  POLICE REPORTS
+                                                           Separate
+                                                           Places--
+  Precincts Jan.  Feb.  Mar. Apr.  May  June  July  Total  Total
+  -----------------------------------------------------------------
+      1      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+      2      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+      5       1     1     1    1     1    1     1      7       1
+      6       4     4    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..      8       4
+      7      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+      8      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     10      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     12       1     2     1    1    ..   ..    ..      5       3
+     13      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     14      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     15       9     9     8    6          4     4     46       9
+     16       3     3     3   ..    ..   ..    ..      9       3
+     18      15    11    11   11    11   11    11     81      15
+     21       6     5     5    1     1    1     1     20       6
+     22       2     3     3    3     6    9     8     34      10
+     23      27    29    28   22    24   24    26    180      35
+     25      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     26      15    15    15   15    15   15    15    105      15
+     28      ..     1     1    1     1    1    ..      5       1
+     29      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     31      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     32      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     33      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     35      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     36       3    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..      3       3
+     39       3     3     3    3     3    3     3     21       3
+     40      ..    ..    ..   ..    ..   ..    ..     ..      ..
+     43       4     4     2    2     2    2     2     18       4
+             --    --    --   --    --   --    --    ---     ---
+    Totals   93    90    81   66    70   71    71    542     112
+
+It would appear thus that in the fifth precinct the same house is reported
+month after month; in the 18th, 11 houses are reported during five of the
+6 months; in the 26th precinct, 15 houses are systematically and regularly
+denounced.
+
+Our own investigation began approximately three weeks later than the above
+tables and ran three months longer. In its course, our investigators
+reported 429 parlor houses, massage parlors, furnished room houses and
+hotels; and 379 saloons and miscellaneous places allied with prostitution.
+The 429 resorts first mentioned are distributed as follows:
+
+  INVESTIGATORS' REPORTS
+                                                  Total
+            Parlor  Massage  Furnished         investigation
+  Precincts houses  parlors    rooms    Hotels   Addresses
+
+       1      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+       2      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+       5       3      ..        ..        ..         3
+       6       6      ..        ..         1         7
+       7      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+       8      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+      10      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+      12       3      ..        ..        ..         3
+      13      ..      ..         1         2         3
+      14      ..      ..         2        ..         2
+      15      11      ..        19         9        39
+      16      ..      ..        ..         1         1
+      17       1      ..         2        ..         3
+      18      21       8        10         8        47
+      21       3      ..         5        12        20
+      22      22       3        41         7        73
+      23      35      23        14        21        93
+      25       1       1         1         2         5
+      26      29      17        10        16        72
+      28       1       8         2         5        16
+      29      ..       9        ..         3        12
+      32      ..       1        ..         1         2
+      33      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+      36      ..      ..        ..        10        10
+      39       5      ..         2         1         8
+      40      ..      ..        ..        ..        ..
+      43       1      ..         3         6        10
+             ---      --       ---       ---       ---
+  Totals     142      70       112       105       429
+
+The 379 saloons and miscellaneous places allied with prostitution were
+discovered in the following precincts:
+
+                 Saloons, etc., and miscellaneous
+  Precincts      places allied with prostitution
+
+   1                   2
+   2
+   5
+   6                  11
+   7
+  10
+  12
+  13                   4
+  14                   2
+  15                  26
+  16                   7
+  17
+  18                  26
+  21                  17
+  22                  45
+  23                  39
+  25                  14
+  26                  61
+  28                  16
+  29                   2
+  32                  23
+  33                   1
+  36                  26
+  39                  29
+  40                   4
+  43                  24
+                    ----
+       Total         379
+
+Comparison of the police reports with those made by our investigators
+shows marked differences. For example: in the sixth precinct, the police
+report 4 addresses, our agents 18, of which 11 were saloons, etc.; in the
+15th, the police found 9, our agents 65, twenty-six of them saloons, etc.;
+in the 21st, the police gave 6, our agents 37, seventeen of them saloons,
+etc.; in the 22nd, the police report 10, our agents 118, forty-five of
+them saloons; in the 26th, 15 and 133 respectively, 61 of the latter being
+saloons, etc.; in the 28th, one place is noted by the police, 32 by our
+agents, 16 of them saloons, etc.; in the 32nd, none by the police, 25 by
+our agents, 23 of them saloons, etc.; in the 33rd precinct none is
+reported by police, one by our agents.
+
+In the following table, both sets of reports are arranged side by side in
+tabular form, all forms of disorderly resorts being grouped together:
+
+               No. disorderly       No. disorderly
+               places reported      places found by
+               by police            our investigators
+               Jan. 1-              from Jan. 24-
+  Precinct     Aug. 1, 1912.        Nov. 15, 1912.
+
+   1                0                     2
+   5                1                     3
+   6                4                    18
+  12                3                     3
+  13                0                     7
+  14                0                     4
+  15                9                    65
+  16                3                     8
+  17                0                     3
+  18               15                    73
+  21                6                    37
+  22               10                   118
+  23               35                   132
+  25                0                    19
+  26               15                   133
+  28                1                    32
+  29                0                    14
+  32                0                    25
+  33                0                     1
+  36                3                    36
+  39                3                    37
+  40                0                     4
+  43                4                    34
+                  ---                   ---
+  Totals          112                   808
+
+Tenement resorts are not included in the preceding data. In the year 1912,
+the police reported to the Tenement House Department as vicious 138
+separate addresses, in which they had made 153 arrests,--65 of these
+arrests in two precincts, the 13th and the 15th; from 247 other sources,
+the department learned of 211 addresses: in all, 349 separate places were
+reported.[231] Our own agents discovered 1,172 separate disorderly
+apartments in tenements at 578 separate addresses between January 24th and
+November 15th.
+
+In the following table, both sets of reports are combined, according to
+precincts; the tenement house reports cover the entire year
+(January-December 31, 1912), ours only the period of investigation
+(January 24-November 15, 1912):
+
+  TENEMENT HOUSE DEPARTMENT RECORDS
+
+                                _Complaints from_
+  _Police Reports_                _all sources_       _Investigation_
+                                _including police_       _Reports_
+  ----------------------------+------------------+------------------------
+                    No.       |         No.      | No.        No. separate
+                    separate  | No.     separate | separate   disorderly
+             No.    buildings | comp-   bldgs.   | addresses  apartments
+  Precincts reports involved  | laints  involved | (Bldgs.)
+                              |                  |
+     1        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |    ..          ..
+     2        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |    ..          ..
+     5         1        1     |    2       2     |     1           1
+     6         2        2     |    4       4     |     5           9
+     7         1        1     |    2       2     |     1           1
+     8        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |    ..          ..
+    10         2        2     |    2       2     |    ..          ..
+    12         5        5     |    6       5     |     1           1
+    13        27       23     |   38      28     |    10          10
+    14         1        1     |    1       1     |     1           3
+    15        38       35     |   46      42     |    58          69
+    16         1        1     |    4       4     |     2           2
+    17         4        4     |   15      14     |     5           5
+    18        ..       ..     |    3       1     |    25          26
+    21         3        2     |    7       4     |     6           6
+    22         4        4     |   18      15     |    75         123
+    23         3        3     |    8       7     |    28          44
+    25        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |     1           2
+    26        12       10     |   13      11     |   102         396
+    28        14       12     |   17      13     |    95         164
+    29        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |    ..          ..
+    31         1        1     |    3       3     |     3           3
+    32        16       14     |   22      18     |    85         206
+    33        ..       ..     |   ..      ..     |    ..          ..
+    35        ..       ..     |    2       2     |     2           5
+    36        12       11     |   14      13     |    58          81
+    39        ..       ..     |    3       3     |     4           4
+    40        ..       ..     |    1       1     |    ..          ..
+    43         6        6     |   16      16     |    10          11
+             ---      ---     |  ---     ---     |   ---        ----
+  Totals     153      138     |  247     211     |   578        1172
+
+During the same period, 794 separate saloons and concert halls were
+investigated, of which almost one-half,--308--were found disorderly; in
+addition to which, 91 miscellaneous places of a disorderly character were
+reported. The distribution of such disorderly places by precincts was as
+follows:
+
+                             _Miscellaneous Places_
+                                                       Total
+              Separate                                 disorderly
+              disorderly   Allied        Semi-public   saloons, etc.
+              saloons,     with          used by       and miscellaneous
+              concert      prostitution  prostitutes   places
+  Precincts   halls, etc.
+
+      1         ..             2            ..             2
+      2         ..            ..             1             1
+      5         ..            ..            ..            ..
+      6         11            ..            ..            11
+      7         ..            ..            ..            ..
+      8         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     10         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     12         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     13          4            ..            ..             4
+     14          2            ..            ..             2
+     15         11            15            ..            26
+     16          7            ..            ..             7
+     17         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     18         18             8            ..            26
+     21         13             4            ..            17
+     22         38             7             1            46
+     23         26            13             5            44
+     25         12             2            ..            14
+     26         50            11             3            64
+     28         15             1             3            19
+     29          2            ..             1             3
+     31         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     32         20             3             5            28
+     33          1            ..            ..             1
+     35         ..            ..            ..            ..
+     36         26            ..             1            27
+     39         26             3            ..            29
+     40          3             1            ..             4
+     43         23             1            ..            24
+               ---           ---           ---           ---
+  Totals       308            71            20           399
+
+The total number of actual vice resorts of all kinds discovered in
+Manhattan was 1,606, situated at 1,007 different addresses; in the 26th
+precinct, 174 were found,--29 parlor houses, 17 massage parlors, 102
+tenement resorts, 10 furnished room houses, 16 hotels; in the 22nd
+precinct, 148 disorderly places were located, 22 parlor houses, 3 massage
+rooms, 75 tenement resorts, 41 furnished room houses, 7 hotels.
+
+The investigator who succeeds in establishing himself on a footing of
+unsuspected familiarity in the underworld is soon admitted to confidences
+which show how the underworld accounts to itself for the comparative
+statistics above given. The credibility of the confidences in question
+each reader must decide for himself. Among themselves, as has already been
+pointed out, owners, madames and women talk freely. The conversations
+overheard are not staged, nor are they exceptional in character. Our
+agents participated in and reported in the form of affidavits frequent
+conversations and discussions, in which the relations between police and
+promoters formed the main or sole topic. Whether the details are literally
+accurate or not these conversations, reported from all sections of the
+city, and by different observers, working independently of one another, at
+least portray the state of feeling and opinion of the participants and
+their like.
+
+On March 7, 1912, a group of men[232] interested in a West 26th Street
+house[233] were discussing prospects. "Profits are not what they used to
+be," complained one of them. "I used to be able to bank $600 or more every
+week. To-day my receipts are $1,500 a week, but see,--thirteen plain
+clothes men[234] get $10 a month each; one of them, a tough proposition,
+gets $25; two patrolmen get $2 each a day; the lieutenant and sergeant get
+$5 a month; besides, regular protection costs $100 a month, paid to a
+go-between,[235] once a wardman. And then I've got to buy tickets and
+contribute to funds for strong arm guys in trouble."
+
+Mysteriously rapid communication of inside information as to police policy
+and movements is a frequent theme. A well-known owner was in conference
+with his mates on March 21, 1912. "They are all transferred, not one of
+them is here," he announced in reference to the plain clothes men. It
+subsequently developed that at the time the statement was made, the men
+transferred had themselves not yet learned that such a step was
+contemplated.[236]
+
+On May 2, 1912, a card game and drinking-bout was in progress at a
+well-known establishment. The following dialogue took place:
+
+"How is business?" asked one of the men, as he was shuffling the cards.
+
+"Well, we run pretty strong," replied the other. "Let us hope that it will
+keep up. There's a new style nowadays. The 'coppers' don't call us out any
+more; we deal with an outsider."
+
+"Who is it?" asked the questioner (our agent).
+
+"What do you care?" was the reply. "Do I ask you who you gave-up to,
+uptown?"
+
+After the Rosenthal murder, however, the aspect of affairs changed. About
+six o'clock in the evening of July 18 the "king" was consulted by several
+anxious associates to ascertain whether he had "seen" anybody. He replied
+that he had, and that everything was all right, unless something
+unforeseen should happen, as the "squeal" thus far involved only the
+gamblers. Suspense was thereby relieved and great was the merriment
+thereon. "It might be better if we had a grocery store," suggested one of
+the wits present. A week later, however, the situation was more squally.
+It had begun to be whispered that "the police would take no protection
+money on the first of the coming month." It was recalled that on a
+previous occasion 12 houses in a certain block had each paid $500 on
+Monday and that on the following Saturday, the houses were smashed up.
+"The same thing might happen here," remarked an anxious proprietor. On the
+day that payment was to be made, August 1, to be precise, a well-known
+owner entered a West 26th Street resort with a big roll of bills, as to
+the destination of which he was in doubt. One of his pals had left town,
+the other was in jail. He "didn't know whether the police would take it or
+not." Suddenly a brilliant idea struck him; he turned to our agent who was
+supposed to be conducting an uptown flat and to be in position to secure
+protection, offering him the money. "You take it," he suggested, "see what
+you can do. Maybe you can connect."
+
+To the same effect is the testimony of a memorandum procured under
+somewhat dramatic conditions. On May 3, 1912, a large group of
+owners[237] were engaged in playing cards at a well-known establishment.
+Two of the group stopped their game in order to engage in calculations
+involving the sale of a third-interest in a house in West 25th Street. The
+memorandum was subsequently obtained by our agent. Six different accounts
+figured in the calculation of income, expenses, profits, etc. In the
+matter of expenses, $631 appear as paid out for the following items:
+"Buttons" (_i. e._, uniformed police) $166; sergeant, $30; "gang" (perhaps
+plain clothes men) $104; club (meaning unknown), $200; boss, $25; smaller
+items absorb the remainder.
+
+Personal conversations between police officers, owners of disorderly
+places and our investigator, supposed to be one of themselves, pointing to
+intimate dealings and relations, were likewise frequently reported with
+additional data identifying those concerned. On March 18th, 1912, it was
+reported that a uniformed officer[238] called at a well-known disorderly
+house[239] asking for a notorious owner;[240] he explained his errand in
+these words, written down from memory shortly afterwards: "I'm broke. He
+hasn't seen me for a few nights and I would like to have some 'sugar.'"
+Two days before, two plain clothes men, in passing a well-known hangout,
+beckoned one of the owners to come outside; shortly after he returned,
+remarking to his comrades, "The 'dogs' are outside."
+
+About two o'clock one afternoon, three men, two of them well-known owners
+of a place in West 35th Street,[241] were standing in West 30th Street,
+100 feet from the station house; when a few moments later the plain
+clothes men started to go on duty, one[242] of them beckoned to two of the
+officers[243] and engaged them in prolonged conversation. Its purport was
+subsequently summarized to his friends: "Don't worry!"
+
+At times a "collector" is said to be the intermediary in transactions
+similar to those implied in the foregoing incidents. Among the best known
+of these is a saloonkeeper[244] once enjoying the reputation of protecting
+the entire Red Light district, at that time situated in Allen Street. His
+saloon[245] is now a hangout for thieves, gamblers and the like. Two
+patrolmen and an officer[246] are named as coming to his resort to "fix"
+pimp cases. The "lookout"[247] for a Sixth Avenue[248] establishment
+remarked, in describing the financial operations of the place, that he
+receives 10 percent of the profits monthly, that $200 a month go to
+inspector and captain, and that the patrolman[249] is paid nightly. An
+individual who has been publicly accused of being a vice graft
+collector[250] entered a disorderly flat in West 58th Street[251] on June
+15, 1912, for the purpose of perfecting arrangements in regard to
+protection. The madame[252] expressed herself as satisfied with the way in
+which she was being treated.[253] She stated, however, that her neighbor
+downstairs "had a scrap with the collector for the police[254] over
+protection and that he had refused to take her money any more. The result
+is that every one of the 'underdogs' (_i. e._, plain clothes men) comes
+running to her every night with a different complaint and you know what
+that means. She has 'to see them' every time they come. In the long run,
+it costs three or four times as much; and she got a 'collar' (_i. e._,
+arrest) in the bargain." One of our agents witnessed, on the evening of
+June 1, 1912, a settlement between a well-known collector for the police
+in New York City and the owners of 15 different establishments, situated
+between West 18th Street and West 36th Street. At one o'clock in the
+morning, they sat around a large table[255] on which four piles of money,
+the smallest denomination being $5 bills, were heaped up. It had been paid
+to the police collector, who carried it away in a violin case.
+
+The foregoing incidents explain why a district such as Seventh Avenue is
+called a "money post."[256]
+
+The employment of pressure, in order to bring about a certain kind of
+differentiation of neighborhoods, is exemplified in the following
+instance: A notorious madame informed our agent that she was going to open
+a house in West 40th Street,[257] but admitted that she would have to be
+careful, because cheaper resorts would not be permitted in that vicinity.
+Through the good graces of a high official[258] whom she named, she
+claimed that she had succeeded in maintaining and quietly conducting a low
+grade establishment there.
+
+The peaceful operation of disorderly resorts is disturbed from time to
+time by raids, as in the instance above noted, in which one madame "got a
+collar," while her competitor on the floor above remained unmolested.
+Raids are variously accounted for by those who suffer: now on the score of
+punishment or revenge, as in the case last mentioned; again, for the
+purpose of "covering the captain on the blotter," _i. e._, that he may
+make a good showing in his report to the Inspector; sometimes--so it is
+alleged--in order to keep the owners and their madames in line so that
+they will be sure to pay the protection money. The police know who the
+owner or madame is without even entering the house, and warrants are
+declared to be sworn out in many instances without any evidence at all. It
+is understood between operators and real estate agents that when a house
+is opened the owner must "stand for" an occasional "collar," though the
+latter sometimes protests vehemently. For instance, March 14, 1912, the
+indignant owner[259] of a place on Sixth Avenue[260] declared his house
+had been raided the night before for no reason. "If they don't stop that,
+I'll holler," he added; "they have to discharge that case or I'll know the
+reason why." Usually when houses are raided, the real culprits escape
+arrest. It was reported on August 15th that 18 disorderly resorts had
+been entered by the authorities. Only a few housekeepers and colored maid
+servants were arrested.
+
+Frequent reports deal with the presence of police officers in and about
+disorderly saloons and hotels. On January 25, an officer was drinking in
+the rear room of a disorderly saloon on St. Nicholas Avenue.[261] On
+February 1 two officers were served with beer and cigars in the rear room
+of a similar resort on Columbus Avenue.[262] On March 9 a man, accompanied
+by a street walker, entered a hotel in West 35th Street.[263] In the hall,
+a police officer[264] in full uniform, was standing with a bottle of beer
+in his hand. His number is in our possession. On March 4, a street walker
+was arrested in Sixth Avenue in front of a well-known cafe.[265] Thereupon
+a lighthouse called the owner of his establishment[266] who induced the
+plain clothes man[267] to release the woman.
+
+The entire situation as respecting alleged police relations was described
+by all our investigators as radically altered by the events following the
+Rosenthal murder. Thirty houses were reported as closed in September. In
+one case closure was so sudden that the girls were not paid off.[268] They
+exhibited their punched cards and threatened vengeance unless
+reimbursed--one to the extent of $5.50, another to the extent of $4. The
+madame[269] of a house in West 28th Street[270] described herself on
+September 29 as "down and out." In early October, the proprietor was
+himself more optimistic: "It's only a question of two or three days," he
+declared, "and we've got to expect these things." The owners therefore
+continued in many instances to pay rent for their now empty houses. Early
+in October, the impression got abroad that conditions were once more
+propitious: About 2 P. M., October 4, a group of owners held a meeting on
+Second Avenue,[271] later adjourning to Sixth Avenue,[272] where they
+again went into "executive session." Several important persons were
+present.[273] On the strength of a report that the houses could open
+slowly it was decided at this meeting that certain houses would commence
+"business" at 8 o'clock that evening, a few more the next day, and a few
+the next. Accordingly, at the appointed hour, the owners turned on the
+lights in eight houses situated in West 24th Street,[274] Sixth
+Avenue,[275] West 31st Street,[276] and West 28th Street.[277] Things
+however miscarried and the houses were again closed. The chief owner[278]
+was indignant: on November 10, 1912, he admitted[279] that it was a "lousy
+tip" he had got, though it "looked good" at the time. He named the
+source--a practicing lawyer.[280]
+
+Since the close of this investigation on November 15, 1912, in consequence
+of the activity of the police growing out of the Rosenthal murder, and
+the investigations conducted by the Aldermanic and Legislative Committees,
+the method of conducting the business of prostitution in houses has
+changed materially. For instance, in the more expensive houses, the $5 and
+$10 resorts, madames do not allow actual violations of the law on the
+premises, but have the women sit in the parlor awaiting calls. One such
+resort is located in an apartment in West 43rd Street,[281] where twenty
+women were found sitting in the parlor on March 10, 1913. The madame, who
+has a large personal acquaintance with patrons of a better class, simply
+awaits telephone calls requesting a lady companion. Knowing the tastes of
+her customers, she sends one of the women to an appointed place. Thus
+there is no violation of the law on the premises, and the police are
+unable to "cover" the situation. But a number of low-priced houses have
+opened in the old way on a smaller scale: March 12, 1913, three resorts,
+one each in Sixth Avenue,[282] West 28th Street[283] and West 40th[284]
+were operating with two or three inmates each, all wearing street clothes.
+The third inspection district was at this time declared to be free from
+police molestation. Current talk in the district explains this immunity on
+the ground that police and owners were so involved with each other, that
+effective action on the part of the former was prevented by fear that the
+latter would turn on the light. "They are all opening up," remarked one
+owner, while chatting with sympathizers in a cigar store[285] in West
+116th Street, as recently as March 15, 1913. One owner[286] then had six
+houses going. "God pity the police if they interfere!" Of a well-known
+inspector,[287] it has been said, that "having taken money, he can't well
+step on anybody's corns." A former wardman,[288] now wearing a uniform in
+the service of the West 125th Street station house, remarked hardly a
+fortnight ago to two men, one an owner, the other a former associate: "Sit
+tight; you're getting a little; you're making expenses; squealing seems to
+be a fad nowadays." Among places now quietly running under changed
+ownership may be mentioned one each in West 26th Street, West 28th, West
+29th, West 31st, West 34th; two in Sixth Avenue and three in West 40th
+Street.[289]
+
+Confidence is strong in the underworld that "hard times" will not last;
+the police who are reputed to have worked in collusion with the exploiters
+of prostitution share the same view. "It will all blow over"--that is the
+refrain to every discussion. History is quoted to support this hopeful
+interpretation of present conditions. A similar repressive policy was
+instituted in 1907. Houses were closed; some owners with their madames and
+girls left the city and others betook themselves to flats and hotels. For
+three years, the business was timid, quiet, unobtrusive, gradually feeling
+its way back. By January, 1911, the promoters had all returned, keen to
+recoup; by the succeeding year, they had restored their former prosperity.
+Now once more their schemes have been disorganized. The tide is turning
+against them. But they have seen that happen before and they are confident
+that, as in the past, the "good old days" will return. A prominent
+madame[290] was on September 18 still paying rent for two houses, one in
+West 25th Street,[291] one in West 31st Street.[292] "We outlive all those
+dogs," declared an old-timer,[293] who had lived through all the spasmodic
+efforts at suppression undertaken in the last fifteen or twenty years.
+
+Talk in the underworld does not stop with the police department: it
+involves the judiciary and prosecutors as well. There is no
+misunderstanding the prevalent feeling: these men and women are
+hurt,--wounded to the quick--because, as they constantly assert, having
+kept their part of the bargain by paying for protection, the officials do
+not so regularly "deliver the goods." Our investigators report many
+interviews to this effect. The owner of a house in West 35th Street has
+been keenly worried by a three-months' sentence meted out to his
+madame.[294] "He had understood that judges were not giving 'prison,' as
+several such cases had been lately discharged." He instanced one from West
+28th Street,[295] another from West 25th Street.[296] "You know what it
+costs to discharge a case," he added feelingly. On August 30, 1912, three
+men met at Eighth Avenue and 28th Street; one of them bitterly reviled an
+official in the criminal court building. "He has no right to do this. Why,
+didn't we once pay him $4,000,--$150 for each house, to keep out of the
+district? There were no more raids then,--but now!"[297] On the 17th of
+October, 1912, several disorderly house cases from the Tenderloin were
+tried in special sessions: the places were notorious,--involving among
+others the madames of houses in West 31st and West 36th Streets. The
+disposition made of them represents the characteristic uncertainty of the
+action of the court of special sessions. Two of the defendants were
+acquitted, two were convicted, but received suspended sentences, two were
+fined fifty dollars apiece, and one pleaded guilty, receiving a penalty of
+imprisonment for thirty days.
+
+There are a number of lawyers in New York City who are being constantly
+employed by the owners of disorderly houses to defend their cases in the
+courts. Their fees vary according to their standing. A former magistrate,
+who has an office on Broadway, charges $100 for appearing in Special
+Sessions. He has latterly succeeded in securing the acquittal of the
+madame of a West 28th Street[298] house. Another lawyer[299] with an
+office on Park Row, charges from $15 to $25 for his appearance in the
+police court, and $50 altogether if he has to appear in a higher court.
+
+A few weeks ago one of the madames was sentenced to the penitentiary for
+three months. During the evening of the day on which she was sentenced,
+the lawyer who had appeared for her came to a resort[300] where a number
+of owners had gathered. They upbraided him for pleading "Guilty, your
+Honors."
+
+"Why didn't you show fight?" demanded one.
+
+"Well," he replied, "there was a time when I used to walk into the court
+room and make a bargain with the judges when there were three or four
+charges pending against one woman. I used to say, 'Your Honors, we will
+make this bargain day. There are four charges against this woman. What
+will you do? Unless you are lenient, I will fight you and take up your
+time.' The fine as a rule was no more than $100 for three or four charges.
+At that time, the coppers used to break in a house and raid it just to get
+the money for the fine. But times have changed."
+
+As some street walkers are picked up by the plain clothes men and brought
+into court, they hire by preference a lawyer[301] who lives on West 10th
+Street.[302] This man agrees to procure their discharge for $50,
+distributed as follows:
+
+$10 for the bondsman to bail her out, if necessary;
+
+$15 for his, the lawyer's services, and
+
+$25 to go to the arresting officer for his testimony.
+
+It is alleged that the lawyer in question has agents on Sixth Avenue
+keeping tab on the street walkers. When the girl is "picked up," these
+agents are on the ground and see that he gets the case; he guarantees to
+turn her out for $50 or more, whatever he can get, but under no conditions
+accepts less than $35. If the girl has no ready money and has jewelry,
+that is taken as security. The first thing he does is to have the case
+adjourned for two days, which means no less than $15 for bail. During the
+two-days' adjournment, the lawyer "feels out" the plain clothes man who
+"picked up" the girl. If the detective falls, he usually gets $15 from the
+lawyer's fee. If the detective insists on prosecuting, the lawyer has a
+man ready to swear that it was he who was in conversation with the woman
+at the time she was arrested, though this is not usually necessary. If the
+plain clothes man has made an affidavit prior to the granting of the
+adjournment and is ready to "fall," he will permit the lawyer to entangle
+him in his cross-examination and to bring it out that he, the plain
+clothes man, approached the girl, and, in other ways, will contradict
+himself "safely." This is resorted to when the affidavit is unfavorable to
+the girl.
+
+Despite the enormous volume of prostitution in Manhattan, the actual
+number of convictions is small, and the main culprits go scot-free.
+
+During a period of nine months, ending September 30, 1912, 143 disorderly
+house cases were tried in Special Sessions. Twenty-five pleas of guilty
+were entered, 82 were convicted, 32 acquitted, and other disposition was
+made of 4.
+
+The total number of disorderly house cases received in this court from
+January 1, 1912, to October 1, 1912, was 180, and on September 30, 1912,
+there were 62 actions still pending.
+
+Of the 107 cases in which the defendants were found guilty or pleaded
+guilty, the following dispositions were made:
+
+  Jail sentences           80
+    Average term being          3 months and 27 days
+
+  Fines                    18
+    The total amount being      $2,325.00
+    or an average fine of          129.00
+
+  Suspended sentences       9
+
+In general, the convictions secured were those of employees, the
+prevailing rules of evidence making it almost impossible to reach the
+principals.
+
+In the matter of saloons, for the year ending September 30, 1912, the
+Excise Commission in New York County brought revocation proceedings which
+resulted in the denial of the privilege of traffic in liquor for one year
+in only 6 cases. During the same period, the Commissioner brought 143
+actions to recover the penalty under bond, of which 18 were cash bond
+places. These cases, we understand, refer particularly to disorderly
+hotels.[303]
+
+From October, 1911, to September, 1912, 159 arrests were made for
+prostitution in tenement houses under Section 150 of the Tenement House
+Law. Of these, 36 were discharged and 123 convicted. Eighty-four of those
+convicted were sent to the workhouse for six months, 27 were put on
+probation, and other dispositions were made of 12.
+
+Between January 1, 1912, and December 31, 1912, or approximately during
+the period of this investigation, the Tenement House Department recorded
+247 prostitution complaints at 211 separate addresses in Manhattan. The
+time which elapsed between the receipt of the complaint and the report of
+the inspector was: returned the same day, 5 cases; from 1 to 5 days, 55
+cases; 6 days to 2 weeks, 139 cases; 15 days to 1 month, 38 cases; and
+over 1 month, 9 cases and one unknown. The average number of days which
+elapsed between the receipt of the complaint and the final report of the
+Tenement House Inspector is 10.75, which represents prompter action than
+was previously obtained. In the period from August 1, 1902, to October,
+1908, the average length of time which elapsed between the receipt of a
+prostitution complaint and the final report of the inspector was 11.28
+days.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In conclusion, it is proper to state that the purpose of the foregoing
+chapter is to picture a situation and not by implication to indicate the
+responsibility for it. Whether the discrepancies between our reports and
+official records are due to bad laws impossible of enforcement, to the
+instructions emanating from superior officials, to inefficiency, to
+corruption, to the existence of evils with which no official machinery can
+cope, or finally to all these causes operating together, we do not
+undertake to say or to imply. The facts are as stated above; the situation
+portrayed by them actually exists. It is for the community to consider
+their significance, and to devise such measures as careful reflection may
+approve.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+A STUDY OF PROSTITUTES COMMITTED FROM NEW YORK CITY TO THE STATE
+REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN AT BEDFORD HILLS
+
+_By Katharine Bement Davis, Superintendent._
+
+
+_Sources_:--The materials for this study are found in the records of 647
+prostitutes committed from New York City to the State Reformatory for
+Women at Bedford Hills.[304] Of these, 279 were in the institution at the
+time the study was made. The remainder were either on parole or had been
+discharged on completion of sentence. The data are gathered from the
+girls' own stories supplemented by information from their families, from
+correspondence with previous employers, interviews with officials of other
+institutions, letters received and sent by the women themselves; from the
+officers who chaperone all visits to the girls while in the institution
+and from personal acquaintance extending in every case from three months
+to several years. The difficulties inherent in the compilation of such
+statistics are obvious. Certain data, such as birthplace, age, size of
+family, education, religion and previous occupation, are probably very
+nearly accurate. When we leave the domain of facts easily verifiable and
+come to the question of causes of prostitution, earnings of prostitution,
+reasons for coming to New York City, past institution records, conjugal
+condition, there is always a possibility of error. But we believe the
+study is, on the whole, a fair picture of the New York City prostitute who
+is convicted in the New York City courts. It may be said that the women
+convicted in the courts are not a fair sample of New York prostitutes as a
+class, for the reason that the more prosperous ones are so protected as
+not to suffer molestation from the police. A comparison, however, of the
+tables of the institution cases with the cases of women on the streets
+which include all grades from those who frequent the more expensive hotels
+down, will not show wide variations.
+
+_Birthplace and Parentage_:--New York's population is composed of as
+heterogeneous elements as any city on the continent. It is the meeting
+place of the nations. What effect has this on the composition of a body of
+New York prostitutes? Does the native-born American who has enjoyed the
+economic and social advantages of this country contribute a greater or
+less percentage than the various groups of foreign-born? Interesting from
+the point of view of our immigration problem is the proportionate number
+contributed by each of the chief races in New York City.
