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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the Northwest
+by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634
+       With a Sketch of his Life
+
+Author: Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2011 [EBook #36698]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF NORTHWEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Valérie Leduc, Curtis Weyant and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+
+  OF THE
+
+  DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST
+
+  BY
+
+  JOHN NICOLET
+
+  IN 1634
+
+  WITH A
+
+  SKETCH OF HIS LIFE
+
+  BY
+
+  C. W. BUTTERFIELD
+
+  Author of "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky," "History of Wisconsin"
+  In Historical Atlas of the State, "The Washington-Crawford Letters,"
+  "History of the University of Wisconsin," etc.
+
+  CINCINNATI
+  ROBERT CLARKE & CO.
+  1881
+
+  COPYRIGHTED, 1881,
+  BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the following pages, I have attempted to record, in a faithful
+manner, the indomitable perseverance and heroic bravery displayed by
+John Nicolet in an exploration which resulted in his being the first of
+civilized men to set foot upon any portion of the Northwest; that is,
+upon any part of the territory now constituting the States of Ohio,
+Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It is shown how he brought
+to the knowledge of the world the existence of a "fresh-water sea"--Lake
+Michigan--beyond and to the westward of Lake Huron; how he visited a
+number of Indian nations before unheard of; how he penetrated many
+leagues beyond the utmost verge of previous discoveries, with an almost
+reckless fortitude, to bind distant tribes to French interests; and how
+he sought to find an ocean, which, it was believed, was not a great
+distance westward of the St. Lawrence, and which would prove a near
+route to China and Japan.
+
+The principal sources from which I have drawn, in my investigations
+concerning the life and explorations of Nicolet, are the Jesuit
+Relations. So nearly contemporaneous are these publications with his
+discoveries--especially those which contain a record of them--and so
+trustworthy are they in their recital of facts connected therewith, that
+their value, in this connection, can hardly be over-estimated. Each one
+of the series having a particular bearing upon the subject of this
+narrative has been studied with a care commensurate with its importance.
+Other accounts of the same period, as well as of a somewhat later date,
+together with the researches of modern writers, concerning the daring
+Frenchman, whose name stands first on the list of the explorers of the
+Northwest, have, likewise, been carefully examined, the object being, if
+not to exhaust all known sources of information illustrative of these
+discoveries, at least to profit by them. Aid has been received, in
+addition, from several living authors, especially from Benjamin Sulte,
+Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, to whom, and to all others who have extended a
+helping hand, I return my sincere thanks.
+
+                                                                C. W. B.
+
+  MADISON, WISCONSIN, 1881.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  INTRODUCTION.
+                                                         PAGE.
+  Pre-historic Man in the Northwest--The Red Race--First
+  Discoveries in New France,                               vii
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+
+  Events Leading to Western Exploration,                    11
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  John Nicolet, the Explorer,                               26
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  Nicolet Discovers the Northwest,                          35
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Subsequent Career and Death of Nicolet,                   75
+
+  APPENDIX,                                                 93
+
+  INDEX,                                                   107
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN THE NORTHWEST--THE RED RACE--FIRST DISCOVERIES IN
+NEW FRANCE.
+
+
+Of the existence, in what are now the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+Michigan, and Wisconsin, at a remote period, of a race superior in
+intelligence to the red men who inhabited this region when first seen by
+a European, there are indubitable evidences. Who were these ancient
+occupiers of the territory just mentioned--of its prairies and
+woodlands, hills and valleys? There are no traditions of their power, of
+their labor, or of their wisdom--no record of their having lived, except
+in rapidly-decaying relics. They left no descendants to recount their
+daring deeds. All that remain of them--the so-called Mound-Builders--are
+mouldering skeletons. All that are to be seen of their handicraft are
+perishing earth-works and rude implements. These sum up the "types and
+shadows" of the pre-historic age.
+
+There is nothing to connect "the dark backward and abysm" of
+mound-building times with those of the red race of the Northwest; and
+all that is known of the latter dating earlier than their first
+discovery, is exceedingly dim and shadowy. Upon the extended area
+bounded by Lake Superior on the north, Lake Michigan on the east,
+wide-spreading prairies on the south, and the Mississippi river on the
+west, there met and mingled two distinct Indian families--Algonquins
+and Dakotas. Concerning the various tribes of these families, nothing of
+importance could be gleaned by the earliest explorers; at least, very
+little has been preserved. Tradition, it is true, pointed to the
+Algonquins as having, at some remote period, migrated from the east; and
+this has been confirmed by a study of their language. It indicated,
+also, that the Dakotas, at a time far beyond the memory of the most
+aged, came from the west or southwest--fighting their way as they came;
+that one of their tribes[1] once dwelt upon the shores of a sea; but
+when and for what purpose they left their home none could relate.
+
+The residue of the Northwest was the dwelling-place of Algonquins alone.
+In reality, therefore, "the territory northwest of the river Ohio" has
+no veritable history ante-dating the period of its first discovery by
+civilized man. Portions of the country had been heard of, it is true,
+but only through vague reports of savages. There were no accounts at
+all, besides these, of the extensive region of the upper lakes or of the
+valley of the Upper Mississippi; while nothing whatever was known of the
+Ohio or of parts adjacent.
+
+The first of the discoveries in the New World after that of Columbus, in
+1492, having an immediate bearing upon this narrative, was that of John
+Cabot, in 1497. On the third of July, of that year, he saw what is now
+believed to have been the coast of Labrador. After sailing a short
+distance south, he probably discovered the island of Newfoundland. In
+1498, his son, Sebastian, explored the continent from Labrador to
+Virginia, and possibly as far south as Florida. Gaspar Cortereal, in
+1500, reached the shore seen by John Cabot, and explored it several
+hundred miles. He was followed, in 1524, by John Verrazzano, who
+discovered the North American coast in, probably, the latitude of what
+is now Wilmington, North Carolina. He continued his exploration to the
+northward as far as Newfoundland. To the region visited by him, he gave
+the name of New France. The attention of the reader is now directed to
+some of the most important events, in the country thus named, which
+followed, for a period of a hundred and ten years, the voyage of
+Verrazzano.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Ancestors of the present Winnebagoes.]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+EVENTS LEADING TO WESTERN EXPLORATION.
+
+
+The discovery of the river St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes which
+pour their superabundant waters through it into the gulf, was not the
+least in importance of the events which signalized the opening of the
+history of the New World. The credit of having first spread a sail upon
+the majestic stream of Canada, and of obtaining such information as
+afterward led to a knowledge of the whole of its valley, belongs to
+James Cartier, a native of St. Malo--a port in the north of France.
+Cartier was a skillful mariner. On the twentieth of April, 1534, he
+sailed from his native place, under orders of the French admiral, for
+the coast of Newfoundland, intent on exploring unknown seas, and
+countries washed by them. He took with him two ships of fifty tons each,
+and in twenty days saw the large island lying between the ocean and the
+river he was soon to discover. Favorable winds had wafted him and his
+hundred and twenty-two sailors and adventurers to inhospitable shores,
+but at an auspicious season of the year.
+
+Having sailed nearly around Newfoundland, Cartier turned to the south,
+and, crossing the gulf, entered a bay, which he named Des Chaleurs,
+because of the midsummer heats. A little farther north he landed and
+took possession of the country in the name of the French king. His
+vessels were now at anchor in the smaller inlet of Gaspé. Sailing still
+further north, Cartier, in August, discovered the river St. Lawrence. He
+moved up its channel until land was sighted on either side; then, being
+unprepared to remain through the winter, he sailed back again to the
+gulf, crossed the ocean, and moored his vessels in safety in St. Malo.
+He made the return voyage in less than thirty days. This was, at that
+period, an astonishing achievement. The success of the expedition filled
+the whole of France with wonder. In less than five months, the Atlantic
+had been crossed; a large river discovered; a new country added to the
+dominions of France; and the ocean recrossed. All this had been
+accomplished before it was generally known that an expedition had been
+undertaken.
+
+The remarkable pleasantness of this summer's voyage, the narratives of
+Cartier and his companions, and the importance attached to their
+discoveries, aroused the enthusiasm of the French; and, as might be
+expected, a new expedition was planned. Three well-furnished ships were
+provided by the king. Even some of the nobility volunteered for the
+voyage. All were eager to cross the Atlantic. On the nineteenth of May,
+1535, the squadron sailed. But Cartier had not, this time, a pleasant
+summer cruise. Storms raged. The ships separated. For seven weeks they
+buffeted the troubled ocean. Their rendezvous was the Straits of Belle
+Isle, which they finally reached; but the omens were bad. The
+adventurers had confidently looked for pleasant gales and a quick
+voyage, and these expectations had all been blasted. Now, however, they
+arrived within sight of Newfoundland, and their spirits rose. Carried to
+the west of that island, on the day of Saint Lawrence, they gave the
+name of that martyr to a portion of the gulf which opened before them.
+The name was afterward given to the whole of that body of water and to
+the river Cartier had previously discovered. Sailing to the north of
+Anticosti, they ascended the St. Lawrence, reaching, in September, a
+fine harbor in an island since called Orleans.
+
+Leaving his two largest ships in the waters of the river now known as
+the St. Charles, Cartier, with the smallest and two open boats, ascended
+the St. Lawrence until a considerable Indian village was reached,
+situated on an island called Hochelaga. Standing upon the summit of a
+hill, on this island, and looking away up the river, the commander had
+fond imaginings of future glory awaiting his countrymen in colonizing
+this region. "He called the hill Mont-Réal, and time, that has
+transferred the name of the island, is realizing his visions;" for on
+that island now stands the city of Montreal. While at Hochelaga, Cartier
+gathered some indistinct accounts of the surrounding country, and of the
+river Ottawa coming down from the hills of the Northwest. Rejoining his
+ships, he spent the winter in a palisaded fort on the bank of the St.
+Charles, with his vessels moored before it. The cold was intense. Many
+of his men died of scurvy. Early in the spring, possession was again
+taken of the country in the name of the French king; and, on the
+sixteenth of July, 1536, the Breton mariner dropped anchor in St.
+Malo--he having returned in two ships; the other was abandoned, and
+three hundred and twelve years after was discovered imbedded in mud.
+France was disappointed. Hopes had been raised too high. Expectations
+had not been realized. Further explorations, therefore, were, for the
+time, postponed.
+
+Notwithstanding the failure of Cartier's second voyage, the great valley
+of the St. Lawrence was not to remain very long unknown to the world, in
+any of its parts. It was thought unworthy a gallant nation to abandon
+the enterprise; and one more trial at exploration and colonization was
+determined upon. Again the bold mariner of St. Malo started for the St.
+Lawrence. This was on the twenty-third of May, 1541. He took with him
+five ships; but he went, unfortunately, as subordinate, in some
+respects, to John Francis de la Roque, Lord of Roberval, a nobleman of
+Picardy, whom the king of France had appointed viceroy of the country
+now again to be visited. The object of the enterprise was declared to be
+discovery, settlement, and the conversion of the Indians. Cartier was
+the first to sail. Again he entered the St. Lawrence.
+
+After erecting a fort near the site of the present city of Quebec,
+Cartier ascended the river in two boats to explore the rapids above the
+island of Hochelaga. He then returned and passed the winter at his fort;
+and, in the spring, not having heard from the viceroy, he set sail for
+France. In June, 1542, in the harbor of St. John, he met the Lord of
+Roberval, outward bound, with three ships and two hundred men. The
+viceroy ordered Cartier to return to the St. Lawrence; but the mariner
+of St. Malo escaped in the night, and continued his voyage homeward.
+Roberval, although abandoned by his subordinate, once more set sail.
+After wintering in the St. Lawrence, he, too, abandoned the
+country--giving back his immense viceroyalty to the rightful owners.
+
+In 1578, there were three hundred and fifty fishing vessels at
+Newfoundland belonging to the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English;
+besides these were a number--twenty or more--of Biscayan whalers. The
+Marquis de la Roche, a Catholic nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by
+Henry IV., undertook the colonization of New France, in 1598. But the
+ill-starred attempt resulted only in his leaving forty convicts to their
+fate on Sable island, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Of their number,
+twelve only were found alive five years subsequent to La Roche's voyage.
+In 1599, another expedition was resolved on. This was undertaken by
+Pontgravé, a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin, a captain of the marine.
+In consideration of a monopoly of the fur-trade, granted them by the
+king of France, these men undertook to establish a colony of five
+hundred persons in New France. At Tadoussac, at the mouth of the
+Saguenay, they built a cluster of wooden huts and store-houses, where
+sixteen men were left to gather furs; these either died or were
+scattered among the Indians before the return of the spring of 1601.
+Chauvin made a second voyage to Tadoussac, but failed to establish a
+permanent settlement. During a third voyage he died, and his enterprise
+perished with him.
+
+In 1603, a company of merchants of France was formed, and Samuel
+Champlain, with a small band of adventurers, dispatched, in two small
+vessels, to make a preliminary survey of the St. Lawrence. He reached
+the valley in safety, sailed past the lofty promontory on which Quebec
+now stands, and proceeded onward to the island of Hochelaga, where his
+vessels were anchored. In a skiff, with a few Indians, Champlain vainly
+endeavored to pass the rapids of the great river. The baffled explorer
+returned to his ships. From the savages, he gleaned some information of
+ulterior regions. The natives drew for him rude plans of the river
+above, and its lakes and cataracts. His curiosity was inflamed, and he
+resolved one day to visit the country so full of natural wonders. Now,
+however, he was constrained to return to France. He had accomplished the
+objects of his mission--the making of a brief exploration of the valley
+of the chief river of Canada.
+
+It was the opinion of Champlain that on the banks of the St. Lawrence
+was the true site of a settlement; that here a fortified post should be
+erected; that thence, by following up the waters of the interior region
+to their sources, a western route might be traced to China, the distance
+being estimated by him at not more than two or three hundred leagues;
+and that the fur-trade of the whole country might be secured to France
+by the erection of a fort at some point commanding the river. These
+views, five years subsequent to his visit to the St. Lawrence, induced
+the fitting out of a second expedition, for trade, exploration, and
+colonization. On the thirteenth of April, 1608, Champlain again
+sailed--this time with men, arms, and stores for a colony. The fur-trade
+was intrusted to another. The mouth of the Saguenay was reached in June;
+and, soon after, a settlement was commenced on the brink of the St.
+Lawrence--the site of the present market-place of the lower town of
+Quebec. A rigorous winter and great suffering followed. Supplies arrived
+in the spring, and Champlain determined to enter upon his long-meditated
+explorations;--the only obstacles in the way were the savage nations he
+would every-where meet. He would be compelled to resort to diplomacy--to
+unite a friendly tribe to his interests, and, thus strengthened, to
+conquer, by force of arms, the hostile one.
+
+The tribes of the Hurons, who dwelt on the lake which now bears their
+name, and their allies, the Algonquins, upon the Ottawa and the St.
+Lawrence, Champlain learned, were at war with the Iroquois, or Five
+Nations, whose homes were within the present State of New York. In June,
+1609, he advanced, with sixty Hurons and Algonquins and two white men,
+up what is now known as the Richelieu river to the discovery of the
+first of the great lakes--the one which now bears his name. Upon its
+placid waters, this courageous band was stopped by a war-party of
+Iroquois. On shore, the contending forces met, when a few discharges of
+an arquebuse sent the advancing enemy in wild dismay back into the
+forest. The victory was complete. Promptly Champlain returned to the St.
+Lawrence, and his allies to their homes, not, however, until the latter
+had invited the former to visit their towns and aid them again in their
+wars. Champlain then revisited France, but the year 1610 found him once
+more in the St. Lawrence, with two objects in view: one, to proceed
+northward, to explore Hudson's bay; the other, to go westward, and
+examine the great lakes and the mines of copper on their shores, of the
+existence of which he had just been informed by the savages; for he was
+determined he would never cease his explorations until he had penetrated
+to the western sea, or that of the north, so as to open the way to
+China. But, after fighting a battle with the Iroquois at the mouth of
+the river Richelieu, he gave up, for the time, all thought of further
+exploration, and returned to France.
+
+On the thirteenth of May, 1611, Champlain again arrived in the St.
+Lawrence. To secure the advantages of the fur-trade to his superiors was
+now his principal object; and, to that end, he chose the site of the
+present city of Montreal for a post, which he called Place Royale. Soon
+afterward, he returned to France; but, early in the spring of 1613, the
+tireless voyager again crossed the Atlantic, and sailed up the St.
+Lawrence; this time bound for the Ottawa to discover the North sea.
+After making his way up that river to the home of the Algonquins of Isle
+des Allumettes, he returned in disgust to the St. Lawrence, and again
+embarked for France.
+
+At the site of the present city of Montreal, there had assembled, in the
+summer of 1615, Hurons from their distant villages upon the shores of
+their great lake, and Algonquins from their homes on the Ottawa--come
+down to a yearly trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence. Champlain,
+who had returned in May from France, was asked by the assembled savages
+to join their bands against the Iroquois. He consented; but, while
+absent at Quebec, making needful preparations, the savages became
+impatient, and departed for their homes. With them went Father Joseph le
+Caron, a Récollet, accompanied by twelve armed Frenchmen. It was the
+intention of this missionary to learn the language of the Hurons, and
+labor for their spiritual welfare. His departure from the St. Lawrence
+was on the first day of July. Nine days afterward, Champlain, with two
+Frenchmen and ten Indians followed him. Both parties traveled up the
+Ottawa to the Algonquin villages; passed the two lakes of the
+Allumettes; threaded their way to a well-trodden portage, crossing which
+brought them to Lake Nipissing; thence, they floated westward down the
+current of French river, to what is now known as Georgian bay;
+afterward, for more than a hundred miles, they journeyed southward along
+the eastern shores of that bay to its head; and there was the home of
+the Hurons.
+
+Champlain, with a naked host of allies, was soon on the march against
+the Iroquois from the Huron villages, moving down the river Trent, as
+since named, to its mouth, when his eyes were gladdened with the view of
+another of the fresh water seas--Lake Ontario. Boldly they crossed its
+broad expanse, meeting the enemy at a considerable distance inland from
+its southern shores. Defensive works of the Iroquois defied the assaults
+of the besiegers. The Huron warriors returned in disgust to their homes,
+taking Champlain with them. He was compelled to spend the winter as the
+guest of these savages, returning to the St. Lawrence by way of the
+Ottawa, and reaching Quebec on the eleventh of July, 1616. He had seen
+enough of the region traversed by him to know that there was an immense
+country lying to the westward ready to be given to his king the moment
+he should be able to explore and make it known. Father le Caron, who had
+preceded Champlain on his outward trip to the Huron villages, also
+preceded him on his return; but he remained long enough with those
+Indians to obtain a considerable knowledge of their language and of
+their manners and customs.
+
+Quebec, at this period, could hardly be called a settlement. It
+contained a population of fur-traders and friars of fifty or sixty
+persons. It had a fort, and Champlain was the nominal commander. In the
+interest of the infant colony he went every year to France. His was the
+duty to regulate the monopoly of the company of merchants in their trade
+with the Indians. In the summer of 1622, the Iroquois beset the
+settlement, but made no actual attack. A change was now at hand in the
+affairs of New France. Two Huguenots, William and Émery de Caen, had
+taken the place of the old company of St. Malo and Rouen, but were
+afterward compelled to share their monopoly with them. Fresh troubles
+were thus introduced into the infant colony, not only in religious
+affairs, but in secular matters. The Récollets had previously
+established five missions, extending from Acadia to the borders of Lake
+Huron. Now, three Jesuits--among their number John de Brébeuf--arrived
+in the colony, and began their spiritual labors. This was in 1625. When
+the year 1627 was reached, the settlement at Quebec had a population of
+about one hundred persons--men, women, and children. The chief trading
+stations upon the St. Lawrence were Quebec, Three Rivers, the Rapids of
+St. Louis, and Tadoussac. Turning our eyes to the western wilds, we see
+that the Hurons, after the return of Le Caron, were not again visited by
+missionaries until 1622.
+
+In the year 1627, the destinies of France were held by Cardinal
+Richelieu as in the hollow of his hand. He had constituted himself grand
+master and superintendent of navigation and commerce. By him the
+privileges of the Caens were annulled, and a company formed, consisting
+of a hundred associates, called the Company of New France. At its head
+was Richelieu himself. Louis the Thirteenth made over to this company
+forever the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New
+France, including Florida. To them was given power to appoint judges,
+build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and concede lands. They
+were to govern in peace and in war. Their monopoly of the fur-trade was
+made perpetual; while that of all other commerce within the limits of
+their government was limited to fifteen years, except that the
+whale-fishery and the cod-fishery were to remain open to all. They could
+take whatever steps they might think expedient or proper for the
+protection of the colony and the fostering of trade. It will thus be
+seen that the Hundred Associates had conferred upon them almost
+sovereign power. For fifteen years their commerce was not to be troubled
+with duties or imposts. Partners, whether nobles, officers, or
+ecclesiastics, might engage in commercial pursuits without derogating
+from the privileges of their order. To all these benefits the king added
+a donation of two ships of war. Of this powerful association, Champlain
+was one of the members.
+
+In return for these privileges conferred, behold how little these
+hundred partners were compelled to perform. They engaged to convoy to
+New France, during 1628, two or three hundred men of all trades, and
+before the year 1643 to increase the number to four thousand persons of
+both sexes; to supply all their settlers with lodging, food, clothing,
+and farm implements, for three years; then they would allow them
+sufficient land to support themselves, cleared to a certain extent; and
+would also furnish them the grain necessary for sowing it; stipulating,
+also, that the emigrants should be native Frenchmen and Roman Catholics,
+and none others; and, finally, agreeing to settle three priests in each
+settlement, whom they were bound to provide with every article necessary
+for their personal comfort, and to defray the expenses of their
+ministerial labors for fifteen years. After the expiration of that time,
+cleared lands were to be granted by the company to the clergy for
+maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. It was thus that
+the Hundred Associates became proprietors of the whole country claimed
+by France, from Florida to the Arctic Circle; from Newfoundland to the
+sources of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Meanwhile, the
+fur-trade had brought a considerable knowledge of the Ottawa, and of the
+country of the Hurons, to the French upon the St. Lawrence, through the
+yearly visits of the savages from those distant parts and the
+journeyings of the fur-trader in quest of peltry.
+
+In April, 1628, the first vessels of the Hundred Associates sailed from
+France with colonists and supplies bound for the St. Lawrence. Four of
+these vessels were armed. Every thing seemed propitious for a speedy
+arrival at Quebec, where the inhabitants were sorely pressed for food;
+but a storm, which had for some time been brewing in Europe, broke in
+fury upon New France. The imprudent zeal of the Catholics in England,
+and the persecution of the Huguenots in France, aroused the English, who
+determined to conquer the French possessions in North America, if
+possible; and, to that end, they sent out David Kirk, with an armed
+squadron, to attack the settlements in Canada. The fleet reached the
+harbor of Tadoussac before the arrival of the vessels of the Company of
+New France. Kirk sent a demand for the surrender of Quebec, but
+Champlain determined to defend the place; at least, he resolved to make
+a show of defense; and the English commander thought best not to attack
+such a formidable looking position. All the supplies sent by the Hundred
+Associates to the St. Lawrence were captured or sunk; and the next year,
+after most of its inhabitants had dispersed in the forests for food,
+Quebec surrendered. England thus gained her first supremacy upon the
+great river of Canada.
+
+The terms of the capitulation were that the French were to be conveyed
+to their own country; and each soldier was allowed to take with him furs
+to the value of twenty crowns. As some had lately returned from the
+Hurons with peltry of no small value, their loss was considerable. The
+French prisoners, including Champlain, were conveyed across the ocean by
+Kirk, but their arrival in England was after a treaty of peace had been
+signed between the two powers. The result was, the restoration of New
+France to the French crown; and, on the 5th of July, 1632, Émery de Caen
+cast anchor at Quebec to reclaim the country. He had received a
+commission to hold, for one year, a monopoly of the fur-trade, as an
+indemnity for his losses in the war; after which time he was to give
+place to the Hundred Associates. The missions in Canada which by the
+success of the British arms had been interrupted, were now to be
+continued by Jesuits alone. De Caen brought with him two of that
+order--Paul le Jeune and Anne de la Nouë.
+
+On the twenty-third of May, 1633, Champlain, commissioned anew by
+Richelieu, resumed command at Quebec, in behalf of the Hundred Partners,
+arriving out with considerable supplies and several new settlers. With
+him returned the Jesuit father, John de Brébeuf. The Récollets had been
+virtually ejected from Canada. The whole missionary field was now ready
+for cultivation by the followers of Loyola. New France was restored to
+Champlain and his company, and to Catholicism.
+
+Champlain's first care was to place the affairs of the colony in a more
+prosperous condition, and establish a better understanding with the
+Indians. In both respects, he was tolerably successful. His knowledge of
+the western country had been derived from his own observations during
+the tours of 1613 and 1615, but especially from accounts given him by
+the Indians. At the beginning of 1634, the whole French population,
+from Gaspé to Three Rivers, was hardly one hundred and fifty souls,
+mostly engaged in the trading business, on behalf of the Hundred
+Partners, whose operations were carried on principally at the point last
+named and at Tadoussac--sometimes as far up the St. Lawrence as the site
+of the present city of Montreal, but not often. Of the small colony upon
+the great river of Canada, Champlain was the heart and soul. The
+interior of the continent was yet to be explored. He was resolved to
+know more of ulterior regions--to create more friends among the savages
+therein. The time had arrived for such enterprises, and a trusty
+conductor was at hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+JOHN NICOLET, THE EXPLORER.
+
+
+As early as the year 1615, Champlain had selected a number of young men
+and put them in care of some of his Indian friends, to have them trained
+to the life of the woods--to the language, manners, customs, and habits
+of the savages. His object was to open, through them, as advisers and
+interpreters, friendly relations, when the proper time should come, with
+the Indian nations not yet brought in close alliance with the French. In
+1618, an opportunity presented itself for him to add another young
+Frenchman to the list of those who had been sent to be trained in all
+the mysteries of savage life; for, in that year, John Nicolet[2] arrived
+from France, and was dispatched to the woods.[3] The new-comer was born
+in Cherbourg, in Normandy. His father, Thomas Nicolet, was a
+mail-carrier from that city to Paris. His mother's name was Marguerite
+de la Mer.[4]
+
+Nicolet was a young man of good character, endowed with a profound
+religious feeling, and an excellent memory. He awakened in the breast
+of Champlain high hopes of usefulness, and was by him sent to the
+Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river. These Indians
+were the same Algonquins that were visited by Champlain in 1613. They
+are frequently spoken of, in early annals of Canada, as Algonquins of
+the Isle. But all Algonquins, wherever found, were afterward designated
+as Ottawas by the French. To "the Nation of the Isle," then, was sent
+the young Norman, that he might learn their language, which was in
+general use upon the Ottawa river and upon the north bank of the St.
+Lawrence. With them he remained two years, following them in their
+wanderings, partaking of their dangers, their fatigues, and their
+privations, with a courage and fortitude equal to the boldest and the
+bravest of the tribe. During all this time, he saw not the face of a
+single white man. On several different occasions he passed a number of
+days without a morsel of food, and he was sometimes fain to satisfy the
+cravings of hunger by eating bark.[5]
+
+Nicolet, while residing with the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, with
+whose language he had now become familiar, accompanied four hundred of
+those savages upon a mission of peace to the Iroquois. The voyage proved
+a successful one, Nicolet returning in safety. Afterward, he took up his
+residence among the Nipissings, with whom he remained eight or nine
+years. He was recognized as one of the nation. He entered into the very
+frequent councils of those savages. He had his own cabin and
+establishment, doing his own fishing and trading. He had become, indeed,
+a naturalized Nipissing.[6] The mental activity displayed by him while
+sojourning among these savages may be judged of from the circumstance of
+his having taken notes descriptive of the habits, manners, customs, and
+numbers of the Nipissing Indians, written in the form of memoirs, which
+were afterward presented by him to one of the missionaries, who,
+doubtless, made good use of them in after-time in giving an account of
+the nation.[7]
+
+Nicolet finally left the savages, and returned to civilization, being
+recalled by the government and employed as commissary and Indian
+interpreter.[8] It is probable, however, that he had signified his
+desire to leave the Nipissings, as he could not live without the
+sacraments,[9] which were denied him so long as he remained with them,
+there being no mission established in their country.[10]
+
+Quebec having been reoccupied by the French, Nicolet took up his
+residence there. He was in high favor with Champlain, who could not but
+admire his remarkable adaptation to savage life--the result of his
+courage and peculiar temperament; at least, this admiration may be
+presumed, from the circumstance of his having, as the sequel shows, soon
+after sent him upon an important mission.
+
+Whether Nicolet visited Quebec during his long residence among the
+Nipissing Indians is not known. Possibly he returned to the St. Lawrence
+in 1628, to receive orders from Champlain on account of the new state of
+things inaugurated by the creation of the system of 1627--the Hundred
+Associates; but, in that event, he must have soon returned, for it is
+known that he remained with the Nipissings during the occupation of
+Quebec by the English--from July, 1629, to July, 1632. The month during
+which, in the early days of New France, the trade of the Ottawa was
+performed on the St. Lawrence, was July; and, in 1632, this trade was
+largely carried on where the city of Three Rivers now stands, but which
+was not then founded.[11] The flotilla of bark canoes used to spend
+usually from eight to ten days in that place--seldom reaching Quebec. In
+the month and the year just mentioned, De Caen arrived in Canada; and he
+was, therefore, in the position to send word, by the assembled Indians,
+to the French who were living among the savages upon the Ottawa and the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron, requesting their return to the St. Lawrence.
+
+Champlain, in June, 1633, caused a small fort to be erected about forty
+miles above Quebec, for the rendezvous of the trading flotilla
+descending the St. Lawrence--to draw the market nearer Quebec. It was
+thus the St. Croix fort was established where the trade with the Indians
+would be much less likely to be interrupted by incursions of the
+Iroquois than at Three Rivers. At this time, one hundred and fifty Huron
+canoes arrived at the newly-chosen position, for traffic with the
+French. Possibly so great a number was the result of the change in the
+government of the colony--the return of the French to Quebec the
+preceding year. With this large fleet of canoes Nicolet probably
+returned to civilization; for it is certain that he was upon the St.
+Lawrence as early as June, 1634, ready to embark in an undertaking
+which, of necessity, would have caused so much consultation and
+preparation as to preclude the idea of his arrival, just then, from the
+Ottawa. An Indian interpreter--one well acquainted with the Algonquins
+of the Ottawa, and to a certain extent with the Hurons of Georgian
+bay--who could Champlain more safely depend upon than Nicolet to develop
+his schemes of exploration in the unknown western country, the door of
+which he had himself opened in previous years? Who was there better
+qualified than his young _protégé_, familiar as he was with the
+Algonquin and Huron-Iroquois tongues, to hold "talks" with savage tribes
+still further west, and smoke with them the pipe of peace--to the end
+that a nearer route to China and Japan might be discovered; or, at
+least, that the fur-trade might be made more profitable to the Hundred
+Associates? Surely, no one. Hence it was that Nicolet was recalled by
+the governor of Canada.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: The proper spelling is "Nicolet," not "Nicollet," nor
+"Nicollett." The correct pronunciation is "Nick-o-lay." The people of
+the province of Quebec all pronounce the name "Nicoll_ette_," though
+improperly, the same as the word would be pronounced by English-speaking
+people if it were spelled "Nick-o-let." But it is now invariably written
+by them "Nicolet."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643 (Quebec edition, 1858), p. 3. The
+Jesuits, intent upon pushing their fields of labor far into the heart of
+the continent, let slip no opportunity after their arrival upon the St.
+Lawrence to inform themselves concerning ulterior regions; and the
+information thus obtained was noted down by them. They minutely
+described, during a period of forty years, beginning with the year 1632,
+the various tribes they came in contact with; and their hopes and fears
+as to Christianizing them were freely expressed. Accounts of their
+journeys were elaborated upon, and their missionary work put upon
+record. Prominent persons, as well as important events, shared their
+attention. Details concerning the geography of the country were also
+written out. The intelligence thus collected was sent every summer by
+the superiors to the provincials at Paris, where it was yearly
+published, in the French language. Taken together, these publications
+constitute what are known as the _Jesuit Relations_. They have been
+collected and republished in the same language, at Quebec, by the
+Canadian government, in three large volumes. As these are more
+accessible to the general reader in this form than in the original
+(Cramoisy) editions, they are cited in this narrative.
+
+There is no complete translation of the _Relations_ into the English
+language. Numerous extracts from the originals bearing particularly upon
+the West--especially upon what is now Wisconsin--were made some years
+since by Cyrus Woodman, of Mineral Point, translations of which are to
+be found in Smith's history of that State, Vol. III., pp. 10-112. But
+none of these are from the _Relation_ of 1643--the most important one in
+its reference to Nicolet and his visit to the Northwest.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Jean Nicollet né à Cherbourg, était fils de Thomas
+Nicollet, messager ordinaire de Cherbourg à Paris, et de Marie La
+Mer."--Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_ (1861), Vol. I., p. 324,
+note. But, in his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec"
+(Quebec, 1863, p. 30), he corrects the mother's name, giving it as in
+the text above. That this was her real name is ascertained from the
+Quebec parochial register, and from Guitet's records (notary) of that
+city.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Il [Nicolet] arriua en la Nouuelle France, l'an mil six
+cents dixhuict. Son humeur et sa memoire excellente firent esperer
+quelque chose de bon de luy; on l'enuoya hiuerner auec les Algonquins de
+l'Isle afin d'apprendre leur langue. Il y demeura deux ans seul de
+François, accompagnant tousiours les Barbares dans leurs courses et
+voyages, auec des fatigues qui ne sont imaginables qu'à ceux qui les ont
+veües; il passa plusieurs fois les sept et huiet iours sans rien manger,
+il fut sept semaines entieres sans autre nourriture qu'vn peu d'escorce
+de bois."--Vimont _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. (The antiquated orthography
+and accentuation of the _Relations_ are strictly followed in the
+foregoing extract; so, also, in all those hereafter made from them in
+this narrative.)
+
+"On his [Nicolet's] first arrival [in New France], by orders of those
+who presided over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years
+among the Algonquins of the island, for the purpose of learning their
+language, without any Frenchman as companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark."--Du Creux, _Historia Canadensis_,
+Paris, 1664, p. 359. "Probably," says Margry, "he must, from time to
+time, have added some of the lichen which the Canadians call rock
+tripe."--_Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique_, Paris, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Il [_Nicolet_] accompagna quatre cents Algonquins, qui
+alloient en ce temps là faire la paix auec les Hiroquois, et en vint à
+bout heureusement. Pleust à Dieu qu'elle n'eust iamais esté rompuë, nous
+ne souffririons pas à present les calamitez qui nous font gemir et
+donneront vn estrange empeschement à la conuersion de ces peuples. Apes
+cette paix faite, il alla demeurer huict ou neuf ans auec la nation des
+Nipissiriniens, Algonquins; là il passoit pour vn de cette nation,
+entrant dans les conseils forts frequents à ces peuples, ayant sa cabane
+et son mesnage à part, faisant sa perche et sa traitte."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "I'ay quelques memoires de sa main, qui pourront paroistre
+vn iour, touchant les Nipisiriniens, auec lesquels il a souuent
+hyuerné."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 8: "Il [_Nicolet_] fut enfin rappallé et estably Commis et
+Interprete."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 9: "Il [_Nicolet_]... ne s'en est retiré, que pour mettre son
+salut en asseurance dans l'vsage des Sacremens, faute desquels il y a
+grande risque pour l'âme, parmy les Sauuages."--Le Jeune, _Relation_,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.]
+
+[Footnote 10: It would be quite impossible to reconcile the _Relation_
+of 1643 (p. 3) with that of 1636 (pp. 57, 58), respecting Nicolet's
+retiring from his Indian life, unless he, for the motive stated, asked
+for his recall and was recalled accordingly.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Champlain's map of 1632 shows no habitation on the St.
+Lawrence above Quebec. In 1633, Three Rivers was virtually founded; but
+the fort erected there by Champlain was not begun until 1634.--Sulte's
+_Chronique Trifluvienne_, p. 5.
+
+"As for the towns in Canada, there are but three of any considerable
+figure. These are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres [Three
+Rivers].... Trois Rivieres is a town so named from its situation at the
+confluence of three rivers, one whereof is that of St. Lawrence, and
+lies almost in the midway between Quebec and Montreal. It is said to be
+a well-built town, and considerable mart, where the Indians exchange
+their skins and furs for European goods."--_An Account of the French
+Settlements in North America_, Boston, 1746, pp. 12, 14.
+
+"Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, is a town of Canada East, at the
+confluence of the rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence, ninety miles from
+Quebec, with which it is connected by electric telegraph, and on the
+line of the proposed railway thence to Montreal. It is one of the oldest
+towns in Canada, and was long stationary as regarded enterprise or
+improvement; but recently it has become one of the most prosperous
+places in the province--a change produced principally by the
+commencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St. Maurice
+and its tributaries, which had heretofore been neglected, and also by
+increased energy in the manufacture of iron-ware, for which the St.
+Maurice forges, about three miles distant from the town, have always
+been celebrated in Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman
+Catholic bishop, whose diocese bears the same name; and contains a Roman
+Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan
+chapel, an Ursuline convent, with a school attached, where over two
+hundred young females are educated; two public and several private
+schools, a mechanics' institute, a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's
+Improvement, and several other societies. It sends a member to the
+provincial parliament. Population in 1852, was 4,966; in 1861, 6,058.
+The district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+and is subdivided into four counties."--_Lippincott's Gazetteer_,
+Philadelphia, 1874.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+NICOLET DISCOVERS THE NORTHWEST.
+
+
+Notwithstanding Champlain had previously ascended the Ottawa and stood
+upon the shores of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, and although he had
+received from western Indians numerous reports of distant regions, his
+knowledge of the great lakes was, in 1634, exceedingly limited. He had
+heard of Niagara, but was of the opinion that it was only a rapid, such
+as the St. Louis, in the river St. Lawrence. He was wholly uninformed
+concerning Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan; while, of Lake
+Huron, he knew little, and of Lake Superior still less. He was assured
+that there was a connection between the last-named lake and the St.
+Lawrence; but his supposition was, that a river flowed from Lake Huron
+directly into Lake Ontario. Such, certainly was the extent of his
+information in 1632, as proven by his map of that date;[12] and that,
+for the next two years, he could have received much additional
+information concerning the great lakes is not probable.
+
+He had early been told that near the borders of one of these
+"fresh-water seas," were copper mines; for, in June, 1610, while moving
+up the St. Lawrence to join a war-party of Algonquins, Hurons, and
+Montagnais, he met, after ascending the river about twenty-five miles
+above Quebec, a canoe containing two Indians--an Algonquin and a
+Montagnais--who had been dispatched to urge him to hasten forward with
+all possible speed. He entertained them on his bark, and conferred with
+them about many matters concerning their wars. Thereupon, the Algonquin
+savage drew from a sack a piece of copper, a foot long, which he gave
+Champlain. It was very handsome and quite pure. He said there were large
+quantities of the metal where he obtained the piece, and that it was
+found on the bank of a river near a great lake. He also declared that
+the Indians gathered it in lumps, and, having melted it, spread it in
+sheets, smoothing it with stones.[13]
+
+Champlain had, also, early information that there dwelt in those
+far-off countries a nation which once lived upon the borders of a
+distant sea. These people were called, for that reason, "Men of the
+Sea," by the Algonquins. Their homes were less than four hundred leagues
+away. It was likewise reported that another people, without hair or
+beards, whose costumes and manners somewhat resembled the Tartars, came
+from the west to trade with this "sea-tribe." These more remote traders,
+as was claimed, made their journeys upon a great water in large canoes.
+The missionaries among the Hurons, as well as Champlain and the best
+informed of the French settlers upon the St. Lawrence, thought this
+"great water" must be a western sea leading to Asia.[14] Some of the
+Indians who traded with the French were in the habit of going
+occasionally to barter with those "People of the Sea," distant from
+their homes five or six weeks' journey. A lively imagination on part of
+the French easily converted these hairless traders coming from the west
+into Chinese or Japanese; although, in fact, they were none other than
+the progenitors of the savages now known as the Sioux,[15] while the
+"sea-tribe" was the nation called, subsequently, Winnebagoes.[16] Upon
+these reports, the missionaries had already built fond expectations of
+one day reaching China by the ocean which washed alike the shores of
+Asia and America. And, as already noticed, Champlain, too, was not less
+sanguine in his hopes of accomplishing a similar journey.
+
+Nicolet, while living with the Nipissings, must have heard many stories
+of the strange people so much resembling the Chinese, and doubtless his
+curiosity was not less excited than was Champlain's. But the great
+question, was, who should penetrate the wilderness to the "People of the
+Sea"--to "La Nation des Puants," as they were called by Champlain?
+Naturally enough, the eyes of the governor of Canada were fixed upon
+Nicolet as the man to make the trial. The latter had returned to Quebec,
+it will be remembered, and was acting as commissary and interpreter for
+the Hundred Associates. That he was paid by them and received his orders
+from them through Champlain, their representative, is reasonably
+certain. So he was chosen to make a journey to the Winnebagoes, for the
+purpose, principally, of solving the problem of a near route to
+China.[17]
+
+If he should fail in discovering a new highway to the east in reaching
+these "People of the Sea," it would, in any event, be an important step
+toward the exploration of the then unknown west; and why should not the
+explorer, in visiting the various nations living upon the eastern and
+northern shores of Lake Huron, and beyond this inland sea, create
+friends among the savage tribes, in hopes that a regular trade in
+peltries might be established with them. To this end, he must meet them
+in a friendly way; have talks with them; and firmly unite them, if
+possible, to French interests. Champlain knew, from personal observation
+made while traveling upon the Ottawa and the shores of the Georgian bay
+of Lake Huron--from the reports of savages who came from their homes
+still further westward, and from what fur-traders, missionaries, and the
+young men sent by him among the savages to learn their languages (of
+whom Nicolet himself was a notable example) had heard that there were
+comparatively easy facilities of communication by water between the
+upper country and the St. Lawrence. He knew, also, that the proper time
+had come to send a trusty ambassador to these far-off nations; so, by
+the end of June, 1634, Nicolet, at Quebec, was ready to begin his
+eventful journey, at the command of Champlain.
+
+"Opposite Quebec lies the tongue of land called Point Levi. One who, in
+the summer of the year 1634, stood on its margin and looked northward,
+across the St. Lawrence, would have seen, at the distance of a mile or
+more, a range of lofty cliffs, rising on the left into the bold heights
+of Cape Diamond, and on the right sinking abruptly to the bed of the
+tributary river St. Charles. Beneath these cliffs, at the brink of the
+St. Lawrence, he would have descried a cluster of warehouses, sheds, and
+wooden tenements. Immediately above, along the verge of the precipice,
+he could have traced the outlines of a fortified work, with a flag-staff
+and a few small cannon to command the river; while, at the only point
+where nature had made the heights accessible, a zigzag path connected
+the warehouses and the fort.
+
+"Now, embarked in the canoe of some Montagnais Indian, let him cross the
+St. Lawrence, land at the pier, and, passing the cluster of buildings,
+climb the pathway up the cliff. Pausing for a rest and breath, he might
+see, ascending and descending, the tenants of this out-post of the
+wilderness: a soldier of the fort, or an officer in slouched hat and
+plume; a factor of the fur company, owner and sovereign lord of all
+Canada; a party of Indians; a trader from the upper country, one of the
+precursors of that hardy race of _coureurs de bois_, destined to form a
+conspicuous and striking feature of the Canadian population: next,
+perhaps, would appear a figure widely different. The close, black
+cassock, the rosary hanging from the waist, and the wide, black hat,
+looped up at the sides, proclaimed the Jesuit."[18]
+
+There were in Canada, at this date, six of these Jesuits--Le Jeune,
+Masse, De Nouë, Daniel, Davost, and Brébeuf; to the last three had been
+assigned the Huron mission. On the first day of July, 1634, Daniel and
+Brébeuf left Quebec for Three Rivers, where they were to meet some
+Hurons. Davost followed three days after. About the same time another
+expedition started up the St. Lawrence, destined for the same place, to
+erect a fort. The Jesuits were bound for the scene of their future
+labors in the Huron country. They were to be accompanied, at least as
+far as Isle des Allumettes, by Nicolet on his way to the
+Winnebagoes.[19]
+
+At Three Rivers, Nicolet assisted in a manner in the permanent
+foundation of the place, by helping to plant some of the pickets of the
+fort just commenced. The Hurons, assembled there for the purposes of
+trade, were ready to return to their homes, and with them the
+missionaries, as well as Nicolet, expected to journey up the Ottawa. The
+savages were few in number, and much difficulty was experienced in
+getting permits from them to carry so many white men, as other Frenchmen
+were also of the company. It was past the middle of July before all were
+on their way.
+
+That Nicolet did not visit the Winnebagoes previous to 1634, is
+reasonably certain. Champlain would not, in 1632, have located upon his
+map Green bay north of Lake Superior, as was done by him in that year,
+had Nicolet been there before that date. As he was sent by Champlain,
+the latter must have had knowledge of his going; so that had he started
+in 1632, or the previous year, the governor would, doubtless, have
+awaited his return before noting down, from Indian reports only, the
+location of rivers and lakes and the homes of savage nations in those
+distant regions.
+
+It has already been shown, that Nicolet probably returned to Quebec in
+1633, relinquishing his home among the Nipissing Indians that year. And
+that he did not immediately set out at the command of Champlain to
+return up the Ottawa and journey thence to the Winnebagoes, is certain;
+as the savages from the west, then trading at the site of what is now
+Three Rivers, were in no humor to allow him to retrace his steps, even
+had he desired it.[20]
+
+It may, therefore, be safely asserted that, before the year 1634, "those
+so remote countries," lying to the northward and northwestward, beyond
+the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, had never been seen by civilized man.
+But, did Nicolet visit those ulterior regions in 1634, returning thence
+in 1635? That these were the years of his explorations and discoveries,
+there can be no longer any doubt.[21] After the ninth day of December,
+of the last-mentioned year, his continued presence upon the St. Lawrence
+is a matter of record, up to the day of his death, except from the
+nineteenth of March, 1638, to the ninth of January, 1639. These ten
+months could not have seen him journeying from Quebec to the center of
+what is now Wisconsin, and return; for, deducting those which could not
+have been traveled in because of ice in the rivers and lakes, and the
+remaining ones were too few for his voyage, considering the number of
+tribes he is known to have visited. Then, too, the Iroquois had
+penetrated the country of the Algonquins, rendering it totally unsafe
+for such explorations, even by a Frenchman. Besides, it may be stated
+that Champlain was no longer among the living, and that with him died
+the spirit of discovery which alone could have prompted the journey.
+
+Furthermore, the marriage of Nicolet which had previously taken place,
+militates against the idea of his having attempted any more daring
+excursions among savage nations. As, therefore, he certainly traveled up
+the Ottawa, as far as Isle des Allumettes, in 1634,[22] and as there is
+no evidence of his having been upon the St. Lawrence until near the
+close of the next year, the conclusion, from these facts alone, is
+irresistible that, during this period, he accomplished, as hereafter
+detailed, the exploration of the western countries; visited the
+Winnebagoes, as well as several neighboring nations, and returned to the
+St. Lawrence; all of which, it is believed, could not have been
+performed in one summer.[23] But what, heretofore, has been a very
+strong probability, is now seen clearly to be a fact; as it is
+certainly known that an agreement for peace was made some time before
+June, 1635, between certain Indian tribes (Winnebagoes and Nez Percés),
+which, as the account indicates, was brought about by Nicolet in his
+journey to the Far West.[24]
+
+The sufferings endured by all the Frenchmen, except Nicolet, in
+traveling up the Ottawa, were very severe. The latter had been so many
+years among the Indians, was so inured to the toils of the wilderness,
+that he met every hardship with the courage, the fortitude, and the
+strength of the most robust savage.[25] Not so with the rest of the
+party. "Barefoot, lest their shoes should injure the frail vessel, each
+crouched in his canoe, toiling with unpracticed hands to propel it.
+Before him, week after week, he saw the same lank, unkempt hair, the
+same tawny shoulders, and long naked arms ceaselessly plying the
+paddle."[26] A scanty diet of Indian-corn gave them little strength to
+assist in carrying canoes and baggage across the numerous portages. They
+were generally ill-treated by the savages, and only reached the Huron
+villages after great peril. Nicolet remained for a time at Isle des
+Allumettes, where he parted with Brébeuf.
+
+To again meet "the Algonquins of the Isle" must have been a pleasure to
+Nicolet; but he could not tarry long with them. To the Huron villages,
+on the borders of Georgian bay, he was to go before entering upon his
+journey to unexplored countries. To them he must hasten, as to them he
+was first accredited by Champlain. He had a long distance to travel from
+the homes of that nation before reaching the Winnebagoes. There was
+need, therefore, for expedition. He must yet make his way up the Ottawa
+to the Mattawan, a tributary, and by means of the latter reach Lake
+Nipissing. Thence, he would float down French river to Georgian bay.[27]
+And, even after this body of water was reached, it would require a
+considerable canoe navigation, coasting along to the southward, before
+he could set foot upon Huron territory. So Nicolet departed from the
+Algonquins of the Isle, and arrived safely at the Huron towns.[28] Was
+he a stranger to this nation? Had he, during his long sojourn among the
+Nipissings, visited their villages? Certain it is he could speak their
+language. He must have had, while residing with the Algonquins, very
+frequent intercourse with Huron parties, who often visited Lake
+Nipissing and the Ottawa river for purposes of trade.[29] But why was
+Nicolet accredited by Champlain to the Hurons at all? Was not the St.
+Lawrence visited yearly by their traders? It could not have been,
+therefore, to establish a commerce, with them. Neither could it have
+been to explore their country; for the _voyageur_, the fur-trader, the
+missionary, even Champlain himself, as we have seen, had already been at
+their towns. Was the refusal, a year previous, of their trading-parties
+at Quebec to take the Jesuits to their homes the cause of Nicolet's
+being sent to smoke the pipe of peace with their chiefs? This could not
+have been the reason, else the missionaries would not have preceded him
+from the Isle des Allumettes. He certainly had to travel many miles out
+of his way in going from the Ottawa to the Winnebagoes by way of the
+Huron villages. His object was, evidently, to inform the Hurons that the
+governor of Canada was anxious to have amicable relations established
+between them and the Winnebagoes, and to obtain a few of the nation to
+accompany him upon his mission of peace.[30]
+
+It was now that Nicolet, after all ceremonies and "talks" with the
+Hurons were ended, began preparations for his voyage to the Winnebagoes.
+He was to strike boldly into undiscovered regions. He was to encounter
+savage nations never before visited. It was, in reality, the beginning
+of a voyage full of dangers--one that would require great tact, great
+courage, and constant facing of difficulties. No one, however,
+understood better the savage character than he; no Frenchman was more
+fertile of resources. From the St. Lawrence, he had brought presents to
+conciliate the Indian tribes which he would meet. Seven Hurons were to
+accompany him.[31] Before him lay great lakes; around him, when on land,
+would frown dark forests. A birch-bark canoe was to bear the first white
+man along the northern shore of Lake Huron, and upon Saint Mary's
+strait[32] to the falls--"Sault Sainte Marie;" many miles on Lake
+Michigan; thence, up Green bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes:[33] and
+that canoe was to lead the van of a mighty fleet indeed, as the commerce
+of the upper lakes can testify. With him, he had a number of presents.
+
+What nations were encountered by him on the way to "the People of the
+Sea," from the Huron villages? Three--all of Algonquin lineage--occupied
+the shores of the Georgian bay, before the mouth of French river had
+been reached. Concerning them, little is known, except their names.[34]
+Passing the river which flows from Lake Nipissing, Nicolet "upon the
+same shores of this fresh-water sea," that is, upon the shores of Lake
+Huron, came next to "the Nation of Beavers,"[35] whose hunting-grounds
+were northward of the Manitoulin islands.[36] This nation was afterward
+esteemed among the most noble of those of Canada. They were supposed to
+be descended from the Great Beaver, which was, next to the Great Hare,
+their principal divinity. They inhabited originally the Beaver islands,
+in Lake Michigan; afterward the Manitoulin islands; then they removed to
+the main-land, where they were found by Nicolet. Farther on, but still
+upon the margin of the great lake, was found another tribe.[37] This
+people, and the Amikoüai, were of the Algonquin family, and their
+language was not difficult to be understood by Nicolet. Entering,
+finally, St. Mary's strait, his canoes were urged onward for a number of
+miles, until the falls--Sault de Sainte Marie[38]--were reached: and
+there stood Nicolet, the first white man to set foot upon any portion of
+what was, more than a century and a half after, called "the territory
+northwest of the river Ohio,"[39] now the States of Ohio, Indiana,
+Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and so much of Minnesota as lies
+east of the Mississippi river.
+
+Among "the People of the Falls,"[40] at their principal village, on the
+south side of the strait, at the foot of the rapids,[41] in what is now
+the State of Michigan,[42] Nicolet and his seven Hurons rested from the
+fatigues of their weary voyage.[43] They were still with Algonquins.
+From Lake Huron they had entered upon one of the channels of the
+magnificent water-way leading out from Lake Superior, and threaded their
+way, now through narrow rapids, now across (as it were) little lakes,
+now around beautiful islands, to within fifteen miles of the largest
+expanse of fresh water on the globe--stretching away in its grandeur to
+the westward, a distance of full four hundred miles.[44] Nicolet saw
+beyond him the falls; around him clusters of wigwams, which two
+centuries and a half have changed into public buildings and private
+residences, into churches and warehouses, into offices and stores--in
+short, into a pleasantly-situated American village,[45] frequently
+visited by steamboats carrying valuable freight and crowded with parties
+of pleasure. The portage around the falls, where, in early times, the
+Indian carried his birch-bark canoe, has given place to an excellent
+canal. Such are the changes which "the course of empire" continually
+brings to view in "the vast, illimitable, changing west."
+
+Nicolet tarried among "the People of the Falls," probably, but a brief
+period. His voyage, after leaving them, must have been to him one of
+great interest. He returned down the strait, passing, it is thought,
+through the western "detour" to Mackinaw.[46] Not very many miles
+brought him to "the second fresh-water sea," Lake Michigan.[47] He is
+fairly entitled to the honor of its discovery; for no white man had ever
+before looked out upon its broad expanse. Nicolet was soon gliding along
+upon the clear waters of this out-of-the-way link in the great chain of
+lakes. The bold Frenchman fearlessly threaded his way along its northern
+shore, frequently stopping upon what is now known as "the upper
+peninsula" of Michigan, until the bay of Noquet[48] was reached, which
+is, in reality, a northern arm of Green bay.[49] Here, upon its northern
+border, he visited another Algonquin tribe;[50] also one living to the
+northward of this "small lake."[51] These tribes never navigated those
+waters any great distance, but lived upon the fruits of the earth.[52]
+Making his way up Green bay, he finally reached the Menomonee river, its
+principal northern affluent.[53]
+
+In the valley of the Menomonee, Nicolet met a populous tribe of
+Indians--the Menomonees.[54] To his surprise, no doubt, he found they
+were of a lighter complexion than any other savages he had ever seen.
+Their language was difficult to understand, yet it showed the nation to
+be of the Algonquin stock. Their food was largely of wild rice, which
+grew in great abundance in their country. They were adepts in fishing,
+and hunted, with skill, the game which abounded in the forests. They had
+their homes and hunting grounds upon the stream which still bears their
+name.[55]
+
+Nicolet soon resumed his journey toward the Winnebagoes, who had already
+been made aware of his near approach; for he had sent forward one of
+his Hurons to carry the news of his coming and of his mission of peace.
+The messenger and his message were well received. The Winnebagoes
+dispatched several of their young men to meet the "wonderful man." They
+go to him--they escort him--they carry his baggage.[56] He was clothed
+in a large garment of Chinese damask, sprinkled with flowers and birds
+of different colors.[57] But, why thus attired? Possibly, he had
+reached the far east; he was, really, in what is now the State of
+Wisconsin.[58] Possibly, a party of mandarins would soon greet him and
+welcome him to Cathay. And this robe--this dress of ceremony--was
+brought all the way from Quebec, doubtless, with a view to such
+contingency. As soon as he came in sight, all the women and children
+fled, seeing a man carrying thunder in his two hands; for thus it was
+they called his pistols, which he discharged on his right and on his
+left.[59] He was a manito! Nicolet's journey was, for the present, at an
+end. He and his Huron's "rested from their labors," among the
+Winnebagoes,[60] who were located around the head of Green bay,[61]
+contiguous to the point where it receives the waters of Fox river.[62]
+Nicolet found the Winnebagoes a numerous and sedentary people,[63]
+speaking a language radically different from any of the Algonquin
+nations, as well as from the Hurons.[64] They were of the Dakota
+stock.[65] The news of the Frenchman's coming spread through the
+country. Four or five thousand people assembled of different tribes.[66]
+Each of the chiefs gave a banquet. One of the sachems regaled his
+guests with at least one hundred and twenty beavers.[67] The large
+assemblage was prolific of speeches and ceremonies. Nicolet did not fail
+to "speak of peace" upon that interesting occasion.[68] He urged upon
+the nation the advantages of an alliance, rather than war, with the
+nations to the eastward of Lake Huron. They agreed to keep the peace
+with the Hurons, Nez Percés, and, possibly, other tribes; but, soon
+after Nicolet's return, they sent out war parties against the Beaver
+nation. Doubtless the advantages of trade with the colony upon the St.
+Lawrence were depicted in glowing colors by the Frenchman. But the
+courageous Norman was not satisfied with a visit to the Winnebagoes
+only. He must see the neighboring tribes. So he ascended the Fox river
+of Green bay, to Winnebago lake--passing through which, he again entered
+that stream, paddling his canoe up its current, until he reached the
+homes of the Mascoutins,[69] the first tribe to be met with after
+leaving the Winnebagoes; for the Sacs[70] and Foxes[71] were not
+residents of what is now Wisconsin at that period,--their migration
+thither, from the east, having been at a subsequent date. Nicolet had
+navigated the Fox river, a six-days' journey, since leaving the
+Winnebagoes.[72]
+
+The Mascoutins, as we have seen, were heard of by Champlain as early as
+1615, as being engaged in a war with the Neuter nation and the Ottawas.
+But, up to the time of Nicolet's visit, and for a number of years
+subsequent (as he gave no clue himself to their locality), they were
+only known as living two hundred leagues or more beyond the last
+mentioned tribe--that is, that distance beyond the south end of the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron.[73] Their villages were in the valley of the
+Fox river, probably in what is now Green Lake county, Wisconsin.[74]
+They had, doubtless, for their neighbors, the Miamis[75] and
+Kickapoos.[76] They were a vigorous and warlike nation, of Algonquin
+stock, as were also the two tribes last mentioned. Nicolet, while among
+the Mascoutins, heard of the Wisconsin river, which was distant only
+three days' journey up the tortuous channel of the Fox. But the accounts
+given him of that tributary of the Mississippi were evidently very
+confused. A reference to the parent stream (confounded with the
+Wisconsin) as "the great water,"[77] by the savages, caused him to
+believe that he was, in reality, but three days' journey from the sea;
+and so he reported after his return to the St. Lawrence.[78] Strange to
+say, Nicolet resolved not to visit this ocean, although, as he believed,
+so near its shores.
+
+He traveled no further upon the Fox river,[79] but turned his course to
+the southward. And the Jesuits consoled themselves, when they heard of
+his shortcoming, with the hope that one day the western sea would be
+reached by one of their order.[80] "In passing, I will say," wrote one
+of their missionaries, in 1640, "that we have strong indications that
+one can descend through the second lake of the Hurons ... into this
+sea."[81]
+
+But why should Nicolet leave the Fox river and journey away from the
+Mascoutins to the southward? The answer is, that, at no great distance,
+lived the Illinois.[82] Their country extended eastward to Lake
+Michigan, and westward to the Mississippi, if not beyond it. This nation
+was of too much importance, and their homes too easy of access, for
+Nicolet not to have visited them.[83] Upon the beautiful prairies of
+what is now the state bearing their name, was this tribe located, with
+some bands, probably nearly as far northward as the southern counties of
+the present State of Wisconsin. It is not known in how many villages of
+these savages he smoked the pipe of peace. From their homes he returned
+to the Winnebagoes.
+
+Before Nicolet left the country, on his return to the St. Lawrence, he
+obtained knowledge of the Sioux--those traders from the west who, it
+will be remembered, were represented as coming in canoes upon a sea to
+the Winnebagoes; the same "sea," doubtless, he came so near to, but did
+not behold--the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers! Although without
+beards, and having only a tuft of hair upon their crowns, these Sioux
+were no longer mandarins--no longer from China or Japan! Bands of this
+tribe had pushed their way across the Mississippi, far above the mouth
+of the Wisconsin, but made no further progress eastward. They, like the
+Winnebagoes, as previously stated, were of the Dakota family. Whether
+any of them were seen by Nicolet is not known;[84] but he, doubtless,
+learned something of their real character. There was yet one tribe near
+the Winnebagoes to be visited--the Pottawattamies.[85] They were located
+upon the islands at the mouth of Green bay, and upon the main land to
+the southward, along the western shores of Lake Michigan.[86] On these
+Algonquins--for they were of that lineage--Nicolet, upon his return
+trip, made a friendly call.[87] Their homes were not on the line of his
+outward voyage, but to the south of it. Nicolet gave no information of
+them which has been preserved, except that they were neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes.[88]
+
+So Nicolet, in the spring of 1635,[89] having previously made many
+friends in the far northwest for his countrymen upon the St. Lawrence,
+and for France, of nations of Indians, only a few of which had before
+been heard of, and none ever before visited by a white man; having been
+the first to discover Lake Michigan and "the territory northwest of the
+river Ohio;" having boldly struck into the wilderness for hundreds of
+leagues beyond the Huron villages--then the Ultima Thule of civilized
+discoveries; returned, with his seven dusky companions, by way of
+Mackinaw and along the south shores of the Great Manitoulin island to
+the home thereon of a band of Ottawas.[90] He proceeded thence to the
+Hurons; retracing, afterward, his steps to the mouth of French river,
+up that stream to Lake Nipissing, and down the Mattawan and Ottawa to
+the St. Lawrence; journeying, upon his return, it is thought, with the
+savages upon their annual trading-voyage to the French settlements.[91]
+And Nicolet's exploration was ended.[92]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 12: This map was the first attempt at delineating the great
+lakes. The original was, beyond a reasonable doubt, the work of
+Champlain himself. So much of New France as had been visited by the
+delineator is given with some degree of accuracy. On the whole, the map
+has a grotesque appearance, yet it possesses much value. It shows where
+many savage nations were located at its date. By it, several important
+historical problems concerning the Northwest are solved. It was first
+published, along with Champlain's "Voyages de la Novelle France," in
+Paris. Fac-similes have been published; one accompanies volume third of
+E. B. O'Callaghan's "Documentary History of the State of New York,"
+Albany, 1850; another is found in a reprint of Champlain's works by
+Laverdière (Vol. VI.), Quebec, 1870; another is by Tross, Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Champlain's _Voyages_, Paris, 1613, pp. 246, 247. Upon his
+map of 1632, Champlain marks an island "where, there is a copper mine."
+Instead of being placed in Lake Superior, as it doubtless should have
+been, it finds a location in Green bay.]
+
+[Footnote 14: This "great water" was, as will hereafter be shown, the
+Mississippi and its tributary, the Wisconsin.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Synonyms: Cioux, Scious, Sioust, Naduessue, Nadouesiouack,
+Nadouesiouek, Nadoussi, Nadouessioux, etc.
+
+"The Sioux, or Dakotah [Dakota], ... were [when first visited by
+civilized men] a numerous people, separated into three great divisions,
+which were again subdivided into bands.... [One of these divisions--the
+most easterly--was the Issanti.] The other great divisions, the Yanktons
+and the Tintonwans, or Tetons, lived west of the Mississippi, extending
+beyond the Missouri, and ranging as far as the Rocky Mountains. The
+Issanti cultivated the soil; but the extreme western bands lived upon
+the buffalo alone....
+
+"The name Sioux is an abbreviation of _Nadoucssioux_, an Ojibwa
+[Chippewa] word, meaning _enemies_. The Ojibwas used it to designate
+this people, and occasionally, also, the Iroquois--being at deadly war
+with both."--Parkman's "La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West"
+(revised ed.), p. 243, note.]
+
+[Footnote 16: From the Algonquin word "ouinipeg," signifying "bad
+smelling water," as salt-water was by them designated. When, therefore,
+the Algonquins spoke of this tribe as the "Ouinipigou," they simply
+meant "Men of the Salt-water;" that is, "Men of the Sea." But the French
+gave a different signification to the word, calling the nation "Men of
+the Stinking-water;" or, rather, "the Nation of Stinkards"--"la Nation
+des Puans." And they are so designated by Champlain in his "Voyages," in
+1632, and on his map of that year. By Friar Gabriel Sagard ("Histoire du
+Canada," Paris, 1636, p. 201), they are also noted as "des Puants."
+Sagard's information of the Winnebagoes, although printed after
+Nicolet's visit to that tribe, was obtained previous to that event. The
+home of this nation was around the head of Green bay, in what is now the
+State of Wisconsin. Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35), as to the
+signification of the word "ouinipeg:"
+
+"Quelques François les appellant la Nation des Puans, à cause que le mot
+Algonquin ouinipeg signifie eau puante; or ils nomment ainsi l'eau de la
+mer salée, si bien que ces peuples se nomment Ouinipigou, pource qu'ils
+viennent des bords d'vne mer dont nous n'auons point de cognoissance, et
+par consequent il ne faut pas les appeller la nation des Puans, mais la
+nation de la mer." The same is reiterated in the _Relations_ of 1648 and
+1654. Consult, in this connection, Smith's "History of Wisconsin," Vol.
+III., pp. 11, 15, 17. To John Gilmary Shea belongs the credit of first
+identifying the "Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of Vimont (_Relation_,
+1640), with the Winnebagoes. See his "Discovery and Exploration of the
+Mississippi Valley," 1853, pp. 20, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 17: It is nowhere stated in the _Relations_ that such was the
+object of Champlain in dispatching Nicolet to those people;
+nevertheless, that it was the chief purpose had in view by him, is
+fairly deducible from what is known of his purposes at that date. He
+had, also, other designs to be accomplished.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 1, 2.]
+
+[Footnote 19: This is assumed, although in no account that has been
+discovered is it expressly asserted that he visited the tribe just
+mentioned during this year. In no record, contemporaneous or later, is
+the date of his journey thither given, except approximately. The fact of
+Nicolet's having made the journey to the Winnebagoes is first noticed by
+Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Ie visiteray tout
+maintenant le costé du Sud, ie diray on passant que le sieur Nicolet,
+interprete en langue Algonquine et Huronne pour Messieurs de la nouuelle
+France, m'a donné les noms de ces nations qu'il a visitées luy mesme
+pour la pluspart dans leur pays, tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin,
+excepté les Hurons, qui out vne langue à part, comme aussi les
+Ouinipigou [_Winnebagoes_] ou gens de mer." The year of Nicolet's visit,
+it will be noticed, is thus left undetermined. The extract only shows
+that it must have been made "in or before" 1639.]
+
+[Footnote 20: As to the temper of the Hurons at that date, see Parkman's
+"Jesuits in North America," p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The credit of first advancing this idea is due to Benjamin
+Sulte. See his article entitled "Jean Nicolet," in "Mélanges d'Histoire
+et de Littérature," Ottawa, 1876, pp. 426, 436.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Brébeuf, _Relation des Hurons_, 1635, p. 30. He says:
+"Jean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques à l'Isle,"
+etc.; meaning the Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Incidents recorded in the _Relations_, and in the parish
+church register of Three Rivers, show Nicolet to have been upon the St.
+Lawrence from December 9, 1635, to his death, in 1642, except during the
+ten months above mentioned. It is an unfortunate fact that, for those
+ten months, the record of the church just named is missing. For this
+information I am indebted to Mr. Benjamin Sulte. Could the missing
+record be found, it would be seen to contain, without doubt, some
+references to Nicolet's presence at Three Rivers. As the _Relation_ of
+1640 mentions Nicolet's visit to the Winnebagoes, it could not have been
+made subsequent to 1639. It has already been shown how improbable it is
+that his journey was made previous to 1634. It only remains, therefore,
+to give his whereabouts previous to 1640, and subsequent to 1635. His
+presence in Three Rivers, according to Mr. Sulte (see Appendix, I., to
+this narrative), is noted in the parish register in December, 1635; in
+May, 1636; in November and December, 1637; in March, 1638; in January,
+March, July, October, and December, 1639. As to mention of him in the
+_Relations_ during those years, see the next chapter of this work.
