diff options
Diffstat (limited to '36698.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 36698.txt | 4507 |
1 files changed, 4507 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/36698.txt b/36698.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6658ee --- /dev/null +++ b/36698.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4507 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the Northwest +by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634 + With a Sketch of his Life + +Author: Consul Willshire Butterfield + +Release Date: July 11, 2011 [EBook #36698] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF NORTHWEST *** + + + + +Produced by Valerie Leduc, Curtis Weyant and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department +Digital Library) + + + + + + + + + + HISTORY + + OF THE + + DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST + + BY + + JOHN NICOLET + + IN 1634 + + WITH A + + SKETCH OF HIS LIFE + + BY + + C. W. BUTTERFIELD + + Author of "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky," "History of Wisconsin" + In Historical Atlas of the State, "The Washington-Crawford Letters," + "History of the University of Wisconsin," etc. + + CINCINNATI + ROBERT CLARKE & CO. + 1881 + + COPYRIGHTED, 1881, + BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +In the following pages, I have attempted to record, in a faithful +manner, the indomitable perseverance and heroic bravery displayed by +John Nicolet in an exploration which resulted in his being the first of +civilized men to set foot upon any portion of the Northwest; that is, +upon any part of the territory now constituting the States of Ohio, +Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It is shown how he brought +to the knowledge of the world the existence of a "fresh-water sea"--Lake +Michigan--beyond and to the westward of Lake Huron; how he visited a +number of Indian nations before unheard of; how he penetrated many +leagues beyond the utmost verge of previous discoveries, with an almost +reckless fortitude, to bind distant tribes to French interests; and how +he sought to find an ocean, which, it was believed, was not a great +distance westward of the St. Lawrence, and which would prove a near +route to China and Japan. + +The principal sources from which I have drawn, in my investigations +concerning the life and explorations of Nicolet, are the Jesuit +Relations. So nearly contemporaneous are these publications with his +discoveries--especially those which contain a record of them--and so +trustworthy are they in their recital of facts connected therewith, that +their value, in this connection, can hardly be over-estimated. Each one +of the series having a particular bearing upon the subject of this +narrative has been studied with a care commensurate with its importance. +Other accounts of the same period, as well as of a somewhat later date, +together with the researches of modern writers, concerning the daring +Frenchman, whose name stands first on the list of the explorers of the +Northwest, have, likewise, been carefully examined, the object being, if +not to exhaust all known sources of information illustrative of these +discoveries, at least to profit by them. Aid has been received, in +addition, from several living authors, especially from Benjamin Sulte, +Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, to whom, and to all others who have extended a +helping hand, I return my sincere thanks. + + C. W. B. + + MADISON, WISCONSIN, 1881. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + INTRODUCTION. + PAGE. + Pre-historic Man in the Northwest--The Red Race--First + Discoveries in New France, vii + + CHAPTER I. + + Events Leading to Western Exploration, 11 + + CHAPTER II. + + John Nicolet, the Explorer, 26 + + CHAPTER III. + + Nicolet Discovers the Northwest, 35 + + CHAPTER IV. + + Subsequent Career and Death of Nicolet, 75 + + APPENDIX, 93 + + INDEX, 107 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + +PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN THE NORTHWEST--THE RED RACE--FIRST DISCOVERIES IN +NEW FRANCE. + + +Of the existence, in what are now the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, +Michigan, and Wisconsin, at a remote period, of a race superior in +intelligence to the red men who inhabited this region when first seen by +a European, there are indubitable evidences. Who were these ancient +occupiers of the territory just mentioned--of its prairies and +woodlands, hills and valleys? There are no traditions of their power, of +their labor, or of their wisdom--no record of their having lived, except +in rapidly-decaying relics. They left no descendants to recount their +daring deeds. All that remain of them--the so-called Mound-Builders--are +mouldering skeletons. All that are to be seen of their handicraft are +perishing earth-works and rude implements. These sum up the "types and +shadows" of the pre-historic age. + +There is nothing to connect "the dark backward and abysm" of +mound-building times with those of the red race of the Northwest; and +all that is known of the latter dating earlier than their first +discovery, is exceedingly dim and shadowy. Upon the extended area +bounded by Lake Superior on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, +wide-spreading prairies on the south, and the Mississippi river on the +west, there met and mingled two distinct Indian families--Algonquins +and Dakotas. Concerning the various tribes of these families, nothing of +importance could be gleaned by the earliest explorers; at least, very +little has been preserved. Tradition, it is true, pointed to the +Algonquins as having, at some remote period, migrated from the east; and +this has been confirmed by a study of their language. It indicated, +also, that the Dakotas, at a time far beyond the memory of the most +aged, came from the west or southwest--fighting their way as they came; +that one of their tribes[1] once dwelt upon the shores of a sea; but +when and for what purpose they left their home none could relate. + +The residue of the Northwest was the dwelling-place of Algonquins alone. +In reality, therefore, "the territory northwest of the river Ohio" has +no veritable history ante-dating the period of its first discovery by +civilized man. Portions of the country had been heard of, it is true, +but only through vague reports of savages. There were no accounts at +all, besides these, of the extensive region of the upper lakes or of the +valley of the Upper Mississippi; while nothing whatever was known of the +Ohio or of parts adjacent. + +The first of the discoveries in the New World after that of Columbus, in +1492, having an immediate bearing upon this narrative, was that of John +Cabot, in 1497. On the third of July, of that year, he saw what is now +believed to have been the coast of Labrador. After sailing a short +distance south, he probably discovered the island of Newfoundland. In +1498, his son, Sebastian, explored the continent from Labrador to +Virginia, and possibly as far south as Florida. Gaspar Cortereal, in +1500, reached the shore seen by John Cabot, and explored it several +hundred miles. He was followed, in 1524, by John Verrazzano, who +discovered the North American coast in, probably, the latitude of what +is now Wilmington, North Carolina. He continued his exploration to the +northward as far as Newfoundland. To the region visited by him, he gave +the name of New France. The attention of the reader is now directed to +some of the most important events, in the country thus named, which +followed, for a period of a hundred and ten years, the voyage of +Verrazzano. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: Ancestors of the present Winnebagoes.] + + + + +HISTORY + +OF THE + +DISCOVERY OF THE NORTHWEST. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +EVENTS LEADING TO WESTERN EXPLORATION. + + +The discovery of the river St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes which +pour their superabundant waters through it into the gulf, was not the +least in importance of the events which signalized the opening of the +history of the New World. The credit of having first spread a sail upon +the majestic stream of Canada, and of obtaining such information as +afterward led to a knowledge of the whole of its valley, belongs to +James Cartier, a native of St. Malo--a port in the north of France. +Cartier was a skillful mariner. On the twentieth of April, 1534, he +sailed from his native place, under orders of the French admiral, for +the coast of Newfoundland, intent on exploring unknown seas, and +countries washed by them. He took with him two ships of fifty tons each, +and in twenty days saw the large island lying between the ocean and the +river he was soon to discover. Favorable winds had wafted him and his +hundred and twenty-two sailors and adventurers to inhospitable shores, +but at an auspicious season of the year. + +Having sailed nearly around Newfoundland, Cartier turned to the south, +and, crossing the gulf, entered a bay, which he named Des Chaleurs, +because of the midsummer heats. A little farther north he landed and +took possession of the country in the name of the French king. His +vessels were now at anchor in the smaller inlet of Gaspe. Sailing still +further north, Cartier, in August, discovered the river St. Lawrence. He +moved up its channel until land was sighted on either side; then, being +unprepared to remain through the winter, he sailed back again to the +gulf, crossed the ocean, and moored his vessels in safety in St. Malo. +He made the return voyage in less than thirty days. This was, at that +period, an astonishing achievement. The success of the expedition filled +the whole of France with wonder. In less than five months, the Atlantic +had been crossed; a large river discovered; a new country added to the +dominions of France; and the ocean recrossed. All this had been +accomplished before it was generally known that an expedition had been +undertaken. + +The remarkable pleasantness of this summer's voyage, the narratives of +Cartier and his companions, and the importance attached to their +discoveries, aroused the enthusiasm of the French; and, as might be +expected, a new expedition was planned. Three well-furnished ships were +provided by the king. Even some of the nobility volunteered for the +voyage. All were eager to cross the Atlantic. On the nineteenth of May, +1535, the squadron sailed. But Cartier had not, this time, a pleasant +summer cruise. Storms raged. The ships separated. For seven weeks they +buffeted the troubled ocean. Their rendezvous was the Straits of Belle +Isle, which they finally reached; but the omens were bad. The +adventurers had confidently looked for pleasant gales and a quick +voyage, and these expectations had all been blasted. Now, however, they +arrived within sight of Newfoundland, and their spirits rose. Carried to +the west of that island, on the day of Saint Lawrence, they gave the +name of that martyr to a portion of the gulf which opened before them. +The name was afterward given to the whole of that body of water and to +the river Cartier had previously discovered. Sailing to the north of +Anticosti, they ascended the St. Lawrence, reaching, in September, a +fine harbor in an island since called Orleans. + +Leaving his two largest ships in the waters of the river now known as +the St. Charles, Cartier, with the smallest and two open boats, ascended +the St. Lawrence until a considerable Indian village was reached, +situated on an island called Hochelaga. Standing upon the summit of a +hill, on this island, and looking away up the river, the commander had +fond imaginings of future glory awaiting his countrymen in colonizing +this region. "He called the hill Mont-Real, and time, that has +transferred the name of the island, is realizing his visions;" for on +that island now stands the city of Montreal. While at Hochelaga, Cartier +gathered some indistinct accounts of the surrounding country, and of the +river Ottawa coming down from the hills of the Northwest. Rejoining his +ships, he spent the winter in a palisaded fort on the bank of the St. +Charles, with his vessels moored before it. The cold was intense. Many +of his men died of scurvy. Early in the spring, possession was again +taken of the country in the name of the French king; and, on the +sixteenth of July, 1536, the Breton mariner dropped anchor in St. +Malo--he having returned in two ships; the other was abandoned, and +three hundred and twelve years after was discovered imbedded in mud. +France was disappointed. Hopes had been raised too high. Expectations +had not been realized. Further explorations, therefore, were, for the +time, postponed. + +Notwithstanding the failure of Cartier's second voyage, the great valley +of the St. Lawrence was not to remain very long unknown to the world, in +any of its parts. It was thought unworthy a gallant nation to abandon +the enterprise; and one more trial at exploration and colonization was +determined upon. Again the bold mariner of St. Malo started for the St. +Lawrence. This was on the twenty-third of May, 1541. He took with him +five ships; but he went, unfortunately, as subordinate, in some +respects, to John Francis de la Roque, Lord of Roberval, a nobleman of +Picardy, whom the king of France had appointed viceroy of the country +now again to be visited. The object of the enterprise was declared to be +discovery, settlement, and the conversion of the Indians. Cartier was +the first to sail. Again he entered the St. Lawrence. + +After erecting a fort near the site of the present city of Quebec, +Cartier ascended the river in two boats to explore the rapids above the +island of Hochelaga. He then returned and passed the winter at his fort; +and, in the spring, not having heard from the viceroy, he set sail for +France. In June, 1542, in the harbor of St. John, he met the Lord of +Roberval, outward bound, with three ships and two hundred men. The +viceroy ordered Cartier to return to the St. Lawrence; but the mariner +of St. Malo escaped in the night, and continued his voyage homeward. +Roberval, although abandoned by his subordinate, once more set sail. +After wintering in the St. Lawrence, he, too, abandoned the +country--giving back his immense viceroyalty to the rightful owners. + +In 1578, there were three hundred and fifty fishing vessels at +Newfoundland belonging to the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English; +besides these were a number--twenty or more--of Biscayan whalers. The +Marquis de la Roche, a Catholic nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by +Henry IV., undertook the colonization of New France, in 1598. But the +ill-starred attempt resulted only in his leaving forty convicts to their +fate on Sable island, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Of their number, +twelve only were found alive five years subsequent to La Roche's voyage. +In 1599, another expedition was resolved on. This was undertaken by +Pontgrave, a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin, a captain of the marine. +In consideration of a monopoly of the fur-trade, granted them by the +king of France, these men undertook to establish a colony of five +hundred persons in New France. At Tadoussac, at the mouth of the +Saguenay, they built a cluster of wooden huts and store-houses, where +sixteen men were left to gather furs; these either died or were +scattered among the Indians before the return of the spring of 1601. +Chauvin made a second voyage to Tadoussac, but failed to establish a +permanent settlement. During a third voyage he died, and his enterprise +perished with him. + +In 1603, a company of merchants of France was formed, and Samuel +Champlain, with a small band of adventurers, dispatched, in two small +vessels, to make a preliminary survey of the St. Lawrence. He reached +the valley in safety, sailed past the lofty promontory on which Quebec +now stands, and proceeded onward to the island of Hochelaga, where his +vessels were anchored. In a skiff, with a few Indians, Champlain vainly +endeavored to pass the rapids of the great river. The baffled explorer +returned to his ships. From the savages, he gleaned some information of +ulterior regions. The natives drew for him rude plans of the river +above, and its lakes and cataracts. His curiosity was inflamed, and he +resolved one day to visit the country so full of natural wonders. Now, +however, he was constrained to return to France. He had accomplished the +objects of his mission--the making of a brief exploration of the valley +of the chief river of Canada. + +It was the opinion of Champlain that on the banks of the St. Lawrence +was the true site of a settlement; that here a fortified post should be +erected; that thence, by following up the waters of the interior region +to their sources, a western route might be traced to China, the distance +being estimated by him at not more than two or three hundred leagues; +and that the fur-trade of the whole country might be secured to France +by the erection of a fort at some point commanding the river. These +views, five years subsequent to his visit to the St. Lawrence, induced +the fitting out of a second expedition, for trade, exploration, and +colonization. On the thirteenth of April, 1608, Champlain again +sailed--this time with men, arms, and stores for a colony. The fur-trade +was intrusted to another. The mouth of the Saguenay was reached in June; +and, soon after, a settlement was commenced on the brink of the St. +Lawrence--the site of the present market-place of the lower town of +Quebec. A rigorous winter and great suffering followed. Supplies arrived +in the spring, and Champlain determined to enter upon his long-meditated +explorations;--the only obstacles in the way were the savage nations he +would every-where meet. He would be compelled to resort to diplomacy--to +unite a friendly tribe to his interests, and, thus strengthened, to +conquer, by force of arms, the hostile one. + +The tribes of the Hurons, who dwelt on the lake which now bears their +name, and their allies, the Algonquins, upon the Ottawa and the St. +Lawrence, Champlain learned, were at war with the Iroquois, or Five +Nations, whose homes were within the present State of New York. In June, +1609, he advanced, with sixty Hurons and Algonquins and two white men, +up what is now known as the Richelieu river to the discovery of the +first of the great lakes--the one which now bears his name. Upon its +placid waters, this courageous band was stopped by a war-party of +Iroquois. On shore, the contending forces met, when a few discharges of +an arquebuse sent the advancing enemy in wild dismay back into the +forest. The victory was complete. Promptly Champlain returned to the St. +Lawrence, and his allies to their homes, not, however, until the latter +had invited the former to visit their towns and aid them again in their +wars. Champlain then revisited France, but the year 1610 found him once +more in the St. Lawrence, with two objects in view: one, to proceed +northward, to explore Hudson's bay; the other, to go westward, and +examine the great lakes and the mines of copper on their shores, of the +existence of which he had just been informed by the savages; for he was +determined he would never cease his explorations until he had penetrated +to the western sea, or that of the north, so as to open the way to +China. But, after fighting a battle with the Iroquois at the mouth of +the river Richelieu, he gave up, for the time, all thought of further +exploration, and returned to France. + +On the thirteenth of May, 1611, Champlain again arrived in the St. +Lawrence. To secure the advantages of the fur-trade to his superiors was +now his principal object; and, to that end, he chose the site of the +present city of Montreal for a post, which he called Place Royale. Soon +afterward, he returned to France; but, early in the spring of 1613, the +tireless voyager again crossed the Atlantic, and sailed up the St. +Lawrence; this time bound for the Ottawa to discover the North sea. +After making his way up that river to the home of the Algonquins of Isle +des Allumettes, he returned in disgust to the St. Lawrence, and again +embarked for France. + +At the site of the present city of Montreal, there had assembled, in the +summer of 1615, Hurons from their distant villages upon the shores of +their great lake, and Algonquins from their homes on the Ottawa--come +down to a yearly trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence. Champlain, +who had returned in May from France, was asked by the assembled savages +to join their bands against the Iroquois. He consented; but, while +absent at Quebec, making needful preparations, the savages became +impatient, and departed for their homes. With them went Father Joseph le +Caron, a Recollet, accompanied by twelve armed Frenchmen. It was the +intention of this missionary to learn the language of the Hurons, and +labor for their spiritual welfare. His departure from the St. Lawrence +was on the first day of July. Nine days afterward, Champlain, with two +Frenchmen and ten Indians followed him. Both parties traveled up the +Ottawa to the Algonquin villages; passed the two lakes of the +Allumettes; threaded their way to a well-trodden portage, crossing which +brought them to Lake Nipissing; thence, they floated westward down the +current of French river, to what is now known as Georgian bay; +afterward, for more than a hundred miles, they journeyed southward along +the eastern shores of that bay to its head; and there was the home of +the Hurons. + +Champlain, with a naked host of allies, was soon on the march against +the