+
+An analysis of the 647 Bedford cases shows that American-born whites
+contribute 62.75 percent of the entire number; American-born colored women
+furnish 13.14 percent while the foreign-born women are 24.11 percent of
+the total. (See Table I.) A preliminary bulletin issued by the United
+States Census Bureau for the Census of 1910, places the native white
+population of New York City at 57.3 percent, while the foreign population
+is estimated at 40.4 percent of the entire population. According to this,
+the American-born contribute more and the foreign-born less than their
+proportion to the Bedford prostitutes. But 647 cases are a very small
+number on which to base any judgment. We have at hand, however, some other
+statistics. The histories of 610 prostitutes in other institutions have
+been analyzed.[305] Of these, 168 or 27.2 percent were white foreign-born
+and 68.5 percent were white American-born. In the study of 1,106 street
+cases, all white women, made in connection with this report, we find 31
+percent foreign-born and 68.9 percent American-born.[306] The percentage
+of foreign-born is here somewhat higher than in the institution cases
+because practically no colored women were included among the street cases
+and few in the institutions other than Bedford. Combining the three sets
+of records, or 2,363 cases, we have 67 percent American-born white as
+against 28 percent foreign-born; a poor showing for the American-born.
+(See page 250, Table XLIX, columns III and IV.)
+
+Taking up a comparison of the different nationalities, we find that in the
+Bedford cases the countries in the order of their numerical contributions
+stood as follows: Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ireland,
+England-Scotland, France, and Italy. (See Table XLIX, column II.) Ranking
+the contributions to the 610 cases in the other institutions in the same
+way, the first five places on the list were identical. Canada comes sixth
+and France is relegated to eighth place. (Table, column III.) Examining
+the street cases in the same way, Russia comes first, Germany and
+Austria-Hungary exchange places as do Ireland and England-Scotland,
+France and Italy occupying sixth and seventh places. (Table, column IV.)
+Combining all records, the order is the same as for the street cases with
+the exception that Ireland and England-Scotland are reversed. (Table,
+column V.) Ranking the foreign-born population of New York City in point
+of numbers, we have Russia, Germany, Ireland, Austria-Hungary,
+England-Scotland, and France. (Table, column IV.) Dropping out Italy, the
+order remains as in column V.
+
+Table L shows numbers and percentages. From this, it would seem that, with
+the exception of Italy, the various foreign groups contribute prostitutes
+in numbers proportioned to their numerical rank but not in proportion to
+their percentage of the total population; thus, Russia forming a trifle
+over 10 percent of the population contributes only about 8.3 percent of
+prostitutes; Germany and Austria-Hungary come very near to contributing
+their full quota; Ireland only about half, while England-Scotland send us
+a very few more and France a good many more than their proper proportion.
+It is a well-known fact that Italy sends to the United States every year,
+many hundred unmarried men or men without their families. This probably
+accounts for the small proportion of Italy's contribution. It may be
+argued that this is not a fair rating as we have no complete census of New
+York prostitutes, but owing to the methods employed in securing our
+material both in and out of institutions, we probably have here as
+representative a group of prostitutes as can be found, and a fair cross
+section of the entire number. It might be a more just comparison if we
+had the figures for the female population of the various national groups
+within the age limits of the women studied, but that is not attainable.
+With the exception of the Italian and possibly some of the component parts
+of the Russian and Hungarian groups, the figures used here are believed to
+be fairly comparable.
+
+Unfortunately, we have not the data for the parentage of any group except
+that of the Bedford cases. Table II shows the nationality of parents in
+detail with the greatest possible attainable accuracy. Table III gives the
+summary. The graph accompanying Table II represents the same thing to the
+eye.
+
+We find that the native-born of foreign parentage is about 51 percent. The
+native-born of American parentage is 18.5 percent. Mixed parentage means
+one native-born and one foreign-born parent.
+
+Table IV compares these percentages with the parentage of the native
+population of New York City. The Tribune Almanac for 1912 gives the native
+white of native parents as 19.3 percent of the total population while the
+native white of foreign parents is 38.2 percent. Comparing, we see that
+the native parents contribute about their proportionate quota; the
+foreign-born of foreign parents contribute less than their quota, while
+the group that contributes out of proportion to its percentage in the
+population, is that of the native-born of foreign parents. This is not
+surprising when we remember that here we have a group in which the fathers
+and mothers belong to a civilization with speech, tradition and habits
+different from those of the country in which they are living. The
+children, native-born Americans with American companions and American
+schooling, adopt American ideals often not of the highest and are very
+apt, even when quite young, to feel that they know more than their
+parents. Lacking in any feeling of reverence, they early refuse to listen
+to the counsels of their parents. On the other hand, the parents often
+stand in awe of the superior cleverness, usually superficial, of their
+American-born children. An observation extending over twelve years of the
+relations between foreign-born fathers and mothers and their American-born
+daughters, leads me to feel that right here lies one of the important
+points of attack in preventive work.
+
+_Status of Family_:--Occupation of father. Before we are in a position to
+deal fairly with any problem, we must know all the elements which enter
+into it. The most important factor in the study of any individual is the
+kind of family from which he comes. The occupation of a man has very
+little to do with his moral worth or his good citizenship; but it enables
+us in a general way, to place him as to his position in society. By his
+earning capacity we can judge something of the kind of home he can make
+and the opportunities he can give his children. We have, accordingly,
+included in our Bedford study, the occupation of the girls' fathers. It
+will be observed from Table V that the largest single group is that of
+unskilled labor which forms 21.3 percent of the whole. Men engaged in the
+mechanical trades form the next largest group, or 18.6 percent; the
+professions stretched to their limit furnish only 15 individuals or 2.4
+percent.
+
+_Size of Family_:--It has sometimes been claimed that the number of
+children in a family has a direct bearing on prostitution. One theory
+suggested is that prostitutes are apt to be members of a large family
+where economic pressure is great, where a girl is either driven out by
+want or has failed to receive proper education and training as a result of
+insufficient means. In individual cases, undoubtedly, this is true. We
+have a young woman of German parentage, nineteen years of age, at Bedford
+at the present time, who was the eldest of ten children. She has never
+been to school a day in her life, nor to church or Sunday School. She is
+as much of a heathen as if she had been born in Central Africa. As a
+child, she had to stay at home to "mind the baby" and there was always
+one. As she grew older, she became tired of the over-crowded home, had
+never received any training which would fit her for any occupation, fell
+an easy prey to a young man who took her fancy; and it was but another
+step into prostitution as a means of livelihood. We could tell a number of
+such stories where we feel confident that a very large family on very
+small means is largely to blame for the downfall of the older daughters.
+
+On the other hand, it is held by some that only daughters are more apt to
+go wrong than those who have brothers and sisters to hold them up to
+family standards. It is claimed that an only daughter is apt to be
+pampered and spoiled, never learns obedience and is often discouraged from
+earning her own livelihood by her parents with the idea that her social
+position is thus bettered and she will be more likely to make a good
+marriage. One very marked case of this kind we have at this present
+moment at Bedford. The girl's father and mother are small shopkeepers,
+perfectly respectable but very injudicious people. The girl was allowed to
+believe all through her girlhood that she could have anything she wanted;
+and when her wants exceeded the possibility of gratification by her
+parents, she gratified them in any way she could.
+
+Table VI, which gives the size of the families from which our 647 cases
+come, shows that in the largest number of cases our girls were one of
+three brothers and sisters. The next largest group is that of four in the
+family, two and five brothers and sisters having the same number of
+representatives. The average number of children is 3.99, not greatly above
+the average number of children per family in the general community which
+is given in the census of 1910 as 2.7 percent for New York City. Our
+figures, therefore, so far as they go, would seem to prove nothing special
+except that girls go wrong in families of all sizes.
+
+_Occupation of Mother_:--Probably of more importance than the size of the
+family is the economic position of the mother, particularly during the
+years of the daughter's adolescence. It is a vital loss if a girl's mother
+is away from home all day, leaving her after school hours to associates of
+whom the mother knows nothing and who may be most questionable in their
+influence on her developing character. In 145 instances, or in 22.4
+percent of the total number of cases studied, the mother worked outside
+the home. Table VII gives a list of the occupations of working mothers,
+with the number in each group. It will be seen that the women who went
+out for day's work are much the largest group. They went out to wash, to
+clean, to scrub offices and for other unskilled labor. The laundresses
+were employed partly in steam laundries and partly in private families and
+came home at night. Of the 145 mothers who worked, there were 94 who were
+widows; one mother was divorced; the husband and father in one case was an
+inmate of a sanitarium for tuberculosis; in one case the father was in an
+insane asylum; in 8 cases the father had deserted his family; in 40 cases
+the husband and father was alive and working. The necessity for earning a
+livelihood explains simply the leaving of children alone in the group of
+widows. In the 40 cases where the husband was working, no special
+necessity for the mother's occupation is shown by our data. The 40
+husbands and fathers whose wives went out to work, were engaged in
+thirty-one different occupations, no one group numbering more than four
+men. These were the day laborers. Three were colored cooks; three were
+teamsters; two were carpenters; others include a stationary engineer, a
+walking delegate, an insurance agent, a market man, an elevator man, etc.
+
+Neither did the size of the family afford a special excuse, as in these
+forty families there was an average of four children. One family contained
+ten children; two families each had seven and eight respectively, while
+the greatest number in any one group was ten families with three children
+each. It may be that the father was inefficient or irregular in his
+occupation or the family standards of living were higher. It would be
+necessary to know all of these details in each family to offer any opinion
+as to reasons and we have not these data.
+
+But the 94 cases of working widows do not cover all the cases where the
+father was dead. Of these there were 170. Thirty of the mothers had
+remarried; two received pensions; in three cases the mothers' whereabouts
+were unknown and in 41 cases she was supported by her older children or by
+relatives. Of the total group of fatherless girls there were 154 who had
+lost their fathers before they had reached an age where they could receive
+their working papers; 73 were over fourteen; 36 did not know the date of
+their fathers' death. Among these were some of the orphans and probably
+some girls who were not willing to tell all they knew. Of the 94 girls
+whose widowed mothers were employed, 61, or 64 percent lost their fathers
+before they had reached a working age. One hundred and two girls whose
+fathers were living had lost their mothers previous to their admission to
+Bedford. In 42 instances the father had remarried and in 20 instances the
+fathers' whereabouts were unknown, but they were believed to be living.
+One hundred and fifteen out of 195 girls in the motherless group had lost
+their mothers when under fourteen years of age. Of the 93 orphans, 43 had
+been brought up by relatives, 10 by strangers and 20 in orphan asylums;
+twenty were old enough to earn their living at the time of their father's
+death. To summarize, only 282, or 43.5 percent of the women studied, had
+both parents living.
+
+Until very recently, the Reformatory has had no field worker. Our
+knowledge of the families of our girls has been obtained as stated in the
+first section. Accordingly, much that would have a bearing on the
+conditions which have made our girls what they are, is unknown to us. But
+we do know that out of the 647 cases studied, in 130 different families
+there were known degenerate strains. This is shown in the following table:
+
+  HEREDITY; KNOWN DEGENERATE STRAINS
+                                                    Total    Percent
+
+  1. Alcoholism in family                    35
+  2. Criminality in family                    5
+  3. Epilepsy in family                       7
+  4. Feeble-minded (very marked) parents      2
+  5. General ill health of parents            9
+  6. Insanity                                16
+  7. Parents sex offenders                   21
+  8. Syphilitic parents                      10
+  9. Tubercular                              25      130      20.09
+
+It is probable on the face of it that syphilis, tuberculosis and
+alcoholism are likely to be much more generally present than is shown by
+our figures.
+
+Before we are prepared to say just how many of these factors affecting
+home life are directly responsible for a girl's entering a life of
+prostitution, we should be able to say that these factors were or were not
+present to the same extent in affecting the lives of a group of girls of
+about the same age, education, industrial efficiency and social status who
+have not "gone wrong." Would there be as many orphans, as many motherless
+girls, as many or more working mothers in any such group taken at random?
+Until we can make such a study, it is not fair to consider the facts given
+in these sections on the family as anything more than a picture of the
+conditions from which our girls come.
+
+_Education and Occupation_:--A girl's education and occupation are very
+closely connected. We have data with reference to education so far as the
+Bedford cases go, based on the actual examination of the girls. Table VIII
+has something to say for compulsory education in New York City, especially
+when taken in connection with the data from other institutions and from
+the street cases. The table shows that 50 individuals, or 7.72 percent
+cannot read or write any language. Of these, 15 are American-born.
+Thirty-two can read and write a foreign language; 45.3 percent have never
+finished the primary grades, while an additional 39.72 percent never
+finished the grammar grades. Of the whole number, only 7.24 percent
+finished the grammar grades. Thirteen individuals had entered but not
+finished high school; only four individuals had graduated from high
+school; three had had one year at a normal school and one out of 647 cases
+had entered college. The institution cases other than Bedford make a
+slightly better showing, but here, in a large percentage of cases, we have
+nothing to go on but the girl's own statement. According to this, only 12
+percent finished grammar grades and, according to their own admission,
+11.4 percent of the street prostitutes cannot read or write in any
+language and only 4 percent had finished the grammar grades. (See Tables.)
+
+So far as the Bedford cases go, the industrial efficiency of the women is
+about on a par with their education. Table X shows the occupation of these
+girls before entering a life of prostitution. It will be noted that 243
+or the largest group are general houseworkers, forming 37.5 percent of the
+total number.
+
+Almost all the studies of prostitution heretofore made have noted the high
+percentage of women who were engaged in domestic service previous to
+entering the life. So far as my observation goes, I do not believe that
+this indicates any greater danger from domestic service itself as an
+occupation than from any other in which unskilled girls engage. Domestic
+service for women under existing economic conditions corresponds to casual
+labor for men. It is the job where training and experience are unnecessary
+in order to find work. Such services would not be desired by families
+where efficiency is demanded and paid for. A very large proportion of our
+girls were not competent workers but were girls employed in the lowest
+stratum of families that employ domestic help at all and where standards
+of service do not exist. This group includes almost all the colored girls
+and a considerable number of the foreign-born white girls. The factory
+operatives form the next largest group; clerks in department stores come
+third. Ninety-two individuals, or 14 percent, had never engaged in any
+occupation previous to having entered a life of prostitution. These were
+either girls whose parents were fairly comfortably off and who preferred
+to have their daughters at home pending matrimony, or girls who married
+almost immediately upon leaving school and kept house until matrimony
+became too much for them. A large proportion of all our young women were
+not fit to fill any more responsible positions than those they held.
+
+Comparing the occupations of the institution cases other than Bedford with
+those shown in the Bedford table, we find that the factory operatives form
+the largest group or 32.46 percent, domestic service and department stores
+coming second and third. (See Table XXX.) The table of occupations of
+street cases makes quite a different showing, which may or may not be due
+to the desire of the girls to put the best foot foremost in giving their
+histories to the investigator. Here the department store clerks form the
+largest group. Nearly half of the histories, however, say that the girls
+have never had any occupation previous to entering the life and in 101
+cases, no statistics were given. (See Table XLVI). So far as education
+goes, however, this group is no better equipped for filling more
+remunerative positions than are the girls in the institutions. Their
+racial distribution is about the same. There is not much reason to believe
+that they were greatly different from the institution cases in industrial
+efficiency.
+
+For comparison with the occupational groups of women wage earners in New
+York City in the population at large, the latest statistics available are
+those of the United States Census of 1900. This gives the total number of
+wage-earning women as 329,489. The groups which run into five figures are
+as follows:
+
+  1. Servants and waitresses   94,789  or  28.7%
+  2. Factory operatives        36,458   "  11.06%
+  3. Dressmakers               34,306   "  10.04%
+  4. Saleswomen                20,578   "   6.2%
+  5. Seamstresses              15,845   "   4.8%
+  6. Laundresses               15,085   "   4.5%
+
+It will be noted that the third group, which is a skilled trade, has very
+few representatives among the prostitutes.
+
+_Earnings_:--Until recently in our Bedford records, we have not
+systematically recorded wages earned before entering prostitution. With
+the beginning of this study, we endeavored to obtain the data from the
+prostitutes now in the institution. We find, however, that the girls are
+very hazy as to the exact amounts earned. They "don't remember" because
+"they always gave all their earnings to their mother" is a frequent
+statement. In 162 cases, however, they appeared to be sufficiently
+accurate as to the maxima and minima of earnings to furnish reasonable
+proof of the truth of their statements; particularly when taken in
+connection with our knowledge of the girls' ability. The average minimum
+is $4 and the average maximum is $8. It will be noted that even the
+average maximum is below $9, an amount generally conceded to be the
+minimum on which a girl can live decently in New York City. See Table IX.
+By far, the largest number earned less than this, the average being pulled
+up by the few girls who were more competent. In this connection we made an
+inquiry of 194 young women who were at Bedford at the time the study was
+made, as to whether they were living at home and as to the disposition of
+their earnings at the time they entered prostitution as a business. Out of
+194, one hundred and twenty-two claim to have been living at home. Of
+these, 32 were supported by their parents or husbands and did not work
+outside of their home; 53 were working and giving all they made to their
+mothers; 39 were giving part of what they earned; 24 were living with
+relatives and of these, 15 gave all they earned to their relatives, while
+9 gave a part as board; 20 young women were working and boarding with
+strangers. They claim they paid board ranging from $1.50 a week in one
+case to one case which claims to have been paying $13.50. The greatest
+number paid $4.00 per week. Twenty-six of the girls were domestics living
+where they worked. See Table XI.
+
+It is interesting to compare the statements in regard to wages made by the
+girls in Bedford with the statements of those in other institutions and
+especially with the statements made by the street cases. Table LI presents
+this comparison. It will be noted that of the 420 cases considered, the
+average maxima and minima varied between $9 and $13, a much higher point
+than is reached by girls in the institutions. The total shows data for 238
+girls who were domestic servants and 907 engaged in other occupations. In
+the cases of institution girls, the knowledge that the statement which
+they give can be checked up and verified by the institution officials,
+will, in most instances, deter them from going wide of the mark. As this
+was impossible in the majority of cases interviewed on the street, I feel
+that not as much reliance can be placed on data as to salary. Granted,
+however, that the data are reliable, there would seem to be no indication
+of real economic pressure as a reason for entering an immoral life.
+
+_Social Relations_:--Statistics with regard to social relations must be
+taken with several grains of salt. A girl confined in an institution is
+very anxious to maintain relations with men outside and sometimes
+represents a man as her husband who is simply the man she has been
+supporting by her wages of prostitution. Usually we find this out sooner
+or later; but as we include in these statistics a considerable percentage
+of girls whom we have known only for a few months, we cannot be certain.
+According to present knowledge, out of 647 cases there are 193 married
+women or 29.8 percent of the whole. (See Table XII.) In this connection it
+may be said that marriages are apparently entered into with as little
+consideration as one would give to the purchase of a new hat, and a
+husband who has ceased to please is thrown aside as easily as an old
+garment. New connections are entered into with very little regard to the
+legal aspects of the case. Many a girl has said to me when arguing the
+matter of a new relationship and the lack of legal separation from the
+first, "But, Miss Davis, he did not deserve any consideration!" One girl
+who has committed bigamy by marrying the second man, gave as her excuse,
+which I think was perfectly genuine, that she wished to be respectable! In
+a large proportion of cases of girls sent here for prostitution, one or
+more men and sometimes as many as six stand ready to marry each as a means
+of securing her release. These are not always the men with whom the girls
+have been living nor the men whom they have been supporting. The most
+extreme case that has come to my attention is that of one of our girls who
+stopped a man on the street as she was being taken to the train by our
+officer saying: "She is taking me to prison. Will you marry me to save
+me?" He said "Yes," and actually wrote me asking to be allowed to do so.
+It should be said in connection with married women, that we have record of
+comparatively few husbands who are in good and regular standing, as the
+tables in our annual reports will show.
+
+It is equally difficult to get at the actual truth as to the number of
+children that the unmarried women have had. The table shows the admissions
+of 219 women on this point. There are 73 unmarried women who admitted
+having had children; 16 were pregnant at the time of entering the
+institution and 18 had previously been pregnant; 428 claim to have had no
+children. In this connection it may not be amiss to note the fact that an
+unmarried woman who has had a child is more apt to belong to the mentally
+defective class discussed later on. The cleverer women know how to prevent
+conceptions.
+
+_Religion_:--Table XIII shows the religious affiliation of the Bedford
+girls. At Bedford, separate services are held for Catholic, Protestant and
+for Jewish women. On entrance they are asked to state their previous
+religious connection or preference. They are advised, if they have no
+definite religious preference, to attend the church to which their parents
+belonged. They are also told that they may not change after once having
+declared themselves. The table shows that 41.1 percent are Catholics, 38.9
+percent are Protestants and 19 percent are Jews. The colored girls are
+almost all included in the Protestant section.
+
+The warden of the Jefferson Market District prison states in regard to the
+religious affiliations of the 7,408 women sentenced from Jefferson Market
+Day and Night Court in 1912, that there were 3,533 Catholics or 47.6
+percent, 2,525 Protestants or 34.08 percent and 1,301 Jews or 17.4
+percent.
+
+The religion of the women committed for all offenses from all the courts
+of Manhattan and the Bronx in 1912 is as follows:
+
+  Catholic           4,630  or  44.4%
+  Protestants        3,677   "  35.2%
+  Jewish             1,880   "  18.03%
+                    ------
+        Total       10,424
+
+A comparison of these figures with the percentage of Catholics,
+Protestants and Jews in the population of New York City would be
+interesting. These latter figures are very hard to get at except in the
+most general way. The latest authoritative study with which I am familiar
+is that made by the United States Census Bureau in 1906. It gives the
+church membership as reported by the various denominations as 1,838,482.
+On a basis of a regular growth in population from 1900 to 1910, the
+population of New York City in 1906 was about 4,235,010. On this basis,
+only 43.4 percent of the population have church connections. Only the
+heads of Jewish families are reported in this census. They are placed at
+30,414. The World Almanac for 1913 is responsible for the statement quoted
+from "Christian Work and Evangelist" that there are 905,000 Jews in New
+York. This means racially as well as religiously Jewish. This would be
+about 19 percent of the entire population. The Census for 1906 gives to
+the Catholics 1,413,775, or 33.38 percent of the entire population and to
+the various Protestant denominations only 327,690, or 8.8 percent of the
+population. This would leave about 38 percent of the population without
+direct church connection to be distributed as to original affiliations
+between Catholic and Protestants. I should expect that here the
+Protestants would outnumber the Catholics.
+
+Bedford's quota of Protestant girls is high, among other reasons because
+the House of the Good Shepherd, whose inmates are chiefly Catholics, is
+much the largest of the private institutions to which delinquent women are
+committed. I should personally believe that if we had the necessary data
+we should find that, as in the case of the Jewish women, the Protestants
+and Catholics would contribute in about their proportion in the community
+at large to the whole group of prostitutes.
+
+_Age_:--Table XIV shows in column 1 the ages of 647 prostitutes on their
+commitment to Bedford. In column 2 it shows the age of the girl when she
+says she committed her first sexual offense. We have the data only in 300
+cases. Of these, 279 are cases still in the institution. The age on
+entering prostitution is also only known for the cases in the institution,
+as we did not attempt to secure this special data until the beginning of
+the present study. It will be noted that about 7 percent of the whole
+number committed their first offense before they were fourteen, and that
+an additional 9 percent were fourteen at the time. There is, however, only
+the difference of a year in the average time in committing the first
+offense and in entering a life of prostitution. The graph which
+illustrates this was made by using percentages in order to have comparable
+curves.
+
+_Various Other Contributing Factors_:--There has been considerable
+discussion as to the relative influence of country and city life in the
+production of character which leads to an irregular sexual life. We have
+registered the birthplace of all the women included in this study. We find
+that out of the 491 American-born women, 404 were born in cities while
+only 85 are known to have been country-born. Of the city-born, 290 or 59.2
+percent of the total number of American-born were born in New York City.
+So far as this goes, it does not support the contention that the ranks of
+prostitution are recruited from country girls brought to the city for the
+purpose of immorality. We inquired of 139 girls in the institution at the
+time the study was made who were born outside of New York City but
+practised prostitution there, why they had come to New York. Seventy-eight
+of these claim to have come to the city with their families, who moved
+there for economic reasons. Only 9 admit having come with the purpose of
+entering the life; one came with her lover; 10 "to see New York"; 26 for
+work and 11 claim that they ran away from home to escape unpleasant
+conditions and came to New York simply because it was the handiest thing
+to do. Only 4 were unwilling to answer the question. In none of these
+cases had we any information which would contradict the statements made by
+the girls.
+
+We have previously stated that 279 of the total number studied were in the
+institution when this special study began. We were interested to know how
+many of them were practising prostitution continuously and living
+entirely by it. One hundred and sixty-six claim to have been practising it
+continuously from the time they began; 55 either did not care to answer or
+gave unsatisfactory answers in the sense that they were obviously
+misleading; 58 claim to have been practising prostitution intermittently
+simply to eke out their wages or to get extra money. Thirty-two of the
+girls who were practising it at intervals and 43 who were practising it
+continuously, were engaged in trade. Of these, domestic servants were the
+largest single group, with factory operatives second. The girls who were
+working at trades excluding domestic service, were for the most part
+earning small wages; but the number of cases for which we have this data
+are few, too few on which to base any conclusions. The weekly earnings
+from prostitution as given by 146 girls who gave a maximum and of 95 girls
+who gave a minimum, is also to be taken with allowances. See Table XIX. It
+is our general experience that the majority of prostitutes have little
+conception of the value of money. They earn it easily and spend it as
+easily. Even among those who claim to make far more than the wages of even
+well paid working girls, it is not infrequent to find young women without
+changes of underclothing. These, of course, are the women who are not
+patronized by a well-to-do class of men.
+
+As indicative of the character of the girl, their statements as to the
+reasons for their first sexual offense and of what they believe to be the
+causes leading up to prostitution as a career are illuminating. One
+hundred and eight out of 279 claim that their first wrong-doing was
+because they yielded to a man whom they loved; 57 admit that it was for
+pay; 62 claim to have been forced into the first act; 23 yielded where
+there was no love and where neither money nor force was used, but
+succumbed through weakness of will; two only state they did it because
+they liked it; 27 "could not remember why." See Table XXI.
+
+As will be seen when we discuss the mentality of the girls, they are not
+as a class given to introspection or self-analysis. They are as a rule,
+incapable of this even if they try. It appeared to us worth while,
+however, to ask them what they thought were the reasons that led them into
+an immoral life. It is a very rare thing for a girl to admit that she
+would be willing to have a younger sister enter the life and this often
+can be used as a key to secure their willingness to discuss the situation.
+Two hundred and seventy-nine girls gave 671 reasons. We have grouped them
+as well as we can. The surprising thing is that very few directly economic
+reasons are given. It might be supposed that in friendly conversation, a
+girl would wish to make the greatest possible excuse for herself, and that
+the one most ready to hand would be the inability to earn a living. But in
+only 19 cases was this given as an excuse; and by referring to a similar
+table for street cases, it will be noticed that only 139 out of 1,106 gave
+a directly economic reason. It will be noted that only 7 out of 671 gave
+previous use of drink and drugs. As a result of experience, I should say
+that drink is a consequence rather than a cause of a life of prostitution,
+although a good many girls have admitted to me that their first
+wrong-doing occurred after taking an unaccustomed drink. In this
+connection our medical records at Bedford with regard to the use of
+alcoholic drinks, drugs and cigarettes, show that at entrance 112
+individuals, or 17 percent of the 647 women studied were suffering from
+one or the other alone, or from combinations, as shown in the following
+table:
+
+  EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, DRUGS AND CIGARETTES
+
+  Alcohol                                                45
+  Drugs                                                  23
+  Cigarettes                                              7
+  Alcohol and cigarettes                                 18
+  Alcohol and drugs                                       8
+  Drugs and cigarettes                                    5
+  Alcohol, drugs and cigarettes                           6
+                                                        ---
+      Total                                             112   17.3%
+
+    Not suffering at entrance from effects of above     535   82.6
+                                                        ---
+                                                        647
+
+Five hundred and thirty-five showed no injurious effects so far as was
+evident from a physical examination. We cannot give figures as to the
+exact number who used alcohol or cigarettes in moderation. We believe the
+number to be high.
+
+Sixteen of the 647 were tubercular and were transferred to institutions
+for tuberculosis. No examination of the sputum was made except in cases of
+suspects. Seven others were epileptic and there was one case of chorea
+(St. Vitus Dance).
+
+_Mentality_:--Of peculiar value, in view of the public interest in the
+question of mental defect as a cause of delinquency, is a study of the
+mentality of our 647 women. Twenty have been pronounced insane by
+commissions in lunacy and have been transferred to asylums for the
+insane. Three others will probably have to be transferred; 107 were
+unhesitatingly pronounced distinctly feeble-minded. Not all of our 647
+cases have been examined by our psychologist. One hundred and sixteen,
+however, have had laboratory tests of various sorts. Among these tests,
+all have been given the Binet test. The result has been as follows:
+
+  MENTALITY BY BINET TEST
+
+  Showing mentality of 5 year old child        2
+    "         "     "  6  "    "    "          1
+    "         "     "  7  "    "    "          6
+    "         "     "  8  "    "    "          6
+    "         "     "  9  "    "    "         29
+    "         "     " 10  "    "    "         44
+    "         "     " 11  "    "    "         26
+    "         "     " 12  "    "    "          2
+                                             ---
+                                             116
+
+The 44 who have the mentality of a ten year old child and under were
+unhesitatingly pronounced mentally defective. The 72 showing mentality
+from ten to twelve years may possibly not be so-called. The 67 others
+included among the 107 are those so mentally defective that there can be
+no question as a matter of observation. Fifty-two others are distinctly
+border line cases. This is the group which gives the most trouble in all
+reformatory institutions. It is safe to say that 90 percent of all
+disciplinary difficulties come from cases of this sort. They can be easily
+divided into at least two groups. Thus divided, 26 are girls who can be
+taught very little in school, whose general intelligence is low, but who
+may perhaps be able to learn a certain amount of manual labor; these
+cannot "stay good" any length of time. The other 26 are those who do well
+in school, are capable of mastering even such subjects as algebra and
+bookkeeping, but who have no moral sense or continuity of purpose. Eleven
+others are also properly in this class but differ from the two preceding
+groups in the character of their instability. If they were boys they would
+be tramps. They are all girls who have run away from home, sometimes a
+number of times, as well as from any place where they are put to service.
+
+The foregoing figures mean that 193 individuals, or 29.8 percent, of the
+number studied are decidedly mentally defective. This is an extremely
+conservative estimate.
+
+With the facilities which we are to have in the Laboratory of Social
+Hygiene under the auspices of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, we expect to
+get much more definite results not only as to the mentality but also as to
+the physical condition and the social relations of the young women under
+our care.
+
+_Venereal Disease_:--The records of the Bedford Reformatory for girls show
+that 20.56 percent of the 647 inmates have clinical manifestations of
+venereal disease. The facts are summarized in the following table:
+
+  Total number of inmates                               647
+  Number free from clinical manifestations of disease   514
+  Number showing clinical manifestations of disease     133
+  Of the last named:
+    Number with syphilis                                 61
+                gonorrhoea                               54
+                syphilis and gonorrhoea                   9
+      "     "   disease unnamed                           8
+      "     "   chancre                                   1
+                                                        ---
+  Total                                                 133 (20.56%)
+
+A series of complement fixation tests on blood specimens from 466 of the
+inmates show, however, that a very much larger number are infected with
+either syphilis or gonorrhoea or both of these diseases.[307] With the
+Wassermann test 176, or 37.7 percent gave positive reactions; 273, or 58.6
+percent gave negative reactions, and 17, or 3.6 percent gave doubtful
+reactions. With a modification of the Wassermann technique where the tests
+were allowed to stand for four hours at ice box temperature to fix
+complement, instead of the usual one hour at 37 deg.C. in the incubator, 224,
+or 48 percent gave positive reactions, 212, or 45.4 percent gave negative
+reactions and 30, or 6.4 percent gave doubtful reactions, showing an
+increase of 10.3 percent of positive reactions for syphilis over the
+method of fixing complement at 37 deg.C. The same sera were tested by the
+complement fixation test for gonorrheal infection with the result that 134
+or 29 percent gave positive reactions; 234, or 50 percent gave negative
+reactions and 98, or 21 percent gave doubtful reactions, fixing complement
+at 37 deg.C. for one hour. When the ice box method of fixation was used, 306
+or 65.6 percent gave positive reactions; 101, or 21.7 percent gave
+negative reactions and 59, or 12.6 percent gave doubtful reactions,
+showing an increase of 36.9 percent of positive results over the method of
+fixing complement at 37 deg.C. in the incubator.