+
+It was the identification by Mr. Shea, of the Winnebagoes as the
+"Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of the _Relations_, that enabled him to
+call the attention of the public to the extent of the discoveries of
+Nicolet. The claims of the latter, as the discoverer of the Northwest,
+were thus, for the first time, brought forward on the page of American
+history.]
+
+[Footnote 24: "Le huictiesme de Iuin, le Capitaine des Naiz percez, ou
+de la Nation du Castor, qui est à trois iournées de nous, vint nous
+demander quelqu'vn de nos François, pour aller auec eux passer l'Este
+dans vn fort qu'ils ont fait, pour la crainte qu'ils ont des
+_A8eatsi8aenrrhonon_, c'est à dire, des gens puants, qui ont rompu le
+traicté de paix, et ont tuè deux de leurs dont ils ont fait festin."--Le
+Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 92.
+
+"On the 18th of June [1635], the chief of the Nez Percés, or Beaver
+Nation, which is three days' journey from us [the Jesuit missionaries,
+located at the head of Georgian bay of Lake Huron], came to demand of us
+some one of our Frenchmen to go with them to pass the summer in a fort
+which they have made, by reason of the fear which they have of the
+_Aweatiswaenrrhonon_;[A] that is to say, of the Nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], who have broken the treaty of peace, and have killed two
+of their men, of whom they have made a feast."]
+
+[Footnote A: The figure 8 which occurs in this word in the _Relation_ of
+1636, is supposed to be equivalent, in English, to "w," "we," or "oo."]
+
+[Footnote 25: 'Iean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques à
+l'Isle souffrit aussi tous les trauaux d'vn des plus robustes
+Sauuages.'--Brébeuf, _Relation_, 1635, p. 30.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," p. 53.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The Mattawan has its source on the very verge of Lake
+Nipissing, so that it was easy to make a "portage" there to reach the
+lake. The Indians, and afterward the French, passed by the Mattawan,
+Mattouane, or Mattawin ("the residence of the beaver"), went over the
+small space of land called the "portage," that exists between the two
+waters, floated on Lake Nipissing, and followed the French river, which
+flows directly out of that lake to the Georgian bay.
+
+A "portage" is a place, as is well known, where parties had to "port"
+their baggage in order to reach the next navigable water.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 29: "Sieur Nicolet, interpreter en langue Algonquine et
+Huronne," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.
+
+The Hurons and Nipissings were, at that date, great friends, having
+constant intercourse, according to all accounts of those days.]
+
+[Footnote 30: "The People of the Sea"--that is, the Winnebagoes--were
+frequently at war with the Hurons, Nez Percés, and other nations on the
+Georgian bay, which fact was well known to the governor of Canada. Now,
+the good offices of Nicolet were to be interposed to bring about a
+reconciliation between these nations. He, it is believed, was also to
+carry out Champlain's policy of making the Indian tribes the allies of
+the French. Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 3) says, he was chosen to make
+a journey to the Winnebagoes and treat for peace with them _and with the
+Hurons_; showing, it is suggested, that it was not only to bring about a
+peace _between the two tribes_, but to attach them both to French
+interests. The words of Vimont are these:
+
+"Pendant qu'il exerçoit cette charge, il [_Nicolet_] fut delegué pour
+faire vn voyage en la nation appellée des Gens de Mer, et traitter la
+paix auec eux et les Hurons, desquels il sont esloignés, tirant, vers
+l'Oüest, d'enuiron trois cents lieuës."]
+
+[Footnote 31: "Il [_Nicolet_] s'embarque au pays des Hurons avec sept
+Sauuages."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Saint Mary's strait separates the Dominion of Canada from
+the upper peninsula of Michigan, and connects Lake Superior with Lake
+Huron.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The route taken by Nicolet, from the mouth of French
+river, in journeying toward the Winnebagoes, is sufficiently indicated
+by (1) noting that, in mentioning the various tribes visited by him,
+Nicolet probably gave their names, except the Ottawas, in the order in
+which he met them; and (2) by calculating his time as more limited on
+his return than on his outward trip, because of his desire to descend
+the Ottawa with the annual flotilla of Huron canoes, which would reach
+the St. Lawrence in July, 1635.]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Ouasouarim, the Outchougai, and the
+Atchiligoüan.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Called Amikoüai (_Rel._, 1640, p. 34), from _Amik_ or
+_Amikou_--a beaver.]
+
+[Footnote 36: The Manitoulin islands stretch from east to west along the
+north shores of Lake Huron, and consist chiefly of the Great Manitoulin
+or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin or Cockburn, and Drummond. Great
+Manitoulin is eighty miles long by twenty broad. Little Manitoulin has a
+diameter of about seven miles. Drummond is twenty-four miles long, with
+a breadth varying from two to twelve miles. It is separated from the
+American shore, on the west, by a strait called the True Detour, which
+is scarcely one mile wide, and forms the principal passage for vessels
+proceeding to Lake Superior.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The Oumisagai.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 38: These falls are distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632; and on that of Du Creux of 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 39: In giving Nicolet this credit, it is necessary to state,
+that the governor of Canada, in 1688, claimed that honor for Champlain
+(N. Y. Col. Doc, Vol. IX., p. 378). He says:
+
+"In the years 1611 and 1612, he [Champlain] ascended the Grand river
+[Ottawa] as far as Lake Huron, called the Fresh sea [La Mer Douce]; he
+went thence to the Petun [Tobacco] Nation, next to the Neutral Nation
+and to the Macoutins [Mascoutins], who were then residing near the place
+called the Sakiman [that part of the present State of Michigan lying
+between the head of Lake Erie and Saginaw bay, on Lake Huron]; from that
+he went to the Algonquin and Huron tribes, at war against the Iroquois
+[Five Nations]. He passed by places he has, himself, described in his
+book [Les Voyages De La Novvelle France, etc., 1632], which are no other
+than Detroit [_i.e._, "the straight," now called Detroit river] and Lake
+Erie."--_Mem. of M. de Denonville_, _May 8, 1688_.
+
+The reader is referred to Champlain's Map of 1632, and to "his book" of
+the same date, for a complete refutation of the assertion as to his
+visiting, at any time before that year, the Mascoutins. In 1632,
+Champlain, as shown by his map of that year, had no knowledge whatever
+of Lake Erie or Lake St. Clair, nor had he previously been so far west
+as Detroit river. It is, of course, well known, that he did not go west
+of the St. Lawrence during that year or subsequent to that date.
+Locating the Mascoutins "near the place called the Sakiman," is as
+erroneous as that Champlain ever visited those savages. The reported
+distance between him when at the most westerly point of his journeyings
+and the Mascoutins is shown by himself: "After having visited these
+people [the Tobacco Nation, in December, 1615] we left the place and
+came to a nation of Indians which we have named the Standing Hair
+[Ottawas], who were very much rejoiced to see us again [he had met them
+previously on the Ottawa river], with whom also we formed a friendship,
+and who, in like manner, promised to come and find us and see us at the
+said habitation. At this place it seems to me appropriate to give a
+description of their country, manners, and modes of action. In the first
+place, they make war upon another nation of Indians, called the
+Assistagueronon, which means nation of fire [Mascoutins], ten days
+distant from them."--_Voyages_, 1632, I., p. 262 [272].
+
+Upon his map of 1632, Champlain speaks of the "discoveries" made by him
+"in the year 1614 and 1615, until in the year 1618"--"of this great lake
+[Huron], and of all the lands _from the Sault St. Louis_ [the rapids in
+the St. Lawrence];"--but he nowhere intimates that he had made
+discoveries _west_ of that lake. It is, therefore, certain that the
+first white man who ever saw or explored any portion of the territory
+forming the present State of Michigan was John Nicolet--not Champlain.
+Compare Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," Chap. XIV., and
+map illustrative of the text.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Their name, as stated by Nicolet and preserved in the
+_Relation_ of 1640, was Baouichtigouin; given in the _Relation_ of
+1642, as Paüoitigoüeieuhak--"inhabitants of the falls;" in the
+_Relation_ of 1648, as Paouitagoung--"nation of the Sault;" on Du Creux'
+map of 1660, "Pasitig8ecü;" and they were sometimes known as
+Paouitingouach-irini--"the men of the shallow cataract." They were
+estimated, in 1671, at one hundred and fifty souls. They then united
+with other kindred nations.
+
+By the French, these tribes, collectively, were called Sauteurs; but
+they were known to the Iroquois as Estiaghicks, or Stiagigroone--the
+termination, _roone_, meaning men, being applied to Indians of the
+Algonquin family. They were designated by the Sioux as Raratwaus or
+"people of the falls." They were the ancestors of the modern Otchipwes,
+or Ojibwas (Chippewas).]
+
+[Footnote 41: That this was the location in 1641 is certain. Shea's
+_Catholic Missions_, p. 184. In 1669, it was, probably, still at the
+foot of the rapids, on the southern side. _Id._, p. 361. Besides, when
+the missionaries first visited the Sault, they were informed that the
+place had been occupied for a long period. The falls are correctly
+marked upon Champlain's map of 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 42: The earliest delineation, to any extent, of the present
+State of Michigan, is that to be found on Du Creux' Map of 1660, where
+the two peninsulas are very well represented in outline.]
+
+[Footnote 43: The names of the tribes thus far visited by Nicolet, and
+their relative positions, are shown in the following from Vimont
+(_Relation_, 1640, p. 34), except that the "cheueux releuez" were not
+called upon by him until his return:
+
+"I'ay dit qu'à l'entrée du premier de ces Lacs se rencontrent les
+Hurons; les quittans pour voguer plus haut dans le lac, on truue au Nord
+les Ouasouarim, plus haut sont les Outchougai, plus haut encore à
+l'embouchure du fleuue qui vient du Lac Nipisin sont les Atchiligoüan.
+Au delà sur les mesmes riues de ceste mer douce sont les Amikoüai, ou la
+nation du Castor, au Sud desquels est vne Isle dans ceste mer douce
+longue d'enuiron trente lieuës habitée des Outaouan, ce sont peuples
+venus de la nation des cheueux releuez. Apres les Amikoüai sur les
+mesmes riues du grand lac sont les Oumisagai, qu'on passe pour venir à
+Baouichtigouin, c'est à dire, à la nation des gens du Sault, pource
+qu'en effect il y a vn Sault qui se iette en cet endroit dans la mer
+douce."]
+
+[Footnote 44: Lake Superior is distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632, where it appears as "Grand Lac." Was it seen by Nicolet? This is a
+question which will probably never be answered to the satisfaction of
+the historian.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Sault Sainte Marie (pronounced _soo-saint-máry_),
+county-seat of Chippewa county, Michigan, fifteen miles below the outlet
+of Lake Superior.]
+
+[Footnote 46: The Straits of Mackinaw connect Lake Michigan with Lake
+Huron. Of the word "Mackinaw," there are many synonyms to be found upon
+the pages of American history: Mackinac, Michillmakinaw,
+Michillimakinac, Michilimakina, Michiliakimawk, Michilinaaquina,
+Miscilemackina, Miselimackinack, Misilemakinak, Missilimakina,
+Missilimakinac, Missilimakinak, Missilimaquina, Missilimaquinak, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Machihiganing was the Indian name; called by the French at
+an early day, Mitchiganon,--sometimes the Lake of the Illinois, Lake St.
+Joseph, or Lake Dauphin. I know of no earlier representation of this
+lake than that on Du Creux' map of 1660. It is there named the "Magnus
+Lacus Algonquinorum, seu Lacus Foetetium [Foetentium]." This is
+equivalent to Great Algonquin Lake, or Lake of the Puants; that is,
+Winnebago Lake. On a map by Joliet, recently published by Gabriel
+Gravier, it is called "Lac des Illinois ou Missihiganin."]
+
+[Footnote 48: Bay du Noquet, or Noque. That the "small lake" visited by
+Nicolet was, in fact, this bay, is rendered probable by the phraseology
+employed by Vimont in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Passing
+this small lake [from the Sault Sainte Marie], we enter into the second
+fresh-water sea [Lake Michigan and Green bay]." It is true Vimont speaks
+of "the small lake" as lying "beyond the falls;" but his meaning is,
+"nearer the Winnebagoes." If taken literally, his words would indicate
+a lake further up the strait, above the Sault Sainte Marie, meaning Lake
+Superior, which, of course, would not answer the description of a small
+lake. It must be remembered that the missionary was writing at his home
+upon the St. Lawrence, and was giving his description from his
+standpoint.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Synonyms: La Baye des Eaux Puantes, La Baye, Enitajghe
+(Iroquois), Baie des Puants, La Grande Baie, Bay des Puants.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Called the Roquai, by Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640,
+p. 34--probably the Noquets--afterwards classed with the Chippewas.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Called the Mantoue in the _Relation_ just cited. They were
+probably the Nantoue of the _Relation_ of 1671, or Mantoueouee of the
+map attached thereto. They are mentioned, at that date, as living near
+the Foxes. In the _Relation_ of 1673, they are designated as the
+Makoueoue, still residing near the Foxes.]
+
+[Footnote 52: "Au delà de ce Sault on trouue le petit lac, sur les bords
+duquel du costé du Nord sont les Roquai. Au Nord de ceux-cy sont
+Mantoue, ces peuples ne nauigent guiere, viuans des fruicts de la
+terre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, pp. 34, 35.]
+
+[Footnote 53: The Menomonee river forms a part of the northeastern
+boundary of Wisconsin, running in a southeasterly direction between this
+state and Michigan, and emptying into Green bay on the northwest side.
+The earliest location, on a map, of a Menomonee village, is that given
+by Charlevoix on his "Carte des Lacs du Canada," accompanying his
+"Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France," Vol. I.,
+Paris, 1744. The village ("des Malonines") is placed at the mouth of the
+river, on what is now the Michigan side of the stream.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Synonyms: Maroumine, Oumalouminek, Oumaominiecs,
+Malhominies,--meaning, in Algonquin, wild rice (_Zizania aquatica_ of
+Linnæus). The French called this grain wild oats--folles avoine; hence
+they gave the name of Les Folles Avoine to the Menomonees.
+
+"Passant ce plus petit lac, on entre dans la seconde mer douce, sur les
+riues de laquelle sont les Maroumine."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p.
+35.]
+
+[Footnote 55: I have drawn, for this description of the Menomonees, upon
+the earliest accounts preserved of them; but these are of dates some
+years subsequent to Nicolet's visit. (Compare Marquette's account in his
+published narrative, by Shea.) Vimont seems not to have derived any
+knowledge of them from Nicolet, beside the simple fact of his having
+visited them; at least, he says nothing further in the _Relation_ of
+1640.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "Two days' journey from this tribe [the Winnebagoes], he
+sent one of his savages," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. This was
+just the distance from the Menomonees. Du Creux, although following the
+_Relation_ of 1643, makes Nicolet an ambassador of the Hurons, for he
+says (Hist. Canada, p. 360): "When he [Nicolet] was two days distant
+[from the Winnebagoes], he sent forward one of his own company to make
+known to the nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador
+was approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to
+secure their friendship." But the following is the account of Vimont
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 3), from the time of Nicolet's departure from the
+Huron villages to his being met by the young men of the Winnebagoes:
+
+"Ils [_Nicolet and his seven Hurons_] passerent par quantité de petites
+nations, en allant et en reuenant; lors qu'ils y arriuoient, ils
+fichoient deux bastons en terre, auquel ils pendoient des presens, afin
+d'oster à ces peuples la pensée de les prendre pour ennemis et de les
+massacrer. A deux iournées de cette nation, il enuoya vn de ces Sauuages
+porter la nouuelle de la paix, laquelle fut bien receuë, nommément quand
+on entendit que c'estoit vn European qui portoit la parole. On depescha
+plusieurs ieunes gens pour aller au deuant du Manitouiriniou, c'est à
+dire de l'homme merueilleux; on y vient, on le conduit, on porte tout son
+bagage."]
+
+[Footnote 57: Compare Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.
+"Il [_Nicolet_] estoit reuestu d'vne grande robe de damas de la Chine,
+toute parsemée de fleurs et d'oyseaux de diuerses couleurs."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Wisconsin takes its name from its principal river, which
+drains an extensive portion of its surface. It rises in Lake Vieux
+Desert (which is partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin), flows
+generally a south course to Portage, in what is now Columbia county,
+where it turns to the southwest, and, after a further course of one
+hundred and eighteen miles, with a rapid current, reaches the
+Mississippi river, four miles below Prairie du Chien. Its entire length
+is about four hundred and fifty miles, descending, in that distance, a
+little more than one thousand feet. Along the lower portion of the
+stream are the high lands or river hills. Some of these hills present
+high and precipitous faces towards the water. Others terminate in knobs.
+The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature; the word
+being derived from _mis-si_, great, and _os-sin_, a stone or rock.
+
+Compare Shea's _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi_, pp. 6
+(note) and 268; Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, p. 2 (note);
+Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, p. 220 and note.
+
+Two definitions of the word are current--as widely differing from each
+other as from the one just given. (See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I., p.
+111, and Webster's Dic., Unabridged, p. 1632.) The first--"the gathering
+of the waters"--has no corresponding words in Algonquin at all
+resembling the name; the same may be said of the second--"wild rushing
+channel." (See Otchipwe Dic. of Rev. F. Baraga.)
+
+Since first used by the French, the word "Wisconsin" has undergone
+considerable change. On the map by Joliet, recently brought to light by
+Gravier, it is given as "Miskonsing." In Marquette's journal, published
+by Thevenot, in Paris, 1681, it is noted as the "Meskousing." It
+appeared there for the first time in print. Hennepin, in 1683, wrote
+"Onisconsin" and "Misconsin;" Charlevoix, 1743, "Ouisconsing;" Carver,
+1766, "Ouisconsin" (English--"Wisconsin"): since which last mentioned
+date, the orthography has been uniform.]
+
+[Footnote 59: "Si tost qu'on l'apperceut toutes les femmes et les enfans
+s'enfuïrent, voyant vn homme porter le tonnerre en ses deux mains (c'est
+ainsi qu'ils nommoient deux pistolets qu'il tenoit)."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.
+
+Du Creux (Hist. Canada, p. 360) has this rendering of Vimont's language:
+"He [Nicolet] carried in each hand a small pistol. When he had
+discharged these (for he must have done this, though the French author
+does not mention the fact), the more timid persons, boys and women,
+betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible from a man
+who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands." And thus Parkman
+("Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.): "[Nicolet] advanced to meet the
+expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children
+fled, screaming that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and
+lightning."]
+
+[Footnote 60: Synonyms: Ouinipigou, Ouinbegouc, Ouinipegouc,
+Ouenibegoutz--Gens de Mer, Gens de Eaux de Mer--Des Puans, Des Puants,
+La Nation des Puans, La Nation des Puants, Des Gens Puants.
+
+By the Hurons, this nation was known as A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (_Relation_,
+1636, p. 92); by the Sioux, as Ontonkah; but they called themselves
+Otchagras, Hochungara, Ochungarand, or Horoji.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Champlain's map of 1632 gives them that location. La Jeune
+(_Relation_, 1639, p. 55) approximates their locality thus:
+
+... "Nous auons aussi pensé d'appliquer quelques-vns à la connoissance de
+nouuelles langues. Nous iettions les yeux sur trois autres des Peuples
+plus voisins: sur celle des Algonquains, espars de tous costez, et au
+Midy, et au Septentrion de nostre grand Lac; sur celle de la Nation
+neutre, qui est vne maistresse porte pour les païs meridionaux, et sur
+celle de la Nation des Puants, qui est vn passage des plus considerables
+pour les païs Occidentaux, vn peu plus Septentrionaux."
+
+"We [the missionaries] have also thought of applying ourselves, some of
+us, to the task of acquiring a knowledge of new languages. We turn our
+eyes on three other nations nearer: on that of the Algonquins, scattered
+on every side, both to the south and north of our great lake [Huron]; on
+that of the Neuter nation, which affords a principal entrance to the
+countries on south; and on that of the nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], which is one of the more important thoroughfares to the
+western countries, a little more northern."]
+
+[Footnote 62: Fox river heads in the northeastern part of Columbia
+county, Wisconsin, and in the adjoining portions of Green Lake county.
+Flowing, at first, southwest and then due west, it approaches the
+Wisconsin at Portage, county-seat of Columbia county. When within less
+than two miles of that river, separated from it by only a low, sandy
+plain--the famous "portage" of early days--it turns abruptly northward,
+and with a sluggish current, continues on this course, for twelve miles,
+to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of which is now
+Marquette county, Wisconsin. It now begins a wide curve, which brings
+its direction finally around due east. Lake Buffalo is merely an
+expansion of the river, thirteen and one-half miles long and half a mile
+wide. From the foot of this lake, the river runs in an irregular,
+easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Puckaway
+lake, which is eight and one-fourth miles in length, and from one to two
+miles wide. At the foot of this lake there are wide marshes through
+which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long,
+narrow bend to the west, begins a northeast stretch, which it continues
+for a considerable distance, passing, after receiving the waters of Wolf
+river, around in a curve to the southeast through Big Butte Des Morts
+lake, and reaching Lake Winnebago, into which it flows at the city of
+Oshkosh.
+
+The river leaves Winnebago lake in two channels, at the cities of
+Menasha and Neenah, flowing in a westerly course to the Little Butte Des
+Morts lake, and through the latter in a north course, when it soon takes
+a northeasterly direction, which it holds until it empties into the head
+of Green bay. The stream gets its name from the Fox tribe of Indians
+formerly residing in its valley. Upon Champlain's map of 1632, it is
+noted as "Riviere des Puans;" that is, "River of the Puans"--Winnebago
+river. The name Neenah (water), sometimes applied to it, is a misnomer.]
+
+[Footnote 63: "Plus auant encore sur les mesmes riues habitent les
+Ouinipigou [Winnebagoes], peuples sedentaires qui sont en grand
+nombre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 64: "Tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin, excepté les
+Hurons, qui out vne langue à part, comme aussi les Ouinipigou
+[Winnebagoes] ou gens de mer."--Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 65: The Winnebagoes and some bands of Sioux were the only
+Dakotas that crossed the Mississippi in their migratory movement
+eastward.]
+
+[Footnote 66: Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, pp. 3, 4): "La nouuelle de
+sa venuë s'espandit incontinent aux lieu circonuoisins: il se fit vne
+assemblée, de quartre ou cinq mille hommes."
+
+But this number is lessened somewhat by the _Relation_ of 1656 (p. 39):
+
+"Vn François m'a dit autrefois, qu'il auoit veu trois mille hommes dans
+vne assemblée qui se fit pour traiter de paix, au Païs des gens de Mer."
+
+"A Frenchman [Nicolet] told me some time ago, that he had seen three
+thousand men together in one assemblage, for the purpose of making a
+treaty of peace in the country of the People of the Sea [Winnebagoes]."]
+
+[Footnote 67: "Chacun des principaux fit son festin, en l'vn desquels on
+seruit au moins six-vingts Castors."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Shea ("Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi
+Valley," p. 20) has evidently caught the true idea of Nicolet's mission
+to the Winnebagoes. He says: "With these [Winnebagoes] Nicolet entered
+into friendly relations."]
+
+[Footnote 69: Synonyms: Masscoutens, Maskoutens, Maskouteins,
+Musquetens, Machkoutens, Maskoutench, etc. They were called by the
+French, "Les Gens de Feu"--the Nation of Fire; by the Hurons,
+"Assistagueronons" or "Atsistaehronons," from _assista_, fire and
+_ronons_, people; that is, Fire-People or Fire-Nation. By Champlain,
+they were noted, in 1632, as "Les Gens de Feu a Bistagueronons" on his
+map. This is a misprint for "Assistagueronons," as his "Voyages" of that
+year shows. I., p. 262 [272].
+
+"The Fire Nation bears this name erroneously, calling themselves
+Maskoutench, which signifies 'a land bare of trees,' such as that which
+these people inhabit; but because by the change of a few letters, the
+same word signifies, 'fire,' from thence it has come that they are
+called the 'Fire Nation.'"--_Relation_, 1671, p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Synonyms: Sauks, Saukis, Ousakis, Sakys, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Synonyms: Outagamis, Les Renards, Musquakies.]
+
+[Footnote 72: The distance by days up the Fox river of Green bay from
+the Winnebagoes to the Mascoutins, is given in accordance with the
+earliest accounts of canoe navigation upon that stream. The first white
+persons to pass up the river after Nicolet were Allouez and his
+attendants, in April, 1670. That missionary (_Relation_, 1670, pp. 96,
+97, 99), says:
+
+"The 16th of April [1670], I embarked to go and commence the mission of
+the Outagamis [Fox Indians], a people well known in all these parts. We
+were lying at the head of the bay [Green bay], at the entrance of the
+River of the Puants [Fox river], which we have named 'St. Francis;' in
+passing, we saw clouds of swans, bustards, and ducks; the savages take
+them in nets at the head of the bay, where they catch as many as fifty
+in a night; this game, in the autumn, seek the wild rice that the wind
+has shaken off in the month of September.
+
+"The 17th [of April of the same year], we went up the River St. Francis
+[the Fox]--two and sometimes three arpens wide. After having advanced
+four leagues, we found the village of the savages named Saky [Sacs,
+Saukis, or Sauks], who began a work that merits well here to have its
+place. From one side of the river to the other, they made a barricade,
+planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that
+there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishers, who, by the aid of
+a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish
+which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between
+the stakes. They call this device Mitihikan ["Mitchiganen" or
+"Machihiganing," now "Michigan"]; they make use of it in the spring and
+a part of the summer.
+
+"The 18th [of the same month], we made the portage which they call
+Kekaling [afterwards variously spelled, and pronounced "Cock-o-lin;"
+meaning, it is said, the place of the fish. In the fall of 1851, a
+village was laid out there, which is known as Kaukauna]; our sailors
+drew the canoe through the rapids; I walked on the bank of the river,
+where I found apple-trees and vine stocks [grape vines] in abundance.
+
+"The 19th [April], our sailors ascended the rapids, by using poles, for
+two leagues. I went by land as far as the other portage, which they call
+Oukocitiming; that is to say, the highway. We observed this same day the
+eclipse of the sun, predicted by the astrologers, which lasted from
+mid-day until two o'clock. The third, or near it, of the body of the sun
+appeared eclipsed; the other two-thirds formed a crescent. We arrived,
+in the evening, at the entrance of the Lake of the Puants [Winnebago
+lake], which we have called Lake St. Francis; it is about twelve leagues
+long and four wide; it is situated from north-northeast to
+south-southwest; it abounds in fish, but uninhabited, on account of the
+Nardoüecis [Sioux], who are here dreaded.
+
+"The 20th [of April, 1670], which was on Sunday, I said mass, after
+having navigated five or six leagues in the lake; after which, we
+arrived in a river [the Fox, at what is now Oshkosh], that comes from a
+lake of wild rice [Big Butte Des Morts lake], which we came into; at the
+foot [head] of which we found the river [the Wolf] which leads to the
+Outagamis [Fox Indians] on one side, and that [the Fox] which leads to
+the Machkoutenck [Mascoutins] on the other. We entered into the former
+[the Wolf]....
+
+"The 29th [of April of the same year, having returned from the Fox
+Indians living up the Wolf river], we entered into the [Fox] river,
+which leads to the Machkoutench [Mascoutins], called Assista
+Ectaeronnons, Fire Nation ["Gens de Feu"], by the Hurons. This [Fox]
+river is very beautiful, without rapids or portages [above the mouth of
+the Wolf]; it flows to [from] the southwest.
+
+"The 30th [of April, 1670], having disembarked opposite the village [of
+the Mascoutins], and left our canoe at the water's edge, after a walk of
+a league, over beautiful prairies, we perceived the fort [of the
+Mascoutins]."]
+
+[Footnote 73: Champlain's "Les Voyages de la Novvelle France," I., p.
+262 [272], previously cited. Upon Champlain's Map of 1632, they are
+located beyond and to the south of Lake Huron, he having no knowledge of
+Lake Michigan. In his "Voyages," his words are: "Ils [the Cheveux
+Relevés--Ottawas] sont la guerre, à vne autre nation de Sauuages, qui
+s'appellent Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens de feu, esloignez d'eux
+de dix iournées." Sagard, in 1636 ("Histoire du Canada," p. 201), is
+equally indefinite as to locality, though placing them westward of the
+south end of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, "nine or ten days' journey
+by canoe, which makes about two hundred leagues, or more." He says:
+"Tous essemble [the different bands of the Ottawas] sont la guerre a une
+autre nation nommée Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens feu: car en
+langue Huronne Assista signifie de feu and Eronon signifie Nation. Ils
+sont esloignez d'eux à ce qu'on tient, de neuf ou dix iournées de
+Canots, qui sont enuiron deux cens lieuës et plus de chemin."]
+
+[Footnote 74: Allouez (_Relation_, 1670, p. 99, before cited) is the
+first to give their position with any degree of certainty. Unless, under
+the name of "Rasaoua koueton," the Mascoutins were not mentioned by
+Nicolet, in the list given to Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35). The "R"
+should, probably, have been "M," thus: "Masaoua koueton."]
+
+[Footnote 75: Synonyms: Miamees, Miramis, Myamicks, Omianicks,
+Ommiamies, Oumis, Oumiamies, Oumiamiwek, Oumamis, Twightwees. As to
+their place of abode, see Shea's _Hennepin_, p. 258.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Synonyms: Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux,
+Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicapouz, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 77: The name of this river is from the Algonquin _missi_,
+great, and _sepe_, water, or river. The popular notion that it means
+"the father of waters," is erroneous.]
+
+[Footnote 78: "Le Sieur Nicolet qui a le plus auant penetré dedans ces
+pays si esloignés m'a asseuré que s'il eust vogué trois iours plus auant
+sur vn grand fleuue qui sort de ce lac, qu'il auroit trouué la
+mer."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 36.]
+
+[Footnote 79: That such was the fact, and that he did not reach the
+Wisconsin river, is deduced from the language of the _Relations_; also,
+from a consideration of the length of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers below
+the "portage," where they very nearly approach each other; and from a
+study of the time usually employed, at an early day, in their
+navigation. It has, however, been extensively published that Nicolet did
+reach the Wisconsin, and float down its channel to within three days of
+the Mississippi. Now, Nicolet, in speaking of a large river upon which
+he had sailed, evidently intended to convey the idea of its being
+connected with "ce lac" (this lake); that is, with Green bay and Lake
+Michigan--the two being merged into one by Vimont. Hence, he must have
+spoken of the Fox river. But Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 36) understood
+him as saying, "that, had he sailed three days more on a great river
+which _flows from_ that lake, he would have found the sea."
+
+The _Relation_, it will be noticed, says, "had he sailed three days
+more," etc. This implies a sailing already of some days. But such could
+not have been the case had he been upon the Wisconsin; as that river is
+only one hundred and eighteen miles in length, below the portage, and
+the time of its canoe navigation between three and four days only;
+whereas, upon the Fox, it was nine days; six, from its mouth to the
+Mascoutins, as previously shown, and three from the Mascoutins to the
+Wisconsin.
+
+The first white men who passed up the Fox river above the Mascoutins,
+were Louis Joliet and Father James Marquette, with five French
+attendants, in June, 1673. "We knew," says Marquette, "that there was,
+three leagues from Maskoutens [Mascoutins], a river [Wisconsin] emptying
+into the Mississippi; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we
+were to hold to reach it, was the west-southwest; but the way is so cut
+up by marshes, and little lakes, that it is easy to go astray,
+especially as the river leading to it is so covered by wild oats, that
+you can hardly discover the channel."
+
+That Marquette, instead of "three leagues" intended to say "thirty
+leagues" or "three days," it is evident to any one acquainted with the
+Fox river from the "portage" down; besides, the mistake is afterward
+corrected in his narrative as well as on his map accompanying it, where
+the home of the Mascoutins is marked as indicated by Allouez in the
+_Relation_ of 1670. See, also, the map of Joliet, before alluded to, as
+recently published by Gravier, where the same location is given. Joliet
+and Marquette were seven days in their journey from the Mascoutins to
+the Mississippi; this gave them three days upon the Fox and four upon
+the Wisconsin (including the delay at the portage). Canoes have
+descended from the portage in two days.
+
+The _Relation_ of 1670 (pp. 99, 100) says: "These people [the
+Mascoutins] are established in a very fine place, where we see beautiful
+plains and level country, as far as the eye reaches. Their river leads
+into a great river called Messisipi; [to which] their is a navigation of
+only six days."
+
+But the question is evidently settled by the _Relation_ of 1654 (p. 30),
+which says:
+
+"It is only nine days' journey from this great lake [Green bay and Lake
+Michigan--'Lac de gens de mer'] to the sea;" where "the sea," referred
+to, is, beyond doubt, identical with "la mer" of Nicolet.]
+
+[Footnote 80: "Or i'ay de fortes coniectures que c'est la mer [mentioned
+by Nicolet] qui respond au Nord de la Nouuelle Mexique, et que de cette
+mer, on auroit entrée vers le Iapon et vers la Chine, neantmoins comme
+on ne sçait pas où tire ce grand lac, ou cette mer douce, ce seroit vne
+entreprise genereuse d'aller descouurir ces contrées. Nos Peres qui sont
+aux Hurons, inuités par quelques Algonquins, sont sur le point de donner
+iusques à ces gens de l'autre mer, dont i'ay parlé cy-dessus; peut estre
+que ce voyage se reseruera pour l'vn de nous qui auons quelque petite
+cognoissance de la langue Algonquine."--Vimont, _Relations_, 1640, p.
+36.]
+
+[Footnote 81: "The twenty-fourth day of June [1640], there arrived an
+Englishman, with a servant, brought in boats by twenty Abnaquiois
+savages. He set out from the lake or river Quinibequi in Acadia, where
+the English have a settlement, in order to search for a passage through
+these countries to the North sea.... M. de Montmagny had him brought to
+Tadoussac, in order that he might return to England by way of France.
+
+"He told us wonderful things of New Mexico. 'I learned,' said he, 'that
+one can sail to that country by means of the seas which lie to the north
+of it. Two years ago, I explored all the southern coast from Virginia to
+Quinebiqui to try whether I could not find some large river or some
+large lake which should bring me to tribes having knowledge of this sea,
+which is northward from Mexico. Not having found any such in these
+countries, I entered into the Saguené region, to penetrate, if I could,
+with the savages of the locality, as far as to the northern sea.'
+
+"In passing, I will say that we have strong indications that one can
+descend through the second lake of the Hurons [Lake Michigan and Green
+bay] and through the country of the nations we have named [as having
+been visited by Nicolet] into this sea which he [the Englishman] was
+trying to find."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Synonyms: Ilinois, Ilinoues, Illini, Illiniweck,
+Tilliniwek, Ilimouek, Liniouek, Abimigek, Eriniouaj, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35) gives information derived
+from Nicolet, of the existence of the Illinois (Eriniouaj) as neighbors
+of the Winnebagoes. And the _Relation_, 1656 (p. 39), says: "The
+Liniouek [Illinois], their neighbors [that is, the neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes], number about sixty villages." Champlain locates a tribe,
+on his map of 1632, south of the Mascoutins, as a "nation where there is
+a quantity of buffaloes." This nation was probably the Illinois.]
+
+[Footnote 84: As Nicolet proceeded no further to the westward than six
+days' sail up the Fox river of Green bay, of course, the "Nadvesiv"
+(Sioux) and "Assinipour" (Assiniboins) were not visited by him.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Synonyms: Pottawottamies, Poutouatamis, Pouteouatamis,
+Pouutouatami, Poux, Poueatamis, Pouteouatamiouec, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 86: Such, at least, was their location a few years after the
+visit of Nicolet. The islands occupied were those farthest south.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35. In the _Relation_ of
+1643, it is expressly stated that Nicolet visited some of the tribes on
+his return voyage.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Says Margry (_Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique_,
+1862): "Les peuples que le pére dit avoir été pour la plupart visités
+par Nicolet sont les Malhominis ou Gens de la Folle Avoine
+[_Menomonees_], les Ouinipigous ou Puans [_Winnebagoes_], puis les
+Pouteouatami [_Pottawattamies_], les Eriniouaj (ou Illinois)," etc.]
+
+[Footnote 89: It is highly probable that Nicolet commenced his return
+trip so soon, in the spring of 1635, as the warm weather had freed Green
+bay of its coat of ice. Leaving the Winnebagoes, as soon as navigation
+opened in the spring, he would have only about ten weeks to reach the
+St. Lawrence by the middle of July--the time, probably, of his return,
+as previously mentioned; whereas, having left Quebec July 2, for the
+west, he had about five months before navigation closed on the lakes, to
+arrive out. Sault Sainte Marie must, of necessity, therefore, have been
+visited in _going to_ the Winnebagoes.]
+
+[Footnote 90: "To the south of the Nation of the Beaver is an island, in
+that fresh-water sea [Lake Huron], about thirty leagues in length,
+inhabited by the Outaouan [Ottawas]. These are a people come from the
+nation of the Standing Hair [Cheveux Relevés]."--Vimont, _Relation_,
+1640, p. 34. In William R. Smith's translation of so much of this
+_Relation_ as names the various tribes visited by Nicolet (Hist. Wis.,
+Vol. III., p. 10), what relates to the Cheveux Relevés is
+omitted--probably by accident. On a large island, corresponding as to
+locality with the Great Manitoulin, is placed, on Du Creux' Map of 1660,
+the "natio surrectorum capillorum"--identical with the Cheveux Relevés,
+just mentioned.
+
+The Ottawas were first visited by Champlain. This was in the year 1615.
+They lived southwest of the Hurons. It was he who gave them the name
+Cheveux Relevés--Standing Hair. Sagard saw some of them subsequently,
+and calls them Andatahonats. See his "Histoire du Canada," p. 199.
+
+Although, in the citation from the _Relation_ of 1640, just given, the
+band of the Ottawas upon the Great Manitoulin are said to have "come
+from the nation of the Standing Hair," it does not fix the residence of
+those from whom they came as in the valley of the Ottawa river. On the
+contrary, Champlain, in his "Voyages" and Map, places them in an
+opposite direction, not far from the south end of the Nottawassaga bay
+of Lake Huron. Says J. G. Shea (Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., III., 135):
+"There is no trace in the early French writers of any opinion then
+entertained that they [the Ottawas] had ever been [resided] in the
+valley of the Ottawa river. After the fall of the Hurons [who were cut
+off by the Iroquois a number of years subsequent to Nicolet's visit],
+when trade was re-opened with the west, all tribes there were called
+Ottawas, and the river, as leading to the Ottawa country, got the
+name."]
+
+[Footnote 91: As the traffic with the Hurons took place at Three Rivers,
+between the 15th and 23d of July, 1635, it is highly probable that
+Nicolet reached there some time during that month, on his way to
+Quebec.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4) thus briefly disposes of
+Nicolet's return trip from the Winnebagoes: "La paix fut concluë; il
+retourna aux Hurons, et de la à quelque temps aux Trois Riuieres."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+NICOLET'S SUBSEQUENT CAREER AND DEATH.
+
+
+It is not difficult to imagine the interest which must have been
+awakened in the breast of Champlain upon the return of Nicolet to
+Quebec. With what delight he must have heard his recital of the
+particulars of the voyage! How he must have been enraptured at the
+descriptions of lakes of unknown extent; of great rivers never before
+heard of--never before seen by a Frenchman! How his imagination must
+have kindled when told of the numerous Indian nations which had been
+visited! But, above all, how fondly he hoped one day to bring all these
+distant countries under the dominion of his own beloved France! But the
+heart thus beating quick with pleasurable emotions at the prospects of
+future glory and renown, soon ceased its throbs. On Christmas day, 1635,
+Champlain died. In a chamber of the fort in Quebec, "breathless and
+cold, lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness, and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain."
+
+The successor of Champlain was Marc Antoine de Bras-de-fer de
+Chasteaufort. He was succeeded by Charles Huault de Montmagny, who
+reached New France in 1636. With him came a considerable reinforcement;
+"and, among the rest, several men of birth and substance, with their
+families and dependents." But Montmagny found the affairs of his colony
+in a woful condition. The "Company of One Hundred" had passed its
+affairs into the hands of those who were wholly engrossed in the profits
+of trade. Instead of sending out colonists, the Hundred Associates
+"granted lands, with the condition that the grantees should furnish a
+certain number of settlers to clear and till them, and these were to be
+credited to the company." The Iroquois, who, from their intercourse with
+the Dutch and English traders, had been supplied with firearms, and were
+fast becoming proficient in their use, attacked the Algonquins and
+Hurons--allies of the French, interrupting their canoes, laden with
+furs, as they descended the St. Lawrence, killing their owners, or
+hurrying them as captives into the forests, to suffer the horrors of
+torture.
+
+At a point to which was given the name of Sillery, four miles above
+Quebec, a new Algonquin mission was started; still, in the immediate
+neighborhood of the town, the dark forests almost unbroken frowned as
+gloomily as when, thirty years before, Champlain founded the future
+city. Probably, in all New France, the population, in 1640, did not much
+exceed two hundred, including women and children. On the eighteenth of
+May, 1642, Montreal began its existence. The tents of the founders were
+"inclosed with a strong palisade, and their altar covered by a
+provisional chapel, built, in the Huron mode, of bark." But the Iroquois
+had long before become the enemies of the French, sometimes seriously
+threatening Quebec. So, upon the Island of Montreal, every precaution
+was taken to avoid surprise. Solid structures of wood soon defied the
+attacks of the savages; and, to give greater security to the colonists,
+Montmagny caused a fort to be erected at the mouth of the Richelieu, in
+the following August. But the end of the year 1642 brought no relief to
+the Algonquins or Hurons, and little to the French, from the ferocious
+Iroquois.
+
+It was not long after Nicolet's return to Quebec, from his visit to "the
+People of the Sea," and neighboring nations, before he was assigned to
+Three Rivers by Champlain, where he was to continue his office of
+commissary and interpreter; for, on the ninth of December, 1635, he
+"came to give advice to the missionaries who were dwelling at the
+mission that a young Algonquin was sick; and that it would be proper to
+visit him."[93] And, again, on the seventh of the following month, he is
+found visiting, with one of the missionaries, a sick Indian, near the
+fort, at Three Rivers.[94] His official labors were performed to the
+great satisfaction of both French and Indians, by whom he was equally
+and sincerely loved. He was constantly assisting the missionaries, so
+far as his time would permit, in the conversion of the savages, whom he
+knew how to manage and direct as he desired, and with a skill that could
+hardly find its equal. His kindness won their esteem and respect. His
+charity seemed, indeed, to know no bounds.[95] As interpreter for one of
+the missionaries, he accompanied him from Three Rivers on a journey some
+leagues distant, on the twelfth of April, 1636, to visit some savages
+who were sick; thus constantly administering to their sufferings.[96]
+
+Notwithstanding the colonists of New France were living in a state of
+temporal and spiritual vassalage, yet the daring Nicolet, and others of
+the interpreters of Champlain, although devout Catholics and friendly to
+the establishment of missions among the Indian nations, were not
+Jesuits, nor in the service of these fathers; neither was their's the
+mission work, in any sense, which was so zealously prosecuted by these
+disciples of Loyola. They were a small class of men, whose home--some of
+them--was the forest, and their companions savages. They followed the
+Indians in their roamings, lived with them, grew familiar with their
+language, allied themselves, in some cases, with their women, and often
+became oracles in the camp and leaders on the war-path. Doubtless, when
+they returned from their rovings, they often had pressing need of
+penance and absolution. Several of them were men of great intelligence
+and an invincible courage. From hatred of restraint, and love of wild
+and adventurous independence, they encountered privations and dangers
+scarcely less than those to which the Jesuit exposed himself from
+motives widely different:--he, from religious zeal, charity, and the
+hope of paradise; they, simply because they liked it. Some of the best
+families of Canada claim descent from this vigorous and hardy stock.[97]
+
+"The Jesuits from the first had cherished the plan of a seminary for
+Huron boys at Quebec. The governor and the company favored the design;
+since not only would it be an efficient means of spreading the faith and
+attaching the tribe to the French interest, but the children would be
+pledges for the good behavior of the parents, and hostages for the
+safety of missionaries and traders in the Indian towns. In the summer of
+1636, Father Daniel, descending from the Huron country, worn, emaciated,
+his cassock patched and tattered, and his shirt in rags, brought with
+him a boy, to whom two others were soon added; and through the influence
+of the interpreter, Nicolet, the number was afterward increased by
+several more. One of them ran away, two ate themselves to death, a
+fourth was carried home by his father, while three of those remaining
+stole a canoe, loaded it with all they could lay their hands upon, and
+escaped in triumph with their plunder."[98]
+
+Nicolet frequently visited Quebec. Upon one of these occasions he had a
+narrow escape. He found the St. Lawrence incumbered with ice. Behind him
+there came so great a quantity of it that he was compelled to get out of
+his canoe and jump upon one of the floating pieces. He saved himself
+with much difficulty and labor. This happened in April, 1637.[99] On the
+twenty-seventh of the same month Nicolet was present at Quebec, on the
+occasion of a deputation of Indians from Three Rivers waiting upon the
+governor, asking a favor at his hands promised by Champlain. He was
+consulted as to what the promise of the former governor was.[100]
+
+In June, he was sent, it seems, up from the fort at Three Rivers to
+ascertain whether the Iroquois were approaching. He went as far as the
+river Des Prairies--the name for the Ottawa on the north side of the
+island of Montreal.[101] In August, the enemy threatened Three Rivers in
+force. The French and Indians in the fort could not be decoyed into
+danger. However, a boat was sent up the St. Lawrence, conducted by
+Nicolet. The bark approached the place where the Iroquois were, but
+could not get within gun-shot; yet a random discharge did some
+execution. The enemy were judged to be about five hundred strong.
+Although the fort at Three Rivers was thus seriously threatened, no
+attack was made.[102]
+
+On the seventh of October, 1637, Nicolet was married at Quebec to
+Marguerite Couillard, a god-child of Champlain.[103] The fruit of this
+marriage was but one child--a daughter. Nicolet continued his residence
+at Three Rivers, largely employed in his official duties of commissary
+and interpreter, remaining there until the time of his death.[104] In
+1641, he, with one of the Jesuit fathers, was very busy in dealing with
+a large force of Iroquois that was threatening the place.[105]
+
+About the first of October, 1642, Nicolet was called down to Quebec from
+Three Rivers, to take the place of his brother-in-law, M. Olivier le
+Tardiff, who was General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, and who
+sailed on the seventh of that month for France. The change was a very
+agreeable one to Nicolet, but he did not long enjoy it; for, in less
+than a month after his arrival, in endeavoring to make a trip to his
+place of residence to release an Indian prisoner in the possession of a
+band of Algonquins, who were slowly torturing him, his zeal and humanity
+cost him his life.[106] On the 27th of October,[107] he embarked at
+Quebec, near seven o'clock in the evening, in the launch of M. de
+Savigny, which was headed for Three Rivers. He had not yet reached
+Sillery, when a northeast squall raised a terrible tempest on the St.
+Lawrence and filled the boat. Those who were in it did not immediately
+go down; they clung some time to the launch. Nicolet had time to say to
+M. de Savigny, "Save yourself, sir; you can swim; I can not. I am going
+to God. I recommend to you my wife and daughter."[108]
+
+The wild waves tore the men, one after another, from the boat, which
+had capsized and floated against a rock, and four, including Nicolet,
+sank to rise no more.[109] M. de Savigny alone cast himself into the
+water, and swam among the waves, which were like small mountains. The
+launch was not very far from the shore, but it was pitch dark, and the
+bitter cold had covered the river banks with ice. Savigny, feeling his
+resolution and his strength failing him, made a vow to God, and a
+little after, reaching down with his feet, he felt the bottom, and
+stepping out of the water, he reached Sillery half dead. For quite a
+while he was unable to speak; then, at last, he recounted the fatal
+accident which, besides the death of Nicolet--disastrous to the whole
+country--had cost him three of his best men and a large part of his
+property. He and his wife suffered this great loss, in a barbarous
+country, with great patience and resignation to the will of God, and
+without losing any of their courage.[110]
+
+The savages of Sillery, at the report of Nicolet's shipwreck, ran to the
+place, and not seeing him any where, displayed indescribable sorrow. It
+was not the first time he had exposed himself to danger of death for the
+good of the Indians. He had done so frequently. Thus perished John
+Nicolet, in the waters of the great river of Canada--the red man and the
+Frenchman alike mourning his untimely fate.[111]
+
+Twelve days after the shipwreck, the prisoner to the Algonquins, for
+whose deliverance Nicolet started on his journey, arrived at
+Sillery--the commander at Three Rivers, following the order of the
+governor, having ransomed him. He was conducted to the hospital of the
+place to be healed of the injuries he had received from his captors.
+They had stripped the flesh from his arms, in some places to the bone.
+The nuns at the hospital cared for him with much sympathy, and cured him
+so quickly that in a month's time he was able to return to his country.
+All the neophytes showed him as much compassion and charity as the
+Algonquins had displayed of cruelty. They gave him two good,
+Christianized savages to escort him as far as the country of a
+neighboring tribe of his own, to the end that he might reach his home in
+safety.[112]
+
+After the return of the French to Quebec, the Jesuits, as previously
+mentioned, were commissioned with the administration of spiritual
+affairs in New France. Some of these turned their attention to the
+Europeans; the rest were employed in missions among the savages. In the
+autumn of 1635, the residences and missions of Canada contained fifteen
+Fathers and five Brothers of the Society of Jesus. At Quebec, there were
+also formed two seculars--ecclesiastics. One of these was a brother of
+Nicolet.[113] He had come from Cherbourg to join him upon the St.
+Lawrence; and, during his residence in the colony, which was continued
+to 1647, he was employed in visiting French settlements at a distance
+from Quebec.[114] Another brother--Pierre--who was a navigator, also
+resided in Canada, but left the country some time after Nicolet's
+death.[115] The widow of Nicolet was married at Quebec, in 1646, to
+Nicholas Macard.
+
+Nicolet's discoveries, although not immediately followed up because of
+the hostility of the Iroquois and the lack of the spirit of adventure in
+Champlain's successor, caused, finally, great results. He had unlocked
+the door to the Far West, where, afterward, were seen the fur-trader,
+the _voyageur_, the Jesuit missionary, and the government agent. New
+France was extended to the Mississippi and beyond; yet Nicolet did not
+live to witness the progress of French trade and conquest in the
+countries he had discovered.
+
+The name of the family of Nicolet appears to have been extinguished in
+Canada, with the departure of M. Gilles Nicolet, priest, already
+mentioned; but the respect which the worthy interpreter had deserved
+induced the people of Three Rivers to perpetuate his memory. The example
+had been given before his death. We read in the _Relation_ of 1637 that
+the river St. John, near Montreal (now the river Jésus), took its name
+from _John_ Nicolet. To-day Canada has the river, the lake, the falls,
+the village, the city, the college, and the county of Nicolet.[116] From
+the United States--especially from the Northwest--equal honor is due.
+
+"History can not refrain from saluting Nicolet as a disinterested
+traveler, who, by his explorations in the interior of America, has given
+clear proofs of his energetic character, and whose merits have not been
+disputed, although subsequently they were temporarily forgotten." The
+first fruits of his daring were gathered by the Jesuit fathers even
+before his death; for, in the autumn of 1641, those of them who were
+among the Hurons received a deputation of Indians occupying "the country
+around a rapid, in the midst of the channel by which Lake Superior
+empties into Lake Huron," inviting them to visit their tribe. These
+"missionaries were not displeased with the opportunity thus presented of
+knowing the countries lying beyond Lake Huron, which no one of them had
+yet traversed;" so Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault were detached to
+accompany the Chippewa deputies, and view the field simply, not to
+establish a mission. They passed along the shore of Lake Huron,
+northward, and pushed as far up St. Mary's strait as the "Sault," which
+they reached after seventeen days' sail from their place of starting.
+There they--the first white men to visit the Northwest after
+Nicolet--harangued two thousand of that nation, and other Algonquins.
+Upon their return to the St. Lawrence, Jogues was captured by the
+Iroquois, and Raymbault died on the twenty-second of October, 1642--a
+few days before the death of Nicolet.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 93: "Le neufiesme de Decembre, iustement le lendemain de la
+feste de la Conception, le sieur Iean Nicolet, Truchement pour les
+Algonquins aux Trois Riuieres, vint donner aduis aux Peres, qui
+demeuroient en la Residence de la Conception sise au mesme lieu, qu'vn
+ieune Algonquin se trouuoit mal, et qu'il seroit à prospos de le
+visiter."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 94: "Le septiesme de Ianuier de cette année mil six cens
+trente six, le fils d'vn grand Sorcier ou Iongleur fut faict Chrestien,
+son pere s'y accordant apres de grandes resistances qu'il en fit: car,
+comme nos Peres éuentoient ses mines, et la decreditoient, il ne pouuoit
+les supporter en sa Cabane. Cependant comme son fils tiroit à la mort,
+ils prierent le sieur Nicolet de faire son possible pour sauuer cette
+âme: ils s'en vont donc le Pere Quentin et luy en cette maison d'écorce,
+pressent fortement ce Sauuage de consentir au baptesme de son petit
+fils."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Le trente-vniesme [of December, 1635], vne fille agée
+d'enuiron seize ans fut baptisée, et nommée Anne par vn de nos François.
+Le Pere Buteux l'instruisant luy dit, que si estant Chrestienne elle
+venoit à mourir, son âme iroit au Ciel dans les ioyes eternelles. A ce
+mot de mourir, elle eut vne si grande frayeur, qu'elle ne voulut plus
+iamais prester l'oreille au Pere; on luy enuoya le Sieur Nicolet
+truchement, qui exerce volontiers semblables actions de charité; elle
+l'escoute paisiblement; mais comme ses occupations le diuertissent
+ailleurs, il ne la pouuoit visiter si souuent: c'est pourquoy le Pere
+Quentin s'efforça d'apprendre les premiers rudimens du Christianisme en
+Sauuage, afin de la pouuoir instruire. Cela luy reüssit si bien, que
+cette pauure fille ayant pris goust à cette doctrine salutaire, desira
+le Baptesme que le Pere luy accorda. La grace a plusieurs effects: on
+remarqua que cette fille, fort dedaigneuse et altiere de son naturel,
+deuint fort douce et traittable, estant Chrestienne.--Ibid.
+
+"Il [Nicolet] ... continua sa charge de Commis et Interprete [at Three
+Rivers] auec vne satisfaction grande des François et des Sauuages,
+desquels il estoit esgalement et vniquement aymé. Il conspiroit
+puissamment, autant que sa charge le permettoit, auec nos Peres, pour la
+conuersion de ces peuples, lesquels il sçauoit manier et tourner où il
+vouloit d'vne dexterité qui à peine trouuera son pareil."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.
+
+Compare, also, _Relation_, 1637, p. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 96: "Le deuxiéme iour d'Auril, le Pere Quentin fit vn voyage
+à quelques lieuës des Trois Riuieres [Three Rivers], pour quelques
+malades, dont on nous auoit donné aduis. Le fruict qu'il en rapporta fut
+d'auoir exposé plusieurs fois sa vie pour Dieu, parmy les dangers des
+glaces et du mauuais temps. Il se contenta de leur donner quelque
+instruction, sans en baptiser aucun, ne les voyant ny en peril de mort,
+ny suffisamment instruits. Le sieur Iean Nicolet luy seruit de
+truchement, auec sa charité et fidelité ordinaire, dont nos Peres tirent
+de grands seruices en semblables occasions."--Le Jeune, _Relation_,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Adapted from Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp.
+165, 166.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 167, 168, citing
+the _Relations_ of 1637 and 1638. Father Le Jeune (_Relation_, 1636, p.
+75) says: "Comme i'écry cecy le vingt-huictiéme d'Aoust, voila que le
+Pere Buteux me mande le départ du Pere Ioques, l'arriuée d'vne autre
+troupe de Hurons, de qui le sieur Nicolet a encore obtenu trois ieunes
+garçons, sur le rapport que leur ont fait leurs compagnons du bon
+traittement que Monsieur le General et tous les autres François leur
+auoient fait."]
+
+[Footnote 99: Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1637, p. 78.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Ib., p. 81.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Ib., p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 102: Ib., p. 89.]
+
+[Footnote 103: See Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., p.
+326; also, his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec," p. 30,
+notes; and Gravier's "Découvertes et Établissements de Cavalier de la
+Salle," p. 47.
+
+Nicolet's wife was a daughter of Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette
+Hébert. Nicolet's marriage contract was dated at Quebec, October 22,
+1637, several days subsequent to his nuptials. This was not an uncommon
+thing in New France in early days, but has not been allowed in Canada
+for about a century past. The contract was drawn up by Guitet, a
+notary of Quebec. There were present François Derré de Gand,
+Commissaire-Général; Olivier le Tardif; Noël Juchereau; Pierre De la
+Porte; Guillaume Huboust; Guillaume Hébert; Marie Rollet aïeule de la
+future épouse; Claude Racine; Etienne Racine.]
+
+[Footnote 104: The presence of Nicolet at Three Rivers during all these
+years (except from March 19, 1638, to January 9, 1639) is shown by
+reference to the _Relations_, and to the church register of that place.
+See Appendix, I., as to the latter.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Vimont, _Relation_, 1641, p. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 106: "Monsieur Oliuier, Commis General de Messieurs de la
+Compagnie, estant venu l'an passé en France, le dit sieur Nicollet
+descendit à Quebec en sa place, auec vne ioye, et consolation sensible
+qu'il eut de se voir dans la paix et la deuotion de Quebec. Mais il n'en
+ioüit pas long-temps: car vn mois ou deux aprés son arriuée, faisant vn
+voyage aux Trois Riuieres pour la deliurance d'vn prisonnier Sauuage,
+son zele luy cousta la vie, qu'il perdit dans le naufrage."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 107: "I'adiousteray icy vn mot de la vie et de la mort de
+Monsieur Nicollet, Interprete et Commis de Messieurs de la Compagnie de
+la Nouuelle France; il mourut dix iours apres le Pere [Charles
+Raymbault, décédé le 22 Octobre, 1642], il auoit demeuré vingt-cinq ans
+en ces quartiers."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. The incorrectness of
+this date as to the death of Nicolet will hereafter be shown.]
+
+[Footnote 108: "Il [_Nicolet_] sembarqua à Quebec sur les sept heures du
+soir, dans la chalouppe de Monsieur de Sauigny, qui tiroit vers les
+Trois Riuieres; ils n'estoient pas encor arriuez à Sillery, qu'vn coup
+de vent de Nord Est, qui auoit excité vne horrible tempeste sur la
+grande riuiere, remplit la chalouppe d'eau et la coula à fond, apres luy
+auoir fait faire deux ou trois tours dans l'eau. Ceux qui estoient
+dedans n'allerent pas incontinent à fond, ils s'attacherent quelque
+temps à la challouppe. Monsieur Nicollet eut loisir de dire à Monsieur
+de Sauigny: Monsieur, sauuez-vous, vous sçauez nager; ie ne le sçay pas.
+Pour moy ie m'en vay à Dieu; ie vous recommande ma femme et ma
+fille."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.
+
+Nicolet's daughter afterwards married Jean-Baptiste le Gardeur de
+Repentigny, entering into a family which was one of the most
+considerable in French America. Her son, Augustin le Gardeur de
+Courtemanche,--"officier dans les troupes, se distingua, par de longs et
+utiles services dans l'ouest, fut un digne contemporain de Nicolas
+Perot, de même qu'un honorable rejeton de son grandpère
+Nicolet."--Sulte's "Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature," p. 446.]
+
+[Footnote 109: It is reasonably certain that the day of Nicolet's death
+was October 27, 1642. Compare Margry, in _Journal Général de
+l'Instruction Publique_, 1862. A recent writer says:
+
+"Le 29 septembre 1642, aux Trois-Rivières, le Père Jean de Brebeuf
+baptista deux petites filles de race algonquine dont les parrains et
+marraines furent 'Jean Nicolet avec Perrette (nom indien), et Nicolas
+Marsolet (l'interprète), avec Marguerite Couillard, femme de M.
+Nicolet.'
+
+"Le 7 octobre suivant eut lieu, à Québec, le départ des navires pour la
+France. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Cette Relation écrite vers la fin de
+l'été de 1643, raconte ce qui s'est passé après le départ des navires de
+1642.
+
+"Le sieur Olivier le Tardif partit pour la France cet automne, 1642, et
+fut remplacé à Québec, dans sa charge de commis-général de la compagnie
+des Cent-Associés, par son beau-frère Nicolet, qui descendit des
+Trois-Rivières expressément pour cela (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), par
+conséquent entre le 29 septembre et le 7 octobre.
+
+"Le 19 octobre, un sauvage d'une nation alliée aux Iroquois fut amené
+captif aux Trois-Rivières par les Algonquins de ce lieu, qui le
+condamnèrent à périr sur le bûcher. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Les Pères
+Jésuites et M. des Rochers, le commandant du fort, ayant épuisé tous les
+arguments qu'ils croyaient pouvoir employer pour induire ces barbares à
+ne pas faire mourir leur prisonnier, envoyèrent un messager à Québec
+avertir Nicolet de ce qui se passait et réclamer son assistance.
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.)
+
+"Ces pourparlers et ces démarches paraissent avoir occupé plusieurs
+jours.
+
+"A cette nouvelle, Nicolet, n'écoutant que son coeur, s'embarqua à
+Québec, dans la chaloupe de M. Chavigny, vers les sept heures du soir.
+L'embarcation n'était pas arrivée à Sillery, qu'un coup de vent du
+nord-est qui avait soulevé une grosse tempête, la remplit d'eau et la
+coula à fond. M. de Chavigny seul se sauva. La nuit était très-noire et
+il faisait un froid âpre qui avait couvert de 'bordages' les rives du
+fleuve. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.)
+
+"Dans ses _Notes sur les registres de Notre-Dame de Québec_, M. l'abbé
+Ferland nous donne le texte de l'acte qui suit: 'Le 29 octobre, on fit
+les funérailles de monsieur Nicollet et de trois hommes de M. de
+Chavigny, noyés dans une chaloupe qui allait de Québec à Sillery; les
+corps ne furent point trouvés.'
+
+"M. de Chavigny demeurait à Sillery. Il est probable que Nicolet
+comptait repartir de là le lendemain, soit à la voile (en chaloupe) ou
+en canot d'ècorce, selon l'état du fleuve, pour atteindre les
+Trois-Rivières.
+
+"Le captif des Algonquins ayant été délivré par l'entremise de M. des
+Rochers, arriva à Québec douze jours après le naufrage de Nicolet
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), le 9 novembre (_Relation_, 1643, p. 44), ce
+qui fixerait au 27 ou 28 octobre la date demandée.
+
+"Comme ce malheur eut lieu à la nuit close, pendant une tempête, il est
+raisonable de supposer que la recherche des cadavres ne put se faire que
+le lendemain, surtout lorsque nous songeons que Sillery n'est pas
+Quebec, quoiqu'assez rapproché. Le service funèbre dût être célébré le
+troisième jour, et non pas le lendemain de l'événement en question.
+
+"J'adopte donc la date du lundi 27 octobre comme celle de la mort de
+Nicolet.
+
+"Il est vrai que la _Relation_ citée plus haut nous dit (p. 3) que le
+Père Charles Raymbault décéda le 22 octobre, et que la mort de Nicolet
+eut lieu dix jours après; mais l'acte du 29 octobre au registre de
+Québec renverse ce calcul de dix jours qui nous mènerait au 1er ou 2
+novembre.
+
+"La même _Relation_ (p. 4) dit aussi que Nicolet périt un mois ou deux
+après son arrivée à Québec, tandis que nous voyons par ce que j'expose
+ci-dessus qu'il n'a guère été plus de trois semaines absent des
+Trois-Rivières avant de partir pour sa fatale expédition.
+
+"La date du 27 octobre paraît irréfutable."--M. Sulte, in _L'Opinion
+Publique_, Montreal, July 24, 1879.]
+
+[Footnote 110: "Les vagues les arracherent tous les vns aprés les autres
+de la chalouppe, qui flottoit renuersée contre vne roche. Monsieur de
+Sauigny seul se ietta à l'eau et nagea parmy des flots et des vagues qui
+resembloient à de petites montagnes. La Chalouppe n'estoit pas bien loin
+du riuage; mais il estoit nuict toute noire, et faisoit vn froid aspre,
+qui auoit desia glacé les bords de la riuiere. Le dit sieur de Sauigny,
+sentant le coeur et les forces qui luy manquoient, fit vn voeu à Dieu,
+et peu aprés frappant du pied il sent la terre, et se tirant hors de
+l'eau, s'en vint en nostre maison à Sillery à demy mort. Il demeura
+assez long-temps sans pouuoir parler; puis enfin il nous raconta le
+funeste accident, qui outre la mort de Monsieur Nicollet, dommageable à
+tout le pays, luy auoit perdue trois de ses meilleurs hommes et vne
+grande partie de son meuble et de ses prouisions. Luy et Mademoiselle sa
+femme ont porté cette perte signallée dans vn pays barbare, auec vne
+grande patience et resignation à la volonté de Dieu, et sans rien
+diminuer de leur courage."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 111: "Les Sauuages de Sillery, au bruit du nauffrage de
+Monsieur Nicollet, courent sur le lieu, et ne le voyant plus paroistre,
+en tesmoignent des regrets indicibles. Ce n'estoit pas la premiere fois
+que cet homme s'estoit exposé au danger de la mort pour le bien et le
+salut des Sauuages: il l'a faict fort souuent, et nous à laissé des
+exemples qui sont au dessus de l'estat d'vn homme marié, et tiennent de
+le vie Apostolique et laissent vne enuie au plus feruent Religieux de
+l'imiter."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 112: "Douze iours aprés leur naufrage, le prisonnier pour la
+deliurance duquel il [Nicolet] s'estoit embarqué, arriua icy. Monsieur
+des Roches commandant aux Trois Riuieres, suiuant l'ordre de Monsieur le
+Gouuerneur, l'auoit racheté. Il mit pied à terre à Sillery, et de là fut
+conduit à l'Hospital pour estre pansé des playes et blessures que les
+Algonquins luy auoient faites apres sa capture: ils luy auoient emporté
+la chair des bras, en quelques endroits iusques aux os. Les Religieuses
+hospitalieres le receurent auec beaucoup de charité, et le firent panser
+fort soigneusement, en sorte qu'en trois semaines ou vn mois, il fut en
+estat de retourner en son pays. Tous nos Neophytes luy tesmoignerent
+autant de compassion et de charité que les Algonquins de là haut luy
+auoient montré de cruauté: ils luy donnerent deux bons Sauuages
+Christiens, pour le conduire iusques aux pays des Abnaquiois, qui sont
+voisins de sa nation."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, pp. 4, 5.]
+
+[Footnote 113: His name was Gilles Nicolet. He was born in Cherbourg,
+and came to Canada in 1635. He is one of the first "prêtres
+seculiers"--that is, not belonging to congregations or institutes, such
+as the Jesuits and the Récollets--whose name appears on the Quebec
+parochial register.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Those of the coast of Beaupre, between Beauport and Cape
+Tourmente. Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., pp. 276,
+277.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Sulte's "Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature," p. 446.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Benjamin Sulte, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 1873. The writer
+adds: "La rivière Nicolet est formée de deux rivières qui gardent
+chacune ce nom; l'une au nord est sort d'un lac appelé Nicolet, dans le
+comté de Wolfe, township de Ham; l'autre, celle du sud ouest, qui passe
+dans le comté de Richmond, a donné le nom de Nicolet à un village situé
+sur ses bords, dans le township de Shipton. Ce village que les Anglais
+nomment 'Nicolet Falls' est un centre d'industrie prospère. La ville de
+Nicolet, ainsi que le collége de ce nom, sont situés près de la décharge
+des eaux réunies de ces deux rivières au lac Saint-Pierre.
+
+"Peu d'années après la mort de Jean Nicolet, les trifluviens donnaient
+déjà son nom à la rivière en question, malgré les soins que prenaient
+les fonctionnaires civils de ne désigner cet endroit que par les mots
+'la rivière de Laubia ou la rivière Cressé.' M. de Laubia ne concéde la
+seigneurie qu'en 1672, et M. Cressé ne l'obtint que plus tard, mais
+avant ces deux seigneurs, la rivière portait le nom de Nicolet, et
+l'usage en prevalut en dépit des tentatives faites pour lui imposer
+d'autres dénominations."]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+I.--EXTRACTS (LITERAL) FROM THE PARISH CHURCH REGISTER, OF THREE RIVERS,
+CANADA, CONCERNING NICOLET.