Iroquois from the Huron villages, moving down the river Trent, as +since named, to its mouth, when his eyes were gladdened with the view of +another of the fresh water seas--Lake Ontario. Boldly they crossed its +broad expanse, meeting the enemy at a considerable distance inland from +its southern shores. Defensive works of the Iroquois defied the assaults +of the besiegers. The Huron warriors returned in disgust to their homes, +taking Champlain with them. He was compelled to spend the winter as the +guest of these savages, returning to the St. Lawrence by way of the +Ottawa, and reaching Quebec on the eleventh of July, 1616. He had seen +enough of the region traversed by him to know that there was an immense +country lying to the westward ready to be given to his king the moment +he should be able to explore and make it known. Father le Caron, who had +preceded Champlain on his outward trip to the Huron villages, also +preceded him on his return; but he remained long enough with those +Indians to obtain a considerable knowledge of their language and of +their manners and customs. + +Quebec, at this period, could hardly be called a settlement. It +contained a population of fur-traders and friars of fifty or sixty +persons. It had a fort, and Champlain was the nominal commander. In the +interest of the infant colony he went every year to France. His was the +duty to regulate the monopoly of the company of merchants in their trade +with the Indians. In the summer of 1622, the Iroquois beset the +settlement, but made no actual attack. A change was now at hand in the +affairs of New France. Two Huguenots, William and Emery de Caen, had +taken the place of the old company of St. Malo and Rouen, but were +afterward compelled to share their monopoly with them. Fresh troubles +were thus introduced into the infant colony, not only in religious +affairs, but in secular matters. The Recollets had previously +established five missions, extending from Acadia to the borders of Lake +Huron. Now, three Jesuits--among their number John de Brebeuf--arrived +in the colony, and began their spiritual labors. This was in 1625. When +the year 1627 was reached, the settlement at Quebec had a population of +about one hundred persons--men, women, and children. The chief trading +stations upon the St. Lawrence were Quebec, Three Rivers, the Rapids of +St. Louis, and Tadoussac. Turning our eyes to the western wilds, we see +that the Hurons, after the return of Le Caron, were not again visited by +missionaries until 1622. + +In the year 1627, the destinies of France were held by Cardinal +Richelieu as in the hollow of his hand. He had constituted himself grand +master and superintendent of navigation and commerce. By him the +privileges of the Caens were annulled, and a company formed, consisting +of a hundred associates, called the Company of New France. At its head +was Richelieu himself. Louis the Thirteenth made over to this company +forever the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New +France, including Florida. To them was given power to appoint judges, +build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and concede lands. They +were to govern in peace and in war. Their monopoly of the fur-trade was +made perpetual; while that of all other commerce within the limits of +their government was limited to fifteen years, except that the +whale-fishery and the cod-fishery were to remain open to all. They could +take whatever steps they might think expedient or proper for the +protection of the colony and the fostering of trade. It will thus be +seen that the Hundred Associates had conferred upon them almost +sovereign power. For fifteen years their commerce was not to be troubled +with duties or imposts. Partners, whether nobles, officers, or +ecclesiastics, might engage in commercial pursuits without derogating +from the privileges of their order. To all these benefits the king added +a donation of two ships of war. Of this powerful association, Champlain +was one of the members. + +In return for these privileges conferred, behold how little these +hundred partners were compelled to perform. They engaged to convoy to +New France, during 1628, two or three hundred men of all trades, and +before the year 1643 to increase the number to four thousand persons of +both sexes; to supply all their settlers with lodging, food, clothing, +and farm implements, for three years; then they would allow them +sufficient land to support themselves, cleared to a certain extent; and +would also furnish them the grain necessary for sowing it; stipulating, +also, that the emigrants should be native Frenchmen and Roman Catholics, +and none others; and, finally, agreeing to settle three priests in each +settlement, whom they were bound to provide with every article necessary +for their personal comfort, and to defray the expenses of their +ministerial labors for fifteen years. After the expiration of that time, +cleared lands were to be granted by the company to the clergy for +maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. It was thus that +the Hundred Associates became proprietors of the whole country claimed +by France, from Florida to the Arctic Circle; from Newfoundland to the +sources of the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Meanwhile, the +fur-trade had brought a considerable knowledge of the Ottawa, and of the +country of the Hurons, to the French upon the St. Lawrence, through the +yearly visits of the savages from those distant parts and the +journeyings of the fur-trader in quest of peltry. + +In April, 1628, the first vessels of the Hundred Associates sailed from +France with colonists and supplies bound for the St. Lawrence. Four of +these vessels were armed. Every thing seemed propitious for a speedy +arrival at Quebec, where the inhabitants were sorely pressed for food; +but a storm, which had for some time been brewing in Europe, broke in +fury upon New France. The imprudent zeal of the Catholics in England, +and the persecution of the Huguenots in France, aroused the English, who +determined to conquer the French possessions in North America, if +possible; and, to that end, they sent out David Kirk, with an armed +squadron, to attack the settlements in Canada. The fleet reached the +harbor of Tadoussac before the arrival of the vessels of the Company of +New France. Kirk sent a demand for the surrender of Quebec, but +Champlain determined to defend the place; at least, he resolved to make +a show of defense; and the English commander thought best not to attack +such a formidable looking position. All the supplies sent by the Hundred +Associates to the St. Lawrence were captured or sunk; and the next year, +after most of its inhabitants had dispersed in the forests for food, +Quebec surrendered. England thus gained her first supremacy upon the +great river of Canada. + +The terms of the capitulation were that the French were to be conveyed +to their own country; and each soldier was allowed to take with him furs +to the value of twenty crowns. As some had lately returned from the +Hurons with peltry of no small value, their loss was considerable. The +French prisoners, including Champlain, were conveyed across the ocean by +Kirk, but their arrival in England was after a treaty of peace had been +signed between the two powers. The result was, the restoration of New +France to the French crown; and, on the 5th of July, 1632, Emery de Caen +cast anchor at Quebec to reclaim the country. He had received a +commission to hold, for one year, a monopoly of the fur-trade, as an +indemnity for his losses in the war; after which time he was to give +place to the Hundred Associates. The missions in Canada which by the +success of the British arms had been interrupted, were now to be +continued by Jesuits alone. De Caen brought with him two of that +order--Paul le Jeune and Anne de la Noue. + +On the twenty-third of May, 1633, Champlain, commissioned anew by +Richelieu, resumed command at Quebec, in behalf of the Hundred Partners, +arriving out with considerable supplies and several new settlers. With +him returned the Jesuit father, John de Brebeuf. The Recollets had been +virtually ejected from Canada. The whole missionary field was now ready +for cultivation by the followers of Loyola. New France was restored to +Champlain and his company, and to Catholicism. + +Champlain's first care was to place the affairs of the colony in a more +prosperous condition, and establish a better understanding with the +Indians. In both respects, he was tolerably successful. His knowledge of +the western country had been derived from his own observations during +the tours of 1613 and 1615, but especially from accounts given him by +the Indians. At the beginning of 1634, the whole French population, +from Gaspe to Three Rivers, was hardly one hundred and fifty souls, +mostly engaged in the trading business, on behalf of the Hundred +Partners, whose operations were carried on principally at the point last +named and at Tadoussac--sometimes as far up the St. Lawrence as the site +of the present city of Montreal, but not often. Of the small colony upon +the great river of Canada, Champlain was the heart and soul. The +interior of the continent was yet to be explored. He was resolved to +know more of ulterior regions--to create more friends among the savages +therein. The time had arrived for such enterprises, and a trusty +conductor was at hand. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +JOHN NICOLET, THE EXPLORER. + + +As early as the year 1615, Champlain had selected a number of young men +and put them in care of some of his Indian friends, to have them trained +to the life of the woods--to the language, manners, customs, and habits +of the savages. His object was to open, through them, as advisers and +interpreters, friendly relations, when the proper time should come, with +the Indian nations not yet brought in close alliance with the French. In +1618, an opportunity presented itself for him to add another young +Frenchman to the list of those who had been sent to be trained in all +the mysteries of savage life; for, in that year, John Nicolet[2] arrived +from France, and was dispatched to the woods.[3] The new-comer was born +in Cherbourg, in Normandy. His father, Thomas Nicolet, was a +mail-carrier from that city to Paris. His mother's name was Marguerite +de la Mer.[4] + +Nicolet was a young man of good character, endowed with a profound +religious feeling, and an excellent memory. He awakened in the breast +of Champlain high hopes of usefulness, and was by him sent to the +Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river. These Indians +were the same Algonquins that were visited by Champlain in 1613. They +are frequently spoken of, in early annals of Canada, as Algonquins of +the Isle. But all Algonquins, wherever found, were afterward designated +as Ottawas by the French. To "the Nation of the Isle," then, was sent +the young Norman, that he might learn their language, which was in +general use upon the Ottawa river and upon the north bank of the St. +Lawrence. With them he remained two years, following them in their +wanderings, partaking of their dangers, their fatigues, and their +privations, with a courage and fortitude equal to the boldest and the +bravest of the tribe. During all this time, he saw not the face of a +single white man. On several different occasions he passed a number of +days without a morsel of food, and he was sometimes fain to satisfy the +cravings of hunger by eating bark.[5] + +Nicolet, while residing with the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, with +whose language he had now become familiar, accompanied four hundred of +those savages upon a mission of peace to the Iroquois. The voyage proved +a successful one, Nicolet returning in safety. Afterward, he took up his +residence among the Nipissings, with whom he remained eight or nine +years. He was recognized as one of the nation. He entered into the very +frequent councils of those savages. He had his own cabin and +establishment, doing his own fishing and trading. He had become, indeed, +a naturalized Nipissing.[6] The mental activity displayed by him while +sojourning among these savages may be judged of from the circumstance of +his having taken notes descriptive of the habits, manners, customs, and +numbers of the Nipissing Indians, written in the form of memoirs, which +were afterward presented by him to one of the missionaries, who, +doubtless, made good use of them in after-time in giving an account of +the nation.[7] + +Nicolet finally left the savages, and returned to civilization, being +recalled by the government and employed as commissary and Indian +interpreter.[8] It is probable, however, that he had signified his +desire to leave the Nipissings, as he could not live without the +sacraments,[9] which were denied him so long as he remained with them, +there being no mission established in their country.[10] + +Quebec having been reoccupied by the French, Nicolet took up his +residence there. He was in high favor with Champlain, who could not but +admire his remarkable adaptation to savage life--the result of his +courage and peculiar temperament; at least, this admiration may be +presumed, from the circumstance of his having, as the sequel shows, soon +after sent him upon an important mission. + +Whether Nicolet visited Quebec during his long residence among the +Nipissing Indians is not known. Possibly he returned to the St. Lawrence +in 1628, to receive orders from Champlain on account of the new state of +things inaugurated by the creation of the system of 1627--the Hundred +Associates; but, in that event, he must have soon returned, for it is +known that he remained with the Nipissings during the occupation of +Quebec by the English--from July, 1629, to July, 1632. The month during +which, in the early days of New France, the trade of the Ottawa was +performed on the St. Lawrence, was July; and, in 1632, this trade was +largely carried on where the city of Three Rivers now stands, but which +was not then founded.[11] The flotilla of bark canoes used to spend +usually from eight to ten days in that place--seldom reaching Quebec. In +the month and the year just mentioned, De Caen arrived in Canada; and he +was, therefore, in the position to send word, by the assembled Indians, +to the French who were living among the savages upon the Ottawa and the +Georgian bay of Lake Huron, requesting their return to the St. Lawrence. + +Champlain, in June, 1633, caused a small fort to be erected about forty +miles above Quebec, for the rendezvous of the trading flotilla +descending the St. Lawrence--to draw the market nearer Quebec. It was +thus the St. Croix fort was established where the trade with the Indians +would be much less likely to be interrupted by incursions of the +Iroquois than at Three Rivers. At this time, one hundred and fifty Huron +canoes arrived at the newly-chosen position, for traffic with the +French. Possibly so great a number was the result of the change in the +government of the colony--the return of the French to Quebec the +preceding year. With this large fleet of canoes Nicolet probably +returned to civilization; for it is certain that he was upon the St. +Lawrence as early as June, 1634, ready to embark in an undertaking +which, of necessity, would have caused so much consultation and +preparation as to preclude the idea of his arrival, just then, from the +Ottawa. An Indian interpreter--one well acquainted with the Algonquins +of the Ottawa, and to a certain extent with the Hurons of Georgian +bay--who could Champlain more safely depend upon than Nicolet to develop +his schemes of exploration in the unknown western country, the door of +which he had himself opened in previous years? Who was there better +qualified than his young _protege_, familiar as he was with the +Algonquin and Huron-Iroquois tongues, to hold "talks" with savage tribes +still further west, and smoke with them the pipe of peace--to the end +that a nearer route to China and Japan might be discovered; or, at +least, that the fur-trade might be made more profitable to the Hundred +Associates? Surely, no one. Hence it was that Nicolet was recalled by +the governor of Canada. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 2: The proper spelling is "Nicolet," not "Nicollet," nor +"Nicollett." The correct pronunciation is "Nick-o-lay." The people of +the province of Quebec all pronounce the name "Nicoll_ette_," though +improperly, the same as the word would be pronounced by English-speaking +people if it were spelled "Nick-o-let." But it is now invariably written +by them "Nicolet."] + +[Footnote 3: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643 (Quebec edition, 1858), p. 3. The +Jesuits, intent upon pushing their fields of labor far into the heart of +the continent, let slip no opportunity after their arrival upon the St. +Lawrence to inform themselves concerning ulterior regions; and the +information thus obtained was noted down by them. They minutely +described, during a period of forty years, beginning with the year 1632, +the various tribes they came in contact with; and their hopes and fears +as to Christianizing them were freely expressed. Accounts of their +journeys were elaborated upon, and their missionary work put upon +record. Prominent persons, as well as important events, shared their +attention. Details concerning the geography of the country were also +written out. The intelligence thus collected was sent every summer by +the superiors to the provincials at Paris, where it was yearly +published, in the French language. Taken together, these publications +constitute what are known as the _Jesuit Relations_. They have been +collected and republished in the same language, at Quebec, by the +Canadian government, in three large volumes. As these are more +accessible to the general reader in this form than in the original +(Cramoisy) editions, they are cited in this narrative. + +There is no complete translation of the _Relations_ into the English +language. Numerous extracts from the originals bearing particularly upon +the West--especially upon what is now Wisconsin--were made some years +since by Cyrus Woodman, of Mineral Point, translations of which are to +be found in Smith's history of that State, Vol. III., pp. 10-112. But +none of these are from the _Relation_ of 1643--the most important one in +its reference to Nicolet and his visit to the Northwest.] + +[Footnote 4: "Jean Nicollet ne a Cherbourg, etait fils de Thomas +Nicollet, messager ordinaire de Cherbourg a Paris, et de Marie La +Mer."--Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_ (1861), Vol. I., p. 324, +note. But, in his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec" +(Quebec, 1863, p. 30), he corrects the mother's name, giving it as in +the text above. That this was her real name is ascertained from the +Quebec parochial register, and from Guitet's records (notary) of that +city.] + +[Footnote 5: Il [Nicolet] arriua en la Nouuelle France, l'an mil six +cents dixhuict. Son humeur et sa memoire excellente firent esperer +quelque chose de bon de luy; on l'enuoya hiuerner auec les Algonquins de +l'Isle afin d'apprendre leur langue. Il y demeura deux ans seul de +Francois, accompagnant tousiours les Barbares dans leurs courses et +voyages, auec des fatigues qui ne sont imaginables qu'a ceux qui les ont +veuees; il passa plusieurs fois les sept et huiet iours sans rien manger, +il fut sept semaines entieres sans autre nourriture qu'vn peu d'escorce +de bois."--Vimont _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. (The antiquated orthography +and accentuation of the _Relations_ are strictly followed in the +foregoing extract; so, also, in all those hereafter made from them in +this narrative.) + +"On his [Nicolet's] first arrival [in New France], by orders of those +who presided over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years +among the Algonquins of the island, for the purpose of learning their +language, without any Frenchman as companion, and in the midst of those +hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it +must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar +or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon +hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the +pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not +only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life. +There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week; +and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having +any thing to eat but a little bark."--Du Creux, _Historia Canadensis_, +Paris, 1664, p. 359. "Probably," says Margry, "he must, from time to +time, have added some of the lichen which the Canadians call rock +tripe."--_Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_, Paris, 1862.] + +[Footnote 6: "Il [_Nicolet_] accompagna quatre cents Algonquins, qui +alloient en ce temps la faire la paix auec les Hiroquois, et en vint a +bout heureusement. Pleust a Dieu qu'elle n'eust iamais este rompue, nous +ne souffririons pas a present les calamitez qui nous font gemir et +donneront vn estrange empeschement a la conuersion de ces peuples. Apes +cette paix faite, il alla demeurer huict ou neuf ans auec la nation des +Nipissiriniens, Algonquins; la il passoit pour vn de cette nation, +entrant dans les conseils forts frequents a ces peuples, ayant sa cabane +et son mesnage a part, faisant sa perche et sa traitte."--Vimont, +_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.] + +[Footnote 7: "I'ay quelques memoires de sa main, qui pourront paroistre +vn iour, touchant les Nipisiriniens, auec lesquels il a souuent +hyuerne."