+
+Vaginal smears from the same persons were examined but it was possible to
+demonstrate the presence of the gonococcus in but five of them, although
+many of them show the presence of numerous pus corpuscles.[308]
+
+The full significance of the results above stated does not appear until
+the statistics are summarized. Of the 466 girls tested, only 50, that is,
+10.7 percent, are found to be free from venereal infection. Practically 90
+percent showed infection; 170, or 36.4 percent gave positive reactions for
+both syphilis and gonorrhoea; 27, or 5.79 percent were positive for
+syphilis only, and 117, or 25.1 percent were positive for gonorrhoea
+only.[309]
+
+_Offenses_:--Not all of the 647 cases studied were committed to Bedford
+for prostitution; but all were leading the lives of prostitutes in New
+York City at the time of their commitment and the specific offense which
+they committed was an incident in the life of prostitution.[310] Table
+XXIV shows that 105 women or 16.22 percent were convicted of felonies,
+while 450, or 69.55 percent were convicted of offenses directly connected
+with prostitution. The 25 cases committed as disorderly children were
+girls under eighteen years of age whose parents or relatives caused their
+arrest and brought them into court as the only means of taking them from
+the life. The 38 commitments for vagrancy were under Subdivision 3 and 4
+of Section 887 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which defines a vagrant
+as "a person who has contracted an infectious or other disease, in the
+practise of drunkenness or debauchery, requiring charitable aid to restore
+him to health" or "a common prostitute who has no lawful employment
+whereby to maintain herself."
+
+The stories of the following girls will illustrate the relation between
+prostitution and crime in the cases of women sent to us for felonies or
+misdemeanors:
+
+A. B. was a girl of eighteen, convicted of manslaughter in the second
+degree. She was not only leading a life of prostitution but was supporting
+her lover by it. As is so often the case, she was very fond of the man and
+intensely jealous when another girl won him away. She bought a sharp knife
+and carried it for a month before she met the girl, who had tried to avoid
+her. When at last they met, our girl stabbed her rival so seriously that
+she died from the effects.
+
+C. D. was also only eighteen years of age. She was convicted of shooting
+her lover. The time had come when they were no longer happy together. A
+quarrel arose on the street over a trivial matter. She wished to go to one
+place and he to another. Neither would yield. He started across the street
+to go his own way. She drew a pistol and shot him dead. Asked how she
+happened to have a loaded pistol in her possession, she said that she has
+always carried one ever since she came to New York. She thought it
+necessary for self-protection.
+
+The story of E. F., convicted of grand larceny in the first degree, was as
+follows: She came north from a southern city thirteen years ago with her
+mother, who died soon after. She had had a lover before her mother's
+death. By him she had an illegitimate child. After the child was born he
+married her but they were not happy together. Another man coaxed her away
+from her husband. She claims he put her on the street, that she was
+violently in love with him and supported him by prostitution. Finally she
+was with a man whose watch she admired and coveted for her lover. She
+stole it and gave it to her lover in whose possession it was found. Both
+were convicted.
+
+G. H. was a woman of twenty-four convicted of robbery. She had a husband
+and two children. The husband was entirely able and willing to support
+her. She became addicted to the use of opium. She claims it was first
+prescribed by a physician during an illness. As the habit grew, she stole
+money from the till in her husband's shop to supply herself with the drug.
+The resulting friction between herself and her husband finally caused her
+to leave home and enter a life of prostitution. She had been living the
+life for two years at the time of her arrest for robbing a man of a
+diamond pin.
+
+Three women, sentenced for corrupting the morals of a minor, had young
+girls with them whom they had brought to the city for immoral purposes.
+
+The cases of assault were for the most part girls who had engaged in fist
+fights, usually on account of rivalry.
+
+The attempted suicide was a girl who had tired of the life which she had
+led since she was fourteen years old and saw no other way out of it. She
+had made three unsuccessful attempts before she was sentenced to Bedford.
+
+_Previous Records_:--The law prohibits the sentencing of women to the
+reformatory who have previously served a term in a state prison. With this
+limitation the judge has the power of sending those who have served
+numberless previous sentences for minor offenses if in his judgment there
+is hope of reform in the particular case. Contrary to the impression of
+many people, it is a very rare thing for a girl or woman to be sentenced
+to an institution for what is really a first offense. Never in our
+experience has a previously innocent girl been so sentenced.
+
+Throwing light on the history of the prostitutes committed to Bedford,
+Table XXV gives us some information as to the various institutions in
+which they spent time previous to the Bedford commitment. The first
+section of the table shows that 305, or 47.1 percent have had previous
+institution experiences. In cases where these girls have been in more than
+one institution, this first portion of the table gives the institution in
+which she has spent the most time. Out of 647 cases, 255, or 39.4 percent
+only, are not known to have been at least previously arrested. These
+figures give the data that we know. The probabilities are that the tables
+understate the facts. The latter half of the table shows the variegated
+experience of a number of the women. We have no comparable data for the
+cases from other institutions.
+
+_Conclusion_:--As this is a statistical study, we have not touched upon
+various phases of the lives of prostitutes which are of general public
+interest. This is because we had not sufficiently accurate data to warrant
+giving figures or percentages. For example, the relation of the women to
+the men whom they support is a matter where verifiable data are very hard
+to get. An increasingly large percentage of the women under our care state
+that they were turning over the whole or a part of their wages to their
+lovers. In other cases we were pretty well assured that this was the case
+although it was denied by the girl.
+
+As a result of our twelve years' experience we believe that there is an
+increasing number of young women who live in furnished rooms and take
+their patrons to hotels. A larger proportion of prostitutes in our early
+days lived in houses of ill fame. Now in many instances, even if their
+work is in these houses, they live outside and go to the houses only for
+business purposes. A case in point is that of a girl only sixteen years of
+age who worked in one of the houses conducted by the so-called
+"syndicate." She was living with a young Italian who had lured her from
+her home. He conducted her to this house every afternoon at four o'clock,
+calling for her at five or six next morning and receiving her earnings
+from the woman who ran the house.
+
+A number of the young women included in this study have figured in white
+slave cases. These commercialized phases of the social evil are dealt with
+elsewhere in this report.
+
+
+
+
+STATISTICAL TABLES
+
+ACCOMPANYING CHAPTER VIII
+
+
+These tables comprise (1) _Analysis of histories of cases at Bedford_; the
+histories in question were carefully compiled from the records and from
+personal conferences and in so far as possible they were revised and
+verified in the light of experience, outside inquiry, etc. (2) _Similar
+analysis of cases from seven institutions in New York State and city other
+than Bedford_; this material was gathered in different ways. In some
+institutions two trained investigators interrogated the girls, checking up
+their replies by the records of the institution wherever possible; in two
+institutions, information was obtained from the records alone; in one,
+from the girls alone. (3) _Analysis of histories of street, hotel, and
+other cases_; these data were obtained by an experienced woman
+investigator who interviewed the girls under conditions as favorable as
+possible to her object.
+
+In the matter of earnings, etc., where corroboration was in the nature of
+things impossible, no responsibility for the accuracy of the statements
+made by the girls is assumed.
+
+
+TABLE I
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+BIRTHPLACE--ANALYSIS OF 647 CASES
+
+  _Foreign Born_    _Native Born White_        _Native Born Colored_
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Austria     15     New York City      263    New York City        27
+  Canada       1    Other parts                Other parts
+                      N. Y. State        39      N. Y. State         3
+  Cuba         2    Colorado              1    Alabama               1
+  England     14    Connecticut           5    Connecticut           1
+  France       8    District of Columbia  1    District of Columbia  2
+  Finland      2    Florida               1    Florida               1
+  Germany     26    Illinois              5    Georgia               2
+  Holland      2    Iowa                  2    Kentucky              1
+  Hungary     12    Kansas                1    Louisiana             2
+  India        1    Maine                 2    Maryland              2
+  Ireland     17    Maryland              4    Massachusetts         3
+  Italy        7    Massachusetts        16    Minnesota             1
+  Mexico       1    New Jersey           23    New Jersey            2
+  Norway       1    Michigan              2    North Carolina       10
+  Nova Scotia  1    Minnesota             1    Pennsylvania          5
+  Poland       5    Missouri              1    South Carolina        1
+  Roumania     3    North Carolina        2    Tennessee             1
+  Russia      32    Ohio                  4    Virginia             18
+  Scotland     2    Oregon                1    Washington            1
+  Sweden       1    Pennsylvania         22    Unknown               1
+  Switzerland  2    Texas                 1
+  Wales        1    Vermont               1
+                    Virginia              5
+                    West Virginia         2
+                    Unknown               1
+            ----                       ----                       ----
+  TOTAL     156 = 24.11%       TOTAL  406 = 62.75%       TOTAL  85 = 13.14%
+
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE I]
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE II]
+
+
+TABLE II
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+NATIONALITY OF PARENTS IN DETAIL
+
+A. _White_
+
+  I. Both parents foreign, born in the same country
+     Austria (18 Jews)                                   22
+     Bohemia                                              3
+     Canada                                               2
+     Denmark                                              2
+     England                                             11
+     Finland                                              3
+     France                                               9
+     Germany (11 Jews)                                   67
+     Holland                                              3
+     Hungary                                             12
+     India                                                1
+     Ireland                                             65
+     Italy                                               12
+     Norway                                               1
+     Nova Scotia                                          2
+     Poland                                               6
+     Roumania (1 Jew)                                     2
+     Russia (57 Jews)                                    60
+     Scotland                                             3
+     Sweden                                               2
+     Switzerland                                          1
+     Wales                                                1   290
+
+II. Both parents foreign, born in different countries
+
+  _Birthplace of father_    _Birthplace of mother_
+
+     Australia                      England               1
+     Austria                        Germany               1
+     Canada                         England               1
+     Cuba                           Spain                 1
+     Denmark                        England               1
+     England                        Denmark               1
+     England                        Germany               1
+     England                        Ireland               4
+     England                        Wales                 1
+     France                         England               1
+     France                         Germany               1
+     France                         Irish                 1
+     Germany                        Bohemia               1
+       "                            Denmark               1
+       "                            France                1
+       "   (Jew)                    Hungary (Jew)         3
+       "                            Russia                1
+       "                            Switzerland           1
+     Hungary                        German                1
+     Ireland                        England               3
+       "                            Scotland              1
+       "                            Wales                 1
+     Italy                          Roumania              1
+     Norway                         Ireland               1
+     Roumania                       Russia                1
+     Russia                         Austria               1
+     Scotland                       England               1
+       "                            Ireland               1
+     Spain                          Portugal              1
+     Wales                          Mexico                1    37   327
+                                                         --------
+
+III. Father of foreign birth, mother, United States
+
+     Belgium                        United States         1
+     Canada                           "      "            4
+     England                          "      "            6
+     Finland                          "      "            1
+     Germany                          "      "           10
+     Ireland                          "      "           10
+     Scotland                         "      "            2    34
+                                                         --
+
+IV. Father born in U. S., mother, foreign
+
+     United States                  Bohemia               1
+       "      "                     Canada                2
+       "      "                     England               3
+       "      "                     Germany               4
+       "      "                     Ireland              15
+       "      "                     Italy                 1
+       "      "                     Norway                1
+       "      "                     Roumania              1    28
+                                                         --
+
+V. Father of foreign birth, mother unknown
+
+     Austria                                              1
+     Germany                                              3
+     Ireland                                              2
+     Scotland                                             1     7
+                                                         --
+
+VI. Father unknown, mother of foreign birth
+
+     England                                              2
+     France                                               2
+     Germany                                              2
+     Ireland                                              1     7
+                                                         --------
+     TOTAL NUMBER WITH ONE FOREIGN PARENT KNOWN                      76
+
+VII.  Both parents born in the U. S.                          120
+
+VIII. Father born in the U. S., mother unknown                  5
+
+IX. Father unknown, mother born in U. S.                        5
+
+X. Both parents unknown                                        25
+                                                         --------
+                                           TOTAL WHITE              558
+
+_B. Colored_
+
+I. Both parents of foreign birth
+     _Father's birthplace_    _Mother's birthplace_
+         Jamaica                    Jamaica               1
+         Cuba                       Cuba                  1
+         West Indies                South America         1
+
+II. One parent of foreign birth
+
+     Ireland                        United States         1
+     West Indies                      "      "            1
+     United States                  England               1
+      "     "                       Ireland               1
+
+III. Both parents born in U. S.                                68
+
+IV. Father unknown, mother born in U. S.                        4
+
+V. Birthplaces of both parents unknown                         10
+                                                         --------
+                                         TOTAL COLORED               89
+                                 TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES              647
+
+
+TABLE III
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+NATIONALITY OF PARENTS
+
+_Summary_
+
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+              | Born in   |White   290|       |      |
+  Both parents| the same  |-----------|       |      |
+  foreign     | country   |Colored   2|   292 |      |
+              |-----------|-----------|-------|------|
+              | Born in   |White    37|       |      |
+              | different |-----------|       |      |
+              | countries |Colored   1|    38 |  330 | 51.  %
+  ------------|-----------|-----------|-------|------|-------
+              |Mother     |White    34|       |      |
+              |U. S.      |-----------|       |      |
+              |           |Colored   2|    36 |      |
+  One parent  |-----------|-----------|-------|------|--------
+  foreign     |Father     |White    28|       |      |
+              |U. S.      |-----------|       |      |
+              |           |Colored   2|    30 |      |
+              |-----------|-----------|-------|      |
+              |Mother     |           |       |      |
+              |unknown    |White      |     7 |      |
+              |-----------|-----------|-------|      |
+              |Father     |           |       |      |
+              |unknown    |White      |     7 |   80 | 12.37%
+  ------------------------|-----------|-------|------|-------
+  Both parents born       |White   120| 18.54%|      |
+  in the U. S.            |-----------|       |      |
+                          |Colored  68| 10.52 |  188 | 29.06%
+  ------------------------|-----------|-------|------|-------
+  One parent  |Mother     |White     5|       |      |
+  born in the |U. S.      |-----------|       |      |
+  U. S., the  |           |Colored   4|     9 |      |
+  other       |-----------|-----------|-------|------|
+  unknown     |Father     |White      |     5 | 2.30%|
+              |U. S.      |           |       |  14 }|
+  ------------------------|-----------|-------|-----}|-------
+                          |White    25|       |5.27%}|  7.57%
+  Both parents unknown    |-----------|       |     }|
+                          |Colored  10|       |  35 }|
+  ------------------------|-------------------|------|-------
+                          |      TOTAL|       | 647  |
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+TABLE IV
+
+COMPARISON AS TO PARENTAGE OF NATIVE POPULATION IN NEW YORK CITY AND AMONG
+PROSTITUTES AT BEDFORD
+
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Population of|  No. of   |Percentage|  Bedford   |  No. of   |Percentage
+   of New York |Individuals| of Total |   Cases    |Individuals| of Total
+  City[311] in |           |   Pop.   |    647     |           |  Cases
+     1912      |           |          |            |           |
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Native white |   921,130 |   19.3%  |Native white|    120    |  18.5
+    of native  |           |          |  of known  |           |
+    parents    |           |          |  native    |           |
+               |           |          |  parentage |           |
+  Native white | 1,820,374 |   38.2   |Native white|    327    |  50.5
+    of foreign |           |          |  of known  |           |
+    parents    |           |          |  foreign   |           |
+               |           |          |  parentage |           |
+  Negro--      |    91,702 |    1.92  |Negro--     |     89    |  13.64
+    parentage  |           |          |  total     |           |
+    unspecified|           |          |  number    |           |
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+TABLE V
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+OCCUPATIONS OF THE FATHERS
+
+
+  _Professions_
+    Architect                        2
+    Civil engineer                   1
+    Colored preacher                 1
+    Lawyer                           1
+    Minister                         1
+    Music teacher                    1
+    Musician                         2
+    Physician                        2
+    Surveyor                         2
+    Trained nurse                    1
+    Veterinary surgeon               1
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           15
+
+  _Own their own Business_
+    Brewer                           1
+    Contractor                       5
+    Fruit dealer                     2
+    Horse dealer                     4
+    Hotel keeper                     2
+    Livery stable keeper             1
+    Peddler                          8
+    Saloonkeeper                    11
+    Shopkeeper                      29
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           63
+
+  _Business Positions_
+    Insurance agent                  2
+    Milkman                          1
+    Real estate agent                4
+    Salesman                        21
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           28
+
+  _Mechanical Trades_
+    Blacksmith                       6
+    Bricklayer                       3
+    Brickmaker                       1
+    Builder                          5
+    Cabinet-maker                    2
+    Carpenter                       13
+    Carriage-maker                   1
+    Cooper                           1
+    Electrician                      2
+    Engineer (railroad)              4
+    Engineer (stationary)           15
+    Gas fitter                       1
+    Glazier                          1
+    Hardwood polisher                1
+    Iron worker                      8
+    Machinist                        7
+    Mechanic                         3
+    Painter                         14
+    Plasterer                        1
+    Plumber                          3
+    Printer                          6
+    Slate roofer                     1
+    Stone cutter                     2
+    Stone mason                      9
+    Terra cotta worker               1
+    Tinsmith                         2
+    Walking delegate                 1
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                          114
+
+  _Clothing Trades_
+    Cap maker                        4
+    Cloak maker                      2
+    Designer                         2
+    Finisher on corsets              1
+    Presser                          6
+    Tailor                          22
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           37
+
+  _Other Trades_
+    Baker                            2
+    Barber                           8
+    Bartender                        2
+    Basket maker                     1
+    Butcher                         10
+    Carpet layer                     1
+    Cigar maker                     10
+    Draughtsman                      1
+    Mat maker                        1
+    Photographer                     1
+    Reed and rattan worker           1
+    Shoemaker                       10
+    Watchmaker                       1
+    Weaver                           2
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           51
+
+  _Clerical Positions_
+    Bookkeeper                       3
+    Clerk of Court                   1
+    Excise officer                   1
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                            5
+
+  _Laborers_
+    Derrick rigger                   1
+    Electric light trimmer           1
+    Employed on boats               11
+    Employed on railroad            12
+    Farmers and farm hands          34
+    Hod carrier                      3
+    Laborer                         40
+    Miner                            3
+    Stableman                        3
+    Street sweeper                   2
+    Teamster                        18
+    Watchman                         4
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                          132
+
+  _Mill and Factory Positions_
+    Factory                         13
+    Mill hand                        7
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           20
+
+  _Domestic Positions_
+    Coachman                         7
+    Cook                             9
+    Elevator man                     1
+    Gardener                         3
+    Janitor                          5
+    Porter                           3
+    Waiter                           7
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           35
+
+    Foreman                          7
+    Asst. Supt. Life Insurance Co.   1
+    Conductor                        2
+    Sea captain                      5
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           15
+
+  _In Public Service_
+    Fireman                          5
+    Lighthouse keeper                1
+    Mail carrier                     1
+    Policeman                        5
+    Soldier                          5
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                           17
+
+  _Miscellaneous_
+    Collector                        1
+    Gambler                          1
+    Sandwich man                     1
+    Telegraph operator               1
+    Ticket speculator                1
+    Undertaker                       3
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                            8
+
+    "Does not work on account of
+        kidney trouble and
+        fainting fits"               1
+    Unknown                          7
+    No statistics                   99
+                                  ----
+    TOTAL                          107
+
+    TOTAL NUMBER                   647
+
+
+TABLE VI
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN THE FAMILIES FROM WHICH THE GIRLS COME
+
+  ------------------------------
+  _No. of Children_      _Cases_
+  ------------------------------
+   1                        78
+   2                        95
+   3                       126
+   4                       110
+   5                        95
+   6                        50
+   7                        44
+   8                        22
+   9                        11
+  10                         5
+  11                         5
+  12                         0
+  13                         1
+  Unknown                    5
+  ------------------------------
+  TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES    647
+  ------------------------------
+  Average size of family  3.99
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING ABOVE TABLE VI]
+
+
+TABLE VII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+OCCUPATION OF MOTHER
+
+  -------------------------------------------
+  Actress                                   1
+  Canvasser                                 2
+  Charge of Hotel Linen Room                1
+  Cook (6 colored)                         10
+  Day's work                               46
+  Domestic--General housework (6 colored)   9
+  Dressmaker                                4
+  Factory Operatives                       11
+  Housekeeper                               4
+  Janitress                                13
+  Laundress                                17
+  Midwife                                   6
+  Milliner                                  1
+  Market Woman                              1
+  Nurse                                     9
+  Peddler                                   2
+  Small Shopkeepers                         7
+  Tailoress                                 1
+                                         ----
+                           TOTAL          145
+  -------------------------------------------
+      Total number of cases,              647
+
+  Percentage of occupied mothers, 22.4
+
+
+TABLE VIII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+EDUCATION
+
+  Cannot read or write any language--15 American born         50    7.72%
+  Reads and writes a foreign language--5 read a little Eng.   32    4.83%
+  Read and write a little, no further education              192   29.67%
+  Did not finish primary grades                               70   10.82%
+  Reached but did not finish grammar grades                  257   39.72%
+  Graduated from grammar grades                               25    3.86%
+  Entered, but did not finish high school                     13    2.00%
+  Graduated from high school                                   4     .77%
+  One year in normal school                                    3     .46%
+  Eight months at college                                      1     .15%
+                                                             ------------
+                                     TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES   647  100.00%
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE VIII]
+
+
+TABLE IX
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+I _Wages before entering prostitution_ EARNINGS
+
+  ---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+                       |$.50| .75|1.00|1.25|1.50|2.00|2.50|3.00|3.50|4.00|
+                       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  Wages of  {High      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  trades    {110 cases |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |  2 | 11 |
+  excluding {          |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Domestic  {Low       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Service   {110 cases |    |    |  1 |    |    |  3 |  3 | 13 |  9 | 24 |
+                       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+            {High      |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Wages of  {52 cases  |    |    |    |    |    |    |  4 |  4 |  5 |  5 |
+  Domestic  {          |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Service   {Low       |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+            {52 cases  |    |    |    |  1 |  1 |  6 |  8 | 13 |  9 | 10 |
+  ---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  |4.50|5.00|5.50|6.00|7.00|8.00|9.00| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 |
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |  5 | 14 |  7 | 13 | 12 | 15 |  5 |  6 |  2 |  6 |    |  1 |  5 |  1 |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |  4 | 23 |  1 | 11 |  3 |  6 |  1 |  4 |    |    |    |    |  3 |    |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |    |    |    |    |7.50|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  | 13 |  9 |  5 |  6 |  1 |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  |  3 |  1 |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+  +----+----+----+----+---------+---------+---------+---------
+  | 20 | 22 | 25 | 30 | Highest |  Lowest | Average |   Mode
+  |    |    |    |    |  Wage   |   Wage  |         |
+  +----+----+----+----+---------+---------+---------+---------
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |  1 |  1 |  2 |  1 | $30.00  |  $3.50  |  $8.11  |  $8.00
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |  1 |    |  25.00  |   1.00  |   5.21  |   4.00
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |   7.50  |   2.50  |   4.30  |   4.50
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |         |         |         |
+  |    |    |    |    |   5.00  |   1.25  |   3.14  |   3.00
+  +----+----+----+----+---------+---------+---------+---------
+
+GRAPHS ILLUSTRATING TABLE IX
+
+[Illustration: _Wages in Trades excluding Domestic Service--110 Cases_]
+
+[Illustration: _Wages in Domestic Service--52 Cases_]
+
+
+TABLE X
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+OCCUPATIONS
+
+  _Before entering prostitution_    _No. of Cases_  _Percentages_
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------
+  Book-binding                              7            1.08
+  Clerk in small shop                       8            1.23
+  Clerk in department store                40            6.18
+  Domestic (general housework)            243           37.56
+  Errand girl                               3             .46
+  Factory operative                       127           19.62
+  Janitress                                 1             .15
+  Laundry employee                         14            2.16
+  Manicure                                  2             .30
+  Millinery                                13            2.00
+  Office work (not stenographers)          13            2.00
+  Sewing (handwork)                        25            3.86
+  Steel engraver                            1             .15
+  Telephone operator                        9            1.39
+  Theatrical work (chorus or vaudeville)   18            2.78
+  Nurse (not graduate)                      3             .46
+  Waitress (in restaurants)                28            4.32
+  No work                                  92           14.27
+                                        ---------------------
+                                   TOTAL  647
+
+
+TABLE XI
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+RESIDENCE OF GIRL BEFORE ENTERING PROSTITUTION
+
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                  {Giving all they made                             53
+  Living          {Giving part                                      16
+  at home         {Supported by parents or husband                  32
+                  {No statistics as to money paid                   23
+                                                                    --  124
+
+  Living          {Giving all                                       15
+  with relatives  {Giving part                                       9
+                                                                    --   24
+
+  Boarding  $1.50  2.00  3.00  4.00  5.00  5.40  6.00  13.50  No
+                                                              amount
+                                                              given
+            ---------------------------------------------------------------
+              1     1     1     3     2     1     1      1        9      20
+
+  Domestics living where they worked                                     26
+                                                                        ---
+                                                                 TOTAL  194
+
+
+TABLE XII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+SOCIAL RELATIONS
+
+  Married       193   29.8
+  Single        454   70.1
+                ---
+       TOTAL    647
+
+STATEMENT OF 219 WOMEN WITH REGARD TO NUMBER OF CHILDREN
+
+           { Pregnant on entering                          1
+           { Miscarriage previous to entering Bedford     18
+           {
+  Married  {              { One        66
+  women    { Legitimate   { Two        19
+           { children     { Three       7
+           {              { Eight       1
+                                      ---                 93
+
+          { Pregnant on entering                          16
+  Single  { Miscarriage previous to entering Bedford      18
+  women   {
+          { Illegitimate  { One        63
+          { children      { Two        10                 73
+                                                         ---
+                          TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES          219
+
+  No children, or no record of them                      428
+                                                         ---
+                                                TOTAL    647
+
+
+TABLE XIII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+RELIGION
+
+  Catholic                     266   41.1%
+  Jewish                       123   19.0%
+  Protestant                   252   38.9%
+  No record                      6     .9%
+                               -----------
+      TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES    647
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XIII]
+
+
+TABLE XIV
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+AGE
+
+                   I                   II               III
+  --------+-----------------++---------------------++--------------------
+   _Years_|_Number entering_||   _First sexual_    ||  _Number entering_
+  _of age_|    _Bedford_    ||     _offense_       ||   _prostitution_
+  --------+------+----------++-------+-------------++-------+------------
+      7   |  ..  |  ......  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||   ..  |  .....
+      9   |  ..  |  ......  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||   ..  |  .....
+     10   |  ..  |  ......  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||   ..  |  .....
+     11   |  ..  |  ......  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||   ..  |  .....
+     12   |  ..  |  ......  ||    4  |   1.33-1/3% ||   ..  |  .....
+     13   |  ..  |  ......  ||   12  |   4.      % ||    1  |    .37%
+     14   |  ..  |  ......  ||   29  |   9.66-2/3% ||    3  |   1.12%
+     15   |  12  |   1.86%  ||   43  |  14.33-1/3% ||   11  |   4.08%
+     16   |  41  |   6.34%  ||   61  |  20.33-1/3% ||   19  |   7.06%
+     17   |  65  |  10.05%  ||   40  |  13.33-1/3% ||   40  |  14.87%
+     18   |  47  |   7.26%  ||   31  |  10.33-1/3% ||   35  |  13.01%
+     19   |  65  |  10.05%  ||   28  |   9.33-1/3% ||   32  |  11.90%
+     20   |  50  |   7.71%  ||   19  |   6.33-1/3% ||   28  |  10.41%
+     21   |  61  |   9.43%  ||   15  |   5.00%     ||   31  |  11.52%
+     22   |  73  |  11.28%  ||    3  |   1.  %     ||   22  |   8.18%
+     23   |  48  |   7.42%  ||    6  |   2.  %     ||   17  |   6.32%
+     24   |  53  |   8.19%  ||    3  |   1.  %     ||    9  |   3.35%
+     25   |  40  |   6.18%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||   10  |   3.72%
+     26   |  22  |   3.40%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||    3  |   1.12%
+     27   |  20  |   3.09%  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||    6  |   2.23%
+     28   |  22  |   3.40%  ||    1  |    .33-1/3% ||    2  |    .74%
+     29   |  24  |   3.71%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||   ..  |  .....
+     30   |   2  |    .31%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||   ..  |  .....
+     31   |   1  |    .15%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||   ..  |  .....
+     32   |   1  |    .15%  ||   ..  |   ........  ||   ..  |  .....
+  --------+------+----------++-------+-------------++-------+------------
+  Total   |      |          ||       |             ||       |
+  No.     |      |          ||       |             ||       |
+  cases   | 647  |  99.98%  ||  300  |       100%  ||  269  |    100%
+  --------+------+----------++-------+-------------++-------+------------
+  Average |                 ||                     ||
+  Age     |20 yr. 11.06 mos.|| 17 yrs. 16 days     || 18 yrs. 9.18 mos.