+
+
+I.
+
+"Le 27 du mois de décembre 1635, fut baptisée par le Père Jacques
+Buteux[117] une petite fille âgée d'environ deux ans, fille du capitaine
+des Montagnetz Capitainal.[118] Elle fut nommée _Marie_ par M. de
+Maupertuis et M. Nicollet ses parrains. Elle s'appelait en sauvage
+8minag8m8c8c8."[119]
+
+
+II.
+
+"Le 30 du mois de Mai 1636, une jeune Sauvagesse Algonquine instruite
+par le Père Jacques Buteux, fut baptisée par le Père Claude Quentin et
+nommée Françoise par M. Nicollet son parrain." [1637, 7th October. At
+Quebec. Marriage of Nicolet with Marguerite Couillard.]
+
+
+III.
+
+"Le 18 novembre 1637 fut baptisée (par le Père Claude Pijart) une femme
+Algonquine. Elle fut nommée Marie par Nicollet son parrain. Elle est
+décédée."
+
+
+IV.
+
+"Le 18 décembre 1637 fut baptisé par le Père Jacques Buteux un petit
+Algonquin âgé d'environ deux ans, et fut nommé Jean par M. Nicollet. Il
+est décédé."
+
+
+V.
+
+"1638. Le 19 de mars, jour de Saint-Joseph, fut baptisé par le Père
+Jacques Buteux, dans notre chapelle avec les cérémonies de l'Eglise,
+Anisk8ask8si, et fut nommé Paul par M. Nicollet, son parrain; sa
+marraine fut mademoiselle Marie Le Neuf.[120] Il est décédé." [The
+Parish Register for 1638 stops at the date of 24th May, the remainder
+being lost.]
+
+
+VI.
+
+"Le 9 janvier 1639, le Père Jacques Delaplace baptisa solennellement, en
+notre chapelle, une petite fille âgée de 2 ans appelée Nitig8m8sta8an,
+fille de Papitchitikpabe8, capitaine de la Petite-Nation. Elle fut
+nommée Louise par M. Nicolet. Sa marraine fut une Sauvagesse baptisée,
+femme de feu Thebachit."
+
+
+VII.
+
+"Le 4 mars 1639, le Révérend Père Jacques Buteux baptisa solennellement
+en notre chappelle les deux enfants de 8ab8sch8stig8an, Algonquin de
+l'Isle, et Sk8esens, sa femme. Le fils âgé d'environ quatre ans fut
+nommé Thomas par M. Nicolet, et Alizon,[121] et la fille âgée d'environ
+six ans, fut nommée Marguerite par M. de Malapart[122] et Madame
+Nicolet."
+
+
+VIII.
+
+"1639. Le huitième Mars, le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement
+Nipiste8ignan âgé d'environ vingt ans, fils de François Nenascouat,[123]
+habitant de Sillery. François Marguerie et Madame Nicolet le nommèrent
+Vincent."
+
+
+IX.
+
+"Le 20 mars 1639 le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement en notre
+chapelle Louis Godefroy, fils de M. Jean Godefroy[124] et de Damoisselle
+Marie Le Neuf. Son parrain fut Thomas Godefroy, et sa marraine Madame
+Marguerite Nicolet."
+
+
+X.
+
+"Anno Domini 1639 die 16 Julii, Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens parochi
+ecclesiæ B. V. Conceptæ ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum ceremoniis,
+Ognatem, 4 circiter menses, natem patre 8kar8st8, _de la Petite-Nation_,
+et matre 8sasamit8n8k8e8. Patrinus fuit D. Jaunes Nicolets Interp."
+
+
+XI.
+
+"1639. Anno Domini 1639, di 20 julii Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens
+parochi ecclesiæ Beatæ Virginis Conceptæ ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum
+ceremoniis Marinum, filium patria insularibus; patrinus idem qui supra
+Joannes Nicolet. Infant natus 2 menses. Il est décédé."
+
+
+XII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1639, die 30. Julii, Ego Jacobus Buteux vices agens parochi
+ecclesiæ B. V. C. at Tria Flumina, baptizavit Algonquinensen natum 40
+circiter annos nomine Abdom Chibanagouch, patria insularem, quem
+nominavit Dominus Joannes Nicolet nunc Joseph 8masatick8e." [1639. 9th
+October. Nicolet was present at the wedding of Jean Joliet and Marie
+d'Abancour, at Quebec. Louis Joliet, son of the above, was the
+discoverer of the Upper Mississippi.]
+
+
+XIII.
+
+"1639. Die 7 Decembris. Ego Jacobus Buteux baptizavit infentem annum
+circiter natum, nomine Ombrosuim Katank8quich, filium defuncti
+8tagamechk8, patria 88echkarini, quedu educat N8ncheak8s mulier patria
+insulare, patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet."
+
+
+XIV.
+
+"1640. Die 6 Januarii, ego Jacobus Buteux, baptizavit cum ceremoniis
+Mariam Ik8esens patria insularem natam circiter 28 annos, cujus patrinus
+fuit Joannes Nicolet et Joanna La Meslée,[125] exur pistoris. Elle est
+avec 8tchakin."
+
+
+XV.
+
+"Anno 1640, 4 Decemb. statim post portam mortuus sepultus in coemeterio
+item filius Domini Joannis Nicolet interpretis." [In the margin is
+written: "Ignace Nicolet."]
+
+
+XVI.
+
+"Anno 1640. Die 14 Januarii, ego Carolus Raymbaut[126] baptizavi cum
+cæremoniis Franciscum missameg natum circiter 4 annos filium Ching8a
+defuncti, patria ---- Khin8chebink educatur apud 8abirini8ich Patrinus
+fuit D. Franciscus de Champflour[127] moderator; matrina Margarita
+Couillard uxor D. Nicolet interpretis."
+
+
+XVII.
+
+"14o. die Maii 1640. Ego Carolus Raymbault baptisavi cum cæremoniis
+Franciscum pridie natum filium Christophori Crevier pistoris, Et Joanna
+Ennart conjugum Rothomagensium. Patrinus fuit Dominus Franciscum de
+Champflour moderator et Dna Margarita Couillard conjux interpretis (est
+in Galliæ)." [On the 2d day of September, 1640 Nicolet was present at
+Quebec at the wedding of Nicolas Bonhomme.]
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1640 die 25 Decembris, ipso Jesu Domini Nostri Nativitatis
+die ego Joannes Dequen, Societatis Jesu sacerdos vices agens Rectoris
+Ecclesiæ conceptionis beatæ Virginia ad Tria Flumina dicta, baptizavi
+solemniter in eodem ecclesia Paulum 8abirim8ich annum Trigesimum
+cerciter quîntum doctrinæ Christianæ rudimentis sufficienter instructum.
+Patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet, interpret. huic nomen Pauli impasuit;
+matrina fuit Maria Le Neuf."
+
+
+XIX.
+
+"Anno Domini 1641 dia 1o Aprilis. Ego Josephus Poncet, Societatis Jesu,
+baptizavi puellam recens natam patre Abdon 8maskik8eia, matre
+Michtig8k8e, nomen Cecilia impositum est. Patrinus fuit ...
+Lavallée;[128] Matrina Margarita Couillard uxor Joannis Nicolet
+interpretis."
+
+
+XX.
+
+"1o Aprilis Anno 1642 Ego Josephus Poncet Societatis Jesu, in ecclesiæ
+immaculatæ conceptionis B. V. Mariæ, baptisavi puellum recens natam.
+Patre Joannes Nicolet. Matre Margarita Couillard ejus uxor. Nomen
+Margarita impositum. Patrinus fuit Dnus Jacobus Ertel;[129] matrina Dna
+Joanna Le Marchand,[130] viduæ Dni Leneuf."
+
+
+XXI.
+
+"Tertio Julii Anni 1642, ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis Jesu, tunc
+vices agens parochi in ecclesiæ Immaculatæ Conceptionis ad Tria Flumina
+baptisavi infantem recens natam. Patre Dno Jacobo Hartel. Matre Marie
+Marguerie[131] ejus uxore. Nomine Francisco impositum. Patrinus fuit:
+Franciscus Marguerye, infantio avanculus; matrina Margarita Couillart
+domini Joannis Nicolet uxor."
+
+
+XXII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1642, 29 Septembris, Ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis
+Jesu sacerdos, baptisavi solemniter in ecclesiæ Immaculata Conceptionis
+ad Tria Flumina, duos puellas recens nata, unum ex patre Augustino
+Chipak8etch et matre 8t8ribik8e; Alizon dicta est a patrinis Joanne
+Nicolet et Perretta Alteram vero ex patre K8erasing et 8inchk8ck matre
+Lucia dicta est a Patrinus Nicolao Marsolet[132] et Margarita Couillard,
+uxor Domini Nicolet."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 117: Father Buteux resided in Three Rivers from the year of
+the establishment of that place, 1634, to 1651 when, on his second trip
+to the upper St. Maurice he was killed by the Iroquois.]
+
+[Footnote 118: Capitanal, chief of the Montagnais Indians, is the man
+who did the most amongst his people to impress upon the mind of
+Champlain the necessity of erecting a fort at 3-Rivers. He died in 1635.
+See _Relation_, 1633, p. 26; 1635, p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 119: The figure "8" in such words is, as before mentioned,
+supposed to be equivalent to "w," "we," or "oo," in English. Ante, p.
+46, note.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Le Neuf. Name of a large family, belonging to the
+nobility. Jean Godefroy having married Marie Le Neuf, they all came
+together (36 people) to Canada, when the branch of Le Gardeur settled at
+Quebec and that of Le Neuf proper at 3-Rivers. Throughout the history of
+Canada, we met with members of that group.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Alizon is the family name of the wife of Gourdin, the
+brewer, who resided at the Fort of Three-Rivers as early as 1634.]
+
+[Footnote 122: Malapart was at that time acting as governor of the
+post.]
+
+[Footnote 123: Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, is much connected with the
+history of the first settlement of his people at 3-Rivers and Sillery,
+from 1634 to about 1650.]
+
+[Footnote 124: Jean Godefroy, the principal man who caused French people
+to come direct from France to settle at Three-Rivers, as early as 1636.
+He had been in Canada for many years before. His brother Thomas is well
+known in the history of those years for his services both to the
+missionaries and to the colonists; he was burned by the Iroquois. Louis,
+son of Jean, became King's Attorney. Jean was raised to the rank of
+nobleman by Louis XIV. His descendants are still in the district of
+3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Christophe Crevier, sieur de la Mêlée, settled in
+3-Rivers in 1639. Like that of Godefroy, the family became very numerous
+and prosperous. The descendants of Crevier still exist in the district
+of 3-Riv. François Crevier, born 13th May 1640 was killed by the
+Iroquois in Three Rivers when 13 years old only.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Father Raymbault is the same that accompanied Father
+Jogues in the spring of the year 1642 to what is now Sault Ste. Marie,
+Michigan. He died, it will be remembered, in the fall of 1642. Ante, p.
+91.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Champflour left for France in the autumn of 1645. For
+several years, he had been governor of 3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 128: Claude Jutra lit Lavallée was one of the first settlers
+of 3-Rivers, where his descendants still exist.]
+
+[Footnote 129: Jacques Hertel, married to Marie Marguerie. He held land
+at 3-Rivers before the foundation of the Fort. Died 1652. His son
+François was one of the greatest sons of Canada. Louis XIV. made him a
+nobleman. His descendants are still in Canada. Like Godefroy, Crevier,
+and Le Neuf, the Hertels have held their position for 250 years.]
+
+[Footnote 130: Jeanne Le Marchand, widow, was the mother of Le Neuf.]
+
+[Footnote 131: François Marguerie succeeded Nicolet as Interpreter at
+3-Rivers. He has left his name to a river flowing into the St. Lawrence,
+in the county of Nicolet opposite the town of 3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Nicolas Marsolet, connected, as an interpreter, with
+3-Rivers, but mostly with Tadoussac and Quebec.]
+
+
+II.--FIRST CONNECTED SKETCH PUBLISHED OF THE LIFE AND EXPLORATION OF
+NICOLET.[133]
+
+[Du Creux states that, in the last months of 1642, New France mourned
+for two men of no common character, who were snatched away from her;
+that one of them, who died first, of disease, was a member of the
+Society of Jesuits; and that the other, although a layman, was
+distinguished by singularly meritorious acts towards the Indian tribes
+of Canada. He sketches briefly the career and character of Father
+Raymbault, the Jesuit, first referred to, who died at Quebec in the
+latter part of October. The second person alluded to was Nicolet. Of him
+he gives the following account:]
+
+"He had spent twenty-five years in New France, and had always been a
+useful person. On his first arrival, by orders of those who presided
+over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years among the
+Algonquins of the Island, for the purpose of learning their language,
+without any Frenchman as a companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark. After this preliminary training[134]
+was completed, being sent with four hundred Algonquins to the Iroquois
+to treat of peace, he performed his mission successfully. Soon after, he
+went to the Nipissiriens, and spent seven years with them, as an adopted
+member of their tribe. He had his own small estate, wigwam, and
+household stuff, implements for hunting and fishing, and, no doubt, his
+own beaver skins, with the same right of trade as the rest; in a word,
+he was taken into their counsels; until, being recalled, by the rulers
+of the French colony, he was at the same time made a commissary and
+charged to perform the office of an interpreter.
+
+"During this period, at the command of the same rulers, he had to make
+an excursion to certain maritime tribes, for the purpose of securing
+peace between them and the Hurons. The region where those peoples dwell
+is nearly three hundred leagues distant, toward the west, from the same
+Hurons; and after he had associated himself with seven ambassadors of
+these [_i.e._, of the Hurons], having saluted on their route various
+small nations which they fell in with, and having propitiated them with
+gifts--lest, if they should omit this, they might be regarded as
+enemies, and assailed by all whom they met--when he was two days
+distant, he sent forward one of his own company to make known to the
+nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador was
+approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to secure
+their friendship. The embassy was received with applause; young men were
+immediately sent to meet them, who were to carry the baggage and
+equipment of the Manitouriniou (or wonderful man), and escort him with
+honor. Nicolet was clad in a Chinese robe of silk, skillfully ornamented
+with birds and flowers of many colors; he carried in each hand a small
+pistol.[135] When he had discharged these, the more timid persons, boys
+and women betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible
+from a man who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands. But,
+the rumor of his coming having spread far and wide, the chiefs, with
+their followers, assembled directly to the number of four or five
+thousand persons; and, the matter having been discussed and considered
+in a general council, a treaty was made in due form. Afterwards each of
+the chiefs gave a banquet after their fashion; and at one of these,
+strange to say, a hundred and twenty beavers were eaten.
+
+"His object being accomplished, Nicolet returned to the Hurons, and,
+presently, to Three Rivers, and resumed both of his former functions,
+viz., as commissary and interpreter, being singularly beloved by both
+the French and the natives; specially intent upon this, that, uniting
+his industry, and the very great influence which he possessed over the
+savages, with the efforts of the fathers of the Society [Jesuits], he
+might bring as many as he could to the Church; until, upon the recall to
+France of Olivier, who was the chief commissary of Quebec, Nicolet, on
+account of his merits, was appointed in his place. But he was not long
+allowed to enjoy the Christian comfort he had so greatly desired, viz.,
+that at Quebec he might frequently attend upon the sacraments as his
+pious soul desired, and that he might enjoy the society of those with
+whom he could converse upon divine things.
+
+"On the last day of October, having embarked upon a pinnace at the
+seventh hour of the afternoon (as we French reckon the hours), i.e.,
+just as the shades of evening were falling, hastening, as I have said,
+to Three Rivers upon so pious an errand, scarcely had he arrived in
+sight of Sillery, when, the north wind blowing more fiercely and
+increasing the violence of the storm which had commenced before Nicolet
+started,[136] the pinnace was whirled around two or three times, filled
+with water from all directions, and finally was swallowed up by the
+waves. Some of those on board escaped, among them Savigny, the owner of
+the pinnace; and Nicolet, in that time of extreme peril, addressing him
+calmly said: "Savigny, since you know how to swim, by all means consult
+your own safety; I, who have no such skill, am going to God; I recommend
+my wife and daughter to your kindness." In the midst of this
+conversation, a wave separated them; Nicolet was drowned; Savigny, who,
+from horror and the darkness of the night, did not know where he was,
+was torn by the violence of the waves from the boat, to which he had
+clung for some time; then he struggled for a while, in swimming, with
+the hostile force of the changing waves; until, at last, his strength
+failing, and his courage almost forsaking him, he made a vow to God (but
+what it was is not related); then, striking the bottom of the stream
+with his foot, he reached the bank[137] at that spot, and, forcing his
+way with difficulty through the edge of the stream, already frozen, he
+crept, half dead, to the humble abode of the fathers. Restoratives were
+immediately applied, such as were at hand, especially fire, which was
+most needed; but, as the cold weather and the water had almost destroyed
+the natural warmth, he could only manifest his thoughts for some time by
+motions and not by speech, and so kept the minds of the anxious fathers
+in doubt of his meaning; until, recovering his speech, he explained what
+had happened with a strong expression of Nicolet's Christian courage.
+
+"The prisoner for whose sake Nicolet had exposed himself to this deadly
+peril, twelve days afterwards reached Sillery, and soon after
+Quebec--having been rescued from the cruelty of the Algonquins by
+Rupæus, who was in command at Three Rivers, in pursuance of letters from
+Montmagny, on payment, no doubt, of a ransom. He was already disfigured
+with wounds, great numbers of which these most savage men had inflicted
+upon him with careful ingenuity, one after another, according to their
+custom; but in proportion to the barbarity which he had experienced at
+Three Rivers was the kindness which he afterwards met with at Quebec,
+where he was treated by the monks of the hospital in such a manner that
+he was healed within about twenty days, and was able to return to his
+own people....
+
+"This, moreover, was not the first occasion on which Nicolet had
+encountered peril of his life for the safety of savages. He had
+frequently done the very same thing before, says the French writer; and
+to those with whom he associated he left proofs of his virtues by such
+deeds as could hardly be expected of a man entangled in the bonds of
+marriage; they were indeed eminent, and rose to the height of apostolic
+perfection; and, therefore, was the loss of so great a man the more
+grievous. Certain it is that the savages themselves, as soon as they
+heard what had befallen him, surrounded the bank of the great river in
+crowds, to see whether they could render any aid. When all hope of that
+was gone, they did what alone remained in their power, by incredible
+manifestations of grief and lamentation at the sad fate of the man who
+had deserved so well of them."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 133: Translated from Du Creux' Hist. of Canada (printed in
+Latin, in Paris, 1664), p. 358. That his account should not sooner have
+awakened the curiosity of students of American history is due to the
+fact previously mentioned, that not until the investigations of John
+Gilmary Shea, in 1853, were the "Ouinipigou" identified as the
+"Winnebagoes," and their having been visited by Nicolet established. It
+was this locating of the objective point of Nicolet's exploration on
+American soil that finally stimulated American writers to further
+research; though, to the present time, Canadian historians have taken
+the lead in investigations concerning the indomitable Frenchman.]
+
+[Footnote 134: _Tirocinium_ is the _first campaign_ of the young
+soldier; and so, generally, the first period of trial in any life of
+danger and hardship.--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 135: It may be interesting to the reader to know how pistols
+are described in the author's Latin: "Sclopos minores, exiis qui tactâ
+vel leviter rotulâ exploduntier."--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 136: "Boreâ flaute pertinaciùs, foedamque tempestatem, quam
+excicre gam ceperat, glomerante." Literally, perhaps, "the north wind
+blowing more persistently, and gathering into a mass the dark storm
+which it had already begun to collect."--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 137: The word "littus" here is properly used, not of the dry
+land, but of the sloping land under the water, near the edge of the
+river.--_Translator._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+    Algonquins, viii, 17, 36, 42, 60, 62, 69, 70, 77, 87.
+
+    Algonquins of the Isles des Allumettes, 18, 28, 29, 46.
+
+    Alizon, M., 95, 100.
+
+    Allouez, Father Claudius, 64, 67, 69.
+
+    Amikoüai, "Nation of the Beaver," 50, 51, 54.
+
+    _An account of the French settlements in North America_ (1746),
+        cited, 32.
+
+    Assiniboins, not visited by Nicolet, 71.
+
+    Atchiligoüan, an Algonquin nation, 50.
+
+    A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (Aweatsiwaerrhonon), Huron name for the
+        Winnebagoes, 45, 46, 60.
+
+
+    Bay des Puants (Baie des Puants). See Green Bay.
+
+    Beaver Nation, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 63.
+
+    Bonhomme, Nicholas, 98.
+
+    Brébeuf, John de, 20, 24, 41, 46, 100.
+
+    Buteux, Father James, 78, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97.
+
+
+    Cabot, John, viii, ix.
+
+    Cabot, Sebastian, ix.
+
+    Caens, the, 21.
+
+    Capitanal, a Montagnais chief, 93.
+
+    Cartier, James, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
+
+    Champlain, Samuel, makes, in 1603, a survey of the St. Lawrence, 16;
+      in 1608, founds Quebec, 17;
+      attacks the Iroquois, in 1609, _ib._;
+      returns, in 1610, to France, 18;
+      in 1611 again reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._;
+      soon sails back to France, _ib._;
+      in 1613, once more reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._;
+      explores the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, _ib._;
+      embarks for France, _ib._;
+      in 1615, again sails for New France, 19;
+      visits the Hurons, _ib._;
+      attacks, with those Indians, the Iroquois, _ib._;
+      returns to Quebec, 20;
+      a new government for New France, 21;
+      Champlain one of the Hundred Associates, 22;
+      he defends Quebec against the English, 23;
+      next year he surrenders the town, _ib._;
+      taken a prisoner to England, 24;
+      in 1633, resumes command in New France, _ib._;
+      resolves to explore the west, _ib._;
+      in 1634, sends Nicolet to the Winnebagoes, 39;
+      death of Champlain, 75.
+
+    Champlain's Map of 1632, referred to, 31, 35, 36, 38, 51, 52, 53,
+        54, 62, 64, 66, 70.
+
+    Champlain's _Voyages_ of 1613, cited, 36;
+      _Voyages_ of 1632, cited, 36, 38, 51, 52, 64, 66, 73.
+
+    Charlevoix' _Carte des Lacs du Canada_, referred to, 57;
+      also, his _Nouvelle France_, _ib._
+
+    Chauvin, a captain of the French marine, 15.
+
+    Cheveux Relevés (Standing Hair--Ottawas), 52, 53, 54, 73.
+
+    Chippewas, 38, 53, 54, 55, 90, 91.
+
+    Cioux. See Sioux.
+
+    Columbus, Christopher, viii.
+
+    Company of New France, 21.
+
+    Copper and copper mine early known to the Indians, 36.
+
+    Cortereal, Gaspar, ix.
+
+    Couillard, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Couillard, Marguerite, 81, 84, 94, 98, 99, 100.
+
+    _Coureurs de bois_, 41.
+
+    Cressé, M., 90.
+
+    Crevier, François, 97.
+
+
+    Dakotas (Dacotahs.--See Sioux), viii, 62, 71.
+
+    Daniel, Antoine, a Jesuit priest, 41, 80.
+
+    Davost, a Jesuit, 41.
+
+    De Caen, Émery, 20, 24, 32.
+
+    De Caen, William, 20.
+
+    De Champfleur, François, 98.
+
+    De Chasteaufort, Bras-de-fer, 75.
+
+    De Courtemanche, Augustin le, 84.
+
+    De Gand, François Derré, 82.
+
+    Delaplace, Jacques, 94.
+
+    De la Roche, the Marquis, 15.
+
+    De la Roque, John Francis, see Lord of Roberval.
+
+    De Laubin, M., 90.
+
+    De Malapart, M., 95.
+
+    De Maupertuis, M., 93.
+
+    De Repentigny, Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur, 84.
+
+    Des Gens Puants (Des Gens Puans--Des Puants--Des Puans). See
+        Winnebagoes.
+
+    Des Roches, M., 85, 88.
+
+    Du Creux' _Hist. of Canada_ (_Historia Canadensis_), cited, 29, 60,
+        100, _et seq._
+
+    Du Creux' Map of 1660, referred to, 51, 53, 55, 73.
+
+
+    Enitajghe, Iroquois name for Green Bay, 56.
+
+    Estiaghicks, Iroquois name of the Chippewas, 53.
+
+
+    Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_, cited, 27, 82, 89;
+      also, his _Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec_, 27,
+        82, 85.
+
+    Fire Nations (Les Gens de Feu). See Mascoutins.
+
+    Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, cited, 59.
+
+    Fox Indians (Outagamis--Les Renards--Musquakies), 64, 65, 66.
+
+    Fox River of Green Bay, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70.
+
+    Fur-trade, the, 22.
+
+
+    Gens de Mer (Gens de Eaux de Mer). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Godefroy, Jean, 94, 95.
+
+    Godefroy, Louis, 95.
+
+    Godefroy, Thomas, 96.
+
+    Gravier's _Découvertes et Établissement de Cavalier de la Salle_,
+        cited, 82;
+      his _Map by Joliet_, referred to, 55, 59.
+
+    Green Bay, 56, 60, 62, 69, 70.
+
+    Guitet, a notary, records of, 27, 82.
+
+
+    Hébert, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Hébert, Guillemette, 82.
+
+    Hertel, François, 99.
+
+    Hertel, Jacques, 99.
+
+    Horoji (Hochungara--Winnebagoes), 60.
+
+    Huboust, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Hundred Associates (Hundred Partners), 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 39,
+        42, 76, 82.
+
+    Hurons, 17, 19, 21, 23, 36, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 62, 63, 69, 76,
+        77, 102, 103.
+
+
+    Illinois (Indians), 70.
+
+    Iroquois, 17, 18, 20, 29, 38, 44, 51, 76.
+
+
+    _Jesuit Relations_, cited:
+      1633--93;
+      1635--44, 46, 93;
+      1636--30, 45, 60, 77, 78, 79, 80;
+      1637--78, 80, 81;
+      1638--80;
+      1639--60;
+      1640--38, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73;
+      1641--82;
+      1642--53;
+      1643--26, 27, 28, 30, 47, 48, 49, 58, 60, 62, 72, 74, 78, 83, 84,
+        85, 86, 87, 88;
+      1648--38, 53;
+      1654--38, 69;
+      1656--62, 70;
+      1670--64, 67, 69;
+      1671--53, 56, 64.
+
+    _Jesuit Relations_, the, 27.
+
+    Jesuits, the, 68, 80, 85.
+
+    Joliet, Jean, 96.
+
+    Joliet, Louis, 68, 69, 96.
+
+    Joques, Father Isaac, 91, 97.
+
+    Juchereau, Noël, 82.
+
+
+    Kaukauna, town of, 65.
+
+    Kickapoos (Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, Kickapous,
+        Kikapoux, Quicpouz), 67.
+
+    Kirk, David, 23.
+
+
+    La Baye (La Baye des Eaux Puantes--La Grande Baie--La Baye des
+        Puans--Lay Baye des Puants). See Green Bay.
+
+    Lake Michigan (Lake of the Illinois--Lake St. Joseph--Lake
+        Dauphin--Lac des Illinois--Lac Missihiganin--Magnus Lacus
+        Algonquinorum), 55, 56, 66, 69, 70, 72.
+
+    Lake Superior, 54.
+
+    Lake Winnebago (Lake of the Puants--Lake St. Francis), 62, 65.
+
+    La Marchand, Jeanne, 99.
+
+    La Mêlée, Christopher Crevier, Sieur de, 97.
+
+    La Mer, Marguerite, 27.
+
+    La Mer, Maria, 27.
+
+    La Nation des Puans (La Nation des Puants). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    La Nouë, Annie de, 24, 41.
+
+    La Porte, Pierre de, 82.
+
+    La Vallée, Claude, 99.
+
+    Laverdière's _Reprint of Champlain's Works_, referred to, 36.
+
+    Le Caron, Father Joseph, 19, 20.
+
+    Le Jeune, Paul, 24, 41, 80.
+
+    Le Neuf, family of, 94.
+
+    Le Neuf, Maria, 94, 95, 98.
+
+    Les Folles Avoine. See Menomonees.
+
+    Le Tardif, Olivier, 82, 83, 84, 103.
+
+    Lippincott's _Gazetteer_, cited, 33.
+
+    Lord of Roberval, 14, 15.
+
+
+    Macard, Nicolas, 84, 100.
+
+    Mackinaw, Straits of, 55.
+
+    Manitoulin Islands, 50, 51.
+
+    Mantoue (Mantoueouee--Makoueoue), tribe of, 56.
+
+    Margry, Pierre, in _Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique_, 29,
+        72, 84.
+
+    Marguerie, François, 95, 99.
+
+    Marguerie, Maria, 99.
+
+    Marquette, Father James, 68, 69.
+
+    Marsolet, Nicolas, 84, 100.
+
+    Mascoutins (Macoutins--Mascoutens--Maskeutens--Maskouteins--
+        Musquetens--Machkoutens--Maskoutench--Machkoutenck--Les Gens de
+        Feu--The Fire Nation--Assistagueronons--Assistaehronons), 51,
+        52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70.
+
+    Masse, the Jesuit, 41.
+
+    Menomonees (Maromine--Malhominies--Les Folles Avoine), 57, 58.
+
+    Miamis, 67.
+
+    Michigan, signification of the word, 65.
+
+    Mississippi, meaning of the word, 67.
+
+    Montmagnais, 36, 41.
+
+    Montmagny, M. de, 70, 75, 76, 77, 105.
+
+
+    Nantoue. See Mantoue.
+
+    Nation des Puans (Nation des Puants--Nation of Stinkards). See
+        Winnebagoes.
+
+    Nation du Castor (Nation of Beavers). See Beaver Nation.
+
+    Nation of the Sault. See Chippewas.
+
+    Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, 95.
+
+    Neutral Nation, 51, 61, 65.
+
+    Nez Percés (Naiz percez). See Beaver Nation.
+
+    Nicolet, Gilles, 88, 89.
+
+    Nicolet, John, arrives in New France, 26;
+      sent by Champlain, in 1618, to the Algonquins of Isle des
+        Allumettes, 28;
+      goes on a mission of peace to the Iroquois, 29;
+      takes up his residence with the Nipissings, _ib._;
+      recalled by the government to Quebec, 30;
+      employed as interpreter, _ib._;
+      Champlain resolves to send him on a western exploration, 33;
+      Nicolet had heard of the Winnebagoes, 39;
+      prepares, in June, 1634, to visit this and other nations, 40;
+      starts upon his journey, 42;
+      why it must have been in 1634 that Nicolet made his westward
+        exploration, _ib._, _et seq._;
+      travels up the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, 46;
+      goes hence to the Huron villages, 47;
+      object of his mission there, 48;
+      starts for the Winnebagoes, 49;
+      reaches Sault Sainte Marie, 51;
+      did he see Lake Superior? 54;
+      discovers Lake Michigan, 55;
+      arrives at the Menomonee river, 56;
+      ascends Green Bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes, 60;
+      has a great feast with the Indians, 62;
+      goes up Fox river to the Mascoutins, 63;
+      visits the Illinois tribe, 71;
+      returns to the Winnebagoes, _ib._;
+      Nicolet's homeward trip in 1635--he calls upon the
+        Pottawattamies, 72;
+      stops at the Great Manatoulin to see a band of Ottawas, 78;
+      reaches the St. Lawrence in safety, 74;
+      settles at Three Rivers as interpreter, 77;
+      his kindness to the Indians, 78;
+      has a narrow escape from drowning, 81;
+      helps defend Three Rivers from an Iroquois attack, _ib._;
+      his marriage, _ib._;
+      goes to Quebec, 82;
+      becomes General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, _ib._;
+      embarks for Three Rivers, 83;
+      his death, 84;
+      Frenchmen and Indians alike mourn his fate, 87;
+      his memory perpetuated, 89;
+      his energetic character, 90;
+      mention of him in the parish register of Three Rivers, 93,
+        _et seq._;
+      first connected sketch published of his life and exploration,
+        100, _et seq._
+
+    Nicolet, Madame, 95, 96.
+
+    Nicolet, Pierre, 89.
+
+    Nicolet, Thomas, 27.
+
+    Nipissings (Nipisiriniens), 29, 30, 31, 43, 47.
+
+    Noquets, 56.
+
+
+    O'Callaghan's _Doc. Hist. of New York_, referred to, 36;
+      his _N. Y. Col. Doc._, cited, 51.
+
+    Ojibwas. See Chippewas.
+
+    Otchagras (Ochungarand). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Otchipwes. See Chippewas.
+
+    Ottawas, 50, 52, 54, 65, 66, 73.
+
+    Ouasouarim, 50.
+
+    Oumalouminek (Oumaominiecs). See Menomonees.
+
+    Oumisagai, 51, 54.
+
+    "Ounipeg," signification of, 38.
+
+    Ounipigou. See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Outaouan. See Ottawas.
+
+    Outchougai, 50.
+
+
+    Parkman's _Jesuits in North America_, cited, 41, 43, 46, 80;
+      also, his _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, 38, 58;
+      and his _Pioneers of France in the New World_, 52.
+
+    "People of the Falls." See Chippewas.
+
+    "People of the Sea." See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Perot, Nicolas, 84.
+
+    Petun Nation, 51, 52.
+
+    Pijart, Claudius, 96.
+
+    Poncet, Josephus, 98, 99.
+
+    Pontgravé, merchant, 15.
+
+    Pottawattamies, 71.
+
+
+    Quentin, Father Claude, 77, 78, 79, 93.
+
+
+    Racine, Claude, 82.
+
+    Racine, Etienne, 82.
+
+    Raratwaus. See Chippewas.
+
+    Raymbault, Father Charles, 83, 86, 91, 97, 101.
+
+    Richelieu, Cardinal, 21.
+
+    River des Puans (River of the Puants--River St. Francis). See Fox
+        river.
+
+    Rollet, Marie, 82.
+
+    Roquai. See Noquets.
+
+
+    Sacs (Sauks--Saukis--Sakys), 64.
+
+    Sagard's _Histoire du Canada_, cited, 38.
+
+    Sault de Sainte Marie, 51.
+
+    Sault Sainte Marie, town of, 54, 72, 97.
+
+    Sauteurs (Stiagigroone). See Chippewas.
+
+    Savigny (Chavigny), 83, 84, 85, 86, 104.
+
+    Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, cited, 59.
+
+    "Sea-Tribe." See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Shea, John Gilmary, in _Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 73.
+
+    Shea's _Catholic Missions_, cited, 53;
+      also, his _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_,
+        38, 45, 59, 63, 100;
+      and his _Hennepin_, 67.
+
+    Sillery, mission of, founded, 70.
+
+    Sioux (Dacotas), 37, 62, 71.
+
+    Smith's _History of Wisconsin_, cited, 27, 38, 73.
+
+    Standing Hair, the. See Ottawas.
+
+    St. Croix Fort, established, 32.
+
+    Sulte, Benjamin, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 68, 90.
+
+    Sulte's _Chronique Trifluvienne_, cited, 31;
+      also, his _Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature_, 43, 84, 89.
+
+
+    "The Men of the Shallow Cataract." See Chippewas.
+
+    Three Rivers, parish church register of, 44, 45, 93, _et seq._
+
+    Three Rivers, town of, 31, 32, 33, 42, 45, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83,
+        86, 103.
+
+    Tobacco Nation. See Petun Nation.
+
+
+    Verrazzano, John, ix.
+
+
+    Winnebagoes, viii, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 57,
+        58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 77.
+
+    Wisconsin, derivation of the word, 59.
+
+    Wisconsin river, 59, 61, 68.
+
+    Woodman, Cyrus, 27.
+
+    Woolf river, 65, 66.
+
+
+
+
+OCT. 1881.
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+REEMELIN (C.) A Critical Review of American Politics. 8vo. _In Press._
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+RIVES (E., M.D.) A Chart of the Physiological Arrangement of Cranial
+  Nerves. Printed in large type, on a sheet 28x15 inches. Folded, in
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+ROBERT (Karl.) Charcoal Drawing without a Master. A Complete Treatise
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+SKINNER (J. R.) The Source of Measures. A Key to the Hebrew-Egyptian
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+STANTON (H.) Jacob Brown and other Poems. 12mo.                     1 50
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+TILDEN (Louise W.) Karl and Gretchen's Christmas. Illustrated. Square
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+TRENT (Capt. Wm.) Journal of, from Logstown to Pickawillany, in 1752.
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+TRIPLER (C. S., M.D.) and BLACKMAN (G. C., M.D.) Handbook for the
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+VAGO (A. L.) Instructions in the art of Modeling in Clay. With an
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+VANHORNE (T. B.) The History of the Army of the Cumberland; its
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+YOUNG (A.) History of Wayne County, Indiana, from its First Settlement
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+
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+Transcriber's Notes
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+  Index reordered alphabetically. Obvious printer's errors have been
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the Northwest
+by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634
+       With a Sketch of his Life
+
+Author: Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2011 [EBook #36698]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF NORTHWEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Valérie Leduc, Curtis Weyant and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h1 class="titre">HISTORY
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span>
+DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST
+<span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
+JOHN NICOLET<br />
+<span class="smaller">IN 1634</span><br />
+<span class="tiny">WITH A</span><br />
+SKETCH OF HIS LIFE<br />
+<span class="tiny">BY</span><br />
+C. W. BUTTERFIELD</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 center">Author of "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky," "History of Wisconsin"<br />
+In Historical Atlas of the State, "The Washington-Crawford Letters,"<br />
+"History of the University of Wisconsin," etc.</p>
+<p class="p2 center">CINCINNATI<br />
+ROBERT CLARKE &amp; CO.<br />
+1881</p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyrighted, 1881,<br />
+By</span> C. W. BUTTERFIELD.</p>
+<p><a id="Page_iii"></a></p>
+
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<h2 class="p4">PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p class="p2">In the following pages, I have attempted to record, in a faithful
+manner, the indomitable perseverance and heroic bravery displayed by
+John Nicolet in an exploration which resulted in his being the first of
+civilized men to set foot upon any portion of the Northwest; that is,
+upon any part of the territory now constituting the States of Ohio,
+Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It is shown how he brought
+to the knowledge of the world the existence of a "fresh-water sea"&mdash;Lake
+Michigan&mdash;beyond and to the westward of Lake Huron; how he visited a
+number of Indian nations before unheard of; how he penetrated many
+leagues beyond the utmost verge of previous discoveries, with an almost
+reckless fortitude, to bind distant tribes to French interests; and how
+he sought to find an ocean, which, it was believed, was not a great
+distance westward of the St. Lawrence, and which would prove a near
+route to China and Japan.</p>
+
+<p>The principal sources from which I have drawn, in my investigations
+concerning the life and explorations of Nicolet, are the Jesuit
+Relations. So nearly contemporaneous are these publications with his
+discoveries&mdash;especially those which contain a record of them&mdash;and so
+trustworthy are they in their recital of facts connected therewith, that
+their value, in this connection, can hardly be over-estimated. Each one
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span> series having a particular bearing upon the subject of this
+narrative has been studied with a care commensurate with its importance.
+Other accounts of the same period, as well as of a somewhat later date,
+together with the researches of modern writers, concerning the daring
+Frenchman, whose name stands first on the list of the explorers of the
+Northwest, have, likewise, been carefully examined, the object being, if
+not to exhaust all known sources of information illustrative of these
+discoveries, at least to profit by them. Aid has been received, in
+addition, from several living authors, especially from Benjamin Sulte,
+Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, to whom, and to all others who have extended a
+helping hand, I return my sincere thanks.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">C. W. B.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Madison, Wisconsin, 1881.</span><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 class="p4">CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table">
+<tr><td>INTRODUCTION.</td><td class="ral">PAGE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pre-historic Man in the Northwest&mdash;The Red Race&mdash;First</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tete">Discoveries in New France,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>CHAPTER I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Events Leading to Western Exploration,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>CHAPTER II.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>John Nicolet, the Explorer,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>CHAPTER III.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nicolet Discovers the Northwest,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>CHAPTER IV.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Subsequent Career and Death of Nicolet,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="smcap">Appendix,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="smcap">Index,</td><td class="ral"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><a id="Page_vii"></a></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="p4">INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<h3>PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN THE NORTHWEST&mdash;THE RED RACE&mdash;FIRST DISCOVERIES IN
+NEW FRANCE.</h3>
+
+<p class="p2">Of the existence, in what are now the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+Michigan, and Wisconsin, at a remote period, of a race superior in
+intelligence to the red men who inhabited this region when first seen by
+a European, there are indubitable evidences. Who were these ancient
+occupiers of the territory just mentioned&mdash;of its prairies and
+woodlands, hills and valleys? There are no traditions of their power, of
+their labor, or of their wisdom&mdash;no record of their having lived, except
+in rapidly-decaying relics. They left no descendants to recount their
+daring deeds. All that remain of them&mdash;the so-called Mound-Builders&mdash;are
+mouldering skeletons. All that are to be seen of their handicraft are
+perishing earth-works and rude implements. These sum up the "types and
+shadows" of the pre-historic age.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing to connect "the dark backward and abysm" of
+mound-building times with those of the red race of the Northwest; and
+all that is known of the latter dating earlier than their first
+discovery, is exceedingly dim and shadowy. Upon the extended area
+bounded by Lake Superior on the north, Lake Michigan on the east,
+wide-spreading prairies on the south, and the Mississippi river on the
+west, there met and mingled two distinct Indian families&mdash;Algonquins<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>
+and Dakotas. Concerning the various tribes of these families, nothing of
+importance could be gleaned by the earliest explorers; at least, very
+little has been preserved. Tradition, it is true, pointed to the
+Algonquins as having, at some remote period, migrated from the east; and
+this has been confirmed by a study of their language. It indicated,
+also, that the Dakotas, at a time far beyond the memory of the most
+aged, came from the west or southwest&mdash;fighting their way as they came;
+that one of their tribes<a id="fnanchor_1" href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> once dwelt upon the shores of a sea; but
+when and for what purpose they left their home none could relate.</p>
+
+<p>The residue of the Northwest was the dwelling-place of Algonquins alone.
+In reality, therefore, "the territory northwest of the river Ohio" has
+no veritable history ante-dating the period of its first discovery by
+civilized man. Portions of the country had been heard of, it is true,
+but only through vague reports of savages. There were no accounts at
+all, besides these, of the extensive region of the upper lakes or of the
+valley of the Upper Mississippi; while nothing whatever was known of the
+Ohio or of parts adjacent.</p>
+
+<p>The first of the discoveries in the New World after that of Columbus, in
+1492, having an immediate bearing upon this narrative, was that of John
+Cabot, in 1497. On the third of July, of that year, he saw what is now
+believed to have been the coast of Labrador. After sailing a short
+distance south, he probably discovered the island of Newfoundland. In
+1498, his son, Sebastian, explored the continent from Labrador to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span>
+Virginia, and possibly as far south as Florida. Gaspar Cortereal, in
+1500, reached the shore seen by John Cabot, and explored it several
+hundred miles. He was followed, in 1524, by John Verrazzano, who
+discovered the North American coast in, probably, the latitude of what
+is now Wilmington, North Carolina. He continued his exploration to the
+northward as far as Newfoundland. To the region visited by him, he gave
+the name of New France. The attention of the reader is now directed to
+some of the most important events, in the country thus named, which
+followed, for a period of a hundred and ten years, the voyage of
+Verrazzano.</p>
+
+
+<h3 class="p2">HISTORY<br />
+<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br />
+DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST.
+</h3>
+
+<p><a id="Page_11"></a></p>
+<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>EVENTS LEADING TO WESTERN EXPLORATION.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="p2">The discovery of the river St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes which
+pour their superabundant waters through it into the gulf, was not the
+least in importance of the events which signalized the opening of the
+history of the New World. The credit of having first spread a sail upon
+the majestic stream of Canada, and of obtaining such information as
+afterward led to a knowledge of the whole of its valley, belongs to
+James Cartier, a native of St. Malo&mdash;a port in the north of France.
+Cartier was a skillful mariner. On the twentieth of April, 1534, he
+sailed from his native place, under orders of the French admiral, for
+the coast of Newfoundland, intent on exploring unknown seas, and
+countries washed by them. He took with him two ships of fifty tons each,
+and in twenty days saw the large island lying between the ocean and the
+river he was soon to discover. Favorable winds had wafted him and his
+hundred and twenty-two sailors and adventurers to inhospitable shores,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+but at an auspicious season of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Having sailed nearly around Newfoundland, Cartier turned to the south,
+and, crossing the gulf, entered a bay, which he named Des Chaleurs,
+because of the midsummer heats. A little farther north he landed and
+took possession of the country in the name of the French king. His
+vessels were now at anchor in the smaller inlet of Gaspé. Sailing still
+further north, Cartier, in August, discovered the river St. Lawrence. He
+moved up its channel until land was sighted on either side; then, being
+unprepared to remain through the winter, he sailed back again to the
+gulf, crossed the ocean, and moored his vessels in safety in St. Malo.
+He made the return voyage in less than thirty days. This was, at that
+period, an astonishing achievement. The success of the expedition filled
+the whole of France with wonder. In less than five months, the Atlantic
+had been crossed; a large river discovered; a new country added to the
+dominions of France; and the ocean recrossed. All this had been
+accomplished before it was generally known that an expedition had been
+undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>The remarkable pleasantness of this summer's voyage, the narratives of
+Cartier and his companions, and the importance attached to their
+discoveries, aroused the enthusiasm of the French; and, as might be
+expected, a new expedition was planned. Three well-furnished ships were
+provided by the king. Even some of the nobility volunteered for the
+voyage. All were eager to cross the Atlantic. On the nineteenth of May,
+1535, the squadron sailed. But Cartier had not, this time, a pleasant
+summer cruise. Storms raged. The ships separated. For seven weeks they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+buffeted the troubled ocean. Their rendezvous was the Straits of Belle
+Isle, which they finally reached; but the omens were bad. The
+adventurers had confidently looked for pleasant gales and a quick
+voyage, and these expectations had all been blasted. Now, however, they
+arrived within sight of Newfoundland, and their spirits rose. Carried to
+the west of that island, on the day of Saint Lawrence, they gave the
+name of that martyr to a portion of the gulf which opened before them.
+The name was afterward given to the whole of that body of water and to
+the river Cartier had previously discovered. Sailing to the north of
+Anticosti, they ascended the St. Lawrence, reaching, in September, a
+fine harbor in an island since called Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving his two largest ships in the waters of the river now known as
+the St. Charles, Cartier, with the smallest and two open boats, ascended
+the St. Lawrence until a considerable Indian village was reached,
+situated on an island called Hochelaga. Standing upon the summit of a
+hill, on this island, and looking away up the river, the commander had
+fond imaginings of future glory awaiting his countrymen in colonizing
+this region. "He called the hill Mont-Réal, and time, that has
+transferred the name of the island, is realizing his visions;" for on
+that island now stands the city of Montreal. While at Hochelaga, Cartier
+gathered some indistinct accounts of the surrounding country, and of the
+river Ottawa coming down from the hills of the Northwest. Rejoining his
+ships, he spent the winter in a palisaded fort on the bank of the St.
+Charles, with his vessels moored before it. The cold was intense. Many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+of his men died of scurvy. Early in the spring, possession was again
+taken of the country in the name of the French king; and, on the
+sixteenth of July, 1536, the Breton mariner dropped anchor in St.
+Malo&mdash;he having returned in two ships; the other was abandoned, and
+three hundred and twelve years after was discovered imbedded in mud.
+France was disappointed. Hopes had been raised too high. Expectations
+had not been realized. Further explorations, therefore, were, for the
+time, postponed.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the failure of Cartier's second voyage, the great valley
+of the St. Lawrence was not to remain very long unknown to the world, in
+any of its parts. It was thought unworthy a gallant nation to abandon
+the enterprise; and one more trial at exploration and colonization was
+determined upon. Again the bold mariner of St. Malo started for the St.
+Lawrence. This was on the twenty-third of May, 1541. He took with him
+five ships; but he went, unfortunately, as subordinate, in some
+respects, to John Francis de la Roque, Lord of Roberval, a nobleman of
+Picardy, whom the king of France had appointed viceroy of the country
+now again to be visited. The object of the enterprise was declared to be
+discovery, settlement, and the conversion of the Indians. Cartier was
+the first to sail. Again he entered the St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>After erecting a fort near the site of the present city of Quebec,
+Cartier ascended the river in two boats to explore the rapids above the
+island of Hochelaga. He then returned and passed the winter at his fort;
+and, in the spring, not having heard from the viceroy, he set sail for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+France. In June, 1542, in the harbor of St. John, he met the Lord of
+Roberval, outward bound, with three ships and two hundred men. The
+viceroy ordered Cartier to return to the St. Lawrence; but the mariner
+of St. Malo escaped in the night, and continued his voyage homeward.
+Roberval, although abandoned by his subordinate, once more set sail.
+After wintering in the St. Lawrence, he, too, abandoned the
+country&mdash;giving back his immense viceroyalty to the rightful owners.</p>
+
+<p>In 1578, there were three hundred and fifty fishing vessels at
+Newfoundland belonging to the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English;
+besides these were a number&mdash;twenty or more&mdash;of Biscayan whalers. The
+Marquis de la Roche, a Catholic nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by
+Henry IV., undertook the colonization of New France, in 1598. But the
+ill-starred attempt resulted only in his leaving forty convicts to their
+fate on Sable island, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Of their number,
+twelve only were found alive five years subsequent to La Roche's voyage.
+In 1599, another expedition was resolved on. This was undertaken by
+Pontgravé, a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin, a captain of the marine.
+In consideration of a monopoly of the fur-trade, granted them by the
+king of France, these men undertook to establish a colony of five
+hundred persons in New France. At Tadoussac, at the mouth of the
+Saguenay, they built a cluster of wooden huts and store-houses, where
+sixteen men were left to gather furs; these either died or were
+scattered among the Indians before the return of the spring of 1601.
+Chauvin made a second voyage to Tadoussac, but failed to establish a
+permanent settlement. During a third voyage he died, and his enterprise<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+perished with him.</p>
+
+<p>In 1603, a company of merchants of France was formed, and Samuel
+Champlain, with a small band of adventurers, dispatched, in two small
+vessels, to make a preliminary survey of the St. Lawrence. He reached
+the valley in safety, sailed past the lofty promontory on which Quebec
+now stands, and proceeded onward to the island of Hochelaga, where his
+vessels were anchored. In a skiff, with a few Indians, Champlain vainly
+endeavored to pass the rapids of the great river. The baffled explorer
+returned to his ships. From the savages, he gleaned some information of
+ulterior regions. The natives drew for him rude plans of the river
+above, and its lakes and cataracts. His curiosity was inflamed, and he
+resolved one day to visit the country so full of natural wonders. Now,
+however, he was constrained to return to France. He had accomplished the
+objects of his mission&mdash;the making of a brief exploration of the valley
+of the chief river of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>It was the opinion of Champlain that on the banks of the St. Lawrence
+was the true site of a settlement; that here a fortified post should be
+erected; that thence, by following up the waters of the interior region
+to their sources, a western route might be traced to China, the distance
+being estimated by him at not more than two or three hundred leagues;
+and that the fur-trade of the whole country might be secured to France
+by the erection of a fort at some point commanding the river. These
+views, five years subsequent to his visit to the St. Lawrence, induced
+the fitting out of a second expedition, for trade, exploration, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+colonization. On the thirteenth of April, 1608, Champlain again
+sailed&mdash;this time with men, arms, and stores for a colony. The fur-trade
+was intrusted to another. The mouth of the Saguenay was reached in June;
+and, soon after, a settlement was commenced on the brink of the St.
+Lawrence&mdash;the site of the present market-place of the lower town of
+Quebec. A rigorous winter and great suffering followed. Supplies arrived
+in the spring, and Champlain determined to enter upon his long-meditated
+explorations;&mdash;the only obstacles in the way were the savage nations he
+would every-where meet. He would be compelled to resort to diplomacy&mdash;to
+unite a friendly tribe to his interests, and, thus strengthened, to
+conquer, by force of arms, the hostile one.</p>
+
+<p>The tribes of the Hurons, who dwelt on the lake which now bears their
+name, and their allies, the Algonquins, upon the Ottawa and the St.
+Lawrence, Champlain learned, were at war with the Iroquois, or Five
+Nations, whose homes were within the present State of New York. In June,
+1609, he advanced, with sixty Hurons and Algonquins and two white men,
+up what is now known as the Richelieu river to the discovery of the
+first of the great lakes&mdash;the one which now bears his name. Upon its
+placid waters, this courageous band was stopped by a war-party of
+Iroquois. On shore, the contending forces met, when a few discharges of
+an arquebuse sent the advancing enemy in wild dismay back into the
+forest. The victory was complete. Promptly Champlain returned to the St.
+Lawrence, and his allies to their homes, not, however, until the latter
+had invited the former to visit their towns and aid them again in their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+wars. Champlain then revisited France, but the year 1610 found him once
+more in the St. Lawrence, with two objects in view: one, to proceed
+northward, to explore Hudson's bay; the other, to go westward, and
+examine the great lakes and the mines of copper on their shores, of the
+existence of which he had just been informed by the savages; for he was
+determined he would never cease his explorations until he had penetrated
+to the western sea, or that of the north, so as to open the way to
+China. But, after fighting a battle with the Iroquois at the mouth of
+the river Richelieu, he gave up, for the time, all thought of further
+exploration, and returned to France.</p>
+
+<p>On the thirteenth of May, 1611, Champlain again arrived in the St.
+Lawrence. To secure the advantages of the fur-trade to his superiors was
+now his principal object; and, to that end, he chose the site of the
+present city of Montreal for a post, which he called Place Royale. Soon
+afterward, he returned to France; but, early in the spring of 1613, the
+tireless voyager again crossed the Atlantic, and sailed up the St.
+Lawrence; this time bound for the Ottawa to discover the North sea.
+After making his way up that river to the home of the Algonquins of Isle
+des Allumettes, he returned in disgust to the St. Lawrence, and again
+embarked for France.</p>
+
+<p>At the site of the present city of Montreal, there had assembled, in the
+summer of 1615, Hurons from their distant villages upon the shores of
+their great lake, and Algonquins from their homes on the Ottawa&mdash;come
+down to a yearly trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence. Champlain,
+who had returned in May from France, was asked by the assembled savages<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+to join their bands against the Iroquois. He consented; but, while
+absent at Quebec, making needful preparations, the savages became
+impatient, and departed for their homes. With them went Father Joseph le
+Caron, a Récollet, accompanied by twelve armed Frenchmen. It was the
+intention of this missionary to learn the language of the Hurons, and
+labor for their spiritual welfare. His departure from the St. Lawrence
+was on the first day of July. Nine days afterward, Champlain, with two
+Frenchmen and ten Indians followed him. Both parties traveled up the
+Ottawa to the Algonquin villages; passed the two lakes of the
+Allumettes; threaded their way to a well-trodden portage, crossing which
+brought them to Lake Nipissing; thence, they floated westward down the
+current of French river, to what is now known as Georgian bay;
+afterward, for more than a hundred miles, they journeyed southward along
+the eastern shores of that bay to its head; and there was the home of
+the Hurons.</p>
+
+<p>Champlain, with a naked host of allies, was soon on the march against
+the Iroquois from the Huron villages, moving down the river Trent, as
+since named, to its mouth, when his eyes were gladdened with the view of
+another of the fresh water seas&mdash;Lake Ontario. Boldly they crossed its
+broad expanse, meeting the enemy at a considerable distance inland from
+its southern shores. Defensive works of the Iroquois defied the assaults
+of the besiegers. The Huron warriors returned in disgust to their homes,
+taking Champlain with them. He was compelled to spend the winter as the
+guest of these savages, returning to the St. Lawrence by way of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+Ottawa, and reaching Quebec on the eleventh of July, 1616. He had seen
+enough of the region traversed by him to know that there was an immense
+country lying to the westward ready to be given to his king the moment
+he should be able to explore and make it known. Father le Caron, who had
+preceded Champlain on his outward trip to the Huron villages, also
+preceded him on his return; but he remained long enough with those
+Indians to obtain a considerable knowledge of their language and of
+their manners and customs.</p>
+
+<p>Quebec, at this period, could hardly be called a settlement. It
+contained a population of fur-traders and friars of fifty or sixty
+persons. It had a fort, and Champlain was the nominal commander. In the
+interest of the infant colony he went every year to France. His was the
+duty to regulate the monopoly of the company of merchants in their trade
+with the Indians. In the summer of 1622, the Iroquois beset the
+settlement, but made no actual attack. A change was now at hand in the
+affairs of New France. Two Huguenots, William and Émery de Caen, had
+taken the place of the old company of St. Malo and Rouen, but were
+afterward compelled to share their monopoly with them. Fresh troubles
+were thus introduced into the infant colony, not only in religious
+affairs, but in secular matters. The Récollets had previously
+established five missions, extending from Acadia to the borders of Lake
+Huron. Now, three Jesuits&mdash;among their number John de Brébeuf&mdash;arrived
+in the colony, and began their spiritual labors. This was in 1625. When
+the year 1627 was reached, the settlement at Quebec had a population of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+about one hundred persons&mdash;men, women, and children. The chief trading
+stations upon the St. Lawrence were Quebec, Three Rivers, the Rapids of
+St. Louis, and Tadoussac. Turning our eyes to the western wilds, we see
+that the Hurons, after the return of Le Caron, were not again visited by
+missionaries until 1622.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1627, the destinies of France were held by Cardinal
+Richelieu as in the hollow of his hand. He had constituted himself grand
+master and superintendent of navigation and commerce. By him the
+privileges of the Caens were annulled, and a company formed, consisting
+of a hundred associates, called the Company of New France. At its head
+was Richelieu himself. Louis the Thirteenth made over to this company
+forever the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New
+France, including Florida. To them was given power to appoint judges,
+build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and concede lands. They
+were to govern in peace and in war. Their monopoly of the fur-trade was
+made perpetual; while that of all other commerce within the limits of
+their government was limited to fifteen years, except that the
+whale-fishery and the cod-fishery were to remain open to all. They could
+take whatever steps they might think expedient or proper for the
+protection of the colony and the fostering of trade. It will thus be
+seen that the Hundred Associates had conferred upon them almost
+sovereign power. For fifteen years their commerce was not to be troubled
+with duties or imposts. Partners, whether nobles, officers, or
+ecclesiastics, might engage in commercial pursuits without derogating<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+from the privileges of their order. To all these benefits the king added
+a donation of two ships of war. Of this powerful association, Champlain
+was one of the members.</p>
+
+<p>In return for these privileges conferred, behold how little these
+hundred partners were compelled to perform. They engaged to convoy to
+New France, during 1628, two or three hundred men of all trades, and
+before the year 1643 to increase the number to four thousand persons of
+both sexes; to supply all their settlers with lodging, food, clothing,
+and farm implements, for three years; then they would allow them
+sufficient land to support themselves, cleared to a certain extent; and
+would also furnish them the grain necessary for sowing it; stipulating,
+also, that the emigrants should be native Frenchmen and Roman Catholics,
+and none others; and, finally, agreeing to settle three priests in each
+settlement, whom they were bound to provide with every article necessary
+for their personal comfort, and to defray the expenses of their
+ministerial labors for fifteen years. After the expiration of that time,
+cleared lands were to be granted by the company to the clergy for
+maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. It was thus that
+the Hundred Associates became proprietors of the whole country claimed
+by France, from Florida to the Arctic Circle; from Newfoundland to the
+sources of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Meanwhile, the
+fur-trade had brought a considerable knowledge of the Ottawa, and of the
+country of the Hurons, to the French upon the St. Lawrence, through the
+yearly visits of the savages from those distant parts and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+journeyings of the fur-trader in quest of peltry.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1628, the first vessels of the Hundred Associates sailed from
+France with colonists and supplies bound for the St. Lawrence. Four of
+these vessels were armed. Every thing seemed propitious for a speedy
+arrival at Quebec, where the inhabitants were sorely pressed for food;
+but a storm, which had for some time been brewing in Europe, broke in
+fury upon New France. The imprudent zeal of the Catholics in England,
+and the persecution of the Huguenots in France, aroused the English, who
+determined to conquer the French possessions in North America, if
+possible; and, to that end, they sent out David Kirk, with an armed
+squadron, to attack the settlements in Canada. The fleet reached the
+harbor of Tadoussac before the arrival of the vessels of the Company of
+New France. Kirk sent a demand for the surrender of Quebec, but
+Champlain determined to defend the place; at least, he resolved to make
+a show of defense; and the English commander thought best not to attack
+such a formidable looking position. All the supplies sent by the Hundred
+Associates to the St. Lawrence were captured or sunk; and the next year,
+after most of its inhabitants had dispersed in the forests for food,
+Quebec surrendered. England thus gained her first supremacy upon the
+great river of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The terms of the capitulation were that the French were to be conveyed
+to their own country; and each soldier was allowed to take with him furs
+to the value of twenty crowns. As some had lately returned from the
+Hurons with peltry of no small value, their loss was considerable. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+French prisoners, including Champlain, were conveyed across the ocean by
+Kirk, but their arrival in England was after a treaty of peace had been
+signed between the two powers. The result was, the restoration of New
+France to the French crown; and, on the 5th of July, 1632, Émery de Caen
+cast anchor at Quebec to reclaim the country. He had received a
+commission to hold, for one year, a monopoly of the fur-trade, as an
+indemnity for his losses in the war; after which time he was to give
+place to the Hundred Associates. The missions in Canada which by the
+success of the British arms had been interrupted, were now to be
+continued by Jesuits alone. De Caen brought with him two of that
+order&mdash;Paul le Jeune and Anne de la Nouë.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-third of May, 1633, Champlain, commissioned anew by
+Richelieu, resumed command at Quebec, in behalf of the Hundred Partners,
+arriving out with considerable supplies and several new settlers. With
+him returned the Jesuit father, John de Brébeuf. The Récollets had been
+virtually ejected from Canada. The whole missionary field was now ready
+for cultivation by the followers of Loyola. New France was restored to
+Champlain and his company, and to Catholicism.</p>
+
+<p>Champlain's first care was to place the affairs of the colony in a more
+prosperous condition, and establish a better understanding with the
+Indians. In both respects, he was tolerably successful. His knowledge of
+the western country had been derived from his own observations during
+the tours of 1613 and 1615, but especially from accounts given him by
+the Indians. At the beginning of 1634, the whole French population,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+from Gaspé to Three Rivers, was hardly one hundred and fifty souls,
+mostly engaged in the trading business, on behalf of the Hundred
+Partners, whose operations were carried on principally at the point last
+named and at Tadoussac&mdash;sometimes as far up the St. Lawrence as the site
+of the present city of Montreal, but not often. Of the small colony upon
+the great river of Canada, Champlain was the heart and soul. The
+interior of the continent was yet to be explored. He was resolved to
+know more of ulterior regions&mdash;to create more friends among the savages
+therein. The time had arrived for such enterprises, and a trusty
+conductor was at hand.</p>
+
+
+<p><a id="Page_26"></a></p>
+<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>JOHN NICOLET, THE EXPLORER.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="p2">As early as the year 1615, Champlain had selected a number of young men
+and put them in care of some of his Indian friends, to have them trained
+to the life of the woods&mdash;to the language, manners, customs, and habits
+of the savages. His object was to open, through them, as advisers and
+interpreters, friendly relations, when the proper time should come, with
+the Indian nations not yet brought in close alliance with the French. In
+1618, an opportunity presented itself for him to add another young
+Frenchman to the list of those who had been sent to be trained in all
+the mysteries of savage life; for, in that year, John Nicolet<a id="fnanchor_2" href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> arrived
+from France, and was dispatched to the woods.<a id="fnanchor_3" href="#footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> The new-comer was born
+in Cherbourg, in Normandy. His father, Thomas Nicolet, was a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+mail-carrier from that city to Paris. His mother's name was Marguerite
+de la Mer.<a id="fnanchor_4" href="#footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nicolet was a young man of good character, endowed with a profound
+religious feeling, and an excellent memory. He awakened in the breast<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+of Champlain high hopes of usefulness, and was by him sent to the
+Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river. These Indians
+were the same Algonquins that were visited by Champlain in 1613. They
+are frequently spoken of, in early annals of Canada, as Algonquins of
+the Isle. But all Algonquins, wherever found, were afterward designated
+as Ottawas by the French. To "the Nation of the Isle," then, was sent
+the young Norman, that he might learn their language, which was in
+general use upon the Ottawa river and upon the north bank of the St.
+Lawrence. With them he remained two years, following them in their
+wanderings, partaking of their dangers, their fatigues, and their
+privations, with a courage and fortitude equal to the boldest and the
+bravest of the tribe. During all this time, he saw not the face of a
+single white man. On several different occasions he passed a number of
+days without a morsel of food, and he was sometimes fain to satisfy the
+cravings of hunger by eating bark.<a id="fnanchor_5" href="#footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nicolet, while residing with the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, with
+whose language he had now become familiar, accompanied four hundred of
+those savages upon a mission of peace to the Iroquois. The voyage proved
+a successful one, Nicolet returning in safety. Afterward, he took up his
+residence among the Nipissings, with whom he remained eight or nine
+years. He was recognized as one of the nation. He entered into the very
+frequent councils of those savages. He had his own cabin and
+establishment, doing his own fishing and trading. He had become, indeed,
+a naturalized Nipissing.<a id="fnanchor_6" href="#footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+The mental activity displayed by him while<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+sojourning among these savages may be judged of from the circumstance of
+his having taken notes descriptive of the habits, manners, customs, and
+numbers of the Nipissing Indians, written in the form of memoirs, which
+were afterward presented by him to one of the missionaries, who,
+doubtless, made good use of them in after-time in giving an account of
+the nation.<a id="fnanchor_7" href="#footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nicolet finally left the savages, and returned to civilization, being
+recalled by the government and employed as commissary and Indian
+interpreter.<a id="fnanchor_8" href="#footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> It is probable, however, that he had signified his
+desire to leave the Nipissings, as he could not live without the
+sacraments,<a id="fnanchor_9" href="#footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> which were denied him so long as he remained with them,
+there being no mission established in their country.<a id="fnanchor_10" href="#footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>Quebec having been reoccupied by the French, Nicolet took up his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+residence there. He was in high favor with Champlain, who could not but
+admire his remarkable adaptation to savage life&mdash;the result of his
+courage and peculiar temperament; at least, this admiration may be
+presumed, from the circumstance of his having, as the sequel shows, soon
+after sent him upon an important mission.</p>
+
+<p>Whether Nicolet visited Quebec during his long residence among the
+Nipissing Indians is not known. Possibly he returned to the St. Lawrence
+in 1628, to receive orders from Champlain on account of the new state of
+things inaugurated by the creation of the system of 1627&mdash;the Hundred
+Associates; but, in that event, he must have soon returned, for it is
+known that he remained with the Nipissings during the occupation of
+Quebec by the English&mdash;from July, 1629, to July, 1632. The month during
+which, in the early days of New France, the trade of the Ottawa was
+performed on the St. Lawrence, was July; and, in 1632, this trade was
+largely carried on where the city of Three Rivers now stands, but which
+was not then founded.<a id="fnanchor_11" href="#footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+The flotilla of bark canoes used to spend<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+usually from eight to ten days in that place&mdash;seldom reaching Quebec. In
+the month and the year just mentioned, De Caen arrived in Canada; and he
+was, therefore, in the position to send word, by the assembled Indians,
+to the French who were living among the savages upon the Ottawa and the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron, requesting their return to the St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>Champlain, in June, 1633, caused a small fort to be erected about forty
+miles above Quebec, for the rendezvous of the trading flotilla
+descending the St. Lawrence&mdash;to draw the market nearer Quebec. It was
+thus the St. Croix fort was established where the trade with the Indians
+would be much less likely to be interrupted by incursions of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+Iroquois than at Three Rivers. At this time, one hundred and fifty Huron
+canoes arrived at the newly-chosen position, for traffic with the
+French. Possibly so great a number was the result of the change in the
+government of the colony&mdash;the return of the French to Quebec the
+preceding year. With this large fleet of canoes Nicolet probably
+returned to civilization; for it is certain that he was upon the St.