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 58.] + +[Footnote 8: "Il [_Nicolet_] fut enfin rappalle et estably Commis et +Interprete."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.] + +[Footnote 9: "Il [_Nicolet_]... ne s'en est retire, que pour mettre son +salut en asseurance dans l'vsage des Sacremens, faute desquels il y a +grande risque pour l'ame, parmy les Sauuages."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, +1636, pp. 57, 58.] + +[Footnote 10: It would be quite impossible to reconcile the _Relation_ +of 1643 (p. 3) with that of 1636 (pp. 57, 58), respecting Nicolet's +retiring from his Indian life, unless he, for the motive stated, asked +for his recall and was recalled accordingly.] + +[Footnote 11: Champlain's map of 1632 shows no habitation on the St. +Lawrence above Quebec. In 1633, Three Rivers was virtually founded; but +the fort erected there by Champlain was not begun until 1634.--Sulte's +_Chronique Trifluvienne_, p. 5. + +"As for the towns in Canada, there are but three of any considerable +figure. These are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres [Three +Rivers].... Trois Rivieres is a town so named from its situation at the +confluence of three rivers, one whereof is that of St. Lawrence, and +lies almost in the midway between Quebec and Montreal. It is said to be +a well-built town, and considerable mart, where the Indians exchange +their skins and furs for European goods."--_An Account of the French +Settlements in North America_, Boston, 1746, pp. 12, 14. + +"Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, is a town of Canada East, at the +confluence of the rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence, ninety miles from +Quebec, with which it is connected by electric telegraph, and on the +line of the proposed railway thence to Montreal. It is one of the oldest +towns in Canada, and was long stationary as regarded enterprise or +improvement; but recently it has become one of the most prosperous +places in the province--a change produced principally by the +commencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St. Maurice +and its tributaries, which had heretofore been neglected, and also by +increased energy in the manufacture of iron-ware, for which the St. +Maurice forges, about three miles distant from the town, have always +been celebrated in Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman +Catholic bishop, whose diocese bears the same name; and contains a Roman +Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan +chapel, an Ursuline convent, with a school attached, where over two +hundred young females are educated; two public and several private +schools, a mechanics' institute, a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's +Improvement, and several other societies. It sends a member to the +provincial parliament. Population in 1852, was 4,966; in 1861, 6,058. +The district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. Lawrence, +and is subdivided into four counties."--_Lippincott's Gazetteer_, +Philadelphia, 1874.] + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NICOLET DISCOVERS THE NORTHWEST. + + +Notwithstanding Champlain had previously ascended the Ottawa and stood +upon the shores of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, and although he had +received from western Indians numerous reports of distant regions, his +knowledge of the great lakes was, in 1634, exceedingly limited. He had +heard of Niagara, but was of the opinion that it was only a rapid, such +as the St. Louis, in the river St. Lawrence. He was wholly uninformed +concerning Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan; while, of Lake +Huron, he knew little, and of Lake Superior still less. He was assured +that there was a connection between the last-named lake and the St. +Lawrence; but his supposition was, that a river flowed from Lake Huron +directly into Lake Ontario. Such, certainly was the extent of his +information in 1632, as proven by his map of that date;[12] and that, +for the next two years, he could have received much additional +information concerning the great lakes is not probable. + +He had early been told that near the borders of one of these +"fresh-water seas," were copper mines; for, in June, 1610, while moving +up the St. Lawrence to join a war-party of Algonquins, Hurons, and +Montagnais, he met, after ascending the river about twenty-five miles +above Quebec, a canoe containing two Indians--an Algonquin and a +Montagnais--who had been dispatched to urge him to hasten forward with +all possible speed. He entertained them on his bark, and conferred with +them about many matters concerning their wars. Thereupon, the Algonquin +savage drew from a sack a piece of copper, a foot long, which he gave +Champlain. It was very handsome and quite pure. He said there were large +quantities of the metal where he obtained the piece, and that it was +found on the bank of a river near a great lake. He also declared that +the Indians gathered it in lumps, and, having melted it, spread it in +sheets, smoothing it with stones.[13] + +Champlain had, also, early information that there dwelt in those +far-off countries a nation which once lived upon the borders of a +distant sea. These people were called, for that reason, "Men of the +Sea," by the Algonquins. Their homes were less than four hundred leagues +away. It was likewise reported that another people, without hair or +beards, whose costumes and manners somewhat resembled the Tartars, came +from the west to trade with this "sea-tribe." These more remote traders, +as was claimed, made their journeys upon a great water in large canoes. +The missionaries among the Hurons, as well as Champlain and the best +informed of the French settlers upon the St. Lawrence, thought this +"great water" must be a western sea leading to Asia.[14] Some of the +Indians who traded with the French were in the habit of going +occasionally to barter with those "People of the Sea," distant from +their homes five or six weeks' journey. A lively imagination on part of +the French easily converted these hairless traders coming from the west +into Chinese or Japanese; although, in fact, they were none other than +the progenitors of the savages now known as the Sioux,[15] while the +"sea-tribe" was the nation called, subsequently, Winnebagoes.[16] Upon +these reports, the missionaries had already built fond expectations of +one day reaching China by the ocean which washed alike the shores of +Asia and America. And, as already noticed, Champlain, too, was not less +sanguine in his hopes of accomplishing a similar journey. + +Nicolet, while living with the Nipissings, must have heard many stories +of the strange people so much resembling the Chinese, and doubtless his +curiosity was not less excited than was Champlain's. But the great +question, was, who should penetrate the wilderness to the "People of the +Sea"--to "La Nation des Puants," as they were called by Champlain? +Naturally enough, the eyes of the governor of Canada were fixed upon +Nicolet as the man to make the trial. The latter had returned to Quebec, +it will be remembered, and was acting as commissary and interpreter for +the Hundred Associates. That he was paid by them and received his orders +from them through Champlain, their representative, is reasonably +certain. So he was chosen to make a journey to the Winnebagoes, for the +purpose, principally, of solving the problem of a near route to +China.[17] + +If he should fail in discovering a new highway to the east in reaching +these "People of the Sea," it would, in any event, be an important step +toward the exploration of the then unknown west; and why should not the +explorer, in visiting the various nations living upon the eastern and +northern shores of Lake Huron, and beyond this inland sea, create +friends among the savage tribes, in hopes that a regular trade in +peltries might be established with them. To this end, he must meet them +in a friendly way; have talks with them; and firmly unite them, if +possible, to French interests. Champlain knew, from personal observation +made while traveling upon the Ottawa and the shores of the Georgian bay +of Lake Huron--from the reports of savages who came from their homes +still further westward, and from what fur-traders, missionaries, and the +young men sent by him among the savages to learn their languages (of +whom Nicolet himself was a notable example) had heard that there were +comparatively easy facilities of communication by water between the +upper country and the St. Lawrence. He knew, also, that the proper time +had come to send a trusty ambassador to these far-off nations; so, by +the end of June, 1634, Nicolet, at Quebec, was ready to begin his +eventful journey, at the command of Champlain. + +"Opposite Quebec lies the tongue of land called Point Levi. One who, in +the summer of the year 1634, stood on its margin and looked northward, +across the St. Lawrence, would have seen, at the distance of a mile or +more, a range of lofty cliffs, rising on the left into the bold heights +of Cape Diamond, and on the right sinking abruptly to the bed of the +tributary river St. Charles. Beneath these cliffs, at the brink of the +St. Lawrence, he would have descried a cluster of warehouses, sheds, and +wooden tenements. Immediately above, along the verge of the precipice, +he could have traced the outlines of a fortified work, with a flag-staff +and a few small cannon to command the river; while, at the only point +where nature had made the heights accessible, a zigzag path connected +the warehouses and the fort. + +"Now, embarked in the canoe of some Montagnais Indian, let him cross the +St. Lawrence, land at the pier, and, passing the cluster of buildings, +climb the pathway up the cliff. Pausing for a rest and breath, he might +see, ascending and descending, the tenants of this out-post of the +wilderness: a soldier of the fort, or an officer in slouched hat and +plume; a factor of the fur company, owner and sovereign lord of all +Canada; a party of Indians; a trader from the upper country, one of the +precursors of that hardy race of _coureurs de bois_, destined to form a +conspicuous and striking feature of the Canadian population: next, +perhaps, would appear a figure widely different. The close, black +cassock, the rosary hanging from the waist, and the wide, black hat, +looped up at the sides, proclaimed the Jesuit."[18] + +There were in Canada, at this date, six of these Jesuits--Le Jeune, +Masse, De Noue, Daniel, Davost, and Brebeuf; to the last three had been +assigned the Huron mission. On the first day of July, 1634, Daniel and +Brebeuf left Quebec for Three Rivers, where they were to meet some +Hurons. Davost followed three days after. About the same time another +expedition started up the St. Lawrence, destined for the same place, to +erect a fort. The Jesuits were bound for the scene of their future +labors in the Huron country. They were to be accompanied, at least as +far as Isle des Allumettes, by Nicolet on his way to the +Winnebagoes.[19] + +At Three Rivers, Nicolet assisted in a manner in the permanent +foundation of the place, by helping to plant some of the pickets of the +fort just commenced. The Hurons, assembled there for the purposes of +trade, were ready to return to their homes, and with them the +missionaries, as well as Nicolet, expected to journey up the Ottawa. The +savages were few in number, and much difficulty was experienced in +getting permits from them to carry so many white men, as other Frenchmen +were also of the company. It was past the middle of July before all were +on their way. + +That Nicolet did not visit the Winnebagoes previous to 1634, is +reasonably certain. Champlain would not, in 1632, have located upon his +map Green bay north of Lake Superior, as was done by him in that year, +had Nicolet been there before that date. As he was sent by Champlain, +the latter must have had knowledge of his going; so that had he started +in 1632, or the previous year, the governor would, doubtless, have +awaited his return before noting down, from Indian reports only, the +location of rivers and lakes and the homes of savage nations in those +distant regions. + +It has already been shown, that Nicolet probably returned to Quebec in +1633, relinquishing his home among the Nipissing Indians that year. And +that he did not immediately set out at the command of Champlain to +return up the Ottawa and journey thence to the Winnebagoes, is certain; +as the savages from the west, then trading at the site of what is now +Three Rivers, were in no humor to allow him to retrace his steps, even +had he desired it.[20] + +It may, therefore, be safely asserted that, before the year 1634, "those +so remote countries," lying to the northward and northwestward, beyond +the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, had never been seen by civilized man. +But, did Nicolet visit those ulterior regions in 1634, returning thence +in 1635? That these were the years of his explorations and discoveries, +there can be no longer any doubt.[21] After the ninth day of December, +of the last-mentioned year, his continued presence upon the St. Lawrence +is a matter of record, up to the day of his death, except from the +nineteenth of March, 1638, to the ninth of January, 1639. These ten +months could not have seen him journeying from Quebec to the center of +what is now Wisconsin, and return; for, deducting those which could not +have been traveled in because of ice in the rivers and lakes, and the +remaining ones were too few for his voyage, considering the number of +tribes he is known to have visited. Then, too, the Iroquois had +penetrated the country of the Algonquins, rendering it totally unsafe +for such explorations, even by a Frenchman. Besides, it may be stated +that Champlain was no longer among the living, and that with him died +the spirit of discovery which alone could have prompted the journey. + +Furthermore, the marriage of Nicolet which had previously taken place, +militates against the idea of his having attempted any more daring +excursions among savage nations. As, therefore, he certainly traveled up +the Ottawa, as far as Isle des Allumettes, in 1634,[22] and as there is +no evidence of his having been upon the St. Lawrence until near the +close of the next year, the conclusion, from these facts alone, is +irresistible that, during this period, he accomplished, as hereafter +detailed, the exploration of the western countries; visited the +Winnebagoes, as well as several neighboring nations, and returned to the +St. Lawrence; all of which, it is believed, could not have been +performed in one summer.[23] But what, heretofore, has been a very +strong probability, is now seen clearly to be a fact; as it is +certainly known that an agreement for peace was made some time before +June, 1635, between certain Indian tribes (Winnebagoes and Nez Perces), +which, as the account indicates, was brought about by Nicolet in his +journey to the Far West.[24] + +The sufferings endured by all the Frenchmen, except Nicolet, in +traveling up the Ottawa, were very severe. The latter had been so many +years among the Indians, was so inured to the toils of the wilderness, +that he met every hardship with the courage, the fortitude, and the +strength of the most robust savage.[25] Not so with the rest of the +party. "Barefoot, lest their shoes should injure the frail vessel, each +crouched in his canoe, toiling with unpracticed hands to propel it. +Before him, week after week, he saw the same lank, unkempt hair, the +same tawny shoulders, and long naked arms ceaselessly plying the +paddle."[26] A scanty diet of Indian-corn gave them little strength to +assist in carrying canoes and baggage across the numerous portages. They +were generally ill-treated by the savages, and only reached the Huron +villages after great peril. Nicolet remained for a time at Isle des +Allumettes, where he parted with Brebeuf. + +To again meet "the Algonquins of the Isle" must have been a pleasure to +Nicolet; but he could not tarry long with them. To the Huron villages, +on the borders of Georgian bay, he was to go before entering upon his +journey to unexplored countries. To them he must hasten, as to them he +was first accredited by Champlain. He had a long distance to travel from +the homes of that nation before reaching the Winnebagoes. There was +need, therefore, for expedition. He must yet make his way up the Ottawa +to the Mattawan, a tributary, and by means of the latter reach Lake +Nipissing. Thence, he would float down French river to Georgian bay.[27] +And, even after this body of water was reached, it would require a +considerable canoe navigation, coasting along to the southward, before +he could set foot upon Huron territory. So Nicolet departed from the +Algonquins of the Isle, and arrived safely at the Huron towns.[28] Was +he a stranger to this nation? Had he, during his long sojourn among the +Nipissings, visited their villages? Certain it is he could speak their +language. He must have had, while residing with the Algonquins, very +frequent intercourse with Huron parties, who often visited Lake +Nipissing and the Ottawa river for purposes of trade.[29] But why was +Nicolet accredited by Champlain to the Hurons at all? Was not the St. +Lawrence visited yearly by their traders? It could not have been, +therefore, to establish a commerce, with them. Neither could it have +been to explore their country; for the _voyageur_, the fur-trader, the +missionary, even Champlain himself, as we have seen, had already been at +their towns. Was the refusal, a year previous, of their trading-parties +at Quebec to take the Jesuits to their homes the cause of Nicolet's +being sent to smoke the pipe of peace with their chiefs? This could not +have been the reason, else the missionaries would not have preceded him +from the Isle des Allumettes. He certainly had to travel many miles out +of his way in going from the Ottawa to the Winnebagoes by way of the +Huron villages. His object was, evidently, to inform the Hurons that the +governor of Canada was anxious to have amicable relations established +between them and the Winnebagoes, and to obtain a few of the nation to +accompany him upon his mission of peace.[30] + +It was now that Nicolet, after all ceremonies and "talks" with the +Hurons were ended, began preparations for his voyage to the Winnebagoes. +He was to strike boldly into undiscovered regions. He was to encounter +savage nations never before visited. It was, in reality, the beginning +of a voyage full of dangers--one that would require great tact, great +courage, and constant facing of difficulties. No one, however, +understood better the savage character than he; no Frenchman was more +fertile of resources. From the St. Lawrence, he had brought presents to +conciliate the Indian tribes which he would meet. Seven Hurons were to +accompany him.[31] Before him lay great lakes; around him, when on land, +would frown dark forests. A birch-bark canoe was to bear the first white +man along the northern shore of Lake Huron, and upon Saint Mary's +strait[32] to the falls--"Sault Sainte Marie;" many miles on Lake +Michigan; thence, up Green bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes:[33] and +that canoe was to lead the van of a mighty fleet indeed, as the commerce +of the upper lakes can testify. With him, he had a number of presents. + +What nations were encountered by him on the way to "the People of the +Sea," from the Huron villages? Three--all of Algonquin lineage--occupied +the shores of the Georgian bay, before the mouth of French river had +been reached. Concerning them, little is known, except their names.[34] +Passing the river which flows from Lake Nipissing, Nicolet "upon the +same shores of this fresh-water sea," that is, upon the shores of Lake +Huron, came next to "the Nation of Beavers,"[35] whose hunting-grounds +were northward of the Manitoulin islands.[36] This nation was afterward +esteemed among the most noble of those of Canada. They were supposed to +be descended from the Great Beaver, which was, next to the Great Hare, +their principal divinity. They inhabited originally the Beaver islands, +in Lake Michigan; afterward the Manitoulin islands; then they removed to +the main-land, where they were found by Nicolet. Farther on, but still +upon the margin of the great lake, was found another tribe.[37] This +people, and the Amikoueai, were of the Algonquin family, and their +language was not difficult to be understood by Nicolet. Entering, +finally, St. Mary's strait, his canoes were urged onward for a number of +miles, until the falls--Sault de Sainte Marie[38]--were reached: and +there stood Nicolet, the first white man to set foot upon any portion of +what was, more than a century and a half after, called "the territory +northwest of the river Ohio,"[39] now the States of Ohio, Indiana, +Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and so much of Minnesota as lies +east of the Mississippi river. + +Among "the People of the Falls,"[40] at their principal village, on the +south side of the strait, at the foot of the rapids,[41] in what is now +the State of Michigan,[42] Nicolet and his seven Hurons rested from the +fatigues of their weary voyage.[43] They were still with Algonquins. +From Lake Huron they had entered upon one of the channels of the +magnificent water-way leading out from Lake Superior, and threaded their +way, now through narrow rapids, now across (as it were) little lakes, +now around beautiful islands, to within fifteen miles of the largest +expanse of fresh water on the globe--stretching away in its grandeur to +the westward, a distance of full four hundred miles.