+  --------+-----------------++---------------------++--------------------
+  Highest             32    || Highest        28   || Highest        28
+  Lowest              15    || Lowest          7   || Lowest         13
+  Average             20.09 || Average        17   || Average        18.7
+  Mode                22    || Mode           16   || Mode           17
+  Mean                23.5  || Mean           17.5 || Mean           18.5
+  No. of cases       647    || No. of cases  300   || No. of cases  269
+  --------------------------++---------------------++--------------------
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XIV
+
+(_Made from Table of Percentages_)]
+
+
+TABLE XV
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN BORN
+
+                 { White     341
+  [312]City born {                  404    82.48%
+                 { Colored    63
+
+                 { White      63
+  Country born   {                   85    17.47%
+                 { Colored    22
+
+  Unknown                             2     0.05%
+                            ----   ----   -------
+                     TOTAL          491
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XV]
+
+
+TABLE XVI
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+REASONS FOR COMING TO NEW YORK, OF THOSE BORN OUTSIDE NEW YORK CITY
+
+  Ran away to escape home conditions           11
+  To live with family                          78
+  To obtain work or easier work                26
+  To practice prostitution                      9
+  To see New York                              10
+  With lover                                    1
+  Unknown                                       4
+                                              ---
+                                     TOTAL    139
+
+
+TABLE XVII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+PROSTITUTION: PRACTICED CONTINUOUSLY OR INTERRUPTEDLY
+
+  Continuously                                       166      59.50%
+
+                    { Married                 19
+                    { Living with parents      4
+  Not continuously  { Stealing                 3
+                    { Working                 32      58      20.79%
+
+  No statistics                                       55      19.71%
+                                                    ----     -------
+               TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES CONSIDERED      279
+
+
+TABLE XVIII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+TRADES COMBINED WITH PROSTITUTION
+
+  _Trade_                      _No. of Cases_  _Per cent._
+  Demonstrator                       1
+  Clerk in department store          4
+  Domestic                          22
+  Factory operative                 17
+  Laundry employees                  4
+  Manicure                           1
+  Office work                        2
+  Sewing                             2
+  Theatrical work                    6
+  Waitress                           8
+  Stealing                           6
+  Received money from husband        2
+  Prostitution only                204            73.11
+                                  ----           ------
+                            TOTAL  279
+
+
+TABLE XIX
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+WEEKLY EARNINGS FROM PROSTITUTION
+
+  ----+-------+-------+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+      |Support|Support|$3|$5|$6|$10|$12|$14|$15|$18|$19|$20|$25|$30|$35|
+      |Partial|       |  |  |  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+  ----+-------+-------+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+  High|   2   |   9   | .| 2| .| 4 | . | 1 | 7 | . | 1 | 8 |  3| 10| 3 |
+  Low |   1   |   .   | 1| 4| 1| 7 | 4 | . | 8 | 2 | . | 5 | 13|  6| 3 |
+  ----+-------+-------+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+
+  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+
+  |$38|$40|$45|$50|$55|$59|$60|$63|$70|$75|$90|$100|$110|$120|$125|$150|
+  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |
+  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+
+  | 1 | 4 | 2 | 24| . | 1 | 12| . | 7 | 7 | . | 15 |  1 |  1 |  2 |  5 |
+  | . | 3 | . | 14| 1 | . |  4| 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |  6 |  . |  . |  1 |  4 |
+  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+  +----+----+----+----+----+---------+-------
+  |$200|$240|$250|$300|$400|  Total  |Average
+  |    |    |    |    |    |No. cases|
+  +----+----+----+----+----+---------+-------
+  |  7 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  1 |   146   |$71.09
+  |  . |  . |  . |  1 |  . |    95   | 46.02
+  +----+----+----+----+----+---------+-------
+
+
+TABLE XX
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+EARNED AT THE SAME TIME WITH PROSTITUTION
+
+  -----------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+             | Weekly | For |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+             |  Wages |Board|$.50|1.00|2.00|2.50|3.00|3.50|3.75|4.00|4.50|
+  -----------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  Wages of   |  High  |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  occupations|34 cases|   . |  . |  . |  . |  . |  1 |  1 |  . |  2 |  . |
+  excluding  |        |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Domestic   |  Low   |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Service    |34 cases|   . |  . |  . |  3 |  . |  5 |  2 |  . |  6 |  2 |
+             |        |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+             |  High  |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  Domestic   |23 cases|   . |  . |  1 |  1 |  1 |  . |  1 |  1 |  7 |  2 |
+  Service    |  Low   |     |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+             |23 cases|  11 |  . |  5 |  3 |  7 |  2 |  . |  1 |  1 |  1 |
+  -----------+--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |
+  |4.60|5.00|5.50|6.00|7.00|8.00|9.00|10.00|11.00|12.00|13.00|14.00|15.00|
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |  . |  6 |  2 |  6 |  3 |  4 |  2 |  2  |  1  |  1  |  1  |  .  |  .  |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |  . | 10 |  . |  3 |  . |  . |  . |  .  |  .  |  2  |  .  |  .  |  .  |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |  . |  6 |  2 |  . |  . |  . |  . |  .  |  .  |  .  |  .  |  .  |  1  |
+  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  |  . |  . |  1 |  . |  . |  . |  . |  .  |  .  |  .  |  .  |  .  |  .  |
+  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+
+  +-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |16.00|17.00|18.00|Maximum|Minimum|Average|Mode
+  +-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |  .  |  .  |  2  |$18.00 | $3.00 | $6.42 |$5.00
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |to $6
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |  .  |  .  |  .  | 12.00 |  2.00 |  4.68 | 5.00
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |  .  |  .  |  .  |  15.00|  1.00 |  4.60 | 4.00
+  |     |     |     |       |       |       |
+  |  .  |  .  |  .  |   6.00|   ..  |  2.86 | 3.00
+  +-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----
+
+GRAPHS ILLUSTRATING TABLE XX
+
+[Illustration: _Wages in Trades excluding Domestic Service--34 cases_]
+
+[Illustration: _Wages in Domestic Service--23 Cases_]
+
+
+TABLE XXI
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+CAUSE OF FIRST SEXUAL OFFENSE
+
+  Love                                          108  38.71%
+
+        {Married   {Living with husband   1
+        {          {Separated from "     10   11
+  Pay   {
+        {          {Lover                17        57  20.43%
+        {Single    {Playmate              4
+        {          {Stranger             25   46
+
+        {Relative                              7
+  Force {Lover                                27
+        {Playmate                              3
+        {Stranger                             25   62  22.22%
+
+  Weakness                                         23   8.24%
+  Physical predisposition                           2    .71%
+  Unknown                                          27   9.64%
+                                                 ------------
+                        TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES     279
+
+
+TABLE XXII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+MENTAL CONDITION
+
+  Insane--Transferred to asylums            20
+  Insane tendencies                          3
+  Feeble-minded (distinctly so)            107
+  Border-line--neurotic                     26
+  Weak-willed--"No moral sense"             26
+  "Wild"--truants--run-a-ways               11  193  29.8%
+
+
+TABLE XXIII
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+CAUSES. REASONS GIVEN BY THE GIRL
+
+  _A. In connection with her family_
+      1. Immorality of the parents                       15
+      2. Incompatibility                                 39
+      3. Neglect and abuse                               26
+      4. No mother or father or neither                 166
+      5. Over indulgence                                 10
+      6. Over strictness                                 35
+      7. Poverty                                          9
+      8. Turned out                                       6
+                                                       ----  306
+  _B. In connection with married life_
+      1. Death of husband                                 5
+      2. Desertion by husband                             8
+      3. Immorality (includes cruelty or criminality)    14
+      4. Incompatibility                                 26
+      5. Husband put girl on street                       2
+                                                       ----   55
+  _C. Personal reasons_
+      1. Bad company                                     75
+      2. No sex instruction                              10
+      3. Idle or lonely                                   5
+      4. Sick, needed the money                           4
+      5. Ruined anyway                                   10
+      6. Lover put girl on the street                    10
+      7. Previous use of drink or drugs                   7
+      8. White slave                                      2
+      9. Tired of drudgery                                4
+     10. "Easy money"                                    17
+     11. Dances                                          13
+     12. Lazy, hated work                                20
+     13. Stage environment                                9
+     14. Love of the life                                15
+     15. Desertion by lover                               3
+     16. Desire for pleasure (theatre, food, clothes)    48
+     17. Desire for money                                38
+     18. Ashamed to go home after first escapade          1
+                                                       ----  291
+  _D. Economic reasons_
+      1. Can't support herself                            5
+      2. Can't support herself and children               1
+      3. Couldn't find work                              13   19
+                                                        --------
+                                                 TOTAL       671
+
+
+TABLE XXIV
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+OFFENSES
+
+_No. Cases, 647_
+
+                 _Misdemeanor_
+  ------------------------------------------------
+  Assault 3rd degree                             9
+  Attempted suicide                              1
+  Concealing birth of child                      1
+  Corrupting morals of a minor                   3
+  Indecent exposure                              1
+  Keeping a disorderly house                     3
+  Maintaining a place for smoking opium          1
+  Petit larceny                                 71
+  Unlawfully injuring propt'y                    1
+  Using vulgar and indecent language in public   1
+
+  TOTAL, 92 or 14.21%
+
+                 _Felonies_
+  ------------------------------------------------
+  Assault 2nd degree                             4
+  Attempted grand larceny                       13
+  Burglary 3rd degree                            3
+  Felonously selling cocaine                     1
+  Grand larceny, 1st degree                     12
+  Grand larceny, 2nd degree                     63
+  Manslaughter, 2nd degree                       3
+  Receiving stolen goods                         4
+  Robbery                                        2
+
+  TOTAL, 105 or 16.22%
+
+              _Other Offenses_
+  ------------------------------------------------
+  Associating with dissolute persons and in
+      danger of becoming morally deprav'd       50
+  Common prostitute                            272
+  Disorderly child                              25
+  Disorderly conduct                            44
+  Frequenting disorderly houses                  6
+  Intercourse with boys                          1
+  Public intoxication or habitual drunkard      14
+  Vagrancy                                      38
+
+  TOTAL, 450 or 69.55%
+
+
+TABLE XXV
+
+BEDFORD CASES
+
+PREVIOUS RECORDS, SO FAR AS CAN BE ASCERTAINED
+
+  Bedford State Reformatory for women               13
+  Catholic Protectory                                4
+  County jails                                       6
+  Florence Crittenton Home                           7
+  Gerry Society                                      4
+  House of Good Shepherd, Brooklyn                  20
+  House of Good Shepherd, New York                  34
+  House of Mercy, Inwood                            23
+  House of Refuge, Randall's Island                 15
+  Insane Asylums                                     2
+  Magdalen Asylum                                   16
+  Massachusetts State Industrial School, Lancaster   3
+  New York Juvenile Asylum                           5
+  New York State Industrial School, Rochester        3
+  New York State Training School for Girls, Hudson   6
+  Orphan Asylum                                     20
+  Penitentiaries                                     7
+  Sherbourne Prison                                  1
+  Washington Square Home                             3
+  Waverly House                                      4
+  Wayside Home                                      13
+  Workhouse                                         65
+  Various other homes for Wayward Girls             31        305  47.1
+                                                    --
+  Say never in institution and never arrested previously            255
+
+  Admit one or more previous arrests, but got off with
+  fine, suspended sentence or discharge, and claim never
+  to have been committed                                             66
+
+  Admit having been on probation                                     21
+                                                                   ----
+                                           TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES    647
+
+  OF THE ABOVE
+
+  Arrested twice, once fined, once on probation                       1
+  In one institution, twice arrested and once on probation            3
+  In one institution, three arrests and on probation                  1
+  In one institution, several other arrests                           3
+  In one institution, workhouse eight times, six months each          1
+  In two institutions                                                30
+  In two institutions, several other arrests                          6
+  In three institutions                                               5
+  In three institutions, several other arrests                        2
+  In four institutions                                                1
+  In four institutions, several times Raymond St. Jail                1
+  Six months in workhouse, four times arrested, twice fined           1
+  Workhouse once, six times arrested and fined                        1
+  Workhouse once, seven times arrested                                1
+  In two institutions, workhouse once, fined three times, and on
+    probation                                                         1
+  In Madgalen, twice; Good Shepherd, once; 10 days in workhouse;
+    three times arrested; on probation once                           1
+  In workhouse twice; arrested six times; on probation once           1
+  In one home; workhouse twice; twice fined, and once discharged      1
+  Workhouse, three terms                                              1
+  Workhouse, three terms, six months each; four times fined.          1
+  In three institutions; workhouse, three times; seven other arrests  1
+  Arrested about 30 times; City prison, 10 weeks; workhouse, 6 terms;
+    fined over 20 times                                               1
+  Three times on the Island; arrested over 30 times                   1
+  Twice at Good Shepherd, workhouse two terms and arrested nine times 1
+  Two and one-half years House of Refuge, arrested five times; on
+    Island four times                                                 1
+  Two terms at Hudson; three arrests; workhouse, three months;
+    Bedford for third time                                            1
+  House of Refuge, four years; Juvenile Asylum, one year; more
+    than 40 times at the workhouse, once on probation                 1
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XXVI]
+
+
+TABLE XXVI
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+BIRTHPLACE
+
+  _American Born_                       _Foreign Born_
+
+  New York City              210     Austro-Hungary          34
+  Other parts of N. Y. State  53     Canada                  11
+  Alabama                      2     England-Scotland         9
+  Arizona                      1     Finland                  0
+  Arkansas                     1     France                   4
+  California                   6     Galacia                  2
+  Colorado                     1     Germany                 24
+  Connecticut                  4     Holland                  0
+  Delaware                     2     India                    0
+  District Columbia            3     Ireland                 12
+  Florida                      3     Italy                    6
+  Georgia                      3     Mexico                   1
+  Illinois                     4     Poland                   9
+  Indiana                      2     Roumania                 2
+  Iowa                         0     Russia                  46
+  Kansas                       1     Sweden                   5
+  Kentucky                     2     Switzerland              2
+  Louisiana                    0     Venezuela                1
+  Maine                        0     West Indies              7
+  Maryland                     5     Total No. foreign born 175  28.68%
+  Massachusetts               24      "    "  American "    435  71.31%
+  Michigan                     1                           ----
+  Minnesota                    1                     TOTAL  610
+  Mississippi                  1
+  Missouri                     0
+  New Hampshire                1
+  New Jersey                  17
+  North Carolina               6
+  Ohio                         3
+  Oregon                       0
+  Pennsylvania                23
+  Rhode Island                 2
+  South Carolina               7
+  Tennessee                    0
+  Texas                        3
+  Virginia                     8
+  Vermont                      0
+  West Virginia                0
+  Wisconsin                    2
+  Unknown                     33
+                            ----
+                     TOTAL   435
+
+
+TABLE XXVII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN CITY AND COUNTRY OF 147 CASES, BORN IN THE UNITED
+STATES
+
+  City born                              85  57.82%
+  Country born                           62  42.18%
+                                       ----
+                                  TOTAL 147
+
+  Born in cities of New York             52
+  Born in cities of other states         33
+                                       ----
+                                  TOTAL  85
+
+  Born in country, New York State         1
+  Born in country, other states          61
+                                       ----
+                                  TOTAL  62     147
+
+
+TABLE XXVIII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+REASONS FOR COMING TO NEW YORK OF 400 CASES BORN OUTSIDE THE CITY,
+AMERICAN AND FOREIGN
+
+  Ran away to escape home conditions             4
+           To live with family or husband       63
+           To obtain work, or easier work       57
+           To practice prostitution             42
+           To see New York                      10
+           With lover                           11
+           Unknown or not given                213
+                                               ---
+                          TOTAL NUMBER CASES   400
+
+
+TABLE XXIX
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+EDUCATION
+
+  Does not read or write in any language            68  11.15%
+  Reads and writes a foreign language               20   3.28%
+  Reads and writes English, no further education   335  54.92%
+  Finished fifth grade                              34   5.57%
+  Finished Grammar grades                           74  12.13%
+  Entered High School or Business courses           36   5.90%
+  Unknown                                           43   7.05%
+                                                    ----------
+  TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES                            610    100%
+
+
+TABLE XXX
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+OCCUPATIONS
+
+  _Before entering prostitution_      _After entering prostitution_
+          662 cases used                   497 cases used
+
+  Artist                    ..                                   1
+  Book-binding               1                                  ..
+  Canvasser                  2                                  ..
+  Chambermaid               34                                   5
+  Clerk in small store       9                                  ..
+  Companion                  1                                  ..
+  Department store          70  10.57%                          10
+  Errand girl                1                                   1
+  Factory                  215  32.46%                          24
+  Domestic service         117  17.67%                          20
+  Laundry                   16                                   1
+  Librarian                  1                                  ..
+  Manicure                   4                                   2
+  Massage                    1                                  ..
+  Millinery                 12                                   2
+  Nurse girl                34                                   1
+  Office work               20                                   0
+  Palmist                    1                                  ..
+  Salvation Army worker      1                                  ..
+  Sewing                    16                                   4
+  Steel Engraver             1                                  ..
+  Stenographer               8                                  ..
+  Teacher                    1                                  ..
+  Telephone operator        13                                  ..
+  Theatrical work           20                                   3
+  Waitress                  53                                   6
+  No work                   10  Supported by prostitution only 353
+                          ----  Supported by husband or parents 23
+                     TOTAL 662  Stealing                        11
+                                Unknown                         30
+                                                              ----
+                                                         TOTAL 497
+
+
+TABLE XXXI
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+AGE
+
+  _Years_     _Number_     _First_      _Number_
+   _of_      _entering_    _sexual_    _entering_
+   _age_   _Institution_  _offense_  _prostitution_
+
+    6           ..            1           ..
+    7           ..            1           ..
+    8           ..           ..           ..
+    9           ..            1           ..
+   10           ..            2           ..
+   11            2            5            3
+   12            2            9            1
+   13           ..            7           ..
+   14            7           33            7
+   15            7           67           32
+   16           20           59           45
+   17           28           83           67
+   18           43           77           73
+   19           54           56           59
+   20           51           35           66
+   21           31           31           37
+   22           54           32           35
+   23           41           12           25
+   24           54           10           24
+   25           31            7           13
+   26           31           11            9
+   27           20            3            8
+   28           28            6            6
+   29           15            1            1
+   30           23            5            4
+   31           14            2            2
+   32           14            1            2
+   33            6           ..           ..
+   34            7           ..           ..
+   35            1           ..            1
+   36            5            3            1
+   37            2           ..           ..
+   38            1           ..           ..
+   39            2           ..           ..
+   40            4            1            1
+              ----         ----         ----
+      TOTAL    598          561          522
+
+  Highest Age   40           40           40
+  Lowest Age    11            6           11
+  Average    22.66 years  17.95        19.60
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XXXI]
+
+
+TABLE XXXII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+WEEKLY EARNINGS--BEFORE ENTERING PROSTITUTION
+
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+                      |Living|$ .50|$1.00|$1.50|$2.00|$2.50|$3.00|$3.50|
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+  Wages of  {High     |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Trades    {377 cases|      |     |  2  |     |  1  |  2  |  6  |  5  |
+  excluding {         |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Domestic  {Low      |      |  1  |  2  |     |  9  | 13  | 41  | 20  |
+  Service   {377 cases|      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+            {High     |      |  2  |     |  4  | 14  | 14  | 20  | 14  |
+  Wage of   {156 cases|      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Domestic  {         |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Service   {Low      |   4  |     |  2  |  7  | 11  | 22  | 15  | 17  |
+            {156 cases|      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+  $4.00|$4.50|$5.00|$5.50|$6.00|$7.00|$8.00|$9.00|$10.00|$11.00|$12.00|
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+   14  | 15  | 57  |  9  | 60  | 48  | 42  | 22  |  28  |   4  |  27  |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+   36  | 26  | 73  | 29  | 48  | 15  | 22  |  8  |  12  |      |  10  |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+   17  | 25  | 33  |  2  |  6  |  2  |  1  |  1  |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+   19  | 26  | 22  |  7  |  2  |     |  1  |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+  $13.00|$14.00|$15.00|$18.00|$20.00|$22.00|$25.00|$30.00|$50.00|$70.00|
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+     2  |   4  |  14  |      |   7  |   1  |   5  |   1  |      |   1  |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+     1  |   1  |   4  |      |   4  |      |   1  |   1  |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |   1  |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |   1  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+  Highest|Lowest|Mode, wage |Average| Mode
+   wage  | wage |of greatest| wage  |
+         |      | frequency |       |
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+         |      |           |       |
+     $70 | $1.00|    $6.00  | $8.10 | $6.00
+         |      |           |       |
+      30 |   .50|     5.00  |  5.53 |  5.00
+         |      |           |       |
+         |      |           |       |
+      20 |   .50|     5.00  |  3.99 |  5.00
+         |      |           |       |
+         |      |           |       |
+      14 | Liv'g|     4.50  |  3.63 |  4.50
+         |      |           |       |
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+
+
+COMBINED WITH PROSTITUTION
+
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+                      |Living|$ .50|$1.00|$1.50|$2.00|$2.50|$3.00|$3.50|
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+  Wages of  {High     |      |     |     |     |     |     |  2  |     |
+  Trades    {63 cases |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  excluding {         |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Domestic  {Low      |      |     |     |     |     |     |  2  |  2  |
+  Service   {63 cases |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                      |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+            {High     |      |     |     |     |  1  |  2  |  3  |     |
+  Wage of   {15 cases |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Domestic  {         |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  Service   {Low      |      |  1  |     |     |     |  5  |  2  |     |
+            {15 cases |      |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  --------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+  $4.00|$4.50|$5.00|$5.50|$6.00|$7.00|$8.00|$9.00|$10.00|$11.00|$12.00|
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+       |  2  |  8  |     | 12  | 10  |  6  |  3  |   3  |      |   6  |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+    5  |  5  | 14  |     | 12  |  3  |  8  |  2  |   6  |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |  1  |  3  |     |  2  |  2  |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+    2  |     |  4  |     |     |     |     |     |   1  |      |      |
+       |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |      |      |
+  -----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+
+
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+  $13.00|$14.00|$15.00|$18.00|$20.00|$22.00|$25.00|$30.00|$50.00|$70.00|
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      | wage |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        |      |   6  |      |   2  |      |   1  |   1  |      |   1  |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |   3  |      |      |      |   1  |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |   1  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+  Highest|Lowest|Mode, wage |Average| Mode
+   wage  | wage |of greatest| wage  |
+         |      | frequency |       |
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+    $70  | $3.00|    $6.00  | $9.98 | $6.00
+         |      |           |       |
+         |      |           |       |
+     25  |  3.00|     5.00  |  6.83 |  5.00
+         |      |           |       |
+         |      |           |       |
+     15  |  2.00|           |  5.10 |
+         |      |           |       |
+         |      |           |       |
+     10  |   .50|     2.50  |  3.70 |  2.50
+         |      |           |       |
+  -------+------+-----------+-------+------
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XXXII
+
+_Earnings in Trades excluding Domestic Service_]
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XXXII
+
+_Wages in Domestic Service_]
+
+
+TABLE XXXIII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+SOCIAL RELATIONS
+
+  No children                                            214
+  Miscarriages and abortions                              36
+
+                {One                              28
+                {Two                               7
+  Legitimate    {Three                             5
+  children      {Four                              1
+                {Five                              2
+                {Eight                             1      44
+
+  Illegitimate  {One                              66
+  children      {Two                              ..
+                {Three                             2      68
+
+  Unknown                                                135
+                                                  ----------
+  TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES WHERE STATISTICS ARE GIVEN       497
+
+
+TABLE XXXIV
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+RESIDENCE OF GIRL BEFORE ENTERING PROSTITUTION
+
+                         {Giving all they made      66
+  Living at home         {
+                         {Giving part               62  128
+
+                         {Giving all they made       0
+  Living with relatives  {
+                         {Giving part               22   22
+
+  BOARDING AMOUNT PAID PER WEEK
+
+  $1.00  $1.50  $2.00  $2.50  $3.00  $3.50  $4.00
+    2      4      4      6     31     12     12
+
+  $4.50  $6.00  $5.00  $7.00  $8.00 $10.00
+    9     17      1      3      ..     3                 104
+                                                        ----
+  Total number cases, where statistics are given         254
+
+
+TABLE XXXV
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+CAUSE OF FIRST SEXUAL OFFENSE
+
+  Love                                                231  37.86%
+
+        {         { Living with husband        6
+        {         { Separated from husband    10
+  Pay   { Married {
+        {         { Widow                     51
+        {         { Put on street by husband  10   77       12.78%
+        {
+        { Single                                   48  125  20.49%
+                                                   ---------------
+
+        { Relative                                 11
+        { Lover                                     5
+  Force {
+        { Playmate                                  3
+        { Stranger                                 43   62  10.16%
+                                                   ---------------
+
+  Weakness                                             26   4.26%
+
+  Physical predisposition                              41   6.72%
+
+  Unknown                                             125  20.49%
+                                                      ---
+                               TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES  610
+
+
+TABLE XXXVI
+
+INSTITUTION CASES, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+PROSTITUTION, PRACTICED CONTINUOUSLY OR OCCASIONALLY
+
+                                   _No. cases_  _Percent._
+
+  Continuously                           445        72.95
+
+                { Working girls     48
+  Occasionally  {
+                { Married women     27    75        12.29
+
+  Unknown                                 14         2.30
+
+  Cases omitted, first offenders, etc.    76        12.46
+                                         ----------------
+                  TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES  610
+
+
+TABLE XXXVII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+WEEKLY EARNINGS FROM PROSTITUTION
+
+  ----+-------+-------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
+      |Partial|Support|0-2| $5|$10|$15|$20|$25|$30|$35|$40|$45|$50|$55|$60
+      |Support|       |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+  ----+-------+-------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
+  High|       |       |   | 2 |  1| 10|  6| 20| 11|  5|  5|  1| 36|   |  5
+  Low |   4   |   77  | 3 | 8 | 18| 21| 20| 35| 11|  3|  9|   | 28|   |  4
+  ----+-------+-------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
+  ----+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+      |$65|$70|$75|$80|$90|$100|$120|$125|$150|$200|$250|$400|$500|
+      |   |   |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
+  ----+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  High|   | 4 | 18|  5|  2| 41 |  4 |  3 | 20 |  6 |  3 |  2 |  1 |
+  Low |   | 17| 10|  4| 43|    |  4 | 10 |  1 |  2 |    |    |    |
+  ----+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+  ---------+-------
+  Total No.|Average
+   Cases   |
+  ---------+-------
+     211   |$81.91
+     334   | 53.06
+  ---------+-------
+
+
+TABLE XXXVIII
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+DISPOSITION OF EARNINGS FROM PROSTITUTION
+
+  To lover or any one    { All given   138
+  acting as pimp, except {
+  husband                { Part given    9  147
+  To husband                                 31
+  To parents or children                     45
+  To self                                   216
+  Unknown                                   171
+                                            ---
+                                     TOTAL  610
+
+
+TABLE XXXIX
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+DISEASES INCIDENTAL TO PROSTITUTION
+
+(_Clinically Determined_)
+
+                                            _Cases_  _Percent._
+  No disease                                   75      47.4
+  Syphilis                                     25
+  Gonorrhea                                    49
+  Syphilis and gonorrhea                        9      52.5
+                                              ---
+                      TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES   158
+
+Only institution cases are counted in which a physical examination has
+been given. All are taken from the records of Waverly House and the Church
+Mission of Help. But all of their cases were not examined. That is, out of
+158 cases where they deemed an examination desirable 52.5 per cent were
+found to be diseased.
+
+
+TABLE XL
+
+CASES IN INSTITUTIONS, OTHER THAN BEDFORD
+
+CAUSES. REASONS GIVEN BY THE GIRL
+
+  _A. In connection with her family_
+     1. Neglect or abuse                                     41
+     2. Immorality of parents                                25
+     3. Over strictness                                      21
+     4. Over indulgence                                       3
+     5. Poverty                                              27
+     6. Incompatibility (quarrels, nagging, etc.)            27
+     7. Father, mother or near relative put girl in life      6
+     8. Turned out of the house                              18----168
+
+  _B. In connection with married life_
+     1. Incompatibility                                       8
+     2. Non-support                                          24
+     3. Immorality (including cruelty or criminality)        29
+     4. Desertion                                            12
+     5. Death                                                16
+     6. Husband put girl in the life                         26----115
+
+  _C. Personal reasons_
+     1. "Ruined anyway"                                      15
+     2. Lover put girl in the life                           80
+     3. Desertion by lover                                   33
+     4. White slave (put into life by force)                 21
+     5. Bad company                                         108
+     6. Dances and shows                                     23
+     7. Love of excitement or a good time                    58
+     8. Lazy, won't work                                     12
+     9. Love of money (a business enterprise)                 3
+    10. Idle or lonely                                        0
+    11. No sex instruction                                    6
+    12. Ashamed to go home after first escapade              23
+    13. Not satisfied with one man                            7
+    14. "Born bad"--enjoys the life                           2
+    15. Previous use of drugs or drink                       11
+    16. Stage environment                                     9
+    17. Tired of drudgery (usually housework)                16
+    18. "Easy money"                                         58
+    19. Love of clothes                                       7----492
+
+  _D. Economic reasons_
+     1. Can't support herself                                67
+     2. Can't support herself and children or parents        37
+     3. Can't live according to her standards                17
+     4. Out of work, can't get work (often because of)       60
+     5. Ill health or defect                                 53
+     6. Not trained for skilled work and above the unskilled  2----236
+                                                             ---------
+                                                       TOTAL      1011
+
+[Illustration: GRAPH ILLUSTRATING TABLE XLI]
+
+
+TABLE XLI
+
+STREET CASES
+
+BIRTHPLACE
+
+  _American Born_
+    {New York City              234
+    {Brooklyn                    20
+    {Staten Island                1
+    {Other cities in New York    36
+    {New York State (country)    53
+     California                   8
+     Colorado                     5
+     Connecticut                 26
+     Delaware                     2
+     District of Columbia         1
+     Florida                      2
+     Georgia                      2
+     Illinois                    14
+     Indiana                      1
+     Iowa                         1
+     Kansas                       2
+     Kentucky                    10
+     Louisiana                    5
+     Maryland                     8
+     Maine                        3
+     Massachusetts               25
+     Michigan                    13
+     Mississippi                  1
+     Missouri                    10
+     Nebraska                     1
+     New Hampshire                2
+     New Jersey                  63
+     Ohio                        35
+     Pennsylvania                95
+     Rhode Island                 6
+     South Carolina               3
+     Tennessee                    2
+     Texas                        4
+     Vermont                      7
+     Virginia                    20
+     Washington                   1
+     West Virginia                6
+     Wisconsin                    3
+     Unknown                     31
+                               ----
+            TOTAL AMERICAN BORN, 762
+
+  _Foreign Born_
+      Austria-Hungary             35
+      Belgium                      1
+      Bohemia                      1
+      Canada                      13
+      Denmark                      1
+      England-Scotland            32
+      France                      13
+      Galacia                     12
+      Germany                     72
+      Ireland                     29
+      Italy                        8
+      Holland                      1
+      Poland                       4
+      Russia                     107
+      Roumania                     7
+      Sweden                       5
+      Switzerland                  3
+                                ----
+  TOTAL
+      Foreign born               344  31.04%
+      American born              762  68.94%
+                                ----
+                   GRAND TOTAL, 1106
+
+
+TABLE XLII
+
+STREET CASES
+
+  EDUCATION
+                                             _No. Girls_
+
+  Does not read or write in any language            127
+
+  Reads and writes a foreign language                10
+
+  Reads and writes English, no further education    687
+
+  Reads and writes, how much more not given         222
+
+  Graduated from grammar grades, at least            46
+
+                            {4 stenographers
+  Some special education    {2 translators            7
+                            {1 linguist
+                                                   ----
+                         TOTAL NUMBER CASES   [313]1099
+
+
+TABLE XLIII
+
+STREET CASES
+
+PROSTITUTION, PRACTICED CONTINUOUSLY OR OCCASIONALLY
+
+                                  _No. Cases_  _Percent._
+
+  Continuously                          1049     94.84+
+
+                 {Working girls    26
+  Occasionally   {
+                 {Married women     7     33      2.98+
+
+  Unknown                                 24      2.17+
+                                        ----
+                TOTAL NUMBER CASES      1106
+
+
+TABLE XLIV
+
+STREET CASES
+
+AGE
+
+   Years    Number at     First       Number
+  of age   present age    sexual     entering
+                          offense   prostitution
+     6          ...            2            1
+     8          ...            2          ...
+    10          ...            2          ...
+    12          ...           11          ...
+    13          ...            3          ...
+    14          ...           71            6
+    15          ...           85           26
+    16          ...          167          114
+    17            1          189          176
+    18           12          147          223
+    19           40           94          123
+    20           66           61          110
+    21           88           38           72
+    22          131           29           44
+    23          137           15           22
+    24          205           15           30
+    25           57           15           21
+    26           98           15           23
+    27           46            8           11
+    28           74            5           10
+    29           44          ...          ...
+    30           36            3            2
+    31            3          ...          ...
+    32           15            1            3
+    33            7            1            1
+    34           13          ...          ...
+    35            8            1            1
+    36            3          ...          ...
+    37          ...            1            1
+    38            2            1            1
+    40           11          ...          ...
+    42            1          ...          ...
+    44            3          ...          ...
+    49            2          ...          ...
+    50            3          ...          ...
+  Not given     ...          124           81
+               ----         ----         ----
+         TOTAL 1106         1106         1106
+
+  Highest Age  50             38           38
+  Lowest Age   17              6           14
+  Average      25.62+ yrs.  17.87+ yrs.  19.44 yrs.