+Lawrence as early as June, 1634, ready to embark in an undertaking
+which, of necessity, would have caused so much consultation and
+preparation as to preclude the idea of his arrival, just then, from the
+Ottawa. An Indian interpreter&mdash;one well acquainted with the Algonquins
+of the Ottawa, and to a certain extent with the Hurons of Georgian
+bay&mdash;who could Champlain more safely depend upon than Nicolet to develop
+his schemes of exploration in the unknown western country, the door of
+which he had himself opened in previous years? Who was there better
+qualified than his young <i>protégé</i>, familiar as he was with the
+Algonquin and Huron-Iroquois tongues, to hold "talks" with savage tribes
+still further west, and smoke with them the pipe of peace&mdash;to the end
+that a nearer route to China and Japan might be discovered; or, at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+least, that the fur-trade might be made more profitable to the Hundred
+Associates? Surely, no one. Hence it was that Nicolet was recalled by
+the governor of Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p><a id="Page_35"></a></p>
+<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>NICOLET DISCOVERS THE NORTHWEST.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="p2">Notwithstanding Champlain had previously ascended the Ottawa and stood
+upon the shores of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, and although he had
+received from western Indians numerous reports of distant regions, his
+knowledge of the great lakes was, in 1634, exceedingly limited. He had
+heard of Niagara, but was of the opinion that it was only a rapid, such
+as the St. Louis, in the river St. Lawrence. He was wholly uninformed
+concerning Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan; while, of Lake
+Huron, he knew little, and of Lake Superior still less. He was assured
+that there was a connection between the last-named lake and the St.
+Lawrence; but his supposition was, that a river flowed from Lake Huron
+directly into Lake Ontario. Such, certainly was the extent of his
+information in 1632, as proven by his map of that date;<a id="fnanchor_12" href="#footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and that,
+for the next two years, he could have received much additional<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+information concerning the great lakes is not probable.</p>
+
+<p>He had early been told that near the borders of one of these
+"fresh-water seas," were copper mines; for, in June, 1610, while moving
+up the St. Lawrence to join a war-party of Algonquins, Hurons, and
+Montagnais, he met, after ascending the river about twenty-five miles
+above Quebec, a canoe containing two Indians&mdash;an Algonquin and a
+Montagnais&mdash;who had been dispatched to urge him to hasten forward with
+all possible speed. He entertained them on his bark, and conferred with
+them about many matters concerning their wars. Thereupon, the Algonquin
+savage drew from a sack a piece of copper, a foot long, which he gave
+Champlain. It was very handsome and quite pure. He said there were large
+quantities of the metal where he obtained the piece, and that it was
+found on the bank of a river near a great lake. He also declared that
+the Indians gathered it in lumps, and, having melted it, spread it in
+sheets, smoothing it with stones.<a id="fnanchor_13" href="#footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>Champlain had, also, early information that there dwelt in those<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+far-off countries a nation which once lived upon the borders of a
+distant sea. These people were called, for that reason, "Men of the
+Sea," by the Algonquins. Their homes were less than four hundred leagues
+away. It was likewise reported that another people, without hair or
+beards, whose costumes and manners somewhat resembled the Tartars, came
+from the west to trade with this "sea-tribe." These more remote traders,
+as was claimed, made their journeys upon a great water in large canoes.
+The missionaries among the Hurons, as well as Champlain and the best
+informed of the French settlers upon the St. Lawrence, thought this
+"great water" must be a western sea leading to Asia.<a id="fnanchor_14" href="#footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Some of the
+Indians who traded with the French were in the habit of going
+occasionally to barter with those "People of the Sea," distant from
+their homes five or six weeks' journey. A lively imagination on part of
+the French easily converted these hairless traders coming from the west
+into Chinese or Japanese; although, in fact, they were none other than
+the progenitors of the savages now known as the Sioux,<a id="fnanchor_15" href="#footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> while the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+"sea-tribe" was the nation called, subsequently, Winnebagoes.<a id="fnanchor_16" href="#footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Upon
+these reports, the missionaries had already built fond expectations of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+one day reaching China by the ocean which washed alike the shores of
+Asia and America. And, as already noticed, Champlain, too, was not less
+sanguine in his hopes of accomplishing a similar journey.</p>
+
+<p>Nicolet, while living with the Nipissings, must have heard many stories
+of the strange people so much resembling the Chinese, and doubtless his
+curiosity was not less excited than was Champlain's. But the great
+question, was, who should penetrate the wilderness to the "People of the
+Sea"&mdash;to "La Nation des Puants," as they were called by Champlain?
+Naturally enough, the eyes of the governor of Canada were fixed upon
+Nicolet as the man to make the trial. The latter had returned to Quebec,
+it will be remembered, and was acting as commissary and interpreter for
+the Hundred Associates. That he was paid by them and received his orders
+from them through Champlain, their representative, is reasonably
+certain. So he was chosen to make a journey to the Winnebagoes, for the
+purpose, principally, of solving the problem of a near route to
+China.<a id="fnanchor_17" href="#footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>If he should fail in discovering a new highway to the east in reaching
+these "People of the Sea," it would, in any event, be an important step
+toward the exploration of the then unknown west; and why should not the
+explorer, in visiting the various nations living upon the eastern and
+northern shores of Lake Huron, and beyond this inland sea, create<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+friends among the savage tribes, in hopes that a regular trade in
+peltries might be established with them. To this end, he must meet them
+in a friendly way; have talks with them; and firmly unite them, if
+possible, to French interests. Champlain knew, from personal observation
+made while traveling upon the Ottawa and the shores of the Georgian bay
+of Lake Huron&mdash;from the reports of savages who came from their homes
+still further westward, and from what fur-traders, missionaries, and the
+young men sent by him among the savages to learn their languages (of
+whom Nicolet himself was a notable example) had heard that there were
+comparatively easy facilities of communication by water between the
+upper country and the St. Lawrence. He knew, also, that the proper time
+had come to send a trusty ambassador to these far-off nations; so, by
+the end of June, 1634, Nicolet, at Quebec, was ready to begin his
+eventful journey, at the command of Champlain.</p>
+
+<p>"Opposite Quebec lies the tongue of land called Point Levi. One who, in
+the summer of the year 1634, stood on its margin and looked northward,
+across the St. Lawrence, would have seen, at the distance of a mile or
+more, a range of lofty cliffs, rising on the left into the bold heights
+of Cape Diamond, and on the right sinking abruptly to the bed of the
+tributary river St. Charles. Beneath these cliffs, at the brink of the
+St. Lawrence, he would have descried a cluster of warehouses, sheds, and
+wooden tenements. Immediately above, along the verge of the precipice,
+he could have traced the outlines of a fortified work, with a flag-staff
+and a few small cannon to command the river; while, at the only point<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+where nature had made the heights accessible, a zigzag path connected
+the warehouses and the fort.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, embarked in the canoe of some Montagnais Indian, let him cross the
+St. Lawrence, land at the pier, and, passing the cluster of buildings,
+climb the pathway up the cliff. Pausing for a rest and breath, he might
+see, ascending and descending, the tenants of this out-post of the
+wilderness: a soldier of the fort, or an officer in slouched hat and
+plume; a factor of the fur company, owner and sovereign lord of all
+Canada; a party of Indians; a trader from the upper country, one of the
+precursors of that hardy race of <i>coureurs de bois</i>, destined to form a
+conspicuous and striking feature of the Canadian population: next,
+perhaps, would appear a figure widely different. The close, black
+cassock, the rosary hanging from the waist, and the wide, black hat,
+looped up at the sides, proclaimed the Jesuit."<a id="fnanchor_18" href="#footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>There were in Canada, at this date, six of these Jesuits&mdash;Le Jeune,
+Masse, De Nouë, Daniel, Davost, and Brébeuf; to the last three had been
+assigned the Huron mission. On the first day of July, 1634, Daniel and
+Brébeuf left Quebec for Three Rivers, where they were to meet some
+Hurons. Davost followed three days after. About the same time another
+expedition started up the St. Lawrence, destined for the same place, to
+erect a fort. The Jesuits were bound for the scene of their future
+labors in the Huron country. They were to be accompanied, at least as
+far as Isle des Allumettes, by Nicolet on his way to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+Winnebagoes.<a id="fnanchor_19" href="#footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>At Three Rivers, Nicolet assisted in a manner in the permanent
+foundation of the place, by helping to plant some of the pickets of the
+fort just commenced. The Hurons, assembled there for the purposes of
+trade, were ready to return to their homes, and with them the
+missionaries, as well as Nicolet, expected to journey up the Ottawa. The
+savages were few in number, and much difficulty was experienced in
+getting permits from them to carry so many white men, as other Frenchmen
+were also of the company. It was past the middle of July before all were
+on their way.</p>
+
+<p>That Nicolet did not visit the Winnebagoes previous to 1634, is
+reasonably certain. Champlain would not, in 1632, have located upon his
+map Green bay north of Lake Superior, as was done by him in that year,
+had Nicolet been there before that date. As he was sent by Champlain,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+the latter must have had knowledge of his going; so that had he started
+in 1632, or the previous year, the governor would, doubtless, have
+awaited his return before noting down, from Indian reports only, the
+location of rivers and lakes and the homes of savage nations in those
+distant regions.</p>
+
+<p>It has already been shown, that Nicolet probably returned to Quebec in
+1633, relinquishing his home among the Nipissing Indians that year. And
+that he did not immediately set out at the command of Champlain to
+return up the Ottawa and journey thence to the Winnebagoes, is certain;
+as the savages from the west, then trading at the site of what is now
+Three Rivers, were in no humor to allow him to retrace his steps, even
+had he desired it.<a id="fnanchor_20" href="#footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>It may, therefore, be safely asserted that, before the year 1634, "those
+so remote countries," lying to the northward and northwestward, beyond
+the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, had never been seen by civilized man.
+But, did Nicolet visit those ulterior regions in 1634, returning thence
+in 1635? That these were the years of his explorations and discoveries,
+there can be no longer any doubt.<a id="fnanchor_21" href="#footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> After the ninth day of December,
+of the last-mentioned year, his continued presence upon the St. Lawrence
+is a matter of record, up to the day of his death, except from the
+nineteenth of March, 1638, to the ninth of January, 1639. These ten<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+months could not have seen him journeying from Quebec to the center of
+what is now Wisconsin, and return; for, deducting those which could not
+have been traveled in because of ice in the rivers and lakes, and the
+remaining ones were too few for his voyage, considering the number of
+tribes he is known to have visited. Then, too, the Iroquois had
+penetrated the country of the Algonquins, rendering it totally unsafe
+for such explorations, even by a Frenchman. Besides, it may be stated
+that Champlain was no longer among the living, and that with him died
+the spirit of discovery which alone could have prompted the journey.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the marriage of Nicolet which had previously taken place,
+militates against the idea of his having attempted any more daring
+excursions among savage nations. As, therefore, he certainly traveled up
+the Ottawa, as far as Isle des Allumettes, in 1634,<a id="fnanchor_22" href="#footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and as there is
+no evidence of his having been upon the St. Lawrence until near the
+close of the next year, the conclusion, from these facts alone, is
+irresistible that, during this period, he accomplished, as hereafter
+detailed, the exploration of the western countries; visited the
+Winnebagoes, as well as several neighboring nations, and returned to the
+St. Lawrence; all of which, it is believed, could not have been
+performed in one summer.<a id="fnanchor_23" href="#footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+But what, heretofore, has been a very strong probability, is now seen
+clearly to be a fact; as it is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+certainly known that an agreement for peace was made some time before
+June, 1635, between certain Indian tribes (Winnebagoes and Nez Percés),
+which, as the account indicates, was brought about by Nicolet in his
+journey to the Far West.<a id="fnanchor_24" href="#footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>The sufferings endured by all the Frenchmen, except Nicolet, in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+traveling up the Ottawa, were very severe. The latter had been so many
+years among the Indians, was so inured to the toils of the wilderness,
+that he met every hardship with the courage, the fortitude, and the
+strength of the most robust savage.<a id="fnanchor_25" href="#footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Not so with the rest of the
+party. "Barefoot, lest their shoes should injure the frail vessel, each
+crouched in his canoe, toiling with unpracticed hands to propel it.
+Before him, week after week, he saw the same lank, unkempt hair, the
+same tawny shoulders, and long naked arms ceaselessly plying the
+paddle."<a id="fnanchor_26" href="#footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+A scanty diet of Indian-corn gave them little strength to
+assist in carrying canoes and baggage across the numerous portages. They
+were generally ill-treated by the savages, and only reached the Huron
+villages after great peril. Nicolet remained for a time at Isle des
+Allumettes, where he parted with Brébeuf.</p>
+
+<p>To again meet "the Algonquins of the Isle" must have been a pleasure to
+Nicolet; but he could not tarry long with them. To the Huron villages,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+on the borders of Georgian bay, he was to go before entering upon his
+journey to unexplored countries. To them he must hasten, as to them he
+was first accredited by Champlain. He had a long distance to travel from
+the homes of that nation before reaching the Winnebagoes. There was
+need, therefore, for expedition. He must yet make his way up the Ottawa
+to the Mattawan, a tributary, and by means of the latter reach Lake
+Nipissing. Thence, he would float down French river to Georgian bay.<a id="fnanchor_27" href="#footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+And, even after this body of water was reached, it would require a
+considerable canoe navigation, coasting along to the southward, before
+he could set foot upon Huron territory. So Nicolet departed from the
+Algonquins of the Isle, and arrived safely at the Huron towns.<a id="fnanchor_28" href="#footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+Was he a stranger to this nation? Had he, during his long sojourn among the
+Nipissings, visited their villages? Certain it is he could speak their
+language. He must have had, while residing with the Algonquins, very
+frequent intercourse with Huron parties, who often visited Lake
+Nipissing and the Ottawa river for purposes of trade.<a id="fnanchor_29" href="#footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+But why was Nicolet accredited by Champlain to the Hurons at all? Was not the St.
+Lawrence visited yearly by their traders? It could not have been,
+therefore, to establish a commerce, with them. Neither could it have
+been to explore their country; for the <i>voyageur</i>, the fur-trader, the
+missionary, even Champlain himself, as we have seen, had already been at
+their towns. Was the refusal, a year previous, of their trading-parties
+at Quebec to take the Jesuits to their homes the cause of Nicolet's
+being sent to smoke the pipe of peace with their chiefs? This could not
+have been the reason, else the missionaries would not have preceded him
+from the Isle des Allumettes. He certainly had to travel many miles out
+of his way in going from the Ottawa to the Winnebagoes by way of the
+Huron villages. His object was, evidently, to inform the Hurons that the
+governor of Canada was anxious to have amicable relations established
+between them and the Winnebagoes, and to obtain a few of the nation to
+accompany him upon his mission of peace.<a id="fnanchor_30" href="#footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was now that Nicolet, after all ceremonies and "talks" with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+Hurons were ended, began preparations for his voyage to the Winnebagoes.
+He was to strike boldly into undiscovered regions. He was to encounter
+savage nations never before visited. It was, in reality, the beginning
+of a voyage full of dangers&mdash;one that would require great tact, great
+courage, and constant facing of difficulties. No one, however,
+understood better the savage character than he; no Frenchman was more
+fertile of resources. From the St. Lawrence, he had brought presents to
+conciliate the Indian tribes which he would meet. Seven Hurons were to
+accompany him.<a id="fnanchor_31" href="#footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+Before him lay great lakes; around him, when on land,
+would frown dark forests. A birch-bark canoe was to bear the first white
+man along the northern shore of Lake Huron, and upon Saint Mary's
+strait<a id="fnanchor_32" href="#footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>
+to the falls&mdash;"Sault Sainte Marie;" many miles on Lake
+Michigan; thence, up Green bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes:<a id="fnanchor_33" href="#footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+that canoe was to lead the van of a mighty fleet indeed, as the commerce
+of the upper lakes can testify. With him, he had a number of presents.</p>
+
+<p>What nations were encountered by him on the way to "the People of the
+Sea," from the Huron villages? Three&mdash;all of Algonquin lineage&mdash;occupied
+the shores of the Georgian bay, before the mouth of French river had
+been reached. Concerning them, little is known, except their names.<a id="fnanchor_34" href="#footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>
+Passing the river which flows from Lake Nipissing, Nicolet "upon the
+same shores of this fresh-water sea," that is, upon the shores of Lake
+Huron, came next to "the Nation of Beavers,"<a id="fnanchor_35" href="#footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>
+whose hunting-grounds were northward of the Manitoulin islands.<a id="fnanchor_36" href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+This nation was afterward esteemed among the most noble of those of Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+They were supposed to be descended from the Great Beaver, which was, next to the Great Hare,
+their principal divinity. They inhabited originally the Beaver islands,
+in Lake Michigan; afterward the Manitoulin islands; then they removed to
+the main-land, where they were found by Nicolet. Farther on, but still
+upon the margin of the great lake, was found another tribe.<a id="fnanchor_37" href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>
+This people, and the Amikoüai, were of the Algonquin family, and their
+language was not difficult to be understood by Nicolet. Entering,
+finally, St. Mary's strait, his canoes were urged onward for a number of
+miles, until the falls&mdash;Sault de Sainte Marie<a id="fnanchor_38" href="#footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>&mdash;were reached: and
+there stood Nicolet, the first white man to set foot upon any portion of
+what was, more than a century and a half after, called "the territory
+northwest of the river Ohio,"<a id="fnanchor_39" href="#footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> now the States of Ohio, Indiana,
+Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and so much of Minnesota as lies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+east of the Mississippi river.</p>
+
+<p>Among "the People of the Falls,"<a id="fnanchor_40" href="#footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> at their principal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+village, on the south side of the strait, at the foot of the rapids,<a id="fnanchor_41" href="#footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+in what is now the State of Michigan,<a id="fnanchor_42" href="#footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+Nicolet and his seven Hurons rested from the fatigues of their weary voyage.<a id="fnanchor_43" href="#footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>
+They were still with Algonquins.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+From Lake Huron they had entered upon one of the channels of the
+magnificent water-way leading out from Lake Superior, and threaded their
+way, now through narrow rapids, now across (as it were) little lakes,
+now around beautiful islands, to within fifteen miles of the largest
+expanse of fresh water on the globe&mdash;stretching away in its grandeur to
+the westward, a distance of full four hundred miles.<a id="fnanchor_44" href="#footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Nicolet saw
+beyond him the falls; around him clusters of wigwams, which two
+centuries and a half have changed into public buildings and private
+residences, into churches and warehouses, into offices and stores&mdash;in
+short, into a pleasantly-situated American village,<a id="fnanchor_45" href="#footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> frequently
+visited by steamboats carrying valuable freight and crowded with parties
+of pleasure. The portage around the falls, where, in early times, the
+Indian carried his birch-bark canoe, has given place to an excellent
+canal. Such are the changes which "the course of empire" continually<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+brings to view in "the vast, illimitable, changing west."</p>
+
+<p>Nicolet tarried among "the People of the Falls," probably, but a brief
+period. His voyage, after leaving them, must have been to him one of
+great interest. He returned down the strait, passing, it is thought,
+through the western "detour" to Mackinaw.<a id="fnanchor_46" href="#footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Not very many miles
+brought him to "the second fresh-water sea," Lake Michigan.<a id="fnanchor_47" href="#footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> He is
+fairly entitled to the honor of its discovery; for no white man had ever
+before looked out upon its broad expanse. Nicolet was soon gliding along
+upon the clear waters of this out-of-the-way link in the great chain of
+lakes. The bold Frenchman fearlessly threaded his way along its northern
+shore, frequently stopping upon what is now known as "the upper
+peninsula" of Michigan, until the bay of Noquet<a id="fnanchor_48" href="#footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+was reached, which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+is, in reality, a northern arm of Green bay.<a id="fnanchor_49" href="#footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>
+Here, upon its northern border, he visited another Algonquin tribe;<a id="fnanchor_50" href="#footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>
+also one living to the northward of this "small lake."<a id="fnanchor_51" href="#footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>
+These tribes never navigated those waters any great distance, but lived
+upon the fruits of the earth.<a id="fnanchor_52" href="#footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Making his way up Green bay, he finally reached the Menomonee river, its
+principal northern affluent.<a id="fnanchor_53" href="#footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the valley of the Menomonee, Nicolet met a populous tribe of
+Indians&mdash;the Menomonees.<a id="fnanchor_54" href="#footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>
+To his surprise, no doubt, he found they were of a lighter complexion than
+any other savages he had ever seen. Their language was difficult to understand,
+yet it showed the nation to be of the Algonquin stock. Their food was largely of wild rice, which
+grew in great abundance in their country. They were adepts in fishing,
+and hunted, with skill, the game which abounded in the forests. They had
+their homes and hunting grounds upon the stream which still bears their
+name.<a id="fnanchor_55" href="#footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nicolet soon resumed his journey toward the Winnebagoes, who had already
+been made aware of his near approach; for he had sent forward one of
+his Hurons to carry the news of his coming and of his mission of peace.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+The messenger and his message were well received. The Winnebagoes
+dispatched several of their young men to meet the "wonderful man." They
+go to him&mdash;they escort him&mdash;they carry his baggage.<a id="fnanchor_56" href="#footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>
+He was clothed in a large garment of Chinese damask, sprinkled with flowers and birds
+of different colors.<a id="fnanchor_57" href="#footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>
+But, why thus attired? Possibly, he had <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+reached the far east; he was, really, in what is now the State of
+Wisconsin.<a id="fnanchor_58" href="#footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>
+Possibly, a party of mandarins would soon greet him and
+welcome him to Cathay. And this robe&mdash;this dress of ceremony&mdash;was
+brought all the way from Quebec, doubtless, with a view to such<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+contingency. As soon as he came in sight, all the women and children
+fled, seeing a man carrying thunder in his two hands; for thus it was
+they called his pistols, which he discharged on his right and on his
+left.<a id="fnanchor_59" href="#footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+He was a manito! Nicolet's journey was, for the present, at an
+end. He and his Huron's "rested from their labors," among the
+Winnebagoes,<a id="fnanchor_60" href="#footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>
+who were located around the head of Green bay,<a id="fnanchor_61" href="#footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+contiguous to the point where it receives the waters of Fox
+river.<a id="fnanchor_62" href="#footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>
+Nicolet found the Winnebagoes a numerous and sedentary<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+people,<a id="fnanchor_63" href="#footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>
+speaking a language radically different from any of the Algonquin
+nations, as well as from the Hurons.<a id="fnanchor_64" href="#footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> They were of the Dakota
+stock.<a id="fnanchor_65" href="#footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>
+The news of the Frenchman's coming spread through the country. Four or five
+thousand people assembled of different tribes.<a id="fnanchor_66" href="#footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>
+Each of the chiefs gave a banquet. One of the sachems regaled his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+guests with at least one hundred and twenty beavers.<a id="fnanchor_67" href="#footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>
+The large assemblage was prolific of speeches and ceremonies. Nicolet did not fail
+to "speak of peace" upon that interesting occasion.<a id="fnanchor_68" href="#footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>
+He urged upon the nation the advantages of an alliance, rather than war, with the
+nations to the eastward of Lake Huron. They agreed to keep the peace
+with the Hurons, Nez Percés, and, possibly, other tribes; but, soon
+after Nicolet's return, they sent out war parties against the Beaver
+nation. Doubtless the advantages of trade with the colony upon the St.
+Lawrence were depicted in glowing colors by the Frenchman. But the
+courageous Norman was not satisfied with a visit to the Winnebagoes
+only. He must see the neighboring tribes. So he ascended the Fox river
+of Green bay, to Winnebago lake&mdash;passing through which, he again entered
+that stream, paddling his canoe up its current, until he reached the
+homes of the Mascoutins,<a id="fnanchor_69" href="#footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>
+the first tribe to be met with after leaving the "Winnebagoes;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+for the Sacs<a id="fnanchor_70" href="#footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> and
+Foxes<a id="fnanchor_71" href="#footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> were not
+residents of what is now Wisconsin at that period,&mdash;their migration
+thither, from the east, having been at a subsequent date. Nicolet had
+navigated the Fox river, a six-days' journey, since leaving the
+Winnebagoes.<a id="fnanchor_72" href="#footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Mascoutins, as we have seen, were heard of by Champlain as early as
+1615, as being engaged in a war with the Neuter nation and the Ottawas.
+But, up to the time of Nicolet's visit, and for a number of years<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+subsequent (as he gave no clue himself to their locality), they were
+only known as living two hundred leagues or more beyond the last
+mentioned tribe&mdash;that is, that distance beyond the south end of the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron.<a id="fnanchor_73" href="#footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
+Their villages were in the valley of the Fox river, probably in what<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+is now Green Lake county, Wisconsin.<a id="fnanchor_74" href="#footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>
+They had, doubtless, for their neighbors, the Miamis<a id="fnanchor_75" href="#footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> and
+Kickapoos.<a id="fnanchor_76" href="#footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>
+They were a vigorous and warlike nation, of Algonquin
+stock, as were also the two tribes last mentioned. Nicolet, while among
+the Mascoutins, heard of the Wisconsin river, which was distant only
+three days' journey up the tortuous channel of the Fox. But the accounts
+given him of that tributary of the Mississippi were evidently very
+confused. A reference to the parent stream (confounded with the
+Wisconsin) as "the great water,"<a id="fnanchor_77" href="#footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> by the savages, caused him to
+believe that he was, in reality, but three days' journey from the sea;
+and so he reported after his return to the St. Lawrence.<a id="fnanchor_78" href="#footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> Strange to
+say, Nicolet resolved not to visit this ocean, although, as he believed,
+so near its shores.</p>
+
+<p>He traveled no further upon the Fox river,<a id="fnanchor_79" href="#footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>
+but turned his course to the southward. And the Jesuits consoled themselves,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+when they heard of his shortcoming, with the hope that one day the western<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+sea would be reached by one of their order.<a id="fnanchor_80" href="#footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>
+"In passing, I will say," wrote one of their missionaries, in 1640,
+"that we have strong indications that one can descend through the
+second lake of the Hurons ... into this sea."<a id="fnanchor_81" href="#footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But why should Nicolet leave the Fox river and journey away from the
+Mascoutins to the southward? The answer is, that, at no great distance,
+lived the Illinois.<a id="fnanchor_82" href="#footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Their country extended eastward to Lake
+Michigan, and westward to the Mississippi, if not beyond it. This nation
+was of too much importance, and their homes too easy of access, for
+Nicolet not to have visited them.<a id="fnanchor_83" href="#footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>
+Upon the beautiful prairies of what is now the state bearing their name,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+was this tribe located, with some bands, probably nearly as far northward as the southern counties of
+the present State of Wisconsin. It is not known in how many villages of
+these savages he smoked the pipe of peace. From their homes he returned
+to the Winnebagoes.</p>
+
+<p>Before Nicolet left the country, on his return to the St. Lawrence, he
+obtained knowledge of the Sioux&mdash;those traders from the west who, it
+will be remembered, were represented as coming in canoes upon a sea to
+the Winnebagoes; the same "sea," doubtless, he came so near to, but did
+not behold&mdash;the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers! Although without
+beards, and having only a tuft of hair upon their crowns, these Sioux
+were no longer mandarins&mdash;no longer from China or Japan! Bands of this
+tribe had pushed their way across the Mississippi, far above the mouth
+of the Wisconsin, but made no further progress eastward. They, like the
+Winnebagoes, as previously stated, were of the Dakota family. Whether
+any of them were seen by Nicolet is not known;<a id="fnanchor_84" href="#footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> but he, doubtless,
+learned something of their real character. There was yet one tribe near
+the Winnebagoes to be visited&mdash;the Pottawattamies.<a id="fnanchor_85" href="#footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> They were located
+upon the islands at the mouth of Green bay, and upon the main land to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+the southward, along the western shores of Lake Michigan.<a id="fnanchor_86" href="#footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> On these
+Algonquins&mdash;for they were of that lineage&mdash;Nicolet, upon his return
+trip, made a friendly call.<a id="fnanchor_87" href="#footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> Their homes were not on the line of his
+outward voyage, but to the south of it. Nicolet gave no information of
+them which has been preserved, except that they were neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes.<a id="fnanchor_88" href="#footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>So Nicolet, in the spring of 1635,<a id="fnanchor_89" href="#footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> having previously made many
+friends in the far northwest for his countrymen upon the St. Lawrence,
+and for France, of nations of Indians, only a few of which had before
+been heard of, and none ever before visited by a white man; having been
+the first to discover Lake Michigan and "the territory northwest of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+river Ohio;" having boldly struck into the wilderness for hundreds of
+leagues beyond the Huron villages&mdash;then the Ultima Thule of civilized
+discoveries; returned, with his seven dusky companions, by way of
+Mackinaw and along the south shores of the Great Manitoulin island to
+the home thereon of a band of Ottawas.<a id="fnanchor_90" href="#footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> He proceeded thence to the
+Hurons; retracing, afterward, his steps to the mouth of French river,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+up that stream to Lake Nipissing, and down the Mattawan and Ottawa to
+the St. Lawrence; journeying, upon his return, it is thought, with the
+savages upon their annual trading-voyage to the French settlements.<a id="fnanchor_91" href="#footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>
+And Nicolet's exploration was ended.<a id="fnanchor_92" href="#footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p>
+
+
+<p><a id="Page_75"></a></p>
+<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>NICOLET'S SUBSEQUENT CAREER AND DEATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="p2">It is not difficult to imagine the interest which must have been
+awakened in the breast of Champlain upon the return of Nicolet to
+Quebec. With what delight he must have heard his recital of the
+particulars of the voyage! How he must have been enraptured at the
+descriptions of lakes of unknown extent; of great rivers never before
+heard of&mdash;never before seen by a Frenchman! How his imagination must
+have kindled when told of the numerous Indian nations which had been
+visited! But, above all, how fondly he hoped one day to bring all these
+distant countries under the dominion of his own beloved France! But the
+heart thus beating quick with pleasurable emotions at the prospects of
+future glory and renown, soon ceased its throbs. On Christmas day, 1635,
+Champlain died. In a chamber of the fort in Quebec, "breathless and
+cold, lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness, and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain."</p>
+
+<p>The successor of Champlain was Marc Antoine de Bras-de-fer de
+Chasteaufort. He was succeeded by Charles Huault de Montmagny, who
+reached New France in 1636. With him came a considerable reinforcement;
+"and, among the rest, several men of birth and substance, with their
+families and dependents." But Montmagny found the affairs of his colony<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+in a woful condition. The "Company of One Hundred" had passed its
+affairs into the hands of those who were wholly engrossed in the profits
+of trade. Instead of sending out colonists, the Hundred Associates
+"granted lands, with the condition that the grantees should furnish a
+certain number of settlers to clear and till them, and these were to be
+credited to the company." The Iroquois, who, from their intercourse with
+the Dutch and English traders, had been supplied with firearms, and were
+fast becoming proficient in their use, attacked the Algonquins and
+Hurons&mdash;allies of the French, interrupting their canoes, laden with
+furs, as they descended the St. Lawrence, killing their owners, or
+hurrying them as captives into the forests, to suffer the horrors of
+torture.</p>
+
+<p>At a point to which was given the name of Sillery, four miles above
+Quebec, a new Algonquin mission was started; still, in the immediate
+neighborhood of the town, the dark forests almost unbroken frowned as
+gloomily as when, thirty years before, Champlain founded the future
+city. Probably, in all New France, the population, in 1640, did not much
+exceed two hundred, including women and children. On the eighteenth of
+May, 1642, Montreal began its existence. The tents of the founders were
+"inclosed with a strong palisade, and their altar covered by a
+provisional chapel, built, in the Huron mode, of bark." But the Iroquois
+had long before become the enemies of the French, sometimes seriously
+threatening Quebec. So, upon the Island of Montreal, every precaution
+was taken to avoid surprise. Solid structures of wood soon defied the
+attacks of the savages; and, to give greater security to the colonists,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+Montmagny caused a fort to be erected at the mouth of the Richelieu, in
+the following August. But the end of the year 1642 brought no relief to
+the Algonquins or Hurons, and little to the French, from the ferocious
+Iroquois.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long after Nicolet's return to Quebec, from his visit to "the
+People of the Sea," and neighboring nations, before he was assigned to
+Three Rivers by Champlain, where he was to continue his office of
+commissary and interpreter; for, on the ninth of December, 1635, he
+"came to give advice to the missionaries who were dwelling at the
+mission that a young Algonquin was sick; and that it would be proper to
+visit him."<a id="fnanchor_93" href="#footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> And, again, on the seventh of the following month, he is
+found visiting, with one of the missionaries, a sick Indian, near the
+fort, at Three Rivers.<a id="fnanchor_94" href="#footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> His official labors were performed to the
+great satisfaction of both French and Indians, by whom he was equally<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+and sincerely loved. He was constantly assisting the missionaries, so
+far as his time would permit, in the conversion of the savages, whom he
+knew how to manage and direct as he desired, and with a skill that could
+hardly find its equal. His kindness won their esteem and respect. His
+charity seemed, indeed, to know no bounds.<a id="fnanchor_95" href="#footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> As interpreter for one of
+the missionaries, he accompanied him from Three Rivers on a journey some
+leagues distant, on the twelfth of April, 1636, to visit some savages<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+who were sick; thus constantly administering to their sufferings.<a id="fnanchor_96" href="#footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the colonists of New France were living in a state of
+temporal and spiritual vassalage, yet the daring Nicolet, and others of
+the interpreters of Champlain, although devout Catholics and friendly to
+the establishment of missions among the Indian nations, were not
+Jesuits, nor in the service of these fathers; neither was their's the
+mission work, in any sense, which was so zealously prosecuted by these
+disciples of Loyola. They were a small class of men, whose home&mdash;some of
+them&mdash;was the forest, and their companions savages. They followed the
+Indians in their roamings, lived with them, grew familiar with their
+language, allied themselves, in some cases, with their women, and often
+became oracles in the camp and leaders on the war-path. Doubtless, when
+they returned from their rovings, they often had pressing need of
+penance and absolution. Several of them were men of great intelligence
+and an invincible courage. From hatred of restraint, and love of wild
+and adventurous independence, they encountered privations and dangers
+scarcely less than those to which the Jesuit exposed himself from
+motives widely different:&mdash;he, from religious zeal, charity, and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+hope of paradise; they, simply because they liked it. Some of the best
+families of Canada claim descent from this vigorous and hardy stock.<a id="fnanchor_97" href="#footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p>
+
+<p>"The Jesuits from the first had cherished the plan of a seminary for
+Huron boys at Quebec. The governor and the company favored the design;
+since not only would it be an efficient means of spreading the faith and
+attaching the tribe to the French interest, but the children would be
+pledges for the good behavior of the parents, and hostages for the
+safety of missionaries and traders in the Indian towns. In the summer of
+1636, Father Daniel, descending from the Huron country, worn, emaciated,
+his cassock patched and tattered, and his shirt in rags, brought with
+him a boy, to whom two others were soon added; and through the influence
+of the interpreter, Nicolet, the number was afterward increased by
+several more. One of them ran away, two ate themselves to death, a
+fourth was carried home by his father, while three of those remaining
+stole a canoe, loaded it with all they could lay their hands upon, and
+escaped in triumph with their plunder."<a id="fnanchor_98" href="#footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nicolet frequently visited Quebec. Upon one of these occasions he had a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+narrow escape. He found the St. Lawrence incumbered with ice. Behind him
+there came so great a quantity of it that he was compelled to get out of
+his canoe and jump upon one of the floating pieces. He saved himself
+with much difficulty and labor. This happened in April, 1637.<a id="fnanchor_99" href="#footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> On the
+twenty-seventh of the same month Nicolet was present at Quebec, on the
+occasion of a deputation of Indians from Three Rivers waiting upon the
+governor, asking a favor at his hands promised by Champlain. He was
+consulted as to what the promise of the former governor was.<a id="fnanchor_100" href="#footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
+
+<p>In June, he was sent, it seems, up from the fort at Three Rivers to
+ascertain whether the Iroquois were approaching. He went as far as the
+river Des Prairies&mdash;the name for the Ottawa on the north side of the
+island of Montreal.<a id="fnanchor_101" href="#footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> In August, the enemy threatened Three Rivers in
+force. The French and Indians in the fort could not be decoyed into
+danger. However, a boat was sent up the St. Lawrence, conducted by
+Nicolet. The bark approached the place where the Iroquois were, but
+could not get within gun-shot; yet a random discharge did some
+execution. The enemy were judged to be about five hundred strong.
+Although the fort at Three Rivers was thus seriously threatened, no
+attack was made.<a id="fnanchor_102" href="#footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of October, 1637, Nicolet was married at Quebec to
+Marguerite Couillard, a god-child of Champlain.<a id="fnanchor_103" href="#footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+The fruit of this marriage was but one child&mdash;a daughter. Nicolet continued his residence
+at Three Rivers, largely employed in his official duties of commissary
+and interpreter, remaining there until the time of his death.<a id="fnanchor_104" href="#footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> In
+1641, he, with one of the Jesuit fathers, was very busy in dealing with
+a large force of Iroquois that was threatening the place.<a id="fnanchor_105" href="#footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<p>About the first of October, 1642, Nicolet was called down to Quebec from
+Three Rivers, to take the place of his brother-in-law, M. Olivier le
+Tardiff, who was General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, and who
+sailed on the seventh of that month for France. The change was a very
+agreeable one to Nicolet, but he did not long enjoy it; for, in less
+than a month after his arrival, in endeavoring to make a trip to his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+place of residence to release an Indian prisoner in the possession of a
+band of Algonquins, who were slowly torturing him, his zeal and humanity
+cost him his life.<a id="fnanchor_106" href="#footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>
+On the 27th of October,<a id="fnanchor_107" href="#footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> he embarked at
+Quebec, near seven o'clock in the evening, in the launch of M. de
+Savigny, which was headed for Three Rivers. He had not yet reached
+Sillery, when a northeast squall raised a terrible tempest on the St.
+Lawrence and filled the boat. Those who were in it did not immediately
+go down; they clung some time to the launch. Nicolet had time to say to
+M. de Savigny, "Save yourself, sir; you can swim; I can not. I am going
+to God. I recommend to you my wife and daughter."<a id="fnanchor_108" href="#footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p>
+
+<p>The wild waves tore the men, one after another, from the boat, which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+had capsized and floated against a rock, and four, including Nicolet,
+sank to rise no more.<a id="fnanchor_109" href="#footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>
+M. de Savigny alone cast himself into the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+water, and swam among the waves, which were like small mountains. The
+launch was not very far from the shore, but it was pitch dark, and the
+bitter cold had covered the river banks with ice. Savigny, feeling his
+resolution and his strength failing him, made a vow to God, and a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+little after, reaching down with his feet, he felt the bottom, and
+stepping out of the water, he reached Sillery half dead. For quite a
+while he was unable to speak; then, at last, he recounted the fatal
+accident which, besides the death of Nicolet&mdash;disastrous to the whole
+country&mdash;had cost him three of his best men and a large part of his
+property. He and his wife suffered this great loss, in a barbarous
+country, with great patience and resignation to the will of God, and
+without losing any of their courage.<a id="fnanchor_110" href="#footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The savages of Sillery, at the report of Nicolet's shipwreck, ran to the
+place, and not seeing him any where, displayed indescribable sorrow. It
+was not the first time he had exposed himself to danger of death for the
+good of the Indians. He had done so frequently. Thus perished John
+Nicolet, in the waters of the great river of Canada&mdash;the red man and the
+Frenchman alike mourning his untimely fate.<a id="fnanchor_111" href="#footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
+
+<p>Twelve days after the shipwreck, the prisoner to the Algonquins, for
+whose deliverance Nicolet started on his journey, arrived at
+Sillery&mdash;the commander at Three Rivers, following the order of the
+governor, having ransomed him. He was conducted to the hospital of the
+place to be healed of the injuries he had received from his captors.
+They had stripped the flesh from his arms, in some places to the bone.
+The nuns at the hospital cared for him with much sympathy, and cured him
+so quickly that in a month's time he was able to return to his country.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+All the neophytes showed him as much compassion and charity as the
+Algonquins had displayed of cruelty. They gave him two good,
+Christianized savages to escort him as far as the country of a
+neighboring tribe of his own, to the end that he might reach his home in
+safety.<a id="fnanchor_112" href="#footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p>
+
+<p>After the return of the French to Quebec, the Jesuits, as previously
+mentioned, were commissioned with the administration of spiritual
+affairs in New France. Some of these turned their attention to the
+Europeans; the rest were employed in missions among the savages. In the
+autumn of 1635, the residences and missions of Canada contained fifteen
+Fathers and five Brothers of the Society of Jesus. At Quebec, there were
+also formed two seculars&mdash;ecclesiastics. One of these was a brother of
+Nicolet.<a id="fnanchor_113" href="#footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>
+He had come from Cherbourg to join him upon the St. Lawrence; and,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+during his residence in the colony, which was continued
+to 1647, he was employed in visiting French settlements at a distance
+from Quebec.<a id="fnanchor_114" href="#footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>
+Another brother&mdash;Pierre&mdash;who was a navigator, also
+resided in Canada, but left the country some time after Nicolet's
+death.<a id="fnanchor_115" href="#footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>
+The widow of Nicolet was married at Quebec, in 1646, to Nicholas Macard.</p>
+
+<p>Nicolet's discoveries, although not immediately followed up because of
+the hostility of the Iroquois and the lack of the spirit of adventure in
+Champlain's successor, caused, finally, great results. He had unlocked
+the door to the Far West, where, afterward, were seen the fur-trader,
+the <i>voyageur</i>, the Jesuit missionary, and the government agent. New
+France was extended to the Mississippi and beyond; yet Nicolet did not
+live to witness the progress of French trade and conquest in the
+countries he had discovered.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the family of Nicolet appears to have been extinguished in
+Canada, with the departure of M. Gilles Nicolet, priest, already
+mentioned; but the respect which the worthy interpreter had deserved
+induced the people of Three Rivers to perpetuate his memory. The example
+had been given before his death. We read in the <i>Relation</i> of 1637 that
+the river St. John, near Montreal (now the river Jésus), took its name<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+from <i>John</i> Nicolet. To-day Canada has the river, the lake, the falls,
+the village, the city, the college, and the county of Nicolet.<a id="fnanchor_116" href="#footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>
+From the United States&mdash;especially from the Northwest&mdash;equal honor is due.</p>
+
+<p>"History can not refrain from saluting Nicolet as a disinterested
+traveler, who, by his explorations in the interior of America, has given
+clear proofs of his energetic character, and whose merits have not been
+disputed, although subsequently they were temporarily forgotten." The
+first fruits of his daring were gathered by the Jesuit fathers even
+before his death; for, in the autumn of 1641, those of them who were
+among the Hurons received a deputation of Indians occupying "the country
+around a rapid, in the midst of the channel by which Lake Superior
+empties into Lake Huron," inviting them to visit their tribe. These<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+"missionaries were not displeased with the opportunity thus presented of
+knowing the countries lying beyond Lake Huron, which no one of them had
+yet traversed;" so Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault were detached to
+accompany the Chippewa deputies, and view the field simply, not to
+establish a mission. They passed along the shore of Lake Huron,
+northward, and pushed as far up St. Mary's strait as the "Sault," which
+they reached after seventeen days' sail from their place of starting.
+There they&mdash;the first white men to visit the Northwest after
+Nicolet&mdash;harangued two thousand of that nation, and other Algonquins.
+Upon their return to the St. Lawrence, Jogues was captured by the
+Iroquois, and Raymbault died on the twenty-second of October, 1642&mdash;a
+few days before the death of Nicolet.</p>
+
+
+<p><a id="Page_93"></a></p>
+<h2 class="p4">APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="appendixI">I.</a>&mdash;EXTRACTS (LITERAL) FROM THE PARISH CHURCH REGISTER, OF THREE RIVERS,
+CANADA, CONCERNING NICOLET.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>I.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 27 du mois de décembre 1635, fut baptisée par le Père Jacques
+Buteux<a id="fnanchor_117" href="#footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>
+une petite fille âgée d'environ deux ans, fille du capitaine
+des Montagnetz Capitainal.<a id="fnanchor_118" href="#footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>
+Elle fut nommée <i>Marie</i> par M. de
+Maupertuis et M. Nicollet ses parrains. Elle s'appelait en sauvage
+8minag8m8c8c8."<a id="fnanchor_119" href="#footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4>II.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 30 du mois de Mai 1636, une jeune Sauvagesse Algonquine instruite
+par le Père Jacques Buteux, fut baptisée par le Père Claude Quentin et
+nommée Françoise par M. Nicollet son parrain." [1637, 7th October. At<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+Quebec. Marriage of Nicolet with Marguerite Couillard.]</p>
+
+
+<h4>III.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 18 novembre 1637 fut baptisée (par le Père Claude Pijart) une femme
+Algonquine. Elle fut nommée Marie par Nicollet son parrain. Elle est
+décédée."</p>
+
+
+<h4>IV.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 18 décembre 1637 fut baptisé par le Père Jacques Buteux un petit
+Algonquin âgé d'environ deux ans, et fut nommé Jean par M. Nicollet. Il
+est décédé."</p>
+
+
+<h4>V.</h4>
+
+<p>"1638. Le 19 de mars, jour de Saint-Joseph, fut baptisé par le Père
+Jacques Buteux, dans notre chapelle avec les cérémonies de l'Eglise,
+Anisk8ask8si, et fut nommé Paul par M. Nicollet, son parrain; sa
+marraine fut mademoiselle Marie Le Neuf.<a id="fnanchor_120" href="#footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>
+Il est décédé." [The Parish Register for 1638 stops at the date of
+24th May, the remainder being lost.]</p>
+
+
+<h4>VI.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 9 janvier 1639, le Père Jacques Delaplace baptisa solennellement, en
+notre chapelle, une petite fille âgée de 2 ans appelée Nitig8m8sta8an,
+fille de Papitchitikpabe8, capitaine de la Petite-Nation. Elle<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+fut nommée Louise par M. Nicolet. Sa marraine fut une Sauvagesse baptisée,
+femme de feu Thebachit."</p>
+
+
+<h4>VII.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 4 mars 1639, le Révérend Père Jacques Buteux baptisa solennellement
+en notre chappelle les deux enfants de 8ab8sch8stig8an, Algonquin de
+l'Isle, et Sk8esens, sa femme. Le fils âgé d'environ quatre ans fut
+nommé Thomas par M. Nicolet, et Alizon,<a id="fnanchor_121" href="#footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>
+et la fille âgée d'environ six ans, fut nommée Marguerite par M. de
+Malapart<a id="fnanchor_122" href="#footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> et Madame Nicolet."</p>
+
+
+<h4>VIII.</h4>
+
+<p>"1639. Le huitième Mars, le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement
+Nipiste8ignan âgé d'environ vingt ans, fils de François Nenascouat,<a id="fnanchor_123" href="#footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>
+habitant de Sillery. François Marguerie et Madame Nicolet le nommèrent
+Vincent."</p>
+
+
+<h4>IX.</h4>
+
+<p>"Le 20 mars 1639 le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement en notre
+chapelle Louis Godefroy, fils de M. Jean Godefroy<a id="fnanchor_124" href="#footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>
+et de Damoisselle Marie Le Neuf.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+Son parrain fut Thomas Godefroy, et sa marraine Madame
+Marguerite Nicolet."</p>
+
+
+<h4>X.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno Domini 1639 die 16 Julii, Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens parochi
+ecclesiæ B. V. Conceptæ ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum ceremoniis,
+Ognatem, 4 circiter menses, natem patre 8kar8st8, <i>de la Petite-Nation</i>,
+et matre 8sasamit8n8k8e8. Patrinus fuit D. Jaunes Nicolets Interp."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XI.</h4>
+
+<p>"1639. Anno Domini 1639, di 20 julii Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens
+parochi ecclesiæ Beatæ Virginis Conceptæ ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum
+ceremoniis Marinum, filium patria insularibus; patrinus idem qui supra
+Joannes Nicolet. Infant natus 2 menses. Il est décédé."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XII.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno Domini 1639, die 30. Julii, Ego Jacobus Buteux vices agens parochi
+ecclesiæ B. V. C. at Tria Flumina, baptizavit Algonquinensen natum 40
+circiter annos nomine Abdom Chibanagouch, patria insularem, quem
+nominavit Dominus Joannes Nicolet nunc Joseph 8masatick8e." [1639. 9th
+October. Nicolet was present at the wedding of Jean Joliet and Marie
+d'Abancour, at Quebec. Louis Joliet, son of the above, was the
+discoverer of the Upper Mississippi.]<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>XIII.</h4>
+
+<p>"1639. Die 7 Decembris. Ego Jacobus Buteux baptizavit infentem annum
+circiter natum, nomine Ombrosuim Katank8quich, filium defuncti
+8tagamechk8, patria 88echkarini, quedu educat N8ncheak8s mulier patria
+insulare, patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XIV.</h4>
+
+<p>"1640. Die 6 Januarii, ego Jacobus Buteux, baptizavit cum ceremoniis
+Mariam Ik8esens patria insularem natam circiter 28 annos, cujus patrinus
+fuit Joannes Nicolet et Joanna La Meslée,<a id="fnanchor_125" href="#footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>
+exur pistoris. Elle est avec 8tchakin."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XV.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno 1640, 4 Decemb. statim post portam mortuus sepultus in
+c&oelig;meterio item filius Domini Joannis Nicolet interpretis." [In the
+margin is written: "Ignace Nicolet."]</p>
+
+
+<h4>XVI.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno 1640. Die 14 Januarii, ego Carolus Raymbaut<a id="fnanchor_126" href="#footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>
+baptizavi cum cæremoniis Franciscum missameg natum circiter 4 annos filium Ching8a
+defuncti, patria &mdash;&mdash; Khin8chebink educatur apud 8abirini8ich Patrinus<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+fuit D. Franciscus de Champflour<a id="fnanchor_127" href="#footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>
+moderator; matrina Margarita Couillard uxor D. Nicolet interpretis."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XVII.</h4>
+
+<p>"14o. die Maii 1640. Ego Carolus Raymbault baptisavi cum cæremoniis
+Franciscum pridie natum filium Christophori Crevier pistoris, Et Joanna
+Ennart conjugum Rothomagensium. Patrinus fuit Dominus Franciscum de
+Champflour moderator et Dna Margarita Couillard conjux interpretis (est
+in Galliæ)." [On the 2d day of September, 1640 Nicolet was present at
+Quebec at the wedding of Nicolas Bonhomme.]</p>
+
+
+<h4>XVIII.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno Domini 1640 die 25 Decembris, ipso Jesu Domini Nostri Nativitatis
+die ego Joannes Dequen, Societatis Jesu sacerdos vices agens Rectoris
+Ecclesiæ conceptionis beatæ Virginia ad Tria Flumina dicta, baptizavi
+solemniter in eodem ecclesia Paulum 8abirim8ich annum Trigesimum
+cerciter quîntum doctrinæ Christianæ rudimentis sufficienter instructum.
+Patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet, interpret. huic nomen Pauli impasuit;
+matrina fuit Maria Le Neuf."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XIX.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno Domini 1641 dia 1o Aprilis. Ego Josephus Poncet, Societatis Jesu,
+baptizavi puellam recens natam patre Abdon 8maskik8eia, matre
+Michtig8k8e, nomen Cecilia impositum est. Patrinus fuit ...<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+Lavallée;<a id="fnanchor_128" href="#footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>
+Matrina Margarita Couillard uxor Joannis Nicolet interpretis."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XX.</h4>
+
+<p>"1o Aprilis Anno 1642 Ego Josephus Poncet Societatis Jesu, in ecclesiæ
+immaculatæ conceptionis B. V. Mariæ, baptisavi puellum recens natam.
+Patre Joannes Nicolet. Matre Margarita Couillard ejus uxor. Nomen
+Margarita impositum. Patrinus fuit Dnus Jacobus Ertel;<a id="fnanchor_129" href="#footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>
+matrina Dna Joanna Le Marchand,<a id="fnanchor_130" href="#footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>
+viduæ Dni Leneuf."</p>
+
+
+<h4>XXI.</h4>
+
+<p>"Tertio Julii Anni 1642, ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis Jesu, tunc
+vices agens parochi in ecclesiæ Immaculatæ Conceptionis ad Tria Flumina
+baptisavi infantem recens natam. Patre Dno Jacobo Hartel. Matre Marie
+Marguerie<a id="fnanchor_131" href="#footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>
+ejus uxore. Nomine Francisco impositum. Patrinus fuit:
+Franciscus Marguerye, infantio avanculus; matrina Margarita Couillart
+domini Joannis Nicolet uxor."<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>XXII.</h4>
+
+<p>"Anno Domini 1642, 29 Septembris, Ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis
+Jesu sacerdos, baptisavi solemniter in ecclesiæ Immaculata Conceptionis
+ad Tria Flumina, duos puellas recens nata, unum ex patre Augustino
+Chipak8etch et matre 8t8ribik8e; Alizon dicta est a patrinis Joanne
+Nicolet et Perretta Alteram vero ex patre K8erasing et 8inchk8ck matre
+Lucia dicta est a Patrinus Nicolao Marsolet<a id="fnanchor_132" href="#footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>
+et Margarita Couillard, uxor Domini Nicolet."</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.&mdash;FIRST CONNECTED SKETCH PUBLISHED OF THE LIFE AND EXPLORATION OF
+NICOLET.<a id="fnanchor_133" href="#footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></h3>
+
+<p>[Du Creux states that, in the last months of 1642, New France mourned
+for two men of no common character, who were snatched away from her;
+that one of them, who died first, of disease, was a member of the
+Society of Jesuits; and that the other, although a layman, was
+distinguished by singularly meritorious acts towards the Indian tribes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+of Canada. He sketches briefly the career and character of Father
+Raymbault, the Jesuit, first referred to, who died at Quebec in the
+latter part of October. The second person alluded to was Nicolet. Of him
+he gives the following account:]</p>
+
+<p>"He had spent twenty-five years in New France, and had always been a
+useful person. On his first arrival, by orders of those who presided
+over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years among the
+Algonquins of the Island, for the purpose of learning their language,
+without any Frenchman as a companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark. After this preliminary training<a id="fnanchor_134" href="#footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>
+was completed, being sent with four hundred Algonquins to the Iroquois
+to treat of peace, he performed his mission successfully. Soon after, he
+went to the Nipissiriens, and spent seven years with them, as an adopted
+member of their tribe. He had his own small estate, wigwam, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+household stuff, implements for hunting and fishing, and, no doubt, his
+own beaver skins, with the same right of trade as the rest; in a word,
+he was taken into their counsels; until, being recalled, by the rulers
+of the French colony, he was at the same time made a commissary and
+charged to perform the office of an interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>"During this period, at the command of the same rulers, he had to make
+an excursion to certain maritime tribes, for the purpose of securing
+peace between them and the Hurons. The region where those peoples dwell
+is nearly three hundred leagues distant, toward the west, from the same
+Hurons; and after he had associated himself with seven ambassadors of
+these [<i>i.e.</i>, of the Hurons], having saluted on their route various
+small nations which they fell in with, and having propitiated them with
+gifts&mdash;lest, if they should omit this, they might be regarded as
+enemies, and assailed by all whom they met&mdash;when he was two days
+distant, he sent forward one of his own company to make known to the
+nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador was
+approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to secure
+their friendship. The embassy was received with applause; young men were
+immediately sent to meet them, who were to carry the baggage and
+equipment of the Manitouriniou (or wonderful man), and escort him with
+honor. Nicolet was clad in a Chinese robe of silk, skillfully ornamented
+with birds and flowers of many colors; he carried in each hand a small
+pistol.<a id="fnanchor_135" href="#footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>
+When he had discharged these, the more timid persons, boys<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+and women betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible
+from a man who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands. But,
+the rumor of his coming having spread far and wide, the chiefs, with
+their followers, assembled directly to the number of four or five
+thousand persons; and, the matter having been discussed and considered
+in a general council, a treaty was made in due form. Afterwards each of
+the chiefs gave a banquet after their fashion; and at one of these,
+strange to say, a hundred and twenty beavers were eaten.</p>
+
+<p>"His object being accomplished, Nicolet returned to the Hurons, and,
+presently, to Three Rivers, and resumed both of his former functions,
+viz., as commissary and interpreter, being singularly beloved by both
+the French and the natives; specially intent upon this, that, uniting
+his industry, and the very great influence which he possessed over the
+savages, with the efforts of the fathers of the Society [Jesuits], he
+might bring as many as he could to the Church; until, upon the recall to
+France of Olivier, who was the chief commissary of Quebec, Nicolet, on
+account of his merits, was appointed in his place. But he was not long
+allowed to enjoy the Christian comfort he had so greatly desired, viz.,
+that at Quebec he might frequently attend upon the sacraments as his
+pious soul desired, and that he might enjoy the society of those with
+whom he could converse upon divine things.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"On the last day of October, having embarked upon a pinnace at the
+seventh hour of the afternoon (as we French reckon the hours), i.e.,
+just as the shades of evening were falling, hastening, as I have said,
+to Three Rivers upon so pious an errand, scarcely had he arrived in
+sight of Sillery, when, the north wind blowing more fiercely and
+increasing the violence of the storm which had commenced before Nicolet
+started,<a id="fnanchor_136" href="#footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>
+the pinnace was whirled around two or three times, filled
+with water from all directions, and finally was swallowed up by the
+waves. Some of those on board escaped, among them Savigny, the owner of
+the pinnace; and Nicolet, in that time of extreme peril, addressing him
+calmly said: "Savigny, since you know how to swim, by all means consult
+your own safety; I, who have no such skill, am going to God; I recommend
+my wife and daughter to your kindness." In the midst of this
+conversation, a wave separated them; Nicolet was drowned; Savigny, who,
+from horror and the darkness of the night, did not know where he was,
+was torn by the violence of the waves from the boat, to which he had
+clung for some time; then he struggled for a while, in swimming, with
+the hostile force of the changing waves; until, at last, his strength
+failing, and his courage almost forsaking him, he made a vow to God (but
+what it was is not related); then, striking the bottom of the stream
+with his foot, he reached the bank<a id="fnanchor_137" href="#footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+at that spot, and, forcing his
+way with difficulty through the edge of the stream, already frozen, he
+crept, half dead, to the humble abode of the fathers. Restoratives were
+immediately applied, such as were at hand, especially fire, which was
+most needed; but, as the cold weather and the water had almost destroyed
+the natural warmth, he could only manifest his thoughts for some time by
+motions and not by speech, and so kept the minds of the anxious fathers
+in doubt of his meaning; until, recovering his speech, he explained what
+had happened with a strong expression of Nicolet's Christian courage.</p>
+
+<p>"The prisoner for whose sake Nicolet had exposed himself to this deadly
+peril, twelve days afterwards reached Sillery, and soon after
+Quebec&mdash;having been rescued from the cruelty of the Algonquins by
+Rupæus, who was in command at Three Rivers, in pursuance of letters from
+Montmagny, on payment, no doubt, of a ransom. He was already disfigured
+with wounds, great numbers of which these most savage men had inflicted
+upon him with careful ingenuity, one after another, according to their
+custom; but in proportion to the barbarity which he had experienced at
+Three Rivers was the kindness which he afterwards met with at Quebec,
+where he was treated by the monks of the hospital in such a manner that
+he was healed within about twenty days, and was able to return to his
+own people....</p>
+
+<p>"This, moreover, was not the first occasion on which Nicolet had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+encountered peril of his life for the safety of savages. He had
+frequently done the very same thing before, says the French writer; and
+to those with whom he associated he left proofs of his virtues by such
+deeds as could hardly be expected of a man entangled in the bonds of
+marriage; they were indeed eminent, and rose to the height of apostolic
+perfection; and, therefore, was the loss of so great a man the more
+grievous. Certain it is that the savages themselves, as soon as they
+heard what had befallen him, surrounded the bank of the great river in
+crowds, to see whether they could render any aid. When all hope of that
+was gone, they did what alone remained in their power, by incredible
+manifestations of grief and lamentation at the sad fate of the man who
+had deserved so well of them."</p>
+
+<p><a id="Page_107"></a></p>
+<hr class="c15" />
+
+<h2 class="p4">INDEX.</h2>
+
+<div class="p2 index">
+<ul class="IX">
+
+<li>Algonquins, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+<li>Algonquins of the Isles des Allumettes, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
+<li>Alizon, M., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+<li>Allouez, Father Claudius, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+<li>Amikoüai, "Nation of the Beaver," <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+<li><i>An account of the French settlements in North America</i> (1746), cited, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+<li>Assiniboins, not visited by Nicolet, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Atchiligoüan, an Algonquin nation, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+<li>A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (Aweatsiwaerrhonon), Huron name for the Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Bay des Puants (Baie des Puants). See <a href="#Green_Bay">Green Bay</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Beaver_Nation">Beaver Nation</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+<li>Bonhomme, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+<li>Brébeuf, John de, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+<li>Buteux, Father James, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Cabot, John, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li>
+<li>Cabot, Sebastian, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li>
+<li>Caens, the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>Capitanal, a Montagnais chief, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+<li>Cartier, James, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li>Champlain, Samuel, makes, in 1603, a survey of the St. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1608, founds Quebec, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">attacks the Iroquois, in 1609, <i><a href="#Page_17">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">returns, in 1610, to France, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1611 again reaches the St. Lawrence, <i><a href="#Page_18">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">soon sails back to France, <i><a href="#Page_18">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1613, once more reaches the St. Lawrence, <i><a href="#Page_18">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">explores the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, <i><a href="#Page_18">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">embarks for France, <i><a href="#Page_18">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1615, again sails for New France, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">visits the Hurons, <i><a href="#Page_19">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">attacks, with those Indians, the Iroquois, <i><a href="#Page_19">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">returns to Quebec, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">a new government for New France, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">Champlain one of the Hundred Associates, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">he defends Quebec against the English, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+	<a id="Page_108"></a></li>
+<li class="margl">next year he surrenders the town, <i><a href="#Page_23">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">taken a prisoner to England, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1633, resumes command in New France, <i><a href="#Page_24">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">resolves to explore the west, <i><a href="#Page_24">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">in 1634, sends Nicolet to the Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">death of Champlain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li>Champlain's Map of 1632, referred to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Champlain's <i>Voyages</i> of 1613, cited, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl"><i>Voyages</i> of 1632, cited, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Charlevoix' <i>Carte des Lacs du Canada</i>, referred to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">also, his <i>Nouvelle France</i>, <i><a href="#Page_57">ib.</a></i></li>
+<li>Chauvin, a captain of the French marine, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li>Cheveux Relevés (Standing Hair&mdash;Ottawas), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Chippewas">Chippewas</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+<li>Cioux. See <a href="#Sioux">Sioux</a>.</li>
+<li>Columbus, Christopher, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.</li>
+<li>Company of New France, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>Copper and copper mine early known to the Indians, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+<li>Cortereal, Gaspar, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li>
+<li>Couillard, Guillaume, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Couillard, Marguerite, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Coureurs de bois</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+<li>Cressé, M., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>Crevier, François, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Dakotas (Dacotahs.&mdash;See <a href="#Sioux">Sioux</a>), <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Daniel, Antoine, a Jesuit priest, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+<li>Davost, a Jesuit, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+<li>De Caen, Émery, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+<li>De Caen, William, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>De Champfleur, François, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+<li>De Chasteaufort, Bras-de-fer, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+<li>De Courtemanche, Augustin le, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+<li>De Gand, François Derré, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Delaplace, Jacques, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+<li>De la Roche, the Marquis, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li>De la Roque, John Francis, see <a href="#Lord_of_Roberval">Lord of Roberval</a>.</li>
+<li>De Laubin, M., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>De Malapart, M., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+<li>De Maupertuis, M., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+<li>De Repentigny, Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+<li>Des Gens Puants (Des Gens Puans&mdash;Des Puants&mdash;Des Puans). See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Des Roches, M., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+<li>Du Creux' <i>Hist. of Canada</i> (<i>Historia Canadensis</i>), cited, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>et seq.</i>
+	<a id="Page_109"></a></li>
+<li>Du Creux' Map of 1660, referred to, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Enitajghe, Iroquois name for Green Bay, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Estiaghicks, Iroquois name of the Chippewas, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Ferland's <i>Cours d'Histoire du Canada</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">also, his <i>Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+<li>Fire Nations (Les Gens de Feu). See <a href="#Mascoutins">Mascoutins</a>.</li>
+<li>Foster's <i>Mississippi Valley</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li>Fox Indians (Outagamis&mdash;Les Renards&mdash;Musquakies), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Fox_River">Fox River</a> of Green Bay, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Fur-trade, the, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Gens de Mer (Gens de Eaux de Mer). See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Godefroy, Jean, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+<li>Godefroy, Louis, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+<li>Godefroy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+<li>Gravier's <i>Découvertes et Établissement de Cavalier de la Salle</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his <i>Map by Joliet</i>, referred to, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Green_Bay">Green Bay</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Guitet, a notary, records of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Hébert, Guillaume, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Hébert, Guillemette, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Hertel, François, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Hertel, Jacques, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Horoji (Hochungara&mdash;Winnebagoes), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li>
+<li>Huboust, Guillaume, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Hundred Associates (Hundred Partners), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Hurons, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Illinois (Indians), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li>Iroquois, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2"><i>Jesuit Relations</i>, cited:</li>
+<li class="margl">1633&mdash;<a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1635&mdash;<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1636&mdash;<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1637&mdash;<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1638&mdash;<a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1639&mdash;<a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1640&mdash;<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1641&mdash;<a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1642&mdash;<a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1643&mdash;<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1648&mdash;<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1654&mdash;<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1656&mdash;<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1670&mdash;<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">1671&mdash;<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Jesuit Relations</i>, the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+<li>Jesuits, the, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+<li>Joliet, Jean, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.
+	<a id="Page_110"></a></li>
+<li>Joliet, Louis, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+<li>Joques, Father Isaac, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+<li>Juchereau, Noël, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Kaukauna, town of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+<li>Kickapoos (Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicpouz), <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+<li>Kirk, David, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">La Baye (La Baye des Eaux Puantes&mdash;La Grande Baie&mdash;La Baye des Puans&mdash;Lay Baye des Puants). See <a href="#Green_Bay">Green Bay</a>.</li>
+<li>Lake Michigan (Lake of the Illinois&mdash;Lake St. Joseph&mdash;Lake Dauphin&mdash;Lac des Illinois&mdash;Lac Missihiganin&mdash;Magnus Lacus Algonquinorum), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+<li>Lake Superior, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+<li>Lake Winnebago (Lake of the Puants&mdash;Lake St. Francis), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+<li>La Marchand, Jeanne, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>La Mêlée, Christopher Crevier, Sieur de, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+<li>La Mer, Marguerite, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+<li>La Mer, Maria, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+<li>La Nation des Puans (La Nation des Puants). See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>La Nouë, Annie de, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+<li>La Porte, Pierre de, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>La Vallée, Claude, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Laverdière's <i>Reprint of Champlain's Works</i>, referred to, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+<li>Le Caron, Father Joseph, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+<li>Le Jeune, Paul, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+<li>Le Neuf, family of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+<li>Le Neuf, Maria, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+<li>Les Folles Avoine. See <a href="#Menomonees">Menomonees</a>.</li>
+<li>Le Tardif, Olivier, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+<li>Lippincott's <i>Gazetteer</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Lord_of_Roberval">Lord of Roberval</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Macard, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+<li>Mackinaw, Straits of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+<li>Manitoulin Islands, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Mantoue">Mantoue</a> (Mantoueouee&mdash;Makoueoue), tribe of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+<li>Margry, Pierre, in <i>Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+<li>Marguerie, François, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Marguerie, Maria, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Marquette, Father James, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+<li>Marsolet, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Mascoutins">Mascoutins</a> (Macoutins&mdash;Mascoutens&mdash;Maskeutens&mdash;Maskouteins&mdash;Musquetens&mdash;Machkoutens&mdash;Maskoutench&mdash;Machkoutenck&mdash;Les
+Gens de Feu&mdash;The Fire Nation&mdash;Assistagueronons&mdash;Assistaehronons), <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.