[44] Nicolet saw +beyond him the falls; around him clusters of wigwams, which two +centuries and a half have changed into public buildings and private +residences, into churches and warehouses, into offices and stores--in +short, into a pleasantly-situated American village,[45] frequently +visited by steamboats carrying valuable freight and crowded with parties +of pleasure. The portage around the falls, where, in early times, the +Indian carried his birch-bark canoe, has given place to an excellent +canal. Such are the changes which "the course of empire" continually +brings to view in "the vast, illimitable, changing west." + +Nicolet tarried among "the People of the Falls," probably, but a brief +period. His voyage, after leaving them, must have been to him one of +great interest. He returned down the strait, passing, it is thought, +through the western "detour" to Mackinaw.[46] Not very many miles +brought him to "the second fresh-water sea," Lake Michigan.[47] He is +fairly entitled to the honor of its discovery; for no white man had ever +before looked out upon its broad expanse. Nicolet was soon gliding along +upon the clear waters of this out-of-the-way link in the great chain of +lakes. The bold Frenchman fearlessly threaded his way along its northern +shore, frequently stopping upon what is now known as "the upper +peninsula" of Michigan, until the bay of Noquet[48] was reached, which +is, in reality, a northern arm of Green bay.[49] Here, upon its northern +border, he visited another Algonquin tribe;[50] also one living to the +northward of this "small lake."[51] These tribes never navigated those +waters any great distance, but lived upon the fruits of the earth.[52] +Making his way up Green bay, he finally reached the Menomonee river, its +principal northern affluent.[53] + +In the valley of the Menomonee, Nicolet met a populous tribe of +Indians--the Menomonees.[54] To his surprise, no doubt, he found they +were of a lighter complexion than any other savages he had ever seen. +Their language was difficult to understand, yet it showed the nation to +be of the Algonquin stock. Their food was largely of wild rice, which +grew in great abundance in their country. They were adepts in fishing, +and hunted, with skill, the game which abounded in the forests. They had +their homes and hunting grounds upon the stream which still bears their +name.[55] + +Nicolet soon resumed his journey toward the Winnebagoes, who had already +been made aware of his near approach; for he had sent forward one of +his Hurons to carry the news of his coming and of his mission of peace. +The messenger and his message were well received. The Winnebagoes +dispatched several of their young men to meet the "wonderful man." They +go to him--they escort him--they carry his baggage.[56] He was clothed +in a large garment of Chinese damask, sprinkled with flowers and birds +of different colors.[57] But, why thus attired? Possibly, he had +reached the far east; he was, really, in what is now the State of +Wisconsin.[58] Possibly, a party of mandarins would soon greet him and +welcome him to Cathay. And this robe--this dress of ceremony--was +brought all the way from Quebec, doubtless, with a view to such +contingency. As soon as he came in sight, all the women and children +fled, seeing a man carrying thunder in his two hands; for thus it was +they called his pistols, which he discharged on his right and on his +left.[59] He was a manito! Nicolet's journey was, for the present, at an +end. He and his Huron's "rested from their labors," among the +Winnebagoes,[60] who were located around the head of Green bay,[61] +contiguous to the point where it receives the waters of Fox river.[62] +Nicolet found the Winnebagoes a numerous and sedentary people,[63] +speaking a language radically different from any of the Algonquin +nations, as well as from the Hurons.[64] They were of the Dakota +stock.[65] The news of the Frenchman's coming spread through the +country. Four or five thousand people assembled of different tribes.[66] +Each of the chiefs gave a banquet. One of the sachems regaled his +guests with at least one hundred and twenty beavers.[67] The large +assemblage was prolific of speeches and ceremonies. Nicolet did not fail +to "speak of peace" upon that interesting occasion.[68] He urged upon +the nation the advantages of an alliance, rather than war, with the +nations to the eastward of Lake Huron. They agreed to keep the peace +with the Hurons, Nez Perces, and, possibly, other tribes; but, soon +after Nicolet's return, they sent out war parties against the Beaver +nation. Doubtless the advantages of trade with the colony upon the St. +Lawrence were depicted in glowing colors by the Frenchman. But the +courageous Norman was not satisfied with a visit to the Winnebagoes +only. He must see the neighboring tribes. So he ascended the Fox river +of Green bay, to Winnebago lake--passing through which, he again entered +that stream, paddling his canoe up its current, until he reached the +homes of the Mascoutins,[69] the first tribe to be met with after +leaving the Winnebagoes; for the Sacs[70] and Foxes[71] were not +residents of what is now Wisconsin at that period,--their migration +thither, from the east, having been at a subsequent date. Nicolet had +navigated the Fox river, a six-days' journey, since leaving the +Winnebagoes.[72] + +The Mascoutins, as we have seen, were heard of by Champlain as early as +1615, as being engaged in a war with the Neuter nation and the Ottawas. +But, up to the time of Nicolet's visit, and for a number of years +subsequent (as he gave no clue himself to their locality), they were +only known as living two hundred leagues or more beyond the last +mentioned tribe--that is, that distance beyond the south end of the +Georgian bay of Lake Huron.[73] Their villages were in the valley of the +Fox river, probably in what is now Green Lake county, Wisconsin.[74] +They had, doubtless, for their neighbors, the Miamis[75] and +Kickapoos.[76] They were a vigorous and warlike nation, of Algonquin +stock, as were also the two tribes last mentioned. Nicolet, while among +the Mascoutins, heard of the Wisconsin river, which was distant only +three days' journey up the tortuous channel of the Fox. But the accounts +given him of that tributary of the Mississippi were evidently very +confused. A reference to the parent stream (confounded with the +Wisconsin) as "the great water,"[77] by the savages, caused him to +believe that he was, in reality, but three days' journey from the sea; +and so he reported after his return to the St. Lawrence.[78] Strange to +say, Nicolet resolved not to visit this ocean, although, as he believed, +so near its shores. + +He traveled no further upon the Fox river,[79] but turned his course to +the southward. And the Jesuits consoled themselves, when they heard of +his shortcoming, with the hope that one day the western sea would be +reached by one of their order.[80] "In passing, I will say," wrote one +of their missionaries, in 1640, "that we have strong indications that +one can descend through the second lake of the Hurons ... into this +sea."[81] + +But why should Nicolet leave the Fox river and journey away from the +Mascoutins to the southward? The answer is, that, at no great distance, +lived the Illinois.[82] Their country extended eastward to Lake +Michigan, and westward to the Mississippi, if not beyond it. This nation +was of too much importance, and their homes too easy of access, for +Nicolet not to have visited them.[83] Upon the beautiful prairies of +what is now the state bearing their name, was this tribe located, with +some bands, probably nearly as far northward as the southern counties of +the present State of Wisconsin. It is not known in how many villages of +these savages he smoked the pipe of peace. From their homes he returned +to the Winnebagoes. + +Before Nicolet left the country, on his return to the St. Lawrence, he +obtained knowledge of the Sioux--those traders from the west who, it +will be remembered, were represented as coming in canoes upon a sea to +the Winnebagoes; the same "sea," doubtless, he came so near to, but did +not behold--the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers! Although without +beards, and having only a tuft of hair upon their crowns, these Sioux +were no longer mandarins--no longer from China or Japan! Bands of this +tribe had pushed their way across the Mississippi, far above the mouth +of the Wisconsin, but made no further progress eastward. They, like the +Winnebagoes, as previously stated, were of the Dakota family. Whether +any of them were seen by Nicolet is not known;[84] but he, doubtless, +learned something of their real character. There was yet one tribe near +the Winnebagoes to be visited--the Pottawattamies.[85] They were located +upon the islands at the mouth of Green bay, and upon the main land to +the southward, along the western shores of Lake Michigan.[86] On these +Algonquins--for they were of that lineage--Nicolet, upon his return +trip, made a friendly call.[87] Their homes were not on the line of his +outward voyage, but to the south of it. Nicolet gave no information of +them which has been preserved, except that they were neighbors of the +Winnebagoes.[88] + +So Nicolet, in the spring of 1635,[89] having previously made many +friends in the far northwest for his countrymen upon the St. Lawrence, +and for France, of nations of Indians, only a few of which had before +been heard of, and none ever before visited by a white man; having been +the first to discover Lake Michigan and "the territory northwest of the +river Ohio;" having boldly struck into the wilderness for hundreds of +leagues beyond the Huron villages--then the Ultima Thule of civilized +discoveries; returned, with his seven dusky companions, by way of +Mackinaw and along the south shores of the Great Manitoulin island to +the home thereon of a band of Ottawas.[90] He proceeded thence to the +Hurons; retracing, afterward, his steps to the mouth of French river, +up that stream to Lake Nipissing, and down the Mattawan and Ottawa to +the St. Lawrence; journeying, upon his return, it is thought, with the +savages upon their annual trading-voyage to the French settlements.[91] +And Nicolet's exploration was ended.[92] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 12: This map was the first attempt at delineating the great +lakes. The original was, beyond a reasonable doubt, the work of +Champlain himself. So much of New France as had been visited by the +delineator is given with some degree of accuracy. On the whole, the map +has a grotesque appearance, yet it possesses much value. It shows where +many savage nations were located at its date. By it, several important +historical problems concerning the Northwest are solved. It was first +published, along with Champlain's "Voyages de la Novelle France," in +Paris. Fac-similes have been published; one accompanies volume third of +E. B. O'Callaghan's "Documentary History of the State of New York," +Albany, 1850; another is found in a reprint of Champlain's works by +Laverdiere (Vol. VI.), Quebec, 1870; another is by Tross, Paris.] + +[Footnote 13: Champlain's _Voyages_, Paris, 1613, pp. 246, 247. Upon his +map of 1632, Champlain marks an island "where, there is a copper mine." +Instead of being placed in Lake Superior, as it doubtless should have +been, it finds a location in Green bay.] + +[Footnote 14: This "great water" was, as will hereafter be shown, the +Mississippi and its tributary, the Wisconsin.] + +[Footnote 15: Synonyms: Cioux, Scious, Sioust, Naduessue, Nadouesiouack, +Nadouesiouek, Nadoussi, Nadouessioux, etc. + +"The Sioux, or Dakotah [Dakota], ... were [when first visited by +civilized men] a numerous people, separated into three great divisions, +which were again subdivided into bands.... [One of these divisions--the +most easterly--was the Issanti.] The other great divisions, the Yanktons +and the Tintonwans, or Tetons, lived west of the Mississippi, extending +beyond the Missouri, and ranging as far as the Rocky Mountains. The +Issanti cultivated the soil; but the extreme western bands lived upon +the buffalo alone.... + +"The name Sioux is an abbreviation of _Nadoucssioux_, an Ojibwa +[Chippewa] word, meaning _enemies_. The Ojibwas used it to designate +this people, and occasionally, also, the Iroquois--being at deadly war +with both."--Parkman's "La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West" +(revised ed.), p. 243, note.] + +[Footnote 16: From the Algonquin word "ouinipeg," signifying "bad +smelling water," as salt-water was by them designated. When, therefore, +the Algonquins spoke of this tribe as the "Ouinipigou," they simply +meant "Men of the Salt-water;" that is, "Men of the Sea." But the French +gave a different signification to the word, calling the nation "Men of +the Stinking-water;" or, rather, "the Nation of Stinkards"--"la Nation +des Puans." And they are so designated by Champlain in his "Voyages," in +1632, and on his map of that year. By Friar Gabriel Sagard ("Histoire du +Canada," Paris, 1636, p. 201), they are also noted as "des Puants." +Sagard's information of the Winnebagoes, although printed after +Nicolet's visit to that tribe, was obtained previous to that event. The +home of this nation was around the head of Green bay, in what is now the +State of Wisconsin. Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35), as to the +signification of the word "ouinipeg:" + +"Quelques Francois les appellant la Nation des Puans, a cause que le mot +Algonquin ouinipeg signifie eau puante; or ils nomment ainsi l'eau de la +mer salee, si bien que ces peuples se nomment Ouinipigou, pource qu'ils +viennent des bords d'vne mer dont nous n'auons point de cognoissance, et +par consequent il ne faut pas les appeller la nation des Puans, mais la +nation de la mer." The same is reiterated in the _Relations_ of 1648 and +1654. Consult, in this connection, Smith's "History of Wisconsin," Vol. +III., pp. 11, 15, 17. To John Gilmary Shea belongs the credit of first +identifying the "Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of Vimont (_Relation_, +1640), with the Winnebagoes. See his "Discovery and Exploration of the +Mississippi Valley," 1853, pp. 20, 21.] + +[Footnote 17: It is nowhere stated in the _Relations_ that such was the +object of Champlain in dispatching Nicolet to those people; +nevertheless, that it was the chief purpose had in view by him, is +fairly deducible from what is known of his purposes at that date. He +had, also, other designs to be accomplished.] + +[Footnote 18: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 1, 2.] + +[Footnote 19: This is assumed, although in no account that has been +discovered is it expressly asserted that he visited the tribe just +mentioned during this year. In no record, contemporaneous or later, is +the date of his journey thither given, except approximately. The fact of +Nicolet's having made the journey to the Winnebagoes is first noticed by +Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Ie visiteray tout +maintenant le coste du Sud, ie diray on passant que le sieur Nicolet, +interprete en langue Algonquine et Huronne pour Messieurs de la nouuelle +France, m'a donne les noms de ces nations qu'il a visitees luy mesme +pour la pluspart dans leur pays, tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin, +excepte les Hurons, qui out vne langue a part, comme aussi les +Ouinipigou [_Winnebagoes_] ou gens de mer." The year of Nicolet's visit, +it will be noticed, is thus left undetermined. The extract only shows +that it must have been made "in or before" 1639.] + +[Footnote 20: As to the temper of the Hurons at that date, see Parkman's +"Jesuits in North America," p. 51.] + +[Footnote 21: The credit of first advancing this idea is due to Benjamin +Sulte. See his article entitled "Jean Nicolet," in "Melanges d'Histoire +et de Litterature," Ottawa, 1876, pp. 426, 436.] + +[Footnote 22: Brebeuf, _Relation des Hurons_, 1635, p. 30. He says: +"Jean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques a l'Isle," +etc.; meaning the Isle des Allumettes, in the Ottawa river.] + +[Footnote 23: Incidents recorded in the _Relations_, and in the parish +church register of Three Rivers, show Nicolet to have been upon the St. +Lawrence from December 9, 1635, to his death, in 1642, except during the +ten months above mentioned. It is an unfortunate fact that, for those +ten months, the record of the church just named is missing. For this +information I am indebted to Mr. Benjamin Sulte. Could the missing +record be found, it would be seen to contain, without doubt, some +references to Nicolet's presence at Three Rivers. As the _Relation_ of +1640 mentions Nicolet's visit to the Winnebagoes, it could not have been +made subsequent to 1639. It has already been shown how improbable it is +that his journey was made previous to 1634. It only remains, therefore, +to give his whereabouts previous to 1640, and subsequent to 1635. His +presence in Three Rivers, according to Mr. Sulte (see Appendix, I., to +this narrative), is noted in the parish register in December, 1635; in +May, 1636; in November and December, 1637; in March, 1638; in January, +March, July, October, and December, 1639. As to mention of him in the +_Relations_ during those years, see the next chapter of this work. + +It was the identification by Mr. Shea, of the Winnebagoes as the +"Ouinipigou," or "Gens de Mer," of the _Relations_, that enabled him to +call the attention of the public to the extent of the discoveries of +Nicolet. The claims of the latter, as the discoverer of the Northwest, +were thus, for the first time, brought forward on the page of American +history.] + +[Footnote 24: "Le huictiesme de Iuin, le Capitaine des Naiz percez, ou +de la Nation du Castor, qui est a trois iournees de nous, vint nous +demander quelqu'vn de nos Francois, pour aller auec eux passer l'Este +dans vn fort qu'ils ont fait, pour la crainte qu'ils ont des +_A8eatsi8aenrrhonon_, c'est a dire, des gens puants, qui ont rompu le +traicte de paix, et ont tue deux de leurs dont ils ont fait festin."--Le +Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 92. + +"On the 18th of June [1635], the chief of the Nez Perces, or Beaver +Nation, which is three days' journey from us [the Jesuit missionaries, +located at the head of Georgian bay of Lake Huron], came to demand of us +some one of our Frenchmen to go with them to pass the summer in a fort +which they have made, by reason of the fear which they have of the +_Aweatiswaenrrhonon_;[A] that is to say, of the Nation of the Puants +[Winnebagoes], who have broken the treaty of peace, and have killed two +of their men, of whom they have made a feast."] + +[Footnote A: The figure 8 which occurs in this word in the _Relation_ of +1636, is supposed to be equivalent, in English, to "w," "we," or "oo."] + +[Footnote 25: 'Iean Nicolet, en son voyage qu'il fit auec nous iusques a +l'Isle souffrit aussi tous les trauaux d'vn des plus robustes +Sauuages.'--Brebeuf, _Relation_, 1635, p. 30.] + +[Footnote 26: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," p. 53.] + +[Footnote 27: The Mattawan has its source on the very verge of Lake +Nipissing, so that it was easy to make a "portage" there to reach the +lake. The Indians, and afterward the French, passed by the Mattawan, +Mattouane, or Mattawin ("the residence of the beaver"), went over the +small space of land called the "portage," that exists between the two +waters, floated on Lake Nipissing, and followed the French river, which +flows directly out of that lake to the Georgian bay. + +A "portage" is a place, as is well known, where parties had to "port" +their baggage in order to reach the next navigable water.] + +[Footnote 28: Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.] + +[Footnote 29: "Sieur Nicolet, interpreter en langue Algonquine et +Huronne," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35. + +The Hurons and Nipissings were, at that date, great friends, having +constant intercourse, according to all accounts of those days.] + +[Footnote 30: "The People of the Sea"--that is, the Winnebagoes--were +frequently at war with the Hurons, Nez Perces, and other nations on the +Georgian bay, which fact was well known to the governor of Canada. Now, +the good offices of Nicolet were to be interposed to bring about a +reconciliation between these nations. He, it is believed, was also to +carry out Champlain's policy of making the Indian tribes the allies of +the French. Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 3) says, he was chosen to make +a journey to the Winnebagoes and treat for peace with them _and with the +Hurons_; showing, it is suggested, that it was not only to bring about a +peace _between the two tribes_, but to attach them both to French +interests. The words of Vimont are these: + +"Pendant qu'il exercoit cette charge, il [_Nicolet_] fut delegue pour +faire vn voyage en la nation appellee des Gens de Mer, et traitter la +paix auec eux et les Hurons, desquels il sont esloignes, tirant, vers +l'Oueest, d'enuiron trois cents lieues."] + +[Footnote 31: "Il [_Nicolet_] s'embarque au pays des Hurons avec sept +Sauuages."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3.] + +[Footnote 32: Saint Mary's strait separates the Dominion of Canada from +the upper peninsula of Michigan, and connects Lake Superior with Lake +Huron.] + +[Footnote 33: The route taken by Nicolet, from the mouth of French +river, in journeying toward the Winnebagoes, is sufficiently indicated +by (1) noting that, in mentioning the various tribes visited by him, +Nicolet probably gave their names, except the Ottawas, in the order in +which he met them; and (2) by calculating his time as more limited on +his return than on his outward trip, because of his desire to descend +the Ottawa with the annual flotilla of Huron canoes, which would reach +the St. Lawrence in July, 1635.] + +[Footnote 34: The Ouasouarim, the Outchougai, and the +Atchiligouean.