+  Mode         24             11           18
+  Mean         33.5           22           25
+
+
+TABLE XLV
+
+STREET CASES
+
+WEEKLY EARNINGS FROM PROSTITUTION
+
+  -------+-------+-------+----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
+         |Partial|Support|0-$3|$5-$7|$10.00|$15.00|$20.00|$25.00|$30.00|
+         |Support|       |    |     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  -------+-------+-------+----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
+  Highest|       |   3   |    |     |   2  |   5  |  22  |  23  |  25  |
+  Lowest |       |  19   | 23 |  59 |  85  |  58  | 103  |  75  |  80  |
+  -------+-------+-------+----+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
+
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+  $35.00|$40.00|$45.00|$50.00|$55.00|$60.00|$65.00|$70.00|$75.00|$80.00|
+        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+    12  |  73  |  34  |  90  |  38  |  80  |  21  |  39  |  76  |  61  |
+    64  |  53  |  24  |  81  |  12  |  23  |   7  |   6  |  17  |  10  |
+  ------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+
+  ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+  $85.00|$90.00|$95.00|$100.00|$110.00|$120.00|$125.00|$150.00|$175.00|
+        |      |      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+        |      |      |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+  ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    23  |  22  |   2  |  103  |   22  |       |   22  |   84  |    9  |
+        |   4  |      |   43  |       |       |    4  |   10  |       |
+  ------+------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+  -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+----------+-------
+  $200.00|$250.00|$300.00|$400.00|$500.00|$1,000| No. Cases|Average
+         |       |       |       |       |      |   Used   |
+  -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+----------+-------
+     86  |   20  |   15  |    3  |    6  |   1  |   1022   | 97.725
+      1  |    2  |       |       |       |      |    863   | 35.80
+  -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+----------+-------
+
+
+TABLE XLVI
+
+STREET CASES
+
+OCCUPATIONS
+
+                               _Before_         _After_
+                              _Entering_       _Entering_
+                            _Prostitution_   _Prostitution_
+
+  Artist                             4          4
+  Artists' model                     2          3
+  Canvasser                          5          4
+  Chambermaid                        9          1
+  Clerk in small store              28         16
+  Companion                          1          1
+  Department store                 117         68
+  Errand girl                        1        ...
+  Factory                           72         21
+  Domestic service                  27         20
+  Laundry                            2        ...
+  Librarian                          1        ...
+  Manicure                           6          4
+  Massage                            2          2
+  Millinery                         13          2
+  Nurse girl                         8          1
+  Office work                       25         18
+  Palmist                            2          2
+  Sewing                            17          5
+  Stenographer                      31         27
+  Storekeeper                        1          2
+  Teacher                            9          6
+  Telephone operator                 9          5
+  Theatrical work                   72         88
+  Trained nurse                      4          3
+  Translator                         1          1
+  Waitress                          18          8
+  No work                          518        ...
+  Unknown                          101         33
+  Supported by prostitution only   ...        677
+  Supported by husband or family   ...         83
+  Stealing                         ...          1
+                                  ----       ----
+            TOTAL NUMBER CASES    1106       1106
+
+
+TABLE XLVII
+
+STREET CASES
+
+CAUSES OF FIRST SEXUAL OFFENSE
+
+  Love                                                   441  39.87%
+
+        {          {Living with husband         51
+  Pay   {Married   {Separated from husband      41
+        {          {Widow                       33
+        {          {Put on street by husband    28  153       13.84%
+        {
+        {Single                                     116  269  10.49%
+                                                    ---
+        {Relative                                         26   2.35%
+  Force {Lover                                             1    .09%
+  by    {Playmate                                          2    .18%
+        {Stranger                                         32   2.89%
+
+  Weakness (yielded to importunities)                     34   3.07%
+
+  Physical predisposition                                 84   7.60%
+
+  Unknown                                                217  19.62%
+                                                        ----  ------
+                                    TOTAL NUMBER CASES  1106
+
+
+TABLE XLVIII
+
+STREET CASES
+
+CAUSES. REASONS GIVEN BY THE GIRL
+
+  _A. In connection with her family_
+      1. Neglect or abuse                                      20
+      2. Immorality of parents                                 36
+      3. Over strictness                                       52
+      4. Over indulgence                                       11
+      5. Poverty                                               36
+      6. Incompatibility (quarrels, nagging, etc.)             20
+      7. No mother or no father, or neither                    12
+      8. Father, mother or near relative put girl in the life  10
+      9. Turned out of the house                               21    218
+
+  _B. In connection with married life_
+      1. Incompatibility                                       31
+      2. Non-support                                           34
+      3. Immorality (including cruelty or criminality)         39
+      4. Desertion                                             34
+      5. Death                                                 14
+      6. Put girl in the life                                  61    213
+
+  _C. Personal reasons_
+      1. Ruined anyway                                         32
+      2. Lover put girl in the life                           144
+      3. Desertion by lover                                    40
+      4. White slave (put in life by force)                     6
+      5. Bad company                                           61
+      6. Dances and shows                                       1
+      7. Love of excitement or a good time                    103
+      8. Lazy, won't work                                      49
+      9. Love of money (a business enterprise)                 50
+      10. Idle or lonely                                       19
+      11. Ashamed to go home after first escapade              13
+      12. "Born bad"--enjoys the life                         116
+      13. Previous use of drugs or drink                        1
+      14. Stage environment                                    36
+      15. Tired of drudgery (usually housework)                42
+      16. "Easy money"                                         58
+      17. Love of clothes                                      85    866
+
+  _D. Economic reasons_
+      1. Can't support herself                                 33
+      2. Can't support herself and children or parents         55
+      3. Out of work                                           42
+      4. Ill health or defect                                   9    139
+                                                           --------------
+                                                      TOTAL  1436
+
+In many cases, more than one reason was given, which explains the large
+_total_.
+
+
+TABLE XLIX
+
+RANK NUMERICALLY OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO POPULATION OF NEW
+YORK CITY COMPARED WITH THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD 2363 PROSTITUTES
+
+  I                    II                III
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Foreign born         _Bedford_         _Other Institutions_
+  population           647 cases         610 cases
+  of New York          156 foreign       175 foreign
+  City                 born              born
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+  1. Russia            Russia            Russia
+  2. Italy             Austria-Hungary   Austria-Hungary
+  3. Germany           Germany           Germany
+  4. Austria-Hungary   Ireland           Ireland
+  5. Ireland           England-Scotland  England-Scotland
+  6. England-Scotland  France            Canada
+  7. France            Italy             Italy
+  8.                                     France
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+  IV                    V
+  --------------------------------------
+  _Street Prostitutes_  _Combined_
+  1106 cases            2363 cases
+  344 foreign born      664 foreign born
+  --------------------------------------
+  Russia                Russia
+  Germany               Germany
+  Austria-Hungary       Austria-Hungary
+  England-Scotland      Ireland
+  Ireland               England-Scotland
+  France-Canada         France-Canada
+         (equal)               (equal)
+  Italy                 Italy
+
+  --------------------------------------
+
+
+TABLE L
+
+COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF NEW YORK CITY AS TO BIRTHPLACE COMPARED
+WITH BIRTHPLACE OF 2363 PROSTITUTES
+
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+                       |     I      |    II      |    III      |   IV
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+  Population of New    |_1910_[314] | Percentage | Prostitutes |Percentage
+  York City            | 4,766,883  |     of     |  2363       |   of
+                       | ---------  | Population | cases       |prostitutes
+                       | ---------  +------------+-------------+-----------
+  Native White         | 2,741,504  |   57.3%    |    1586     |    67.1
+  Foreign White        | 1,927,720  |   40.43    |     664     |    28.0
+  Negro                |    91,702  |    1.92    |     113     |     4.78
+  All other            |     5,957  |     .12    |     ...     |     ...
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+  _Of the foreign born_|            | _Percent.  |             |
+                       |            |entire pop._|             |
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+  Russia               | 485,600    |   10.18    |       197   |     8.33
+  Italy                | 340,400    |    7.14    |        21   |      .88
+  Germany              | 279,200    |    5.85    |       122   |     5.12
+  Austria-Hungary      | 265,500    |    5.57    |       110   |     4.65
+  Ireland              | 252,500    |    5.29    |        58   |     2.45
+  England-Scotland     | 104,100    |    2.18    |        57   |     2.41
+  France               |  18,200    |     .38    |        25   |     1.05
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+  Canada               |   ...      |    ...     |        25   |     1.05
+  ---------------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------
+
+
+TABLE LI
+
+COMPARISON OF EARNINGS AT PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS OF BEDFORD CASES WITH THOSE
+OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS AND WITH THE STREET CASES
+
+                                     _Average_
+               { Domestic service   { High $4.50 } with        52 cases
+  Bedford      {                    { Low   3.00 } board       52  "
+               { Other occupations  { High  8.00              110  "
+               {                    { Low   4.00              100  "
+
+               { Domestic service   { High  5.00 } with       156  "
+  Other        {                    { Low   4.50 } board      156  "
+  Institutions { Other occupations  { High  6.00              377  "
+               {                    { Low   5.00              377  "
+
+               { Domestic service   { High  5.43 } with        30  "
+  Street       {                    { Low   4.29 } board       27  "
+  Cases        { Other occupations  { High 13.92              420  "
+               {                    { Low   9.88              332  "
+
+  TOTAL CASES CONSIDERED:
+    Domestic service                                          238
+    Other occupations                                         907--1145
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+PREVENTIVE, REFORMATIVE, AND CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES IN NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+The agencies working to meet the need of wayward and professional
+delinquent women and girls in New York City are both private and public,
+direct and indirect. Work in this field can rarely be strictly
+characterized as either preventive, reformative or correctional. Almost
+all the agencies in question do both a preventive and a reformative work,
+though, in the main, the tendency toward preventive work is stronger than
+that toward rescue work. The following account is not exhaustive, but aims
+to deal with the representative institutions in each field.
+
+
+(a) THE WORK OF PREVENTION
+
+Preventive agencies cover a very wide range, beginning of course with the
+home and family, the school and the church; but important as these and
+similar institutions are, they are too general to come within the scope of
+this chapter. There are, however, certain societies and institutions which
+exert a potent though indirect influence,--among them the New York Society
+for the Suppression of Vice, the Society for the Prevention of Crime and
+the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. A few
+institutions render more direct service,--the Association for Befriending
+Children and Young Girls and the Children's Aid Society, for example.
+These, with the Home for the Friendless, the Sheltering Arms, the girls'
+departments of the Catholic Protectorate, the Juvenile Asylum, and other
+organizations maintain homes for the young. There are, moreover, numerous
+settlements with a hold on the young through kindergartens, clubs, and
+friendly services, doing a quiet but constantly effective preventive work;
+independent girls' clubs, thirty special ones in New York, providing
+opportunities for friendship, recreation and training; some societies,
+such as the Girls' Friendly, offering attractions to girls who have few
+advantages in their homes. The work of the Committee on Amusements and
+Vacation Resources of Working Girls has been active in the difficult dance
+hall problem, previously shown to be an important factor in the
+exploitation of prostitution. The Travelers' Aid Society, which assists
+incoming women of all classes at railway stations and docks, is a valuable
+safeguard. This society definitely helped 18,562 persons in the year 1912.
+Of these, 5,161 were from seventeen to twenty-five years of age, and
+nearly all women. Similar work for traveling colored girls is done by a
+department of the National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes. The
+Big Sisters assist girls who have already come to the point of grave
+danger. Working along the lines already marked out by the Big Brothers'
+Movement, women of devoted abilities are taking little girls who have
+already yielded to temptation and endeavoring to win them to useful lives.
+
+Homes for working girls and women, though touching this need indirectly,
+touch it strongly. There are many of these homes, maintained by
+philanthropic and religious boards of women; seventeen hundred women are
+accommodated in them. Their economic value has long been realized; their
+moral and social importance is beginning to be appreciated. Their
+usefulness as preventive agencies probably varies with the degree of
+experience, resourcefulness, and sympathy possessed by those who are
+directly in charge.
+
+Among the more definitely preventive agencies may be mentioned, first,
+societies of a national scope which aim to create healthy sentiment by
+emphasizing the grave dangers of the social evil. Such are the American
+Federation of Sex Hygiene and the Society of Sanitary and Moral
+Prophylaxis, operating through meetings, lectures and printed matter; the
+American Vigilance Association, which, originally organized to secure
+legislation and law enforcement as respects the white slave traffic, has
+now extended its operations so that it is actively engaged in a propaganda
+that touches the entire field of commercialized vice; it publishes a
+monthly periodical, _Vigilance_.
+
+Prominent among local organizations is the Committee of Fourteen,
+originally organized for the suppression of the Raines Law Hotels, now
+occupied in combating all manifestations of commercialized sexual vice in
+New York. It endeavors to secure more vigorous and effective action by all
+departments of state and city government having power to suppress vice;
+and it also strives to improve conditions in saloons and hotels through
+the influence and control over such places exercised by brewers and surety
+companies.
+
+Two societies doing important work in other lines are strongly interested
+in educational preventive work--the New York Probation Association and the
+Church Mission of Help. Both make special appeal to churches, to
+societies, and to clubs of women. The Probation Association organizes
+among working girls protective leagues, fourteen of which leagues have
+been started. Their main purpose is to secure the help of girls in
+protecting other girls. They endeavor to raise the tone of conversation in
+places where girls assemble and work. Lectures on sex hygiene are given,
+wholesome recreation is encouraged, and higher ideals of life cultivated.
+The Church Mission of Help organizes bands of women, principally in
+Episcopal churches, to study the needs of wayward girls and to give help
+as they are able. Both of these societies encourage parents, guardians,
+and girls in need to come to them for advice and help, thus making their
+work more personal.
+
+The foregoing direct agencies mainly exert their preventive influence on
+the public _en masse_. The more definite and concrete examples of
+preventive work appear in the work of homes which concern themselves with
+individuals in distress. They take girls, some of them very young girls,
+who are subject to bad influences, who are incorrigible, or who for
+various reasons find difficulty in their home life. Of such homes there
+are several. Those reaching the larger numbers are represented by the
+Children's Department of the House of Mercy and the House of the Good
+Shepherd. For colored girls the work on the larger scale is done by the
+Howard Orphan Asylum, which maintains a house at Kings Park, Long Island.
+The smaller homes, of which there are at least six in New York, deal more
+personally with the individual girl. Their capacity ranges from 25 to 75.
+Of this type is the Free Home for Young Girls, managed by an incorporated
+association of church women. The inmates, mostly sent by guardians and
+friends, are from eleven to seventeen years of age. A real home life is
+maintained. Most of the girls attend the public schools. All are taught
+sewing, simple cooking, laundry work, and housework. They remain two or
+three years and are sent out to friends or to situations with approved
+surroundings. In Brooklyn the Training School and Home for Young Girls
+cares for and trains girls by a method similar to that of the Free Home.
+Two of these homes are partly preventive and partly reformative--the House
+of the Holy Family and the Washington Square Home. The first named is
+conducted by the Association for Befriending Young Girls, under the
+immediate charge of the Sisters of the Divine Compassion, and cares for 75
+young girls, mostly Roman Catholics. Instruction in ordinary school
+branches is given. Physical exercises, manual training, and domestic
+science are taught. Special attention is given to the matter of
+amusements; religious as well as friendly care is provided. Provision is
+made for all girls leaving the home. Correspondence with Sisters and
+visits to the home are encouraged. This home cared for 177 girls in 1912.
+
+The Washington Square Home is a non-sectarian institution. It provides a
+home for indefinite periods for girls who have erred or who are in danger
+of so doing. They come voluntarily to the home. Twenty-seven can be
+accommodated and the home is usually full. Of the 64 received in 1912,
+fifty were Protestants, 12 Roman Catholics, and 2 Hebrews. The average age
+of the girls is 18. Instruction in housework, laundry, and plain sewing is
+given. Girls are kept as long as necessary to train for self-support.
+
+All these homes maintain good discipline and friendly relations. The girls
+usually go out equipped to live and with a strong appreciation of what has
+been done for them. Unfortunately their facilities are very limited in
+consequence of the meager resources. Usually from three to eight girls
+occupy a room when, as a matter of principle, each girl should be given
+her own cubicle. Moreover, the capacity is far below what is
+required.[315] Even as it is, valuable preventive results have been
+accomplished in case of those girls who have been reached.
+
+
+(b) REFORMATIVE WORK
+
+The border line between preventive and reformative work is in theory
+definite and clear; in practice, as illustrated by institutions, it is
+rather hazy. These institutions and homes endeavor to help women who have
+actually yielded to temptation or to force of circumstances.
+
+They are susceptible of division along several lines. Some are small,
+under religious or private control, and for the most part reach the less
+demoralized class. There are also larger establishments, which receive
+both girls committed by the court and girls who enter voluntarily. Among
+the former may be mentioned the Margaret Strachan Home, the Midnight
+Mission and St. Michael's Home, and the New Shelter for Young Women, quite
+recently opened.
+
+The Margaret Strachan Home cares for 24 girls temporarily. They come
+voluntarily, through doctors and mission friends, remain from one to six
+months, receive certain training under religious influences, and are sent
+out to maternity hospitals or to friends. There were 80 girls in the home
+in 1911, most of them under twenty years of age. For twenty-nine years
+this home has been conducted under the management of an association of
+religious women. The Wayside Home in Brooklyn provides a home for
+friendless girls and serves as a reformatory for Protestant young girls in
+Kings County. It emphasizes home care and practical training.
+
+The St. Michael's Home is at Mamaroneck. It is operated under the
+Protestant Episcopal Church by the Sisters of St. John the Baptist. It
+cares for 60 girls at a time, most of them for the space of two years.
+Instruction in school branches and in housework and home-making is given.
+Girls come through parents and guardians, a few by commitment. Many of
+them are discovered by the missionary visitor. They go out to proper
+places equipped for usefulness.
+
+Of the larger institutions there are four,--the House of the Good
+Shepherd, the House of Mercy, the New York Magdalen Benevolent Society and
+the Ozanam Home for Friendless Women. All of these receive wayward women
+of all kinds, and the House of the Good Shepherd and the House of Mercy
+receive little girls from dangerous surroundings. While they do not seek
+for committed cases, such are accepted. The Magdalen Society is the oldest
+home of this kind, having been founded in 1833.
+
+The Ozanam Home in Brooklyn under the leadership of Roman Catholic women
+offers shelter and help to those who wish to reform. The work is of a
+temporary nature in that inmates do not as a rule remain in the home over
+three weeks. In the year 1912, six hundred and sixty-seven were cared for
+at public charges and 198 at private charges.
+
+The House of the Good Shepherd can care for 500 women and girls, making it
+the largest institution of the kind. No account is taken of race, color,
+or creed, although probably the majority of its wards are Catholic. The
+girls are divided into classes according to their condition and purpose of
+entering the institution. Some look forward to giving their lives to
+religious service; others are to be trained for useful work and to be
+discharged when it is best. Volunteers leave at any time. The training
+covers usual school work, laundry, cooking, embroidery and lace making.
+Physical and recreational needs are cared for.
+
+The House of Mercy does a similar work under the guidance of the
+Protestant Episcopal Church. The capacity of this house is 110. At the
+close of 1910 there were 107 inmates. These come, some of free will,
+others by commitment. The department for women is entirely separate from
+that for young girls, which, conducted as the work of St. Agnes Guild, is
+referred to above. The women are given practical training in domestic
+service and do the work of the large laundry which is a source of income.
+Attention is given to recreation, religious training and to the life after
+leaving the institution.
+
+The Magdalen Benevolent Society Home cares for about 100 women, the larger
+part of whom are committed by magistrates. Erring women under 30 years of
+age also come voluntarily into the home for six months or more. Suitable
+school and practical training is given, physical and recreational wants
+are met, moral influences are exerted, and women go out to situations
+approved by the management. Unmarried mothers with babies are received and
+trained. This home is non-sectarian in its management and in its work.
+
+All institutions dealing with erring women have to receive in larger or
+smaller numbers unmarried girls expecting to become mothers. There are,
+however, certain homes specially devoted to this class of women. The
+Heartsease Work for Friendless Women in this city, the St. Faith's Home at
+Tarrytown, and Lakeview House at Arrochar, Staten Island, are perhaps the
+best examples. To these the girls come voluntarily or are directed by
+relatives, friends and charitable workers. St. Faith's Home, though
+smallest in capacity and in total numbers cared for during the year, is
+representative in respect to the policy pursued. From 15 to 17 can be
+accommodated, and 39 girls were cared for in 1912, twenty-four of whom
+were received during that year. Mothers with their children are kept for
+two years in most cases. They are taught all kinds of home work and
+especially nursery work. Instruction in the fundamental branches of school
+work is given as well as lessons in hygiene, in dress, and in the
+expenditure of and accounting for money. Safe places are provided for all
+leaving the home. The home is managed by a board of women and an advisory
+board of men. It is largely supported by Episcopalians and the work is
+done by members of that church.
+
+Lakeview Home, operated under the direction of the Council of Jewish
+Women, does a similar work for Hebrew girls. It emphasizes industrial
+training and personal work. It cares for 25 women and girls and 24 infants
+at a time. The total number cared for in 1912 was 60 girls and 45 infants.
+
+The Heartsease Work is undenominational, though definitely religious. In
+addition to the care of women with babies, it provides a temporary home
+for erring women and endeavors to fit women for work. It cared for 204
+cases in the year 1911-12. Forty were mothers with infants, 61 were girls
+becoming mothers, 14 girls were convalescing, and 20 girls were seeking
+employment. There were 9 infants without mothers. The home provides
+classes for instruction, social entertainments, and religious services.
+
+Definite work to reform this class of women done by three religious
+organizations may be mentioned here,--that of the Chinatown Settlement,
+the Rescue Mission in Doyers Street, and of the Salvation Army. These
+organizations are in a position to touch those more deeply involved in
+vice; but the majority of the girls they reach are not prostitutes.
+
+The Chinatown Settlement offers a home and friendly relations to girls
+drawn into Chinatown. It affords entertainments, religious teaching, and
+practical training. It brings to the home an average of 75 different
+girls per month. Two thousand calls on girls were made in 1912. It has a
+small country place for summer use.
+
+The Rescue Society reaches girls through mission services, clubs, and
+classes. Two thousand, seven hundred and forty-eight women were touched by
+the services in 1911.
+
+The Salvation Army maintains rescue and industrial homes in Manhattan and
+Brooklyn, as it does in all the chief cities of the land. The home in
+Manhattan cares for 50 women and is always full. Some midnight rescue work
+is done; but the girls actually taken from the streets are few. This work,
+which formerly depended largely upon religious results in meetings, now
+accomplishes more by personal influence of workers. The girls are of all
+nationalities, their average age, 25. So far as possible, the different
+classes are separated in the home. Of 115 inmates in one year 60 were
+betrayal cases, 19 were cases of prostitution, and 27 girls were under
+serious temptation. Capable girls are trained and sent out to service. The
+leaders state that perhaps 80 percent are reformed. The Army also
+maintains a home at Tappan on the Hudson for young girls about to become
+mothers. This work was formerly the Door of Hope and is still in charge of
+Mrs. Whittemore. The Army also does a preventive work for young girls on
+its farm in Spring Valley.
+
+The two homes that probably touch the problem of the prostitute and
+commercialized traffic in women more closely than any others are Waverly
+House and the Florence Crittenton Home. The leaders in these homes are in
+close relation to the magistrate's courts and both take care of witnesses
+in white slave cases pending in the Federal Court.
+
+Waverly House is under the management of the New York Probation
+Association. It accommodates 18 girls, who come through the courts, as
+above mentioned, and through philanthropic and religious organizations.
+Two hundred and nine were cared for in the house in 1912. They remained
+from one day to three months, for Waverly House is a temporary home and
+not a reformatory. Most of the girls are young, the largest group between
+sixteen and eighteen. With the exception of the court witnesses, girls are
+placed in such permanent institutions or positions as will meet their
+needs. Personal attention and careful study are most prominent in this
+house. Classes in the useful arts, English, and music are provided. One
+night each week is "play night," and entertainments of all kinds are
+provided. The higher spiritual truths are brought to the girls through a
+Sunshine Circle. Through the Employment Bureau the girls of the house, as
+well as many who have been arrested, those in moral danger, and many
+difficult and incorrigible girls, find situations.
+
+The Florence Crittenton Mission in this city is one of many homes of the
+same name situated in the larger cities of this country. It formerly
+engaged in a rescue mission work for both men and women. Its work is now
+limited to the care of erring women. The home contains 16 rooms, each
+occupied by two or more persons. The girls are probationers, girls
+released on suspended sentences, witnesses in white slave cases, and women
+discharged by the courts; a few come from cafes and from the streets.
+During an entire year, 501 girls passed through the home, some staying but
+a few hours, others remaining for the year. They range in age from
+fourteen to twenty-five years. A night school is maintained, as well as
+classes in physical culture and the useful arts. A Helping Hand Class
+makes scrap books and small articles for sick children. The pleasure side
+of life is met by entertainments, and religious services are regularly
+held. The disposition of the 501 girls above mentioned was as follows:
+
+  Situations                  183
+  Sent home                   185
+  Deported                     17
+  In care of organizations     58
+  Committed to institutions    19
+  Left against wishes          17
+  In Home                      22
+                              ---
+                              501
+
+The work is financed and managed by the National Florence Crittenton
+Mission.
+
+Though not placed strictly under the reformative heading, certain
+fundamental phases of the work of the Probation Association and the Church
+Mission of Help may here be presented. As stated above, the sphere of
+these societies is largely that of clearing houses. They study carefully
+the girls who come to them and make of them the disposition best suited to
+their needs. The time of study allows opportunities for personal
+helpfulness and it is well improved.
+
+The Church Mission of Help began its work by a prolonged study of 229
+cases of wayward girls who were more or less connected with the Episcopal
+Church. Parental and good home conditions were sadly lacking in most
+cases. On the basis of this study the society began its work of
+information to the church and of helpfulness to the girls. During the year
+1912 it was in touch with 352 girls, of whom 148 were under its direct
+care, 58 were cared for on leaving institutions, and 103 were in
+institutions. Two hundred and six of these girls were connected with the
+Episcopal Church. Twelve other religious bodies were represented, while a
+small number of the girls had no religious affiliations. All cases are
+referred, where possible, to the churches with which they are or were
+connected. The work of this society is largely personal. Besides locating
+girls in homes and institutions, employment is found for those fitted for
+it. Some court work is done. In addition to paid workers, an increasing
+number of trained volunteers are being used. Besides the care of the
+church girl and the work of education and prevention done by this society,
+its service of visitation in institutions is most valuable. The visits of
+sympathetic women to girls in institutions pave the way for a useful
+service in their social reinstatement later.
+
+The wider work of the New York Probation Association, which deserves
+mention here, is in the form of a careful study of all the cases with
+which it has to do. A thorough physical examination is given each girl by
+a physician. A mental examination follows and cases are placed under the
+direct supervision of a skilled neurologist and psychologist. Careful
+records of all facts are kept. The discovery of physical and mental
+weakness, often after prolonged study, leads to a definite course of
+action. Such scientific results are not only valuable in the practical
+treatment of the individual girl, but furnish a basis on which the courts
+act, and are of wide usefulness to the student of the conditions which
+lead to moral delinquency.
+
+
+(c) CORRECTIONAL WORK
+
+There are three main correctional agencies in New York City: the New York
+State Training School for Girls at Hudson, the State Reformatory for Women
+at Bedford and the Workhouse. A real work of correction is also
+accomplished in the case of those committed to the House of the Good
+Shepherd, the House of Mercy, and the Magdalen Benevolent Society Home.
+The State Farm for Women, to be situated at Valatie, is not yet
+established, and the House of Detention, in connection with the Night
+Court for women, which would serve as an intermediary to correctional
+agencies, is not yet available.
+
+The New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills, New York, was
+opened for commitment in May, 1901. It is supported entirely by state
+appropriations. It receives women between the ages of sixteen and thirty
+years from the First, Second, Third and Ninth Judicial District, _i. e._,
+Greater New York, Long Island and the tier of counties on each side of the
+Hudson River as far north as Albany. Over 80 percent of its inmates come
+from Greater New York. A woman of suitable age may be committed by any
+judge or magistrate for any offense over which he has jurisdiction, except
+murder in the first and second degrees, provided, however, that the woman
+has not previously been convicted of a felony.
+
+The institution is situated in the heart of Westchester County--39 miles
+north of New York City. Here the State owns 192 acres of land and leases
+an additional 57 acres. It has at the present time a capacity for 340
+inmates, with a population of 505; the expenditure for maintenance last
+year was $4.06 per week per capita. It is built on the cottage plan. This
+permits of classification, whereby the younger girls are separated from
+the older women and the less innocent from the more hardened offenders.
+
+The idea of the institution is that of a good industrial school. There are
+book schools in which the inmates receive instruction in reading, writing,
+arithmetic, nature study, etc. Physiology and sex hygiene are taught by
+the resident physician. All the work of the farm, including the care of
+the cattle, pigs and other live stock, is performed by the inmates, with
+the exception of the plowing. Much out-door work of a constructive
+character is carried on, both for its physical effects and for mental and
+moral results. In this constructive work is included a milk house, silo,
+stairways and sidewalks made of concrete. Industrial training in laundry
+work, various branches of needle work, cooking and other branches of
+domestic science is given. The inmates have musical and dramatic clubs.
+Their religious needs are met by services conducted by clergymen of their
+respective denominations.
+
+The Board of Managers constitute a Board of Parole and while the inmates
+are all committed for a maximum of three years, they may be paroled at any
+time, if in the judgment of the Board of Managers, such action is
+considered to be for their best interest. Parole officers find suitable
+homes and suitable work for the paroled women and follow them up
+carefully until the expiration of the parole period.
+
+The New York State Training School receives girls under sixteen years of
+age from the entire state. Those from New York City come through the
+Children's Court. The equipment of the school is very good, the chief need
+being for more room. The cottage system used accommodates 385 girls, in
+separate sleeping rooms. It is, however, necessary to use other buildings
+and parts of buildings for housing purposes. The households are
+practically independent of each other, thereby offering, as far as is
+possible, the conditions and spirit of a real home.
+
+The methods of work and the life in the school are most commendable. A
+personal and individual interest in each girl is manifest from the time of
+commitment through the school life and for years after the school is left.
+By careful study each one is placed in the cottage and environment where
+she will receive the most help and the best training. Changes to insure
+development are made, as necessary. A girl's grading depends on her
+conduct and proficiency. Discipline is varied, with the principle always
+in mind that the individual and not the offense is to be treated.
+Humiliation and loss of self-respect are avoided, if possible. The living
+conditions and training seem excellent. The girls do the cottage work,
+changes being so arranged as to give all a thorough experience in
+housework. School sessions of fifteen hours weekly in the morning and
+eight weekly in the afternoon prevail. The morning session is the book
+school, the afternoon the industrial school. Cooking, plain sewing,
+dressmaking, physical culture, gardening, and vocal music are carefully
+taught. Religious instruction is given by representatives of various
+churches under direction of the state. Amusements are afforded at proper
+times, are well arranged and heartily indulged in. That there is a spirit
+of pride and enthusiasm in work and a feeling of happiness in the life is
+quite believable when one realizes that so many old girls wish to visit
+the school that they cannot be accommodated. The records show that the
+delinquent girl of normal mind can be and is cured. Girls of sub-normal
+mind are still to some extent cared for in this school; but they should be
+in a special institution.
+
+The Workhouse receives about 75 percent of all women prisoners convicted
+of offenses related to prostitution in the magistrates' courts in this
+city. In the year 1912, three thousand, five hundred and thirteen women
+charged with soliciting and loitering were committed to the Workhouse for
+periods up to six months. About 50 percent of these, as shown by the
+fingerprint process, are repeaters, each of whom had been arrested from
+two to eight times. The life in the Workhouse is generally conceded to be
+not only useless but actually harmful. The Chief Magistrate of the city
+has stated in print the following: "The present Workhouse, through no
+fault of the Commissioner or its officers, is a poor place for these
+women. The building does not meet the requirements for these cases. A new
+institution should be provided; not a lounging, unsanitary place, but a
+real workhouse, looking to reformation as well as punishment."
+
+The reformatories in 1912 received through the courts 286 women. To
+Bedford were committed, 108; to the House of Mercy, 4; to the House of the
+Good Shepherd, 100; to the Magdalen Home, 74. Most, though not all these
+cases, were strictly related to prostitution. Through the Children's Court
+of the city, of the 120 cases charged with tendency to moral depravity and
+convicted in the year 1912, sixty-two were committed to institutions and
+58 were placed on probation. Girls under sixteen committed to the House of
+the Good Shepherd numbered 64, to the House of Mercy, 57, and to the
+Training School at Hudson, 32; but not all of these cases involved
+immorality.