+	<a id="Page_111"></a></li>
+<li>Masse, the Jesuit, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Menomonees">Menomonees</a> (Maromine&mdash;Malhominies&mdash;Les Folles Avoine), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+<li>Miamis, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+<li>Michigan, signification of the word, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+<li>Mississippi, meaning of the word, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+<li>Montmagnais, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+<li>Montmagny, M. de, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Nantoue. See <a href="#Mantoue">Mantoue</a>.</li>
+<li>Nation des Puans (Nation des Puants&mdash;Nation of Stinkards). See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Nation du Castor (Nation of Beavers). See <a href="#Beaver_Nation">Beaver Nation</a>.</li>
+<li>Nation of the Sault. See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+<li>Neutral Nation, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+<li>Nez Percés (Naiz percez). See <a href="#Beaver_Nation">Beaver Nation</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicolet, Gilles, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicolet, John, arrives in New France, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">sent by Champlain, in 1618, to the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">goes on a mission of peace to the Iroquois, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">takes up his residence with the Nipissings, <i><a href="#Page_29">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">recalled by the government to Quebec, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">employed as interpreter, <i><a href="#Page_30">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">Champlain resolves to send him on a western exploration, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">Nicolet had heard of the Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">prepares, in June, 1634, to visit this and other nations, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">starts upon his journey, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">why it must have been in 1634 that Nicolet made his westward exploration, <i><a href="#Page_42">ib.</a></i>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">travels up the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">goes hence to the Huron villages, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">object of his mission there, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">starts for the Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">reaches Sault Sainte Marie, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">did he see Lake Superior? <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">discovers Lake Michigan, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">arrives at the Menomonee river, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">ascends Green Bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">has a great feast with the Indians, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">goes up Fox river to the Mascoutins, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">visits the Illinois tribe, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">returns to the Winnebagoes, <i><a href="#Page_71">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">Nicolet's homeward trip in 1635&mdash;he calls upon the Pottawattamies, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">stops at the Great Manatoulin to see a band of Ottawas, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">reaches the St. Lawrence in safety, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">settles at Three Rivers as interpreter, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his kindness to the Indians, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">has a narrow escape from drowning, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">helps defend Three Rivers from an Iroquois attack, <i><a href="#Page_81">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his marriage, <i><a href="#Page_81">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">goes to Quebec, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
+	<a id="Page_112"></a></li>
+<li class="margl">becomes General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, <i><a href="#Page_82">ib.</a></i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">embarks for Three Rivers, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his death, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">Frenchmen and Indians alike mourn his fate, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his memory perpetuated, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his energetic character, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">mention of him in the parish register of Three Rivers, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li class="margl">first connected sketch published of his life and exploration, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>et seq</i>.</li>
+<li>Nicolet, Madame, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicolet, Pierre, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicolet, Thomas, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+<li>Nipissings (Nipisiriniens), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Noquets">Noquets</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">O'Callaghan's <i>Doc. Hist. of New York</i>, referred to, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">his <i>N. Y. Col. Doc.</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+<li>Ojibwas. See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>Otchagras (Ochungarand). See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Otchipwes. See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Ottawas">Ottawas</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Ouasouarim, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+<li>Oumalouminek (Oumaominiecs). See <a href="#Menomonees">Menomonees</a>.</li>
+<li>Oumisagai, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+<li>"Ounipeg," signification of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+<li>Ounipigou. See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Outaouan. See <a href="#Ottawas">Ottawas</a>.</li>
+<li>Outchougai, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Parkman's <i>Jesuits in North America</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">also, his <i>La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">and his <i>Pioneers of France in the New World</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+<li>"People of the Falls." See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>"People of the Sea." See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Perot, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Petun_Nation">Petun Nation</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+<li>Pijart, Claudius, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+<li>Poncet, Josephus, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+<li>Pontgravé, merchant, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+<li>Pottawattamies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Quentin, Father Claude, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Racine, Claude, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Racine, Etienne, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Raratwaus. See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>Raymbault, Father Charles, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+<li>Richelieu, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+<li>River des Puans (River of the Puants&mdash;River St. Francis). See <a href="#Fox_River">Fox river</a>.
+	<a id="Page_113"></a></li>
+<li>Rollet, Marie, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+<li>Roquai. See <a href="#Noquets">Noquets</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Sacs (Sauks&mdash;Saukis&mdash;Sakys), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+<li>Sagard's <i>Histoire du Canada</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+<li>Sault de Sainte Marie, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+<li>Sault Sainte Marie, town of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+<li>Sauteurs (Stiagigroone). See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>Savigny (Chavigny), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+<li>Schoolcraft's <i>Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li>"Sea-Tribe." See <a href="#Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>.</li>
+<li>Shea, John Gilmary, in <i>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Shea's <i>Catholic Missions</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">also, his <i>Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">and his <i>Hennepin</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+<li>Sillery, mission of, founded, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+<li><a id="Sioux">Sioux</a> (Dacotas), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith's <i>History of Wisconsin</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+<li>Standing Hair, the. See <a href="#Ottawas">Ottawas</a>.</li>
+<li>St. Croix Fort, established, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+<li>Sulte, Benjamin, in <i>L'Opinion Publique</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+<li>Sulte's <i>Chronique Trifluvienne</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
+<li class="margl">also, his <i>Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">"The Men of the Shallow Cataract." See <a href="#Chippewas">Chippewas</a>.</li>
+<li>Three Rivers, parish church register of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <i>et seq</i>.</li>
+<li>Three Rivers, town of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+<li>Tobacco Nation. See <a href="#Petun_Nation">Petun Nation</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2">Verrazzano, John, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.</li>
+
+<li class="p2"><a id="Winnebagoes">Winnebagoes</a>, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+<li>Wisconsin, derivation of the word, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+<li>Wisconsin river, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+<li>Woodman, Cyrus, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+<li>Woolf river, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="c55" />
+<p>OCT. 1881.</p>
+
+<h3>HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
+PUBLICATIONS OF<br />
+<big>ROBERT CLARKE &amp; CO.</big><br />
+<span class="smaller">CINCINNATI, O.</span></h3>
+
+
+<ul class="listpub">
+<li><span class="smcap">Alzog</span> (John, D.D.) A Manual of Universal Church History. Translated by
+Rev. T. J. Pabisch and Rev. T. S. Byrne. 3 vols. 8vo. <span class="ral">15 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Anderson</span> (E. L.) Six Weeks in Norway. 18mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Andre</span> (Major): The Cow Chace; an Heroick Poem. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Antrim</span> (J.) The History of Champaign and Logan Counties, Ohio, from
+their First Settlement. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Ballard</span> (Julia P.) Insect Lives; or, Born in Prison. Illustrated. Sq.
+12mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Bell</span> (Thomas J.) History of the Cincinnati Water Works. Plates. 8vo. <span class="ral">75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Benner</span> (S.) Prophecies of Future Ups and Downs in Prices: what years to
+make Money in Pig, Iron, Hogs, Corn, and Provisions. 2d ed. 24mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Bible in the Public Schools.</span> Records, Arguments, etc., in the Case of
+Minor <i>vs.</i> Board of Education of Cincinnati. 8vo. <span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="listindent">Arguments in Favor of the Use of the Bible. Separate. Paper.</span><span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="listindent">Arguments Against the Use of the Bible. Separate. Paper.</span><span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Biddle</span> (Horace P.) Elements of Knowledge. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Biddle</span> (Horace P.) Prose Miscellanies. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Binkerd</span> (A. D.) The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Paper. 8vo. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Bouquet</span> (H.) The Expedition of, against the Ohio Indians in 1764, etc.
+With Preface by Francis Parkman, Jr. 8vo. $3 00. Large Paper. <span class="ral">6 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Boyland</span> (G. H., M.D.) Six Months Under the Red Cross with the French
+Army in the Franco-Prussian War. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 50</span><a id="Page_A2"></a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Brunner</span> (A. A.) Elementary and Pronouncing French Reader. 18mo. <span class="ral">60</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Brunner</span> (A. A.) The Gender of French Verbs Simplified. 18mo. <span class="ral">25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Burt</span> (Rev. N. C., D.D.) The Far East; or, Letters from Egypt, Palestine, etc. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Butterfield</span> (C. W.) The Discovery of the Northwest in 1634, by John
+Nicolet, with a Sketch of his Life. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Butterfield</span> (C. W.) The Washington-Crawford Letters; being the
+Correspondence between George Washington and William Crawford, concerning Western Lands. 8vo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Clark</span> (Col. George Rogers) Sketches of his Campaign in the Illinois in
+1778-9. With an Introduction by Hon. Henry Pirtle, and an Appendix.
+8vo. $2 00. Large paper.<span class="ral">4 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Coffin</span> (Levi) The Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of
+the Underground Railroad. A Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime
+in behalf of the Slave. With Stories of Fugitive Slaves, etc., etc.
+12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States, Etc.</span> The Declaration of Independence,
+July 4, 1776; the Articles of Confederation, July 9, 1778; the
+Constitution of the United States, September 17, 1787; the Fifteen
+Amendments to the Constitution, and Index; Washington's Farewell
+Address, September 7, 1796. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Craig</span> (N. B.) The Olden Time. A Monthly Publication, devoted to the
+Preservation of Documents of Early History, etc. Originally Published
+at Pittsburg, in 1846-47. 2 vols. 8vo.<span class="ral">10 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Drake</span> (D.) Pioneer Life in Kentucky. Edited, with Notes and a
+Biographical Sketch, by his Son, Hon. Chas. D. Drake. 8vo. $3 00.
+Large paper.<span class="ral">6 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">DuBreuil</span> (A.) Vineyard Culture Improved and Cheapened. Edited by Dr. J.
+A. Warder. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Ellard</span> (Virginia G.) Grandma's Christmas Day. Illus. Sq. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Family Expense Book.</span> A Printed Account Book, with appropriate Columns
+and Headings, for keeping a Complete Record of Family Expenses. 12mo. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Finley</span> (I. J.) and <span class="smcap">Putnam</span> (R.) Pioneer Record and Reminiscences of the
+Early Settlers and Settlement of Ross County, Ohio. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Fletcher</span> (<span class="smcap">Wm. B.</span>, M.D.) Cholera: its Characteristics, History,
+Treatment, etc. 8vo. Paper.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Force</span> (M. F.) Essays: Pre-Historic Man&mdash;Darwinism and Deity&mdash;The Mound
+Builders. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">75</span><a id="Page_A3"></a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Force</span> (M. F.) Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio. To What Race
+did the Mound Builders belong. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Freeman</span> (Ellen.) Manual of the French Verb, to accompany every French
+Course. 16mo. Paper. <span class="ral">25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Gallagher</span> (Wm. D.) Miami Woods, A Golden Wedding, and other Poems. 12mo. <span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Giauque</span> (F.) The Election Laws of the United States: with Notes of
+Decisions, etc. 8vo. Paper, 75c.; cloth,<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Grimke</span> (F.) Considerations on the Nature and Tendency of Free
+Institutions. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Griswold</span> (W.) Kansas: her Resources and Developments; or, the Kansas
+Pilot. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Groesbeck</span> (W. S.) Gold and Silver. Address delivered before the American
+Bankers' Association, in New York, September 13, 1878. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall</span> (James.) Legends of the West. Sketches illustrative of the Habits,
+Occupations, Privations, Adventures, and Sports of the Pioneers of the
+West. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hall</span> (James.) Romance of Western History; or, Sketches of History, Life,
+and Manners in the West. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hanover</span> (M. D.) A Practical Treatise on the Law of Horses, embracing the
+Law of Bargain, Sale, and Warranty of Horses and other Live Stock; the
+Rule as to Unsoundness and Vice, and the Responsibility of the
+Proprietors of Livery, Auction, and Sale Stables, Inn-Keepers,
+Veterinary Surgeons, and Farriers, Carriers, etc. 8vo.<span class="ral">4 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hart</span> (J. M.) A Syllabus of Anglo-Saxon Literature. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hassaurek</span> (F.) Four Years Among Spanish Americans. Third Edition. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hassaurek</span> (F.) The Secret of the Andes. A Romance. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="listindent"><span class="smcap">The Same</span>, in German. 8vo. Paper, 50c.; cloth.</span><span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hatch</span> (Col. W. S.) A Chapter in the History of the War of 1812, in the
+Northwest, embracing the Surrender of the Northwestern Army and Fort,
+at Detroit, August 16, 1813, etc. 18mo.<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hayes</span> (Rutherford B.) The Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of.
+Edited by J. Q. Howard. 12mo. Paper, 75c.; cloth,<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hazen</span> (Gen. W. B.) Our Barren Lands. The Interior of the United States,
+West of the One-Hundredth Meridian, and East of the Sierra Nevada.
+8vo. Paper, <span class="ral">50</span><a id="Page_A4"></a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Henshall</span> (Dr. James A.) Book of the Black Bass: comprising its complete
+Scientific and Life History, together with a Practical Treatise on
+Agling and Fly Fishing, and a full description of Tools, Tackle, and
+Implements. Illustrated. 12mo.<span class="ral">3 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Horton</span> (S. Dana.) Silver and Gold, and their Relation to the Problem of
+Resumption. 8vo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Horton</span> (S. Dana.) The Monetary Situation. 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Housekeeping in the Blue Grass.</span> A New and Practical Cook Book. By Ladies
+of the Presbyterian Church, Paris, Ky. 12mo. 12th thousand.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Howe</span> (H.) Historical Collections of Ohio. Containing a Collection of the
+most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes,
+etc., relating to its Local and General History. 8vo.<span class="ral">6 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Hunt</span> (W. E.) Historical Collections of Coshocton County, Ohio. 8vo.<span class="ral">3 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Huston</span> (R. G.) Journey in Honduras, and Jottings by the Way.
+Inter-Oceanic Railway, 8vo. Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Jackson</span> (John D., M.D.) The Black Arts in Medicine, with an Anniversary
+Address. Edited by Dr. L. S. McMurtry, 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Jasper</span> (T.) The Birds of North America. Colored Plates, drawn from
+Nature, with Descriptive and Scientific Letterpress. In 40 parts, $1
+00 each; or, 2 vols. Royal 4to. Half morocco, $50 00; Full morocco, <span class="ral">60 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Jordan</span> (D. M.) Rosemary Leaves. A Collection of Poems. 18mo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Keller</span> (M. J.) Elementary Perspective, explained and applied to Familiar
+Objects. Illustrated. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">King</span> (John.) A Commentary on the Law and True Construction of the
+Federal Constitution. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">King</span> (M.) Pocket-Book of Cincinnati. 24mo. <span class="ral">15</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Klippart</span> (J. H.) The Principles and Practice of Land Drainage.
+Illustrated. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Law</span>. (J.) Colonial History of Vincennes, Indiana, under the French,
+British, and American Governments. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Lloyd</span> (J. U.) The Chemistry of Medicines. Illus. 12mo. Cloth, $2 75;
+sheep,<span class="ral">3 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Longworth</span> (N.) Electra. Translated from the Greek of Sophocles. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">McBride</span> (J.) Pioneer Biography: Sketches of the Lives of some of the
+Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio. 2 vols. 8vo. $6 50. Large
+paper. Imp. 8vo. <span class="ral">13 00</span><a id="Page_A5"></a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">McLaughlin</span> (M. Louise.) China Painting. A Practical Manual for the Use
+of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain. Sq. 12mo. Boards. <span class="ral">75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">McLaughlin</span> (M. Louise.) Pottery Decoration: being a Practical Manual of
+Underglaze Painting, including Complete Detail of the author's Mode of
+Painting Enameled Faience. Sq. 12mo. Bds. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">MacLean</span> (J. P.) A Manual of the Antiquity of Man. Illustrated. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">MacLean</span> (J. P.) Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man. Illustrated. 12mo. <span class="ral">60</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">MacLean</span> (J. P.) The Mound Builders, and an Investigation into the
+Archæology of Butler County, Ohio, Illus. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Mansfield</span> (E. D.) Personal Memories, Social, Political, and Literary.
+1803-43. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Mantpenny</span> (G. W.) Our Indian Wards: A History and Discussion of the
+Indian Question. 8vo.<span class="ral">3 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Matthews</span> (Stanley.) A Summary of the Law of Partnership. For the Use of
+Business Men. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">May</span> (Col. J.) Journal and Letters of, relative to Two Journeys to the
+Ohio Country, 1788 and 1779. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Mettenheimer</span> (H. J.) Safety Book-keeping; being a Complete Exposition of
+Book-keepers' Frauds. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Minor</span> (T. C., M.D.) Child-Bed Fever. Erysipelas and Puerperal Fever,
+with a Short Account of both Diseases. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Minor</span> (T. C., M.D.) Scarlatina Statistics of the United States. 8vo.
+Paper. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Montana Historical Society.</span> Contributions. Vol. I, 8vo.<span class="ral">3 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Morgan</span> (Appleton.) The Shakspearean Myth; or, William Shakspeare and
+Circumstantial Evidence. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Name and Address Book.</span> A Blank Book, with printed Headings and
+Alphabetical Marginal Index, for Recording the Names and Addresses of
+Professional, Commercial, and Family Correspondents. 8vo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Nash</span> (Simeon.) Crime and the Family. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Nerinckx</span> (Rev. Charles.) Life of, with Early Catholic Missions in
+Kentucky; the Society of Jesus; the Sisterhood of Loretto, etc. By
+Rev. C. P. Maes. 8vo.<span class="ral">2 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Nichols</span> (G. W.) The Cincinnati Organ; with a Brief Description of the
+Cincinnati Music Hall. 12mo. Paper. <span class="ral">25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Ohio Valley Historical Miscellanies.</span> I. Memorandums of a Tour Made by
+Josiah Epsy, in the States of Ohio and Kentucky, and Indiana
+Territory, in 1805. II. Two Western Campaigns in the War of 1812-13:
+1. Expedition of Capt. H. Brush, with Supplies for General Hull. 2.<span><a id="Page_A6"></a></span>
+Expedition of Gov. Meigs, for the relief of Fort Meigs. By Samuel
+Williams. III. The Leatherwood God: an account of the Appearance and
+Pretensions of J. C. Dylks in Eastern Ohio, in 1828. By R. H.
+Taneyhill. 1 vol. 8vo. $2 50. Large paper,<span class="ral">5 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Once A Year</span>; or, The Doctor's Puzzle. By E. B. S. 16mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Phisterer</span> (Captain Frederick.) The National Guardsman: on Guard and
+Kindred Duties. 24mo. Leather. <span class="ral">75</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Physician's Pocket Case Record Prescription Book.</span> <span class="ral">35</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Physician's General Ledger.</span> Half Russia.<span class="ral">4 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Piatt</span> (John J.) Penciled Fly-Leaves. A Book of Essays in Town and
+Country. Sq. 16mo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Poole</span> (W. F.) Anti-Slavery Opinions before 1800. An Essay. 8vo. Paper,
+75c.; cloth,<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Practical receipts of experienced house-keepers.</span> By the ladies of the
+Seventh Presbyterian Church, Cin. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Prentice</span> (Geo. D.) Poems of, collected and edited, with Biographical
+Sketch, by John J. Piatt. 12mo.<span class="ral">2 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Quick</span> (R. H.) Essays on Educational Reformers. 12mo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Ranck</span> (G. W.) History of Lexington, Kentucky. Its Early Annals and
+Recent Progress, etc. 8vo.<span class="ral">4 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Reemelin</span> (C.) A Critical Review of American Politics. 8vo. <span class="ral"><i>In Press.</i></span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Reemelin</span> (C.) A Treatise on Politics as a Science. 8vo.<span class="ral">1 50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Reemelin</span> (C.) The Wine-Maker's Manual. A Plain, Practical Guide to all
+the Operations for the Manufacture of Still and Sparkling Wines. 12mo. <span class="ral">1 25</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Rives</span> (E., M.D.) A Chart of the Physiological Arrangement of Cranial
+Nerves. Printed in large type, on a sheet 28x15 inches. Folded, in
+cloth case. <span class="ral">50</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Robert</span> (Karl). Charcoal Drawing without a Master. A Complete Treatise
+in Landscape Drawing in Charcoal, with Lessons and Studies after
+Allonge. Translated by E. H. Appleton. Illustrated. 8vo.<span class="ral">1 00</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Roy</span> (George). Generalship; or, How I Managed my Husband. A tale. 18mo.
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+
+<div class="p4 footnotes"><h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<p class="footnote"><a id="footnote_1" href="#fnanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Ancestors of the present Winnebagoes.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_2" href="#fnanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> The proper spelling is "Nicolet," not "Nicollet," nor
+"Nicollett." The correct pronunciation is "Nick-o-lay." The people of
+the province of Quebec all pronounce the name "Nicoll<i>ette</i>," though
+improperly, the same as the word would be pronounced by English-speaking
+people if it were spelled "Nick-o-let." But it is now invariably written
+by them "Nicolet."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_3" href="#fnanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a>
+Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643 (Quebec edition, 1858), p. 3. The
+Jesuits, intent upon pushing their fields of labor far into the heart of
+the continent, let slip no opportunity after their arrival upon the St.
+Lawrence to inform themselves concerning ulterior regions; and the
+information thus obtained was noted down by them. They minutely
+described, during a period of forty years, beginning with the year 1632,
+the various tribes they came in contact with; and their hopes and fears
+as to Christianizing them were freely expressed. Accounts of their
+journeys were elaborated upon, and their missionary work put upon
+record. Prominent persons, as well as important events, shared their
+attention. Details concerning the geography of the country were also
+written out. The intelligence thus collected was sent every summer by
+the superiors to the provincials at Paris, where it was yearly
+published, in the French language. Taken together, these publications
+constitute what are known as the <i>Jesuit Relations</i>. They have been
+collected and republished in the same language, at Quebec, by the
+Canadian government, in three large volumes. As these are more
+accessible to the general reader in this form than in the original
+(Cramoisy) editions, they are cited in this narrative.
+</p><p>
+There is no complete translation of the <i>Relations</i> into the English
+language. Numerous extracts from the originals bearing particularly upon
+the West&mdash;especially upon what is now Wisconsin&mdash;were made some years
+since by Cyrus Woodman, of Mineral Point, translations of which are to
+be found in Smith's history of that State, Vol. III., pp. 10-112. But
+none of these are from the <i>Relation</i> of 1643&mdash;the most important one in
+its reference to Nicolet and his visit to the Northwest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_4" href="#fnanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> "Jean Nicollet né à Cherbourg, était fils de Thomas
+Nicollet, messager ordinaire de Cherbourg à Paris, et de Marie La
+Mer."&mdash;Ferland's <i>Cours d'Histoire du Canada</i> (1861), Vol. I., p. 324,
+note. But, in his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec"
+(Quebec, 1863, p. 30), he corrects the mother's name, giving it as in
+the text above. That this was her real name is ascertained from the
+Quebec parochial register, and from Guitet's records (notary) of that
+city.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_5" href="#fnanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a>
+Il [Nicolet] arriua en la Nouuelle France, l'an mil six
+cents dixhuict. Son humeur et sa memoire excellente firent esperer
+quelque chose de bon de luy; on l'enuoya hiuerner auec les Algonquins de
+l'Isle afin d'apprendre leur langue. Il y demeura deux ans seul de
+François, accompagnant tousiours les Barbares dans leurs courses et
+voyages, auec des fatigues qui ne sont imaginables qu'à ceux qui les ont
+veües; il passa plusieurs fois les sept et huiet iours sans rien manger,
+il fut sept semaines entieres sans autre nourriture qu'vn peu d'escorce
+de bois."&mdash;Vimont <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3. (The antiquated orthography
+and accentuation of the <i>Relations</i> are strictly followed in the
+foregoing extract; so, also, in all those hereafter made from them in
+this narrative.)
+</p><p>
+"On his [Nicolet's] first arrival [in New France], by orders of those
+who presided over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years
+among the Algonquins of the island, for the purpose of learning their
+language, without any Frenchman as companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark."&mdash;Du Creux, <i>Historia Canadensis</i>,
+Paris, 1664, p. 359. "Probably," says Margry, "he must, from time to
+time, have added some of the lichen which the Canadians call rock
+tripe."&mdash;<i>Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique</i>, Paris, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_6" href="#fnanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> "Il [<i>Nicolet</i>] accompagna quatre cents Algonquins, qui
+alloient en ce temps là faire la paix auec les Hiroquois, et en vint à
+bout heureusement. Pleust à Dieu qu'elle n'eust iamais esté rompuë, nous
+ne souffririons pas à present les calamitez qui nous font gemir et
+donneront vn estrange empeschement à la conuersion de ces peuples. Apes
+cette paix faite, il alla demeurer huict ou neuf ans auec la nation des
+Nipissiriniens, Algonquins; là il passoit pour vn de cette nation,
+entrant dans les conseils forts frequents à ces peuples, ayant sa cabane
+et son mesnage à part, faisant sa perche et sa traitte."&mdash;Vimont,
+<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_7" href="#fnanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> "I'ay quelques memoires de sa main, qui pourront paroistre
+vn iour, touchant les Nipisiriniens, auec lesquels il a souuent
+hyuerné."&mdash;Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>, 1636, p. 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_8" href="#fnanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> "Il [<i>Nicolet</i>] fut enfin rappallé et estably Commis et
+Interprete."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_9" href="#fnanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> "Il [<i>Nicolet</i>]... ne s'en est retiré, que pour mettre son
+salut en asseurance dans l'vsage des Sacremens, faute desquels il y a
+grande risque pour l'âme, parmy les Sauuages."&mdash;Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_10" href="#fnanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> It would be quite impossible to reconcile the <i>Relation</i>
+of 1643 (p. 3) with that of 1636 (pp. 57, 58), respecting Nicolet's
+retiring from his Indian life, unless he, for the motive stated, asked
+for his recall and was recalled accordingly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_11" href="#fnanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Champlain's map of 1632 shows no habitation on the St.
+Lawrence above Quebec. In 1633, Three Rivers was virtually founded; but
+the fort erected there by Champlain was not begun until 1634.&mdash;Sulte's
+<i>Chronique Trifluvienne</i>, p. 5.
+</p><p>
+"As for the towns in Canada, there are but three of any considerable
+figure. These are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres [Three
+Rivers].... Trois Rivieres is a town so named from its situation at the
+confluence of three rivers, one whereof is that of St. Lawrence, and
+lies almost in the midway between Quebec and Montreal. It is said to be
+a well-built town, and considerable mart, where the Indians exchange
+their skins and furs for European goods."&mdash;<i>An Account of the French
+Settlements in North America</i>, Boston, 1746, pp. 12, 14.
+</p><p>
+"Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, is a town of Canada East, at the
+confluence of the rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence, ninety miles from
+Quebec, with which it is connected by electric telegraph, and on the
+line of the proposed railway thence to Montreal. It is one of the oldest
+towns in Canada, and was long stationary as regarded enterprise or
+improvement; but recently it has become one of the most prosperous
+places in the province&mdash;a change produced principally by the
+commencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St. Maurice
+and its tributaries, which had heretofore been neglected, and also by
+increased energy in the manufacture of iron-ware, for which the St.
+Maurice forges, about three miles distant from the town, have always
+been celebrated in Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman
+Catholic bishop, whose diocese bears the same name; and contains a Roman
+Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan
+chapel, an Ursuline convent, with a school attached, where over two
+hundred young females are educated; two public and several private
+schools, a mechanics' institute, a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's
+Improvement, and several other societies. It sends a member to the
+provincial parliament. Population in 1852, was 4,966; in 1861, 6,058.
+The district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+and is subdivided into four counties."&mdash;<i>Lippincott's Gazetteer</i>,
+Philadelphia, 1874.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_12" href="#fnanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> This map was the first attempt at delineating the great
+lakes. The original was, beyond a reasonable doubt, the work of
+Champlain himself. So much of New France as had been visited by the
+delineator is given with some degree of accuracy. On the whole, the map
+has a grotesque appearance, yet it possesses much value. It shows where
+many savage nations were located at its date. By it, several important
+historical problems concerning the Northwest are solved. It was first
+published, along with Champlain's "Voyages de la Novelle France," in
+Paris. Fac-similes have been published; one accompanies volume third of
+E. B. O'Callaghan's "Documentary History of the State of New York,"
+Albany, 1850; another is found in a reprint of Champlain's works by
+Laverdière (Vol. VI.), Quebec, 1870; another is by Tross, Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_13" href="#fnanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Champlain's <i>Voyages</i>, Paris, 1613, pp. 246, 247. Upon his
+map of 1632, Champlain marks an island "where, there is a copper mine."
+Instead of being placed in Lake Superior, as it doubtless should have
+been, it finds a location in Green bay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_14" href="#fnanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> This "great water" was, as will hereafter be shown, the
+Mississippi and its tributary, the Wisconsin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_15" href="#fnanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Synonyms: Cioux, Scious, Sioust, Naduessue, Nadouesiouack,
+Nadouesiouek, Nadoussi, Nadouessioux, etc.
+</p><p>
+"The Sioux, or Dakotah [Dakota], ... were [when first visited by
+civilized men] a numerous people, separated into three great divisions,
+which were again subdivided into bands.... [One of these divisions&mdash;the
+most easterly&mdash;was the Issanti.] The other great divisions, the Yanktons
+and the Tintonwans, or Tetons, lived west of the Mississippi, extending
+beyond the Missouri, and ranging as far as the Rocky Mountains. The
+Issanti cultivated the soil; but the extreme western bands lived upon
+the buffalo alone....
+</p><p>
+"The name Sioux is an abbreviation of <i>Nadoucssioux</i>, an Ojibwa
+[Chippewa] word, meaning <i>enemies</i>. The Ojibwas used it to designate
+this people, and occasionally, also, the Iroquois&mdash;being at deadly war
+with both."&mdash;Parkman's "La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West"
+(revised ed.), p. 243, note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_16" href="#fnanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> From the Algonquin word "ouinipeg," signifying "bad
+smelling water," as salt-water was by them designated. When, therefore,
+the Algonquins spoke of this tribe as the "Ouinipigou," they simply
+meant "Men of the Salt-water;" that is, "Men of the Sea." But the French
+gave a different signification to the word, calling the nation "Men of
+the Stinking-water;" or, rather, "the Nation of Stinkards"&mdash;"la Nation
+des Puans." And they are so designated by Champlain in his "Voyages," in
+1632, and on his map of that year. By Friar Gabriel Sagard ("Histoire du
+Canada," Paris, 1636, p. 201), they are also noted as "des Puants."
+Sagard's information of the Winnebagoes, although printed after
+Nicolet's visit to that tribe, was obtained previous to that event. The
+home of this nation was around the head of Green bay, in what is now the
+State of Wisconsin. Says Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35), as to the
+signification of the word "ouinipeg:"
+</p><p>
+"Quelques François les appellant la Nation des Puans, à cause que le mot
+Algonquin ouinipeg signifie eau puante; or ils nomment ainsi l'eau de la
+mer salée, si bien que ces peuples se nomment Ouinipigou, pource qu'ils
+viennent des bords d'vne mer dont nous n'auons point de cognoissance, et
+par consequent il ne faut pas les appeller la nation des Puans, mais la
+nation de la mer." The same is reiterated in the <i>Relations</i> of 1648 and
+1654. Consult, in this connection, Smith's "History of Wisconsin," Vol.
+III., pp. 11, 15, 17. To John Gilmary Shea belongs the credit of first
+identifying the "Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of Vimont (<i>Relation</i>,
+1640), with the Winnebagoes. See his "Discovery and Exploration of the
+Mississippi Valley," 1853, pp. 20, 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_17" href="#fnanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> It is nowhere stated in the <i>Relations</i> that such was the
+object of Champlain in dispatching Nicolet to those people;
+nevertheless, that it was the chief purpose had in view by him, is
+fairly deducible from what is known of his purposes at that date. He
+had, also, other designs to be accomplished.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_18" href="#fnanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 1, 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_19" href="#fnanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> This is assumed, although in no account that has been
+discovered is it expressly asserted that he visited the tribe just
+mentioned during this year. In no record, contemporaneous or later, is
+the date of his journey thither given, except approximately. The fact of
+Nicolet's having made the journey to the Winnebagoes is first noticed by
+Vimont, in the <i>Relation</i> of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Ie visiteray tout
+maintenant le costé du Sud, ie diray on passant que le sieur Nicolet,
+interprete en langue Algonquine et Huronne pour Messieurs de la nouuelle
+France, m'a donné les noms de ces nations qu'il a visitées luy mesme
+pour la pluspart dans leur pays, tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin,
+excepté les Hurons, qui ont vne langue à part, comme aussi les
+Ouinipigou [<i>Winnebagoes</i>] ou gens de mer." The year of Nicolet's visit,
+it will be noticed, is thus left undetermined. The extract only shows
+that it must have been made "in or before" 1639.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_20" href="#fnanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> As to the temper of the Hurons at that date, see Parkman's
+"Jesuits in North America," p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_21" href="#fnanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> The credit of first advancing this idea is due to Benjamin
+Sulte. See his article entitled "Jean Nicolet," in "Mélanges d'Histoire
+et de Littérature," Ottawa, 1876, pp. 426, 436.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_22" href="#fnanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Brébeuf, <i>Relation des Hurons</i>, 1635, p. 30. He says:
+"Jean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques à l'Isle,"
+etc.; meaning the Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_23" href="#fnanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> Incidents recorded in the <i>Relations</i>, and in the parish
+church register of Three Rivers, show Nicolet to have been upon the St.
+Lawrence from December 9, 1635, to his death, in 1642, except during the
+ten months above mentioned. It is an unfortunate fact that, for those
+ten months, the record of the church just named is missing. For this
+information I am indebted to Mr. Benjamin Sulte. Could the missing
+record be found, it would be seen to contain, without doubt, some
+references to Nicolet's presence at Three Rivers. As the <i>Relation</i> of
+1640 mentions Nicolet's visit to the Winnebagoes, it could not have been
+made subsequent to 1639. It has already been shown how improbable it is
+that his journey was made previous to 1634. It only remains, therefore,
+to give his whereabouts previous to 1640, and subsequent to 1635. His
+presence in Three Rivers, according to Mr. Sulte (see <a href="#appendixI">Appendix, I.</a>, to
+this narrative), is noted in the parish register in December, 1635; in
+May, 1636; in November and December, 1637; in March, 1638; in January,
+March, July, October, and December, 1639. As to mention of him in the
+<i>Relations</i> during those years, see the next chapter of this work.
+</p><p>
+It was the identification by Mr. Shea, of the Winnebagoes as the
+"Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of the <i>Relations</i>, that enabled him to
+call the attention of the public to the extent of the discoveries of
+Nicolet. The claims of the latter, as the discoverer of the Northwest,
+were thus, for the first time, brought forward on the page of American
+history.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_24" href="#fnanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> "Le huictiesme de Iuin, le Capitaine des Naiz percez, ou
+de la Nation du Castor, qui est à trois iournées de nous, vint nous
+demander quelqu'vn de nos François, pour aller auec eux passer l'Este
+dans vn fort qu'ils ont fait, pour la crainte qu'ils ont des
+<i>A8eatsi8aenrrhonon</i>, c'est à dire, des gens puants, qui ont rompu le
+traicté de paix, et ont tuè deux de leurs dont ils ont fait festin."&mdash;Le
+Jeune, <i>Relation</i>, 1636, p. 92.
+</p><p>
+"On the 18th of June [1635], the chief of the Nez Percés, or Beaver
+Nation, which is three days' journey from us [the Jesuit missionaries,
+located at the head of Georgian bay of Lake Huron], came to demand of us
+some one of our Frenchmen to go with them to pass the summer in a fort
+which they have made, by reason of the fear which they have of the
+<i>Aweatiswaenrrhonon</i>;<a id="fnanchor_A" href="#footnote_A" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> that is to say, of the Nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], who have broken the treaty of peace, and have killed two
+of their men, of whom they have made a feast."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote sec"><p><a id="footnote_A" href="#fnanchor_A" class="seclabel">[A]</a> The figure 8 which occurs in this word in the <i>Relation</i> of
+1636, is supposed to be equivalent, in English, to "w," "we," or "oo."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_25" href="#fnanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> 'Iean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques à
+l'Isle souffrit aussi tous les trauaux d'vn des plus robustes
+Sauuages.'&mdash;Brébeuf, <i>Relation</i>, 1635, p. 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_26" href="#fnanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," p. 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_27" href="#fnanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> The Mattawan has its source on the very verge of Lake
+Nipissing, so that it was easy to make a "portage" there to reach the
+lake. The Indians, and afterward the French, passed by the Mattawan,
+Mattouane, or Mattawin ("the residence of the beaver"), went over the
+small space of land called the "portage," that exists between the two
+waters, floated on Lake Nipissing, and followed the French river, which
+flows directly out of that lake to the Georgian bay.
+</p><p>
+A "portage" is a place, as is well known, where parties had to "port"
+their baggage in order to reach the next navigable water.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_28" href="#fnanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_29" href="#fnanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> "Sieur Nicolet, interpreter en langue Algonquine et
+Huronne," etc.&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35.
+</p><p>
+The Hurons and Nipissings were, at that date, great friends, having
+constant intercourse, according to all accounts of those days.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_30" href="#fnanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> "The People of the Sea"&mdash;that is, the Winnebagoes&mdash;were
+frequently at war with the Hurons, Nez Percés, and other nations on the
+Georgian bay, which fact was well known to the governor of Canada. Now,
+the good offices of Nicolet were to be interposed to bring about a
+reconciliation between these nations. He, it is believed, was also to
+carry out Champlain's policy of making the Indian tribes the allies of
+the French. Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3) says, he was chosen to make
+a journey to the Winnebagoes and treat for peace with them <i>and with the
+Hurons</i>; showing, it is suggested, that it was not only to bring about a
+peace <i>between the two tribes</i>, but to attach them both to French
+interests. The words of Vimont are these:
+</p><p>
+"Pendant qu'il exerçoit cette charge, il [<i>Nicolet</i>] fut delegué pour
+faire vn voyage en la nation appellée des Gens de Mer, et traitter la
+paix auec eux et les Hurons, desquels il sont esloignés, tirant, vers
+l'Oüest, d'enuiron trois cents lieuës."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_31" href="#fnanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> "Il [<i>Nicolet</i>] s'embarque au pays des Hurons avec sept
+Sauuages."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_32" href="#fnanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> Saint Mary's strait separates the Dominion of Canada from
+the upper peninsula of Michigan, and connects Lake Superior with Lake
+Huron.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_33" href="#fnanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> The route taken by Nicolet, from the mouth of French
+river, in journeying toward the Winnebagoes, is sufficiently indicated
+by (1) noting that, in mentioning the various tribes visited by him,
+Nicolet probably gave their names, except the Ottawas, in the order in
+which he met them; and (2) by calculating his time as more limited on
+his return than on his outward trip, because of his desire to descend
+the Ottawa with the annual flotilla of Huron canoes, which would reach
+the St. Lawrence in July, 1635.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_34" href="#fnanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> The Ouasouarim, the Outchougai, and the
+Atchiligoüan.&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 34.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_35" href="#fnanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> Called Amikoüai (<i>Rel.</i>, 1640, p. 34), from <i>Amik</i> or
+<i>Amikou</i>&mdash;a beaver.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_36" href="#fnanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> The Manitoulin islands stretch from east to west along the
+north shores of Lake Huron, and consist chiefly of the Great Manitoulin
+or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin or Cockburn, and Drummond. Great
+Manitoulin is eighty miles long by twenty broad. Little Manitoulin has a
+diameter of about seven miles. Drummond is twenty-four miles long, with
+a breadth varying from two to twelve miles. It is separated from the
+American shore, on the west, by a strait called the True Detour, which
+is scarcely one mile wide, and forms the principal passage for vessels
+proceeding to Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_37" href="#fnanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> The Oumisagai.&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 34.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_38" href="#fnanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> These falls are distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632; and on that of Du Creux of 1660.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_39" href="#fnanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> In giving Nicolet this credit, it is necessary to state,
+that the governor of Canada, in 1688, claimed that honor for Champlain
+(N. Y. Col. Doc, Vol. IX., p. 378). He says:
+</p><p>
+"In the years 1611 and 1612, he [Champlain] ascended the Grand river
+[Ottawa] as far as Lake Huron, called the Fresh sea [La Mer Douce]; he
+went thence to the Petun [Tobacco] Nation, next to the Neutral Nation
+and to the Macoutins [Mascoutins], who were then residing near the place
+called the Sakiman [that part of the present State of Michigan lying
+between the head of Lake Erie and Saginaw bay, on Lake Huron]; from that
+he went to the Algonquin and Huron tribes, at war against the Iroquois
+[Five Nations]. He passed by places he has, himself, described in his
+book [Les Voyages De La Novvelle France, etc., 1632], which are no other
+than Detroit [<i>i.e.</i>, "the straight," now called Detroit river] and Lake
+Erie."&mdash;<i>Mem. of M. de Denonville</i>, <i>May 8, 1688</i>.
+</p><p>
+The reader is referred to Champlain's Map of 1632, and to "his book" of
+the same date, for a complete refutation of the assertion as to his
+visiting, at any time before that year, the Mascoutins. In 1632,
+Champlain, as shown by his map of that year, had no knowledge whatever
+of Lake Erie or Lake St. Clair, nor had he previously been so far west
+as Detroit river. It is, of course, well known, that he did not go west
+of the St. Lawrence during that year or subsequent to that date.
+Locating the Mascoutins "near the place called the Sakiman," is as
+erroneous as that Champlain ever visited those savages. The reported
+distance between him when at the most westerly point of his journeyings
+and the Mascoutins is shown by himself: "After having visited these
+people [the Tobacco Nation, in December, 1615] we left the place and
+came to a nation of Indians which we have named the Standing Hair
+[Ottawas], who were very much rejoiced to see us again [he had met them
+previously on the Ottawa river], with whom also we formed a friendship,
+and who, in like manner, promised to come and find us and see us at the
+said habitation. At this place it seems to me appropriate to give a
+description of their country, manners, and modes of action. In the first
+place, they make war upon another nation of Indians, called the
+Assistagueronon, which means nation of fire [Mascoutins], ten days
+distant from them."&mdash;<i>Voyages</i>, 1632, I., p. 262 [272].
+</p><p>
+Upon his map of 1632, Champlain speaks of the "discoveries" made by him
+"in the year 1614 and 1615, until in the year 1618"&mdash;"of this great lake
+[Huron], and of all the lands <i>from the Sault St. Louis</i> [the rapids in
+the St. Lawrence];"&mdash;but he nowhere intimates that he had made
+discoveries <i>west</i> of that lake. It is, therefore, certain that the
+first white man who ever saw or explored any portion of the territory
+forming the present State of Michigan was John Nicolet&mdash;not Champlain.
+Compare Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," Chap. XIV., and
+map illustrative of the text.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_40" href="#fnanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> Their name, as stated by Nicolet and preserved in the
+<i>Relation</i> of 1640, was Baouichtigouin; given in the <i>Relation</i> of 1642,
+as Paüoitigoüeieuhak&mdash;"inhabitants of the falls;" in the <i>Relation</i> of
+1648, as Paouitagoung&mdash;"nation of the Sault;" on Du Creux' map of 1660,
+"Pasitig8ecü;" and they were sometimes known as
+Paouitingouach-irini&mdash;"the men of the shallow cataract." They were
+estimated, in 1671, at one hundred and fifty souls. They then united
+with other kindred nations.
+</p><p>
+By the French, these tribes, collectively, were called Sauteurs; but
+they were known to the Iroquois as Estiaghicks, or Stiagigroone&mdash;the
+termination, <i>roone</i>, meaning men, being applied to Indians of the
+Algonquin family. They were designated by the Sioux as Raratwaus or
+"people of the falls." They were the ancestors of the modern Otchipwes,
+or Ojibwas (Chippewas).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_41" href="#fnanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> That this was the location in 1641 is certain. Shea's
+<i>Catholic Missions</i>, p. 184. In 1669, it was, probably, still at the
+foot of the rapids, on the southern side. <i>Id.</i>, p. 361. Besides, when
+the missionaries first visited the Sault, they were informed that the
+place had been occupied for a long period. The falls are correctly
+marked upon Champlain's map of 1632.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_42" href="#fnanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> The earliest delineation, to any extent, of the present
+State of Michigan, is that to be found on Du Creux' Map of 1660, where
+the two peninsulas are very well represented in outline.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_43" href="#fnanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> The names of the tribes thus far visited by Nicolet, and
+their relative positions, are shown in the following from Vimont
+(<i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 34), except that the "cheueux releuez" were not
+called upon by him until his return:
+</p><p>
+"I'ay dit qu'à l'entrée du premier de ces Lacs se rencontrent les
+Hurons; les quittans pour voguer plus haut dans le lac, on truue au Nord
+les Ouasouarim, plus haut sont les Outchougai, plus haut encore à
+l'embouchure du fleuue qui vient du Lac Nipisin sont les Atchiligoüan.
+Au delà sur les mesmes riues de ceste mer douce sont les Amikoüai, ou la
+nation du Castor, au Sud desquels est vne Isle dans ceste mer douce
+longue d'enuiron trente lieuës habitée des Outaouan, ce sont peuples
+venus de la nation des cheueux releuez. Apres les Amikoüai sur les
+mesmes riues du grand lac sont les Oumisagai, qu'on passe pour venir à
+Baouichtigouin, c'est à dire, à la nation des gens du Sault, pource
+qu'en effect il y a vn Sault qui se iette en cet endroit dans la mer
+douce."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_44" href="#fnanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> Lake Superior is distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632, where it appears as "Grand Lac." Was it seen by Nicolet? This is a
+question which will probably never be answered to the satisfaction of
+the historian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_45" href="#fnanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> Sault Sainte Marie (pronounced <i>soo-saint-máry</i>),
+county-seat of Chippewa county, Michigan, fifteen miles below the outlet
+of Lake Superior.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_46" href="#fnanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> The Straits of Mackinaw connect Lake Michigan with Lake
+Huron. Of the word "Mackinaw," there are many synonyms to be found upon
+the pages of American history: Mackinac, Michillmakinaw,
+Michillimakinac, Michilimakina, Michiliakimawk, Michilinaaquina,
+Miscilemackina, Miselimackinack, Misilemakinak, Missilimakina,
+Missilimakinac, Missilimakinak, Missilimaquina, Missilimaquinak, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_47" href="#fnanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> Machihiganing was the Indian name; called by the French at
+an early day, Mitchiganon,&mdash;sometimes the Lake of the Illinois, Lake St.
+Joseph, or Lake Dauphin. I know of no earlier representation of this
+lake than that on Du Creux' map of 1660. It is there named the "Magnus
+Lacus Algonquinorum, seu Lacus Foetetium [Foetentium]." This is
+equivalent to Great Algonquin Lake, or Lake of the Puants; that is,
+Winnebago Lake. On a map by Joliet, recently published by Gabriel
+Gravier, it is called "Lac des Illinois ou Missihiganin."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_48" href="#fnanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> Bay du Noquet, or Noque. That the "small lake" visited by
+Nicolet was, in fact, this bay, is rendered probable by the phraseology
+employed by Vimont in the <i>Relation</i> of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Passing
+this small lake [from the Sault Sainte Marie], we enter into the second
+fresh-water sea [Lake Michigan and Green bay]." It is true Vimont speaks
+of "the small lake" as lying "beyond the falls;" but his meaning is,
+"nearer the "Winnebagoes." If taken literally, his words would indicate
+a lake further up the strait, above the Sault Sainte Marie, meaning Lake
+Superior, which, of course, would not answer the description of a small
+lake. It must be remembered that the missionary was writing at his home
+upon the St. Lawrence, and was giving his description from his
+standpoint.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_49" href="#fnanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> Synonyms: La Baye des Eaux Puantes, La Baye, Enitajghe
+(Iroquois), Baie des Puants, La Grande Baie, Bay des Puants.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_50" href="#fnanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Called the Roquai, by Vimont, in the <i>Relation</i> of 1640,
+p. 34&mdash;probably the Noquets&mdash;afterwards classed with the Chippewas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_51" href="#fnanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Called the Mantoue in the <i>Relation</i> just cited. They were
+probably the Nantoue of the <i>Relation</i> of 1671, or Mantoueouee of the
+map attached thereto. They are mentioned, at that date, as living near
+the Foxes. In the <i>Relation</i> of 1673, they are designated as the
+Makoueoue, still residing near the Foxes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_52" href="#fnanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> "Au delà de ce Sault on trouue le petit lac, sur les bords
+duquel du costé du Nord sont les Roquai. Au Nord de ceux-cy sont
+Mantoue, ces peuples ne nauigent guiere, viuans des fruicts de la
+terre."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, pp. 34, 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_53" href="#fnanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> The Menomonee river forms a part of the northeastern
+boundary of Wisconsin, running in a southeasterly direction between this
+state and Michigan, and emptying into Green bay on the northwest side.
+The earliest location, on a map, of a Menomonee village, is that given
+by Charlevoix on his "Carte des Lacs du Canada," accompanying his
+"Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France," Vol. I.,
+Paris, 1744. The village ("des Malonines") is placed at the mouth of the
+river, on what is now the Michigan side of the stream.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_54" href="#fnanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> Synonyms: Maroumine, Oumalouminek, Oumaominiecs,
+Malhominies,&mdash;meaning, in Algonquin, wild rice (<i>Zizania aquatica</i> of
+Linnæus). The French called this grain wild oats&mdash;folles avoine; hence
+they gave the name of Les Folles Avoine to the Menomonees.
+</p><p>
+"Passant ce plus petit lac, on entre dans la seconde mer douce, sur les
+riues de laquelle sont les Maroumine."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p.
+35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_55" href="#fnanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> I have drawn, for this description of the Menomonees, upon
+the earliest accounts preserved of them; but these are of dates some
+years subsequent to Nicolet's visit. (Compare Marquette's account in his
+published narrative, by Shea.) Vimont seems not to have derived any
+knowledge of them from Nicolet, beside the simple fact of his having
+visited them; at least, he says nothing further in the <i>Relation</i> of
+1640.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_56" href="#fnanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> "Two days' journey from this tribe [the Winnebagoes], he
+sent one of his savages," etc.&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3. This was
+just the distance from the Menomonees. Du Creux, although following the
+<i>Relation</i> of 1643, makes Nicolet an ambassador of the Hurons, for he
+says (Hist. Canada, p. 360): "When he [Nicolet] was two days distant
+[from the Winnebagoes], he sent forward one of his own company to make
+known to the nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador
+was approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to
+secure their friendship." But the following is the account of Vimont
+(<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3), from the time of Nicolet's departure from the
+Huron villages to his being met by the young men of the Winnebagoes:
+</p><p>
+"Ils [<i>Nicolet and his seven Hurons</i>] passerent par quantité de petites
+nations, en allant et en reuenant; lors qu'ils y arriuoient, ils
+fichoient deux bastons en terre, auquel ils pendoient des presens, afin
+d'oster à ces peuples la pensée de les prendre pour ennemis et de les
+massacrer. A deux iournées de cette nation, il enuoya vn de ces Sauuages
+porter la nouuelle de la paix, laquelle fut bien receuë, nommément quand
+on entendit que c'estoit vn European qui portoit la parole. On depescha
+plusieurs ieunes gens pour aller au deuant du Manitouiriniou, c'est à
+dire de l'homme merueilleux; on y vient, on le conduit, on porte tout son
+bagage."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_57" href="#fnanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> Compare Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.
+"Il [<i>Nicolet</i>] estoit reuestu d'vne grande robe de damas de la Chine,
+toute parsemée de fleurs et d'oyseaux de diuerses couleurs."&mdash;Vimont,
+<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_58" href="#fnanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> Wisconsin takes its name from its principal river, which
+drains an extensive portion of its surface. It rises in Lake Vieux
+Desert (which is partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin), flows
+generally a south course to Portage, in what is now Columbia county,
+where it turns to the southwest, and, after a further course of one
+hundred and eighteen miles, with a rapid current, reaches the
+Mississippi river, four miles below Prairie du Chien. Its entire length
+is about four hundred and fifty miles, descending, in that distance, a
+little more than one thousand feet. Along the lower portion of the
+stream are the high lands or river hills. Some of these hills present
+high and precipitous faces towards the water. Others terminate in knobs.
+The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature; the word
+being derived from <i>mis-si</i>, great, and <i>os-sin</i>, a stone or rock.
+</p><p>
+Compare Shea's <i>Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi</i>, pp. 6
+(note) and 268; Foster's <i>Mississippi Valley</i>, p. 2 (note);
+Schoolcraft's <i>Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes</i>, p. 220 and note.
+</p><p>
+Two definitions of the word are current&mdash;as widely differing from each
+other as from the one just given. (See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I., p.
+111, and Webster's Dic., Unabridged, p. 1632.) The first&mdash;"the gathering
+of the waters"&mdash;has no corresponding words in Algonquin at all
+resembling the name; the same may be said of the second&mdash;"wild rushing
+channel." (See Otchipwe Dic. of Rev. F. Baraga.)
+</p><p>
+Since first used by the French, the word "Wisconsin" has undergone
+considerable change. On the map by Joliet, recently brought to light by
+Gravier, it is given as "Miskonsing." In Marquette's journal, published
+by Thevenot, in Paris, 1681, it is noted as the "Meskousing." It
+appeared there for the first time in print. Hennepin, in 1683, wrote
+"Onisconsin" and "Misconsin;" Charlevoix, 1743, "Ouisconsing;" Carver,
+1766, "Ouisconsin" (English&mdash;"Wisconsin"): since which last mentioned
+date, the orthography has been uniform.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_59" href="#fnanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> "Si tost qu'on l'apperceut toutes les femmes et les enfans
+s'enfuïrent, voyant vn homme porter le tonnerre en ses deux mains (c'est
+ainsi qu'ils nommoient deux pistolets qu'il tenoit)."&mdash;Vimont,
+<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3.
+</p><p>
+Du Creux (Hist. Canada, p. 360) has this rendering of Vimont's language:
+"He [Nicolet] carried in each hand a small pistol. When he had
+discharged these (for he must have done this, though the French author
+does not mention the fact), the more timid persons, boys and women,
+betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible from a man
+who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands." And thus Parkman
+("Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.): "[Nicolet] advanced to meet the
+expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children
+fled, screaming that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and
+lightning."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_60" href="#fnanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> Synonyms: Ouinipigou, Ouinbegouc, Ouinipegouc,
+Ouenibegoutz&mdash;Gens de Mer, Gens de Eaux de Mer&mdash;Des Puans, Des Puants,
+La Nation des Puans, La Nation des Puants, Des Gens Puants.
+</p><p>
+By the Hurons, this nation was known as A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (<i>Relation</i>,
+1636, p. 92); by the Sioux, as Ontonkah; but they called themselves
+Otchagras, Hochungara, Ochungarand, or Horoji.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_61" href="#fnanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> Champlain's map of 1632 gives them that location. La Jeune
+(<i>Relation</i>, 1639, p. 55) approximates their locality thus:
+</p><p>
+... "Nous auons aussi pensé d'appliquer quelques-vns à la connoissance de
+nouuelles langues. Nous iettions les yeux sur trois autres des Peuples
+plus voisins: sur celle des Algonquains, espars de tous costez, et au
+Midy, et au Septentrion de nostre grand Lac; sur celle de la Nation
+neutre, qui est vne maistresse porte pour les païs meridionaux, et sur
+celle de la Nation des Puants, qui est vn passage des plus considerables
+pour les païs Occidentaux, vn peu plus Septentrionaux."
+</p><p>
+"We [the missionaries] have also thought of applying ourselves, some of
+us, to the task of acquiring a knowledge of new languages. We turn our
+eyes on three other nations nearer: on that of the Algonquins, scattered
+on every side, both to the south and north of our great lake [Huron]; on
+that of the Neuter nation, which affords a principal entrance to the
+countries on south; and on that of the nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], which is one of the more important thoroughfares to the
+western countries, a little more northern."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_62" href="#fnanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> Fox river heads in the northeastern part of Columbia
+county, Wisconsin, and in the adjoining portions of Green Lake county.
+Flowing, at first, southwest and then due west, it approaches the
+Wisconsin at Portage, county-seat of Columbia county. When within less
+than two miles of that river, separated from it by only a low, sandy
+plain&mdash;the famous "portage" of early days&mdash;it turns abruptly northward,
+and with a sluggish current, continues on this course, for twelve miles,
+to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of which is now
+Marquette county, Wisconsin. It now begins a wide curve, which brings
+its direction finally around due east. Lake Buffalo is merely an
+expansion of the river, thirteen and one-half miles long and half a mile
+wide. From the foot of this lake, the river runs in an irregular,
+easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Puckaway
+lake, which is eight and one-fourth miles in length, and from one to two
+miles wide. At the foot of this lake there are wide marshes through
+which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long,
+narrow bend to the west, begins a northeast stretch, which it continues
+for a considerable distance, passing, after receiving the waters of Wolf
+river, around in a curve to the southeast through Big Butte Des Morts
+lake, and reaching Lake Winnebago, into which it flows at the city of
+Oshkosh.
+</p><p>
+The river leaves Winnebago lake in two channels, at the cities of
+Menasha and Neenah, flowing in a westerly course to the Little Butte Des
+Morts lake, and through the latter in a north course, when it soon takes
+a northeasterly direction, which it holds until it empties into the head
+of Green bay. The stream gets its name from the Fox tribe of Indians
+formerly residing in its valley. Upon Champlain's map of 1632, it is
+noted as "Riviere des Puans;" that is, "River of the Puans"&mdash;Winnebago
+river. The name Neenah (water), sometimes applied to it, is a misnomer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_63" href="#fnanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> "Plus auant encore sur les mesmes riues habitent les
+Ouinipigou [Winnebagoes], peuples sedentaires qui sont en grand
+nombre."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_64" href="#fnanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> "Tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin, excepté les
+Hurons, qui ont vne langue à part, comme aussi les Ouinipigou
+[Winnebagoes] ou gens de mer."&mdash;Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_65" href="#fnanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> The Winnebagoes and some bands of Sioux were the only
+Dakotas that crossed the Mississippi in their migratory movement
+eastward.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_66" href="#fnanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> Says Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, pp. 3, 4): "La nouuelle de
+sa venuë s'espandit incontinent aux lieu circonuoisins: il se fit vne
+assemblée, de quartre ou cinq mille hommes."
+</p><p>
+But this number is lessened somewhat by the <i>Relation</i> of 1656 (p. 39):
+</p><p>
+"Vn François m'a dit autrefois, qu'il auoit veu trois mille hommes dans
+vne assemblée qui se fit pour traiter de paix, au Païs des gens de Mer."
+</p><p>
+"A Frenchman [Nicolet] told me some time ago, that he had seen three
+thousand men together in one assemblage, for the purpose of making a
+treaty of peace in the country of the People of the Sea [Winnebagoes]."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_67" href="#fnanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> "Chacun des principaux fit son festin, en l'vn desquels on
+seruit au moins six-vingts Castors."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_68" href="#fnanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> Shea ("Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi
+Valley," p. 20) has evidently caught the true idea of Nicolet's mission
+to the Winnebagoes. He says: "With these [Winnebagoes] Nicolet entered
+into friendly relations."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_69" href="#fnanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> Synonyms: Masscoutens, Maskoutens, Maskouteins,
+Musquetens, Machkoutens, Maskoutench, etc. They were called by the
+French, "Les Gens de Feu"&mdash;the Nation of Fire; by the Hurons,
+"Assistagueronons" or "Atsistaehronons," from <i>assista</i>, fire and
+<i>ronons</i>, people; that is, Fire-People or Fire-Nation. By Champlain,
+they were noted, in 1632, as "Les Gens de Feu a Bistagueronons" on his
+map. This is a misprint for "Assistagueronons," as his "Voyages" of that
+year shows. I., p. 262 [272].
+</p><p>
+"The Fire Nation bears this name erroneously, calling themselves
+Maskoutench, which signifies 'a land bare of trees,' such as that which
+these people inhabit; but because by the change of a few letters, the
+same word signifies, 'fire,' from thence it has come that they are
+called the 'Fire Nation.'"&mdash;<i>Relation</i>, 1671, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_70" href="#fnanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> Synonyms: Sauks, Saukis, Ousakis, Sakys, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_71" href="#fnanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> Synonyms: Outagamis, Les Renards, Musquakies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_72" href="#fnanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> The distance by days up the Fox river of Green bay from
+the Winnebagoes to the Mascoutins, is given in accordance with the
+earliest accounts of canoe navigation upon that stream. The first white
+persons to pass up the river after Nicolet were Allouez and his
+attendants, in April, 1670. That missionary (<i>Relation</i>, 1670, pp. 96,
+97, 99), says:
+</p><p>
+"The 16th of April [1670], I embarked to go and commence the mission of
+the Outagamis [Fox Indians], a people well known in all these parts. We
+were lying at the head of the bay [Green bay], at the entrance of the
+River of the Puants [Fox river], which we have named 'St. Francis;' in
+passing, we saw clouds of swans, bustards, and ducks; the savages take
+them in nets at the head of the bay, where they catch as many as fifty
+in a night; this game, in the autumn, seek the wild rice that the wind
+has shaken off in the month of September.
+</p><p>
+"The 17th [of April of the same year], we went up the River St. Francis
+[the Fox]&mdash;two and sometimes three arpens wide. After having advanced
+four leagues, we found the village of the savages named Saky [Sacs,
+Saukis, or Sauks], who began a work that merits well here to have its
+place. From one side of the river to the other, they made a barricade,
+planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that
+there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishers, who, by the aid of
+a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish
+which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between
+the stakes. They call this device Mitihikan ["Mitchiganen" or
+"Machihiganing," now "Michigan"]; they make use of it in the spring and
+a part of the summer.
+</p><p>
+"The 18th [of the same month], we made the portage which they call
+Kekaling [afterwards variously spelled, and pronounced "Cock-o-lin;"
+meaning, it is said, the place of the fish. In the fall of 1851, a
+village was laid out there, which is known as Kaukauna]; our sailors
+drew the canoe through the rapids; I walked on the bank of the river,
+where I found apple-trees and vine stocks [grape vines] in abundance.
+</p><p>
+"The 19th [April], our sailors ascended the rapids, by using poles, for
+two leagues. I went by land as far as the other portage, which they call
+Oukocitiming; that is to say, the highway. We observed this same day the
+eclipse of the sun, predicted by the astrologers, which lasted from
+mid-day until two o'clock. The third, or near it, of the body of the sun
+appeared eclipsed; the other two-thirds formed a crescent. We arrived,
+in the evening, at the entrance of the Lake of the Puants [Winnebago
+lake], which we have called Lake St. Francis; it is about twelve leagues
+long and four wide; it is situated from north-northeast to
+south-southwest; it abounds in fish, but uninhabited, on account of the
+Nardoüecis [Sioux], who are here dreaded.
+</p><p>
+"The 20th [of April, 1670], which was on Sunday, I said mass, after
+having navigated five or six leagues in the lake; after which, we
+arrived in a river [the Fox, at what is now Oshkosh], that comes from a
+lake of wild rice [Big Butte Des Morts lake], which we came into; at the
+foot [head] of which we found the river [the Wolf] which leads to the
+Outagamis [Fox Indians] on one side, and that [the Fox] which leads to
+the Machkoutenck [Mascoutins] on the other. We entered into the former
+[the Wolf]....
+</p><p>
+"The 29th [of April of the same year, having returned from the Fox
+Indians living up the Wolf river], we entered into the [Fox] river,
+which leads to the Machkoutench [Mascoutins], called Assista
+Ectaeronnons, Fire Nation ["Gens de Feu"], by the Hurons. This [Fox]
+river is very beautiful, without rapids or portages [above the mouth of
+the Wolf]; it flows to [from] the southwest.
+</p><p>
+"The 30th [of April, 1670], having disembarked opposite the village [of
+the Mascoutins], and left our canoe at the water's edge, after a walk of
+a league, over beautiful prairies, we perceived the fort [of the
+Mascoutins]."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_73" href="#fnanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Champlain's "Les Voyages de la Novvelle France," I., p.
+262 [272], previously cited. Upon Champlain's Map of 1632, they are
+located beyond and to the south of Lake Huron, he having no knowledge of
+Lake Michigan. In his "Voyages," his words are: "Ils [the Cheveux
+Relevés&mdash;Ottawas] sont la guerre, à vne autre nation de Sauuages, qui
+s'appellent Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens de feu, esloignez d'eux
+de dix iournées." Sagard, in 1636 ("Histoire du Canada," p. 201), is
+equally indefinite as to locality, though placing them westward of the
+south end of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, "nine or ten days' journey
+by canoe, which makes about two hundred leagues, or more." He says:
+"Tous essemble [the different bands of the Ottawas] sont la guerre a une
+autre nation nommée Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens feu: car en
+langue Huronne Assista signifie de feu and Eronon signifie Nation. Ils
+sont esloignez d'eux à ce qu'on tient, de neuf ou dix iournées de
+Canots, qui sont enuiron deux cens lieuës et plus de chemin."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_74" href="#fnanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Allouez (<i>Relation</i>, 1670, p. 99, before cited) is the
+first to give their position with any degree of certainty. Unless, under
+the name of "Rasaoua koueton," the Mascoutins were not mentioned by
+Nicolet, in the list given to Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35). The "R"
+should, probably, have been "M," thus: "Masaoua koueton."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_75" href="#fnanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> Synonyms: Miamees, Miramis, Myamicks, Omianicks,
+Ommiamies, Oumis, Oumiamies, Oumiamiwek, Oumamis, Twightwees. As to
+their place of abode, see Shea's <i>Hennepin</i>, p. 258.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_76" href="#fnanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> Synonyms: Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux,
+Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicapouz, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_77" href="#fnanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> The name of this river is from the Algonquin <i>missi</i>,
+great, and <i>sepe</i>, water, or river. The popular notion that it means
+"the father of waters," is erroneous.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_78" href="#fnanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> "Le Sieur Nicolet qui a le plus auant penetré dedans ces
+pays si esloignés m'a asseuré que s'il eust vogué trois iours plus auant
+sur vn grand fleuue qui sort de ce lac, qu'il auroit trouué la
+mer."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 36.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_79" href="#fnanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> That such was the fact, and that he did not reach the
+Wisconsin river, is deduced from the language of the <i>Relations</i>; also,
+from a consideration of the length of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers below
+the "portage," where they very nearly approach each other; and from a
+study of the time usually employed, at an early day, in their
+navigation. It has, however, been extensively published that Nicolet did
+reach the Wisconsin, and float down its channel to within three days of
+the Mississippi. Now, Nicolet, in speaking of a large river upon which
+he had sailed, evidently intended to convey the idea of its being
+connected with "ce lac" (this lake); that is, with Green bay and Lake
+Michigan&mdash;the two being merged into one by Vimont. Hence, he must have
+spoken of the Fox river. But Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 36) understood
+him as saying, "that, had he sailed three days more on a great river
+which <i>flows from</i> that lake, he would have found the sea."
+</p><p>
+The <i>Relation</i>, it will be noticed, says, "had he sailed three days
+more," etc. This implies a sailing already of some days. But such could
+not have been the case had he been upon the Wisconsin; as that river is
+only one hundred and eighteen miles in length, below the portage, and
+the time of its canoe navigation between three and four days only;
+whereas, upon the Fox, it was nine days; six, from its mouth to the
+Mascoutins, as previously shown, and three from the Mascoutins to the
+Wisconsin.
+</p><p>
+The first white men who passed up the Fox river above the Mascoutins,
+were Louis Joliet and Father James Marquette, with five French
+attendants, in June, 1673. "We knew," says Marquette, "that there was,
+three leagues from Maskoutens [Mascoutins], a river [Wisconsin] emptying
+into the Mississippi; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we
+were to hold to reach it, was the west-southwest; but the way is so cut
+up by marshes, and little lakes, that it is easy to go astray,
+especially as the river leading to it is so covered by wild oats, that
+you can hardly discover the channel."
+</p><p>
+That Marquette, instead of "three leagues" intended to say "thirty
+leagues" or "three days," it is evident to any one acquainted with the
+Fox river from the "portage" down; besides, the mistake is afterward
+corrected in his narrative as well as on his map accompanying it, where
+the home of the Mascoutins is marked as indicated by Allouez in the
+<i>Relation</i> of 1670. See, also, the map of Joliet, before alluded to, as
+recently published by Gravier, where the same location is given. Joliet
+and Marquette were seven days in their journey from the Mascoutins to
+the Mississippi; this gave them three days upon the Fox and four upon
+the Wisconsin (including the delay at the portage). Canoes have
+descended from the portage in two days.
+</p><p>
+The <i>Relation</i> of 1670 (pp. 99, 100) says: "These people [the
+Mascoutins] are established in a very fine place, where we see beautiful
+plains and level country, as far as the eye reaches. Their river leads
+into a great river called Messisipi; [to which] their is a navigation of
+only six days."