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.] + +[Footnote 35: Called Amikoueai (_Rel._, 1640, p. 34), from _Amik_ or +_Amikou_--a beaver.] + +[Footnote 36: The Manitoulin islands stretch from east to west along the +north shores of Lake Huron, and consist chiefly of the Great Manitoulin +or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin or Cockburn, and Drummond. Great +Manitoulin is eighty miles long by twenty broad. Little Manitoulin has a +diameter of about seven miles. Drummond is twenty-four miles long, with +a breadth varying from two to twelve miles. It is separated from the +American shore, on the west, by a strait called the True Detour, which +is scarcely one mile wide, and forms the principal passage for vessels +proceeding to Lake Superior.] + +[Footnote 37: The Oumisagai.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 34.] + +[Footnote 38: These falls are distinctly marked on Champlain's map of +1632; and on that of Du Creux of 1660.] + +[Footnote 39: In giving Nicolet this credit, it is necessary to state, +that the governor of Canada, in 1688, claimed that honor for Champlain +(N. Y. Col. Doc, Vol. IX., p. 378). He says: + +"In the years 1611 and 1612, he [Champlain] ascended the Grand river +[Ottawa] as far as Lake Huron, called the Fresh sea [La Mer Douce]; he +went thence to the Petun [Tobacco] Nation, next to the Neutral Nation +and to the Macoutins [Mascoutins], who were then residing near the place +called the Sakiman [that part of the present State of Michigan lying +between the head of Lake Erie and Saginaw bay, on Lake Huron]; from that +he went to the Algonquin and Huron tribes, at war against the Iroquois +[Five Nations]. He passed by places he has, himself, described in his +book [Les Voyages De La Novvelle France, etc., 1632], which are no other +than Detroit [_i.e._, "the straight," now called Detroit river] and Lake +Erie."--_Mem. of M. de Denonville_, _May 8, 1688_. + +The reader is referred to Champlain's Map of 1632, and to "his book" of +the same date, for a complete refutation of the assertion as to his +visiting, at any time before that year, the Mascoutins. In 1632, +Champlain, as shown by his map of that year, had no knowledge whatever +of Lake Erie or Lake St. Clair, nor had he previously been so far west +as Detroit river. It is, of course, well known, that he did not go west +of the St. Lawrence during that year or subsequent to that date. +Locating the Mascoutins "near the place called the Sakiman," is as +erroneous as that Champlain ever visited those savages. The reported +distance between him when at the most westerly point of his journeyings +and the Mascoutins is shown by himself: "After having visited these +people [the Tobacco Nation, in December, 1615] we left the place and +came to a nation of Indians which we have named the Standing Hair +[Ottawas], who were very much rejoiced to see us again [he had met them +previously on the Ottawa river], with whom also we formed a friendship, +and who, in like manner, promised to come and find us and see us at the +said habitation. At this place it seems to me appropriate to give a +description of their country, manners, and modes of action. In the first +place, they make war upon another nation of Indians, called the +Assistagueronon, which means nation of fire [Mascoutins], ten days +distant from them."--_Voyages_, 1632, I., p. 262 [272]. + +Upon his map of 1632, Champlain speaks of the "discoveries" made by him +"in the year 1614 and 1615, until in the year 1618"--"of this great lake +[Huron], and of all the lands _from the Sault St. Louis_ [the rapids in +the St. Lawrence];"--but he nowhere intimates that he had made +discoveries _west_ of that lake. It is, therefore, certain that the +first white man who ever saw or explored any portion of the territory +forming the present State of Michigan was John Nicolet--not Champlain. +Compare Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World," Chap. XIV., and +map illustrative of the text.] + +[Footnote 40: Their name, as stated by Nicolet and preserved in the +_Relation_ of 1640, was Baouichtigouin; given in the _Relation_ of +1642, as Paueoitigoueeieuhak--"inhabitants of the falls;" in the +_Relation_ of 1648, as Paouitagoung--"nation of the Sault;" on Du Creux' +map of 1660, "Pasitig8ecue;" and they were sometimes known as +Paouitingouach-irini--"the men of the shallow cataract." They were +estimated, in 1671, at one hundred and fifty souls. They then united +with other kindred nations. + +By the French, these tribes, collectively, were called Sauteurs; but +they were known to the Iroquois as Estiaghicks, or Stiagigroone--the +termination, _roone_, meaning men, being applied to Indians of the +Algonquin family. They were designated by the Sioux as Raratwaus or +"people of the falls." They were the ancestors of the modern Otchipwes, +or Ojibwas (Chippewas).] + +[Footnote 41: That this was the location in 1641 is certain. Shea's +_Catholic Missions_, p. 184. In 1669, it was, probably, still at the +foot of the rapids, on the southern side. _Id._, p. 361. Besides, when +the missionaries first visited the Sault, they were informed that the +place had been occupied for a long period. The falls are correctly +marked upon Champlain's map of 1632.] + +[Footnote 42: The earliest delineation, to any extent, of the present +State of Michigan, is that to be found on Du Creux' Map of 1660, where +the two peninsulas are very well represented in outline.] + +[Footnote 43: The names of the tribes thus far visited by Nicolet, and +their relative positions, are shown in the following from Vimont +(_Relation_, 1640, p. 34), except that the "cheueux releuez" were not +called upon by him until his return: + +"I'ay dit qu'a l'entree du premier de ces Lacs se rencontrent les +Hurons; les quittans pour voguer plus haut dans le lac, on truue au Nord +les Ouasouarim, plus haut sont les Outchougai, plus haut encore a +l'embouchure du fleuue qui vient du Lac Nipisin sont les Atchiligouean. +Au dela sur les mesmes riues de ceste mer douce sont les Amikoueai, ou la +nation du Castor, au Sud desquels est vne Isle dans ceste mer douce +longue d'enuiron trente lieues habitee des Outaouan, ce sont peuples +venus de la nation des cheueux releuez. Apres les Amikoueai sur les +mesmes riues du grand lac sont les Oumisagai, qu'on passe pour venir a +Baouichtigouin, c'est a dire, a la nation des gens du Sault, pource +qu'en effect il y a vn Sault qui se iette en cet endroit dans la mer +douce."] + +[Footnote 44: Lake Superior is distinctly marked on Champlain's map of +1632, where it appears as "Grand Lac." Was it seen by Nicolet? This is a +question which will probably never be answered to the satisfaction of +the historian.] + +[Footnote 45: Sault Sainte Marie (pronounced _soo-saint-mary_), +county-seat of Chippewa county, Michigan, fifteen miles below the outlet +of Lake Superior.] + +[Footnote 46: The Straits of Mackinaw connect Lake Michigan with Lake +Huron. Of the word "Mackinaw," there are many synonyms to be found upon +the pages of American history: Mackinac, Michillmakinaw, +Michillimakinac, Michilimakina, Michiliakimawk, Michilinaaquina, +Miscilemackina, Miselimackinack, Misilemakinak, Missilimakina, +Missilimakinac, Missilimakinak, Missilimaquina, Missilimaquinak, etc.] + +[Footnote 47: Machihiganing was the Indian name; called by the French at +an early day, Mitchiganon,--sometimes the Lake of the Illinois, Lake St. +Joseph, or Lake Dauphin. I know of no earlier representation of this +lake than that on Du Creux' map of 1660. It is there named the "Magnus +Lacus Algonquinorum, seu Lacus Foetetium [Foetentium]." This is +equivalent to Great Algonquin Lake, or Lake of the Puants; that is, +Winnebago Lake. On a map by Joliet, recently published by Gabriel +Gravier, it is called "Lac des Illinois ou Missihiganin."] + +[Footnote 48: Bay du Noquet, or Noque. That the "small lake" visited by +Nicolet was, in fact, this bay, is rendered probable by the phraseology +employed by Vimont in the _Relation_ of 1640, p. 35. He says: "Passing +this small lake [from the Sault Sainte Marie], we enter into the second +fresh-water sea [Lake Michigan and Green bay]." It is true Vimont speaks +of "the small lake" as lying "beyond the falls;" but his meaning is, +"nearer the Winnebagoes." If taken literally, his words would indicate +a lake further up the strait, above the Sault Sainte Marie, meaning Lake +Superior, which, of course, would not answer the description of a small +lake. It must be remembered that the missionary was writing at his home +upon the St. Lawrence, and was giving his description from his +standpoint.] + +[Footnote 49: Synonyms: La Baye des Eaux Puantes, La Baye, Enitajghe +(Iroquois), Baie des Puants, La Grande Baie, Bay des Puants.] + +[Footnote 50: Called the Roquai, by Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640, +p. 34--probably the Noquets--afterwards classed with the Chippewas.] + +[Footnote 51: Called the Mantoue in the _Relation_ just cited. They were +probably the Nantoue of the _Relation_ of 1671, or Mantoueouee of the +map attached thereto. They are mentioned, at that date, as living near +the Foxes. In the _Relation_ of 1673, they are designated as the +Makoueoue, still residing near the Foxes.] + +[Footnote 52: "Au dela de ce Sault on trouue le petit lac, sur les bords +duquel du coste du Nord sont les Roquai. Au Nord de ceux-cy sont +Mantoue, ces peuples ne nauigent guiere, viuans des fruicts de la +terre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, pp. 34, 35.] + +[Footnote 53: The Menomonee river forms a part of the northeastern +boundary of Wisconsin, running in a southeasterly direction between this +state and Michigan, and emptying into Green bay on the northwest side. +The earliest location, on a map, of a Menomonee village, is that given +by Charlevoix on his "Carte des Lacs du Canada," accompanying his +"Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France," Vol. I., +Paris, 1744. The village ("des Malonines") is placed at the mouth of the +river, on what is now the Michigan side of the stream.] + +[Footnote 54: Synonyms: Maroumine, Oumalouminek, Oumaominiecs, +Malhominies,--meaning, in Algonquin, wild rice (_Zizania aquatica_ of +Linnaeus). The French called this grain wild oats--folles avoine; hence +they gave the name of Les Folles Avoine to the Menomonees. + +"Passant ce plus petit lac, on entre dans la seconde mer douce, sur les +riues de laquelle sont les Maroumine."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. +35.] + +[Footnote 55: I have drawn, for this description of the Menomonees, upon +the earliest accounts preserved of them; but these are of dates some +years subsequent to Nicolet's visit. (Compare Marquette's account in his +published narrative, by Shea.) Vimont seems not to have derived any +knowledge of them from Nicolet, beside the simple fact of his having +visited them; at least, he says nothing further in the _Relation_ of +1640.] + +[Footnote 56: "Two days' journey from this tribe [the Winnebagoes], he +sent one of his savages," etc.--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. This was +just the distance from the Menomonees. Du Creux, although following the +_Relation_ of 1643, makes Nicolet an ambassador of the Hurons, for he +says (Hist. Canada, p. 360): "When he [Nicolet] was two days distant +[from the Winnebagoes], he sent forward one of his own company to make +known to the nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador +was approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to +secure their friendship." But the following is the account of Vimont +(_Relation_, 1643, p. 3), from the time of Nicolet's departure from the +Huron villages to his being met by the young men of the Winnebagoes: + +"Ils [_Nicolet and his seven Hurons_] passerent par quantite de petites +nations, en allant et en reuenant; lors qu'ils y arriuoient, ils +fichoient deux bastons en terre, auquel ils pendoient des presens, afin +d'oster a ces peuples la pensee de les prendre pour ennemis et de les +massacrer. A deux iournees de cette nation, il enuoya vn de ces Sauuages +porter la nouuelle de la paix, laquelle fut bien receue, nommement quand +on entendit que c'estoit vn European qui portoit la parole. On depescha +plusieurs ieunes gens pour aller au deuant du Manitouiriniou, c'est a +dire de l'homme merueilleux; on y vient, on le conduit, on porte tout son +bagage."] + +[Footnote 57: Compare Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West," p. xx. +"Il [_Nicolet_] estoit reuestu d'vne grande robe de damas de la Chine, +toute parsemee de fleurs et d'oyseaux de diuerses couleurs."--Vimont, +_Relation_, 1643, p. 3.] + +[Footnote 58: Wisconsin takes its name from its principal river, which +drains an extensive portion of its surface. It rises in Lake Vieux +Desert (which is partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin), flows +generally a south course to Portage, in what is now Columbia county, +where it turns to the southwest, and, after a further course of one +hundred and eighteen miles, with a rapid current, reaches the +Mississippi river, four miles below Prairie du Chien. Its entire length +is about four hundred and fifty miles, descending, in that distance, a +little more than one thousand feet. Along the lower portion of the +stream are the high lands or river hills. Some of these hills present +high and precipitous faces towards the water. Others terminate in knobs. +The name is supposed to have been taken from this feature; the word +being derived from _mis-si_, great, and _os-sin_, a stone or rock. + +Compare Shea's _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi_, pp. 6 +(note) and 268; Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, p. 2 (note); +Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, p. 220 and note. + +Two definitions of the word are current--as widely differing from each +other as from the one just given. (See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I., p. +111, and Webster's Dic., Unabridged, p. 1632.) The first--"the gathering +of the waters"--has no corresponding words in Algonquin at all +resembling the name; the same may be said of the second--"wild rushing +channel." (See Otchipwe Dic. of Rev. F. Baraga.) + +Since first used by the French, the word "Wisconsin" has undergone +considerable change. On the map by Joliet, recently brought to light by +Gravier, it is given as "Miskonsing." In Marquette's journal, published +by Thevenot, in Paris, 1681, it is noted as the "Meskousing." It +appeared there for the first time in print. Hennepin, in 1683, wrote +"Onisconsin" and "Misconsin;" Charlevoix, 1743, "Ouisconsing;" Carver, +1766, "Ouisconsin" (English--"Wisconsin"): since which last mentioned +date, the orthography has been uniform.] + +[Footnote 59: "Si tost qu'on l'apperceut toutes les femmes et les enfans +s'enfuirent, voyant vn homme porter le tonnerre en ses deux mains (c'est +ainsi qu'ils nommoient deux pistolets qu'il tenoit)."--Vimont, +_Relation_, 1643, p. 3. + +Du Creux (Hist. Canada, p. 360) has this rendering of Vimont's language: +"He [Nicolet] carried in each hand a small pistol. When he had +discharged these (for he must have done this, though the French author +does not mention the fact), the more timid persons, boys and women, +betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible from a man +who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands." And thus Parkman +("Discovery of the Great West," p. xx.): "[Nicolet] advanced to meet the +expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children +fled, screaming that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and +lightning."] + +[Footnote 60: Synonyms: Ouinipigou, Ouinbegouc, Ouinipegouc, +Ouenibegoutz--Gens de Mer, Gens de Eaux de Mer--Des Puans, Des Puants, +La Nation des Puans, La Nation des Puants, Des Gens Puants. + +By the Hurons, this nation was known as A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (_Relation_, +1636, p. 92); by the Sioux, as Ontonkah; but they called themselves +Otchagras, Hochungara, Ochungarand, or Horoji.] + +[Footnote 61: Champlain's map of 1632 gives them that location. La Jeune +(_Relation_, 1639, p. 55) approximates their locality thus: + +... "Nous auons aussi pense d'appliquer quelques-vns a la connoissance de +nouuelles langues. Nous iettions les yeux sur trois autres des Peuples +plus voisins: sur celle des Algonquains, espars de tous costez, et au +Midy, et au Septentrion de nostre grand Lac; sur celle de la Nation +neutre, qui est vne maistresse porte pour les pais meridionaux, et sur +celle de la Nation des Puants, qui est vn passage des plus considerables +pour les pais Occidentaux, vn peu plus Septentrionaux." + +"We [the missionaries] have also thought of applying ourselves, some of +us, to the task of acquiring a knowledge of new languages. We turn our +eyes on three other nations nearer: on that of the Algonquins, scattered +on every side, both to the south and north of our great lake [Huron]; on +that of the Neuter nation, which affords a principal entrance to the +countries on south; and on that of the nation of the Puants +[Winnebagoes], which is one of the more important thoroughfares to the +western countries, a little more northern."] + +[Footnote 62: Fox river heads in the northeastern part of Columbia +county, Wisconsin, and in the adjoining portions of Green Lake county. +Flowing, at first, southwest and then due west, it approaches the +Wisconsin at Portage, county-seat of Columbia county. When within less +than two miles of that river, separated from it by only a low, sandy +plain--the famous "portage" of early days--it turns abruptly northward, +and with a sluggish current, continues on this course, for twelve miles, +to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of which is now +Marquette county, Wisconsin. It now begins a wide curve, which brings +its direction finally around due east. Lake Buffalo is merely an +expansion of the river, thirteen and one-half miles long and half a mile +wide. From the foot of this lake, the river runs in an irregular, +easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Puckaway +lake, which is eight and one-fourth miles in length, and from one to two +miles wide. At the foot of this lake there are wide marshes through +which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long, +narrow bend to the west, begins a northeast stretch, which it continues +for a considerable distance, passing, after receiving the waters of Wolf +river, around in a curve to the southeast through Big Butte Des Morts +lake, and reaching Lake Winnebago, into which it flows at the city of +Oshkosh. + +The river leaves Winnebago lake in two channels, at the cities of +Menasha and Neenah, flowing in a westerly course to the Little Butte Des +Morts lake, and through the latter in a north course, when it soon takes +a northeasterly direction, which it holds until it empties into the head +of Green bay. The stream gets its name from the Fox tribe of Indians +formerly residing in its valley. Upon Champlain's map of 1632, it is +noted as "Riviere des Puans;" that is, "River of the Puans"--Winnebago +river. The name Neenah (water), sometimes applied to it, is a misnomer.] + +[Footnote 63: "Plus auant encore sur les mesmes riues habitent les +Ouinipigou [Winnebagoes], peuples sedentaires qui sont en grand +nombre."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.] + +[Footnote 64: "Tous ces peuples entendent l'Algonquin, excepte les +Hurons, qui out vne langue a part, comme aussi les Ouinipigou +[Winnebagoes] ou gens de mer."--Ibid.] + +[Footnote 65: The Winnebagoes and some bands of Sioux were the only +Dakotas that crossed the Mississippi in their migratory movement +eastward.] + +[Footnote 66: Says Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, pp. 3, 4): "La nouuelle de +sa venue s'espandit incontinent aux lieu circonuoisins: il se fit vne +assemblee, de quartre ou cinq mille hommes." + +But this number is lessened somewhat by the _Relation_ of 1656 (p. 39): + +"Vn Francois m'a dit autrefois, qu'il auoit veu trois mille hommes dans +vne assemblee qui se fit pour traiter de paix, au Pais des gens de Mer." + +"A Frenchman [Nicolet] told me some time ago, that he had seen three +thousand men together in one assemblage, for the purpose of making a +treaty of peace in the country of the People of the Sea [Winnebagoes]."] + +[Footnote 67: "Chacun des principaux fit son festin, en l'vn desquels on +seruit au moins six-vingts Castors."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 68: Shea ("Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi +Valley," p. 20) has evidently caught the true idea of Nicolet's mission +to the Winnebagoes. He says: "With these [Winnebagoes] Nicolet entered +into friendly relations."] + +[Footnote 69: Synonyms: Masscoutens, Maskoutens, Maskouteins, +Musquetens, Machkoutens, Maskoutench, etc. They were called by the +French, "Les Gens de Feu"--the Nation of Fire; by the Hurons, +"Assistagueronons" or "Atsistaehronons," from _assista_, fire and +_ronons_, people; that is, Fire-People or Fire-Nation. By Champlain, +they were noted, in 1632, as "Les Gens de Feu a Bistagueronons" on his +map. This is a misprint for "Assistagueronons," as his "Voyages" of that +year shows. I., p. 262 [272]. + +"The Fire Nation bears this name erroneously, calling themselves +Maskoutench, which signifies 'a land bare of trees,' such as that which +these people inhabit; but because by the change of a few letters, the +same word signifies, 'fire,' from thence it has come that they are +called the 'Fire Nation.'"