+
+The following table summarizes the institutions for friendless and wayward
+girls, in so far as they are described in the text; though numerous, their
+capacity and resources are obviously quite inadequate to the need:
+
+  ---------------+--------------+-----+--------+-----------------+--------
+  NAME           |OBJECT        |CAPA-|  TOTAL |SOURCES OF       |EXPENSES
+                 |              |CITY |  CARED | SUPPORT         |
+                 |              |     |  FOR 1 |                 |
+                 |              |     |  YEAR  |                 |
+  ---------------+--------------+-----+--------+-----------------+--------
+  Heartsease     |Prevention and|  25 |   204  |Contributions    |$ 3,300
+  Work           |reformation   |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  House of the   |Prevention and|  75 |   177  |City grant,      | 13,850
+  Holy Family    |reformation   |     |        |contributions,   |
+                 |              |     |        |sewing-room, etc.|
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Washington     |Prevention and|  27 |    85  |Investments,     |  6,160
+  Square Home    |reformation   |     |        |city grant,      |
+  for Friendless |              |     |        |contributions    |
+  Girls          |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Margaret       |Reformation of|  24 |    80  |Investments,     |  3,238
+  Strachan       |first cases.  |     |        |contributions    |
+  Home           |Training      |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  House of the   |Protection and| 500 |   880  |County grants,   |100,690
+  Good Shepherd  |reformation   |     |        |industrial dept. |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  House of Mercy |Protection and| 110 |   183  |Investments, city| 22,247
+                 |reformation   |     |        |grant, laundry,  |
+                 |              |     |        |etc.,            |
+                 |              |     |        |contributions    |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  New York       |Reformation   | 106 |   237  |City grants,     | 27,690
+  Magdalen       |              |     |        |laundry, etc.,   |
+  Benevolent     |              |     |        |contributions    |
+  Society        |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  St. Michael's  |Reformation   |  60 |    88  |Investments,     |  8,000
+  Home           |and training  |     |        |contributions    |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Waverley House |Temporary care|  26 |   209  |Contributions,   | 22,371
+                 |              |     |        |investments, fees|
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Salvation Army |Reformation   |  50 |   115  |Sewing room,     |  7,652
+  Rescue Home    |and training  |     |        |etc.,            |
+                 |              |     |        |contributions    |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Door of Hope   |Shelter and   |  25 |    56  |Contributions,   |  3,451
+                 |reformation   |     |        |sewing           |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Chinatown and  |Care and      |   6 |    84  |Contributions    |  3,059
+  Bowery         |reformation   |     |        |                 |
+  Settlement     |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Florence       |Reformation   |  36 |   967  |Contributions    |  9,319
+  Crittenton     |              |     |        |                 |
+  Mission        |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  New Shelter    |Reformation   |  20 |   140  |Private patron   |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  St. Faith's    |Shelter and   |  17 |    31  |Contributions    |  7,404
+  Home           |reformation   |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Lakeview Home  |Care for first|  25 |    60  |Subscriptions,   |  8,476
+                 |offenders     |     |(plus 45|contributions    |
+                 |              |     |infants)|                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  St. Katherine's|Shelter and   |  13 |    13  |Subscriptions and|  3,531
+  Homes          |reformation   |     |(plus 13|contributions    |
+                 |              |     |infants)|                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Ozanam Home for|Care and      | 100 |   865  |City  grants,    |
+  Friendless     |reformation   |     |        |industrial dept.,|  8,957
+  Women          |              |     |        |contributions    |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Wayside Home   |Reformation   |  21 |    67  |City grants,     |
+                 |and training  |     |        |contributions    |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Free Home for  |Care and      |  30 |    53  |Invests funds,   |  5,402
+  Young Girls    |prevention    |     |        |contribt's       |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  Brooklyn School|Care and      |  30 |    94  |City grants,     |  8,000
+  and Home for   |prevention    |     |        |contributions    |
+  Young Girls    |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  New York State |Correction and| 335 |   440  |State grants     | 99,278
+  Training School|reformation   |     |        |                 |
+  for Girls      |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |     |        |                 |
+  State          |Correction and| 340 |   763  |State grants     | 89,721
+  Reformatory for|reformation   |     |        |                 |
+  Women          |              |     |        |                 |
+                 |              |Daily         |                 |
+                 |              |average, 422. |                 |
+  ---------------+--------------+-----+--------+-----------------+--------
+
+
+
+
+Appendices
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+SUMMARY OF PLACES IN MANHATTAN WHERE PROSTITUTION WAS FOUND TO EXIST
+DURING PERIOD OF INVESTIGATION (JANUARY 24TH TO NOVEMBER 15TH, 1912)
+
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    _Places_      | _Number of_|_Different Vice_ |_Number of_
+                  | _Buildings_|_Resorts in Them_|_Investigations Made_
+  ----------------|------------|-----------------|---------------------
+  Parlor Houses   |     142    |       142       |        441
+  Massage Parlors |      70    |        75       |         78
+  Tenements       |     578    |      1172       |       1245
+  Furnished Rooms |     112    |       112       |        148
+  Hotels          |     105    |       105       |        560
+                  |    ----    |      ----       |       ----
+       TOTALS     |    1007    |      1606       |       2472
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+SUMMARY OF PLACES IN MANHATTAN CATERING TO PROSTITUTION--INVESTIGATED
+JANUARY 24TH TO NOVEMBER 15TH, 1912
+
+
+  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                             |      _Number of Different_    |
+    _Places_                 |-------------------------------|_Number of
+                             |_Addresses of_|_Investigations_|Prostitutes
+                             |  _Buildings_ |     _Made_     |Counted_
+  ---------------------------|--------------|----------------|-----------
+  Saloons, cafes and concert |     308      |       1304     |    2689
+    halls                    |              |                |
+  Miscellaneous places allied|              |                |
+    with prostitution        |      71      |        145     |     385
+  Semi-public places used by |              |                |
+    prostitutes              |      20      |         35     |     150
+                             |    ----      |       ----     |    ----
+      Totals                 |     399      |       1484     |    3224
+  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III
+
+SUMMARY OF INMATES COUNTED AND ESTIMATED AT PLACES IN MANHATTAN WHERE
+PROSTITUTION WAS REPORTED DURING PERIOD OF INVESTIGATION FROM JANUARY 24TH
+TO NOVEMBER 15TH, 1912
+
+
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    _Places_     |_Number of_|  _Inmates_    | _Total Including_
+                 | _Inmates_ |_Estimated but_|_those Counted and_
+                 | _Counted_ |  _not seen_   |     _Estimated_
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------
+  Parlor Houses  |    1686   |     2609      |    2609
+  Massage Parlors|     153   |      ..       |     153
+  Tenements      |    2294   |     2976      |    2976
+  Furnished Rooms|     227   |      ..       |     227
+  Hotels         |     583   |      ..       |     583
+                 |    ----   |     ----      |    ----
+                 |    4943   |     5585      |    6548
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IV
+
+MONTHLY EXPENSES OF THIRTY ONE-DOLLAR PARLOR HOUSES
+
+
+  ---------------+----------------------------------------------------------
+                 |_Mmes. or Housekeepers_
+                 |      +---------------------------------------------------
+                 |      |_Maids_
+                 |      |     +---------------------------------------------
+                 |      |     |_Cooks_
+                 |      |     |     +---------------------------------------
+                 |      |     |     | _Butcher & Grocer_
+                 |      |     |     |-----+---------------------------------
+                 |      |     |     |     |_Lighthouse_
+                 |      |     |     |     |     +---------------------------
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |_Gas & Electricity_
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    +----------------------
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |_Telephone_
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    +-----------------
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |_Rent_
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     +-----------
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     |_Entertain-
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     | ment
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     |Tickets_
+                 |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     |    +------
+  _Address_      |      |     |     |     |     |    |    |     |    | Total
+  ---------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+-----+----+------
+  No. -- W. 18th |  $140| $104|  $40| $160| $120| $35| $15| $150| $50|  $814
+  No. -- W. 24th |   132|   80|   40|  160|  100|  20|   8|  175|  20|   735
+  No. -- W. 25th |    48|   78|   34|  140|   60|  18|   8|  200|  20|   606
+  No. -- W. 25th |   148|  148|   40|  200|   40|  25|  10|  208|  20|   839
+  No. -- W. 25th |    65|   88|   47|  148|   82|  32|   .|  208|  35|   705
+  No. -- W. 25th |   160|   76|   32|  120|    .|  25|   8|  125|  25|   571
+  No. -- W. 28th |   136|  116|   32|  140|  100|  30|  15|  110|  50|   729
+  No. -- W. 28th |   248|   88|   40|  140|  120|  25|   .|  110|  50|   821
+  No. -- W. 31st |     .|   80|   40|  120|    .|  35|   8|  208|  25|   516
+  No. -- W. 35th |   192|   78|   34|  200|   84|  30|  10|  150|  20|   798
+  No. -- W. 40th |     .|   52|   32|   48|    .|  12|   6|  125|   .|   275
+  No. -- W. 40th |     .|   56|   40|   60|    .|  12|   .|  125|   .|   293
+  No. -- W. 40th |   128|   80|   36|  120|   72|  35|  12|  125|  20|   628
+  No. -- W. 56th |   172|  112|   48|  180|   60|  35|  15|  175|   .|   797
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|    72|   60|   44|  140|  100|  25|   .|  200|  50|   691
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|   108|  100|   48|  120|   60|  15|  10|  208|  20|   680
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|   128|   80|   40|  120|  120|  30|   .|  175|  40|   733
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|    60|   64|   48|  200|    .|  20|  10|  166|  25|   593
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|   120|   60|   32|  140|    .|  25|   8|  150|  20|   555
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|    64|   48|   32|   48|   80|  15|   .|  150|   .|   437
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|   128|   54|   40|  140|   60|  25|  10|  175|  35|   667
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|   128|  120|   44|  180|  100|  35|  15|  175|  50|   847
+  No. -- 6th Ave.|    60|   44|    .|  180|   72|  20|   6|  225|  20|   627
+  No. -- W. 24th |    72|   96|   36|   80|  160|  20|  10|  175|  25|   674
+  No. -- W. 26th |   168|  120|   36|  180|   60|  40|  15|  150|  50|   819
+  No. -- W. 27th |    60|  52 |   40|  100|   80|  25|   8|  175|  30|   570
+  No. -- W. 28th |    60|  76 |   40|  160|  120|  25|  10|  200|  50|   741
+  No. -- W. 28th |    60|  56 |   48|  140|    .|  12|   .|  125|   .|   441
+  No. -- W. 36th |   160|  88 |   40|  140|   80|  30|  10|  150|  50|   748
+  No. -- W. 36th |   180|  80 |   36|  120|   80|  25|  10|  150|  25|   706
+                 +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+-----+----+------
+  Monthly Totals | $3197| 2434| 1139| 4124| 2010| 746| 237| 4943| 825| 19665
+  Year's Total   |$41561|31642|14807|53612|26130|8952|2844|59316|9900|248764
+  ---------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+-----+----+------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX V
+
+MONTHLY EXPENSES OF TEN DISORDERLY APARTMENTS IN TENEMENT BUILDINGS
+
+
+  ------------------+---------------------------------------------
+                    |_Maids_
+                    |      +--------------------------------------
+                    |      |_Lighthouse, bell boys, etc._
+                    |      |     +--------------------------------
+                    |      |     |_Butcher & Grocer_
+                    |      |     |     +--------------------------
+                    |      |     |     | _Gas & Electricity_
+                    |      |     |     |     +--------------------
+                    |      |     |     |     |_Telephone_
+                    |      |     |     |     |    +---------------
+                    |      |     |     |     |    |_Rent_
+                    |      |     |     |     |    |     +---------
+  _Address_         |      |     |     |     |    |     | _Total_
+  ------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+---------
+  No. -- W. 43rd St.|   $36|  $ .|  $60|  $10|  $8|  $75|  $189
+  No. -- W. 45th St.|    32|    .|   60|   10|   8|  125|   235
+  No. -- W. 49th St.|    64|    .|   75|   12|   8|  100|   259
+  No. -- W. 50th St.|    64|   10|   80|   10|   .|  100|   264
+  No. -- W. 55th St.|    64|    .|   60|   12|  15|  110|   261
+  No. -- W. 58th St.|    44|    .|   55|    8|   .|   36|   143
+  No. -- W. 58th St.|    52|    .|   60|    8|   5|   50|   175
+  No. -- W. 58th St.|    44|  230|  100|   10|   6|   50|   440
+  No. -- W. 60th St.|    60|    .|   60|    8|   5|   75|   208
+  No. -- W. 65th St.|    32|    .|   40|    7|   5|   60|   144
+                    +------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+---------
+  Monthly Totals    |  $492|  240|  650|   95|  60|  781|  2318
+  Year's Totals     | $6396| 3120| 8450| 1140| 720| 9372| 29198
+  ------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+---------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VI
+
+MONTHLY EXPENSES OF EIGHT FIVE-DOLLAR PARLOR HOUSES
+
+
+  ---------------+--------------------------------------------------------
+                 |_Housekeepers_
+                 |      +-------------------------------------------------
+                 |      |_Maids_
+                 |      |     +-------------------------------------------
+                 |      |     |_Cooks_
+                 |      |     |    +--------------------------------------
+                 |      |     |    | _Butcher & Grocer_
+                 |      |     |    |-----+--------------------------------
+                 |      |     |    |     |_Piano Player_
+                 |      |     |    |     |    +---------------------------
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |_Cab Boy_
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    +----------------------
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |_Gas & Electricity_
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |    +-----------------
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |    |_Telephone_
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |    |    +------------
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |    |    |_Rent_
+                 |      |     |    |     |    |    |    |    |     +------
+  _Address_      |      |     |    |     |    |    |    |    |     | Total
+  ---------------+------+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+------
+  No. -- W. 38th |  $152| $112| $40| $200| $88| $56| $45| $12| $166| $871
+  No. -- W. 41st |   152|  104|  48|  250| 100|   .|  45|  15|  210|  924
+  No. -- W. 46th |   140|   96|  44|  240|  80|  48|  45|  15|  230|  938
+  No. -- W. 46th |   136|  144|  44|  200|  80|  48|  60|  15|  225|  952
+  No. -- W. 46th |    80|  128|  40|  200|  80|   .|  45|  12|  175|  760
+  No. -- W. 47th |   144|   88|  44|  240|   .|  40|  45|  20|  250|  871
+  No. -- W. 49th |   200|   88|  40|  240|   .|   .|  40|  20|  200|  828
+  No. -- W. 52nd |   140|  112|  48|  240|  80|  60|  40|  15|  150|  885
+                 +------+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+------
+  Monthly Totals | $1144|  872| 348| 1810| 508| 252| 365| 124| 1606| 7029
+  Year's Total   |$14872|11336|4524|23530|6604|3276|4380|1488|19272|89282
+  ---------------+------+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VII
+
+CONDITIONS ON THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN IN MONTHLY PERIODS FROM JANUARY
+24TH TO NOVEMBER 15TH, 1912, SHOWING STREET WALKERS COUNTED, AND NUMBER
+WHO SOLICITED MEN INVESTIGATORS
+
+
+  ----------------------+--------------------------------------+
+                        |    _All Streets in Manhattan_        |
+        _Period_        |--------------------------------------+
+                        |_Street_ |   _Street_    |            |
+                        |_Walkers_| _Walkers who_ |  _Number_  |
+                        |_Counted_|  _Solicited_  |_of Reports_|
+                        |         |_Investigators_|            |
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------+
+  Jan. 24th to Feb. 24th|    482  |      104      |     157    |
+  Feb. 24th to Mar. 24th|    492  |      133      |     149    |
+  Mar. 24th to Apr. 24th|    490  |      104      |     129    |
+  Apr. 24th to May 24th |    883  |      117      |     214    |
+  May 24th to June 24th |   1203  |      118      |     259    |
+  June 24th to July 24th|    696  |       72      |     245    |
+  July 24th to Sept. 1st|   1048  |       52      |     201    |
+  Sept. 1st to Oct. 1st |    451  |       45      |      69    |
+  Oct. 1st to Nov. 1st  |    738  |       34      |     134    |
+  Nov. 1st to Nov. 15th |    276  |       14      |      39    |
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------+
+          TOTALS        |   6759  |      793      |    1596    |
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------+
+
+  ----------------------+--------------------------------------
+                        |           _Broadway_
+        _Period_        |--------------------------------------
+                        |_Street_ |   _Street_    |
+                        |_Walkers_| _Walkers who_ |  _Number_
+                        |_Counted_|  _Solicited_  |_of Reports_
+                        |         |_Investigators_|
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------
+  Jan. 24th to Feb. 24th|     38  |        8      |       9
+  Feb. 24th to Mar. 24th|    105  |       25      |      22
+  Mar. 24th to Apr. 24th|    195  |       25      |      28
+  Apr. 24th to May 24th |    435  |       46      |      74
+  May 24th to June 24th |    562  |       40      |      69
+  June 24th to July 24th|    479  |       25      |     114
+  July 24th to Sept. 1st|    593  |       20      |      87
+  Sept. 1st to Oct. 1st |    209  |       18      |      22
+  Oct. 1st to Nov. 1st  |    352  |       16      |      55
+  Nov. 1st to Nov. 15th |    207  |       12      |      12
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------
+          TOTALS        |   3175  |      235      |     492
+  ----------------------+---------+---------------+------------
+
+Of the total number of street walkers counted, over 47% were on Broadway.
+
+Of the total number of street walkers who solicited investigators, nearly
+30% were on Broadway.
+
+Of the total number of reports on streets, about 31% related to Broadway.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VIII
+
+NUMBER OF REPORTS ON STREET WALKING IN MANHATTAN, DURING PERIOD OF
+INVESTIGATION FROM JANUARY 24th TO NOVEMBER 15th, 1912, ACCORDING TO
+POLICE PRECINCTS
+
+
+  ---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------
+           |Jan |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Sept|Oct |Nov |      |
+           | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1  | 1  | 1  |Total |
+  Precincts| to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | Six  |_Pct_
+           |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Sept|Oct |Nov |Nov |Months|
+           | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 1  | 1  | 1  | 15 |      |
+  ---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------
+      1    |    |    |    |    |    |  7 |  3 |    |  2 |    |   12 |   .75
+      2    |    |    |    |    |    |  7 |  2 |    |  3 |    |   12 |   .75
+      5    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |  1 |    |    1 |   .07
+      6    |    |    |  1 |  1 |  3 |  1 |  1 |    |    |    |    7 |   .45
+      7    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |      |
+      8    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |      |
+     10    |    |    |    |    |    |  2 |    |    |    |    |    2 |   .13
+     12    |    |    |  1 |  4 |    |  3 |    |    |    |    |    8 |   .50
+     13    |    |    |  2 |  4 |    |  1 |    |  1 |    |    |    8 |   .50
+     14    |  1 |    |    |    |    |  1 |  4 |    |    |    |    6 |   .38
+     15    | 22 |  7 | 18 | 14 | 26 | 14 |  8 |  1 |  6 |  1 |  117 |  7.33
+     16    |  3 |    |  1 |    |    |  1 |  4 |    |  1 |  1 |   11 |   .70
+     17    |    |    |  2 |    |    |    |  1 |    |    |    |    3 |   .20
+     18    | 18 | 10 |  8 | 16 |  4 | 16 | 15 |  4 | 13 |  8 |  112 |  7.02
+     21    | 24 | 13 |  8 | 21 | 32 | 11 | 12 |  2 |  7 |  2 |  132 |  8.25
+     22    | 17 | 22 |  8 | 13 | 28 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 10 |    |  140 |  8.75
+     23    | 35 | 21 | 28 | 73 | 64 | 69 | 51 | 28 | 40 | 13 |  422 | 26.40
+     25    |  1 |  2 |    |    | 21 |  2 |  3 |    |  2 |    |   31 |  1.95
+     26    |  4 | 13 | 13 | 29 | 38 | 59 | 37 |  7 | 18 |  7 |  225 | 14.08
+     28    |  1 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 11 |    |  6 |    |   81 |  5.08
+     29    |  1 |  3 |  1 |    |  5 |  4 |  4 |    |  2 |  3 |   23 |  1.45
+     31    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |      |
+     32    |  3 | 10 |  7 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 20 |  5 | 11 |  2 |   94 |  5.90
+     33    |  1 |    |  2 |  3 |  1 |  1 |    |    |    |    |    8 |   .50
+     35    |    |    |    |    |    |    |  1 |    |    |    |    1 |   .07
+     36    |  9 | 18 |  4 |  5 |  9 |  5 |  9 |  5 |  9 |  2 |   75 |  4.70
+     39    |  3 |  5 |  5 |    |  3 |    |    |    |    |    |   16 |  1.02
+     40    |    |    |    |    |  1 |  3 |    |    |    |    |    4 |   .25
+     43    | 14 | 12 |  7 |  2 |  2 |  2 |    |  2 |  3 |    |   45 |  2.82
+  ---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------
+           |157 |149 |129 |214 |259 |244 |201 | 69 |134 | 39 | 1596 |100.00
+  ---------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------+------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VIII
+
+POLICE RULES REGARDING DISORDERLY PLACES
+
+
+_Captains of Police Precincts._ It is the duty of a police captain to
+report to the police commissioners on the fifth of each month:
+
+1. Steps taken to enforce provisions of the Penal Law with reference to
+disorderly houses within his precinct.
+
+2. Steps taken to enforce the Penal Law and Greater New York Charter
+regarding concert saloons, dives and other places where disorderly,
+degraded or lawless people congregate.
+
+3. Steps taken to enforce the Liquor Tax Laws and ordinances relating to
+various crimes above mentioned.
+
+No. 55 Under Rule 42.--When any room or building in any part or portion
+within the precinct is known to the captain to be kept, used, or occupied
+for purposes of prostitution, assignation, or other immoral purpose, he
+must give notice in writing to the owner, lessee or occupant, that such
+room or building is so used, and that it is a misdemeanor.[316]
+
+No. 56 Under Rule 42.--If the occupation and use of such premises shall
+continue the captain will obtain warrants for and cause the arrest of such
+owner, lessee or occupant for a misdemeanor and cause them to be
+prosecuted as required by law.[317]
+
+No. 100 Under Rule 42.--Captains will make charges of neglect of duty
+against any patrolman under their command who fails to discover a serious
+breach of the peace occurring on his post, during his tour of duty; or who
+shall fail to arrest any party guilty of such offense.[318]
+
+No. 13 Under Rule 45.--If a policeman is on duty on a post where houses of
+ill-fame are suspected to exist, he should be careful to restrain acts of
+disorder, prevent soliciting from windows, doors or on streets, and arrest
+all persons found so doing, also carefully observe all other places of a
+suspicious nature, obtain evidence as to the character and ownership of
+such houses, by whom frequented and report results of his observation to
+his commanding officer.[319]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IX
+
+PARLOR HOUSES: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+_X_ 25. _Sixth Avenue--a one-dollar house._
+
+March 5, 12.40 A. M. The investigator visited this place at the
+solicitation of X 26, a lighthouse stationed at the corner of Sixth Avenue
+and 29th Street. He counted 14 inmates and bought a pint bottle of beer
+for 25 cents from the madame. The names of some of the inmates are Mignon,
+Helen, Violet and Georgette.
+
+March 6, 1912, 11 P. M. This house is reported as running about a year.
+Names of some of inmates: Alice, Louise and Mabel.
+
+May 25, 1912. Rosie, X 27, was an inmate here on this date.
+
+July 21, 1912. Flora, X 28, and Violet, X 29, were inmates here on this
+date.
+
+August 25, 1912. The proprietors are X 30, and X 31. The madame is X 32.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 7. _James Slip._
+
+At 2 P. M. on April 10, 1912, there were seven inmates in the receiving
+parlor. One of these girls said there were three more, making ten in all.
+All were dressed in the regular parlor house costume and all claimed to
+possess medical certificates. Tony, X 8, is said to be connected with this
+house, and reaps the profits from the business. The girls receive one-half
+of what they make, _i. e._, twenty-five cents from every visitor. The
+sanitary conditions are very bad.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 33. _Sixth Avenue--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 5, 1912. X 34, the proprietor of this place, is a power in the
+Tenderloin. One of his women, whose name is Rosie, is madame at this
+address.
+
+February 6, 1912. The investigator counted 8 inmates. Some of the inmates'
+names are Daisy, Rose and Bertha. The house is open night and day.
+
+February 19, 1912. 1.30 A. M. The investigator counted 14 inmates. The
+madame was stationed in the hall with her ticket puncher.
+
+February 24, 1912. An inmate in this house told the investigator that Dr.
+X 35 is the physician employed by the house.
+
+April 4, 1912. X 36 was an inmate on this date.
+
+July 9, 1912. X 37 was an inmate on this date.
+
+July 15, 1912. X 38 and X 39 were inmates on this date.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 41. _West 24th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 2, 1912. 9.30 P. M. to 10.45 P. M. The investigator counted nine
+men entering.
+
+February 19, 1912. 9.30 P. M. The investigator counted 14 inmates. The
+Madame is X 42. The names of some of the inmates on this date are Pearl,
+Marie, Clara and Sadie.
+
+March 24, 1912. The physician for this place is X 43.
+
+May 24, 1912. The proprietor of the resort is X 44.
+
+May 25, 1912. X 45, an inmate here on this date claims that this is a good
+"money house."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 46. _West 25th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 1, 1912. 9 to 9.30 P. M. The investigator counted 9 inmates.
+
+February 24, 1912. 2 A. M. The investigator counted 12 inmates and
+estimated 16. The proprietors are X 47 and X 48.
+
+March 1, 1912. 9.30 P. M. The investigator counted 14 inmates. X 49 is
+said to be a proprietor.
+
+March 19, 1912. 8.45 P. M. The investigator counted 14 inmates.
+
+March 29, 1912. The investigator was present when a young thief, X 50,
+sold the madame, X 51, a dress he claimed to have stolen from a department
+store. X 35 is the house doctor here. The house is conducted by X 52.
+
+X 51, the madame of this place, is the wife of X 47, the proprietor. X 43
+is the physician. The investigator estimated the number of inmates as 19.
+Gussie often acts as madame.
+
+April 16, 1912. X 53, the girl of X 54 is the assistant madame and
+housekeeper here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 59. _West 25th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 1, 1912. 10.30-11.30 P. M. The investigator counted 11 inmates.
+The house is kept by X 17 in partnership with X 34. The names of some of
+the inmates on this date are Ruth, Elsie, and Margarita.
+
+February 6, 1912. X 17, keeper of this place, has two other houses.
+
+February 25, 1912. 9.15 P. M. The investigators counted 20 inmates. Eight
+pimps were present. The names of two of the girls on this date were Edith
+and May.
+
+March 19, 1912. The investigator counted 14 inmates.
+
+March 23, 1912. 1 A. M. The investigator counted 21 inmates and estimated
+24. X 17 is the madame, also proprietor together with X 34. The house
+physician on this date is X 43. X 60 is a man said to be connected with
+this place. The names of some of the inmates on this date are Cora, Ruth,
+Violet, Lottie, Sophie, Blanche, and Mamie.
+
+April 24, 1912. The names of some of the inmates on this date are X 61, X
+62, and X 63.
+
+May 24, 1912. X 2, who is an inmate of this house and has a country-wide
+reputation, does an exceedingly large business.
+
+June 18, 1912. X 17, the madame, is in partnership with X 34.
+
+July 12, 1912. The names of two inmates on this date are X 64 and X 65.
+
+July 16, 1912. The investigator counted 12 inmates and estimated 16.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 67. _West 25th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 1, 1912. 9.30-10.30 P. M. The investigator counted 6 inmates and
+estimated 8. Annie acts as madame.
+
+February 8, 1912. The proprietors of this place are X 68 and X 69.
+
+February 19, 1912. 12.05 A. M. The investigator counted 12 inmates. Liquor
+is sold in this house on the quiet. The names of some of the inmates on
+this date are Marie, Laura, Mary, and Nellie.
+
+February 23, 1912. 12.20 A. M. The investigator counted 10 inmates. X 49
+is said to own a part interest in this place. Liquor not sold on this
+date.
+
+March 2, 1912. 12.15 A. M. The investigator counted 10 inmates and
+estimated 17. Cigarettes sold but no liquors. The names of some of the
+inmates on this date are X 70, Rosie, Grace and Mabel.
+
+March 19, 1912. 8.15 P. M. The investigator counted 19 inmates. Bessie
+acted as madame. X 69 and X 72 are reported as the proprietors of this
+place.
+
+June 10, 1912. 11.20 P. M. The investigator counted 12 inmates and
+estimated 15. The proprietors are X 72 and X 73. Names of inmates on this
+date are Anna, Grace and Rose.
+
+June 13, 1912. The investigators counted 13 inmates and estimated 15. The
+names of some of the inmates on this date are Marcelle, Grace, Dollie and
+Fannie. The place was formerly owned by X 72, X 69 and another. X 72
+forced X 69 out and is now the chief owner. The share of X 69 was sold to
+X 73.
+
+June 19, 1912. Inmate Nellie says she turns her earnings over to her pimp,
+X 74.
+
+July 11, 1912. The names of three inmates on this date are X 75, X 76 and
+X 77.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 78. _West 27th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 8, 1912. The proprietors of this place are X 68, X 69 and X 72.
+
+February 25, 1912. 8.30 P. M. The investigator counted 12 inmates.
+
+March 4, 1912. 12.15 A. M. The investigator counted 16 inmates. The
+investigator was solicited to go here by a lighthouse, X 79. The
+proprietors are X 68 and X 69. The names of some of the inmates on this
+date are Ray, Matilda, Jennie, Belle and Georgie.
+
+March 6, 1912. The investigator witnessed X 69 in conversation with a
+patrolman. X 68 is the chief owner.
+
+March 24, 1912. The investigator counted 16 inmates. The physician of this
+place is X 80. The inmates pay him $1 per visit.
+
+June 19, 1912. 11.30. The investigator was given a card to this place. X
+69 forced X 72 out and bought his interest.
+
+June 28, 1912. The investigator was handed a card to this place by a woman
+on Seventh Avenue near 28th Street. He saw another card on the sidewalk
+near West 27th Street on Seventh Avenue.
+
+July 12, 1912. The names of three inmates of this house on this date are X
+81, X 82 and X 83. The name of the owner of the property as given in the
+tax book for 1912 is X 84.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 16. _West 31st Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 8, 1912. 4.15 P. M. The investigator was approached on the street
+by a woman "runner" and given cards to above address. She said she had 5
+or 6 girls there and she invited him to follow her. The investigator said
+he might call in the evening, and she told him to ring the bell on the
+stoop.
+
+February 14, 1912. 12 P. M. The investigator counted 8 inmates, and was
+told there were 12 working here. The investigator had been solicited to
+come here by a cab driver, X 85.
+
+February 16, 1912. The madame's name is Rose.
+
+February 20, 1912. 9.20 P. M. The investigator was solicited on Sixth
+Avenue by a woman "runner" to enter this house. She had been stopping
+other men. The investigator counted 6 inmates. Mamie acted as madame. The
+names of some of the inmates on this date are Goldie, Ella, and Richmond.
+
+March 7, 1912. 1.30 A. M. The investigator saw a prostitute who solicits
+on Sixth Avenue take four different men to this address within an hour,
+the first floor of which is a house of prostitution run by Madame Rose.
+
+April 24, 1912. The name of the madame is X 86. The proprietors are X 34
+and X 17.
+
+May 14, 1912. X 86, the real madame, conducts this house on a 20 percent
+basis for X 34.
+
+May 24, 1912. X 88 drunkard, lighthouse and procurer, works for X 34 at
+this address. He usually stands in front of X 89.
+
+June 12, 1912. 3.00 A. M. The investigator talked with two men who had
+just come from this house. An inmate had shown one of the men her card
+punched with holes indicating that she had entertained 60 men that night.
+
+July 10, 1912. The place is reported as closed, probably on the
+instructions of X 34. X 90 and X 17 are interested here.
+
+July 15, 1912. The name of an inmate at this house on this date is X 91.
+The name of the owner of this property as given in the tax book for 1912
+is X 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 93. _West 40th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+March 8, 1912. 10.40 P. M. The investigator counted 5 inmates. The name of
+the madame is Rosie; proprietor, X 94. The names of some of the inmates on
+this date are Ethel, Della, Josie and Maria.