+</p><p>
+But the question is evidently settled by the <i>Relation</i> of 1654 (p. 30),
+which says:
+</p><p>
+"It is only nine days' journey from this great lake [Green bay and Lake
+Michigan&mdash;'Lac de gens de mer'] to the sea;" where "the sea," referred
+to, is, beyond doubt, identical with "la mer" of Nicolet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_80" href="#fnanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> "Or i'ay de fortes coniectures que c'est la mer [mentioned
+by Nicolet] qui respond au Nord de la Nouuelle Mexique, et que de cette
+mer, on auroit entrée vers le Iapon et vers la Chine, neantmoins comme
+on ne sçait pas où tire ce grand lac, ou cette mer douce, ce seroit vne
+entreprise genereuse d'aller descouurir ces contrées. Nos Peres qui sont
+aux Hurons, inuités par quelques Algonquins, sont sur le point de donner
+iusques à ces gens de l'autre mer, dont i'ay parlé cy-dessus; peut estre
+que ce voyage se reseruera pour l'vn de nous qui auons quelque petite
+cognoissance de la langue Algonquine."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relations</i>, 1640, p.
+36.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_81" href="#fnanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> "The twenty-fourth day of June [1640], there arrived an
+Englishman, with a servant, brought in boats by twenty Abnaquiois
+savages. He set out from the lake or river Quinibequi in Acadia, where
+the English have a settlement, in order to search for a passage through
+these countries to the North sea.... M. de Montmagny had him brought to
+Tadoussac, in order that he might return to England by way of France.
+</p><p>
+"He told us wonderful things of New Mexico. 'I learned,' said he, 'that
+one can sail to that country by means of the seas which lie to the north
+of it. Two years ago, I explored all the southern coast from Virginia to
+Quinebiqui to try whether I could not find some large river or some
+large lake which should bring me to tribes having knowledge of this sea,
+which is northward from Mexico. Not having found any such in these
+countries, I entered into the Saguené region, to penetrate, if I could,
+with the savages of the locality, as far as to the northern sea.'
+</p><p>
+"In passing, I will say that we have strong indications that one can
+descend through the second lake of the Hurons [Lake Michigan and Green
+bay] and through the country of the nations we have named [as having
+been visited by Nicolet] into this sea which he [the Englishman] was
+trying to find."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_82" href="#fnanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> Synonyms: Ilinois, Ilinoues, Illini, Illiniweck,
+Tilliniwek, Ilimouek, Liniouek, Abimigek, Eriniouaj, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_83" href="#fnanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35) gives information derived
+from Nicolet, of the existence of the Illinois (Eriniouaj) as neighbors
+of the Winnebagoes. And the <i>Relation</i>, 1656 (p. 39), says: "The
+Liniouek [Illinois], their neighbors [that is, the neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes], number about sixty villages." Champlain locates a tribe,
+on his map of 1632, south of the Mascoutins, as a "nation where there is
+a quantity of buffaloes." This nation was probably the Illinois.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_84" href="#fnanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> As Nicolet proceeded no further to the westward than six
+days' sail up the Fox river of Green bay, of course, the "Nadvesiv"
+(Sioux) and "Assinipour" (Assiniboins) were not visited by him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_85" href="#fnanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> Synonyms: Pottawottamies, Poutouatamis, Pouteouatamis,
+Pouutouatami, Poux, Poueatamis, Pouteouatamiouec, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_86" href="#fnanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> Such, at least, was their location a few years after the
+visit of Nicolet. The islands occupied were those farthest south.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_87" href="#fnanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1640, p. 35. In the <i>Relation</i> of
+1643, it is expressly stated that Nicolet visited some of the tribes on
+his return voyage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_88" href="#fnanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> Says Margry (<i>Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique</i>,
+1862): "Les peuples que le pére dit avoir été pour la plupart visités
+par Nicolet sont les Malhominis ou Gens de la Folle Avoine
+[<i>Menomonees</i>], les Ouinipigous ou Puans [<i>Winnebagoes</i>], puis les
+Pouteouatami [<i>Pottawattamies</i>], les Eriniouaj (ou Illinois)," etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_89" href="#fnanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> It is highly probable that Nicolet commenced his return
+trip so soon, in the spring of 1635, as the warm weather had freed Green
+bay of its coat of ice. Leaving the Winnebagoes, as soon as navigation
+opened in the spring, he would have only about ten weeks to reach the
+St. Lawrence by the middle of July&mdash;the time, probably, of his return,
+as previously mentioned; whereas, having left Quebec July 2, for the
+west, he had about five months before navigation closed on the lakes, to
+arrive out. Sault Sainte Marie must, of necessity, therefore, have been
+visited in <i>going to</i> the Winnebagoes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_90" href="#fnanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> "To the south of the Nation of the Beaver is an island, in
+that fresh-water sea [Lake Huron], about thirty leagues in length,
+inhabited by the Outaouan [Ottawas]. These are a people come from the
+nation of the Standing Hair [Cheveux Relevés]."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>,
+1640, p. 34. In William R. Smith's translation of so much of this
+<i>Relation</i> as names the various tribes visited by Nicolet (Hist. Wis.,
+Vol. III., p. 10), what relates to the Cheveux Relevés is
+omitted&mdash;probably by accident. On a large island, corresponding as to
+locality with the Great Manitoulin, is placed, on Du Creux' Map of 1660,
+the "natio surrectorum capillorum"&mdash;identical with the Cheveux Relevés,
+just mentioned.
+</p><p>
+The Ottawas were first visited by Champlain. This was in the year 1615.
+They lived southwest of the Hurons. It was he who gave them the name
+Cheveux Relevés&mdash;Standing Hair. Sagard saw some of them subsequently,
+and calls them Andatahonats. See his "Histoire du Canada," p. 199.
+</p><p>
+Although, in the citation from the <i>Relation</i> of 1640, just given, the
+band of the Ottawas upon the Great Manitoulin are said to have "come
+from the nation of the Standing Hair," it does not fix the residence of
+those from whom they came as in the valley of the Ottawa river. On the
+contrary, Champlain, in his "Voyages" and Map, places them in an
+opposite direction, not far from the south end of the Nottawassaga bay
+of Lake Huron. Says J. G. Shea (Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., III., 135):
+"There is no trace in the early French writers of any opinion then
+entertained that they [the Ottawas] had ever been [resided] in the
+valley of the Ottawa river. After the fall of the Hurons [who were cut
+off by the Iroquois a number of years subsequent to Nicolet's visit],
+when trade was re-opened with the west, all tribes there were called
+Ottawas, and the river, as leading to the Ottawa country, got the
+name."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_91" href="#fnanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> As the traffic with the Hurons took place at Three Rivers,
+between the 15th and 23d of July, 1635, it is highly probable that
+Nicolet reached there some time during that month, on his way to
+Quebec.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_92" href="#fnanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> Vimont (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4) thus briefly disposes of
+Nicolet's return trip from the Winnebagoes: "La paix fut concluë; il
+retourna aux Hurons, et de la à quelque temps aux Trois Riuieres."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_93" href="#fnanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> "Le neufiesme de Decembre, iustement le lendemain de la
+feste de la Conception, le sieur Iean Nicolet, Truchement pour les
+Algonquins aux Trois Riuieres, vint donner aduis aux Peres, qui demeuroient
+en la Residence de la Conception sise au mesme lieu, qu'vn
+ieune Algonquin se trouuoit mal, et qu'il seroit à prospos de le
+visiter."&mdash;Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>, 1636, p. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_94" href="#fnanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> "Le septiesme de Ianuier de cette année mil six cens
+trente six, le fils d'vn grand Sorcier ou Iongleur fut faict Chrestien,
+son pere s'y accordant apres de grandes resistances qu'il en fit: car,
+comme nos Peres éuentoient ses mines, et la decreditoient, il ne pouuoit
+les supporter en sa Cabane. Cependant comme son fils tiroit à la mort,
+ils prierent le sieur Nicolet de faire son possible pour sauuer cette
+âme: ils s'en vont donc le Pere Quentin et luy en cette maison d'écorce,
+pressent fortement ce Sauuage de consentir au baptesme de son petit
+fils."&mdash;Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>, 1636, p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_95" href="#fnanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> Le trente-vniesme [of December, 1635], vne fille agée
+d'enuiron seize ans fut baptisée, et nommée Anne par vn de nos François.
+Le Pere Buteux l'instruisant luy dit, que si estant Chrestienne elle
+venoit à mourir, son âme iroit au Ciel dans les ioyes eternelles. A ce
+mot de mourir, elle eut vne si grande frayeur, qu'elle ne voulut plus
+iamais prester l'oreille au Pere; on luy enuoya le Sieur Nicolet
+truchement, qui exerce volontiers semblables actions de charité; elle
+l'escoute paisiblement; mais comme ses occupations le diuertissent
+ailleurs, il ne la pouuoit visiter si souuent: c'est pourquoy le Pere
+Quentin s'efforça d'apprendre les premiers rudimens du Christianisme en
+Sauuage, afin de la pouuoir instruire. Cela luy reüssit si bien, que cette
+pauure fille ayant pris goust à cette doctrine salutaire, desira le
+Baptesme que le Pere luy accorda. La grace a plusieurs effects: on
+remarqua que cette fille, fort dedaigneuse et altiere de son naturel,
+deuint fort douce et traittable, estant Chrestienne.&mdash;Ibid.
+</p><p>
+"Il [Nicolet] ... continua sa charge de Commis et Interprete [at Three
+Rivers] auec vne satisfaction grande des François et des Sauuages,
+desquels il estoit esgalement et vniquement aymé. Il conspiroit
+puissamment, autant que sa charge le permettoit, auec nos Peres, pour la
+conuersion de ces peuples, lesquels il sçauoit manier et tourner où il
+vouloit d'vne dexterité qui à peine trouuera son pareil."&mdash;Vimont,
+<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.
+</p><p>
+Compare, also, <i>Relation</i>, 1637, p. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_96" href="#fnanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> "Le deuxiéme iour d'Auril, le Pere Quentin fit vn voyage
+à quelques lieuës des Trois Riuieres [Three Rivers], pour quelques
+malades, dont on nous auoit donné aduis. Le fruict qu'il en rapporta fut
+d'auoir exposé plusieurs fois sa vie pour Dieu, parmy les dangers des
+glaces et du mauuais temps. Il se contenta de leur donner quelque
+instruction, sans en baptiser aucun, ne les voyant ny en peril de mort,
+ny suffisamment instruits. Le sieur Iean Nicolet luy seruit de
+truchement, auec sa charité et fidelité ordinaire, dont nos Peres tirent
+de grands seruices en semblables occasions."&mdash;Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_97" href="#fnanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> Adapted from Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp.
+165, 166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_98" href="#fnanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 167, 168, citing
+the <i>Relations</i> of 1637 and 1638. Father Le Jeune (<i>Relation</i>, 1636, p.
+75) says: "Comme i'écry cecy le vingt-huictiéme d'Aoust, voila que le
+Pere Buteux me mande le départ du Pere Ioques, l'arriuée d'vne autre
+troupe de Hurons, de qui le sieur Nicolet a encore obtenu trois ieunes
+garçons, sur le rapport que leur ont fait leurs compagnons du bon
+traittement que Monsieur le General et tous les autres François leur
+auoient fait."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_99" href="#fnanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> Le Jeune, <i>Relation</i>, 1637, p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_100" href="#fnanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> Ib., p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_101" href="#fnanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Ib., p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_102" href="#fnanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> Ib., p. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_103" href="#fnanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> See Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., p.
+326; also, his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec," p.
+30, notes; and Gravier's "Découvertes et Établissements de Cavalier de
+la Salle," p. 47.
+</p><p>
+Nicolet's wife was a daughter of Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette
+Hébert. Nicolet's marriage contract was dated at Quebec, October 22,
+1637, several days subsequent to his nuptials. This was not an uncommon
+thing in New France in early days, but has not been allowed in Canada
+for about a century past. The contract was drawn up by Guitet, a notary
+of Quebec. There were present François Derré de Gand,
+Commissaire-Général; Olivier le Tardif; Noël Juchereau; Pierre De la
+Porte; Guillaume Huboust; Guillaume Hébert; Marie Rollet aïeule de la
+future épouse; Claude Racine; Etienne Racine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_104" href="#fnanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> The presence of Nicolet at Three Rivers during all these
+years (except from March 19, 1638, to January 9, 1639) is shown by
+reference to the <i>Relations</i>, and to the church register of that place.
+See <a href="#appendixI">Appendix, I.</a>, as to the latter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_105" href="#fnanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1641, p. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_106" href="#fnanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> Monsieur Oliuier, Commis General de Messieurs de la
+Compagnie, estant venu l'an passé en France, le dit sieur Nicollet
+descendit à Quebec en sa place, auec vne ioye, et consolation sensible
+qu'il eut de se voir dans la paix et la deuotion de Quebec. Mais il n'en
+ioüit pas long-temps: car vn mois ou deux aprés son arriuée, faisant vn
+voyage aux Trois Riuieres pour la deliurance d'vn prisonnier Sauuage,
+son zele luy cousta la vie, qu'il perdit dans le naufrage."&mdash;Vimont,
+<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_107" href="#fnanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> I'adiousteray icy vn mot de la vie et de la mort de
+Monsieur Nicollet, Interprete et Commis de Messieurs de la Compagnie de
+la Nouuelle France; il mourut dix iours apres le Pere [Charles
+Raymbault, décédé le 22 Octobre, 1642], il auoit demeuré vingt-cinq ans
+en ces quartiers."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 3. The incorrectness of
+this date as to the death of Nicolet will hereafter be shown.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_108" href="#fnanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> "Il [<i>Nicolet</i>] sembarqua à Quebec sur les sept heures du
+soir, dans la chalouppe de Monsieur de Sauigny, qui tiroit vers les
+Trois Riuieres; ils n'estoient pas encor arriuez à Sillery, qu'vn coup
+de vent de Nord Est, qui auoit excité vne horrible tempeste sur la
+grande riuiere, remplit la chalouppe d'eau et la coula à fond, apres luy
+auoir fait faire deux ou trois tours dans l'eau. Ceux qui estoient
+dedans n'allerent pas incontinent à fond, ils s'attacherent quelque
+temps à la challouppe. Monsieur Nicollet eut loisir de dire à Monsieur
+de Sauigny: Monsieur, sauuez-vous, vous sçauez nager; ie ne le sçay pas.
+Pour moy ie m'en vay à Dieu; ie vous recommande ma femme et ma
+fille."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.
+</p><p>
+Nicolet's daughter afterwards married Jean-Baptiste le Gardeur de
+Repentigny, entering into a family which was one of the most
+considerable in French America. Her son, Augustin le Gardeur de
+Courtemanche,&mdash;"officier dans les troupes, se distingua, par de longs et
+utiles services dans l'ouest, fut un digne contemporain de Nicolas
+Perot, de même qu'un honorable rejeton de son grandpère
+Nicolet."&mdash;Sulte's "Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature," p. 446.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_109" href="#fnanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> It is reasonably certain that the day of Nicolet's death
+was October 27, 1642. Compare Margry, in <i>Journal Général de
+l'Instruction Publique</i>, 1862. A recent writer says:
+</p><p>
+"Le 29 septembre 1642, aux Trois-Rivières, le Père Jean de Brebeuf
+baptista deux petites filles de race algonquine dont les parrains et
+marraines furent 'Jean Nicolet avec Perrette (nom indien), et Nicolas
+Marsolet (l'interprète), avec Marguerite Couillard, femme de M.
+Nicolet.'
+</p><p>
+"Le 7 octobre suivant eut lieu, à Québec, le départ des navires pour la
+France. (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 46.) Cette Relation écrite vers la fin de
+l'été de 1643, raconte ce qui s'est passé après le départ des navires de
+1642.
+</p><p>
+"Le sieur Olivier le Tardif partit pour la France cet automne, 1642, et
+fut remplacé à Québec, dans sa charge de commis-général de la compagnie
+des Cent-Associés, par son beau-frère Nicolet, qui descendit des
+Trois-Rivières expressément pour cela (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4), par
+conséquent entre le 29 septembre et le 7 octobre.
+</p><p>
+"Le 19 octobre, un sauvage d'une nation alliée aux Iroquois fut amené
+captif aux Trois-Rivières par les Algonquins de ce lieu, qui le
+condamnèrent à périr sur le bûcher. (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 46.) Les Pères
+Jésuites et M. des Rochers, le commandant du fort, ayant épuisé tous les
+arguments qu'ils croyaient pouvoir employer pour induire ces barbares à
+ne pas faire mourir leur prisonnier, envoyèrent un messager à Québec
+avertir Nicolet de ce qui se passait et réclamer son assistance.
+(<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.)
+</p><p>
+"Ces pourparlers et ces démarches paraissent avoir occupé plusieurs
+jours.
+</p><p>
+"A cette nouvelle, Nicolet, n'écoutant que son c&oelig;ur, s'embarqua à
+Québec, dans la chaloupe de M. Chavigny, vers les sept heures du soir.
+L'embarcation n'était pas arrivée à Sillery, qu'un coup de vent du
+nord-est qui avait soulevé une grosse tempête, la remplit d'eau et la
+coula à fond. M. de Chavigny seul se sauva. La nuit était très-noire et
+il faisait un froid âpre qui avait couvert de 'bordages' les rives du
+fleuve. (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.)
+</p><p>
+"Dans ses <i>Notes sur les registres de Notre-Dame de Québec</i>, M. l'abbé
+Ferland nous donne le texte de l'acte qui suit: 'Le 29 octobre, on fit
+les funérailles de monsieur Nicollet et de trois hommes de M. de
+Chavigny, noyés dans une chaloupe qui allait de Québec à Sillery; les
+corps ne furent point trouvés.'
+</p><p>
+"M. de Chavigny demeurait à Sillery. Il est probable que Nicolet
+comptait repartir de là le lendemain, soit à la voile (en chaloupe) ou
+en canot d'ècorce, selon l'état du fleuve, pour atteindre les
+Trois-Rivières.
+</p><p>
+"Le captif des Algonquins ayant été délivré par l'entremise de M. des
+Rochers, arriva à Québec douze jours après le naufrage de Nicolet
+(<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4), le 9 novembre (<i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 44), ce
+qui fixerait au 27 ou 28 octobre la date demandée.
+</p><p>
+"Comme ce malheur eut lieu à la nuit close, pendant une tempête, il est
+raisonable de supposer que la recherche des cadavres ne put se faire que
+le lendemain, surtout lorsque nous songeons que Sillery n'est pas
+Quebec, quoiqu'assez rapproché. Le service funèbre dût être célébré le
+troisième jour, et non pas le lendemain de l'événement en question.
+</p><p>
+"J'adopte donc la date du lundi 27 octobre comme celle de la mort de
+Nicolet.
+</p><p>
+"Il est vrai que la <i>Relation</i> citée plus haut nous dit (p. 3) que le
+Père Charles Raymbault décéda le 22 octobre, et que la mort de Nicolet
+eut lieu dix jours après; mais l'acte du 29 octobre au registre de
+Québec renverse ce calcul de dix jours qui nous mènerait au 1er ou 2
+novembre.
+</p><p>
+"La même <i>Relation</i> (p. 4) dit aussi que Nicolet périt un mois ou deux
+après son arrivée à Québec, tandis que nous voyons par ce que j'expose
+ci-dessus qu'il n'a guère été plus de trois semaines absent des
+Trois-Rivières avant de partir pour sa fatale expédition.
+</p><p>
+"La date du 27 octobre paraît irréfutable."&mdash;M. Sulte, in <i>L'Opinion
+Publique</i>, Montreal, July 24, 1879.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_110" href="#fnanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> "Les vagues les arracherent tous les vns aprés les autres
+de la chalouppe, qui flottoit renuersée contre vne roche. Monsieur de
+Sauigny seul se ietta à l'eau et nagea parmy des flots et des vagues qui
+resembloient à de petites montagnes. La Chalouppe n'estoit pas bien loin
+du riuage; mais il estoit nuict toute noire, et faisoit vn froid aspre,
+qui auoit desia glacé les bords de la riuiere. Le dit sieur de Sauigny,
+sentant le c&oelig;ur et les forces qui luy manquoient, fit vn v&oelig;u à
+Dieu, et peu aprés frappant du pied il sent la terre, et se tirant hors
+de l'eau, s'en vint en nostre maison à Sillery à demy mort. Il demeura
+assez long-temps sans pouuoir parler; puis enfin il nous raconta le
+funeste accident, qui outre la mort de Monsieur Nicollet, dommageable à
+tout le pays, luy auoit perdue trois de ses meilleurs hommes et vne
+grande partie de son meuble et de ses prouisions. Luy et Mademoiselle sa
+femme ont porté cette perte signallée dans vn pays barbare, auec vne
+grande patience et resignation à la volonté de Dieu, et sans rien
+diminuer de leur courage."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_111" href="#fnanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> "Les Sauuages de Sillery, au bruit du nauffrage de
+Monsieur Nicollet, courent sur le lieu, et ne le voyant plus paroistre,
+en tesmoignent des regrets indicibles. Ce n'estoit pas la premiere fois
+que cet homme s'estoit exposé au danger de la mort pour le bien et le
+salut des Sauuages: il l'a faict fort souuent, et nous à laissé des
+exemples qui sont au dessus de l'estat d'vn homme marié, et tiennent de
+le vie Apostolique et laissent vne enuie au plus feruent Religieux de
+l'imiter."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, p. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_112" href="#fnanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> "Douze iours aprés leur naufrage, le prisonnier pour la
+deliurance duquel il [Nicolet] s'estoit embarqué, arriua icy. Monsieur
+des Roches commandant aux Trois Riuieres, suiuant l'ordre de Monsieur le
+Gouuerneur, l'auoit racheté. Il mit pied à terre à Sillery, et de là fut
+conduit à l'Hospital pour estre pansé des playes et blessures que les
+Algonquins luy auoient faites apres sa capture: ils luy auoient emporté
+la chair des bras, en quelques endroits iusques aux os. Les Religieuses
+hospitalieres le receurent auec beaucoup de charité, et le firent panser
+fort soigneusement, en sorte qu'en trois semaines ou vn mois, il fut en
+estat de retourner en son pays. Tous nos Neophytes luy tesmoignerent
+autant de compassion et de charité que les Algonquins de là haut luy
+auoient montré de cruauté: ils luy donnerent deux bons Sauuages
+Christiens, pour le conduire iusques aux pays des Abnaquiois, qui sont
+voisins de sa nation."&mdash;Vimont, <i>Relation</i>, 1643, pp. 4, 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_113" href="#fnanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> His name was Gilles Nicolet. He was born in Cherbourg,
+and came to Canada in 1635. He is one of the first "prêtres
+seculiers"&mdash;that is, not belonging to congregations or institutes, such
+as the Jesuits and the Récollets&mdash;whose name appears on the Quebec
+parochial register.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_114" href="#fnanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> Those of the coast of Beaupre, between Beauport and Cape
+Tourmente. Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., pp. 276,
+277.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_115" href="#fnanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> Sulte's "Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature," p. 446.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_116" href="#fnanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> Benjamin Sulte, in <i>L'Opinion Publique</i>, 1873. The writer
+adds: "La rivière Nicolet est formée de deux rivières qui gardent
+chacune ce nom; l'une au nord est sort d'un lac appelé Nicolet, dans le
+comté de Wolfe, township de Ham; l'autre, celle du sud ouest, qui passe
+dans le comté de Richmond, a donné le nom de Nicolet à un village situé
+sur ses bords, dans le township de Shipton. Ce village que les Anglais
+nomment 'Nicolet Falls' est un centre d'industrie prospère. La ville de
+Nicolet, ainsi que le collége de ce nom, sont situés près de la décharge
+des eaux réunies de ces deux rivières au lac Saint-Pierre.
+</p><p>
+"Peu d'années après la mort de Jean Nicolet, les trifluviens donnaient
+déjà son nom à la rivière en question, malgré les soins que prenaient
+les fonctionnaires civils de ne désigner cet endroit que par les mots
+'la rivière de Laubia ou la rivière Cressé.' M. de Laubia ne concéde la
+seigneurie qu'en 1672, et M. Cressé ne l'obtint que plus tard, mais
+avant ces deux seigneurs, la rivière portait le nom de Nicolet, et
+l'usage en prevalut en dépit des tentatives faites pour lui imposer
+d'autres dénominations."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_117" href="#fnanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> Father Buteux resided in Three Rivers from the year of
+the establishment of that place, 1634, to 1651 when, on his second trip
+to the upper St. Maurice he was killed by the Iroquois.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_118" href="#fnanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> Capitanal, chief of the Montagnais Indians, is the man
+who did the most amongst his people to impress upon the mind of
+Champlain the necessity of erecting a fort at 3-Rivers. He died in 1635.
+See <i>Relation</i>, 1633, p. 26; 1635, p. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_119" href="#fnanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> The figure "8" in such words is, as before mentioned,
+supposed to be equivalent to "w," "we," or "oo," in English. Ante, p.
+46, note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_120" href="#fnanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> Le Neuf. Name of a large family, belonging to the
+nobility. Jean Godefroy having married Marie Le Neuf, they all came
+together (36 people) to Canada, when the branch of Le Gardeur settled at
+Quebec and that of Le Neuf proper at 3-Rivers. Throughout the history of
+Canada, we met with members of that group.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_121" href="#fnanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> Alizon is the family name of the wife of Gourdin, the
+brewer, who resided at the Fort of Three-Rivers as early as 1634.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_122" href="#fnanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> Malapart was at that time acting as governor of the
+post.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_123" href="#fnanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, is much connected with the
+history of the first settlement of his people at 3-Rivers and Sillery,
+from 1634 to about 1650.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_124" href="#fnanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> Jean Godefroy, the principal man who caused French people
+to come direct from France to settle at Three-Rivers, as early as 1636.
+He had been in Canada for many years before. His brother Thomas is well
+known in the history of those years for his services both to the
+missionaries and to the colonists; he was burned by the Iroquois. Louis,
+son of Jean, became King's Attorney. Jean was raised to the rank of
+nobleman by Louis XIV. His descendants are still in the district of
+3-Rivers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_125" href="#fnanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> Christophe Crevier, sieur de la Mêlée, settled in
+3-Rivers in 1639. Like that of Godefroy, the family became very numerous
+and prosperous. The descendants of Crevier still exist in the district
+of 3-Riv. François Crevier, born 13th May 1640 was killed by the
+Iroquois in Three Rivers when 13 years old only.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_126" href="#fnanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> Father Raymbault is the same that accompanied Father
+Jogues in the spring of the year 1642 to what is now Sault Ste. Marie,
+Michigan. He died, it will be remembered, in the fall of 1642. Ante, p.
+91.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_127" href="#fnanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> Champflour left for France in the autumn of 1645. For
+several years, he had been governor of 3-Rivers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_128" href="#fnanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> Claude Jutra lit Lavallée was one of the first settlers
+of 3-Rivers, where his descendants still exist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_129" href="#fnanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> Jacques Hertel, married to Marie Marguerie. He held land
+at 3-Rivers before the foundation of the Fort. Died 1652. His son
+François was one of the greatest sons of Canada. Louis XIV. made him a
+nobleman. His descendants are still in Canada. Like Godefroy, Crevier,
+and Le Neuf, the Hertels have held their position for 250 years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_130" href="#fnanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> Jeanne Le Marchand, widow, was the mother of Le Neuf.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_131" href="#fnanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> François Marguerie succeeded Nicolet as Interpreter at
+3-Rivers. He has left his name to a river flowing into the St. Lawrence,
+in the county of Nicolet opposite the town of 3-Rivers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_132" href="#fnanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> Nicolas Marsolet, connected, as an interpreter, with
+3-Rivers, but mostly with Tadoussac and Quebec.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_133" href="#fnanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> Translated from Du Creux' Hist. of Canada (printed in
+Latin, in Paris, 1664), p. 358. That his account should not sooner have
+awakened the curiosity of students of American history is due to the
+fact previously mentioned, that not until the investigations of John
+Gilmary Shea, in 1853, were the "Ouinipigou" identified as the
+"Winnebagoes," and their having been visited by Nicolet established. It
+was this locating of the objective point of Nicolet's exploration on
+American soil that finally stimulated American writers to further
+research; though, to the present time, Canadian historians have taken
+the lead in investigations concerning the indomitable Frenchman.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_134" href="#fnanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> <i>Tirocinium</i> is the <i>first campaign</i> of the young
+soldier; and so, generally, the first period of trial in any life of
+danger and hardship.&mdash;<i>Translator.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_135" href="#fnanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> It may be interesting to the reader to know how pistols
+are described in the author's Latin: "Sclopos minores, exiis qui tactâ
+vel leviter rotulâ exploduntier."&mdash;<i>Translator.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_136" href="#fnanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> "Boreâ flaute pertinaciùs, f&oelig;damque tempestatem, quam
+excicre gam ceperat, glomerante." Literally, perhaps, "the north wind
+blowing more persistently, and gathering into a mass the dark storm
+which it had already begun to collect."&mdash;<i>Translator.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="footnote_137" href="#fnanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> The word "littus" here is properly used, not of the dry
+land, but of the sloping land under the water, near the edge of the
+river.&mdash;<i>Translator.</i></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='p4 tnote'><p>Transcriber's Notes</p>
+<p>Index reordered alphabetically. Obvious printer's errors have been
+repaired, otherwise spelling and punctuation are true to the original.
+Missing page numbers have been intentionally omitted.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
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+Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the Northwest
+by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634
+       With a Sketch of his Life
+
+Author: Consul Willshire Butterfield
+
+Release Date: July 11, 2011 [EBook #36698]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF NORTHWEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Valerie Leduc, Curtis Weyant and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+
+  OF THE
+
+  DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST
+
+  BY
+
+  JOHN NICOLET
+
+  IN 1634
+
+  WITH A
+
+  SKETCH OF HIS LIFE
+
+  BY
+
+  C. W. BUTTERFIELD
+
+  Author of "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky," "History of Wisconsin"
+  In Historical Atlas of the State, "The Washington-Crawford Letters,"
+  "History of the University of Wisconsin," etc.
+
+  CINCINNATI
+  ROBERT CLARKE & CO.
+  1881
+
+  COPYRIGHTED, 1881,
+  BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the following pages, I have attempted to record, in a faithful
+manner, the indomitable perseverance and heroic bravery displayed by
+John Nicolet in an exploration which resulted in his being the first of
+civilized men to set foot upon any portion of the Northwest; that is,
+upon any part of the territory now constituting the States of Ohio,
+Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It is shown how he brought
+to the knowledge of the world the existence of a "fresh-water sea"--Lake
+Michigan--beyond and to the westward of Lake Huron; how he visited a
+number of Indian nations before unheard of; how he penetrated many
+leagues beyond the utmost verge of previous discoveries, with an almost
+reckless fortitude, to bind distant tribes to French interests; and how
+he sought to find an ocean, which, it was believed, was not a great
+distance westward of the St. Lawrence, and which would prove a near
+route to China and Japan.
+
+The principal sources from which I have drawn, in my investigations
+concerning the life and explorations of Nicolet, are the Jesuit
+Relations. So nearly contemporaneous are these publications with his
+discoveries--especially those which contain a record of them--and so
+trustworthy are they in their recital of facts connected therewith, that
+their value, in this connection, can hardly be over-estimated. Each one
+of the series having a particular bearing upon the subject of this
+narrative has been studied with a care commensurate with its importance.
+Other accounts of the same period, as well as of a somewhat later date,
+together with the researches of modern writers, concerning the daring
+Frenchman, whose name stands first on the list of the explorers of the
+Northwest, have, likewise, been carefully examined, the object being, if
+not to exhaust all known sources of information illustrative of these
+discoveries, at least to profit by them. Aid has been received, in
+addition, from several living authors, especially from Benjamin Sulte,
+Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, to whom, and to all others who have extended a
+helping hand, I return my sincere thanks.
+
+                                                                C. W. B.
+
+  MADISON, WISCONSIN, 1881.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  INTRODUCTION.
+                                                         PAGE.
+  Pre-historic Man in the Northwest--The Red Race--First
+  Discoveries in New France,                               vii
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+
+  Events Leading to Western Exploration,                    11
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  John Nicolet, the Explorer,                               26
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  Nicolet Discovers the Northwest,                          35
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Subsequent Career and Death of Nicolet,                   75
+
+  APPENDIX,                                                 93
+
+  INDEX,                                                   107
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN THE NORTHWEST--THE RED RACE--FIRST DISCOVERIES IN
+NEW FRANCE.
+
+
+Of the existence, in what are now the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+Michigan, and Wisconsin, at a remote period, of a race superior in
+intelligence to the red men who inhabited this region when first seen by
+a European, there are indubitable evidences. Who were these ancient
+occupiers of the territory just mentioned--of its prairies and
+woodlands, hills and valleys? There are no traditions of their power, of
+their labor, or of their wisdom--no record of their having lived, except
+in rapidly-decaying relics. They left no descendants to recount their
+daring deeds. All that remain of them--the so-called Mound-Builders--are
+mouldering skeletons. All that are to be seen of their handicraft are
+perishing earth-works and rude implements. These sum up the "types and
+shadows" of the pre-historic age.
+
+There is nothing to connect "the dark backward and abysm" of
+mound-building times with those of the red race of the Northwest; and
+all that is known of the latter dating earlier than their first
+discovery, is exceedingly dim and shadowy. Upon the extended area
+bounded by Lake Superior on the north, Lake Michigan on the east,
+wide-spreading prairies on the south, and the Mississippi river on the
+west, there met and mingled two distinct Indian families--Algonquins
+and Dakotas. Concerning the various tribes of these families, nothing of
+importance could be gleaned by the earliest explorers; at least, very
+little has been preserved. Tradition, it is true, pointed to the
+Algonquins as having, at some remote period, migrated from the east; and
+this has been confirmed by a study of their language. It indicated,
+also, that the Dakotas, at a time far beyond the memory of the most
+aged, came from the west or southwest--fighting their way as they came;
+that one of their tribes[1] once dwelt upon the shores of a sea; but
+when and for what purpose they left their home none could relate.
+
+The residue of the Northwest was the dwelling-place of Algonquins alone.
+In reality, therefore, "the territory northwest of the river Ohio" has
+no veritable history ante-dating the period of its first discovery by
+civilized man. Portions of the country had been heard of, it is true,
+but only through vague reports of savages. There were no accounts at
+all, besides these, of the extensive region of the upper lakes or of the
+valley of the Upper Mississippi; while nothing whatever was known of the
+Ohio or of parts adjacent.
+
+The first of the discoveries in the New World after that of Columbus, in
+1492, having an immediate bearing upon this narrative, was that of John
+Cabot, in 1497. On the third of July, of that year, he saw what is now
+believed to have been the coast of Labrador. After sailing a short
+distance south, he probably discovered the island of Newfoundland. In
+1498, his son, Sebastian, explored the continent from Labrador to
+Virginia, and possibly as far south as Florida. Gaspar Cortereal, in
+1500, reached the shore seen by John Cabot, and explored it several
+hundred miles. He was followed, in 1524, by John Verrazzano, who
+discovered the North American coast in, probably, the latitude of what
+is now Wilmington, North Carolina. He continued his exploration to the
+northward as far as Newfoundland. To the region visited by him, he gave
+the name of New France. The attention of the reader is now directed to
+some of the most important events, in the country thus named, which
+followed, for a period of a hundred and ten years, the voyage of
+Verrazzano.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Ancestors of the present Winnebagoes.]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+EVENTS LEADING TO WESTERN EXPLORATION.
+
+
+The discovery of the river St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes which
+pour their superabundant waters through it into the gulf, was not the
+least in importance of the events which signalized the opening of the
+history of the New World. The credit of having first spread a sail upon
+the majestic stream of Canada, and of obtaining such information as
+afterward led to a knowledge of the whole of its valley, belongs to
+James Cartier, a native of St. Malo--a port in the north of France.
+Cartier was a skillful mariner. On the twentieth of April, 1534, he
+sailed from his native place, under orders of the French admiral, for
+the coast of Newfoundland, intent on exploring unknown seas, and
+countries washed by them. He took with him two ships of fifty tons each,
+and in twenty days saw the large island lying between the ocean and the
+river he was soon to discover. Favorable winds had wafted him and his
+hundred and twenty-two sailors and adventurers to inhospitable shores,
+but at an auspicious season of the year.
+
+Having sailed nearly around Newfoundland, Cartier turned to the south,
+and, crossing the gulf, entered a bay, which he named Des Chaleurs,
+because of the midsummer heats. A little farther north he landed and
+took possession of the country in the name of the French king. His
+vessels were now at anchor in the smaller inlet of Gaspe. Sailing still
+further north, Cartier, in August, discovered the river St. Lawrence. He
+moved up its channel until land was sighted on either side; then, being
+unprepared to remain through the winter, he sailed back again to the
+gulf, crossed the ocean, and moored his vessels in safety in St. Malo.
+He made the return voyage in less than thirty days. This was, at that
+period, an astonishing achievement. The success of the expedition filled
+the whole of France with wonder. In less than five months, the Atlantic
+had been crossed; a large river discovered; a new country added to the
+dominions of France; and the ocean recrossed. All this had been
+accomplished before it was generally known that an expedition had been
+undertaken.
+
+The remarkable pleasantness of this summer's voyage, the narratives of
+Cartier and his companions, and the importance attached to their
+discoveries, aroused the enthusiasm of the French; and, as might be
+expected, a new expedition was planned. Three well-furnished ships were
+provided by the king. Even some of the nobility volunteered for the
+voyage. All were eager to cross the Atlantic. On the nineteenth of May,
+1535, the squadron sailed. But Cartier had not, this time, a pleasant
+summer cruise. Storms raged. The ships separated. For seven weeks they
+buffeted the troubled ocean. Their rendezvous was the Straits of Belle
+Isle, which they finally reached; but the omens were bad. The
+adventurers had confidently looked for pleasant gales and a quick
+voyage, and these expectations had all been blasted. Now, however, they
+arrived within sight of Newfoundland, and their spirits rose. Carried to
+the west of that island, on the day of Saint Lawrence, they gave the
+name of that martyr to a portion of the gulf which opened before them.
+The name was afterward given to the whole of that body of water and to
+the river Cartier had previously discovered. Sailing to the north of
+Anticosti, they ascended the St. Lawrence, reaching, in September, a
+fine harbor in an island since called Orleans.
+
+Leaving his two largest ships in the waters of the river now known as
+the St. Charles, Cartier, with the smallest and two open boats, ascended
+the St. Lawrence until a considerable Indian village was reached,
+situated on an island called Hochelaga. Standing upon the summit of a
+hill, on this island, and looking away up the river, the commander had
+fond imaginings of future glory awaiting his countrymen in colonizing
+this region. "He called the hill Mont-Real, and time, that has
+transferred the name of the island, is realizing his visions;" for on
+that island now stands the city of Montreal. While at Hochelaga, Cartier
+gathered some indistinct accounts of the surrounding country, and of the
+river Ottawa coming down from the hills of the Northwest. Rejoining his
+ships, he spent the winter in a palisaded fort on the bank of the St.
+Charles, with his vessels moored before it. The cold was intense. Many
+of his men died of scurvy. Early in the spring, possession was again
+taken of the country in the name of the French king; and, on the
+sixteenth of July, 1536, the Breton mariner dropped anchor in St.
+Malo--he having returned in two ships; the other was abandoned, and
+three hundred and twelve years after was discovered imbedded in mud.
+France was disappointed. Hopes had been raised too high. Expectations
+had not been realized. Further explorations, therefore, were, for the
+time, postponed.
+
+Notwithstanding the failure of Cartier's second voyage, the great valley
+of the St. Lawrence was not to remain very long unknown to the world, in
+any of its parts. It was thought unworthy a gallant nation to abandon
+the enterprise; and one more trial at exploration and colonization was
+determined upon. Again the bold mariner of St. Malo started for the St.
+Lawrence. This was on the twenty-third of May, 1541. He took with him
+five ships; but he went, unfortunately, as subordinate, in some
+respects, to John Francis de la Roque, Lord of Roberval, a nobleman of
+Picardy, whom the king of France had appointed viceroy of the country
+now again to be visited. The object of the enterprise was declared to be
+discovery, settlement, and the conversion of the Indians. Cartier was
+the first to sail. Again he entered the St. Lawrence.
+
+After erecting a fort near the site of the present city of Quebec,
+Cartier ascended the river in two boats to explore the rapids above the
+island of Hochelaga. He then returned and passed the winter at his fort;
+and, in the spring, not having heard from the viceroy, he set sail for
+France. In June, 1542, in the harbor of St. John, he met the Lord of
+Roberval, outward bound, with three ships and two hundred men. The
+viceroy ordered Cartier to return to the St. Lawrence; but the mariner
+of St. Malo escaped in the night, and continued his voyage homeward.
+Roberval, although abandoned by his subordinate, once more set sail.
+After wintering in the St. Lawrence, he, too, abandoned the
+country--giving back his immense viceroyalty to the rightful owners.
+
+In 1578, there were three hundred and fifty fishing vessels at
+Newfoundland belonging to the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English;
+besides these were a number--twenty or more--of Biscayan whalers. The
+Marquis de la Roche, a Catholic nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by
+Henry IV., undertook the colonization of New France, in 1598. But the
+ill-starred attempt resulted only in his leaving forty convicts to their
+fate on Sable island, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Of their number,
+twelve only were found alive five years subsequent to La Roche's voyage.
+In 1599, another expedition was resolved on. This was undertaken by
+Pontgrave, a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin, a captain of the marine.
+In consideration of a monopoly of the fur-trade, granted them by the
+king of France, these men undertook to establish a colony of five
+hundred persons in New France. At Tadoussac, at the mouth of the
+Saguenay, they built a cluster of wooden huts and store-houses, where
+sixteen men were left to gather furs; these either died or were
+scattered among the Indians before the return of the spring of 1601.
+Chauvin made a second voyage to Tadoussac, but failed to establish a
+permanent settlement. During a third voyage he died, and his enterprise
+perished with him.
+
+In 1603, a company of merchants of France was formed, and Samuel
+Champlain, with a small band of adventurers, dispatched, in two small
+vessels, to make a preliminary survey of the St. Lawrence. He reached
+the valley in safety, sailed past the lofty promontory on which Quebec
+now stands, and proceeded onward to the island of Hochelaga, where his
+vessels were anchored. In a skiff, with a few Indians, Champlain vainly
+endeavored to pass the rapids of the great river. The baffled explorer
+returned to his ships. From the savages, he gleaned some information of
+ulterior regions. The natives drew for him rude plans of the river
+above, and its lakes and cataracts. His curiosity was inflamed, and he
+resolved one day to visit the country so full of natural wonders. Now,
+however, he was constrained to return to France. He had accomplished the
+objects of his mission--the making of a brief exploration of the valley
+of the chief river of Canada.
+
+It was the opinion of Champlain that on the banks of the St. Lawrence
+was the true site of a settlement; that here a fortified post should be
+erected; that thence, by following up the waters of the interior region
+to their sources, a western route might be traced to China, the distance
+being estimated by him at not more than two or three hundred leagues;
+and that the fur-trade of the whole country might be secured to France
+by the erection of a fort at some point commanding the river. These
+views, five years subsequent to his visit to the St. Lawrence, induced
+the fitting out of a second expedition, for trade, exploration, and
+colonization. On the thirteenth of April, 1608, Champlain again
+sailed--this time with men, arms, and stores for a colony. The fur-trade
+was intrusted to another. The mouth of the Saguenay was reached in June;
+and, soon after, a settlement was commenced on the brink of the St.
+Lawrence--the site of the present market-place of the lower town of
+Quebec. A rigorous winter and great suffering followed. Supplies arrived
+in the spring, and Champlain determined to enter upon his long-meditated
+explorations;--the only obstacles in the way were the savage nations he
+would every-where meet. He would be compelled to resort to diplomacy--to
+unite a friendly tribe to his interests, and, thus strengthened, to
+conquer, by force of arms, the hostile one.
+
+The tribes of the Hurons, who dwelt on the lake which now bears their
+name, and their allies, the Algonquins, upon the Ottawa and the St.
+Lawrence, Champlain learned, were at war with the Iroquois, or Five
+Nations, whose homes were within the present State of New York. In June,
+1609, he advanced, with sixty Hurons and Algonquins and two white men,
+up what is now known as the Richelieu river to the discovery of the
+first of the great lakes--the one which now bears his name. Upon its
+placid waters, this courageous band was stopped by a war-party of
+Iroquois. On shore, the contending forces met, when a few discharges of
+an arquebuse sent the advancing enemy in wild dismay back into the
+forest. The victory was complete. Promptly Champlain returned to the St.
+Lawrence, and his allies to their homes, not, however, until the latter
+had invited the former to visit their towns and aid them again in their
+wars. Champlain then revisited France, but the year 1610 found him once
+more in the St. Lawrence, with two objects in view: one, to proceed
+northward, to explore Hudson's bay; the other, to go westward, and
+examine the great lakes and the mines of copper on their shores, of the
+existence of which he had just been informed by the savages; for he was
+determined he would never cease his explorations until he had penetrated
+to the western sea, or that of the north, so as to open the way to
+China. But, after fighting a battle with the Iroquois at the mouth of
+the river Richelieu, he gave up, for the time, all thought of further
+exploration, and returned to France.
+
+On the thirteenth of May, 1611, Champlain again arrived in the St.
+Lawrence. To secure the advantages of the fur-trade to his superiors was
+now his principal object; and, to that end, he chose the site of the
+present city of Montreal for a post, which he called Place Royale. Soon
+afterward, he returned to France; but, early in the spring of 1613, the
+tireless voyager again crossed the Atlantic, and sailed up the St.
+Lawrence; this time bound for the Ottawa to discover the North sea.
+After making his way up that river to the home of the Algonquins of Isle
+des Allumettes, he returned in disgust to the St. Lawrence, and again
+embarked for France.
+
+At the site of the present city of Montreal, there had assembled, in the
+summer of 1615, Hurons from their distant villages upon the shores of
+their great lake, and Algonquins from their homes on the Ottawa--come
+down to a yearly trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence. Champlain,
+who had returned in May from France, was asked by the assembled savages
+to join their bands against the Iroquois. He consented; but, while
+absent at Quebec, making needful preparations, the savages became
+impatient, and departed for their homes. With them went Father Joseph le
+Caron, a Recollet, accompanied by twelve armed Frenchmen. It was the
+intention of this missionary to learn the language of the Hurons, and
+labor for their spiritual welfare. His departure from the St. Lawrence
+was on the first day of July. Nine days afterward, Champlain, with two
+Frenchmen and ten Indians followed him. Both parties traveled up the
+Ottawa to the Algonquin villages; passed the two lakes of the
+Allumettes; threaded their way to a well-trodden portage, crossing which
+brought them to Lake Nipissing; thence, they floated westward down the
+current of French river, to what is now known as Georgian bay;
+afterward, for more than a hundred miles, they journeyed southward along
+the eastern shores of that bay to its head; and there was the home of
+the Hurons.
+
+Champlain, with a naked host of allies, was soon on the march against
+the Iroquois from the Huron villages, moving down the river Trent, as
+since named, to its mouth, when his eyes were gladdened with the view of
+another of the fresh water seas--Lake Ontario. Boldly they crossed its
+broad expanse, meeting the enemy at a considerable distance inland from
+its southern shores. Defensive works of the Iroquois defied the assaults
+of the besiegers. The Huron warriors returned in disgust to their homes,
+taking Champlain with them. He was compelled to spend the winter as the
+guest of these savages, returning to the St. Lawrence by way of the
+Ottawa, and reaching Quebec on the eleventh of July, 1616. He had seen
+enough of the region traversed by him to know that there was an immense
+country lying to the westward ready to be given to his king the moment
+he should be able to explore and make it known. Father le Caron, who had
+preceded Champlain on his outward trip to the Huron villages, also
+preceded him on his return; but he remained long enough with those
+Indians to obtain a considerable knowledge of their language and of
+their manners and customs.
+
+Quebec, at this period, could hardly be called a settlement. It
+contained a population of fur-traders and friars of fifty or sixty
+persons. It had a fort, and Champlain was the nominal commander. In the
+interest of the infant colony he went every year to France. His was the
+duty to regulate the monopoly of the company of merchants in their trade
+with the Indians. In the summer of 1622, the Iroquois beset the
+settlement, but made no actual attack. A change was now at hand in the
+affairs of New France. Two Huguenots, William and Emery de Caen, had
+taken the place of the old company of St. Malo and Rouen, but were
+afterward compelled to share their monopoly with them. Fresh troubles
+were thus introduced into the infant colony, not only in religious
+affairs, but in secular matters. The Recollets had previously
+established five missions, extending from Acadia to the borders of Lake
+Huron. Now, three Jesuits--among their number John de Brebeuf--arrived
+in the colony, and began their spiritual labors. This was in 1625. When
+the year 1627 was reached, the settlement at Quebec had a population of
+about one hundred persons--men, women, and children. The chief trading
+stations upon the St. Lawrence were Quebec, Three Rivers, the Rapids of
+St. Louis, and Tadoussac. Turning our eyes to the western wilds, we see
+that the Hurons, after the return of Le Caron, were not again visited by
+missionaries until 1622.
+
+In the year 1627, the destinies of France were held by Cardinal
+Richelieu as in the hollow of his hand. He had constituted himself grand
+master and superintendent of navigation and commerce. By him the
+privileges of the Caens were annulled, and a company formed, consisting
+of a hundred associates, called the Company of New France. At its head
+was Richelieu himself. Louis the Thirteenth made over to this company
+forever the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New
+France, including Florida. To them was given power to appoint judges,
+build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and concede lands. They
+were to govern in peace and in war. Their monopoly of the fur-trade was
+made perpetual; while that of all other commerce within the limits of
+their government was limited to fifteen years, except that the
+whale-fishery and the cod-fishery were to remain open to all. They could
+take whatever steps they might think expedient or proper for the
+protection of the colony and the fostering of trade. It will thus be
+seen that the Hundred Associates had conferred upon them almost
+sovereign power. For fifteen years their commerce was not to be troubled
+with duties or imposts. Partners, whether nobles, officers, or
+ecclesiastics, might engage in commercial pursuits without derogating
+from the privileges of their order. To all these benefits the king added
+a donation of two ships of war. Of this powerful association, Champlain
+was one of the members.
+
+In return for these privileges conferred, behold how little these
+hundred partners were compelled to perform. They engaged to convoy to
+New France, during 1628, two or three hundred men of all trades, and
+before the year 1643 to increase the number to four thousand persons of
+both sexes; to supply all their settlers with lodging, food, clothing,
+and farm implements, for three years; then they would allow them
+sufficient land to support themselves, cleared to a certain extent; and
+would also furnish them the grain necessary for sowing it; stipulating,
+also, that the emigrants should be native Frenchmen and Roman Catholics,
+and none others; and, finally, agreeing to settle three priests in each
+settlement, whom they were bound to provide with every article necessary
+for their personal comfort, and to defray the expenses of their
+ministerial labors for fifteen years. After the expiration of that time,
+cleared lands were to be granted by the company to the clergy for
+maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. It was thus that
+the Hundred Associates became proprietors of the whole country claimed
+by France, from Florida to the Arctic Circle; from Newfoundland to the
+sources of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Meanwhile, the
+fur-trade had brought a considerable knowledge of the Ottawa, and of the
+country of the Hurons, to the French upon the St. Lawrence, through the
+yearly visits of the savages from those distant parts and the
+journeyings of the fur-trader in quest of peltry.
+
+In April, 1628, the first vessels of the Hundred Associates sailed from
+France with colonists and supplies bound for the St. Lawrence. Four of
+these vessels were armed. Every thing seemed propitious for a speedy
+arrival at Quebec, where the inhabitants were sorely pressed for food;
+but a storm, which had for some time been brewing in Europe, broke in
+fury upon New France. The imprudent zeal of the Catholics in England,
+and the persecution of the Huguenots in France, aroused the English, who
+determined to conquer the French possessions in North America, if
+possible; and, to that end, they sent out David Kirk, with an armed
+squadron, to attack the settlements in Canada. The fleet reached the
+harbor of Tadoussac before the arrival of the vessels of the Company of
+New France. Kirk sent a demand for the surrender of Quebec, but
+Champlain determined to defend the place; at least, he resolved to make
+a show of defense; and the English commander thought best not to attack
+such a formidable looking position. All the supplies sent by the Hundred
+Associates to the St. Lawrence were captured or sunk; and the next year,
+after most of its inhabitants had dispersed in the forests for food,
+Quebec surrendered. England thus gained her first supremacy upon the
+great river of Canada.
+
+The terms of the capitulation were that the French were to be conveyed
+to their own country; and each soldier was allowed to take with him furs
+to the value of twenty crowns. As some had lately returned from the
+Hurons with peltry of no small value, their loss was considerable. The
+French prisoners, including Champlain, were conveyed across the ocean by
+Kirk, but their arrival in England was after a treaty of peace had been
+signed between the two powers. The result was, the restoration of New
+France to the French crown; and, on the 5th of July, 1632, Emery de Caen
+cast anchor at Quebec to reclaim the country. He had received a
+commission to hold, for one year, a monopoly of the fur-trade, as an
+indemnity for his losses in the war; after which time he was to give
+place to the Hundred Associates. The missions in Canada which by the
+success of the British arms had been interrupted, were now to be
+continued by Jesuits alone. De Caen brought with him two of that
+order--Paul le Jeune and Anne de la Noue.
+
+On the twenty-third of May, 1633, Champlain, commissioned anew by
+Richelieu, resumed command at Quebec, in behalf of the Hundred Partners,
+arriving out with considerable supplies and several new settlers. With
+him returned the Jesuit father, John de Brebeuf. The Recollets had been
+virtually ejected from Canada. The whole missionary field was now ready
+for cultivation by the followers of Loyola. New France was restored to
+Champlain and his company, and to Catholicism.
+
+Champlain's first care was to place the affairs of the colony in a more
+prosperous condition, and establish a better understanding with the
+Indians. In both respects, he was tolerably successful. His knowledge of
+the western country had been derived from his own observations during
+the tours of 1613 and 1615, but especially from accounts given him by
+the Indians. At the beginning of 1634, the whole French population,
+from Gaspe to Three Rivers, was hardly one hundred and fifty souls,
+mostly engaged in the trading business, on behalf of the Hundred
+Partners, whose operations were carried on principally at the point last
+named and at Tadoussac--sometimes as far up the St. Lawrence as the site
+of the present city of Montreal, but not often. Of the small colony upon
+the great river of Canada, Champlain was the heart and soul. The
+interior of the continent was yet to be explored. He was resolved to
+know more of ulterior regions--to create more friends among the savages
+therein. The time had arrived for such enterprises, and a trusty
+conductor was at hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+JOHN NICOLET, THE EXPLORER.
+
+
+As early as the year 1615, Champlain had selected a number of young men
+and put them in care of some of his Indian friends, to have them trained
+to the life of the woods--to the language, manners, customs, and habits
+of the savages. His object was to open, through them, as advisers and
+interpreters, friendly relations, when the proper time should come, with
+the Indian nations not yet brought in close alliance with the French. In
+1618, an opportunity presented itself for him to add another young
+Frenchman to the list of those who had been sent to be trained in all
+the mysteries of savage life; for, in that year, John Nicolet[2] arrived
+from France, and was dispatched to the woods.[3] The new-comer was born
+in Cherbourg, in Normandy. His father, Thomas Nicolet, was a
+mail-carrier from that city to Paris. His mother's name was Marguerite
+de la Mer.[4]
+
+Nicolet was a young man of good character, endowed with a profound
+religious feeling, and an excellent memory. He awakened in the breast
+of Champlain high hopes of usefulness, and was by him sent to the
+Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river. These Indians
+were the same Algonquins that were visited by Champlain in 1613. They
+are frequently spoken of, in early annals of Canada, as Algonquins of
+the Isle. But all Algonquins, wherever found, were afterward designated
+as Ottawas by the French. To "the Nation of the Isle," then, was sent
+the young Norman, that he might learn their language, which was in
+general use upon the Ottawa river and upon the north bank of the St.
+Lawrence. With them he remained two years, following them in their
+wanderings, partaking of their dangers, their fatigues, and their
+privations, with a courage and fortitude equal to the boldest and the
+bravest of the tribe. During all this time, he saw not the face of a
+single white man. On several different occasions he passed a number of
+days without a morsel of food, and he was sometimes fain to satisfy the
+cravings of hunger by eating bark.[5]
+
+Nicolet, while residing with the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, with
+whose language he had now become familiar, accompanied four hundred of
+those savages upon a mission of peace to the Iroquois. The voyage proved
+a successful one, Nicolet returning in safety. Afterward, he took up his
+residence among the Nipissings, with whom he remained eight or nine
+years. He was recognized as one of the nation. He entered into the very
+frequent councils of those savages. He had his own cabin and
+establishment, doing his own fishing and trading. He had become, indeed,
+a naturalized Nipissing.[6] The mental activity displayed by him while
+sojourning among these savages may be judged of from the circumstance of
+his having taken notes descriptive of the habits, manners, customs, and
+numbers of the Nipissing Indians, written in the form of memoirs, which
+were afterward presented by him to one of the missionaries, who,
+doubtless, made good use of them in after-time in giving an account of
+the nation.[7]
+
+Nicolet finally left the savages, and returned to civilization, being
+recalled by the government and employed as commissary and Indian
+interpreter.[8] It is probable, however, that he had signified his
+desire to leave the Nipissings, as he could not live without the
+sacraments,[9] which were denied him so long as he remained with them,
+there being no mission established in their country.[10]
+
+Quebec having been reoccupied by the French, Nicolet took up his
+residence there. He was in high favor with Champlain, who could not but
+admire his remarkable adaptation to savage life--the result of his
+courage and peculiar temperament; at least, this admiration may be
+presumed, from the circumstance of his having, as the sequel shows, soon
+after sent him upon an important mission.
+
+Whether Nicolet visited Quebec during his long residence among the
+Nipissing Indians is not known. Possibly he returned to the St. Lawrence
+in 1628, to receive orders from Champlain on account of the new state of
+things inaugurated by the creation of the system of 1627--the Hundred
+Associates; but, in that event, he must have soon returned, for it is
+known that he remained with the Nipissings during the occupation of
+Quebec by the English--from July, 1629, to July, 1632. The month during
+which, in the early days of New France, the trade of the Ottawa was
+performed on the St. Lawrence, was July; and, in 1632, this trade was
+largely carried on where the city of Three Rivers now stands, but which
+was not then founded.[11] The flotilla of bark canoes used to spend
+usually from eight to ten days in that place--seldom reaching Quebec. In
+the month and the year just mentioned, De Caen arrived in Canada; and he
+was, therefore, in the position to send word, by the assembled Indians,
+to the French who were living among the savages upon the Ottawa and the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron, requesting their return to the St. Lawrence.
+
+Champlain, in June, 1633, caused a small fort to be erected about forty
+miles above Quebec, for the rendezvous of the trading flotilla
+descending the St. Lawrence--to draw the market nearer Quebec. It was
+thus the St. Croix fort was established where the trade with the Indians
+would be much less likely to be interrupted by incursions of the
+Iroquois than at Three Rivers. At this time, one hundred and fifty Huron
+canoes arrived at the newly-chosen position, for traffic with the
+French. Possibly so great a number was the result of the change in the
+government of the colony--the return of the French to Quebec the
+preceding year. With this large fleet of canoes Nicolet probably
+returned to civilization; for it is certain that he was upon the St.
+Lawrence as early as June, 1634, ready to embark in an undertaking
+which, of necessity, would have caused so much consultation and
+preparation as to preclude the idea of his arrival, just then, from the
+Ottawa. An Indian interpreter--one well acquainted with the Algonquins
+of the Ottawa, and to a certain extent with the Hurons of Georgian
+bay--who could Champlain more safely depend upon than Nicolet to develop
+his schemes of exploration in the unknown western country, the door of
+which he had himself opened in previous years? Who was there better
+qualified than his young _protege_, familiar as he was with the
+Algonquin and Huron-Iroquois tongues, to hold "talks" with savage tribes
+still further west, and smoke with them the pipe of peace--to the end
+that a nearer route to China and Japan might be discovered; or, at
+least, that the fur-trade might be made more profitable to the Hundred
+Associates? Surely, no one. Hence it was that Nicolet was recalled by
+the governor of Canada.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: The proper spelling is "Nicolet," not "Nicollet," nor
+"Nicollett." The correct pronunciation is "Nick-o-lay." The people of
+the province of Quebec all pronounce the name "Nicoll_ette_," though
+improperly, the same as the word would be pronounced by English-speaking
+people if it were spelled "Nick-o-let." But it is now invariably written
+by them "Nicolet."]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643 (Quebec edition, 1858), p. 3. The
+Jesuits, intent upon pushing their fields of labor far into the heart of
+the continent, let slip no opportunity after their arrival upon the St.
+Lawrence to inform themselves concerning ulterior regions; and the
+information thus obtained was noted down by them. They minutely
+described, during a period of forty years, beginning with the year 1632,
+the various tribes they came in contact with; and their hopes and fears
+as to Christianizing them were freely expressed. Accounts of their
+journeys were elaborated upon, and their missionary work put upon
+record. Prominent persons, as well as important events, shared their
+attention. Details concerning the geography of the country were also
+written out. The intelligence thus collected was sent every summer by
+the superiors to the provincials at Paris, where it was yearly
+published, in the French language. Taken together, these publications
+constitute what are known as the _Jesuit Relations_. They have been
+collected and republished in the same language, at Quebec, by the
+Canadian government, in three large volumes. As these are more
+accessible to the general reader in this form than in the original
+(Cramoisy) editions, they are cited in this narrative.
+
+There is no complete translation of the _Relations_ into the English
+language. Numerous extracts from the originals bearing particularly upon
+the West--especially upon what is now Wisconsin--were made some years
+since by Cyrus Woodman, of Mineral Point, translations of which are to
+be found in Smith's history of that State, Vol. III., pp. 10-112. But
+none of these are from the _Relation_ of 1643--the most important one in
+its reference to Nicolet and his visit to the Northwest.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Jean Nicollet ne a Cherbourg, etait fils de Thomas
+Nicollet, messager ordinaire de Cherbourg a Paris, et de Marie La
+Mer."--Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_ (1861), Vol. I., p. 324,
+note. But, in his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec"
+(Quebec, 1863, p. 30), he corrects the mother's name, giving it as in
+the text above. That this was her real name is ascertained from the
+Quebec parochial register, and from Guitet's records (notary) of that
+city.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Il [Nicolet] arriua en la Nouuelle France, l'an mil six
+cents dixhuict. Son humeur et sa memoire excellente firent esperer
+quelque chose de bon de luy; on l'enuoya hiuerner auec les Algonquins de
+l'Isle afin d'apprendre leur langue. Il y demeura deux ans seul de
+Francois, accompagnant tousiours les Barbares dans leurs courses et
+voyages, auec des fatigues qui ne sont imaginables qu'a ceux qui les ont
+veuees; il passa plusieurs fois les sept et huiet iours sans rien manger,
+il fut sept semaines entieres sans autre nourriture qu'vn peu d'escorce
+de bois."--Vimont _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. (The antiquated orthography
+and accentuation of the _Relations_ are strictly followed in the
+foregoing extract; so, also, in all those hereafter made from them in
+this narrative.)
+
+"On his [Nicolet's] first arrival [in New France], by orders of those
+who presided over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years
+among the Algonquins of the island, for the purpose of learning their
+language, without any Frenchman as companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark."--Du Creux, _Historia Canadensis_,
+Paris, 1664, p. 359. "Probably," says Margry, "he must, from time to
+time, have added some of the lichen which the Canadians call rock
+tripe."--_Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_, Paris, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Il [_Nicolet_] accompagna quatre cents Algonquins, qui
+alloient en ce temps la faire la paix auec les Hiroquois, et en vint a
+bout heureusement. Pleust a Dieu qu'elle n'eust iamais este rompue, nous
+ne souffririons pas a present les calamitez qui nous font gemir et
+donneront vn estrange empeschement a la conuersion de ces peuples. Apes
+cette paix faite, il alla demeurer huict ou neuf ans auec la nation des
+Nipissiriniens, Algonquins; la il passoit pour vn de cette nation,
+entrant dans les conseils forts frequents a ces peuples, ayant sa cabane
+et son mesnage a part, faisant sa perche et sa traitte."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 7: "I'ay quelques memoires de sa main, qui pourront paroistre
+vn iour, touchant les Nipisiriniens, auec lesquels il a souuent
+hyuerne."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 8: "Il [_Nicolet_] fut enfin rappalle et estably Commis et
+Interprete."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 9: "Il [_Nicolet_]... ne s'en est retire, que pour mettre son
+salut en asseurance dans l'vsage des Sacremens, faute desquels il y a
+grande risque pour l'ame, parmy les Sauuages."--Le Jeune, _Relation_,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.]
+
+[Footnote 10: It would be quite impossible to reconcile the _Relation_
+of 1643 (p. 3) with that of 1636 (pp. 57, 58), respecting Nicolet's
+retiring from his Indian life, unless he, for the motive stated, asked
+for his recall and was recalled accordingly.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Champlain's map of 1632 shows no habitation on the St.
+Lawrence above Quebec. In 1633, Three Rivers was virtually founded; but
+the fort erected there by Champlain was not begun until 1634.--Sulte's
+_Chronique Trifluvienne_, p. 5.
+
+"As for the towns in Canada, there are but three of any considerable
+figure. These are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres [Three
+Rivers].... Trois Rivieres is a town so named from its situation at the
+confluence of three rivers, one whereof is that of St. Lawrence, and
+lies almost in the midway between Quebec and Montreal. It is said to be
+a well-built town, and considerable mart, where the Indians exchange
+their skins and furs for European goods."--_An Account of the French
+Settlements in North America_, Boston, 1746, pp. 12, 14.
+
+"Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, is a town of Canada East, at the
+confluence of the rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence, ninety miles from
+Quebec, with which it is connected by electric telegraph, and on the
+line of the proposed railway thence to Montreal. It is one of the oldest
+towns in Canada, and was long stationary as regarded enterprise or
+improvement; but recently it has become one of the most prosperous
+places in the province--a change produced principally by the
+commencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St. Maurice
+and its tributaries, which had heretofore been neglected, and also by
+increased energy in the manufacture of iron-ware, for which the St.
+Maurice forges, about three miles distant from the town, have always
+been celebrated in Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman
+Catholic bishop, whose diocese bears the same name; and contains a Roman
+Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan
+chapel, an Ursuline convent, with a school attached, where over two
+hundred young females are educated; two public and several private
+schools, a mechanics' institute, a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's
+Improvement, and several other societies. It sends a member to the
+provincial parliament. Population in 1852, was 4,966; in 1861, 6,058.
+The district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+and is subdivided into four counties."--_Lippincott's Gazetteer_,
+Philadelphia, 1874.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+NICOLET DISCOVERS THE NORTHWEST.
+
+
+Notwithstanding Champlain had previously ascended the Ottawa and stood
+upon the shores of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, and although he had
+received from western Indians numerous reports of distant regions, his
+knowledge of the great lakes was, in 1634, exceedingly limited. He had
+heard of Niagara, but was of the opinion that it was only a rapid, such
+as the St. Louis, in the river St. Lawrence. He was wholly uninformed
+concerning Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan; while, of Lake
+Huron, he knew little, and of Lake Superior still less. He was assured
+that there was a connection between the last-named lake and the St.
+Lawrence; but his supposition was, that a river flowed from Lake Huron
+directly into Lake Ontario. Such, certainly was the extent of his
+information in 1632, as proven by his map of that date;[12] and that,
+for the next two years, he could have received much additional
+information concerning the great lakes is not probable.
+
+He had early been told that near the borders of one of these
+"fresh-water seas," were copper mines; for, in June, 1610, while moving
+up the St. Lawrence to join a war-party of Algonquins, Hurons, and
+Montagnais, he met, after ascending the river about twenty-five miles
+above Quebec, a canoe containing two Indians--an Algonquin and a
+Montagnais--who had been dispatched to urge him to hasten forward with
+all possible speed. He entertained them on his bark, and conferred with
+them about many matters concerning their wars. Thereupon, the Algonquin
+savage drew from a sack a piece of copper, a foot long, which he gave
+Champlain. It was very handsome and quite pure. He said there were large
+quantities of the metal where he obtained the piece, and that it was
+found on the bank of a river near a great lake. He also declared that
+the Indians gathered it in lumps, and, having melted it, spread it in
+sheets, smoothing it with stones.[13]
+
+Champlain had, also, early information that there dwelt in those
+far-off countries a nation which once lived upon the borders of a
+distant sea. These people were called, for that reason, "Men of the
+Sea," by the Algonquins. Their homes were less than four hundred leagues
+away. It was likewise reported that another people, without hair or
+beards, whose costumes and manners somewhat resembled the Tartars, came
+from the west to trade with this "sea-tribe." These more remote traders,
+as was claimed, made their journeys upon a great water in large canoes.