--_Relation_, 1671, p. 45.] + +[Footnote 70: Synonyms: Sauks, Saukis, Ousakis, Sakys, etc.] + +[Footnote 71: Synonyms: Outagamis, Les Renards, Musquakies.] + +[Footnote 72: The distance by days up the Fox river of Green bay from +the Winnebagoes to the Mascoutins, is given in accordance with the +earliest accounts of canoe navigation upon that stream. The first white +persons to pass up the river after Nicolet were Allouez and his +attendants, in April, 1670. That missionary (_Relation_, 1670, pp. 96, +97, 99), says: + +"The 16th of April [1670], I embarked to go and commence the mission of +the Outagamis [Fox Indians], a people well known in all these parts. We +were lying at the head of the bay [Green bay], at the entrance of the +River of the Puants [Fox river], which we have named 'St. Francis;' in +passing, we saw clouds of swans, bustards, and ducks; the savages take +them in nets at the head of the bay, where they catch as many as fifty +in a night; this game, in the autumn, seek the wild rice that the wind +has shaken off in the month of September. + +"The 17th [of April of the same year], we went up the River St. Francis +[the Fox]--two and sometimes three arpens wide. After having advanced +four leagues, we found the village of the savages named Saky [Sacs, +Saukis, or Sauks], who began a work that merits well here to have its +place. From one side of the river to the other, they made a barricade, +planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that +there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishers, who, by the aid of +a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish +which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between +the stakes. They call this device Mitihikan ["Mitchiganen" or +"Machihiganing," now "Michigan"]; they make use of it in the spring and +a part of the summer. + +"The 18th [of the same month], we made the portage which they call +Kekaling [afterwards variously spelled, and pronounced "Cock-o-lin;" +meaning, it is said, the place of the fish. In the fall of 1851, a +village was laid out there, which is known as Kaukauna]; our sailors +drew the canoe through the rapids; I walked on the bank of the river, +where I found apple-trees and vine stocks [grape vines] in abundance. + +"The 19th [April], our sailors ascended the rapids, by using poles, for +two leagues. I went by land as far as the other portage, which they call +Oukocitiming; that is to say, the highway. We observed this same day the +eclipse of the sun, predicted by the astrologers, which lasted from +mid-day until two o'clock. The third, or near it, of the body of the sun +appeared eclipsed; the other two-thirds formed a crescent. We arrived, +in the evening, at the entrance of the Lake of the Puants [Winnebago +lake], which we have called Lake St. Francis; it is about twelve leagues +long and four wide; it is situated from north-northeast to +south-southwest; it abounds in fish, but uninhabited, on account of the +Nardoueecis [Sioux], who are here dreaded. + +"The 20th [of April, 1670], which was on Sunday, I said mass, after +having navigated five or six leagues in the lake; after which, we +arrived in a river [the Fox, at what is now Oshkosh], that comes from a +lake of wild rice [Big Butte Des Morts lake], which we came into; at the +foot [head] of which we found the river [the Wolf] which leads to the +Outagamis [Fox Indians] on one side, and that [the Fox] which leads to +the Machkoutenck [Mascoutins] on the other. We entered into the former +[the Wolf].... + +"The 29th [of April of the same year, having returned from the Fox +Indians living up the Wolf river], we entered into the [Fox] river, +which leads to the Machkoutench [Mascoutins], called Assista +Ectaeronnons, Fire Nation ["Gens de Feu"], by the Hurons. This [Fox] +river is very beautiful, without rapids or portages [above the mouth of +the Wolf]; it flows to [from] the southwest. + +"The 30th [of April, 1670], having disembarked opposite the village [of +the Mascoutins], and left our canoe at the water's edge, after a walk of +a league, over beautiful prairies, we perceived the fort [of the +Mascoutins]."] + +[Footnote 73: Champlain's "Les Voyages de la Novvelle France," I., p. +262 [272], previously cited. Upon Champlain's Map of 1632, they are +located beyond and to the south of Lake Huron, he having no knowledge of +Lake Michigan. In his "Voyages," his words are: "Ils [the Cheveux +Releves--Ottawas] sont la guerre, a vne autre nation de Sauuages, qui +s'appellent Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens de feu, esloignez d'eux +de dix iournees." Sagard, in 1636 ("Histoire du Canada," p. 201), is +equally indefinite as to locality, though placing them westward of the +south end of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, "nine or ten days' journey +by canoe, which makes about two hundred leagues, or more." He says: +"Tous essemble [the different bands of the Ottawas] sont la guerre a une +autre nation nommee Assistagueronon, qui veut dire gens feu: car en +langue Huronne Assista signifie de feu and Eronon signifie Nation. Ils +sont esloignez d'eux a ce qu'on tient, de neuf ou dix iournees de +Canots, qui sont enuiron deux cens lieues et plus de chemin."] + +[Footnote 74: Allouez (_Relation_, 1670, p. 99, before cited) is the +first to give their position with any degree of certainty. Unless, under +the name of "Rasaoua koueton," the Mascoutins were not mentioned by +Nicolet, in the list given to Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35). The "R" +should, probably, have been "M," thus: "Masaoua koueton."] + +[Footnote 75: Synonyms: Miamees, Miramis, Myamicks, Omianicks, +Ommiamies, Oumis, Oumiamies, Oumiamiwek, Oumamis, Twightwees. As to +their place of abode, see Shea's _Hennepin_, p. 258.] + +[Footnote 76: Synonyms: Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, +Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicapouz, etc.] + +[Footnote 77: The name of this river is from the Algonquin _missi_, +great, and _sepe_, water, or river. The popular notion that it means +"the father of waters," is erroneous.] + +[Footnote 78: "Le Sieur Nicolet qui a le plus auant penetre dedans ces +pays si esloignes m'a asseure que s'il eust vogue trois iours plus auant +sur vn grand fleuue qui sort de ce lac, qu'il auroit trouue la +mer."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 36.] + +[Footnote 79: That such was the fact, and that he did not reach the +Wisconsin river, is deduced from the language of the _Relations_; also, +from a consideration of the length of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers below +the "portage," where they very nearly approach each other; and from a +study of the time usually employed, at an early day, in their +navigation. It has, however, been extensively published that Nicolet did +reach the Wisconsin, and float down its channel to within three days of +the Mississippi. Now, Nicolet, in speaking of a large river upon which +he had sailed, evidently intended to convey the idea of its being +connected with "ce lac" (this lake); that is, with Green bay and Lake +Michigan--the two being merged into one by Vimont. Hence, he must have +spoken of the Fox river. But Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 36) understood +him as saying, "that, had he sailed three days more on a great river +which _flows from_ that lake, he would have found the sea." + +The _Relation_, it will be noticed, says, "had he sailed three days +more," etc. This implies a sailing already of some days. But such could +not have been the case had he been upon the Wisconsin; as that river is +only one hundred and eighteen miles in length, below the portage, and +the time of its canoe navigation between three and four days only; +whereas, upon the Fox, it was nine days; six, from its mouth to the +Mascoutins, as previously shown, and three from the Mascoutins to the +Wisconsin. + +The first white men who passed up the Fox river above the Mascoutins, +were Louis Joliet and Father James Marquette, with five French +attendants, in June, 1673. "We knew," says Marquette, "that there was, +three leagues from Maskoutens [Mascoutins], a river [Wisconsin] emptying +into the Mississippi; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we +were to hold to reach it, was the west-southwest; but the way is so cut +up by marshes, and little lakes, that it is easy to go astray, +especially as the river leading to it is so covered by wild oats, that +you can hardly discover the channel." + +That Marquette, instead of "three leagues" intended to say "thirty +leagues" or "three days," it is evident to any one acquainted with the +Fox river from the "portage" down; besides, the mistake is afterward +corrected in his narrative as well as on his map accompanying it, where +the home of the Mascoutins is marked as indicated by Allouez in the +_Relation_ of 1670. See, also, the map of Joliet, before alluded to, as +recently published by Gravier, where the same location is given. Joliet +and Marquette were seven days in their journey from the Mascoutins to +the Mississippi; this gave them three days upon the Fox and four upon +the Wisconsin (including the delay at the portage). Canoes have +descended from the portage in two days. + +The _Relation_ of 1670 (pp. 99, 100) says: "These people [the +Mascoutins] are established in a very fine place, where we see beautiful +plains and level country, as far as the eye reaches. Their river leads +into a great river called Messisipi; [to which] their is a navigation of +only six days." + +But the question is evidently settled by the _Relation_ of 1654 (p. 30), +which says: + +"It is only nine days' journey from this great lake [Green bay and Lake +Michigan--'Lac de gens de mer'] to the sea;" where "the sea," referred +to, is, beyond doubt, identical with "la mer" of Nicolet.] + +[Footnote 80: "Or i'ay de fortes coniectures que c'est la mer [mentioned +by Nicolet] qui respond au Nord de la Nouuelle Mexique, et que de cette +mer, on auroit entree vers le Iapon et vers la Chine, neantmoins comme +on ne scait pas ou tire ce grand lac, ou cette mer douce, ce seroit vne +entreprise genereuse d'aller descouurir ces contrees. Nos Peres qui sont +aux Hurons, inuites par quelques Algonquins, sont sur le point de donner +iusques a ces gens de l'autre mer, dont i'ay parle cy-dessus; peut estre +que ce voyage se reseruera pour l'vn de nous qui auons quelque petite +cognoissance de la langue Algonquine."--Vimont, _Relations_, 1640, p. +36.] + +[Footnote 81: "The twenty-fourth day of June [1640], there arrived an +Englishman, with a servant, brought in boats by twenty Abnaquiois +savages. He set out from the lake or river Quinibequi in Acadia, where +the English have a settlement, in order to search for a passage through +these countries to the North sea.... M. de Montmagny had him brought to +Tadoussac, in order that he might return to England by way of France. + +"He told us wonderful things of New Mexico. 'I learned,' said he, 'that +one can sail to that country by means of the seas which lie to the north +of it. Two years ago, I explored all the southern coast from Virginia to +Quinebiqui to try whether I could not find some large river or some +large lake which should bring me to tribes having knowledge of this sea, +which is northward from Mexico. Not having found any such in these +countries, I entered into the Saguene region, to penetrate, if I could, +with the savages of the locality, as far as to the northern sea.' + +"In passing, I will say that we have strong indications that one can +descend through the second lake of the Hurons [Lake Michigan and Green +bay] and through the country of the nations we have named [as having +been visited by Nicolet] into this sea which he [the Englishman] was +trying to find."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35.] + +[Footnote 82: Synonyms: Ilinois, Ilinoues, Illini, Illiniweck, +Tilliniwek, Ilimouek, Liniouek, Abimigek, Eriniouaj, etc.] + +[Footnote 83: Vimont (_Relation_, 1640, p. 35) gives information derived +from Nicolet, of the existence of the Illinois (Eriniouaj) as neighbors +of the Winnebagoes. And the _Relation_, 1656 (p. 39), says: "The +Liniouek [Illinois], their neighbors [that is, the neighbors of the +Winnebagoes], number about sixty villages." Champlain locates a tribe, +on his map of 1632, south of the Mascoutins, as a "nation where there is +a quantity of buffaloes." This nation was probably the Illinois.] + +[Footnote 84: As Nicolet proceeded no further to the westward than six +days' sail up the Fox river of Green bay, of course, the "Nadvesiv" +(Sioux) and "Assinipour" (Assiniboins) were not visited by him.] + +[Footnote 85: Synonyms: Pottawottamies, Poutouatamis, Pouteouatamis, +Pouutouatami, Poux, Poueatamis, Pouteouatamiouec, etc.] + +[Footnote 86: Such, at least, was their location a few years after the +visit of Nicolet. The islands occupied were those farthest south.] + +[Footnote 87: Vimont, _Relation_, 1640, p. 35. In the _Relation_ of +1643, it is expressly stated that Nicolet visited some of the tribes on +his return voyage.] + +[Footnote 88: Says Margry (_Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_, +1862): "Les peuples que le pere dit avoir ete pour la plupart visites +par Nicolet sont les Malhominis ou Gens de la Folle Avoine +[_Menomonees_], les Ouinipigous ou Puans [_Winnebagoes_], puis les +Pouteouatami [_Pottawattamies_], les Eriniouaj (ou Illinois)," etc.] + +[Footnote 89: It is highly probable that Nicolet commenced his return +trip so soon, in the spring of 1635, as the warm weather had freed Green +bay of its coat of ice. Leaving the Winnebagoes, as soon as navigation +opened in the spring, he would have only about ten weeks to reach the +St. Lawrence by the middle of July--the time, probably, of his return, +as previously mentioned; whereas, having left Quebec July 2, for the +west, he had about five months before navigation closed on the lakes, to +arrive out. Sault Sainte Marie must, of necessity, therefore, have been +visited in _going to_ the Winnebagoes.] + +[Footnote 90: "To the south of the Nation of the Beaver is an island, in +that fresh-water sea [Lake Huron], about thirty leagues in length, +inhabited by the Outaouan [Ottawas]. These are a people come from the +nation of the Standing Hair [Cheveux Releves]."--Vimont, _Relation_, +1640, p. 34. In William R. Smith's translation of so much of this +_Relation_ as names the various tribes visited by Nicolet (Hist. Wis., +Vol. III., p. 10), what relates to the Cheveux Releves is +omitted--probably by accident. On a large island, corresponding as to +locality with the Great Manitoulin, is placed, on Du Creux' Map of 1660, +the "natio surrectorum capillorum"--identical with the Cheveux Releves, +just mentioned. + +The Ottawas were first visited by Champlain. This was in the year 1615. +They lived southwest of the Hurons. It was he who gave them the name +Cheveux Releves--Standing Hair. Sagard saw some of them subsequently, +and calls them Andatahonats. See his "Histoire du Canada," p. 199. + +Although, in the citation from the _Relation_ of 1640, just given, the +band of the Ottawas upon the Great Manitoulin are said to have "come +from the nation of the Standing Hair," it does not fix the residence of +those from whom they came as in the valley of the Ottawa river. On the +contrary, Champlain, in his "Voyages" and Map, places them in an +opposite direction, not far from the south end of the Nottawassaga bay +of Lake Huron. Says J. G. Shea (Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., III., 135): +"There is no trace in the early French writers of any opinion then +entertained that they [the Ottawas] had ever been [resided] in the +valley of the Ottawa river. After the fall of the Hurons [who were cut +off by the Iroquois a number of years subsequent to Nicolet's visit], +when trade was re-opened with the west, all tribes there were called +Ottawas, and the river, as leading to the Ottawa country, got the +name."] + +[Footnote 91: As the traffic with the Hurons took place at Three Rivers, +between the 15th and 23d of July, 1635, it is highly probable that +Nicolet reached there some time during that month, on his way to +Quebec.] + +[Footnote 92: Vimont (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4) thus briefly disposes of +Nicolet's return trip from the Winnebagoes: "La paix fut conclue; il +retourna aux Hurons, et de la a quelque temps aux Trois Riuieres."] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +NICOLET'S SUBSEQUENT CAREER AND DEATH. + + +It is not difficult to imagine the interest which must have been +awakened in the breast of Champlain upon the return of Nicolet to +Quebec. With what delight he must have heard his recital of the +particulars of the voyage! How he must have been enraptured at the +descriptions of lakes of unknown extent; of great rivers never before +heard of--never before seen by a Frenchman! How his imagination must +have kindled when told of the numerous Indian nations which had been +visited! But, above all, how fondly he hoped one day to bring all these +distant countries under the dominion of his own beloved France! But the +heart thus beating quick with pleasurable emotions at the prospects of +future glory and renown, soon ceased its throbs. On Christmas day, 1635, +Champlain died. In a chamber of the fort in Quebec, "breathless and +cold, lay the hardy frame which war, the wilderness, and the sea had +buffeted so long in vain." + +The successor of Champlain was Marc Antoine de Bras-de-fer de +Chasteaufort. He was succeeded by Charles Huault de Montmagny, who +reached New France in 1636. With him came a considerable reinforcement; +"and, among the rest, several men of birth and substance, with their +families and dependents." But Montmagny found the affairs of his colony +in a woful condition. The "Company of One Hundred" had passed its +affairs into the hands of those who were wholly engrossed in the profits +of trade. Instead of sending out colonists, the Hundred Associates +"granted lands, with the condition that the grantees should furnish a +certain number of settlers to clear and till them, and these were to be +credited to the company." The Iroquois, who, from their intercourse with +the Dutch and English traders, had been supplied with firearms, and were +fast becoming proficient in their use, attacked the Algonquins and +Hurons--allies of the French, interrupting their canoes, laden with +furs, as they descended the St. Lawrence, killing their owners, or +hurrying them as captives into the forests, to suffer the horrors of +torture. + +At a point to which was given the name of Sillery, four miles above +Quebec, a new Algonquin mission was started; still, in the immediate +neighborhood of the town, the dark forests almost unbroken frowned as +gloomily as when, thirty years before, Champlain founded the future +city. Probably, in all New France, the population, in 1640, did not much +exceed two hundred, including women and children. On the eighteenth of +May, 1642, Montreal began its existence. The tents of the founders were +"inclosed with a strong palisade, and their altar covered by a +provisional chapel, built, in the Huron mode, of bark." But the Iroquois +had long before become the enemies of the French, sometimes seriously +threatening Quebec. So, upon the Island of Montreal, every precaution +was taken to avoid surprise. Solid structures of wood soon defied the +attacks of the savages; and, to give greater security to the colonists, +Montmagny caused a fort to be erected at the mouth of the Richelieu, in +the following August. But the end of the year 1642 brought no relief to +the Algonquins or Hurons, and little to the French, from the ferocious +Iroquois. + +It was not long after Nicolet's return to Quebec, from his visit to "the +People of the Sea," and neighboring nations, before he was assigned to +Three Rivers by Champlain, where he was to continue his office of +commissary and interpreter; for, on the ninth of December, 1635, he +"came to give advice to the missionaries who were dwelling at the +mission that a young Algonquin was sick; and that it would be proper to +visit him."[93] And, again, on the seventh of the following month, he is +found visiting, with one of the missionaries, a sick Indian, near the +fort, at Three Rivers.[94] His official labors were performed to the +great satisfaction of both French and Indians, by whom he was equally +and sincerely loved. He was constantly assisting the missionaries, so +far as his time would permit, in the conversion of the savages, whom he +knew how to manage and direct as he desired, and with a skill that could +hardly find its equal. His kindness won their esteem and respect. His +charity seemed, indeed, to know no bounds.[95] As interpreter for one of +the missionaries, he accompanied him from Three Rivers on a journey some +leagues distant, on the twelfth of April, 1636, to visit some savages +who were sick; thus constantly administering to their sufferings.