+
+March 14, 1912. 12.30 A. M. The investigator was taken to this place by X
+95. This place is running very quietly.
+
+May 14, 1912. X 96 and his brother, X 94, are partners in the house.
+
+June 12, 1912. The name of an inmate on this date is X 97. The name of the
+owner of this property as given in the tax book for 1912 is X 98.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 99. _West 40th Street--a one-dollar house._
+
+February 1, 1912. 11.30 P. M. The investigator saw men go in and out of
+this place. He was unable to gain admittance.
+
+February 13, 1912. 10.00 P. M. The investigator saw five men enter in half
+an hour.
+
+February 16, 1912. 10.00 P. M. The investigator counted 2 inmates and
+estimated 8. The madame's name is Rosie. The proprietor of the place is X
+100. The name of the owner of the property as given in the tax book for
+1912 is X 101.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 102. _West 40th Street._
+
+February 1, 1912. X 103, partner of X 44, has practised prostitution and
+run houses for ten years.
+
+February 6, 1912. The investigator counted 12 inmates. The proprietors are
+X 44 and X 103, who also acts as housekeeper. X 44 hangs out at X 104.
+
+April 27, 1912. 9.00 P. M. The investigator counted 5 inmates and
+estimated 6. The price of the house is $2 and $5. Drinks are sold--$2 for
+an ordinary round, and $5 for a quart of champagne. The name of the madame
+is X 105. The names of some of the inmates on this date are Mignon, Lucy,
+Emma and Fifi. The name of a man connected with the house is X 106. The
+owner of the property is X 108.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX X
+
+TENEMENTS: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+(a) SOLICITING
+
+February 24, 1912, investigator visited a cider stube in a tenement
+building at X 128, St. Mark's Place. A waitress solicited him to enter a
+rear room for immoral purposes. The woman who conducts this stube is X
+127, this being the name of the woman mentioned in the letter quoted in
+Chapter II. The investigator says in his report that X 127 was formerly
+with X 126 at X 125, East 5th Street.
+
+There are 13 families living at X 128, St. Mark's Place. In these families
+are 7 boys under 16 and 14 girls under 16. Five single young men and 3
+single young women over 16 also live in this tenement house.
+
+On February 21, 1812, between 7 and 8 P. M., investigator was solicited by
+a waitress in a cider stube in a tenement at X 129, East 6th Street. The
+stube is in the basement and the proprietress said she would send out for
+a young girl, but as she had previously been in trouble because of a 15
+year old girl, she did not want to take another chance.
+
+There are 38 families living at this address, with 20 boys and 20 girls
+all under 16 years of age. Seven single men and 9 single women over 16
+also live in this tenement.
+
+X 130 lives at X 131, West 102nd Street, with a friend who has a furnished
+apartment. The janitress is named X 132, and X 130 says she does not pay
+any attention to what goes on in the tenement so long as the girls do not
+become too bold. Some of the prostitutes have been in his tenement as long
+as 10 years.
+
+X 130 is a chorus girl during the regular season. She has been with
+several well known companies.
+
+X 133 is the janitor at X 134, West 28th Street. Four street walkers bring
+men to their rooms in this building for immoral purposes. One of these
+women said that they each paid $5 per week to the janitor for the
+privilege of using their rooms in this way. The janitor has a family
+consisting of his wife and three children. One boy is 10 and the eldest
+girl 17 years of age.
+
+On February 13, 1912, between 3.30 and 4.30 P. M., two colored girls who
+appeared to be 17 and 18 years of age respectively were soliciting men on
+the street to enter a tenement house at X 136, West 40th Street. The
+children from Public School No. X 137, a short distance away, were playing
+along the street on their way home. The colored girls were particularly
+insistent and talked in loud tones intermingled with vile remarks and
+oaths. Some of the children who did not appear to be more than 10 or 11
+years old noticed the two colored girls and laughed at them, pointing
+their fingers.
+
+Seven colored families live in this tenement. The prostitutes who
+solicited offered to reduce the price to 50 cents if the hallway were
+used. On March 4, 1912, a colored girl entered the hallway with a white
+man. The conditions in this building are extremely unsanitary. The
+hallways are dark and full of odors, the stairs in a state of
+dilapidation.
+
+X 138 and a younger girl rented two rooms in a tenement at X 139, East
+122nd Street. On January 30, 1912, about 9.15 P. M., X 138 solicited the
+investigator on the street to accompany her to this tenement for immoral
+purposes. The girls paid $4 per week for the rooms and the landlord had
+told X 138 that they could bring men into the house if they desired. A man
+by the name of Louis has tried several times to induce X 138 to enter a
+house of prostitution. "This man," said the girl, "is a swell dresser and
+wears diamonds." He even went so far one night as to impersonate a
+detective and threatened to arrest her for soliciting on the street,
+thinking in this way to frighten her into complying with his request. X
+138 said that he receives $50 for every girl he secures for houses.
+
+The investigator called at this address again on February 1 for the
+purpose of talking further with X 138 and tried to obtain a description of
+the procurer of whom she spoke. The hour was 5 P. M. As he entered the
+hallway a boy about 11 or 12 years of age asked him whom he wanted to see.
+"Mrs. X 140 has been out and so has Mrs. X 141," said the boy, "and now
+there are only two w---- on the top floor." Four families live at this
+address, in which there are 2 boys and 1 girl under 16.
+
+Mrs. X 118 lives on the third floor of a tenement at X 117, West 58th
+Street. Mrs. X 118 has two daughters; one, a girl of 18, is divorced from
+her husband whom she met when her mother conducted a similar business on
+West 49th Street, and lives here with her mother. The other daughter, X
+142, is 15 years of age. On February 24, 1912, about 1 A. M., investigator
+saw a young man talking to X 142 in the rear of the flat. X 118 said X 142
+is attending a business school, but different young men who are customers
+declare that she works in a candy factory. One day a business man who had
+been a customer received a letter from X 118 urging him to call. He showed
+the letter to the investigator, and declared that X 142 had written it at
+the dictation of her mother who he knew could not write English. In fact,
+the writing was in an immature hand, and the letter poorly composed.
+
+One of the inmates here, X 143, lives at X 144, East 94th Street and uses
+X 118 flat in which to meet two steady customers at stated intervals. She
+has been a clandestine prostitute for several months.
+
+X 118 has a list of addresses of girls in a book which she keeps in her
+bureau. There are 10 families in this tenement. One of the tenants, a Mrs.
+X 145, told an investigator that on several occasions the police have been
+called into the house to stop the noise. She further said that the
+landlord, X 146, knows the character of some of the tenants and charges
+them high rentals.
+
+
+(b) DIFFERENT INVESTIGATIONS OF SAME ADDRESS
+
+As was the case with parlor houses, many tenements were investigated at
+different times in order to show that the business was systematically
+conducted:
+
+
+_X_ 147. _Broadway._
+
+July 27, 1912. X 155, prostitute, told the investigator she "answers calls
+for this place. $5. Wine sold."
+
+July 30, 1912. X 154, prostitute, told the investigator she "receives men
+here, $5, $10, $20."
+
+August 1, 1912. X 150, prostitute, told the investigator that "this place
+is owned by a colored woman; X 149-a, white woman has charge." Prices
+charged are $3, $5 and $10.
+
+August 1, 1912. There are two apartments in X 147 Broadway owned by
+colored women. One, X 148, and her sister, X 149-a. These women have white
+girls conducting the resorts while they, the owners, keep in the
+background. One apartment, 3rd floor, inside, is operated under the name
+of X 149. The other is one or two flights above on the same side. Both
+send for girls supposed to be $3, $5, and $10.
+
+August 8, 1912. 10 P. M. Business and residential district. Six story red
+brick building. Madame X 148. The investigator counted 2 inmates. Price
+$5. Girls get half. Drinks $5. Inmates wear gowns and claim to have health
+certificates. Names of inmates, Stella and Ellen. Girls claim to pay
+weekly board of $15. Rent paid is $105.
+
+August 15, 1912. X 152, prostitute, told the investigator she "takes
+friends here."
+
+August 29, 1912. X 156, prostitute, told the investigator she "meets many
+a good man through this house. Two other apartments here where I see men."
+
+August 29, 1912. X 156, prostitute, told the investigator she "makes many
+a dollar right in the house. Four good places here."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 157. _West 27th Street._
+
+February 6, 1912. 8.30-9 P. M. Investigator reports this former house of
+prostitution now occupied by families.
+
+March 18, 1912. 2:30 P. M. Investigator solicited by inmate Blanche on
+27th Street and Seventh Avenue and went to her apartment one flight up,
+east. Counted two inmates. Price of place $1. Names of inmates, Blanche
+(madame) and Bella. Name of owner of property as given in the tax book for
+1912 is X 158.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 159. _West 28th Street._
+
+March 5, 1912. 9.50 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers accosting
+men in the vicinity and using the premises for purposes of prostitution.
+Investigator was solicited by one, Jennie, to enter premises. Price of
+woman and room $1. Owner of this property as given by the tax book for
+1912 is X 161. The previous owner was X 162.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement house, double family tenement, janitor giving women privileges
+after 10 P. M. for a weekly consideration. A procurer by the name of X 163
+living on the premises has shipped his girl Rosie to Pittsburg, Pa., into
+a disorderly house there.
+
+February 1, 1912. Flat house for street walkers.
+
+Tenement House Department report, June 18, 1909. Disorderly house,
+prostitution alleged, no basis. July 2, 1909: Disorderly house,
+prostitution alleged, no basis.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 164. _West 28th Street._
+
+February 8, 1912. Investigator reports prostitution discontinued here.
+
+March 17, 1912. Tenement house inhabited by about 10 families. 12.15 A. M.
+Investigator solicited by two French women on street near the stoop of
+premises to enter this house. Price of women $1. Soliciting from street
+and windows. Owner of property as given in the tax book for 1912 is X 165.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+February 1, 1912. Ground floor, French flats. Almost on every floor
+"business" is carried on.
+
+Tenement House Department report, January 8, 1910. Disorderly house,
+second floor. Cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report June 18, 1909. Disorderly house, prostitution alleged. No
+basis.
+
+August 19, 1912. Prostitution is practised in this house. Rosie,
+prostitute, resides in a flat one flight up, and a woman named X 166, also
+a prostitute, lives on the floor above Rosie. The investigator was
+solicited from the window of this house.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 167. _West 29th Street._
+
+March 24, 1912. 8.30 P. M. Investigator was solicited by several colored
+women in front of this address to come to their rooms. Counted five women
+soliciting. Price of women 50 cents. Owner of the property as given in the
+tax book for 1912 is X 168.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement. Some apartments occupied by prostitutes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 169. _West 29th Street._
+
+March 9, 1912. Investigator reported about eight families and eight
+children in this building, mostly colored. House appeared all right at
+this visit.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+February 1, 1912. Some apartments occupied by prostitutes.
+
+Tenement House Department report, March 9, 1910: Disorderly house. Fourth
+floor, front, west, X 170. No action necessary. Police report.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 171. _West 29th Street._
+
+February 2, 1912. A colored woman named X 172 lives in this house and
+keeps girls. She lately moved from X 173 when X 174 (well known to
+investigator) was her pimp.
+
+March 4, 1912. Investigator visited this building. Estimated seven
+families, mostly colored, living here. Saw two suspicious women on first
+floor. Owner of this property as given in the tax book for 1912 is X 175.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement House Department. February 8, 1910. Disorderly house, basement.
+Cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report. February 24, 1910. Disorderly house, basement, east side,
+front. X 176, cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report. November 9, 1911. Disorderly house. Prostitution alleged.
+Cause of complaint removed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 177. _West 29th Street._
+
+April 19, 1912. A prostitute, X 178, lives at this address and uses her
+apartments for immoral purposes.
+
+June 19, 1912. 1.10 A. M. Investigator solicited on street by colored
+women to go to apartment in this building. Price of women 50 cents.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement House Department. November 9, 1911. Disorderly house,
+prostitution alleged. Cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report. January 27, 1909. Disorderly house, second floor, front,
+west. X 179. Cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report. April 13, 1909. Disorderly house, rear, second floor, east.
+X 180 and X 181. Cause of complaint removed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 182. _West 29th Street._
+
+February 6, 1912. Investigator reports this a tenement occupied by colored
+families and prostitutes. On third floor, east, X 172, who is a maid in
+the house of prostitution at X 183, is a prostitute and has had a white
+man living with her for several months. Investigator visited her apartment
+with this man and was solicited by X 172 to stay with her. Two other women
+were in the rear room at the time.
+
+March 4, 1912. Investigator reports about six families (Italian and
+colored) in this tenement. Suspicious women on third floor, among them X
+184, a widow.
+
+March 9, 1912. Investigator reports building mostly occupied by colored
+people. Two suspicious women on fifth floor.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement House Department. July 25, 1910. Disorderly house, third floor, X
+200. Cause of complaint removed.
+
+Police report and police officer. November 9, 1911. Disorderly house,
+prostitution alleged. No action necessary.
+
+December 26, 1911. Disorderly house, prostitution alleged, second floor,
+west, cause of complaint removed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 185. _West 30th Street._
+
+February 2, 1912. 6.30 P. M. Investigator saw men entering this place.
+
+March 4, 1912. Investigator reported three families living here. House
+appeared quiet.
+
+August 21, 1912. Investigator reports some of the rooms evidently used by
+street walkers. Outside door locked.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+February 1, 1912. Bed house.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 186. _West 37th Street._
+
+March 18, 1912. 4.40 P. M. Investigator counted 6 inmates, all colored. He
+was solicited on 37th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues to enter
+premises. Price 50 cents. Names of inmates, Hannah and Eliza.
+
+May 1, 1912. 5 A. M. Investigator was solicited to go to second floor of
+this building by two colored prostitutes standing on the steps of this
+building. Price 50 cents.
+
+August 24, 1912. Colored prostitutes solicit here day and night from
+windows of this house and on street in front. Thieves and pimps hang out
+on corner. Name of owner of this property as given in the tax book for
+1912 is X 187.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Tenement House. Colored women carry on business at all hours of the day
+and night with the purpose of robbery chiefly in view.
+
+August 17, 1912. Place occupied by colored prostitutes. Saw them
+soliciting from windows on all floors of this building.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX XI
+
+HOTELS: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+_X_ 214. _Sixth Avenue._
+
+February 8, 1912. 10.30 P. M. Investigator solicited to go here by
+prostitute; price $1.
+
+Investigator solicited by prostitute in front of this hotel to enter
+premises, March 11, 1912. 9.20 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers
+in vicinity of this hotel. He was solicited by prostitutes in front of
+place; price of woman $2, price of room $1 to $2.
+
+March 18, 1912. 12 M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers loitering in
+the vicinity of this hotel. He was solicited by one of them to enter this
+place. Price $2, price of room $1.50.
+
+March 23, 1912. 7.30 P. M. Investigator counted 8 street walkers loitering
+on Sixth Avenue, in the vicinity of this hotel. He was solicited by one on
+the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter this hotel. A police
+officer stood across the street at the time. Price $2, price of room $1.50
+to $2.
+
+May 4, 1912. 3 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers loitering in
+vicinity of this hotel, on Sixth Avenue. All approached men. He was
+solicited on the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street by a prostitute to
+enter this hotel. Price $2, price of room $2. A police officer stood
+across the street at the time investigator was solicited.
+
+The investigator stood near the entrance of this hotel for 30 minutes and
+saw 6 women whom he believed to be prostitutes enter the hotel with men.
+It is said on good authority that the receipts in this hotel on Saturday
+nights were as high as $400.
+
+May 6, 1912. 5 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers loitering in
+vicinity of this hotel on Sixth Avenue. All approached men. He was
+solicited by one of these in front of the hotel to enter the premises.
+Price $2, room $2.
+
+May 9, 1912. 7 P. M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers on Sixth Avenue
+in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited by one
+to enter the premises. Price $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 13, 1912. 6.30 P. M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All of these women approached men.
+He was solicited by one in front of the hotel to enter premises. Price $2,
+price of room $2.
+
+May 22, 1912. 7.15 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue, in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. One of the
+women solicited him on the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter
+the premises.
+
+May 28, 1912. 12 P. M. Investigator counted 7 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited
+to enter the premises. Police officer was in sight at the time of
+solicitation.
+
+May 30, 1912. 6.30 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter the
+premises.
+
+June 3, 1912. 2 P. M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All of these women approached men.
+He was solicited by one within 100 feet of an officer at the corner of
+Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter the premises. Price $2, room $2.
+
+June 7, 1912. 2 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+
+June 10, 1912. 2 P. M. Investigator counted 7 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one of these women at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to
+enter the premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2. Officer was in
+sight at the time of solicitation.
+
+The following prostitutes are among those who use this hotel for immoral
+purposes:
+
+  May 22, 1912, Lena X 219.
+  May 28, 1912, Christie X 218.
+  May 31, 1912, Rosie X 217.
+  June 26, 1912, Becky X 220.
+  July 15, 1912, Annie X 222.
+  August 2, 1912, Rosie X 221.
+  August 15, 1912, Anna X 212.
+  August 15, 1912, Betty X 216.
+  August 16, 1912, Gussie X 223.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Reported owners are X 224, X 225 and X 226. C X 227, manager.
+
+Proprietors are X 28, X 225 and X 229. Dive of worst kind.
+
+The premises also appear under the address ---- W. ---- Street. Bed house.
+
+February 1, 1912. Bed house.
+
+August 19, 1912. This place is a noted assignation hotel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 230. _West 35th Street._
+
+February 13, 1912. 11.15 P. M. Investigator counted 3 street walkers in
+vicinity of this hotel. He was solicited to enter premises by a prostitute
+at the corner of Broadway and ---- Street. Price of room $1. He also saw
+four couples enter here in half an hour, the women being street walkers.
+Saw prostitute pick up a man on Seventh Avenue and take him to premises.
+
+February 15, 1912. 9.00 P. M. Investigator was solicited by a street
+walker on Broadway between 35th and 40th Streets to enter premises.
+
+February 20, 1912. 2.00 P. M. Clerk of this hotel sentenced to two months'
+imprisonment. It is said the proprietor is a fugitive from justice.
+
+April 10, 1912. Investigator met men who appeared to be cadets near
+premises. Hotel said to be run by X 231. The proprietor is said to be X
+225.
+
+April 26, 1912. 1.00 A. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on
+Seventh Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was
+solicited by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter
+premises. Price of woman $3. Price of room $2. This woman lives at X 238,
+West 34th Street. X 232 is the rebate clerk at this hotel, and this duty
+takes up his whole time.
+
+May 3, 1912. Investigator counted three street walkers on south side of
+---- Street towards Broadway. Two stopped men. Investigator was solicited
+by one to enter premises. Price of woman $2, room $2.
+
+May 6, 1912. 11.00-12.00 P. M. Investigator counted 10 street walkers in
+the entrance to this hotel and in the doorways near-by. Four approached
+men. Investigator was solicited by one on the street near the hotel to
+enter premises. Price of woman $2, room $2. Investigator saw 5 suspicious
+couples enter this hotel in half an hour and 3 girls unescorted. Men
+lookouts in doorways across the street.
+
+May 9, 1912. 7.45 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All accosted men. He was solicited
+by one, in sight of an officer across the street, to enter the premises.
+Price of woman $2, room $2.
+
+May 11, 1912. 2.00 A. M. Investigator counted fifteen street walkers on
+Broadway between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was
+solicited by three of these prostitutes to enter premises. Price of women
+$2, $3; price of room $1, $1.50.
+
+May 15, 1912. 6.50 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 18, 1912. 1.30 A. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on ----
+Street near Broadway. Three accosted men. Investigator was solicited by
+one on the southwest corner of ---- Street and Broadway to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2. The name of the woman who solicited
+the investigator is Blanche X 233; she lives with her pimp at X 239, West
+38th Street, third floor.
+
+May 20, 1912. 7.10 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises. An
+officer passed by them during this solicitation. Price of woman $2, price
+of room $2.
+
+May 23, 1912. 7.15 P. M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 29, 1912. 7.45 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street within 100 feet of
+an officer to enter premises.
+
+May 31, 1912. 8.00 P. M. Investigator counted 8 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street within sight of an
+officer to enter premises.
+
+June 1, 1912. 8.00 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $3, price of room $2. Investigator talked with X 231, part
+owner in this hotel. He complained about business, saying it was "too
+hot."
+
+June 4, 1912. 7.35 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 7, 1912. 7.30 P. M. Investigator counted six street walkers on
+Seventh Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was
+solicited at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street, within sight of
+an officer, to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 8, 1912. 8.15 P. M. Investigator counted 13 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between 34th and 40th Streets. All approached men. The investigator
+was solicited twice, once within sight of an officer, to enter the
+premises of this hotel. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 11, 1912. 8.15 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street, within 200 feet of an
+officer, to enter premises. Price of woman $3, price of room $2.
+
+June 15, 1912. 8.00 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Seventh
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Seventh Avenue and ---- Street, within sight of an
+officer, to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 17, 1912. 8.30 P. M. Investigator was solicited by a street walker on
+Sixth Avenue near ---- Street to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price
+of room $2. The following prostitutes are among those who frequent and use
+this hotel for immoral purposes:
+
+  May 25, 1912, Anna X 234.
+  May 28, 1912, Sarah X 235.
+  May 31, 1912, Louise X 236.
+  June 6, 1912, May X 237.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+August 19, 1912. Notorious assignation hotel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_X_ 215. _West 28th Street._
+
+February 7, 1912. 11.00 P. M. Investigator solicited to enter premises.
+
+February 7, 1912. 9.15-9.30 P. M. Investigator solicited at the corner of
+Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises. Price of woman $1. Price
+of room $1.50.
+
+February 7, 1912. 1.15 P. M. Investigator was solicited by street walker
+on Sixth Avenue near ---- Street to enter premises. Price of woman $1.
+Price of room $1.50.
+
+February 7, 1912. 1.15 P. M. Investigator solicited by a prostitute on
+28th Street to enter the premises. Price of woman $1, price of room $1.
+
+February 7, 1912. Evening. Investigator asked clerk price of room for
+himself and was told $2.50, a prohibitive rate.
+
+February 10, 1912. 8.30 P. M. Investigator solicited by prostitute to
+enter premises.
+
+February 19, 1912. 2.00 A. M. Investigator solicited by street walker on
+Broadway between 31st and 32nd Streets to enter premises. Price of woman
+$3 for the rest of the night. Price of room $1.
+
+March 11, 1912. 9.20 P. M. Investigator counted 9 street walkers within 50
+feet of this hotel. All approached men. He was solicited by one of the
+prostitutes at the entrance of the hotel to enter the premises. Price of
+woman $2. Price of room $1.50.
+
+March 11, 1912. 11.25 P. M. Investigator counted 2 street walkers at the
+corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street in the vicinity of this hotel. He
+was solicited by one to enter premises. Price of woman $3, price of room
+$1.50.
+
+March 11, 1912. 9.00 P. M. Investigator counted 9 street walkers in the
+vicinity of this hotel. He was solicited by one on the west side of Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets to enter premises. Price of woman $2,
+price of room $1.50.
+
+May 1, 1912. 3.30 P. M. Investigator counted 11 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue in the vicinity of this hotel. Three approached men. Investigator
+was solicited by one on Sixth Avenue within sight of an officer to enter
+premises. Price of woman $1. Price of room $1.
+
+May 1, 1912. 2.00 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets in the vicinity of this hotel. All
+approached men. He was solicited by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and
+---- Street to enter the premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 8, 1912. 5.00 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 13, 1912. 6.45 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 15, 1912. A man sold obscene photographs in the toilet room of this
+hotel. He had a bundle of such pictures.
+
+May 15, 1912. 5.30 P. M. Investigator counted 4 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets, in the vicinity of this hotel. All
+approached men. He was solicited by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and
+---- to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+May 23, 1912. 11.00 A. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets in the vicinity of this hotel. All
+approached men. He was solicited by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and
+---- Street to enter premises. Price of room $2, price of woman $2.
+
+May 24, 1912. 11.00 A. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets in the vicinity of this hotel. All
+approached men. He was solicited by one within sight of an officer at the
+corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises. Price of woman
+$2, price of room $2.
+
+May 31, 1912. 1.30 P. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street. Price of woman $2,
+price of room $2.
+
+June 1, 1912. 1.30 A. M. Investigator counted 7 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. Six of these women approached men.
+Investigator was solicited by one of them at the corner of Sixth Avenue
+and ---- Street within sight of an officer, to enter premises. Price of
+woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 4, 1912. 10.45 A. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets in the vicinity of this hotel. All
+approached men. He was solicited by one within sight of an officer at the
+corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises. Price of woman
+$2, price of room $2.
+
+June 6, 1912. 1.30 P. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street within sight of an
+officer, to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+June 8, 1912. 11.30 A. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street to enter premises.
+Price of woman $2, price of room $1.50.
+
+June 13, 1912. 11.30 A. M. Investigator counted 5 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street, within sight of an officer,
+to enter premises. Price $3 for woman, price of room $2.
+
+June 15, 1912. 11.30 A. M. Investigator counted 6 street walkers on Sixth
+Avenue between ---- and ---- Streets. All approached men. He was solicited
+by one at the corner of Sixth Avenue and ---- Street, within sight of an
+officer, to enter premises. Price of woman $2, price of room $2.
+
+The following prostitutes are among those who frequent this hotel for
+immoral purposes:
+
+  April 24, 1912, Laura X 240.
+  July 29, 1912, Mamie X 241.
+  August 2, 1912, Marion X 244.
+  August 12, 1912, Kate X 243.
+  August 15, 1912, Anna X 212.
+  August 15, 1912, Betty X 216.
+  August 15, 1912, Mrs. K. X 242.
+  August 16, 1912, Gussie X 223.
+
+Reports from other sources:
+
+Bed House. Hotel and disorderly house. Proprietor X 245. License issued in
+the name of X 245-a. One of the worst places in the city. X 245 is
+manager.
+
+February 1, 1912. Bed house, hotel and disorderly house; proprietor X 245,
+license issued in the name of X 245-a. X 245 is manager.
+
+August 19, 1912. A notorious assignation place.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX XII
+
+SALOONS: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+February 2, 1912. A man entered the rear room of saloon X 275. With him
+was a porter from a house of prostitution at X 173, West 27th Street.
+Prostitutes here were especially vulgar and obscene. A waiter in this
+place, named X 277, knew the prostitutes by name and encouraged the men to
+sit at the tables with these women and treat them to drinks. The
+proprietor, named X 278, also attempted to "drum up" trade between the
+prostitutes and the men.
+
+February 4, 1912. Between the hours of 7.15 and 10 P. M. the same
+conditions prevailed with variations. One prostitute who was intoxicated
+exposed herself. The waiter did not offer any objections to this
+exhibition.
+
+May 1, 1912. At 12 P. M. a stranger entered the rear room of saloon at X
+279, West 42nd Street. The waiters appeared to be familiar with certain
+girls who were unescorted.
+
+May 23, 1912. 2 P. M. A special officer attached to a notorious saloon and
+dance hall accompanied a man to this place. He told him it was a resort
+for pimps, pickpockets, cheap crooks and prostitutes. The dancing on this
+evening was vulgar and obscene. There were several young girls present
+between 17 and 20 years of age who gave vile exhibitions. At 3 A. M., six
+pimps invited the man to go to a saloon at X 280, Seventh Avenue. When
+they reached this place the pimps talked to several prostitutes. One of
+these girls was called May. While the young man sat at the table with one
+of these women, she attempted to steal a $2 bill from one of his pockets.
+When he remonstrated one of the pimps called to his five companions and
+said, "Come on, fellows, let's go through him." When they found the man
+did not have any more money they threw him out of the door and jostled him
+on the sidewalk. The man threatened to call a policeman who was standing
+on the opposite side of the street and they laughed, saying, "Go ahead,
+call the cop and see if he will come over." The man yelled "police" three
+or four times and the pimps said, "Holler louder, he won't bother us, we
+stand in."
+
+June 6, 1912. 2.30 A. M. Thirteen girls were sitting at the tables in the
+rear room. Jack X 281, a waiter in this resort, who lives at X 282, Second
+Avenue, stated that the boss, Joe X 283, has a small room in the rear
+where a few of his friends play cards and "roll" dice.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 20, 1912. 2 A. M. Concert hall at X 288, West 39th Street.
+Manager is X 289. The door at this house is guarded by George X 290. A
+chain on the door. The dances were vulgar and obscene. Carrie X 291
+solicited a man to go to a furnished room at X 292 West 39th Street, A
+pickpocket stole a watch, a stickpin, and $9 in money from one of the men
+in the place.
+
+February 24, 1912. 3.50 A. M. During the night there were over 100 men and
+16 white and colored prostitutes at the tables. A negro named Albert X 293
+pointed out the proprietor, whose name is X 294.
+
+April 11, 1912. 4 A. M. Same conditions prevail.
+
+April 19, 1912. 4.30 A. M. Same conditions prevail.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+March 29, 1912. Saloon at X 848, Sixth Avenue. It is said that X 849, the
+manager of this place, bails out the girls who solicit in his saloon. X
+850, living at ---- West 96th Street said that madames send to this rear
+room for girls. Following are some of the girls who solicit in this
+saloon: Hope X 852, May X 853, Bessie X 854, Elizabeth X 855, X 856,
+Nellie X 857, Mattie X 858, Marie X 859, and X 877.
+
+May 16, 1912. Twenty unescorted women counted in the rear room. Several
+girls solicited investigator to go to the X 860 hotel at ---- Sixth
+Avenue, to the X 861 Hotel at ---- Sixth Avenue, and to different flats.
+
+June 3, 1912. 9.15 P. M. Fifteen unescorted women in this rear room. Two
+women from this saloon solicited men to go to the X 862 Hotel, ---- Sixth
+Avenue.
+
+July 25, 1912. Nine unescorted women, among them being Ellen X 863 and
+Mildred X 864.
+
+July 27, 1912. Seven unescorted women. One of these is Catherine X 865.
+
+August 14, 1912. May X 866 soliciting in the rear room.
+
+August 15, 1912. 9. P. M. Nine unescorted women. Dancing was vulgar.
+
+August 28, 1912. Eleven unescorted women. One of these was Lottie X 850,
+who said she had been soliciting in this rear room for years.
+
+August 30, 1912. Seventeen unescorted women. One of these is Beatrice X
+867.
+
+September 24, 1912. Lottie X 850 was again in this rear room with others,
+among whom was Cora X 868.
+
+September 26, 1912. Fifteen unescorted women. One of these was Sue X 869.
+
+October 5, 1912. Four unescorted women. One of these by the name of May X
+870 said that she had been coming to this place for 15 years or more.
+
+October 9, 1912. Among the seventeen unescorted women was Lottie X 850,
+previously mentioned.
+
+October 11, 1912. Nine unescorted women. One of these was Rose X 871.
+
+October 30, 1912. Several unescorted women. Four left the saloon with men.
+One of the women was Anna X 872.
+
+November 1, 1912. Lottie X 850 was again in this saloon with other
+unescorted women.
+
+November 4, 1912. Eleven unescorted women. One named Mamie X 873 said, "I
+have my steady friends come here--they know where to find me." Another
+girl was Celia X 874.
+
+November 19, 1912. Eleven unescorted women. One of these was Lena X 875,
+another Clara X 876.
+
+Previous records:
+
+Proprietors of this place have given cash bond.
+
+Concert place and saloon. Women gather here to solicit trade, without
+interference from the management.
+
+January 26, 1912. Between 6.30 and 8.30 P. M. X 878, East 14th Street.
+Number of unescorted women in the rear room. Waiters assist girls in
+finding customers. One of the women named X 877 solicited investigator to
+go to X 893 Hotel at ---- Third Avenue.
+
+February 2, 1912. 11.05 P. M. Twenty unescorted women in rear room. Many
+solicited investigator to go to hotel.
+
+April 8, 1912. During the evening eleven unescorted women sat at separate
+tables. One prostitute said she would go to a hotel for $2.