+The missionaries among the Hurons, as well as Champlain and the best
+informed of the French settlers upon the St. Lawrence, thought this
+"great water" must be a western sea leading to Asia.[14] Some of the
+Indians who traded with the French were in the habit of going
+occasionally to barter with those "People of the Sea," distant from
+their homes five or six weeks' journey. A lively imagination on part of
+the French easily converted these hairless traders coming from the west
+into Chinese or Japanese; although, in fact, they were none other than
+the progenitors of the savages now known as the Sioux,[15] while the
+"sea-tribe" was the nation called, subsequently, Winnebagoes.[16] Upon
+these reports, the missionaries had already built fond expectations of
+one day reaching China by the ocean which washed alike the shores of
+Asia and America. And, as already noticed, Champlain, too, was not less
+sanguine in his hopes of accomplishing a similar journey.
+
+Nicolet, while living with the Nipissings, must have heard many stories
+of the strange people so much resembling the Chinese, and doubtless his
+curiosity was not less excited than was Champlain's. But the great
+question, was, who should penetrate the wilderness to the "People of the
+Sea"--to "La Nation des Puants," as they were called by Champlain?
+Naturally enough, the eyes of the governor of Canada were fixed upon
+Nicolet as the man to make the trial. The latter had returned to Quebec,
+it will be remembered, and was acting as commissary and interpreter for
+the Hundred Associates. That he was paid by them and received his orders
+from them through Champlain, their representative, is reasonably
+certain. So he was chosen to make a journey to the Winnebagoes, for the
+purpose, principally, of solving the problem of a near route to
+China.[17]
+
+If he should fail in discovering a new highway to the east in reaching
+these "People of the Sea," it would, in any event, be an important step
+toward the exploration of the then unknown west; and why should not the
+explorer, in visiting the various nations living upon the eastern and
+northern shores of Lake Huron, and beyond this inland sea, create
+friends among the savage tribes, in hopes that a regular trade in
+peltries might be established with them. To this end, he must meet them
+in a friendly way; have talks with them; and firmly unite them, if
+possible, to French interests. Champlain knew, from personal observation
+made while traveling upon the Ottawa and the shores of the Georgian bay
+of Lake Huron--from the reports of savages who came from their homes
+still further westward, and from what fur-traders, missionaries, and the
+young men sent by him among the savages to learn their languages (of
+whom Nicolet himself was a notable example) had heard that there were
+comparatively easy facilities of communication by water between the
+upper country and the St. Lawrence. He knew, also, that the proper time
+had come to send a trusty ambassador to these far-off nations; so, by
+the end of June, 1634, Nicolet, at Quebec, was ready to begin his
+eventful journey, at the command of Champlain.
+
+"Opposite Quebec lies the tongue of land called Point Levi. One who, in
+the summer of the year 1634, stood on its margin and looked northward,
+across the St. Lawrence, would have seen, at the distance of a mile or
+more, a range of lofty cliffs, rising on the left into the bold heights
+of Cape Diamond, and on the right sinking abruptly to the bed of the
+tributary river St. Charles. Beneath these cliffs, at the brink of the
+St. Lawrence, he would have descried a cluster of warehouses, sheds, and
+wooden tenements. Immediately above, along the verge of the precipice,
+he could have traced the outlines of a fortified work, with a flag-staff
+and a few small cannon to command the river; while, at the only point
+where nature had made the heights accessible, a zigzag path connected
+the warehouses and the fort.
+
+"Now, embarked in the canoe of some Montagnais Indian, let him cross the
+St. Lawrence, land at the pier, and, passing the cluster of buildings,
+climb the pathway up the cliff. Pausing for a rest and breath, he might
+see, ascending and descending, the tenants of this out-post of the
+wilderness: a soldier of the fort, or an officer in slouched hat and
+plume; a factor of the fur company, owner and sovereign lord of all
+Canada; a party of Indians; a trader from the upper country, one of the
+precursors of that hardy race of _coureurs de bois_, destined to form a
+conspicuous and striking feature of the Canadian population: next,
+perhaps, would appear a figure widely different. The close, black
+cassock, the rosary hanging from the waist, and the wide, black hat,
+looped up at the sides, proclaimed the Jesuit."[18]
+
+There were in Canada, at this date, six of these Jesuits--Le Jeune,
+Masse, De Noue, Daniel, Davost, and Brebeuf; to the last three had been
+assigned the Huron mission. On the first day of July, 1634, Daniel and
+Brebeuf left Quebec for Three Rivers, where they were to meet some
+Hurons. Davost followed three days after. About the same time another
+expedition started up the St. Lawrence, destined for the same place, to
+erect a fort. The Jesuits were bound for the scene of their future
+labors in the Huron country. They were to be accompanied, at least as
+far as Isle des Allumettes, by Nicolet on his way to the
+Winnebagoes.[19]
+
+At Three Rivers, Nicolet assisted in a manner in the permanent
+foundation of the place, by helping to plant some of the pickets of the
+fort just commenced. The Hurons, assembled there for the purposes of
+trade, were ready to return to their homes, and with them the
+missionaries, as well as Nicolet, expected to journey up the Ottawa. The
+savages were few in number, and much difficulty was experienced in
+getting permits from them to carry so many white men, as other Frenchmen
+were also of the company. It was past the middle of July before all were
+on their way.
+
+That Nicolet did not visit the Winnebagoes previous to 1634, is
+reasonably certain. Champlain would not, in 1632, have located upon his
+map Green bay north of Lake Superior, as was done by him in that year,
+had Nicolet been there before that date. As he was sent by Champlain,
+the latter must have had knowledge of his going; so that had he started
+in 1632, or the previous year, the governor would, doubtless, have
+awaited his return before noting down, from Indian reports only, the
+location of rivers and lakes and the homes of savage nations in those
+distant regions.
+
+It has already been shown, that Nicolet probably returned to Quebec in
+1633, relinquishing his home among the Nipissing Indians that year. And
+that he did not immediately set out at the command of Champlain to
+return up the Ottawa and journey thence to the Winnebagoes, is certain;
+as the savages from the west, then trading at the site of what is now
+Three Rivers, were in no humor to allow him to retrace his steps, even
+had he desired it.[20]
+
+It may, therefore, be safely asserted that, before the year 1634, "those
+so remote countries," lying to the northward and northwestward, beyond
+the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, had never been seen by civilized man.
+But, did Nicolet visit those ulterior regions in 1634, returning thence
+in 1635? That these were the years of his explorations and discoveries,
+there can be no longer any doubt.[21] After the ninth day of December,
+of the last-mentioned year, his continued presence upon the St. Lawrence
+is a matter of record, up to the day of his death, except from the
+nineteenth of March, 1638, to the ninth of January, 1639. These ten
+months could not have seen him journeying from Quebec to the center of
+what is now Wisconsin, and return; for, deducting those which could not
+have been traveled in because of ice in the rivers and lakes, and the
+remaining ones were too few for his voyage, considering the number of
+tribes he is known to have visited. Then, too, the Iroquois had
+penetrated the country of the Algonquins, rendering it totally unsafe
+for such explorations, even by a Frenchman. Besides, it may be stated
+that Champlain was no longer among the living, and that with him died
+the spirit of discovery which alone could have prompted the journey.
+
+Furthermore, the marriage of Nicolet which had previously taken place,
+militates against the idea of his having attempted any more daring
+excursions among savage nations. As, therefore, he certainly traveled up
+the Ottawa, as far as Isle des Allumettes, in 1634,[22] and as there is
+no evidence of his having been upon the St. Lawrence until near the
+close of the next year, the conclusion, from these facts alone, is
+irresistible that, during this period, he accomplished, as hereafter
+detailed, the exploration of the western countries; visited the
+Winnebagoes, as well as several neighboring nations, and returned to the
+St. Lawrence; all of which, it is believed, could not have been
+performed in one summer.[23] But what, heretofore, has been a very
+strong probability, is now seen clearly to be a fact; as it is
+certainly known that an agreement for peace was made some time before
+June, 1635, between certain Indian tribes (Winnebagoes and Nez Perces),
+which, as the account indicates, was brought about by Nicolet in his
+journey to the Far West.[24]
+
+The sufferings endured by all the Frenchmen, except Nicolet, in
+traveling up the Ottawa, were very severe. The latter had been so many
+years among the Indians, was so inured to the toils of the wilderness,
+that he met every hardship with the courage, the fortitude, and the
+strength of the most robust savage.[25] Not so with the rest of the
+party. "Barefoot, lest their shoes should injure the frail vessel, each
+crouched in his canoe, toiling with unpracticed hands to propel it.
+Before him, week after week, he saw the same lank, unkempt hair, the
+same tawny shoulders, and long naked arms ceaselessly plying the
+paddle."[26] A scanty diet of Indian-corn gave them little strength to
+assist in carrying canoes and baggage across the numerous portages. They
+were generally ill-treated by the savages, and only reached the Huron
+villages after great peril. Nicolet remained for a time at Isle des
+Allumettes, where he parted with Brebeuf.
+
+To again meet "the Algonquins of the Isle" must have been a pleasure to
+Nicolet; but he could not tarry long with them. To the Huron villages,
+on the borders of Georgian bay, he was to go before entering upon his
+journey to unexplored countries. To them he must hasten, as to them he
+was first accredited by Champlain. He had a long distance to travel from
+the homes of that nation before reaching the Winnebagoes. There was
+need, therefore, for expedition. He must yet make his way up the Ottawa
+to the Mattawan, a tributary, and by means of the latter reach Lake
+Nipissing. Thence, he would float down French river to Georgian bay.[27]
+And, even after this body of water was reached, it would require a
+considerable canoe navigation, coasting along to the southward, before
+he could set foot upon Huron territory. So Nicolet departed from the
+Algonquins of the Isle, and arrived safely at the Huron towns.[28] Was
+he a stranger to this nation? Had he, during his long sojourn among the
+Nipissings, visited their villages? Certain it is he could speak their
+language. He must have had, while residing with the Algonquins, very
+frequent intercourse with Huron parties, who often visited Lake
+Nipissing and the Ottawa river for purposes of trade.[29] But why was
+Nicolet accredited by Champlain to the Hurons at all? Was not the St.
+Lawrence visited yearly by their traders? It could not have been,
+therefore, to establish a commerce, with them. Neither could it have
+been to explore their country; for the _voyageur_, the fur-trader, the
+missionary, even Champlain himself, as we have seen, had already been at
+their towns. Was the refusal, a year previous, of their trading-parties
+at Quebec to take the Jesuits to their homes the cause of Nicolet's
+being sent to smoke the pipe of peace with their chiefs? This could not
+have been the reason, else the missionaries would not have preceded him
+from the Isle des Allumettes. He certainly had to travel many miles out
+of his way in going from the Ottawa to the Winnebagoes by way of the
+Huron villages. His object was, evidently, to inform the Hurons that the
+governor of Canada was anxious to have amicable relations established
+between them and the Winnebagoes, and to obtain a few of the nation to
+accompany him upon his mission of peace.[30]
+
+It was now that Nicolet, after all ceremonies and "talks" with the
+Hurons were ended, began preparations for his voyage to the Winnebagoes.
+He was to strike boldly into undiscovered regions. He was to encounter
+savage nations never before visited. It was, in reality, the beginning
+of a voyage full of dangers--one that would require great tact, great
+courage, and constant facing of difficulties. No one, however,
+understood better the savage character than he; no Frenchman was more
+fertile of resources. From the St. Lawrence, he had brought presents to
+conciliate the Indian tribes which he would meet. Seven Hurons were to
+accompany him.[31] Before him lay great lakes; around him, when on land,
+would frown dark forests. A birch-bark canoe was to bear the first white
+man along the northern shore of Lake Huron, and upon Saint Mary's
+strait[32] to the falls--"Sault Sainte Marie;" many miles on Lake
+Michigan; thence, up Green bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes:[33] and
+that canoe was to lead the van of a mighty fleet indeed, as the commerce
+of the upper lakes can testify. With him, he had a number of presents.
+
+What nations were encountered by him on the way to "the People of the
+Sea," from the Huron villages? Three--all of Algonquin lineage--occupied
+the shores of the Georgian bay, before the mouth of French river had
+been reached. Concerning them, little is known, except their names.[34]
+Passing the river which flows from Lake Nipissing, Nicolet "upon the
+same shores of this fresh-water sea," that is, upon the shores of Lake
+Huron, came next to "the Nation of Beavers,"[35] whose hunting-grounds
+were northward of the Manitoulin islands.[36] This nation was afterward
+esteemed among the most noble of those of Canada. They were supposed to
+be descended from the Great Beaver, which was, next to the Great Hare,
+their principal divinity. They inhabited originally the Beaver islands,
+in Lake Michigan; afterward the Manitoulin islands; then they removed to
+the main-land, where they were found by Nicolet. Farther on, but still
+upon the margin of the great lake, was found another tribe.[37] This
+people, and the Amikoueai, were of the Algonquin family, and their
+language was not difficult to be understood by Nicolet. Entering,
+finally, St. Mary's strait, his canoes were urged onward for a number of
+miles, until the falls--Sault de Sainte Marie[38]--were reached: and
+there stood Nicolet, the first white man to set foot upon any portion of
+what was, more than a century and a half after, called "the territory
+northwest of the river Ohio,"[39] now the States of Ohio, Indiana,
+Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and so much of Minnesota as lies
+east of the Mississippi river.
+
+Among "the People of the Falls,"[40] at their principal village, on the
+south side of the strait, at the foot of the rapids,[41] in what is now
+the State of Michigan,[42] Nicolet and his seven Hurons rested from the
+fatigues of their weary voyage.[43] They were still with Algonquins.
+From Lake Huron they had entered upon one of the channels of the
+magnificent water-way leading out from Lake Superior, and threaded their
+way, now through narrow rapids, now across (as it were) little lakes,
+now around beautiful islands, to within fifteen miles of the largest
+expanse of fresh water on the globe--stretching away in its grandeur to
+the westward, a distance of full four hundred miles.[44] Nicolet saw
+beyond him the falls; around him clusters of wigwams, which two
+centuries and a half have changed into public buildings and private
+residences, into churches and warehouses, into offices and stores--in
+short, into a pleasantly-situated American village,[45] frequently
+visited by steamboats carrying valuable freight and crowded with parties
+of pleasure. The portage around the falls, where, in early times, the
+Indian carried his birch-bark canoe, has given place to an excellent
+canal. Such are the changes which "the course of empire" continually
+brings to view in "the vast, illimitable, changing west."
+
+Nicolet tarried among "the People of the Falls," probably, but a brief
+period. His voyage, after leaving them, must have been to him one of
+great interest. He returned down the strait, passing, it is thought,
+through the western "detour" to Mackinaw.[46] Not very many miles
+brought him to "the second fresh-water sea," Lake Michigan.[47] He is
+fairly entitled to the honor of its discovery; for no white man had ever
+before looked out upon its broad expanse. Nicolet was soon gliding along
+upon the clear waters of this out-of-the-way link in the great chain of
+lakes. The bold Frenchman fearlessly threaded his way along its northern
+shore, frequently stopping upon what is now known as "the upper
+peninsula" of Michigan, until the bay of Noquet[48] was reached, which
+is, in reality, a northern arm of Green bay.[49] Here, upon its northern
+border, he visited another Algonquin tribe;[50] also one living to the
+northward of this "small lake."[51] These tribes never navigated those
+waters any great distance, but lived upon the fruits of the earth.[52]
+Making his way up Green bay, he finally reached the Menomonee river, its
+principal northern affluent.[53]
+
+In the valley of the Menomonee, Nicolet met a populous tribe of
+Indians--the Menomonees.[54] To his surprise, no doubt, he found they
+were of a lighter complexion than any other savages he had ever seen.
+Their language was difficult to understand, yet it showed the nation to
+be of the Algonquin stock. Their food was largely of wild rice, which
+grew in great abundance in their country. They were adepts in fishing,
+and hunted, with skill, the game which abounded in the forests. They had
+their homes and hunting grounds upon the stream which still bears their
+name.[55]
+
+Nicolet soon resumed his journey toward the Winnebagoes, who had already
+been made aware of his near approach; for he had sent forward one of
+his Hurons to carry the news of his coming and of his mission of peace.
+The messenger and his message were well received. The Winnebagoes
+dispatched several of their young men to meet the "wonderful man." They
+go to him--they escort him--they carry his baggage.[56] He was clothed
+in a large garment of Chinese damask, sprinkled with flowers and birds
+of different colors.[57] But, why thus attired? Possibly, he had
+reached the far east; he was, really, in what is now the State of
+Wisconsin.[58] Possibly, a party of mandarins would soon greet him and
+welcome him to Cathay. And this robe--this dress of ceremony--was
+brought all the way from Quebec, doubtless, with a view to such
+contingency. As soon as he came in sight, all the women and children
+fled, seeing a man carrying thunder in his two hands; for thus it was
+they called his pistols, which he discharged on his right and on his
+left.[59] He was a manito! Nicolet's journey was, for the present, at an
+end. He and his Huron's "rested from their labors," among the
+Winnebagoes,[60] who were located around the head of Green bay,[61]
+contiguous to the point where it receives the waters of Fox river.[62]
+Nicolet found the Winnebagoes a numerous and sedentary people,[63]
+speaking a language radically different from any of the Algonquin
+nations, as well as from the Hurons.[64] They were of the Dakota
+stock.[65] The news of the Frenchman's coming spread through the
+country. Four or five thousand people assembled of different tribes.[66]
+Each of the chiefs gave a banquet. One of the sachems regaled his
+guests with at least one hundred and twenty beavers.[67] The large
+assemblage was prolific of speeches and ceremonies. Nicolet did not fail
+to "speak of peace" upon that interesting occasion.[68] He urged upon
+the nation the advantages of an alliance, rather than war, with the
+nations to the eastward of Lake Huron. They agreed to keep the peace
+with the Hurons, Nez Perces, and, possibly, other tribes; but, soon
+after Nicolet's return, they sent out war parties against the Beaver
+nation. Doubtless the advantages of trade with the colony upon the St.
+Lawrence were depicted in glowing colors by the Frenchman. But the
+courageous Norman was not satisfied with a visit to the Winnebagoes
+only. He must see the neighboring tribes. So he ascended the Fox river
+of Green bay, to Winnebago lake--passing through which, he again entered
+that stream, paddling his canoe up its current, until he reached the
+homes of the Mascoutins,[69] the first tribe to be met with after
+leaving the Winnebagoes; for the Sacs[70] and Foxes[71] were not
+residents of what is now Wisconsin at that period,--their migration
+thither, from the east, having been at a subsequent date. Nicolet had
+navigated the Fox river, a six-days' journey, since leaving the
+Winnebagoes.[72]
+
+The Mascoutins, as we have seen, were heard of by Champlain as early as
+1615, as being engaged in a war with the Neuter nation and the Ottawas.
+But, up to the time of Nicolet's visit, and for a number of years
+subsequent (as he gave no clue himself to their locality), they were
+only known as living two hundred leagues or more beyond the last
+mentioned tribe--that is, that distance beyond the south end of the
+Georgian bay of Lake Huron.[73] Their villages were in the valley of the
+Fox river, probably in what is now Green Lake county, Wisconsin.[74]
+They had, doubtless, for their neighbors, the Miamis[75] and
+Kickapoos.[76] They were a vigorous and warlike nation, of Algonquin
+stock, as were also the two tribes last mentioned. Nicolet, while among
+the Mascoutins, heard of the Wisconsin river, which was distant only
+three days' journey up the tortuous channel of the Fox. But the accounts
+given him of that tributary of the Mississippi were evidently very
+confused. A reference to the parent stream (confounded with the
+Wisconsin) as "the great water,"[77] by the savages, caused him to
+believe that he was, in reality, but three days' journey from the sea;
+and so he reported after his return to the St. Lawrence.[78] Strange to
+say, Nicolet resolved not to visit this ocean, although, as he believed,
+so near its shores.
+
+He traveled no further upon the Fox river,[79] but turned his course to
+the southward. And the Jesuits consoled themselves, when they heard of
+his shortcoming, with the hope that one day the western sea would be
+reached by one of their order.[80] "In passing, I will say," wrote one
+of their missionaries, in 1640, "that we have strong indications that
+one can descend through the second lake of the Hurons ... into this
+sea."[81]
+
+But why should Nicolet leave the Fox river and journey away from the
+Mascoutins to the southward? The answer is, that, at no great distance,
+lived the Illinois.[82] Their country extended eastward to Lake
+Michigan, and westward to the Mississippi, if not beyond it. This nation
+was of too much importance, and their homes too easy of access, for
+Nicolet not to have visited them.[83] Upon the beautiful prairies of
+what is now the state bearing their name, was this tribe located, with
+some bands, probably nearly as far northward as the southern counties of
+the present State of Wisconsin. It is not known in how many villages of
+these savages he smoked the pipe of peace. From their homes he returned
+to the Winnebagoes.
+
+Before Nicolet left the country, on his return to the St. Lawrence, he
+obtained knowledge of the Sioux--those traders from the west who, it
+will be remembered, were represented as coming in canoes upon a sea to
+the Winnebagoes; the same "sea," doubtless, he came so near to, but did
+not behold--the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers! Although without
+beards, and having only a tuft of hair upon their crowns, these Sioux
+were no longer mandarins--no longer from China or Japan! Bands of this
+tribe had pushed their way across the Mississippi, far above the mouth
+of the Wisconsin, but made no further progress eastward. They, like the
+Winnebagoes, as previously stated, were of the Dakota family. Whether
+any of them were seen by Nicolet is not known;[84] but he, doubtless,
+learned something of their real character. There was yet one tribe near
+the Winnebagoes to be visited--the Pottawattamies.[85] They were located
+upon the islands at the mouth of Green bay, and upon the main land to
+the southward, along the western shores of Lake Michigan.[86] On these
+Algonquins--for they were of that lineage--Nicolet, upon his return
+trip, made a friendly call.[87] Their homes were not on the line of his
+outward voyage, but to the south of it. Nicolet gave no information of
+them which has been preserved, except that they were neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes.[88]
+
+So Nicolet, in the spring of 1635,[89] having previously made many
+friends in the far northwest for his countrymen upon the St. Lawrence,
+and for France, of nations of Indians, only a few of which had before
+been heard of, and none ever before visited by a white man; having been
+the first to discover Lake Michigan and "the territory northwest of the
+river Ohio;" having boldly struck into the wilderness for hundreds of
+leagues beyond the Huron villages--then the Ultima Thule of civilized
+discoveries; returned, with his seven dusky companions, by way of
+Mackinaw and along the south shores of the Great Manitoulin island to
+the home thereon of a band of Ottawas.[90] He proceeded thence to the
+Hurons; retracing, afterward, his steps to the mouth of French river,
+up that stream to Lake Nipissing, and down the Mattawan and Ottawa to
+the St. Lawrence; journeying, upon his return, it is thought, with the
+savages upon their annual trading-voyage to the French settlements.[91]
+And Nicolet's exploration was ended.[92]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 12: This map was the first attempt at delineating the great
+lakes. The original was, beyond a reasonable doubt, the work of
+Champlain himself. So much of New France as had been visited by the
+delineator is given with some degree of accuracy. On the whole, the map
+has a grotesque appearance, yet it possesses much value. It shows where
+many savage nations were located at its date. By it, several important
+historical problems concerning the Northwest are solved. It was first
+published, along with Champlain's "Voyages de la Novelle France," in
+Paris. Fac-similes have been published; one accompanies volume third of
+E. B. O'Callaghan's "Documentary History of the State of New York,"
+Albany, 1850; another is found in a reprint of Champlain's works by
+Laverdiere (Vol. VI.), Quebec, 1870; another is by Tross, Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Champlain's _Voyages_, Paris, 1613, pp. 246, 247. Upon his
+map of 1632, Champlain marks an island "where, there is a copper mine."
+Instead of being placed in Lake Superior, as it doubtless should have
+been, it finds a location in Green bay.]
+
+[Footnote 14: This "great water" was, as will hereafter be shown, the
+Mississippi and its tributary, the Wisconsin.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Synonyms: Cioux, Scious, Sioust, Naduessue, Nadouesiouack,
+Nadouesiouek, Nadoussi, Nadouessioux, etc.
+
+"The Sioux, or Dakotah [Dakota], ... were [when first visited by
+civilized men] a numerous people, separated into three great divisions,
+which were again subdivided into bands.... [One of these divisions--the
+most easterly--was the Issanti.] The other great divisions, the Yanktons
+and the Tintonwans, or Tetons, lived west of the Mississippi, extending
+beyond the Missouri, and ranging as far as the Rocky Mountains. The
+Issanti cultivated the soil; but the extreme western bands lived upon
+the buffalo alone....
+
+"The name Sioux is an abbreviation of _Nadoucssioux_, an Ojibwa
+[Chippewa] word, meaning _enemies_. The Ojibwas used it to designate
+this people, and occasionally, also, the Iroquois--being at deadly war
+with both."--Parkman's "La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West"
+(revised ed.), p. 243, note.]
+
+[Footnote 16: From the Algonquin word "ouinipeg," signifying "bad
+smelling water," as salt-water was by them designated. When, therefore,
+the Algonquins spoke of this tribe as the "Ouinipigou," they simply
+meant "Men of the Salt-water;" that is, "Men of the Sea." But the French
+gave a different signification to the word, calling the nation "Men of
+the Stinking-water;" or, rather, "the Nation of Stinkards"--"la Nation
+des Puans." And they are so designated by Champlain in his "Voyages," in
+1632, and on his map of that year. By Friar Gabriel Sagard ("Histoire du
+Canada," Paris, 1636, p. 201), they are also noted as "des Puants."
+Sagard's information of the Winnebagoes, although printed after
+Nicolet's visit to that tribe, was obtained previous to that event. The
+home of this nation was around the head of Green bay, in what is now the
+State of Wisconsin. Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35), as to the
+signification of the word "ouinipeg:"
+
+"Quelques Francois les appellant la Nation des Puans, a cause que le mot
+Algonquin ouinipeg signifie eau puante; or ils nomment ainsi l'eau de la
+mer salee, si bien que ces peuples se nomment Ouinipigou, pource qu'ils
+viennent des bords d'vne mer dont nous n'auons point de cognoissance, et
+par consequent il ne faut pas les appeller la nation des Puans, mais la
+nation de la mer." The same is reiterated in the _Relations_ of 1648 and
+1654. Consult, in this connection, Smith's "History of Wisconsin," Vol.
+III., pp. 11, 15, 17. To John Gilmary Shea belongs the credit of first
+identifying the "Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of Vimont (_Relation_,
+1640), with the Winnebagoes. See his "Discovery and Exploration of the
+Mississippi Valley," 1853, pp. 20, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 17: It is nowhere stated in the _Relations_ that such was the
+object of Champlain in dispatching Nicolet to those people;
+nevertheless, that it was the chief purpose had in view by him, is
+fairly deducible from what is known of his purposes at that date. He
+had, also, other designs to be accomplished.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 1, 2.]
+
+[Footnote 19: This is assumed, although in no account that has been
+discovered is it expressly asserted that he visited the tribe just
+mentioned during this year. In no record, contemporaneous or later, is
+the date of his journey thither given, except approximately. The fact of
+Nicolet's having made the journey to the Winnebagoes is first noticed by
+Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Ie visiteray tout
+maintenant le coste du Sud, ie diray on passant que le sieur Nicolet,
+interprete en langue Algonquine et Huronne pour Messieurs de la nouuelle
+France, m'a donne les noms de ces nations qu'il a visitees luy mesme
+pour la pluspart dans leur pays, tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin,
+excepte les Hurons, qui out vne langue a part, comme aussi les
+Ouinipigou [_Winnebagoes_] ou gens de mer." The year of Nicolet's visit,
+it will be noticed, is thus left undetermined. The extract only shows
+that it must have been made "in or before" 1639.]
+
+[Footnote 20: As to the temper of the Hurons at that date, see Parkman's
+"Jesuits in North America," p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The credit of first advancing this idea is due to Benjamin
+Sulte. See his article entitled "Jean Nicolet," in "Melanges d'Histoire
+et de Litterature," Ottawa, 1876, pp. 426, 436.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Brebeuf, _Relation des Hurons_, 1635, p. 30. He says:
+"Jean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques a l'Isle,"
+etc.; meaning the Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Incidents recorded in the _Relations_, and in the parish
+church register of Three Rivers, show Nicolet to have been upon the St.
+Lawrence from December 9, 1635, to his death, in 1642, except during the
+ten months above mentioned. It is an unfortunate fact that, for those
+ten months, the record of the church just named is missing. For this
+information I am indebted to Mr. Benjamin Sulte. Could the missing
+record be found, it would be seen to contain, without doubt, some
+references to Nicolet's presence at Three Rivers. As the _Relation_ of
+1640 mentions Nicolet's visit to the Winnebagoes, it could not have been
+made subsequent to 1639. It has already been shown how improbable it is
+that his journey was made previous to 1634. It only remains, therefore,
+to give his whereabouts previous to 1640, and subsequent to 1635. His
+presence in Three Rivers, according to Mr. Sulte (see Appendix, I., to
+this narrative), is noted in the parish register in December, 1635; in
+May, 1636; in November and December, 1637; in March, 1638; in January,
+March, July, October, and December, 1639. As to mention of him in the
+_Relations_ during those years, see the next chapter of this work.
+
+It was the identification by Mr. Shea, of the Winnebagoes as the
+"Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of the _Relations_, that enabled him to
+call the attention of the public to the extent of the discoveries of
+Nicolet. The claims of the latter, as the discoverer of the Northwest,
+were thus, for the first time, brought forward on the page of American
+history.]
+
+[Footnote 24: "Le huictiesme de Iuin, le Capitaine des Naiz percez, ou
+de la Nation du Castor, qui est a trois iournees de nous, vint nous
+demander quelqu'vn de nos Francois, pour aller auec eux passer l'Este
+dans vn fort qu'ils ont fait, pour la crainte qu'ils ont des
+_A8eatsi8aenrrhonon_, c'est a dire, des gens puants, qui ont rompu le
+traicte de paix, et ont tue deux de leurs dont ils ont fait festin."--Le
+Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 92.
+
+"On the 18th of June [1635], the chief of the Nez Perces, or Beaver
+Nation, which is three days' journey from us [the Jesuit missionaries,
+located at the head of Georgian bay of Lake Huron], came to demand of us
+some one of our Frenchmen to go with them to pass the summer in a fort
+which they have made, by reason of the fear which they have of the
+_Aweatiswaenrrhonon_;[A] that is to say, of the Nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], who have broken the treaty of peace, and have killed two
+of their men, of whom they have made a feast."]
+
+[Footnote A: The figure 8 which occurs in this word in the _Relation_ of
+1636, is supposed to be equivalent, in English, to "w," "we," or "oo."]
+
+[Footnote 25: 'Iean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques a
+l'Isle souffrit aussi tous les trauaux d'vn des plus robustes
+Sauuages.'--Brebeuf, _Relation_, 1635, p. 30.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," p. 53.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The Mattawan has its source on the very verge of Lake
+Nipissing, so that it was easy to make a "portage" there to reach the
+lake. The Indians, and afterward the French, passed by the Mattawan,
+Mattouane, or Mattawin ("the residence of the beaver"), went over the
+small space of land called the "portage," that exists between the two
+waters, floated on Lake Nipissing, and followed the French river, which
+flows directly out of that lake to the Georgian bay.
+
+A "portage" is a place, as is well known, where parties had to "port"
+their baggage in order to reach the next navigable water.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 29: "Sieur Nicolet, interpreter en langue Algonquine et
+Huronne," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.
+
+The Hurons and Nipissings were, at that date, great friends, having
+constant intercourse, according to all accounts of those days.]
+
+[Footnote 30: "The People of the Sea"--that is, the Winnebagoes--were
+frequently at war with the Hurons, Nez Perces, and other nations on the
+Georgian bay, which fact was well known to the governor of Canada. Now,
+the good offices of Nicolet were to be interposed to bring about a
+reconciliation between these nations. He, it is believed, was also to
+carry out Champlain's policy of making the Indian tribes the allies of
+the French. Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 3) says, he was chosen to make
+a journey to the Winnebagoes and treat for peace with them _and with the
+Hurons_; showing, it is suggested, that it was not only to bring about a
+peace _between the two tribes_, but to attach them both to French
+interests. The words of Vimont are these:
+
+"Pendant qu'il exercoit cette charge, il [_Nicolet_] fut delegue pour
+faire vn voyage en la nation appellee des Gens de Mer, et traitter la
+paix auec eux et les Hurons, desquels il sont esloignes, tirant, vers
+l'Oueest, d'enuiron trois cents lieues."]
+
+[Footnote 31: "Il [_Nicolet_] s'embarque au pays des Hurons avec sept
+Sauuages."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Saint Mary's strait separates the Dominion of Canada from
+the upper peninsula of Michigan, and connects Lake Superior with Lake
+Huron.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The route taken by Nicolet, from the mouth of French
+river, in journeying toward the Winnebagoes, is sufficiently indicated
+by (1) noting that, in mentioning the various tribes visited by him,
+Nicolet probably gave their names, except the Ottawas, in the order in
+which he met them; and (2) by calculating his time as more limited on
+his return than on his outward trip, because of his desire to descend
+the Ottawa with the annual flotilla of Huron canoes, which would reach
+the St. Lawrence in July, 1635.]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Ouasouarim, the Outchougai, and the
+Atchiligouean.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Called Amikoueai (_Rel._, 1640, p. 34), from _Amik_ or
+_Amikou_--a beaver.]
+
+[Footnote 36: The Manitoulin islands stretch from east to west along the
+north shores of Lake Huron, and consist chiefly of the Great Manitoulin
+or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin or Cockburn, and Drummond. Great
+Manitoulin is eighty miles long by twenty broad. Little Manitoulin has a
+diameter of about seven miles. Drummond is twenty-four miles long, with
+a breadth varying from two to twelve miles. It is separated from the
+American shore, on the west, by a strait called the True Detour, which
+is scarcely one mile wide, and forms the principal passage for vessels
+proceeding to Lake Superior.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The Oumisagai.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 38: These falls are distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632; and on that of Du Creux of 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 39: In giving Nicolet this credit, it is necessary to state,
+that the governor of Canada, in 1688, claimed that honor for Champlain
+(N. Y. Col. Doc, Vol. IX., p. 378). He says:
+
+"In the years 1611 and 1612, he [Champlain] ascended the Grand river
+[Ottawa] as far as Lake Huron, called the Fresh sea [La Mer Douce]; he
+went thence to the Petun [Tobacco] Nation, next to the Neutral Nation
+and to the Macoutins [Mascoutins], who were then residing near the place
+called the Sakiman [that part of the present State of Michigan lying
+between the head of Lake Erie and Saginaw bay, on Lake Huron]; from that
+he went to the Algonquin and Huron tribes, at war against the Iroquois
+[Five Nations]. He passed by places he has, himself, described in his
+book [Les Voyages De La Novvelle France, etc., 1632], which are no other
+than Detroit [_i.e._, "the straight," now called Detroit river] and Lake
+Erie."--_Mem. of M. de Denonville_, _May 8, 1688_.
+
+The reader is referred to Champlain's Map of 1632, and to "his book" of
+the same date, for a complete refutation of the assertion as to his
+visiting, at any time before that year, the Mascoutins. In 1632,
+Champlain, as shown by his map of that year, had no knowledge whatever
+of Lake Erie or Lake St. Clair, nor had he previously been so far west
+as Detroit river. It is, of course, well known, that he did not go west
+of the St. Lawrence during that year or subsequent to that date.
+Locating the Mascoutins "near the place called the Sakiman," is as
+erroneous as that Champlain ever visited those savages. The reported
+distance between him when at the most westerly point of his journeyings
+and the Mascoutins is shown by himself: "After having visited these
+people [the Tobacco Nation, in December, 1615] we left the place and
+came to a nation of Indians which we have named the Standing Hair
+[Ottawas], who were very much rejoiced to see us again [he had met them
+previously on the Ottawa river], with whom also we formed a friendship,
+and who, in like manner, promised to come and find us and see us at the
+said habitation. At this place it seems to me appropriate to give a
+description of their country, manners, and modes of action. In the first
+place, they make war upon another nation of Indians, called the
+Assistagueronon, which means nation of fire [Mascoutins], ten days
+distant from them."--_Voyages_, 1632, I., p. 262 [272].
+
+Upon his map of 1632, Champlain speaks of the "discoveries" made by him
+"in the year 1614 and 1615, until in the year 1618"--"of this great lake
+[Huron], and of all the lands _from the Sault St. Louis_ [the rapids in
+the St. Lawrence];"--but he nowhere intimates that he had made
+discoveries _west_ of that lake. It is, therefore, certain that the
+first white man who ever saw or explored any portion of the territory
+forming the present State of Michigan was John Nicolet--not Champlain.
+Compare Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," Chap. XIV., and
+map illustrative of the text.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Their name, as stated by Nicolet and preserved in the
+_Relation_ of 1640, was Baouichtigouin; given in the _Relation_ of
+1642, as Paueoitigoueeieuhak--"inhabitants of the falls;" in the
+_Relation_ of 1648, as Paouitagoung--"nation of the Sault;" on Du Creux'
+map of 1660, "Pasitig8ecue;" and they were sometimes known as
+Paouitingouach-irini--"the men of the shallow cataract." They were
+estimated, in 1671, at one hundred and fifty souls. They then united
+with other kindred nations.
+
+By the French, these tribes, collectively, were called Sauteurs; but
+they were known to the Iroquois as Estiaghicks, or Stiagigroone--the
+termination, _roone_, meaning men, being applied to Indians of the
+Algonquin family. They were designated by the Sioux as Raratwaus or
+"people of the falls." They were the ancestors of the modern Otchipwes,
+or Ojibwas (Chippewas).]
+
+[Footnote 41: That this was the location in 1641 is certain. Shea's
+_Catholic Missions_, p. 184. In 1669, it was, probably, still at the
+foot of the rapids, on the southern side. _Id._, p. 361. Besides, when
+the missionaries first visited the Sault, they were informed that the
+place had been occupied for a long period. The falls are correctly
+marked upon Champlain's map of 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 42: The earliest delineation, to any extent, of the present
+State of Michigan, is that to be found on Du Creux' Map of 1660, where
+the two peninsulas are very well represented in outline.]
+
+[Footnote 43: The names of the tribes thus far visited by Nicolet, and
+their relative positions, are shown in the following from Vimont
+(_Relation_, 1640, p. 34), except that the "cheueux releuez" were not
+called upon by him until his return:
+
+"I'ay dit qu'a l'entree du premier de ces Lacs se rencontrent les
+Hurons; les quittans pour voguer plus haut dans le lac, on truue au Nord
+les Ouasouarim, plus haut sont les Outchougai, plus haut encore a
+l'embouchure du fleuue qui vient du Lac Nipisin sont les Atchiligouean.
+Au dela sur les mesmes riues de ceste mer douce sont les Amikoueai, ou la
+nation du Castor, au Sud desquels est vne Isle dans ceste mer douce
+longue d'enuiron trente lieues habitee des Outaouan, ce sont peuples
+venus de la nation des cheueux releuez. Apres les Amikoueai sur les
+mesmes riues du grand lac sont les Oumisagai, qu'on passe pour venir a
+Baouichtigouin, c'est a dire, a la nation des gens du Sault, pource
+qu'en effect il y a vn Sault qui se iette en cet endroit dans la mer
+douce."]
+
+[Footnote 44: Lake Superior is distinctly marked on Champlain's map of
+1632, where it appears as "Grand Lac." Was it seen by Nicolet? This is a
+question which will probably never be answered to the satisfaction of
+the historian.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Sault Sainte Marie (pronounced _soo-saint-mary_),
+county-seat of Chippewa county, Michigan, fifteen miles below the outlet
+of Lake Superior.]
+
+[Footnote 46: The Straits of Mackinaw connect Lake Michigan with Lake
+Huron. Of the word "Mackinaw," there are many synonyms to be found upon
+the pages of American history: Mackinac, Michillmakinaw,
+Michillimakinac, Michilimakina, Michiliakimawk, Michilinaaquina,
+Miscilemackina, Miselimackinack, Misilemakinak, Missilimakina,
+Missilimakinac, Missilimakinak, Missilimaquina, Missilimaquinak, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Machihiganing was the Indian name; called by the French at
+an early day, Mitchiganon,--sometimes the Lake of the Illinois, Lake St.
+Joseph, or Lake Dauphin. I know of no earlier representation of this
+lake than that on Du Creux' map of 1660. It is there named the "Magnus
+Lacus Algonquinorum, seu Lacus Foetetium [Foetentium]." This is
+equivalent to Great Algonquin Lake, or Lake of the Puants; that is,
+Winnebago Lake. On a map by Joliet, recently published by Gabriel
+Gravier, it is called "Lac des Illinois ou Missihiganin."]
+
+[Footnote 48: Bay du Noquet, or Noque. That the "small lake" visited by
+Nicolet was, in fact, this bay, is rendered probable by the phraseology
+employed by Vimont in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Passing
+this small lake [from the Sault Sainte Marie], we enter into the second
+fresh-water sea [Lake Michigan and Green bay]." It is true Vimont speaks
+of "the small lake" as lying "beyond the falls;" but his meaning is,
+"nearer the Winnebagoes." If taken literally, his words would indicate
+a lake further up the strait, above the Sault Sainte Marie, meaning Lake
+Superior, which, of course, would not answer the description of a small
+lake. It must be remembered that the missionary was writing at his home
+upon the St. Lawrence, and was giving his description from his
+standpoint.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Synonyms: La Baye des Eaux Puantes, La Baye, Enitajghe
+(Iroquois), Baie des Puants, La Grande Baie, Bay des Puants.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Called the Roquai, by Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640,
+p. 34--probably the Noquets--afterwards classed with the Chippewas.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Called the Mantoue in the _Relation_ just cited. They were
+probably the Nantoue of the _Relation_ of 1671, or Mantoueouee of the
+map attached thereto. They are mentioned, at that date, as living near
+the Foxes. In the _Relation_ of 1673, they are designated as the
+Makoueoue, still residing near the Foxes.]
+
+[Footnote 52: "Au dela de ce Sault on trouue le petit lac, sur les bords
+duquel du coste du Nord sont les Roquai. Au Nord de ceux-cy sont
+Mantoue, ces peuples ne nauigent guiere, viuans des fruicts de la
+terre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, pp. 34, 35.]
+
+[Footnote 53: The Menomonee river forms a part of the northeastern
+boundary of Wisconsin, running in a southeasterly direction between this
+state and Michigan, and emptying into Green bay on the northwest side.
+The earliest location, on a map, of a Menomonee village, is that given
+by Charlevoix on his "Carte des Lacs du Canada," accompanying his
+"Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France," Vol. I.,
+Paris, 1744. The village ("des Malonines") is placed at the mouth of the
+river, on what is now the Michigan side of the stream.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Synonyms: Maroumine, Oumalouminek, Oumaominiecs,
+Malhominies,--meaning, in Algonquin, wild rice (_Zizania aquatica_ of
+Linnaeus). The French called this grain wild oats--folles avoine; hence
+they gave the name of Les Folles Avoine to the Menomonees.
+
+"Passant ce plus petit lac, on entre dans la seconde mer douce, sur les
+riues de laquelle sont les Maroumine."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p.
+35.]
+
+[Footnote 55: I have drawn, for this description of the Menomonees, upon
+the earliest accounts preserved of them; but these are of dates some
+years subsequent to Nicolet's visit. (Compare Marquette's account in his
+published narrative, by Shea.) Vimont seems not to have derived any
+knowledge of them from Nicolet, beside the simple fact of his having
+visited them; at least, he says nothing further in the _Relation_ of
+1640.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "Two days' journey from this tribe [the Winnebagoes], he
+sent one of his savages," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. This was
+just the distance from the Menomonees. Du Creux, although following the
+_Relation_ of 1643, makes Nicolet an ambassador of the Hurons, for he
+says (Hist. Canada, p. 360): "When he [Nicolet] was two days distant
+[from the Winnebagoes], he sent forward one of his own company to make
+known to the nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador
+was approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to
+secure their friendship." But the following is the account of Vimont
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 3), from the time of Nicolet's departure from the
+Huron villages to his being met by the young men of the Winnebagoes:
+
+"Ils [_Nicolet and his seven Hurons_] passerent par quantite de petites
+nations, en allant et en reuenant; lors qu'ils y arriuoient, ils
+fichoient deux bastons en terre, auquel ils pendoient des presens, afin
+d'oster a ces peuples la pensee de les prendre pour ennemis et de les
+massacrer. A deux iournees de cette nation, il enuoya vn de ces Sauuages
+porter la nouuelle de la paix, laquelle fut bien receue, nommement quand
+on entendit que c'estoit vn European qui portoit la parole. On depescha
+plusieurs ieunes gens pour aller au deuant du Manitouiriniou, c'est a
+dire de l'homme merueilleux; on y vient, on le conduit, on porte tout son
+bagage."]
+
+[Footnote 57: Compare Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.
+"Il [_Nicolet_] estoit reuestu d'vne grande robe de damas de la Chine,
+toute parsemee de fleurs et d'oyseaux de diuerses couleurs."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Wisconsin takes its name from its principal river, which
+drains an extensive portion of its surface. It rises in Lake Vieux
+Desert (which is partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin), flows
+generally a south course to Portage, in what is now Columbia county,
+where it turns to the southwest, and, after a further course of one
+hundred and eighteen miles, with a rapid current, reaches the
+Mississippi river, four miles below Prairie du Chien. Its entire length
+is about four hundred and fifty miles, descending, in that distance, a
+little more than one thousand feet. Along the lower portion of the
+stream are the high lands or river hills. Some of these hills present
+high and precipitous faces towards the water. Others terminate in knobs.
+The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature; the word
+being derived from _mis-si_, great, and _os-sin_, a stone or rock.
+
+Compare Shea's _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi_, pp. 6
+(note) and 268; Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, p. 2 (note);
+Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, p. 220 and note.
+
+Two definitions of the word are current--as widely differing from each
+other as from the one just given. (See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I., p.
+111, and Webster's Dic., Unabridged, p. 1632.) The first--"the gathering
+of the waters"--has no corresponding words in Algonquin at all
+resembling the name; the same may be said of the second--"wild rushing
+channel." (See Otchipwe Dic. of Rev. F. Baraga.)
+
+Since first used by the French, the word "Wisconsin" has undergone
+considerable change. On the map by Joliet, recently brought to light by
+Gravier, it is given as "Miskonsing." In Marquette's journal, published
+by Thevenot, in Paris, 1681, it is noted as the "Meskousing." It
+appeared there for the first time in print. Hennepin, in 1683, wrote
+"Onisconsin" and "Misconsin;" Charlevoix, 1743, "Ouisconsing;" Carver,
+1766, "Ouisconsin" (English--"Wisconsin"): since which last mentioned
+date, the orthography has been uniform.]
+
+[Footnote 59: "Si tost qu'on l'apperceut toutes les femmes et les enfans
+s'enfuirent, voyant vn homme porter le tonnerre en ses deux mains (c'est
+ainsi qu'ils nommoient deux pistolets qu'il tenoit)."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.
+
+Du Creux (Hist. Canada, p. 360) has this rendering of Vimont's language:
+"He [Nicolet] carried in each hand a small pistol. When he had
+discharged these (for he must have done this, though the French author
+does not mention the fact), the more timid persons, boys and women,
+betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible from a man
+who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands." And thus Parkman
+("Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.): "[Nicolet] advanced to meet the
+expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children
+fled, screaming that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and
+lightning."]
+
+[Footnote 60: Synonyms: Ouinipigou, Ouinbegouc, Ouinipegouc,
+Ouenibegoutz--Gens de Mer, Gens de Eaux de Mer--Des Puans, Des Puants,
+La Nation des Puans, La Nation des Puants, Des Gens Puants.
+
+By the Hurons, this nation was known as A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (_Relation_,
+1636, p. 92); by the Sioux, as Ontonkah; but they called themselves
+Otchagras, Hochungara, Ochungarand, or Horoji.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Champlain's map of 1632 gives them that location. La Jeune
+(_Relation_, 1639, p. 55) approximates their locality thus:
+
+... "Nous auons aussi pense d'appliquer quelques-vns a la connoissance de
+nouuelles langues. Nous iettions les yeux sur trois autres des Peuples
+plus voisins: sur celle des Algonquains, espars de tous costez, et au
+Midy, et au Septentrion de nostre grand Lac; sur celle de la Nation
+neutre, qui est vne maistresse porte pour les pais meridionaux, et sur
+celle de la Nation des Puants, qui est vn passage des plus considerables
+pour les pais Occidentaux, vn peu plus Septentrionaux."
+
+"We [the missionaries] have also thought of applying ourselves, some of
+us, to the task of acquiring a knowledge of new languages. We turn our
+eyes on three other nations nearer: on that of the Algonquins, scattered
+on every side, both to the south and north of our great lake [Huron]; on
+that of the Neuter nation, which affords a principal entrance to the
+countries on south; and on that of the nation of the Puants
+[Winnebagoes], which is one of the more important thoroughfares to the
+western countries, a little more northern."]
+
+[Footnote 62: Fox river heads in the northeastern part of Columbia
+county, Wisconsin, and in the adjoining portions of Green Lake county.
+Flowing, at first, southwest and then due west, it approaches the
+Wisconsin at Portage, county-seat of Columbia county. When within less
+than two miles of that river, separated from it by only a low, sandy
+plain--the famous "portage" of early days--it turns abruptly northward,
+and with a sluggish current, continues on this course, for twelve miles,
+to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of which is now
+Marquette county, Wisconsin. It now begins a wide curve, which brings
+its direction finally around due east. Lake Buffalo is merely an
+expansion of the river, thirteen and one-half miles long and half a mile
+wide. From the foot of this lake, the river runs in an irregular,
+easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Puckaway
+lake, which is eight and one-fourth miles in length, and from one to two
+miles wide. At the foot of this lake there are wide marshes through
+which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long,
+narrow bend to the west, begins a northeast stretch, which it continues
+for a considerable distance, passing, after receiving the waters of Wolf
+river, around in a curve to the southeast through Big Butte Des Morts
+lake, and reaching Lake Winnebago, into which it flows at the city of
+Oshkosh.
+
+The river leaves Winnebago lake in two channels, at the cities of
+Menasha and Neenah, flowing in a westerly course to the Little Butte Des
+Morts lake, and through the latter in a north course, when it soon takes
+a northeasterly direction, which it holds until it empties into the head
+of Green bay. The stream gets its name from the Fox tribe of Indians
+formerly residing in its valley. Upon Champlain's map of 1632, it is
+noted as "Riviere des Puans;" that is, "River of the Puans"--Winnebago
+river. The name Neenah (water), sometimes applied to it, is a misnomer.]
+
+[Footnote 63: "Plus auant encore sur les mesmes riues habitent les
+Ouinipigou [Winnebagoes], peuples sedentaires qui sont en grand
+nombre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 64: "Tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin, excepte les
+Hurons, qui out vne langue a part, comme aussi les Ouinipigou
+[Winnebagoes] ou gens de mer."--Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 65: The Winnebagoes and some bands of Sioux were the only
+Dakotas that crossed the Mississippi in their migratory movement
+eastward.]
+
+[Footnote 66: Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, pp. 3, 4): "La nouuelle de
+sa venue s'espandit incontinent aux lieu circonuoisins: il se fit vne
+assemblee, de quartre ou cinq mille hommes."
+
+But this number is lessened somewhat by the _Relation_ of 1656 (p. 39):
+
+"Vn Francois m'a dit autrefois, qu'il auoit veu trois mille hommes dans
+vne assemblee qui se fit pour traiter de paix, au Pais des gens de Mer."
+
+"A Frenchman [Nicolet] told me some time ago, that he had seen three
+thousand men together in one assemblage, for the purpose of making a
+treaty of peace in the country of the People of the Sea [Winnebagoes]."]
+
+[Footnote 67: "Chacun des principaux fit son festin, en l'vn desquels on
+seruit au moins six-vingts Castors."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Shea ("Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi
+Valley," p. 20) has evidently caught the true idea of Nicolet's mission
+to the Winnebagoes. He says: "With these [Winnebagoes] Nicolet entered
+into friendly relations."]
+
+[Footnote 69: Synonyms: Masscoutens, Maskoutens, Maskouteins,
+Musquetens, Machkoutens, Maskoutench, etc. They were called by the
+French, "Les Gens de Feu"--the Nation of Fire; by the Hurons,
+"Assistagueronons" or "Atsistaehronons," from _assista_, fire and
+_ronons_, people; that is, Fire-People or Fire-Nation. By Champlain,
+they were noted, in 1632, as "Les Gens de Feu a Bistagueronons" on his
+map. This is a misprint for "Assistagueronons," as his "Voyages" of that
+year shows. I., p. 262 [272].
+
+"The Fire Nation bears this name erroneously, calling themselves
+Maskoutench, which signifies 'a land bare of trees,' such as that which
+these people inhabit; but because by the change of a few letters, the
+same word signifies, 'fire,' from thence it has come that they are
+called the 'Fire Nation.'"--_Relation_, 1671, p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Synonyms: Sauks, Saukis, Ousakis, Sakys, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Synonyms: Outagamis, Les Renards, Musquakies.]
+
+[Footnote 72: The distance by days up the Fox river of Green bay from
+the Winnebagoes to the Mascoutins, is given in accordance with the
+earliest accounts of canoe navigation upon that stream. The first white
+persons to pass up the river after Nicolet were Allouez and his
+attendants, in April, 1670. That missionary (_Relation_, 1670, pp. 96,
+97, 99), says:
+
+"The 16th of April [1670], I embarked to go and commence the mission of
+the Outagamis [Fox Indians], a people well known in all these parts. We
+were lying at the head of the bay [Green bay], at the entrance of the
+River of the Puants [Fox river], which we have named 'St. Francis;' in
+passing, we saw clouds of swans, bustards, and ducks; the savages take
+them in nets at the head of the bay, where they catch as many as fifty
+in a night; this game, in the autumn, seek the wild rice that the wind
+has shaken off in the month of September.
+
+"The 17th [of April of the same year], we went up the River St. Francis
+[the Fox]--two and sometimes three arpens wide. After having advanced
+four leagues, we found the village of the savages named Saky [Sacs,
+Saukis, or Sauks], who began a work that merits well here to have its
+place. From one side of the river to the other, they made a barricade,
+planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that
+there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishers, who, by the aid of
+a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish
+which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between
+the stakes. They call this device Mitihikan ["Mitchiganen" or
+"Machihiganing," now "Michigan"]; they make use of it in the spring and
+a part of the summer.
+
+"The 18th [of the same month], we made the portage which they call
+Kekaling [afterwards variously spelled, and pronounced "Cock-o-lin;"
+meaning, it is said, the place of the fish. In the fall of 1851, a
+village was laid out there, which is known as Kaukauna]; our sailors
+drew the canoe through the rapids; I walked on the bank of the river,
+where I found apple-trees and vine stocks [grape vines] in abundance.
+
+"The 19th [April], our sailors ascended the rapids, by using poles, for
+two leagues. I went by land as far as the other portage, which they call
+Oukocitiming; that is to say, the highway. We observed this same day the
+eclipse of the sun, predicted by the astrologers, which lasted from
+mid-day until two o'clock. The third, or near it, of the body of the sun
+appeared eclipsed; the other two-thirds formed a crescent. We arrived,
+in the evening, at the entrance of the Lake of the Puants [Winnebago
+lake], which we have called Lake St. Francis; it is about twelve leagues
+long and four wide; it is situated from north-northeast to
+south-southwest; it abounds in fish, but uninhabited, on account of the
+Nardoueecis [Sioux], who are here dreaded.
+
+"The 20th [of April, 1670], which was on Sunday, I said mass, after
+having navigated five or six leagues in the lake; after which, we
+arrived in a river [the Fox, at what is now Oshkosh], that comes from a
+lake of wild rice [Big Butte Des Morts lake], which we came into; at the
+foot [head] of which we found the river [the Wolf] which leads to the
+Outagamis [Fox Indians] on one side, and that [the Fox] which leads to
+the Machkoutenck [Mascoutins] on the other. We entered into the former
+[the Wolf]....
+
+"The 29th [of April of the same year, having returned from the Fox
+Indians living up the Wolf river], we entered into the [Fox] river,
+which leads to the Machkoutench [Mascoutins], called Assista
+Ectaeronnons, Fire Nation ["Gens de Feu"], by the Hurons. This [Fox]
+river is very beautiful, without rapids or portages [above the mouth of
+the Wolf]; it flows to [from] the southwest.
+
+"The 30th [of April, 1670], having disembarked opposite the village [of
+the Mascoutins], and left our canoe at the water's edge, after a walk of
+a league, over beautiful prairies, we perceived the fort [of the
+Mascoutins]."]
+
+[Footnote 73: Champlain's "Les Voyages de la Novvelle France," I., p.
+262 [272], previously cited. Upon Champlain's Map of 1632, they are
+located beyond and to the south of Lake Huron, he having no knowledge of
+Lake Michigan. In his "Voyages," his words are: "Ils [the Cheveux
+Releves--Ottawas] sont la guerre, a vne autre nation de Sauuages, qui
+s'appellent Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens de feu, esloignez d'eux
+de dix iournees." Sagard, in 1636 ("Histoire du Canada," p. 201), is
+equally indefinite as to locality, though placing them westward of the
+south end of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, "nine or ten days' journey
+by canoe, which makes about two hundred leagues, or more." He says:
+"Tous essemble [the different bands of the Ottawas] sont la guerre a une
+autre nation nommee Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens feu: car en
+langue Huronne Assista signifie de feu and Eronon signifie Nation. Ils
+sont esloignez d'eux a ce qu'on tient, de neuf ou dix iournees de
+Canots, qui sont enuiron deux cens lieues et plus de chemin."]
+
+[Footnote 74: Allouez (_Relation_, 1670, p. 99, before cited) is the
+first to give their position with any degree of certainty. Unless, under
+the name of "Rasaoua koueton," the Mascoutins were not mentioned by
+Nicolet, in the list given to Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35). The "R"
+should, probably, have been "M," thus: "Masaoua koueton."]
+
+[Footnote 75: Synonyms: Miamees, Miramis, Myamicks, Omianicks,
+Ommiamies, Oumis, Oumiamies, Oumiamiwek, Oumamis, Twightwees. As to
+their place of abode, see Shea's _Hennepin_, p. 258.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Synonyms: Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux,
+Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicapouz, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 77: The name of this river is from the Algonquin _missi_,
+great, and _sepe_, water, or river. The popular notion that it means
+"the father of waters," is erroneous.]
+
+[Footnote 78: "Le Sieur Nicolet qui a le plus auant penetre dedans ces
+pays si esloignes m'a asseure que s'il eust vogue trois iours plus auant
+sur vn grand fleuue qui sort de ce lac, qu'il auroit trouue la
+mer."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 36.]
+
+[Footnote 79: That such was the fact, and that he did not reach the
+Wisconsin river, is deduced from the language of the _Relations_; also,
+from a consideration of the length of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers below
+the "portage," where they very nearly approach each other; and from a
+study of the time usually employed, at an early day, in their
+navigation. It has, however, been extensively published that Nicolet did
+reach the Wisconsin, and float down its channel to within three days of
+the Mississippi. Now, Nicolet, in speaking of a large river upon which
+he had sailed, evidently intended to convey the idea of its being
+connected with "ce lac" (this lake); that is, with Green bay and Lake
+Michigan--the two being merged into one by Vimont. Hence, he must have
+spoken of the Fox river. But Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 36) understood
+him as saying, "that, had he sailed three days more on a great river
+which _flows from_ that lake, he would have found the sea."
+
+The _Relation_, it will be noticed, says, "had he sailed three days
+more," etc. This implies a sailing already of some days. But such could
+not have been the case had he been upon the Wisconsin; as that river is
+only one hundred and eighteen miles in length, below the portage, and
+the time of its canoe navigation between three and four days only;
+whereas, upon the Fox, it was nine days; six, from its mouth to the
+Mascoutins, as previously shown, and three from the Mascoutins to the
+Wisconsin.
+
+The first white men who passed up the Fox river above the Mascoutins,
+were Louis Joliet and Father James Marquette, with five French
+attendants, in June, 1673. "We knew," says Marquette, "that there was,
+three leagues from Maskoutens [Mascoutins], a river [Wisconsin] emptying
+into the Mississippi; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we
+were to hold to reach it, was the west-southwest; but the way is so cut
+up by marshes, and little lakes, that it is easy to go astray,
+especially as the river leading to it is so covered by wild oats, that
+you can hardly discover the channel."
+
+That Marquette, instead of "three leagues" intended to say "thirty
+leagues" or "three days," it is evident to any one acquainted with the
+Fox river from the "portage" down; besides, the mistake is afterward
+corrected in his narrative as well as on his map accompanying it, where
+the home of the Mascoutins is marked as indicated by Allouez in the
+_Relation_ of 1670. See, also, the map of Joliet, before alluded to, as
+recently published by Gravier, where the same location is given. Joliet
+and Marquette were seven days in their journey from the Mascoutins to
+the Mississippi; this gave them three days upon the Fox and four upon
+the Wisconsin (including the delay at the portage). Canoes have
+descended from the portage in two days.
+
+The _Relation_ of 1670 (pp. 99, 100) says: "These people [the
+Mascoutins] are established in a very fine place, where we see beautiful
+plains and level country, as far as the eye reaches. Their river leads
+into a great river called Messisipi; [to which] their is a navigation of
+only six days."
+
+But the question is evidently settled by the _Relation_ of 1654 (p. 30),
+which says:
+
+"It is only nine days' journey from this great lake [Green bay and Lake
+Michigan--'Lac de gens de mer'] to the sea;" where "the sea," referred
+to, is, beyond doubt, identical with "la mer" of Nicolet.]
+
+[Footnote 80: "Or i'ay de fortes coniectures que c'est la mer [mentioned
+by Nicolet] qui respond au Nord de la Nouuelle Mexique, et que de cette
+mer, on auroit entree vers le Iapon et vers la Chine, neantmoins comme
+on ne scait pas ou tire ce grand lac, ou cette mer douce, ce seroit vne
+entreprise genereuse d'aller descouurir ces contrees. Nos Peres qui sont
+aux Hurons, inuites par quelques Algonquins, sont sur le point de donner
+iusques a ces gens de l'autre mer, dont i'ay parle cy-dessus; peut estre
+que ce voyage se reseruera pour l'vn de nous qui auons quelque petite
+cognoissance de la langue Algonquine."--Vimont, _Relations_, 1640, p.
+36.]
+
+[Footnote 81: "The twenty-fourth day of June [1640], there arrived an
+Englishman, with a servant, brought in boats by twenty Abnaquiois
+savages. He set out from the lake or river Quinibequi in Acadia, where
+the English have a settlement, in order to search for a passage through
+these countries to the North sea.... M. de Montmagny had him brought to
+Tadoussac, in order that he might return to England by way of France.
+
+"He told us wonderful things of New Mexico. 'I learned,' said he, 'that
+one can sail to that country by means of the seas which lie to the north
+of it. Two years ago, I explored all the southern coast from Virginia to
+Quinebiqui to try whether I could not find some large river or some
+large lake which should bring me to tribes having knowledge of this sea,
+which is northward from Mexico. Not having found any such in these
+countries, I entered into the Saguene region, to penetrate, if I could,
+with the savages of the locality, as far as to the northern sea.'
+
+"In passing, I will say that we have strong indications that one can
+descend through the second lake of the Hurons [Lake Michigan and Green
+bay] and through the country of the nations we have named [as having
+been visited by Nicolet] into this sea which he [the Englishman] was
+trying to find."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Synonyms: Ilinois, Ilinoues, Illini, Illiniweck,
+Tilliniwek, Ilimouek, Liniouek, Abimigek, Eriniouaj, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35) gives information derived
+from Nicolet, of the existence of the Illinois (Eriniouaj) as neighbors
+of the Winnebagoes. And the _Relation_, 1656 (p. 39), says: "The
+Liniouek [Illinois], their neighbors [that is, the neighbors of the
+Winnebagoes], number about sixty villages." Champlain locates a tribe,
+on his map of 1632, south of the Mascoutins, as a "nation where there is
+a quantity of buffaloes." This nation was probably the Illinois.]
+
+[Footnote 84: As Nicolet proceeded no further to the westward than six
+days' sail up the Fox river of Green bay, of course, the "Nadvesiv"
+(Sioux) and "Assinipour" (Assiniboins) were not visited by him.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Synonyms: Pottawottamies, Poutouatamis, Pouteouatamis,
+Pouutouatami, Poux, Poueatamis, Pouteouatamiouec, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 86: Such, at least, was their location a few years after the
+visit of Nicolet. The islands occupied were those farthest south.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35. In the _Relation_ of
+1643, it is expressly stated that Nicolet visited some of the tribes on
+his return voyage.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Says Margry (_Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_,
+1862): "Les peuples que le pere dit avoir ete pour la plupart visites
+par Nicolet sont les Malhominis ou Gens de la Folle Avoine
+[_Menomonees_], les Ouinipigous ou Puans [_Winnebagoes_], puis les
+Pouteouatami [_Pottawattamies_], les Eriniouaj (ou Illinois)," etc.]
+
+[Footnote 89: It is highly probable that Nicolet commenced his return
+trip so soon, in the spring of 1635, as the warm weather had freed Green
+bay of its coat of ice. Leaving the Winnebagoes, as soon as navigation
+opened in the spring, he would have only about ten weeks to reach the
+St. Lawrence by the middle of July--the time, probably, of his return,
+as previously mentioned; whereas, having left Quebec July 2, for the
+west, he had about five months before navigation closed on the lakes, to
+arrive out. Sault Sainte Marie must, of necessity, therefore, have been
+visited in _going to_ the Winnebagoes.]
+
+[Footnote 90: "To the south of the Nation of the Beaver is an island, in
+that fresh-water sea [Lake Huron], about thirty leagues in length,
+inhabited by the Outaouan [Ottawas]. These are a people come from the
+nation of the Standing Hair [Cheveux Releves]."--Vimont, _Relation_,
+1640, p. 34. In William R. Smith's translation of so much of this
+_Relation_ as names the various tribes visited by Nicolet (Hist. Wis.,
+Vol. III., p. 10), what relates to the Cheveux Releves is
+omitted--probably by accident. On a large island, corresponding as to
+locality with the Great Manitoulin, is placed, on Du Creux' Map of 1660,
+the "natio surrectorum capillorum"--identical with the Cheveux Releves,
+just mentioned.
+
+The Ottawas were first visited by Champlain. This was in the year 1615.
+They lived southwest of the Hurons. It was he who gave them the name
+Cheveux Releves--Standing Hair. Sagard saw some of them subsequently,
+and calls them Andatahonats. See his "Histoire du Canada," p. 199.
+
+Although, in the citation from the _Relation_ of 1640, just given, the
+band of the Ottawas upon the Great Manitoulin are said to have "come
+from the nation of the Standing Hair," it does not fix the residence of
+those from whom they came as in the valley of the Ottawa river. On the
+contrary, Champlain, in his "Voyages" and Map, places them in an
+opposite direction, not far from the south end of the Nottawassaga bay
+of Lake Huron. Says J. G. Shea (Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., III., 135):
+"There is no trace in the early French writers of any opinion then
+entertained that they [the Ottawas] had ever been [resided] in the
+valley of the Ottawa river. After the fall of the Hurons [who were cut
+off by the Iroquois a number of years subsequent to Nicolet's visit],
+when trade was re-opened with the west, all tribes there were called
+Ottawas, and the river, as leading to the Ottawa country, got the
+name."]
+
+[Footnote 91: As the traffic with the Hurons took place at Three Rivers,
+between the 15th and 23d of July, 1635, it is highly probable that
+Nicolet reached there some time during that month, on his way to
+Quebec.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4) thus briefly disposes of
+Nicolet's return trip from the Winnebagoes: "La paix fut conclue; il
+retourna aux Hurons, et de la a quelque temps aux Trois Riuieres."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+NICOLET'S SUBSEQUENT CAREER AND DEATH.