[96] + +Notwithstanding the colonists of New France were living in a state of +temporal and spiritual vassalage, yet the daring Nicolet, and others of +the interpreters of Champlain, although devout Catholics and friendly to +the establishment of missions among the Indian nations, were not +Jesuits, nor in the service of these fathers; neither was their's the +mission work, in any sense, which was so zealously prosecuted by these +disciples of Loyola. They were a small class of men, whose home--some of +them--was the forest, and their companions savages. They followed the +Indians in their roamings, lived with them, grew familiar with their +language, allied themselves, in some cases, with their women, and often +became oracles in the camp and leaders on the war-path. Doubtless, when +they returned from their rovings, they often had pressing need of +penance and absolution. Several of them were men of great intelligence +and an invincible courage. From hatred of restraint, and love of wild +and adventurous independence, they encountered privations and dangers +scarcely less than those to which the Jesuit exposed himself from +motives widely different:--he, from religious zeal, charity, and the +hope of paradise; they, simply because they liked it. Some of the best +families of Canada claim descent from this vigorous and hardy stock.[97] + +"The Jesuits from the first had cherished the plan of a seminary for +Huron boys at Quebec. The governor and the company favored the design; +since not only would it be an efficient means of spreading the faith and +attaching the tribe to the French interest, but the children would be +pledges for the good behavior of the parents, and hostages for the +safety of missionaries and traders in the Indian towns. In the summer of +1636, Father Daniel, descending from the Huron country, worn, emaciated, +his cassock patched and tattered, and his shirt in rags, brought with +him a boy, to whom two others were soon added; and through the influence +of the interpreter, Nicolet, the number was afterward increased by +several more. One of them ran away, two ate themselves to death, a +fourth was carried home by his father, while three of those remaining +stole a canoe, loaded it with all they could lay their hands upon, and +escaped in triumph with their plunder."[98] + +Nicolet frequently visited Quebec. Upon one of these occasions he had a +narrow escape. He found the St. Lawrence incumbered with ice. Behind him +there came so great a quantity of it that he was compelled to get out of +his canoe and jump upon one of the floating pieces. He saved himself +with much difficulty and labor. This happened in April, 1637.[99] On the +twenty-seventh of the same month Nicolet was present at Quebec, on the +occasion of a deputation of Indians from Three Rivers waiting upon the +governor, asking a favor at his hands promised by Champlain. He was +consulted as to what the promise of the former governor was.[100] + +In June, he was sent, it seems, up from the fort at Three Rivers to +ascertain whether the Iroquois were approaching. He went as far as the +river Des Prairies--the name for the Ottawa on the north side of the +island of Montreal.[101] In August, the enemy threatened Three Rivers in +force. The French and Indians in the fort could not be decoyed into +danger. However, a boat was sent up the St. Lawrence, conducted by +Nicolet. The bark approached the place where the Iroquois were, but +could not get within gun-shot; yet a random discharge did some +execution. The enemy were judged to be about five hundred strong. +Although the fort at Three Rivers was thus seriously threatened, no +attack was made.[102] + +On the seventh of October, 1637, Nicolet was married at Quebec to +Marguerite Couillard, a god-child of Champlain.[103] The fruit of this +marriage was but one child--a daughter. Nicolet continued his residence +at Three Rivers, largely employed in his official duties of commissary +and interpreter, remaining there until the time of his death.[104] In +1641, he, with one of the Jesuit fathers, was very busy in dealing with +a large force of Iroquois that was threatening the place.[105] + +About the first of October, 1642, Nicolet was called down to Quebec from +Three Rivers, to take the place of his brother-in-law, M. Olivier le +Tardiff, who was General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, and who +sailed on the seventh of that month for France. The change was a very +agreeable one to Nicolet, but he did not long enjoy it; for, in less +than a month after his arrival, in endeavoring to make a trip to his +place of residence to release an Indian prisoner in the possession of a +band of Algonquins, who were slowly torturing him, his zeal and humanity +cost him his life.[106] On the 27th of October,[107] he embarked at +Quebec, near seven o'clock in the evening, in the launch of M. de +Savigny, which was headed for Three Rivers. He had not yet reached +Sillery, when a northeast squall raised a terrible tempest on the St. +Lawrence and filled the boat. Those who were in it did not immediately +go down; they clung some time to the launch. Nicolet had time to say to +M. de Savigny, "Save yourself, sir; you can swim; I can not. I am going +to God. I recommend to you my wife and daughter."[108] + +The wild waves tore the men, one after another, from the boat, which +had capsized and floated against a rock, and four, including Nicolet, +sank to rise no more.[109] M. de Savigny alone cast himself into the +water, and swam among the waves, which were like small mountains. The +launch was not very far from the shore, but it was pitch dark, and the +bitter cold had covered the river banks with ice. Savigny, feeling his +resolution and his strength failing him, made a vow to God, and a +little after, reaching down with his feet, he felt the bottom, and +stepping out of the water, he reached Sillery half dead. For quite a +while he was unable to speak; then, at last, he recounted the fatal +accident which, besides the death of Nicolet--disastrous to the whole +country--had cost him three of his best men and a large part of his +property. He and his wife suffered this great loss, in a barbarous +country, with great patience and resignation to the will of God, and +without losing any of their courage.[110] + +The savages of Sillery, at the report of Nicolet's shipwreck, ran to the +place, and not seeing him any where, displayed indescribable sorrow. It +was not the first time he had exposed himself to danger of death for the +good of the Indians. He had done so frequently. Thus perished John +Nicolet, in the waters of the great river of Canada--the red man and the +Frenchman alike mourning his untimely fate.[111] + +Twelve days after the shipwreck, the prisoner to the Algonquins, for +whose deliverance Nicolet started on his journey, arrived at +Sillery--the commander at Three Rivers, following the order of the +governor, having ransomed him. He was conducted to the hospital of the +place to be healed of the injuries he had received from his captors. +They had stripped the flesh from his arms, in some places to the bone. +The nuns at the hospital cared for him with much sympathy, and cured him +so quickly that in a month's time he was able to return to his country. +All the neophytes showed him as much compassion and charity as the +Algonquins had displayed of cruelty. They gave him two good, +Christianized savages to escort him as far as the country of a +neighboring tribe of his own, to the end that he might reach his home in +safety.[112] + +After the return of the French to Quebec, the Jesuits, as previously +mentioned, were commissioned with the administration of spiritual +affairs in New France. Some of these turned their attention to the +Europeans; the rest were employed in missions among the savages. In the +autumn of 1635, the residences and missions of Canada contained fifteen +Fathers and five Brothers of the Society of Jesus. At Quebec, there were +also formed two seculars--ecclesiastics. One of these was a brother of +Nicolet.[113] He had come from Cherbourg to join him upon the St. +Lawrence; and, during his residence in the colony, which was continued +to 1647, he was employed in visiting French settlements at a distance +from Quebec.[114] Another brother--Pierre--who was a navigator, also +resided in Canada, but left the country some time after Nicolet's +death.[115] The widow of Nicolet was married at Quebec, in 1646, to +Nicholas Macard. + +Nicolet's discoveries, although not immediately followed up because of +the hostility of the Iroquois and the lack of the spirit of adventure in +Champlain's successor, caused, finally, great results. He had unlocked +the door to the Far West, where, afterward, were seen the fur-trader, +the _voyageur_, the Jesuit missionary, and the government agent. New +France was extended to the Mississippi and beyond; yet Nicolet did not +live to witness the progress of French trade and conquest in the +countries he had discovered. + +The name of the family of Nicolet appears to have been extinguished in +Canada, with the departure of M. Gilles Nicolet, priest, already +mentioned; but the respect which the worthy interpreter had deserved +induced the people of Three Rivers to perpetuate his memory. The example +had been given before his death. We read in the _Relation_ of 1637 that +the river St. John, near Montreal (now the river Jesus), took its name +from _John_ Nicolet. To-day Canada has the river, the lake, the falls, +the village, the city, the college, and the county of Nicolet.[116] From +the United States--especially from the Northwest--equal honor is due. + +"History can not refrain from saluting Nicolet as a disinterested +traveler, who, by his explorations in the interior of America, has given +clear proofs of his energetic character, and whose merits have not been +disputed, although subsequently they were temporarily forgotten." The +first fruits of his daring were gathered by the Jesuit fathers even +before his death; for, in the autumn of 1641, those of them who were +among the Hurons received a deputation of Indians occupying "the country +around a rapid, in the midst of the channel by which Lake Superior +empties into Lake Huron," inviting them to visit their tribe. These +"missionaries were not displeased with the opportunity thus presented of +knowing the countries lying beyond Lake Huron, which no one of them had +yet traversed;" so Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault were detached to +accompany the Chippewa deputies, and view the field simply, not to +establish a mission. They passed along the shore of Lake Huron, +northward, and pushed as far up St. Mary's strait as the "Sault," which +they reached after seventeen days' sail from their place of starting. +There they--the first white men to visit the Northwest after +Nicolet--harangued two thousand of that nation, and other Algonquins. +Upon their return to the St. Lawrence, Jogues was captured by the +Iroquois, and Raymbault died on the twenty-second of October, 1642--a +few days before the death of Nicolet. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 93: "Le neufiesme de Decembre, iustement le lendemain de la +feste de la Conception, le sieur Iean Nicolet, Truchement pour les +Algonquins aux Trois Riuieres, vint donner aduis aux Peres, qui +demeuroient en la Residence de la Conception sise au mesme lieu, qu'vn +ieune Algonquin se trouuoit mal, et qu'il seroit a prospos de le +visiter."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 8.] + +[Footnote 94: "Le septiesme de Ianuier de cette annee mil six cens +trente six, le fils d'vn grand Sorcier ou Iongleur fut faict Chrestien, +son pere s'y accordant apres de grandes resistances qu'il en fit: car, +comme nos Peres euentoient ses mines, et la decreditoient, il ne pouuoit +les supporter en sa Cabane. Cependant comme son fils tiroit a la mort, +ils prierent le sieur Nicolet de faire son possible pour sauuer cette +ame: ils s'en vont donc le Pere Quentin et luy en cette maison d'ecorce, +pressent fortement ce Sauuage de consentir au baptesme de son petit +fils."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1636, p. 10.] + +[Footnote 95: Le trente-vniesme [of December, 1635], vne fille agee +d'enuiron seize ans fut baptisee, et nommee Anne par vn de nos Francois. +Le Pere Buteux l'instruisant luy dit, que si estant Chrestienne elle +venoit a mourir, son ame iroit au Ciel dans les ioyes eternelles. A ce +mot de mourir, elle eut vne si grande frayeur, qu'elle ne voulut plus +iamais prester l'oreille au Pere; on luy enuoya le Sieur Nicolet +truchement, qui exerce volontiers semblables actions de charite; elle +l'escoute paisiblement; mais comme ses occupations le diuertissent +ailleurs, il ne la pouuoit visiter si souuent: c'est pourquoy le Pere +Quentin s'efforca d'apprendre les premiers rudimens du Christianisme en +Sauuage, afin de la pouuoir instruire. Cela luy reuessit si bien, que +cette pauure fille ayant pris goust a cette doctrine salutaire, desira +le Baptesme que le Pere luy accorda. La grace a plusieurs effects: on +remarqua que cette fille, fort dedaigneuse et altiere de son naturel, +deuint fort douce et traittable, estant Chrestienne.--Ibid. + +"Il [Nicolet] ... continua sa charge de Commis et Interprete [at Three +Rivers] auec vne satisfaction grande des Francois et des Sauuages, +desquels il estoit esgalement et vniquement ayme. Il conspiroit +puissamment, autant que sa charge le permettoit, auec nos Peres, pour la +conuersion de ces peuples, lesquels il scauoit manier et tourner ou il +vouloit d'vne dexterite qui a peine trouuera son pareil."--Vimont, +_Relation_, 1643, p. 4. + +Compare, also, _Relation_, 1637, p. 24.] + +[Footnote 96: "Le deuxieme iour d'Auril, le Pere Quentin fit vn voyage +a quelques lieues des Trois Riuieres [Three Rivers], pour quelques +malades, dont on nous auoit donne aduis. Le fruict qu'il en rapporta fut +d'auoir expose plusieurs fois sa vie pour Dieu, parmy les dangers des +glaces et du mauuais temps. Il se contenta de leur donner quelque +instruction, sans en baptiser aucun, ne les voyant ny en peril de mort, +ny suffisamment instruits. Le sieur Iean Nicolet luy seruit de +truchement, auec sa charite et fidelite ordinaire, dont nos Peres tirent +de grands seruices en semblables occasions."--Le Jeune, _Relation_, +1636, pp. 57, 58.] + +[Footnote 97: Adapted from Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. +165, 166.] + +[Footnote 98: Parkman's "Jesuits in North America," pp. 167, 168, citing +the _Relations_ of 1637 and 1638. Father Le Jeune (_Relation_, 1636, p. +75) says: "Comme i'ecry cecy le vingt-huictieme d'Aoust, voila que le +Pere Buteux me mande le depart du Pere Ioques, l'arriuee d'vne autre +troupe de Hurons, de qui le sieur Nicolet a encore obtenu trois ieunes +garcons, sur le rapport que leur ont fait leurs compagnons du bon +traittement que Monsieur le General et tous les autres Francois leur +auoient fait."] + +[Footnote 99: Le Jeune, _Relation_, 1637, p. 78.] + +[Footnote 100: Ib., p. 81.] + +[Footnote 101: Ib., p. 84.] + +[Footnote 102: Ib., p. 89.] + +[Footnote 103: See Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., p. +326; also, his "Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec," p. 30, +notes; and Gravier's "Decouvertes et Etablissements de Cavalier de la +Salle," p. 47. + +Nicolet's wife was a daughter of Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette +Hebert. Nicolet's marriage contract was dated at Quebec, October 22, +1637, several days subsequent to his nuptials. This was not an uncommon +thing in New France in early days, but has not been allowed in Canada +for about a century past. The contract was drawn up by Guitet, a +notary of Quebec. There were present Francois Derre de Gand, +Commissaire-General; Olivier le Tardif; Noel Juchereau; Pierre De la +Porte; Guillaume Huboust; Guillaume Hebert; Marie Rollet aieule de la +future epouse; Claude Racine; Etienne Racine.] + +[Footnote 104: The presence of Nicolet at Three Rivers during all these +years (except from March 19, 1638, to January 9, 1639) is shown by +reference to the _Relations_, and to the church register of that place. +See Appendix, I., as to the latter.] + +[Footnote 105: Vimont, _Relation_, 1641, p. 41.] + +[Footnote 106: "Monsieur Oliuier, Commis General de Messieurs de la +Compagnie, estant venu l'an passe en France, le dit sieur Nicollet +descendit a Quebec en sa place, auec vne ioye, et consolation sensible +qu'il eut de se voir dans la paix et la deuotion de Quebec. Mais il n'en +ioueit pas long-temps: car vn mois ou deux apres son arriuee, faisant vn +voyage aux Trois Riuieres pour la deliurance d'vn prisonnier Sauuage, +son zele luy cousta la vie, qu'il perdit dans le naufrage."--Vimont, +_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 107: "I'adiousteray icy vn mot de la vie et de la mort de +Monsieur Nicollet, Interprete et Commis de Messieurs de la Compagnie de +la Nouuelle France; il mourut dix iours apres le Pere [Charles +Raymbault, decede le 22 Octobre, 1642], il auoit demeure vingt-cinq ans +en ces quartiers."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 3. The incorrectness of +this date as to the death of Nicolet will hereafter be shown.] + +[Footnote 108: "Il [_Nicolet_] sembarqua a Quebec sur les sept heures du +soir, dans la chalouppe de Monsieur de Sauigny, qui tiroit vers les +Trois Riuieres; ils n'estoient pas encor arriuez a Sillery, qu'vn coup +de vent de Nord Est, qui auoit excite vne horrible tempeste sur la +grande riuiere, remplit la chalouppe d'eau et la coula a fond, apres luy +auoir fait faire deux ou trois tours dans l'eau. Ceux qui estoient +dedans n'allerent pas incontinent a fond, ils s'attacherent quelque +temps a la challouppe. Monsieur Nicollet eut loisir de dire a Monsieur +de Sauigny: Monsieur, sauuez-vous, vous scauez nager; ie ne le scay pas. +Pour moy ie m'en vay a Dieu; ie vous recommande ma femme et ma +fille."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4. + +Nicolet's daughter afterwards married Jean-Baptiste le Gardeur de +Repentigny, entering into a family which was one of the most +considerable in French America. Her son, Augustin le Gardeur de +Courtemanche,--"officier dans les troupes, se distingua, par de longs et +utiles services dans l'ouest, fut un digne contemporain de Nicolas +Perot, de meme qu'un honorable rejeton de son grandpere +Nicolet."--Sulte's "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature," p. 446.] + +[Footnote 109: It is reasonably certain that the day of Nicolet's death +was October 27, 1642. Compare Margry, in _Journal General de +l'Instruction Publique_, 1862. A recent writer says: + +"Le 29 septembre 1642, aux Trois-Rivieres, le Pere Jean de Brebeuf +baptista deux petites filles de race algonquine dont les parrains et +marraines furent 'Jean Nicolet avec Perrette (nom indien), et Nicolas +Marsolet (l'interprete), avec Marguerite Couillard, femme de M. +Nicolet.' + +"Le 7 octobre suivant eut lieu, a Quebec, le depart des navires pour la +France. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Cette Relation ecrite vers la fin de +l'ete de 1643, raconte ce qui s'est passe apres le depart des navires de +1642. + +"Le sieur Olivier le Tardif partit pour la France cet automne, 1642, et +fut remplace a Quebec, dans sa charge de commis-general de la compagnie +des Cent-Associes, par son beau-frere Nicolet, qui descendit des +Trois-Rivieres expressement pour cela (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), par +consequent entre le 29 septembre et le 7 octobre. + +"Le 19 octobre, un sauvage d'une nation alliee aux Iroquois fut amene +captif aux Trois-Rivieres par les Algonquins de ce lieu, qui le +condamnerent a perir sur le bucher. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 46.) Les Peres +Jesuites et M. des Rochers, le commandant du fort, ayant epuise tous les +arguments qu'ils croyaient pouvoir employer pour induire ces barbares a +ne pas faire mourir leur prisonnier, envoyerent un messager a Quebec +avertir Nicolet de ce qui se passait et reclamer son assistance. +(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.) + +"Ces pourparlers et ces demarches paraissent avoir occupe plusieurs +jours. + +"A cette nouvelle, Nicolet, n'ecoutant que son coeur, s'embarqua a +Quebec, dans la chaloupe de M. Chavigny, vers les sept heures du soir. +L'embarcation n'etait pas arrivee a Sillery, qu'un coup de vent du +nord-est qui avait souleve une grosse tempete, la remplit d'eau et la +coula a fond. M. de Chavigny seul se sauva. La nuit etait tres-noire et +il faisait un froid apre qui avait couvert de 'bordages' les rives du +fleuve. (_Relation_, 1643, p. 4.) + +"Dans ses _Notes sur les registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec_, M. l'abbe +Ferland nous donne le texte de l'acte qui suit: 'Le 29 octobre, on fit +les funerailles de monsieur Nicollet et de trois hommes de M. de +Chavigny, noyes dans une chaloupe qui allait de Quebec a Sillery; les +corps ne furent point trouves.' + +"M. de Chavigny demeurait a Sillery. Il est probable que Nicolet +comptait repartir de la le lendemain, soit a la voile (en chaloupe) ou +en canot d'ecorce, selon l'etat du fleuve, pour atteindre les +Trois-Rivieres. + +"Le captif des Algonquins ayant ete delivre par l'entremise de M. des +Rochers, arriva a Quebec douze jours apres le naufrage de Nicolet +(_Relation_, 1643, p. 4), le 9 novembre (_Relation_, 1643, p. 44), ce +qui fixerait au 27 ou 28 octobre la date demandee. + +"Comme ce malheur eut lieu a la nuit close, pendant une tempete, il est +raisonable de supposer que la recherche des cadavres ne put se faire que +le lendemain, surtout lorsque nous songeons que Sillery n'est pas +Quebec, quoiqu'assez rapproche. Le service funebre dut etre celebre le +troisieme jour, et non pas le lendemain de l'evenement en question. + +"J'adopte donc la date du lundi 27 octobre comme celle de la mort de +Nicolet. + +"Il est vrai que la _Relation_ citee plus haut nous dit (p. 3) que le +Pere Charles Raymbault deceda le 22 octobre, et que la mort de Nicolet +eut lieu dix jours apres; mais l'acte du 29 octobre au registre de +Quebec renverse ce calcul de dix jours qui nous menerait au 1er ou 2 +novembre. + +"La meme _Relation_ (p. 4) dit aussi que Nicolet perit un mois ou deux +apres son arrivee a Quebec, tandis que nous voyons par ce que j'expose +ci-dessus qu'il n'a guere ete plus de trois semaines absent des +Trois-Rivieres avant de partir pour sa fatale expedition. + +"La date du 27 octobre parait irrefutable."