+
+May 14, 1912. May X 879, living at ---- East 13th Street, was soliciting
+in this rear room.
+
+May 20, 1912. Nine unescorted women. One of these was Annie X 880, known
+as X 880-a, living at ---- East 15th Street.
+
+May 25, 1912. The following prostitutes were seen in this place: Ida X
+881, Annie X 882.
+
+May 29, 1912. Lettie X 888 was soliciting in this rear room.
+
+June 5, 1912. Seven unescorted women. One of these, Emma X 884, said that
+she meets some good men in this place. Another girl was Minnie X 885.
+
+June 8, 1912. Pauline X 886 was engaged in soliciting in this rear room.
+
+August 7, 1912. Three unescorted women. One of these was Emma X 887.
+
+September 26, 1912. Five unescorted women. One of these was Rose X 888.
+
+October 2, 1912. Five unescorted women. One of these was Mary X 889.
+
+October 3, 1912. Mary X 889 was again in this saloon.
+
+Previous records:
+
+February 1, 1912. Cafe and rear room. Women enter without escorts and
+solicit men in this place.
+
+January 13, 1912. The proprietor of this place has given cash bond.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+February 13, 1912. 9 to 12 P. M. X 890, W. 40th Street. Ten unescorted
+women at the tables. Six of these women beckoned to investigator to come
+to their tables. A number of these girls have been seen soliciting on
+Broadway. During the evening 7 couples left this place and went to the
+Hotel X 891. At 12 P. M. on this date, X 892, a prostitute, solicited
+investigator to go to a hotel.
+
+June 8, 1912. Number of unescorted women in this saloon.
+
+Previous records:
+
+This place is on the police list, alleged disorderly. Proprietor has given
+a cash bond.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX XIII
+
+MISCELLANEOUS PLACES: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+February 6, 1912. 3 A. M. Pool room and barber shop at X 300, West 28th
+Street. Conducted by two or three men who sell liquor without a license at
+5 cents per glass. One of the customers in the place solicited a man to go
+to a house of prostitution at X 25, Sixth Avenue. The man's name is X 301.
+
+A man by the name of X 302 conducts a pool parlor and cigar store at X
+303, Second Avenue. A pimp named X 304, frequents this place. X 305,
+another pimp, was at this place on February 5, 1912.
+
+About nine years ago a woman named Rosie X 306 opened a hair dressing
+parlor on Second Avenue. She now has the same kind of a parlor at X 307,
+Second Avenue. It is a rendezvous for prostitutes, and Rosie's husband is
+a bail bondsman for these women when they are arrested. Rosie sells these
+women dresses, hats, kimonos, feathers, and hair goods, either for cash or
+on the instalment plan. One of the methods used by X 306 to draw trade is
+to allow messages and mail for prostitutes and their pimps to be delivered
+at her parlor. One of the prostitutes is the wife of X 308. She is a
+street walker and also a shoplifter. Becky X 309 and her sister Sarah,
+who solicit on the Bowery, both go to Rosie's to have their hair dressed.
+
+February 9, 1912. Twenty-five pimps, gamblers and crooks were in the
+restaurant at X 311, Second Avenue. The chief amusement of these men is
+gambling, playing such games as stuss, poker, and "klobiosh." These pimps
+receive at this place telephone messages from their women on the streets
+or in vice resorts, and make arrangements in connection with arrests and
+other deals. Among the pimps who were seen here at different times were
+Louis X 312, Harry X 313, Joe X 314, Sam X 315, Joe X 316, and Sam X 317.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX XIV
+
+SHIPPING WOMEN: ADDITIONAL DATA
+
+
+X 47, alias X 47-a, who is part owner in X 46 West 25th Street, has had
+his woman in England, Russia, South Africa, Dallas, Texas, and Seattle,
+Washington. He travels back and forth between South Africa and New York.
+
+X 431 took his woman, X 432, to Africa and China, and now has her in a
+house of prostitution in Texas, the city being either Dallas or Fort
+Worth.
+
+X 316, alias X 316-a, alias X 316-b, sends his women out to western cities
+of this country.
+
+X 433, a pimp, had a German girl for his woman and sent her to Denver,
+Colorado. She "threw him down" and now he has another girl named Ida, whom
+he broke into the business of prostitution. When she was in Philadelphia
+she is said to have made as much as $200 for him every week. He then sent
+her west. She returned, and he sent her west again.
+
+X 434, the wife of X 435, a pimp, has been sent out west. One week she
+sent X 435 $150. Formerly she was with him in Portland, Oregon, Salt Lake
+City, Utah, and Billings, Montana.
+
+X 402, alias X 402-a, has sent his woman to South Africa and to Brazil.
+
+X 47-a took his wife, Ida, to South Africa seven years ago.
+
+Ray, the wife of X 407, alias X 407-a, is now in Providence, Rhode Island,
+in a house of prostitution.
+
+X 406, alias X 406-a, has just returned from Denver. X 436 once took her
+to Philadelphia; when the houses there were broken up and they were
+arrested, they "skipped" their bail.
+
+X 410, owner of a house of prostitution, has sent his woman to South
+Africa, Philadelphia and St Louis. He has a house in Philadelphia, which
+is now conducted by one of his women, Rosie.
+
+X 437, alias X 437-a, alias X 437-b, has sent his women to the western
+cities of this country. One of his women at the present time is X 438,
+alias X 438-a, alias X 438-b.
+
+X 439, who is part owner of the house of prostitution at X 426, Sixth
+Avenue, has sent his woman Minnie to Alaska three times, and it is said
+that each time she came back with between $4,000 and $5,000, all of which
+she gave to him.
+
+X 73, who is a part owner of the house of prostitution at X 67, West 25th
+Street, sent his girls to all the cities of the west--Seattle, Tacoma,
+Denver, San Francisco--and also to Philadelphia.
+
+X 440, alias X 440-a, pimp, has traveled with several of his women all
+over the country. He is now located in Boston.
+
+X 441 conducts a house of prostitution on Percy Street, Philadelphia.
+
+X 442 conducts a house of prostitution in Paterson, New Jersey. X 443 and
+X 444 have sent girls to him there.
+
+X 445, who is part owner in a house of prostitution at X 441, Montrose
+Avenue, Brooklyn, has sent his women to Omaha, Philadelphia and St. Louis.
+Lena, one of his girls, is now in Philadelphia; she has been in Omaha and
+St. Louis.
+
+X 110 has conducted a house of prostitution in South Africa, and at
+present is interested in X 109, West 40th Street--a house of prostitution.
+
+X 145-a, alias X 415, who is a part owner in X 416, West 36th Street, has
+been in South Africa, with his woman, from which place he went to Chicago.
+
+X 34, partner in at least 11 houses of prostitution, has sent his woman, X
+87, to Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, and other cities of the west. He also
+sent another woman, X 86, west over practically the same route.
+
+X 69, who is partner with his brother, X 68, in the house of prostitution
+at X 78, West 27th Street, had a woman named Becky, whom he sent to the
+western cities of this country.
+
+X 446 recently sent his woman to Stockton, California. She sent him $150
+and he followed her to that city. Since then they have been in Seattle,
+San Francisco, and other western cities. In going from one city to another
+with his woman, X 446 was apprehended by the authorities and sentenced to
+one year in prison.
+
+X 429, who hangs out at X 400, Second Avenue, sent his woman to El Paso,
+Texas. The immigration authorities arrested her and are at this writing
+still holding her. X 429 also has a girl in Buenos Ayres at the present
+time.
+
+X 447 has had his girl in San Diego, Denver, Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania.
+At the present time she is in California.
+
+X 448, who owns X 499, East 13th Street, has been in houses of
+prostitution in San Francisco and Seattle.
+
+X 450, who is now in New Orleans, had his girl there. She is now in New
+York City with a return ticket to New Orleans.
+
+X 451, who now has X 452 as his woman, has sent women to houses of
+prostitution in New Orleans, Fort Worth, and Houston. X 452 lately
+returned from Texas.
+
+X 424, alias X 424-a, has left with his woman for South Africa.
+
+X 387, alias X 387-a, part owner of X 425, West 28th Street with his
+brother, X 424, alias X 424-a, had his wife in a house in South Africa,
+where he ran houses of prostitution.
+
+X 453, alias X 453-a, has sent his woman Jennie to houses of prostitution
+in Denver, Spokane, Seattle, Tacoma and other western cities. She was in
+Denver four months ago. When in Spokane it is said she made $2,700 in two
+or three months.
+
+X 443, alias X 443-a, has taken his woman Becky to Philadelphia. It is now
+supposed that she is either in Globe, Arizona or Havana, Cuba.
+
+X 454 has a girl in New Orleans; she left him when he took a married woman
+to that city. X 454 has another girl named Rosie in a city in the west.
+
+X 455 sent his girl Ida to Brazil, from whence she has returned. He is
+thinking of sending her back to Brazil.
+
+X 328-a has a girl Sophia in New Orleans. She is about 24 or 25 years of
+age, 5 feet 6 inches tall, weighs about 135 pounds, dark hair, was born in
+Russia and has been in the United States about 7 or 8 years.
+
+X 428 has had two women. One woman left him. The other woman is in Panama
+and he expects her back soon. He has had her in houses of prostitution in
+Chicago, New Orleans, Brazil and Panama.
+
+X 385 had a woman whom he sent to Brazil. She returned, but with another
+pimp.
+
+X 456 has been unfortunate. He sent three women west and lost all of them.
+
+X 390 has sent his women to western cities to work in houses of
+prostitution four or five times.
+
+He has also taken his girls to houses of prostitution in Chicago, and has
+one girl there at the present time.
+
+X 453-a has had his woman Jennie in cities of the west three or four
+times. X 453-a is part owner in X 459, West 24th Street.
+
+X 427, a pimp, sent his woman Fanny to Butte, Montana, about five weeks
+ago, from which place she sent him $150, the first week.
+
+X 444 sent his woman to Panama five years ago and she left him.
+
+X 314 has had his women in houses of prostitution in Seattle and
+Philadelphia.
+
+X 460 has had his women in houses in Boston, Philadelphia and New Orleans.
+
+X 461 has had his women in houses in Philadelphia and Boston.
+
+X 439, partner in X 426, Sixth Avenue, a house of prostitution, sent his
+woman Ida to Tacoma, Washington. For a protracted period she is said to
+have sent him $100 every week.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Amusement Parks, 75.
+
+
+  Business of Prostitution, 112;
+    Receipts, 126-133.
+
+
+  Cadet, 87.
+
+  Call Houses in Tenements, 29.
+
+  Census, Tenements, 26.
+
+  Chicago Vice Commission, 111.
+
+  Cider Stubes in Tenements, 30.
+
+  Conditions in 1907, 10.
+
+  Concert Halls in Amusement Parks, 75.
+
+  Committee of Fourteen, 34.
+
+  Correctional Work, 267.
+
+  Customers, 13, 108, 111.
+
+
+  Dance Halls, 67, 76.
+
+  Davis, Katharine Bement, 163.
+
+  District Attorney, 123.
+
+
+  Excursion Boats, 73.
+
+  Exploiters, The, 77, etc.
+
+
+  Fifty-cent Houses, 16, etc.
+
+  Five and Ten Dollar Houses, 42, etc.
+
+
+  Hotels, Disorderly, 33 etc.; Appendix XI.
+
+
+  Independent Benevolent Association, 41.
+
+  Inmates, Numbers of; Appendix III.
+
+  Investigators' Reports, 140-142.
+
+  Investigation, Period of, 4.
+
+
+  Key, Explanation of, 7.
+
+
+  Law, Tenement House, 24.
+
+  Leasing Property, 113.
+
+  Lighthouse, 7.
+
+  Liquor Licenses, Revocation of, 161;
+    Sale of in Vice Resorts, 15.
+
+  Lookouts, 12.
+
+
+  Madames, 92, etc.
+
+  Massage Parlors, 45, etc.
+
+  Medical Certificates, 9.
+
+  Miscellaneous Places, 59; Appendix XIII.
+
+  Morals Survey Committee, 111.
+
+
+  One Dollar Houses, 17, etc.
+
+  Owners of Houses, etc., 77;
+    of Property, 114.
+
+
+  Parks, 73.
+
+  Parlor Houses, 4, etc.; Appendix IX.
+
+  Pimps, 64, 87.
+
+  Places which Cater to Vice, 52; Appendix II.
+
+  Police Precincts, Reports of Police on, 138-139.
+
+  Police Rules and Regulations, 137; Appendix VIII.
+
+  Police Commissioner, 123.
+
+  Prevention Agencies, 253, etc.
+
+  Procurers, 85.
+
+  Prostitutes, Professional in Manhattan, 100;
+    personal histories, 101;
+    birthplaces, 101, 102, 198, 199, 243;
+    nationality of parents, 200-203;
+    previous occupations, 102, 103, 112, 231, 247;
+    reasons for entering life, 103, 225, 241, 249;
+    salaries in occupations, 105, 106, 210, 234;
+    age of first sexual offense, 106, 216, 224, 232;
+    age when entering life, 107, 245;
+    length of time in business, 108;
+    earnings from prostitution, 222, 239, 246;
+    committed to Bedford Reformatory, 163.
+
+  Prostitution, the Police and the Law, 137.
+
+  Public Parks, 76.
+
+
+  Reformation Work, 258.
+
+  Renting Property, 113, 114.
+
+  Runners, 12.
+
+
+  Saloons, Disorderly, 53; Appendix XII.
+
+  Shares, Trading in, 118.
+
+  Shipping Women, 85; Appendix XIV.
+
+  Social Evil in Chicago, Report on, 111.
+
+  Special Sessions, 160, 161.
+
+  Stars in Parlor Houses, 7.
+
+  State Reformatory at Bedford Hill, 163, etc., 267.
+
+  Stolen Goods, Buyers of, 97.
+
+  Streets, Soliciting, 65; Appendix VII.
+
+  Street Walkers, Receipts of, 121.
+
+
+  Tenements, Vice Resorts in, 24; Appendix V, Appendix X;
+    department records, 144.
+
+  Trading in Shares, 118.
+
+
+  Venereal Diseases in New York City Hospitals, 134-136;
+    at Bedford Reformatory, 188, etc.;
+    other institutions, 240.
+
+  Vice Resorts in Parlor Houses, 3;
+    in Tenements, 24;
+    Massage Parlors, 45.
+
+
+  Watchboys, 12.
+
+  White Slaves, 85.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] Attention is called to the fact that the vice resorts described in the
+following pages are all situated in Manhattan, this being the only section
+of Greater New York considered in the present investigation.
+
+[2] All statements made on the basis of our investigation are to be
+understood as of this period. There is no implication as to conditions
+before or after those dates. Where a statement under any other date is
+intended, that fact is noted. This caution applies to the entire book and
+will not be repeated.
+
+[3] See Chapter II.
+
+[4] See Chapter IV.
+
+[5] X 2. The foregoing sign is the key by which the woman referred to can
+be identified in our records. At this point, I shall explain once for all
+a system which will be continued throughout this book. The persons,
+places, and exhibits mentioned or referred to in the text are invariably
+definite and concrete. A complete register of them has been made, each
+item being lettered and numbered. The sign X 2 in the present instance
+enables the writer promptly to put his finger on the name, address, etc.,
+of the person designated. This is equally true of all future references
+similarly indicated.
+
+[6] For additional samples, see Chapter VI.
+
+[7] Among our exhibits are several business cards belonging to the
+physicians here alluded to.
+
+[8] X 461.
+
+[9] X 1.
+
+[10] X 473.
+
+[11] X 415-a.
+
+[12] Discharging his present doctor, X 474.
+
+[13] For details and results, see Chapter VII.
+
+[14] Among them X 189, X 470, X 472.
+
+[15] Among the cabmen who are active in promoting this business are X 85,
+Joe X 22, Louis X 24, X 483, X 484, X 485, X 486, X 487, X 488, and X 489.
+As a rule the men do not own their cabs, but hire them by the day or night
+from proprietors of livery stables. In any case, they are supposed to have
+a license, which costs fifty cents per year.
+
+[16] X 490.
+
+[17] At 10.40 P. M., on March 25, 1912, the bartender in a saloon on
+Manhattan Avenue suggested to a man that he visit an apartment in a
+tenement house at (X 475) West 111th Street. A waiter in a disorderly
+saloon at (X 476) Seventh Avenue endeavored to persuade a man in the rear
+room to go to a house on the second floor of a building at (X 147)
+Broadway. The waiter said there were three women in this resort and the
+price was only $5. Liquor was sold there at $2 per round.
+
+[18] X 3.
+
+[19] X 4.
+
+[20] X 9
+
+[21] X 11.
+
+[22] X 12.
+
+[23] X 13
+
+[24] X 19.
+
+[25] X 20.
+
+[26] X 894.
+
+[27] X 21
+
+[28] X 22
+
+[29] The event alluded to is the murder of a notorious gambler, which
+shortly resulted in a change of attitude on the subject under discussion.
+See Chapter VII.
+
+[30] X 25
+
+[31] X 41
+
+[32] X 59
+
+[33] X 16
+
+[34] Additional data, Parlor Houses, Appendix IX; also Appendix III,
+"Inmates of Vice Resorts."
+
+[35] Including apartment houses.
+
+[36] X 112, X 113, X 114.
+
+[37] X 115.
+
+[38] X 117, X 118.
+
+[39] The original copy of this letter is on file. The woman's name and
+address are X 119, X 120.
+
+[40] X 121.
+
+[41] X 122.
+
+[42] Bryant, X 124.
+
+[43] X 123.
+
+[44] X 125.
+
+[45] X 126.
+
+For further examples, the reader is referred to Appendix X, "Additional
+Data--Tenements."
+
+[46] X 147.
+
+[47] X 164.
+
+[48] X 182.
+
+[49] New York, A. H. Kellogg Co. (1910), p. 38.
+
+[50] This $800 fee was imposed in Manhattan and the Bronx and was the rate
+established by the Raines Law at the time of its passage. The rate of $200
+was the tax for saloons prior to the passage of the Raines Law.
+
+[51] Report of The Committee of Fourteen, 1912.
+
+[52] X 207.
+
+[53] X 208.
+
+[54] As to this and other hotels, repeated observation at different
+periods established the notorious character of the places. Corroborative
+evidence is collected in Appendix XI, "Additional Data, Hotels."
+
+[55] X 253.
+
+[56] X 261.
+
+[57] X 262.
+
+[58] X 246.
+
+[59] X 248.
+
+[60] X 247.
+
+[61] X 250-a.
+
+[62] X 250.
+
+[63] X 251.
+
+[64] X 251-a
+
+[65] Wanted--Female.
+
+[66] X 251-b.
+
+[67] For a statistical summary of vice resorts, see Appendix I.
+
+[68] "Christianizing the Social Order," p. 268.
+
+[69] Mr. Arthur H. Gleason brought out this point in two articles under
+the title of "The Saloon in New York," published in _Collier's Weekly_, in
+the issues of April 25 and May 2, 1908.
+
+[70] X 263.
+
+[71] X 264, X 265.
+
+[72] X 265.
+
+[73] X 264.
+
+[74] X 269.
+
+[75] X 274.
+
+[76] X 275.
+
+[77] X 276.
+
+[78] For additional illustrations see Appendix XII--"Additional
+Data--Saloons."
+
+[79] X 108.
+
+[80] X 295.
+
+[81] X 296.
+
+[82] X 297.
+
+[83] A "line up" is the ruin of a girl who flirts with men and accepts
+their advances and immoral suggestions. Finally she yields to an
+invitation to visit a furnished room and the word quickly passes among the
+"gang." One by one the boys and men, perhaps only two or three, perhaps
+more, visit this room.
+
+[84] By X 298 at X 299.
+
+[85] X 298, X 299.
+
+[86] For further illustrations, see Appendix XIII--"Additional
+Data--Miscellaneous Places."
+
+[87] For detailed statistical statements respecting street-conditions, see
+Appendix VII, p. 281.
+
+[88] X 318.
+
+[89] X 319.
+
+[90] X 320.
+
+[91] X 321.
+
+[92] X 322.
+
+[93] X 328.
+
+[94] X 330.
+
+[95] X 320, X 320-a.
+
+[96] Given by Club X 341.
+
+[97] X 342.
+
+[98] X 343.
+
+[99] X 352.
+
+[100] X 353.
+
+[101] X 357.
+
+[102] X 358.
+
+[103] By the X 362 Club.
+
+[104] X 368.
+
+[105] X 369.
+
+[106] X 370.
+
+[107] X 374.
+
+[108] X 373.
+
+[109] X 376.
+
+[110] For statistical details as to parks catering to prostitution, see
+Appendix II, "Summary of Resorts Catering to Vice."
+
+[111] A "creep house" is a place where women take men to rob them.
+
+[112] X 382.
+
+[113] X 108-a.
+
+[114] X 46.
+
+[115] X 34.
+
+[116] X 86, X 87.
+
+[117] X 383.
+
+[118] X 384.
+
+[119] X 402.
+
+[120] X 403.
+
+[121] X 407.
+
+[122] X 467.
+
+[123] X 408.
+
+[124] X 258, 409.
+
+[125] X 73.
+
+[126] X 414.
+
+[127] X 416.
+
+[128] X 421.
+
+[129] X 311.
+
+[130] X 68.
+
+[131] X 426.
+
+[132] For further details, see Appendix XIV, "Additional Data--Shipping
+Women."
+
+[133] X 385.
+
+[134] X 386.
+
+[135] X 385-a.
+
+[136] X 68, X 386-a, X 386, X 387, X 388, X 389.
+
+[137] X 386, X 387.
+
+[138] X 88, X 163, X 393, X 74.
+
+[139] X 386.
+
+[140] X 385.
+
+[141] X 340.
+
+[142] X 396.
+
+[143] X 393.
+
+[144] X 399.
+
+[145] X 400.
+
+[146] X 427.
+
+[147] X 382-a.
+
+[148] X 87.
+
+[149] X 34.
+
+[150] X 501.
+
+[151] X 260.
+
+[152] X 183.
+
+[153] X 463.
+
+[154] X 44.
+
+[155] X 502.
+
+[156] X 518.
+
+[157] Kept by Madame X 519.
+
+[158] X 116.
+
+[159] X 520.
+
+[160] X 50.
+
+[161] X 108.
+
+[162] X 540.
+
+[163] X 51.
+
+[164] X 46.
+
+[165] X 17.
+
+[166] X 59.
+
+[167] Named X 522.
+
+[168] X 507.
+
+[169] X 493.
+
+[170] By X 508.
+
+[171] X 418, X 509.
+
+[172] X 419.
+
+[173] This expression means that the girls should be broken into the
+business in some private place, until they were fitted for the public
+houses.
+
+[174] For statistical details, see Appendix III, "Inmates of Vice
+Resorts."
+
+[175] See Chapter VIII.
+
+[176] See Report on "Relation between Occupation and Criminality of
+Women," page 29, being Vol. XV of Report on Conditions of Women and Child
+Wage-Earners in the United States.
+
+It is further to be remembered, in accounting for the disproportionate
+number of servants among those arrested, that, as Miss Jane Addams has
+pointed out, many of these girls have had such brief periods of domestic
+employment that they cannot fairly be reckoned in the servant class. They
+describe themselves as such merely in default of any other convenient
+term; they may have served for a few days here or there, but, strictly
+speaking, they have no calling at all.
+
+[177] This statement is substantiated by the findings of a private
+investigation made in New York City during 1912.
+
+[178] X 33 and X 9.
+
+[179] X 541.
+
+[180] X 545.
+
+[181] See "The Social Evil in Chicago, Report of the Chicago Vice
+Commission," page 101.
+
+[182] See "The Social Evil in Syracuse, N. Y., Report of the Morals Survey
+Committee," page 95.
+
+[183] X 428.
+
+[184] X 428-a.
+
+[185] X 423.
+
+[186] X 548.
+
+[187] X 111, X 549, X 550.
+
+[188] To X 110.
+
+[189] X 47-a, X 408.
+
+[190] X 12.
+
+[191] X 554.
+
+[192] X 552.
+
+[193] X 462.
+
+[194] X 387.
+
+[195] X 463.
+
+[196] X 465, 466.
+
+[197] X 467, 468.
+
+[198] X 469.
+
+[199] X 109.
+
+[200] X 562.
+
+[201] X 563.
+
+[202] X 564.
+
+[203] X 565.
+
+[204] The other two houses, making the 30 resorts later referred to under
+"Receipts," are operated by women.
+
+[205] X 34.
+
+[206] X 419.
+
+[207] X 16.
+
+[208] X 583.
+
+[209] X 585.
+
+[210] X 568.
+
+[211] X 575.
+
+[212] X 423.
+
+[213] X 110.
+
+[214] X 109.
+
+[215] X 403.
+
+[216] The houses and individuals involved in all the above transactions
+are identified in our records.
+
+[217] The parties involved were X 72, X 586, X 69, X 415.
+
+[218] The persons and places are X 407, X 67, X 59, X 72-a.
+
+[219] X 73.
+
+[220] X 72.
+
+[221] Persons and places: X 417, X 403, X 69.
+
+[222] X 751.
+
+[223] The girl gets one-half, the house one-half.
+
+[224] The effort is made to meet these expenses by the charge made for
+board--a charge paid by the inmates out of their "half."
+
+[225] From this point to the end of the table, shops occupy the first
+floors of the buildings named.
+
+[226] For itemized account of certain expenses, see Appendix VI, p. 280.
+
+[227] For itemized account of certain expenses, see Appendix V, p. 279.
+
+[228] For itemized statement of certain expenses, similarly obtained, see
+Appendix IV, p. 278.
+
+[229] For Rules and Regulations made pursuant to charter provisions, see
+Appendix VIII, p. 283.
+
+[230] This table was compiled for the Aldermanic Committee appointed to
+investigate the police department, which fact explains why the period does
+not coincide with that of our own investigations. The table is a matter of
+public record.
+
+[231] In 40 of these cases, the complaint was dismissed as having "No
+basis." In 194 cases, the cause of complaint was removed, and in 8 cases
+no action was necessary. In 6 cases, a violation was held. Police made
+arrests in 153 of these cases.
+
+[232] X 387, X 387-a, X 424-a, X 596.
+
+[233] X 462.
+
+[234] Among them X 598, X 599, X 600, X 601, X 602.
+
+[235] X 603-604.
+
+[236] The persons and places involved are: X 34, X 108, X 608, X 609, X
+610, X 611, X 600, X 598, X 613.
+
+[237] Persons and places involved: X 108, X 44, X 502, X 659, X 415, X
+416, X 414, X 542, X 11, X 663, X 664, X 407, X 73, X 67.
+
+[238] X 662.
+
+[239] X 108.
+
+[240] X 34.
+
+[241] X 500.
+
+[242] X 572.
+
+[243] X 665, 666.
+
+[244] X 670.
+
+[245] X 671.
+
+[246] X 672, X 673, X 674.
+
+[247] X 26.
+
+[248] X 9.
+
+[249] X 685.
+
+[250] X 691.
+
+[251] X 116.
+
+[252] X 519.
+
+[253] The commander of the inspection district, X 653.
+
+[254] X 691.
+
+[255] X 108.
+
+[256] Our investigators made frequent reports showing that street walkers
+and others repeatedly prosecuted their business under the eyes of police
+officers without interference.
+
+[257] X 109.
+
+[258] X 610.
+
+[259] X 68.
+
+[260] X 9.
+
+[261] X 706.
+
+[262] X 707.
+
+[263] X 230.
+
+[264] X 708.
+
+[265] X 729.
+
+[266] X 556, X 557.
+
+[267] X 626.
+
+[268] X 426.
+
+[269] X 741.
+
+[270] Owner X 34.
+
+[271] X 311.
+
+[272] X 658.
+
+[273] X 34, 47, 413-a, 44, 705, 418, 387-a and 746.
+
+[274] X 502, X 570, X 459.
+
+[275] X 33, X 11, X 403.
+
+[276] X 16.
+
+[277] X 419.
+
+[278] X 34.
+
+[279] At X 108.
+
+[280] X 587.
+
+[281] X 778.
+
+[282] X 33.
+
+[283] X 419.
+
+[284] X 93.
+
+[285] X 781.
+
+[286] X 34.
+
+[287] X 610.
+
+[288] X 598.
+
+[289] These are indexed in our records as follows:
+
+      X 791 W. 26th Street, owners X 17 and X 34.
+      X 78 W. 27th Street, owners X 68 and X 69.
+      X 419 W. 28th Street, owners X 418, X 509, and X 34.
+      X 792 W. 29th Street, owners X 15.
+      X 16 W. 31st Street, owners X 34, and a woman.
+      X 254 W. 34th Street, owners X 793.
+      X 33 Sixth Avenue, owners X 34.
+      X 11 Sixth Avenue, owners X 542, X 705, and X 34's nephew and
+          brother.
+      X 659 W. 40th Street, owners X 103 and X 44.
+      X 93 W. 40th Street, owners X 34.
+      X 582 W. 40th Street, owners X 408.
+
+[290] X 17.
+
+[291] X 59.
+
+[292] X 16.
+
+[293] X 415-a.
+
+[294] X 804.
+
+[295] X 12.
+
+[296] X 67.
+
+[297] X 415-a, X 34, X 633 were concerned in this alleged deal.
+
+[298] X 608.
+
+[299] X 587.
+
+[300] X 108.
+
+[301] X 832.
+
+[302] X 833.
+
+[303] The above data are derived from the report made by the Committee of
+Fourteen for 1912.
+
+[304] For purposes of comparison studies were also made of 610 girls in 7
+other New York city and state institutions and of 1106 street walkers. See
+pp. 197 etc.
+
+[305] See Page 229.
+
+[306] See Page No. 243.
+
+[307] These tests were made by Dr. Archibald McNeil, of the Research
+Laboratory, Department of Health, New York City.
+
+[308] All smears were prepared and examined in duplicate and were stained
+by Grams method, pure cultures of staphylococci and colon bacilli being
+used as controls. In one case the smear was positive and the complement
+fixation test for gonorrhoea was negative, but as a rule antibodies
+against the gonococcus do not appear in the blood during the acute stage
+of the disease, so it may frequently happen that we may have positive
+smears and negative complement fixation tests in recent cases. At a later
+period, however, the complement fixation test is almost invariably
+positive.
+
+The complement fixation tests were all performed in duplicate as a check
+on any possible errors in technique. The anti-sheep haemolytic system with
+inactive sera was used with the alcoholic extract guinea pig heart for an
+antigen in the syphilis tests and an antigen prepared from ten varieties
+of gonococci was used in the tests for gonorrhoea.
+
+All of the tests were made in sets of twelve, each set being fully
+controlled.
+
+The blood specimens were unaccompanied by histories and the laboratory
+results were not in any way influenced by clinical findings.
+
+[309] These percentages were taken from the combined results of the tests
+made at both incubator and ice box temperature.
+
+[310] That is to say, the only girls who figure in the present study were
+girls who were before commitment engaged in prostitution in New York City.
+
+[311] New York Tribune Almanac, 1912.
+
+[312] New York City, 290 = 59.20%.
+
+[313] Note: 7 cards, no information.
+
+[314] Preliminary Bulletin issued by U. S. Census Bureau (Census of 1910)
+Dec. 29, 1911.
+
+[315] See page 271.
+
+[316] See Rules and Regulations of the Police Department, 1908, page 115.
+
+[317] Ibid., page 115.
+
+[318] Ibid., page 120.
+
+[319] Ibid., page 130.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "Ninty" corrected to "Ninety" (page 67)
+  "dispossssed" corrected to "dispossessed" (page 94)
+  missing "XLIX" added (page 165)
+  "syphhilis" corrected to "syphilis" (page 188)
+  "20.33%%" corrected to "20.33-1/3%" (page 216)
+  "Colorada" corrected to "Colorado" (page 229)
+  "home making" corrected to "home-making" (page 259)
+  "Physicial" corrected to "Physical" (page 260)
+  "p. --" changed to "p. 281" (footnote 87)
+  "Statisticals" corrected to "statistical" (footnote 110)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been retained from the original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Commercialized Prostitution in New
+York City, by George Jackson Kneeland
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