+
+
+It is not difficult to imagine the interest which must have been
+awakened in the breast of Champlain upon the return of Nicolet to
+Quebec. With what delight he must have heard his recital of the
+particulars of the voyage! How he must have been enraptured at the
+descriptions of lakes of unknown extent; of great rivers never before
+heard of--never before seen by a Frenchman! How his imagination must
+have kindled when told of the numerous Indian nations which had been
+visited! But, above all, how fondly he hoped one day to bring all these
+distant countries under the dominion of his own beloved France! But the
+heart thus beating quick with pleasurable emotions at the prospects of
+future glory and renown, soon ceased its throbs. On Christmas day, 1635,
+Champlain died. In a chamber of the fort in Quebec, "breathless and
+cold, lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness, and the sea had
+buffeted so long in vain."
+
+The successor of Champlain was Marc Antoine de Bras-de-fer de
+Chasteaufort. He was succeeded by Charles Huault de Montmagny, who
+reached New France in 1636. With him came a considerable reinforcement;
+"and, among the rest, several men of birth and substance, with their
+families and dependents." But Montmagny found the affairs of his colony
+in a woful condition. The "Company of One Hundred" had passed its
+affairs into the hands of those who were wholly engrossed in the profits
+of trade. Instead of sending out colonists, the Hundred Associates
+"granted lands, with the condition that the grantees should furnish a
+certain number of settlers to clear and till them, and these were to be
+credited to the company." The Iroquois, who, from their intercourse with
+the Dutch and English traders, had been supplied with firearms, and were
+fast becoming proficient in their use, attacked the Algonquins and
+Hurons--allies of the French, interrupting their canoes, laden with
+furs, as they descended the St. Lawrence, killing their owners, or
+hurrying them as captives into the forests, to suffer the horrors of
+torture.
+
+At a point to which was given the name of Sillery, four miles above
+Quebec, a new Algonquin mission was started; still, in the immediate
+neighborhood of the town, the dark forests almost unbroken frowned as
+gloomily as when, thirty years before, Champlain founded the future
+city. Probably, in all New France, the population, in 1640, did not much
+exceed two hundred, including women and children. On the eighteenth of
+May, 1642, Montreal began its existence. The tents of the founders were
+"inclosed with a strong palisade, and their altar covered by a
+provisional chapel, built, in the Huron mode, of bark." But the Iroquois
+had long before become the enemies of the French, sometimes seriously
+threatening Quebec. So, upon the Island of Montreal, every precaution
+was taken to avoid surprise. Solid structures of wood soon defied the
+attacks of the savages; and, to give greater security to the colonists,
+Montmagny caused a fort to be erected at the mouth of the Richelieu, in
+the following August. But the end of the year 1642 brought no relief to
+the Algonquins or Hurons, and little to the French, from the ferocious
+Iroquois.
+
+It was not long after Nicolet's return to Quebec, from his visit to "the
+People of the Sea," and neighboring nations, before he was assigned to
+Three Rivers by Champlain, where he was to continue his office of
+commissary and interpreter; for, on the ninth of December, 1635, he
+"came to give advice to the missionaries who were dwelling at the
+mission that a young Algonquin was sick; and that it would be proper to
+visit him."[93] And, again, on the seventh of the following month, he is
+found visiting, with one of the missionaries, a sick Indian, near the
+fort, at Three Rivers.[94] His official labors were performed to the
+great satisfaction of both French and Indians, by whom he was equally
+and sincerely loved. He was constantly assisting the missionaries, so
+far as his time would permit, in the conversion of the savages, whom he
+knew how to manage and direct as he desired, and with a skill that could
+hardly find its equal. His kindness won their esteem and respect. His
+charity seemed, indeed, to know no bounds.[95] As interpreter for one of
+the missionaries, he accompanied him from Three Rivers on a journey some
+leagues distant, on the twelfth of April, 1636, to visit some savages
+who were sick; thus constantly administering to their sufferings.[96]
+
+Notwithstanding the colonists of New France were living in a state of
+temporal and spiritual vassalage, yet the daring Nicolet, and others of
+the interpreters of Champlain, although devout Catholics and friendly to
+the establishment of missions among the Indian nations, were not
+Jesuits, nor in the service of these fathers; neither was their's the
+mission work, in any sense, which was so zealously prosecuted by these
+disciples of Loyola. They were a small class of men, whose home--some of
+them--was the forest, and their companions savages. They followed the
+Indians in their roamings, lived with them, grew familiar with their
+language, allied themselves, in some cases, with their women, and often
+became oracles in the camp and leaders on the war-path. Doubtless, when
+they returned from their rovings, they often had pressing need of
+penance and absolution. Several of them were men of great intelligence
+and an invincible courage. From hatred of restraint, and love of wild
+and adventurous independence, they encountered privations and dangers
+scarcely less than those to which the Jesuit exposed himself from
+motives widely different:--he, from religious zeal, charity, and the
+hope of paradise; they, simply because they liked it. Some of the best
+families of Canada claim descent from this vigorous and hardy stock.[97]
+
+"The Jesuits from the first had cherished the plan of a seminary for
+Huron boys at Quebec. The governor and the company favored the design;
+since not only would it be an efficient means of spreading the faith and
+attaching the tribe to the French interest, but the children would be
+pledges for the good behavior of the parents, and hostages for the
+safety of missionaries and traders in the Indian towns. In the summer of
+1636, Father Daniel, descending from the Huron country, worn, emaciated,
+his cassock patched and tattered, and his shirt in rags, brought with
+him a boy, to whom two others were soon added; and through the influence
+of the interpreter, Nicolet, the number was afterward increased by
+several more. One of them ran away, two ate themselves to death, a
+fourth was carried home by his father, while three of those remaining
+stole a canoe, loaded it with all they could lay their hands upon, and
+escaped in triumph with their plunder."[98]
+
+Nicolet frequently visited Quebec. Upon one of these occasions he had a
+narrow escape. He found the St. Lawrence incumbered with ice. Behind him
+there came so great a quantity of it that he was compelled to get out of
+his canoe and jump upon one of the floating pieces. He saved himself
+with much difficulty and labor. This happened in April, 1637.[99] On the
+twenty-seventh of the same month Nicolet was present at Quebec, on the
+occasion of a deputation of Indians from Three Rivers waiting upon the
+governor, asking a favor at his hands promised by Champlain. He was
+consulted as to what the promise of the former governor was.[100]
+
+In June, he was sent, it seems, up from the fort at Three Rivers to
+ascertain whether the Iroquois were approaching. He went as far as the
+river Des Prairies--the name for the Ottawa on the north side of the
+island of Montreal.[101] In August, the enemy threatened Three Rivers in
+force. The French and Indians in the fort could not be decoyed into
+danger. However, a boat was sent up the St. Lawrence, conducted by
+Nicolet. The bark approached the place where the Iroquois were, but
+could not get within gun-shot; yet a random discharge did some
+execution. The enemy were judged to be about five hundred strong.
+Although the fort at Three Rivers was thus seriously threatened, no
+attack was made.[102]
+
+On the seventh of October, 1637, Nicolet was married at Quebec to
+Marguerite Couillard, a god-child of Champlain.[103] The fruit of this
+marriage was but one child--a daughter. Nicolet continued his residence
+at Three Rivers, largely employed in his official duties of commissary
+and interpreter, remaining there until the time of his death.[104] In
+1641, he, with one of the Jesuit fathers, was very busy in dealing with
+a large force of Iroquois that was threatening the place.[105]
+
+About the first of October, 1642, Nicolet was called down to Quebec from
+Three Rivers, to take the place of his brother-in-law, M. Olivier le
+Tardiff, who was General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, and who
+sailed on the seventh of that month for France. The change was a very
+agreeable one to Nicolet, but he did not long enjoy it; for, in less
+than a month after his arrival, in endeavoring to make a trip to his
+place of residence to release an Indian prisoner in the possession of a
+band of Algonquins, who were slowly torturing him, his zeal and humanity
+cost him his life.[106] On the 27th of October,[107] he embarked at
+Quebec, near seven o'clock in the evening, in the launch of M. de
+Savigny, which was headed for Three Rivers. He had not yet reached
+Sillery, when a northeast squall raised a terrible tempest on the St.
+Lawrence and filled the boat. Those who were in it did not immediately
+go down; they clung some time to the launch. Nicolet had time to say to
+M. de Savigny, "Save yourself, sir; you can swim; I can not. I am going
+to God. I recommend to you my wife and daughter."[108]
+
+The wild waves tore the men, one after another, from the boat, which
+had capsized and floated against a rock, and four, including Nicolet,
+sank to rise no more.[109] M. de Savigny alone cast himself into the
+water, and swam among the waves, which were like small mountains. The
+launch was not very far from the shore, but it was pitch dark, and the
+bitter cold had covered the river banks with ice. Savigny, feeling his
+resolution and his strength failing him, made a vow to God, and a
+little after, reaching down with his feet, he felt the bottom, and
+stepping out of the water, he reached Sillery half dead. For quite a
+while he was unable to speak; then, at last, he recounted the fatal
+accident which, besides the death of Nicolet--disastrous to the whole
+country--had cost him three of his best men and a large part of his
+property. He and his wife suffered this great loss, in a barbarous
+country, with great patience and resignation to the will of God, and
+without losing any of their courage.[110]
+
+The savages of Sillery, at the report of Nicolet's shipwreck, ran to the
+place, and not seeing him any where, displayed indescribable sorrow. It
+was not the first time he had exposed himself to danger of death for the
+good of the Indians. He had done so frequently. Thus perished John
+Nicolet, in the waters of the great river of Canada--the red man and the
+Frenchman alike mourning his untimely fate.[111]
+
+Twelve days after the shipwreck, the prisoner to the Algonquins, for
+whose deliverance Nicolet started on his journey, arrived at
+Sillery--the commander at Three Rivers, following the order of the
+governor, having ransomed him. He was conducted to the hospital of the
+place to be healed of the injuries he had received from his captors.
+They had stripped the flesh from his arms, in some places to the bone.
+The nuns at the hospital cared for him with much sympathy, and cured him
+so quickly that in a month's time he was able to return to his country.
+All the neophytes showed him as much compassion and charity as the
+Algonquins had displayed of cruelty. They gave him two good,
+Christianized savages to escort him as far as the country of a
+neighboring tribe of his own, to the end that he might reach his home in
+safety.[112]
+
+After the return of the French to Quebec, the Jesuits, as previously
+mentioned, were commissioned with the administration of spiritual
+affairs in New France. Some of these turned their attention to the
+Europeans; the rest were employed in missions among the savages. In the
+autumn of 1635, the residences and missions of Canada contained fifteen
+Fathers and five Brothers of the Society of Jesus. At Quebec, there were
+also formed two seculars--ecclesiastics. One of these was a brother of
+Nicolet.[113] He had come from Cherbourg to join him upon the St.
+Lawrence; and, during his residence in the colony, which was continued
+to 1647, he was employed in visiting French settlements at a distance
+from Quebec.[114] Another brother--Pierre--who was a navigator, also
+resided in Canada, but left the country some time after Nicolet's
+death.[115] The widow of Nicolet was married at Quebec, in 1646, to
+Nicholas Macard.
+
+Nicolet's discoveries, although not immediately followed up because of
+the hostility of the Iroquois and the lack of the spirit of adventure in
+Champlain's successor, caused, finally, great results. He had unlocked
+the door to the Far West, where, afterward, were seen the fur-trader,
+the _voyageur_, the Jesuit missionary, and the government agent. New
+France was extended to the Mississippi and beyond; yet Nicolet did not
+live to witness the progress of French trade and conquest in the
+countries he had discovered.
+
+The name of the family of Nicolet appears to have been extinguished in
+Canada, with the departure of M. Gilles Nicolet, priest, already
+mentioned; but the respect which the worthy interpreter had deserved
+induced the people of Three Rivers to perpetuate his memory. The example
+had been given before his death. We read in the _Relation_ of 1637 that
+the river St. John, near Montreal (now the river Jesus), took its name
+from _John_ Nicolet. To-day Canada has the river, the lake, the falls,
+the village, the city, the college, and the county of Nicolet.[116] From
+the United States--especially from the Northwest--equal honor is due.
+
+"History can not refrain from saluting Nicolet as a disinterested
+traveler, who, by his explorations in the interior of America, has given
+clear proofs of his energetic character, and whose merits have not been
+disputed, although subsequently they were temporarily forgotten." The
+first fruits of his daring were gathered by the Jesuit fathers even
+before his death; for, in the autumn of 1641, those of them who were
+among the Hurons received a deputation of Indians occupying "the country
+around a rapid, in the midst of the channel by which Lake Superior
+empties into Lake Huron," inviting them to visit their tribe. These
+"missionaries were not displeased with the opportunity thus presented of
+knowing the countries lying beyond Lake Huron, which no one of them had
+yet traversed;" so Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault were detached to
+accompany the Chippewa deputies, and view the field simply, not to
+establish a mission. They passed along the shore of Lake Huron,
+northward, and pushed as far up St. Mary's strait as the "Sault," which
+they reached after seventeen days' sail from their place of starting.
+There they--the first white men to visit the Northwest after
+Nicolet--harangued two thousand of that nation, and other Algonquins.
+Upon their return to the St. Lawrence, Jogues was captured by the
+Iroquois, and Raymbault died on the twenty-second of October, 1642--a
+few days before the death of Nicolet.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 93: "Le neufiesme de Decembre, iustement le lendemain de la
+feste de la Conception, le sieur Iean Nicolet, Truchement pour les
+Algonquins aux Trois Riuieres, vint donner aduis aux Peres, qui
+demeuroient en la Residence de la Conception sise au mesme lieu, qu'vn
+ieune Algonquin se trouuoit mal, et qu'il seroit a prospos de le
+visiter."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 94: "Le septiesme de Ianuier de cette annee mil six cens
+trente six, le fils d'vn grand Sorcier ou Iongleur fut faict Chrestien,
+son pere s'y accordant apres de grandes resistances qu'il en fit: car,
+comme nos Peres euentoient ses mines, et la decreditoient, il ne pouuoit
+les supporter en sa Cabane. Cependant comme son fils tiroit a la mort,
+ils prierent le sieur Nicolet de faire son possible pour sauuer cette
+ame: ils s'en vont donc le Pere Quentin et luy en cette maison d'ecorce,
+pressent fortement ce Sauuage de consentir au baptesme de son petit
+fils."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Le trente-vniesme [of December, 1635], vne fille agee
+d'enuiron seize ans fut baptisee, et nommee Anne par vn de nos Francois.
+Le Pere Buteux l'instruisant luy dit, que si estant Chrestienne elle
+venoit a mourir, son ame iroit au Ciel dans les ioyes eternelles. A ce
+mot de mourir, elle eut vne si grande frayeur, qu'elle ne voulut plus
+iamais prester l'oreille au Pere; on luy enuoya le Sieur Nicolet
+truchement, qui exerce volontiers semblables actions de charite; elle
+l'escoute paisiblement; mais comme ses occupations le diuertissent
+ailleurs, il ne la pouuoit visiter si souuent: c'est pourquoy le Pere
+Quentin s'efforca d'apprendre les premiers rudimens du Christianisme en
+Sauuage, afin de la pouuoir instruire. Cela luy reuessit si bien, que
+cette pauure fille ayant pris goust a cette doctrine salutaire, desira
+le Baptesme que le Pere luy accorda. La grace a plusieurs effects: on
+remarqua que cette fille, fort dedaigneuse et altiere de son naturel,
+deuint fort douce et traittable, estant Chrestienne.--Ibid.
+
+"Il [Nicolet] ... continua sa charge de Commis et Interprete [at Three
+Rivers] auec vne satisfaction grande des Francois et des Sauuages,
+desquels il estoit esgalement et vniquement ayme. Il conspiroit
+puissamment, autant que sa charge le permettoit, auec nos Peres, pour la
+conuersion de ces peuples, lesquels il scauoit manier et tourner ou il
+vouloit d'vne dexterite qui a peine trouuera son pareil."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.
+
+Compare, also, _Relation_, 1637, p. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 96: "Le deuxieme iour d'Auril, le Pere Quentin fit vn voyage
+a quelques lieues des Trois Riuieres [Three Rivers], pour quelques
+malades, dont on nous auoit donne aduis. Le fruict qu'il en rapporta fut
+d'auoir expose plusieurs fois sa vie pour Dieu, parmy les dangers des
+glaces et du mauuais temps. Il se contenta de leur donner quelque
+instruction, sans en baptiser aucun, ne les voyant ny en peril de mort,
+ny suffisamment instruits. Le sieur Iean Nicolet luy seruit de
+truchement, auec sa charite et fidelite ordinaire, dont nos Peres tirent
+de grands seruices en semblables occasions."--Le Jeune, _Relation_,
+1636, pp. 57, 58.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Adapted from Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp.
+165, 166.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 167, 168, citing
+the _Relations_ of 1637 and 1638. Father Le Jeune (_Relation_, 1636, p.
+75) says: "Comme i'ecry cecy le vingt-huictieme d'Aoust, voila que le
+Pere Buteux me mande le depart du Pere Ioques, l'arriuee d'vne autre
+troupe de Hurons, de qui le sieur Nicolet a encore obtenu trois ieunes
+garcons, sur le rapport que leur ont fait leurs compagnons du bon
+traittement que Monsieur le General et tous les autres Francois leur
+auoient fait."]
+
+[Footnote 99: Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1637, p. 78.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Ib., p. 81.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Ib., p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 102: Ib., p. 89.]
+
+[Footnote 103: See Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., p.
+326; also, his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec," p. 30,
+notes; and Gravier's "Decouvertes et Etablissements de Cavalier de la
+Salle," p. 47.
+
+Nicolet's wife was a daughter of Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette
+Hebert. Nicolet's marriage contract was dated at Quebec, October 22,
+1637, several days subsequent to his nuptials. This was not an uncommon
+thing in New France in early days, but has not been allowed in Canada
+for about a century past. The contract was drawn up by Guitet, a
+notary of Quebec. There were present Francois Derre de Gand,
+Commissaire-General; Olivier le Tardif; Noel Juchereau; Pierre De la
+Porte; Guillaume Huboust; Guillaume Hebert; Marie Rollet aieule de la
+future epouse; Claude Racine; Etienne Racine.]
+
+[Footnote 104: The presence of Nicolet at Three Rivers during all these
+years (except from March 19, 1638, to January 9, 1639) is shown by
+reference to the _Relations_, and to the church register of that place.
+See Appendix, I., as to the latter.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Vimont, _Relation_, 1641, p. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 106: "Monsieur Oliuier, Commis General de Messieurs de la
+Compagnie, estant venu l'an passe en France, le dit sieur Nicollet
+descendit a Quebec en sa place, auec vne ioye, et consolation sensible
+qu'il eut de se voir dans la paix et la deuotion de Quebec. Mais il n'en
+ioueit pas long-temps: car vn mois ou deux apres son arriuee, faisant vn
+voyage aux Trois Riuieres pour la deliurance d'vn prisonnier Sauuage,
+son zele luy cousta la vie, qu'il perdit dans le naufrage."--Vimont,
+_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 107: "I'adiousteray icy vn mot de la vie et de la mort de
+Monsieur Nicollet, Interprete et Commis de Messieurs de la Compagnie de
+la Nouuelle France; il mourut dix iours apres le Pere [Charles
+Raymbault, decede le 22 Octobre, 1642], il auoit demeure vingt-cinq ans
+en ces quartiers."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. The incorrectness of
+this date as to the death of Nicolet will hereafter be shown.]
+
+[Footnote 108: "Il [_Nicolet_] sembarqua a Quebec sur les sept heures du
+soir, dans la chalouppe de Monsieur de Sauigny, qui tiroit vers les
+Trois Riuieres; ils n'estoient pas encor arriuez a Sillery, qu'vn coup
+de vent de Nord Est, qui auoit excite vne horrible tempeste sur la
+grande riuiere, remplit la chalouppe d'eau et la coula a fond, apres luy
+auoir fait faire deux ou trois tours dans l'eau. Ceux qui estoient
+dedans n'allerent pas incontinent a fond, ils s'attacherent quelque
+temps a la challouppe. Monsieur Nicollet eut loisir de dire a Monsieur
+de Sauigny: Monsieur, sauuez-vous, vous scauez nager; ie ne le scay pas.
+Pour moy ie m'en vay a Dieu; ie vous recommande ma femme et ma
+fille."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.
+
+Nicolet's daughter afterwards married Jean-Baptiste le Gardeur de
+Repentigny, entering into a family which was one of the most
+considerable in French America. Her son, Augustin le Gardeur de
+Courtemanche,--"officier dans les troupes, se distingua, par de longs et
+utiles services dans l'ouest, fut un digne contemporain de Nicolas
+Perot, de meme qu'un honorable rejeton de son grandpere
+Nicolet."--Sulte's "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature," p. 446.]
+
+[Footnote 109: It is reasonably certain that the day of Nicolet's death
+was October 27, 1642. Compare Margry, in _Journal General de
+l'Instruction Publique_, 1862. A recent writer says:
+
+"Le 29 septembre 1642, aux Trois-Rivieres, le Pere Jean de Brebeuf
+baptista deux petites filles de race algonquine dont les parrains et
+marraines furent 'Jean Nicolet avec Perrette (nom indien), et Nicolas
+Marsolet (l'interprete), avec Marguerite Couillard, femme de M.
+Nicolet.'
+
+"Le 7 octobre suivant eut lieu, a Quebec, le depart des navires pour la
+France. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Cette Relation ecrite vers la fin de
+l'ete de 1643, raconte ce qui s'est passe apres le depart des navires de
+1642.
+
+"Le sieur Olivier le Tardif partit pour la France cet automne, 1642, et
+fut remplace a Quebec, dans sa charge de commis-general de la compagnie
+des Cent-Associes, par son beau-frere Nicolet, qui descendit des
+Trois-Rivieres expressement pour cela (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), par
+consequent entre le 29 septembre et le 7 octobre.
+
+"Le 19 octobre, un sauvage d'une nation alliee aux Iroquois fut amene
+captif aux Trois-Rivieres par les Algonquins de ce lieu, qui le
+condamnerent a perir sur le bucher. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Les Peres
+Jesuites et M. des Rochers, le commandant du fort, ayant epuise tous les
+arguments qu'ils croyaient pouvoir employer pour induire ces barbares a
+ne pas faire mourir leur prisonnier, envoyerent un messager a Quebec
+avertir Nicolet de ce qui se passait et reclamer son assistance.
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.)
+
+"Ces pourparlers et ces demarches paraissent avoir occupe plusieurs
+jours.
+
+"A cette nouvelle, Nicolet, n'ecoutant que son coeur, s'embarqua a
+Quebec, dans la chaloupe de M. Chavigny, vers les sept heures du soir.
+L'embarcation n'etait pas arrivee a Sillery, qu'un coup de vent du
+nord-est qui avait souleve une grosse tempete, la remplit d'eau et la
+coula a fond. M. de Chavigny seul se sauva. La nuit etait tres-noire et
+il faisait un froid apre qui avait couvert de 'bordages' les rives du
+fleuve. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.)
+
+"Dans ses _Notes sur les registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec_, M. l'abbe
+Ferland nous donne le texte de l'acte qui suit: 'Le 29 octobre, on fit
+les funerailles de monsieur Nicollet et de trois hommes de M. de
+Chavigny, noyes dans une chaloupe qui allait de Quebec a Sillery; les
+corps ne furent point trouves.'
+
+"M. de Chavigny demeurait a Sillery. Il est probable que Nicolet
+comptait repartir de la le lendemain, soit a la voile (en chaloupe) ou
+en canot d'ecorce, selon l'etat du fleuve, pour atteindre les
+Trois-Rivieres.
+
+"Le captif des Algonquins ayant ete delivre par l'entremise de M. des
+Rochers, arriva a Quebec douze jours apres le naufrage de Nicolet
+(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), le 9 novembre (_Relation_, 1643, p. 44), ce
+qui fixerait au 27 ou 28 octobre la date demandee.
+
+"Comme ce malheur eut lieu a la nuit close, pendant une tempete, il est
+raisonable de supposer que la recherche des cadavres ne put se faire que
+le lendemain, surtout lorsque nous songeons que Sillery n'est pas
+Quebec, quoiqu'assez rapproche. Le service funebre dut etre celebre le
+troisieme jour, et non pas le lendemain de l'evenement en question.
+
+"J'adopte donc la date du lundi 27 octobre comme celle de la mort de
+Nicolet.
+
+"Il est vrai que la _Relation_ citee plus haut nous dit (p. 3) que le
+Pere Charles Raymbault deceda le 22 octobre, et que la mort de Nicolet
+eut lieu dix jours apres; mais l'acte du 29 octobre au registre de
+Quebec renverse ce calcul de dix jours qui nous menerait au 1er ou 2
+novembre.
+
+"La meme _Relation_ (p. 4) dit aussi que Nicolet perit un mois ou deux
+apres son arrivee a Quebec, tandis que nous voyons par ce que j'expose
+ci-dessus qu'il n'a guere ete plus de trois semaines absent des
+Trois-Rivieres avant de partir pour sa fatale expedition.
+
+"La date du 27 octobre parait irrefutable."--M. Sulte, in _L'Opinion
+Publique_, Montreal, July 24, 1879.]
+
+[Footnote 110: "Les vagues les arracherent tous les vns apres les autres
+de la chalouppe, qui flottoit renuersee contre vne roche. Monsieur de
+Sauigny seul se ietta a l'eau et nagea parmy des flots et des vagues qui
+resembloient a de petites montagnes. La Chalouppe n'estoit pas bien loin
+du riuage; mais il estoit nuict toute noire, et faisoit vn froid aspre,
+qui auoit desia glace les bords de la riuiere. Le dit sieur de Sauigny,
+sentant le coeur et les forces qui luy manquoient, fit vn voeu a Dieu,
+et peu apres frappant du pied il sent la terre, et se tirant hors de
+l'eau, s'en vint en nostre maison a Sillery a demy mort. Il demeura
+assez long-temps sans pouuoir parler; puis enfin il nous raconta le
+funeste accident, qui outre la mort de Monsieur Nicollet, dommageable a
+tout le pays, luy auoit perdue trois de ses meilleurs hommes et vne
+grande partie de son meuble et de ses prouisions. Luy et Mademoiselle sa
+femme ont porte cette perte signallee dans vn pays barbare, auec vne
+grande patience et resignation a la volonte de Dieu, et sans rien
+diminuer de leur courage."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 111: "Les Sauuages de Sillery, au bruit du nauffrage de
+Monsieur Nicollet, courent sur le lieu, et ne le voyant plus paroistre,
+en tesmoignent des regrets indicibles. Ce n'estoit pas la premiere fois
+que cet homme s'estoit expose au danger de la mort pour le bien et le
+salut des Sauuages: il l'a faict fort souuent, et nous a laisse des
+exemples qui sont au dessus de l'estat d'vn homme marie, et tiennent de
+le vie Apostolique et laissent vne enuie au plus feruent Religieux de
+l'imiter."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 112: "Douze iours apres leur naufrage, le prisonnier pour la
+deliurance duquel il [Nicolet] s'estoit embarque, arriua icy. Monsieur
+des Roches commandant aux Trois Riuieres, suiuant l'ordre de Monsieur le
+Gouuerneur, l'auoit rachete. Il mit pied a terre a Sillery, et de la fut
+conduit a l'Hospital pour estre panse des playes et blessures que les
+Algonquins luy auoient faites apres sa capture: ils luy auoient emporte
+la chair des bras, en quelques endroits iusques aux os. Les Religieuses
+hospitalieres le receurent auec beaucoup de charite, et le firent panser
+fort soigneusement, en sorte qu'en trois semaines ou vn mois, il fut en
+estat de retourner en son pays. Tous nos Neophytes luy tesmoignerent
+autant de compassion et de charite que les Algonquins de la haut luy
+auoient montre de cruaute: ils luy donnerent deux bons Sauuages
+Christiens, pour le conduire iusques aux pays des Abnaquiois, qui sont
+voisins de sa nation."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, pp. 4, 5.]
+
+[Footnote 113: His name was Gilles Nicolet. He was born in Cherbourg,
+and came to Canada in 1635. He is one of the first "pretres
+seculiers"--that is, not belonging to congregations or institutes, such
+as the Jesuits and the Recollets--whose name appears on the Quebec
+parochial register.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Those of the coast of Beaupre, between Beauport and Cape
+Tourmente. Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., pp. 276,
+277.]
+
+[Footnote 115: Sulte's "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature," p. 446.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Benjamin Sulte, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 1873. The writer
+adds: "La riviere Nicolet est formee de deux rivieres qui gardent
+chacune ce nom; l'une au nord est sort d'un lac appele Nicolet, dans le
+comte de Wolfe, township de Ham; l'autre, celle du sud ouest, qui passe
+dans le comte de Richmond, a donne le nom de Nicolet a un village situe
+sur ses bords, dans le township de Shipton. Ce village que les Anglais
+nomment 'Nicolet Falls' est un centre d'industrie prospere. La ville de
+Nicolet, ainsi que le college de ce nom, sont situes pres de la decharge
+des eaux reunies de ces deux rivieres au lac Saint-Pierre.
+
+"Peu d'annees apres la mort de Jean Nicolet, les trifluviens donnaient
+deja son nom a la riviere en question, malgre les soins que prenaient
+les fonctionnaires civils de ne designer cet endroit que par les mots
+'la riviere de Laubia ou la riviere Cresse.' M. de Laubia ne concede la
+seigneurie qu'en 1672, et M. Cresse ne l'obtint que plus tard, mais
+avant ces deux seigneurs, la riviere portait le nom de Nicolet, et
+l'usage en prevalut en depit des tentatives faites pour lui imposer
+d'autres denominations."]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+I.--EXTRACTS (LITERAL) FROM THE PARISH CHURCH REGISTER, OF THREE RIVERS,
+CANADA, CONCERNING NICOLET.
+
+
+I.
+
+"Le 27 du mois de decembre 1635, fut baptisee par le Pere Jacques
+Buteux[117] une petite fille agee d'environ deux ans, fille du capitaine
+des Montagnetz Capitainal.[118] Elle fut nommee _Marie_ par M. de
+Maupertuis et M. Nicollet ses parrains. Elle s'appelait en sauvage
+8minag8m8c8c8."[119]
+
+
+II.
+
+"Le 30 du mois de Mai 1636, une jeune Sauvagesse Algonquine instruite
+par le Pere Jacques Buteux, fut baptisee par le Pere Claude Quentin et
+nommee Francoise par M. Nicollet son parrain." [1637, 7th October. At
+Quebec. Marriage of Nicolet with Marguerite Couillard.]
+
+
+III.
+
+"Le 18 novembre 1637 fut baptisee (par le Pere Claude Pijart) une femme
+Algonquine. Elle fut nommee Marie par Nicollet son parrain. Elle est
+decedee."
+
+
+IV.
+
+"Le 18 decembre 1637 fut baptise par le Pere Jacques Buteux un petit
+Algonquin age d'environ deux ans, et fut nomme Jean par M. Nicollet. Il
+est decede."
+
+
+V.
+
+"1638. Le 19 de mars, jour de Saint-Joseph, fut baptise par le Pere
+Jacques Buteux, dans notre chapelle avec les ceremonies de l'Eglise,
+Anisk8ask8si, et fut nomme Paul par M. Nicollet, son parrain; sa
+marraine fut mademoiselle Marie Le Neuf.[120] Il est decede." [The
+Parish Register for 1638 stops at the date of 24th May, the remainder
+being lost.]
+
+
+VI.
+
+"Le 9 janvier 1639, le Pere Jacques Delaplace baptisa solennellement, en
+notre chapelle, une petite fille agee de 2 ans appelee Nitig8m8sta8an,
+fille de Papitchitikpabe8, capitaine de la Petite-Nation. Elle fut
+nommee Louise par M. Nicolet. Sa marraine fut une Sauvagesse baptisee,
+femme de feu Thebachit."
+
+
+VII.
+
+"Le 4 mars 1639, le Reverend Pere Jacques Buteux baptisa solennellement
+en notre chappelle les deux enfants de 8ab8sch8stig8an, Algonquin de
+l'Isle, et Sk8esens, sa femme. Le fils age d'environ quatre ans fut
+nomme Thomas par M. Nicolet, et Alizon,[121] et la fille agee d'environ
+six ans, fut nommee Marguerite par M. de Malapart[122] et Madame
+Nicolet."
+
+
+VIII.
+
+"1639. Le huitieme Mars, le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement
+Nipiste8ignan age d'environ vingt ans, fils de Francois Nenascouat,[123]
+habitant de Sillery. Francois Marguerie et Madame Nicolet le nommerent
+Vincent."
+
+
+IX.
+
+"Le 20 mars 1639 le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement en notre
+chapelle Louis Godefroy, fils de M. Jean Godefroy[124] et de Damoisselle
+Marie Le Neuf. Son parrain fut Thomas Godefroy, et sa marraine Madame
+Marguerite Nicolet."
+
+
+X.
+
+"Anno Domini 1639 die 16 Julii, Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens parochi
+ecclesiae B. V. Conceptae ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum ceremoniis,
+Ognatem, 4 circiter menses, natem patre 8kar8st8, _de la Petite-Nation_,
+et matre 8sasamit8n8k8e8. Patrinus fuit D. Jaunes Nicolets Interp."
+
+
+XI.
+
+"1639. Anno Domini 1639, di 20 julii Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens
+parochi ecclesiae Beatae Virginis Conceptae ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum
+ceremoniis Marinum, filium patria insularibus; patrinus idem qui supra
+Joannes Nicolet. Infant natus 2 menses. Il est decede."
+
+
+XII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1639, die 30. Julii, Ego Jacobus Buteux vices agens parochi
+ecclesiae B. V. C. at Tria Flumina, baptizavit Algonquinensen natum 40
+circiter annos nomine Abdom Chibanagouch, patria insularem, quem
+nominavit Dominus Joannes Nicolet nunc Joseph 8masatick8e." [1639. 9th
+October. Nicolet was present at the wedding of Jean Joliet and Marie
+d'Abancour, at Quebec. Louis Joliet, son of the above, was the
+discoverer of the Upper Mississippi.]
+
+
+XIII.
+
+"1639. Die 7 Decembris. Ego Jacobus Buteux baptizavit infentem annum
+circiter natum, nomine Ombrosuim Katank8quich, filium defuncti
+8tagamechk8, patria 88echkarini, quedu educat N8ncheak8s mulier patria
+insulare, patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet."
+
+
+XIV.
+
+"1640. Die 6 Januarii, ego Jacobus Buteux, baptizavit cum ceremoniis
+Mariam Ik8esens patria insularem natam circiter 28 annos, cujus patrinus
+fuit Joannes Nicolet et Joanna La Meslee,[125] exur pistoris. Elle est
+avec 8tchakin."
+
+
+XV.
+
+"Anno 1640, 4 Decemb. statim post portam mortuus sepultus in coemeterio
+item filius Domini Joannis Nicolet interpretis." [In the margin is
+written: "Ignace Nicolet."]
+
+
+XVI.
+
+"Anno 1640. Die 14 Januarii, ego Carolus Raymbaut[126] baptizavi cum
+caeremoniis Franciscum missameg natum circiter 4 annos filium Ching8a
+defuncti, patria ---- Khin8chebink educatur apud 8abirini8ich Patrinus
+fuit D. Franciscus de Champflour[127] moderator; matrina Margarita
+Couillard uxor D. Nicolet interpretis."
+
+
+XVII.
+
+"14o. die Maii 1640. Ego Carolus Raymbault baptisavi cum caeremoniis
+Franciscum pridie natum filium Christophori Crevier pistoris, Et Joanna
+Ennart conjugum Rothomagensium. Patrinus fuit Dominus Franciscum de
+Champflour moderator et Dna Margarita Couillard conjux interpretis (est
+in Galliae)." [On the 2d day of September, 1640 Nicolet was present at
+Quebec at the wedding of Nicolas Bonhomme.]
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1640 die 25 Decembris, ipso Jesu Domini Nostri Nativitatis
+die ego Joannes Dequen, Societatis Jesu sacerdos vices agens Rectoris
+Ecclesiae conceptionis beatae Virginia ad Tria Flumina dicta, baptizavi
+solemniter in eodem ecclesia Paulum 8abirim8ich annum Trigesimum
+cerciter quintum doctrinae Christianae rudimentis sufficienter instructum.
+Patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet, interpret. huic nomen Pauli impasuit;
+matrina fuit Maria Le Neuf."
+
+
+XIX.
+
+"Anno Domini 1641 dia 1o Aprilis. Ego Josephus Poncet, Societatis Jesu,
+baptizavi puellam recens natam patre Abdon 8maskik8eia, matre
+Michtig8k8e, nomen Cecilia impositum est. Patrinus fuit ...
+Lavallee;[128] Matrina Margarita Couillard uxor Joannis Nicolet
+interpretis."
+
+
+XX.
+
+"1o Aprilis Anno 1642 Ego Josephus Poncet Societatis Jesu, in ecclesiae
+immaculatae conceptionis B. V. Mariae, baptisavi puellum recens natam.
+Patre Joannes Nicolet. Matre Margarita Couillard ejus uxor. Nomen
+Margarita impositum. Patrinus fuit Dnus Jacobus Ertel;[129] matrina Dna
+Joanna Le Marchand,[130] viduae Dni Leneuf."
+
+
+XXI.
+
+"Tertio Julii Anni 1642, ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis Jesu, tunc
+vices agens parochi in ecclesiae Immaculatae Conceptionis ad Tria Flumina
+baptisavi infantem recens natam. Patre Dno Jacobo Hartel. Matre Marie
+Marguerie[131] ejus uxore. Nomine Francisco impositum. Patrinus fuit:
+Franciscus Marguerye, infantio avanculus; matrina Margarita Couillart
+domini Joannis Nicolet uxor."
+
+
+XXII.
+
+"Anno Domini 1642, 29 Septembris, Ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis
+Jesu sacerdos, baptisavi solemniter in ecclesiae Immaculata Conceptionis
+ad Tria Flumina, duos puellas recens nata, unum ex patre Augustino
+Chipak8etch et matre 8t8ribik8e; Alizon dicta est a patrinis Joanne
+Nicolet et Perretta Alteram vero ex patre K8erasing et 8inchk8ck matre
+Lucia dicta est a Patrinus Nicolao Marsolet[132] et Margarita Couillard,
+uxor Domini Nicolet."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 117: Father Buteux resided in Three Rivers from the year of
+the establishment of that place, 1634, to 1651 when, on his second trip
+to the upper St. Maurice he was killed by the Iroquois.]
+
+[Footnote 118: Capitanal, chief of the Montagnais Indians, is the man
+who did the most amongst his people to impress upon the mind of
+Champlain the necessity of erecting a fort at 3-Rivers. He died in 1635.
+See _Relation_, 1633, p. 26; 1635, p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 119: The figure "8" in such words is, as before mentioned,
+supposed to be equivalent to "w," "we," or "oo," in English. Ante, p.
+46, note.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Le Neuf. Name of a large family, belonging to the
+nobility. Jean Godefroy having married Marie Le Neuf, they all came
+together (36 people) to Canada, when the branch of Le Gardeur settled at
+Quebec and that of Le Neuf proper at 3-Rivers. Throughout the history of
+Canada, we met with members of that group.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Alizon is the family name of the wife of Gourdin, the
+brewer, who resided at the Fort of Three-Rivers as early as 1634.]
+
+[Footnote 122: Malapart was at that time acting as governor of the
+post.]
+
+[Footnote 123: Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, is much connected with the
+history of the first settlement of his people at 3-Rivers and Sillery,
+from 1634 to about 1650.]
+
+[Footnote 124: Jean Godefroy, the principal man who caused French people
+to come direct from France to settle at Three-Rivers, as early as 1636.
+He had been in Canada for many years before. His brother Thomas is well
+known in the history of those years for his services both to the
+missionaries and to the colonists; he was burned by the Iroquois. Louis,
+son of Jean, became King's Attorney. Jean was raised to the rank of
+nobleman by Louis XIV. His descendants are still in the district of
+3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Christophe Crevier, sieur de la Melee, settled in
+3-Rivers in 1639. Like that of Godefroy, the family became very numerous
+and prosperous. The descendants of Crevier still exist in the district
+of 3-Riv. Francois Crevier, born 13th May 1640 was killed by the
+Iroquois in Three Rivers when 13 years old only.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Father Raymbault is the same that accompanied Father
+Jogues in the spring of the year 1642 to what is now Sault Ste. Marie,
+Michigan. He died, it will be remembered, in the fall of 1642. Ante, p.
+91.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Champflour left for France in the autumn of 1645. For
+several years, he had been governor of 3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 128: Claude Jutra lit Lavallee was one of the first settlers
+of 3-Rivers, where his descendants still exist.]
+
+[Footnote 129: Jacques Hertel, married to Marie Marguerie. He held land
+at 3-Rivers before the foundation of the Fort. Died 1652. His son
+Francois was one of the greatest sons of Canada. Louis XIV. made him a
+nobleman. His descendants are still in Canada. Like Godefroy, Crevier,
+and Le Neuf, the Hertels have held their position for 250 years.]
+
+[Footnote 130: Jeanne Le Marchand, widow, was the mother of Le Neuf.]
+
+[Footnote 131: Francois Marguerie succeeded Nicolet as Interpreter at
+3-Rivers. He has left his name to a river flowing into the St. Lawrence,
+in the county of Nicolet opposite the town of 3-Rivers.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Nicolas Marsolet, connected, as an interpreter, with
+3-Rivers, but mostly with Tadoussac and Quebec.]
+
+
+II.--FIRST CONNECTED SKETCH PUBLISHED OF THE LIFE AND EXPLORATION OF
+NICOLET.[133]
+
+[Du Creux states that, in the last months of 1642, New France mourned
+for two men of no common character, who were snatched away from her;
+that one of them, who died first, of disease, was a member of the
+Society of Jesuits; and that the other, although a layman, was
+distinguished by singularly meritorious acts towards the Indian tribes
+of Canada. He sketches briefly the career and character of Father
+Raymbault, the Jesuit, first referred to, who died at Quebec in the
+latter part of October. The second person alluded to was Nicolet. Of him
+he gives the following account:]
+
+"He had spent twenty-five years in New France, and had always been a
+useful person. On his first arrival, by orders of those who presided
+over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years among the
+Algonquins of the Island, for the purpose of learning their language,
+without any Frenchman as a companion, and in the midst of those
+hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it
+must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar
+or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon
+hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the
+pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not
+only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life.
+There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week;
+and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having
+any thing to eat but a little bark. After this preliminary training[134]
+was completed, being sent with four hundred Algonquins to the Iroquois
+to treat of peace, he performed his mission successfully. Soon after, he
+went to the Nipissiriens, and spent seven years with them, as an adopted
+member of their tribe. He had his own small estate, wigwam, and
+household stuff, implements for hunting and fishing, and, no doubt, his
+own beaver skins, with the same right of trade as the rest; in a word,
+he was taken into their counsels; until, being recalled, by the rulers
+of the French colony, he was at the same time made a commissary and
+charged to perform the office of an interpreter.
+
+"During this period, at the command of the same rulers, he had to make
+an excursion to certain maritime tribes, for the purpose of securing
+peace between them and the Hurons. The region where those peoples dwell
+is nearly three hundred leagues distant, toward the west, from the same
+Hurons; and after he had associated himself with seven ambassadors of
+these [_i.e._, of the Hurons], having saluted on their route various
+small nations which they fell in with, and having propitiated them with
+gifts--lest, if they should omit this, they might be regarded as
+enemies, and assailed by all whom they met--when he was two days
+distant, he sent forward one of his own company to make known to the
+nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador was
+approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to secure
+their friendship. The embassy was received with applause; young men were
+immediately sent to meet them, who were to carry the baggage and
+equipment of the Manitouriniou (or wonderful man), and escort him with
+honor. Nicolet was clad in a Chinese robe of silk, skillfully ornamented
+with birds and flowers of many colors; he carried in each hand a small
+pistol.[135] When he had discharged these, the more timid persons, boys
+and women betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible
+from a man who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands. But,
+the rumor of his coming having spread far and wide, the chiefs, with
+their followers, assembled directly to the number of four or five
+thousand persons; and, the matter having been discussed and considered
+in a general council, a treaty was made in due form. Afterwards each of
+the chiefs gave a banquet after their fashion; and at one of these,
+strange to say, a hundred and twenty beavers were eaten.
+
+"His object being accomplished, Nicolet returned to the Hurons, and,
+presently, to Three Rivers, and resumed both of his former functions,
+viz., as commissary and interpreter, being singularly beloved by both
+the French and the natives; specially intent upon this, that, uniting
+his industry, and the very great influence which he possessed over the
+savages, with the efforts of the fathers of the Society [Jesuits], he
+might bring as many as he could to the Church; until, upon the recall to
+France of Olivier, who was the chief commissary of Quebec, Nicolet, on
+account of his merits, was appointed in his place. But he was not long
+allowed to enjoy the Christian comfort he had so greatly desired, viz.,
+that at Quebec he might frequently attend upon the sacraments as his
+pious soul desired, and that he might enjoy the society of those with
+whom he could converse upon divine things.
+
+"On the last day of October, having embarked upon a pinnace at the
+seventh hour of the afternoon (as we French reckon the hours), i.e.,
+just as the shades of evening were falling, hastening, as I have said,
+to Three Rivers upon so pious an errand, scarcely had he arrived in
+sight of Sillery, when, the north wind blowing more fiercely and
+increasing the violence of the storm which had commenced before Nicolet
+started,[136] the pinnace was whirled around two or three times, filled
+with water from all directions, and finally was swallowed up by the
+waves. Some of those on board escaped, among them Savigny, the owner of
+the pinnace; and Nicolet, in that time of extreme peril, addressing him
+calmly said: "Savigny, since you know how to swim, by all means consult
+your own safety; I, who have no such skill, am going to God; I recommend
+my wife and daughter to your kindness." In the midst of this
+conversation, a wave separated them; Nicolet was drowned; Savigny, who,
+from horror and the darkness of the night, did not know where he was,
+was torn by the violence of the waves from the boat, to which he had
+clung for some time; then he struggled for a while, in swimming, with
+the hostile force of the changing waves; until, at last, his strength
+failing, and his courage almost forsaking him, he made a vow to God (but
+what it was is not related); then, striking the bottom of the stream
+with his foot, he reached the bank[137] at that spot, and, forcing his
+way with difficulty through the edge of the stream, already frozen, he
+crept, half dead, to the humble abode of the fathers. Restoratives were
+immediately applied, such as were at hand, especially fire, which was
+most needed; but, as the cold weather and the water had almost destroyed
+the natural warmth, he could only manifest his thoughts for some time by
+motions and not by speech, and so kept the minds of the anxious fathers
+in doubt of his meaning; until, recovering his speech, he explained what
+had happened with a strong expression of Nicolet's Christian courage.
+
+"The prisoner for whose sake Nicolet had exposed himself to this deadly
+peril, twelve days afterwards reached Sillery, and soon after
+Quebec--having been rescued from the cruelty of the Algonquins by
+Rupaeus, who was in command at Three Rivers, in pursuance of letters from
+Montmagny, on payment, no doubt, of a ransom. He was already disfigured
+with wounds, great numbers of which these most savage men had inflicted
+upon him with careful ingenuity, one after another, according to their
+custom; but in proportion to the barbarity which he had experienced at
+Three Rivers was the kindness which he afterwards met with at Quebec,
+where he was treated by the monks of the hospital in such a manner that
+he was healed within about twenty days, and was able to return to his
+own people....
+
+"This, moreover, was not the first occasion on which Nicolet had
+encountered peril of his life for the safety of savages. He had
+frequently done the very same thing before, says the French writer; and
+to those with whom he associated he left proofs of his virtues by such
+deeds as could hardly be expected of a man entangled in the bonds of
+marriage; they were indeed eminent, and rose to the height of apostolic
+perfection; and, therefore, was the loss of so great a man the more
+grievous. Certain it is that the savages themselves, as soon as they
+heard what had befallen him, surrounded the bank of the great river in
+crowds, to see whether they could render any aid. When all hope of that
+was gone, they did what alone remained in their power, by incredible
+manifestations of grief and lamentation at the sad fate of the man who
+had deserved so well of them."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 133: Translated from Du Creux' Hist. of Canada (printed in
+Latin, in Paris, 1664), p. 358. That his account should not sooner have
+awakened the curiosity of students of American history is due to the
+fact previously mentioned, that not until the investigations of John
+Gilmary Shea, in 1853, were the "Ouinipigou" identified as the
+"Winnebagoes," and their having been visited by Nicolet established. It
+was this locating of the objective point of Nicolet's exploration on
+American soil that finally stimulated American writers to further
+research; though, to the present time, Canadian historians have taken
+the lead in investigations concerning the indomitable Frenchman.]
+
+[Footnote 134: _Tirocinium_ is the _first campaign_ of the young
+soldier; and so, generally, the first period of trial in any life of
+danger and hardship.--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 135: It may be interesting to the reader to know how pistols
+are described in the author's Latin: "Sclopos minores, exiis qui tacta
+vel leviter rotula exploduntier."--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 136: "Borea flaute pertinacius, foedamque tempestatem, quam
+excicre gam ceperat, glomerante." Literally, perhaps, "the north wind
+blowing more persistently, and gathering into a mass the dark storm
+which it had already begun to collect."--_Translator._]
+
+[Footnote 137: The word "littus" here is properly used, not of the dry
+land, but of the sloping land under the water, near the edge of the
+river.--_Translator._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+    Algonquins, viii, 17, 36, 42, 60, 62, 69, 70, 77, 87.
+
+    Algonquins of the Isles des Allumettes, 18, 28, 29, 46.
+
+    Alizon, M., 95, 100.
+
+    Allouez, Father Claudius, 64, 67, 69.
+
+    Amikoueai, "Nation of the Beaver," 50, 51, 54.
+
+    _An account of the French settlements in North America_ (1746),
+        cited, 32.
+
+    Assiniboins, not visited by Nicolet, 71.
+
+    Atchiligouean, an Algonquin nation, 50.
+
+    A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (Aweatsiwaerrhonon), Huron name for the
+        Winnebagoes, 45, 46, 60.
+
+
+    Bay des Puants (Baie des Puants). See Green Bay.
+
+    Beaver Nation, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 63.
+
+    Bonhomme, Nicholas, 98.
+
+    Brebeuf, John de, 20, 24, 41, 46, 100.
+
+    Buteux, Father James, 78, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97.
+
+
+    Cabot, John, viii, ix.
+
+    Cabot, Sebastian, ix.
+
+    Caens, the, 21.
+
+    Capitanal, a Montagnais chief, 93.
+
+    Cartier, James, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
+
+    Champlain, Samuel, makes, in 1603, a survey of the St. Lawrence, 16;
+      in 1608, founds Quebec, 17;
+      attacks the Iroquois, in 1609, _ib._;
+      returns, in 1610, to France, 18;
+      in 1611 again reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._;
+      soon sails back to France, _ib._;
+      in 1613, once more reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._;
+      explores the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, _ib._;
+      embarks for France, _ib._;
+      in 1615, again sails for New France, 19;
+      visits the Hurons, _ib._;
+      attacks, with those Indians, the Iroquois, _ib._;
+      returns to Quebec, 20;
+      a new government for New France, 21;
+      Champlain one of the Hundred Associates, 22;
+      he defends Quebec against the English, 23;
+      next year he surrenders the town, _ib._;
+      taken a prisoner to England, 24;
+      in 1633, resumes command in New France, _ib._;
+      resolves to explore the west, _ib._;
+      in 1634, sends Nicolet to the Winnebagoes, 39;
+      death of Champlain, 75.
+
+    Champlain's Map of 1632, referred to, 31, 35, 36, 38, 51, 52, 53,
+        54, 62, 64, 66, 70.
+
+    Champlain's _Voyages_ of 1613, cited, 36;
+      _Voyages_ of 1632, cited, 36, 38, 51, 52, 64, 66, 73.
+
+    Charlevoix' _Carte des Lacs du Canada_, referred to, 57;
+      also, his _Nouvelle France_, _ib._
+
+    Chauvin, a captain of the French marine, 15.
+
+    Cheveux Releves (Standing Hair--Ottawas), 52, 53, 54, 73.
+
+    Chippewas, 38, 53, 54, 55, 90, 91.
+
+    Cioux. See Sioux.
+
+    Columbus, Christopher, viii.
+
+    Company of New France, 21.
+
+    Copper and copper mine early known to the Indians, 36.
+
+    Cortereal, Gaspar, ix.
+
+    Couillard, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Couillard, Marguerite, 81, 84, 94, 98, 99, 100.
+
+    _Coureurs de bois_, 41.
+
+    Cresse, M., 90.
+
+    Crevier, Francois, 97.
+
+
+    Dakotas (Dacotahs.--See Sioux), viii, 62, 71.
+
+    Daniel, Antoine, a Jesuit priest, 41, 80.
+
+    Davost, a Jesuit, 41.
+
+    De Caen, Emery, 20, 24, 32.
+
+    De Caen, William, 20.
+
+    De Champfleur, Francois, 98.
+
+    De Chasteaufort, Bras-de-fer, 75.
+
+    De Courtemanche, Augustin le, 84.
+
+    De Gand, Francois Derre, 82.
+
+    Delaplace, Jacques, 94.
+
+    De la Roche, the Marquis, 15.
+
+    De la Roque, John Francis, see Lord of Roberval.
+
+    De Laubin, M., 90.
+
+    De Malapart, M., 95.
+
+    De Maupertuis, M., 93.
+
+    De Repentigny, Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur, 84.
+
+    Des Gens Puants (Des Gens Puans--Des Puants--Des Puans). See
+        Winnebagoes.
+
+    Des Roches, M., 85, 88.
+
+    Du Creux' _Hist. of Canada_ (_Historia Canadensis_), cited, 29, 60,
+        100, _et seq._
+
+    Du Creux' Map of 1660, referred to, 51, 53, 55, 73.
+
+
+    Enitajghe, Iroquois name for Green Bay, 56.
+
+    Estiaghicks, Iroquois name of the Chippewas, 53.
+
+
+    Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_, cited, 27, 82, 89;
+      also, his _Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec_, 27,
+        82, 85.
+
+    Fire Nations (Les Gens de Feu). See Mascoutins.
+
+    Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, cited, 59.
+
+    Fox Indians (Outagamis--Les Renards--Musquakies), 64, 65, 66.
+
+    Fox River of Green Bay, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70.
+
+    Fur-trade, the, 22.
+
+
+    Gens de Mer (Gens de Eaux de Mer). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Godefroy, Jean, 94, 95.
+
+    Godefroy, Louis, 95.
+
+    Godefroy, Thomas, 96.
+
+    Gravier's _Decouvertes et Etablissement de Cavalier de la Salle_,
+        cited, 82;
+      his _Map by Joliet_, referred to, 55, 59.
+
+    Green Bay, 56, 60, 62, 69, 70.
+
+    Guitet, a notary, records of, 27, 82.
+
+
+    Hebert, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Hebert, Guillemette, 82.
+
+    Hertel, Francois, 99.
+
+    Hertel, Jacques, 99.
+
+    Horoji (Hochungara--Winnebagoes), 60.
+
+    Huboust, Guillaume, 82.
+
+    Hundred Associates (Hundred Partners), 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 39,
+        42, 76, 82.
+
+    Hurons, 17, 19, 21, 23, 36, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 62, 63, 69, 76,
+        77, 102, 103.
+
+
+    Illinois (Indians), 70.
+
+    Iroquois, 17, 18, 20, 29, 38, 44, 51, 76.
+
+
+    _Jesuit Relations_, cited:
+      1633--93;
+      1635--44, 46, 93;
+      1636--30, 45, 60, 77, 78, 79, 80;
+      1637--78, 80, 81;
+      1638--80;
+      1639--60;
+      1640--38, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73;
+      1641--82;
+      1642--53;
+      1643--26, 27, 28, 30, 47, 48, 49, 58, 60, 62, 72, 74, 78, 83, 84,
+        85, 86, 87, 88;
+      1648--38, 53;
+      1654--38, 69;
+      1656--62, 70;
+      1670--64, 67, 69;
+      1671--53, 56, 64.
+
+    _Jesuit Relations_, the, 27.
+
+    Jesuits, the, 68, 80, 85.
+
+    Joliet, Jean, 96.
+
+    Joliet, Louis, 68, 69, 96.
+
+    Joques, Father Isaac, 91, 97.
+
+    Juchereau, Noel, 82.
+
+
+    Kaukauna, town of, 65.
+
+    Kickapoos (Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, Kickapous,
+        Kikapoux, Quicpouz), 67.
+
+    Kirk, David, 23.
+
+
+    La Baye (La Baye des Eaux Puantes--La Grande Baie--La Baye des
+        Puans--Lay Baye des Puants). See Green Bay.
+
+    Lake Michigan (Lake of the Illinois--Lake St. Joseph--Lake
+        Dauphin--Lac des Illinois--Lac Missihiganin--Magnus Lacus
+        Algonquinorum), 55, 56, 66, 69, 70, 72.
+
+    Lake Superior, 54.
+
+    Lake Winnebago (Lake of the Puants--Lake St. Francis), 62, 65.
+
+    La Marchand, Jeanne, 99.
+
+    La Melee, Christopher Crevier, Sieur de, 97.
+
+    La Mer, Marguerite, 27.
+
+    La Mer, Maria, 27.
+
+    La Nation des Puans (La Nation des Puants). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    La Noue, Annie de, 24, 41.
+
+    La Porte, Pierre de, 82.
+
+    La Vallee, Claude, 99.
+
+    Laverdiere's _Reprint of Champlain's Works_, referred to, 36.
+
+    Le Caron, Father Joseph, 19, 20.
+
+    Le Jeune, Paul, 24, 41, 80.
+
+    Le Neuf, family of, 94.
+
+    Le Neuf, Maria, 94, 95, 98.
+
+    Les Folles Avoine. See Menomonees.
+
+    Le Tardif, Olivier, 82, 83, 84, 103.
+
+    Lippincott's _Gazetteer_, cited, 33.
+
+    Lord of Roberval, 14, 15.
+
+
+    Macard, Nicolas, 84, 100.
+
+    Mackinaw, Straits of, 55.
+
+    Manitoulin Islands, 50, 51.
+
+    Mantoue (Mantoueouee--Makoueoue), tribe of, 56.
+
+    Margry, Pierre, in _Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_, 29,
+        72, 84.
+
+    Marguerie, Francois, 95, 99.
+
+    Marguerie, Maria, 99.
+
+    Marquette, Father James, 68, 69.
+
+    Marsolet, Nicolas, 84, 100.
+
+    Mascoutins (Macoutins--Mascoutens--Maskeutens--Maskouteins--
+        Musquetens--Machkoutens--Maskoutench--Machkoutenck--Les Gens de
+        Feu--The Fire Nation--Assistagueronons--Assistaehronons), 51,
+        52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70.
+
+    Masse, the Jesuit, 41.
+
+    Menomonees (Maromine--Malhominies--Les Folles Avoine), 57, 58.
+
+    Miamis, 67.
+
+    Michigan, signification of the word, 65.
+
+    Mississippi, meaning of the word, 67.
+
+    Montmagnais, 36, 41.
+
+    Montmagny, M. de, 70, 75, 76, 77, 105.
+
+
+    Nantoue. See Mantoue.
+
+    Nation des Puans (Nation des Puants--Nation of Stinkards). See
+        Winnebagoes.
+
+    Nation du Castor (Nation of Beavers). See Beaver Nation.
+
+    Nation of the Sault. See Chippewas.
+
+    Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, 95.
+
+    Neutral Nation, 51, 61, 65.
+
+    Nez Perces (Naiz percez). See Beaver Nation.
+
+    Nicolet, Gilles, 88, 89.
+
+    Nicolet, John, arrives in New France, 26;
+      sent by Champlain, in 1618, to the Algonquins of Isle des
+        Allumettes, 28;
+      goes on a mission of peace to the Iroquois, 29;
+      takes up his residence with the Nipissings, _ib._;
+      recalled by the government to Quebec, 30;
+      employed as interpreter, _ib._;
+      Champlain resolves to send him on a western exploration, 33;
+      Nicolet had heard of the Winnebagoes, 39;
+      prepares, in June, 1634, to visit this and other nations, 40;
+      starts upon his journey, 42;
+      why it must have been in 1634 that Nicolet made his westward
+        exploration, _ib._, _et seq._;
+      travels up the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, 46;
+      goes hence to the Huron villages, 47;
+      object of his mission there, 48;
+      starts for the Winnebagoes, 49;
+      reaches Sault Sainte Marie, 51;
+      did he see Lake Superior? 54;
+      discovers Lake Michigan, 55;
+      arrives at the Menomonee river, 56;
+      ascends Green Bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes, 60;
+      has a great feast with the Indians, 62;
+      goes up Fox river to the Mascoutins, 63;
+      visits the Illinois tribe, 71;
+      returns to the Winnebagoes, _ib._;
+      Nicolet's homeward trip in 1635--he calls upon the
+        Pottawattamies, 72;
+      stops at the Great Manatoulin to see a band of Ottawas, 78;
+      reaches the St. Lawrence in safety, 74;
+      settles at Three Rivers as interpreter, 77;
+      his kindness to the Indians, 78;
+      has a narrow escape from drowning, 81;
+      helps defend Three Rivers from an Iroquois attack, _ib._;
+      his marriage, _ib._;
+      goes to Quebec, 82;
+      becomes General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, _ib._;
+      embarks for Three Rivers, 83;
+      his death, 84;
+      Frenchmen and Indians alike mourn his fate, 87;
+      his memory perpetuated, 89;
+      his energetic character, 90;
+      mention of him in the parish register of Three Rivers, 93,
+        _et seq._;
+      first connected sketch published of his life and exploration,
+        100, _et seq._
+
+    Nicolet, Madame, 95, 96.
+
+    Nicolet, Pierre, 89.
+
+    Nicolet, Thomas, 27.
+
+    Nipissings (Nipisiriniens), 29, 30, 31, 43, 47.
+
+    Noquets, 56.
+
+
+    O'Callaghan's _Doc. Hist. of New York_, referred to, 36;
+      his _N. Y. Col. Doc._, cited, 51.
+
+    Ojibwas. See Chippewas.
+
+    Otchagras (Ochungarand). See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Otchipwes. See Chippewas.
+
+    Ottawas, 50, 52, 54, 65, 66, 73.
+
+    Ouasouarim, 50.
+
+    Oumalouminek (Oumaominiecs). See Menomonees.
+
+    Oumisagai, 51, 54.
+
+    "Ounipeg," signification of, 38.
+
+    Ounipigou. See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Outaouan. See Ottawas.
+
+    Outchougai, 50.
+
+
+    Parkman's _Jesuits in North America_, cited, 41, 43, 46, 80;
+      also, his _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, 38, 58;
+      and his _Pioneers of France in the New World_, 52.
+
+    "People of the Falls." See Chippewas.
+
+    "People of the Sea." See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Perot, Nicolas, 84.
+
+    Petun Nation, 51, 52.
+
+    Pijart, Claudius, 96.
+
+    Poncet, Josephus, 98, 99.
+
+    Pontgrave, merchant, 15.
+
+    Pottawattamies, 71.
+
+
+    Quentin, Father Claude, 77, 78, 79, 93.
+
+
+    Racine, Claude, 82.
+
+    Racine, Etienne, 82.
+
+    Raratwaus. See Chippewas.
+
+    Raymbault, Father Charles, 83, 86, 91, 97, 101.
+
+    Richelieu, Cardinal, 21.
+
+    River des Puans (River of the Puants--River St. Francis). See Fox
+        river.
+
+    Rollet, Marie, 82.
+
+    Roquai. See Noquets.
+
+
+    Sacs (Sauks--Saukis--Sakys), 64.
+
+    Sagard's _Histoire du Canada_, cited, 38.
+
+    Sault de Sainte Marie, 51.
+
+    Sault Sainte Marie, town of, 54, 72, 97.
+
+    Sauteurs (Stiagigroone). See Chippewas.
+
+    Savigny (Chavigny), 83, 84, 85, 86, 104.
+
+    Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, cited, 59.
+
+    "Sea-Tribe." See Winnebagoes.
+
+    Shea, John Gilmary, in _Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 73.
+
+    Shea's _Catholic Missions_, cited, 53;
+      also, his _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_,
+        38, 45, 59, 63, 100;
+      and his _Hennepin_, 67.
+
+    Sillery, mission of, founded, 70.
+
+    Sioux (Dacotas), 37, 62, 71.
+
+    Smith's _History of Wisconsin_, cited, 27, 38, 73.
+
+    Standing Hair, the. See Ottawas.
+
+    St. Croix Fort, established, 32.
+
+    Sulte, Benjamin, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 68, 90.
+
+    Sulte's _Chronique Trifluvienne_, cited, 31;
+      also, his _Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature_, 43, 84, 89.
+
+
+    "The Men of the Shallow Cataract." See Chippewas.
+
+    Three Rivers, parish church register of, 44, 45, 93, _et seq._
+
+    Three Rivers, town of, 31, 32, 33, 42, 45, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83,
+        86, 103.
+
+    Tobacco Nation. See Petun Nation.
+
+
+    Verrazzano, John, ix.
+
+
+    Winnebagoes, viii, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 57,
+        58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 77.
+
+    Wisconsin, derivation of the word, 59.
+
+    Wisconsin river, 59, 61, 68.
+
+    Woodman, Cyrus, 27.
+
+    Woolf river, 65, 66.
+
+
+
+
+OCT. 1881.
+
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+TRIPLER (C. S., M.D.) and BLACKMAN (G. C., M.D.) Handbook for the
+  Military Surgeon. 12mo.                                           1 00
+
+TYLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN. History and Description of the Tyler Davidson
+  Fountain, Donated to the City of Cincinnati, by Henry Probasco. 18mo.
+  Paper.                                                              25
+
+VAGO (A. L.) Instructions in the art of Modeling in Clay. With an
+  Appendix on Modeling in Foliage, etc., for Pottery and Architectural
+  Decorations, by Benn Pitman, of Cincinnati School of Design.
+  Illustrated. Square 12mo.                                         1 00
+
+VANHORNE (T. B.) The History of the Army of the Cumberland; its
+  Organization, Campaigns, and Battles. _Library Edition._ 2 vols. With
+  Atlas of 22 maps, compiled by Edward Ruger. 8vo. Cloth, $8 00; Sheep,
+  $10 00; Half Morocco, $12 00. _Popular Edition._ Containing the same
+  Text as the Library Edition, but only one map. 2 vols. 8vo.
+  Cloth.                                                            5 00
+
+VENABLE (W. H.) June on the Miami, and other Poems. Second edition.
+  18mo.                                                             1 50
+
+VOORHEES (D. W.) Speeches of, embracing his most prominent Forensic,
+  Political, Occasional, and Literary Addresses. Compiled by his son, C.
+  S. Voorhees, with a Biographical Sketch and Portrait. 8vo.        5 00
+
+WALKER (C. M.) History of Athens County, Ohio, and incidentally of the
+  Ohio Land Company, and the First Settlement of the State at Marietta,
+  etc. 8vo. $6 00. Large Paper. 2 vols. $12 00. Popular Edition.    4 00
+
+WALTON (G. E.) Hygiene and Education of Infants; or, How to take care of
+  Babies. 24mo. Paper.                                                25
+
+WARD (Durbin.) American Coinage and Currency. An Essay read before the
+  Social Science Congress, at Cincinnati, May 22, 1878. 8vo. Paper.   10
+
+WEBB (F.) and JOHNSTON (M. C.) An Improved Tally-Book, for the use of
+  Lumber Dealers. 18mo.                                               50
+
+WHITTAKER (J. T., M.D.) Physiology; Preliminary Lectures. Illustrated.
+  12mo.                                                             1 75
+
+WILLIAMS (A. D., M.D.) Diseases of the Ear, including Necessary Anatomy
+  of the Organ. 8vo.                                                3 50
+
+YOUNG (A.) History of Wayne County, Indiana, from its First Settlement
+  to the Present Time. 8vo.                                         2 00
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+  Index reordered alphabetically. Obvious printer's errors have been
+  repaired, otherwise spelling and punctuation are true to the original.
+  Italics are enclosed in _underscores_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the
+Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield
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