--M. Sulte, in _L'Opinion +Publique_, Montreal, July 24, 1879.] + +[Footnote 110: "Les vagues les arracherent tous les vns apres les autres +de la chalouppe, qui flottoit renuersee contre vne roche. Monsieur de +Sauigny seul se ietta a l'eau et nagea parmy des flots et des vagues qui +resembloient a de petites montagnes. La Chalouppe n'estoit pas bien loin +du riuage; mais il estoit nuict toute noire, et faisoit vn froid aspre, +qui auoit desia glace les bords de la riuiere. Le dit sieur de Sauigny, +sentant le coeur et les forces qui luy manquoient, fit vn voeu a Dieu, +et peu apres frappant du pied il sent la terre, et se tirant hors de +l'eau, s'en vint en nostre maison a Sillery a demy mort. Il demeura +assez long-temps sans pouuoir parler; puis enfin il nous raconta le +funeste accident, qui outre la mort de Monsieur Nicollet, dommageable a +tout le pays, luy auoit perdue trois de ses meilleurs hommes et vne +grande partie de son meuble et de ses prouisions. Luy et Mademoiselle sa +femme ont porte cette perte signallee dans vn pays barbare, auec vne +grande patience et resignation a la volonte de Dieu, et sans rien +diminuer de leur courage."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 111: "Les Sauuages de Sillery, au bruit du nauffrage de +Monsieur Nicollet, courent sur le lieu, et ne le voyant plus paroistre, +en tesmoignent des regrets indicibles. Ce n'estoit pas la premiere fois +que cet homme s'estoit expose au danger de la mort pour le bien et le +salut des Sauuages: il l'a faict fort souuent, et nous a laisse des +exemples qui sont au dessus de l'estat d'vn homme marie, et tiennent de +le vie Apostolique et laissent vne enuie au plus feruent Religieux de +l'imiter."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 112: "Douze iours apres leur naufrage, le prisonnier pour la +deliurance duquel il [Nicolet] s'estoit embarque, arriua icy. Monsieur +des Roches commandant aux Trois Riuieres, suiuant l'ordre de Monsieur le +Gouuerneur, l'auoit rachete. Il mit pied a terre a Sillery, et de la fut +conduit a l'Hospital pour estre panse des playes et blessures que les +Algonquins luy auoient faites apres sa capture: ils luy auoient emporte +la chair des bras, en quelques endroits iusques aux os. Les Religieuses +hospitalieres le receurent auec beaucoup de charite, et le firent panser +fort soigneusement, en sorte qu'en trois semaines ou vn mois, il fut en +estat de retourner en son pays. Tous nos Neophytes luy tesmoignerent +autant de compassion et de charite que les Algonquins de la haut luy +auoient montre de cruaute: ils luy donnerent deux bons Sauuages +Christiens, pour le conduire iusques aux pays des Abnaquiois, qui sont +voisins de sa nation."--Vimont, _Relation_, 1643, pp. 4, 5.] + +[Footnote 113: His name was Gilles Nicolet. He was born in Cherbourg, +and came to Canada in 1635. He is one of the first "pretres +seculiers"--that is, not belonging to congregations or institutes, such +as the Jesuits and the Recollets--whose name appears on the Quebec +parochial register.] + +[Footnote 114: Those of the coast of Beaupre, between Beauport and Cape +Tourmente. Ferland's "Cours d'Histoire du Canada," Vol. I., pp. 276, +277.] + +[Footnote 115: Sulte's "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature," p. 446.] + +[Footnote 116: Benjamin Sulte, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 1873. The writer +adds: "La riviere Nicolet est formee de deux rivieres qui gardent +chacune ce nom; l'une au nord est sort d'un lac appele Nicolet, dans le +comte de Wolfe, township de Ham; l'autre, celle du sud ouest, qui passe +dans le comte de Richmond, a donne le nom de Nicolet a un village situe +sur ses bords, dans le township de Shipton. Ce village que les Anglais +nomment 'Nicolet Falls' est un centre d'industrie prospere. La ville de +Nicolet, ainsi que le college de ce nom, sont situes pres de la decharge +des eaux reunies de ces deux rivieres au lac Saint-Pierre. + +"Peu d'annees apres la mort de Jean Nicolet, les trifluviens donnaient +deja son nom a la riviere en question, malgre les soins que prenaient +les fonctionnaires civils de ne designer cet endroit que par les mots +'la riviere de Laubia ou la riviere Cresse.' M. de Laubia ne concede la +seigneurie qu'en 1672, et M. Cresse ne l'obtint que plus tard, mais +avant ces deux seigneurs, la riviere portait le nom de Nicolet, et +l'usage en prevalut en depit des tentatives faites pour lui imposer +d'autres denominations."] + + + + +APPENDIX. + +I.--EXTRACTS (LITERAL) FROM THE PARISH CHURCH REGISTER, OF THREE RIVERS, +CANADA, CONCERNING NICOLET. + + +I. + +"Le 27 du mois de decembre 1635, fut baptisee par le Pere Jacques +Buteux[117] une petite fille agee d'environ deux ans, fille du capitaine +des Montagnetz Capitainal.[118] Elle fut nommee _Marie_ par M. de +Maupertuis et M. Nicollet ses parrains. Elle s'appelait en sauvage +8minag8m8c8c8."[119] + + +II. + +"Le 30 du mois de Mai 1636, une jeune Sauvagesse Algonquine instruite +par le Pere Jacques Buteux, fut baptisee par le Pere Claude Quentin et +nommee Francoise par M. Nicollet son parrain." [1637, 7th October. At +Quebec. Marriage of Nicolet with Marguerite Couillard.] + + +III. + +"Le 18 novembre 1637 fut baptisee (par le Pere Claude Pijart) une femme +Algonquine. Elle fut nommee Marie par Nicollet son parrain. Elle est +decedee." + + +IV. + +"Le 18 decembre 1637 fut baptise par le Pere Jacques Buteux un petit +Algonquin age d'environ deux ans, et fut nomme Jean par M. Nicollet. Il +est decede." + + +V. + +"1638. Le 19 de mars, jour de Saint-Joseph, fut baptise par le Pere +Jacques Buteux, dans notre chapelle avec les ceremonies de l'Eglise, +Anisk8ask8si, et fut nomme Paul par M. Nicollet, son parrain; sa +marraine fut mademoiselle Marie Le Neuf.[120] Il est decede." [The +Parish Register for 1638 stops at the date of 24th May, the remainder +being lost.] + + +VI. + +"Le 9 janvier 1639, le Pere Jacques Delaplace baptisa solennellement, en +notre chapelle, une petite fille agee de 2 ans appelee Nitig8m8sta8an, +fille de Papitchitikpabe8, capitaine de la Petite-Nation. Elle fut +nommee Louise par M. Nicolet. Sa marraine fut une Sauvagesse baptisee, +femme de feu Thebachit." + + +VII. + +"Le 4 mars 1639, le Reverend Pere Jacques Buteux baptisa solennellement +en notre chappelle les deux enfants de 8ab8sch8stig8an, Algonquin de +l'Isle, et Sk8esens, sa femme. Le fils age d'environ quatre ans fut +nomme Thomas par M. Nicolet, et Alizon,[121] et la fille agee d'environ +six ans, fut nommee Marguerite par M. de Malapart[122] et Madame +Nicolet." + + +VIII. + +"1639. Le huitieme Mars, le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement +Nipiste8ignan age d'environ vingt ans, fils de Francois Nenascouat,[123] +habitant de Sillery. Francois Marguerie et Madame Nicolet le nommerent +Vincent." + + +IX. + +"Le 20 mars 1639 le R. P. Buteux baptiza solennellement en notre +chapelle Louis Godefroy, fils de M. Jean Godefroy[124] et de Damoisselle +Marie Le Neuf. Son parrain fut Thomas Godefroy, et sa marraine Madame +Marguerite Nicolet." + + +X. + +"Anno Domini 1639 die 16 Julii, Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens parochi +ecclesiae B. V. Conceptae ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum ceremoniis, +Ognatem, 4 circiter menses, natem patre 8kar8st8, _de la Petite-Nation_, +et matre 8sasamit8n8k8e8. Patrinus fuit D. Jaunes Nicolets Interp." + + +XI. + +"1639. Anno Domini 1639, di 20 julii Ego Claudius Pijart vices agens +parochi ecclesiae Beatae Virginis Conceptae ad Tria Flumina baptizavit cum +ceremoniis Marinum, filium patria insularibus; patrinus idem qui supra +Joannes Nicolet. Infant natus 2 menses. Il est decede." + + +XII. + +"Anno Domini 1639, die 30. Julii, Ego Jacobus Buteux vices agens parochi +ecclesiae B. V. C. at Tria Flumina, baptizavit Algonquinensen natum 40 +circiter annos nomine Abdom Chibanagouch, patria insularem, quem +nominavit Dominus Joannes Nicolet nunc Joseph 8masatick8e." [1639. 9th +October. Nicolet was present at the wedding of Jean Joliet and Marie +d'Abancour, at Quebec. Louis Joliet, son of the above, was the +discoverer of the Upper Mississippi.] + + +XIII. + +"1639. Die 7 Decembris. Ego Jacobus Buteux baptizavit infentem annum +circiter natum, nomine Ombrosuim Katank8quich, filium defuncti +8tagamechk8, patria 88echkarini, quedu educat N8ncheak8s mulier patria +insulare, patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet." + + +XIV. + +"1640. Die 6 Januarii, ego Jacobus Buteux, baptizavit cum ceremoniis +Mariam Ik8esens patria insularem natam circiter 28 annos, cujus patrinus +fuit Joannes Nicolet et Joanna La Meslee,[125] exur pistoris. Elle est +avec 8tchakin." + + +XV. + +"Anno 1640, 4 Decemb. statim post portam mortuus sepultus in coemeterio +item filius Domini Joannis Nicolet interpretis." [In the margin is +written: "Ignace Nicolet."] + + +XVI. + +"Anno 1640. Die 14 Januarii, ego Carolus Raymbaut[126] baptizavi cum +caeremoniis Franciscum missameg natum circiter 4 annos filium Ching8a +defuncti, patria ---- Khin8chebink educatur apud 8abirini8ich Patrinus +fuit D. Franciscus de Champflour[127] moderator; matrina Margarita +Couillard uxor D. Nicolet interpretis." + + +XVII. + +"14o. die Maii 1640. Ego Carolus Raymbault baptisavi cum caeremoniis +Franciscum pridie natum filium Christophori Crevier pistoris, Et Joanna +Ennart conjugum Rothomagensium. Patrinus fuit Dominus Franciscum de +Champflour moderator et Dna Margarita Couillard conjux interpretis (est +in Galliae)." [On the 2d day of September, 1640 Nicolet was present at +Quebec at the wedding of Nicolas Bonhomme.] + + +XVIII. + +"Anno Domini 1640 die 25 Decembris, ipso Jesu Domini Nostri Nativitatis +die ego Joannes Dequen, Societatis Jesu sacerdos vices agens Rectoris +Ecclesiae conceptionis beatae Virginia ad Tria Flumina dicta, baptizavi +solemniter in eodem ecclesia Paulum 8abirim8ich annum Trigesimum +cerciter quintum doctrinae Christianae rudimentis sufficienter instructum. +Patrinus fuit Joannes Nicolet, interpret. huic nomen Pauli impasuit; +matrina fuit Maria Le Neuf." + + +XIX. + +"Anno Domini 1641 dia 1o Aprilis. Ego Josephus Poncet, Societatis Jesu, +baptizavi puellam recens natam patre Abdon 8maskik8eia, matre +Michtig8k8e, nomen Cecilia impositum est. Patrinus fuit ... +Lavallee;[128] Matrina Margarita Couillard uxor Joannis Nicolet +interpretis." + + +XX. + +"1o Aprilis Anno 1642 Ego Josephus Poncet Societatis Jesu, in ecclesiae +immaculatae conceptionis B. V. Mariae, baptisavi puellum recens natam. +Patre Joannes Nicolet. Matre Margarita Couillard ejus uxor. Nomen +Margarita impositum. Patrinus fuit Dnus Jacobus Ertel;[129] matrina Dna +Joanna Le Marchand,[130] viduae Dni Leneuf." + + +XXI. + +"Tertio Julii Anni 1642, ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis Jesu, tunc +vices agens parochi in ecclesiae Immaculatae Conceptionis ad Tria Flumina +baptisavi infantem recens natam. Patre Dno Jacobo Hartel. Matre Marie +Marguerie[131] ejus uxore. Nomine Francisco impositum. Patrinus fuit: +Franciscus Marguerye, infantio avanculus; matrina Margarita Couillart +domini Joannis Nicolet uxor." + + +XXII. + +"Anno Domini 1642, 29 Septembris, Ego Joannes de Brebeuf, Societatis +Jesu sacerdos, baptisavi solemniter in ecclesiae Immaculata Conceptionis +ad Tria Flumina, duos puellas recens nata, unum ex patre Augustino +Chipak8etch et matre 8t8ribik8e; Alizon dicta est a patrinis Joanne +Nicolet et Perretta Alteram vero ex patre K8erasing et 8inchk8ck matre +Lucia dicta est a Patrinus Nicolao Marsolet[132] et Margarita Couillard, +uxor Domini Nicolet." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 117: Father Buteux resided in Three Rivers from the year of +the establishment of that place, 1634, to 1651 when, on his second trip +to the upper St. Maurice he was killed by the Iroquois.] + +[Footnote 118: Capitanal, chief of the Montagnais Indians, is the man +who did the most amongst his people to impress upon the mind of +Champlain the necessity of erecting a fort at 3-Rivers. He died in 1635. +See _Relation_, 1633, p. 26; 1635, p. 21.] + +[Footnote 119: The figure "8" in such words is, as before mentioned, +supposed to be equivalent to "w," "we," or "oo," in English. Ante, p. +46, note.] + +[Footnote 120: Le Neuf. Name of a large family, belonging to the +nobility. Jean Godefroy having married Marie Le Neuf, they all came +together (36 people) to Canada, when the branch of Le Gardeur settled at +Quebec and that of Le Neuf proper at 3-Rivers. Throughout the history of +Canada, we met with members of that group.] + +[Footnote 121: Alizon is the family name of the wife of Gourdin, the +brewer, who resided at the Fort of Three-Rivers as early as 1634.] + +[Footnote 122: Malapart was at that time acting as governor of the +post.] + +[Footnote 123: Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, is much connected with the +history of the first settlement of his people at 3-Rivers and Sillery, +from 1634 to about 1650.] + +[Footnote 124: Jean Godefroy, the principal man who caused French people +to come direct from France to settle at Three-Rivers, as early as 1636. +He had been in Canada for many years before. His brother Thomas is well +known in the history of those years for his services both to the +missionaries and to the colonists; he was burned by the Iroquois. Louis, +son of Jean, became King's Attorney. Jean was raised to the rank of +nobleman by Louis XIV. His descendants are still in the district of +3-Rivers.] + +[Footnote 125: Christophe Crevier, sieur de la Melee, settled in +3-Rivers in 1639. Like that of Godefroy, the family became very numerous +and prosperous. The descendants of Crevier still exist in the district +of 3-Riv. Francois Crevier, born 13th May 1640 was killed by the +Iroquois in Three Rivers when 13 years old only.] + +[Footnote 126: Father Raymbault is the same that accompanied Father +Jogues in the spring of the year 1642 to what is now Sault Ste. Marie, +Michigan. He died, it will be remembered, in the fall of 1642. Ante, p. +91.] + +[Footnote 127: Champflour left for France in the autumn of 1645. For +several years, he had been governor of 3-Rivers.] + +[Footnote 128: Claude Jutra lit Lavallee was one of the first settlers +of 3-Rivers, where his descendants still exist.] + +[Footnote 129: Jacques Hertel, married to Marie Marguerie. He held land +at 3-Rivers before the foundation of the Fort. Died 1652. His son +Francois was one of the greatest sons of Canada. Louis XIV. made him a +nobleman. His descendants are still in Canada. Like Godefroy, Crevier, +and Le Neuf, the Hertels have held their position for 250 years.] + +[Footnote 130: Jeanne Le Marchand, widow, was the mother of Le Neuf.] + +[Footnote 131: Francois Marguerie succeeded Nicolet as Interpreter at +3-Rivers. He has left his name to a river flowing into the St. Lawrence, +in the county of Nicolet opposite the town of 3-Rivers.] + +[Footnote 132: Nicolas Marsolet, connected, as an interpreter, with +3-Rivers, but mostly with Tadoussac and Quebec.] + + +II.--FIRST CONNECTED SKETCH PUBLISHED OF THE LIFE AND EXPLORATION OF +NICOLET.[133] + +[Du Creux states that, in the last months of 1642, New France mourned +for two men of no common character, who were snatched away from her; +that one of them, who died first, of disease, was a member of the +Society of Jesuits; and that the other, although a layman, was +distinguished by singularly meritorious acts towards the Indian tribes +of Canada. He sketches briefly the career and character of Father +Raymbault, the Jesuit, first referred to, who died at Quebec in the +latter part of October. The second person alluded to was Nicolet. Of him +he gives the following account:] + +"He had spent twenty-five years in New France, and had always been a +useful person. On his first arrival, by orders of those who presided +over the French colony of Quebec, he spent two whole years among the +Algonquins of the Island, for the purpose of learning their language, +without any Frenchman as a companion, and in the midst of those +hardships, which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it +must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar +or birch bark; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon +hunting; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries; to be deprived of the +pleasant society of one's own people; and to be constantly exposed, not +only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life. +There was a time, indeed, when he went without food for a whole week; +and (what is really wonderful) he even spent seven weeks without having +any thing to eat but a little bark. After this preliminary training[134] +was completed, being sent with four hundred Algonquins to the Iroquois +to treat of peace, he performed his mission successfully. Soon after, he +went to the Nipissiriens, and spent seven years with them, as an adopted +member of their tribe. He had his own small estate, wigwam, and +household stuff, implements for hunting and fishing, and, no doubt, his +own beaver skins, with the same right of trade as the rest; in a word, +he was taken into their counsels; until, being recalled, by the rulers +of the French colony, he was at the same time made a commissary and +charged to perform the office of an interpreter. + +"During this period, at the command of the same rulers, he had to make +an excursion to certain maritime tribes, for the purpose of securing +peace between them and the Hurons. The region where those peoples dwell +is nearly three hundred leagues distant, toward the west, from the same +Hurons; and after he had associated himself with seven ambassadors of +these [_i.e._, of the Hurons], having saluted on their route various +small nations which they fell in with, and having propitiated them with +gifts--lest, if they should omit this, they might be regarded as +enemies, and assailed by all whom they met--when he was two days +distant, he sent forward one of his own company to make known to the +nation to which they were going, that a European ambassador was +approaching with gifts, who, in behalf of the Hurons, desired to secure +their friendship. The embassy was received with applause; young men were +immediately sent to meet them, who were to carry the baggage and +equipment of the Manitouriniou (or wonderful man), and escort him with +honor. Nicolet was clad in a Chinese robe of silk, skillfully ornamented +with birds and flowers of many colors; he carried in each hand a small +pistol.[135] When he had discharged these, the more timid persons, boys +and women betook themselves to flight, to escape as quickly as possible +from a man who (they said) carried the thunder in both his hands. But, +the rumor of his coming having spread far and wide, the chiefs, with +their followers, assembled directly to the number of four or five +thousand persons; and, the matter having been discussed and considered +in a general council, a treaty was made in due form. Afterwards each of +the chiefs gave a banquet after their fashion; and at one of these, +strange to say, a hundred and twenty beavers were eaten. + +"His object being accomplished, Nicolet returned to the Hurons, and, +presently, to Three Rivers, and resumed both of his former functions, +viz., as commissary and interpreter, being singularly beloved by both +the French and the natives; specially intent upon this, that, uniting +his industry, and the very great influence which he possessed over the +savages, with the efforts of the fathers of the Society [Jesuits], he +might bring as many as he could to the Church; until, upon the recall to +France of Olivier, who was the chief commissary of Quebec, Nicolet, on +account of his merits, was appointed in his place. But he was not long +allowed to enjoy the Christian comfort he had so greatly desired, viz., +that at Quebec he might frequently attend upon the sacraments as his +pious soul desired, and that he might enjoy the society of those with +whom he could converse upon divine things. + +"On the last day of October, having embarked upon a pinnace at the +seventh hour of the afternoon (as we French reckon the hours), i.e., +just as the shades of evening were falling, hastening, as I have said, +to Three Rivers upon so pious an errand, scarcely had he arrived in +sight of Sillery, when, the north wind blowing more fiercely and +increasing the violence of the storm which had commenced before Nicolet +started,[136] the pinnace was whirled around two or three times, filled +with water from all directions, and finally was swallowed up by the +waves. Some of those on board escaped, among them Savigny, the owner of +the pinnace; and Nicolet, in that time of extreme peril, addressing him +calmly said: "Savigny, since you know how to swim, by all means consult +your own safety; I, who have no such skill, am going to God; I recommend +my wife and daughter to your kindness." In the midst of this +conversation, a wave separated them; Nicolet was drowned; Savigny, who, +from horror and the darkness of the night, did not know where he was, +was torn by the violence of the waves from the boat, to which he had +clung for some time; then he struggled for a while, in swimming, with +the hostile force of the changing waves; until, at last, his strength +failing, and his courage almost forsaking him, he made a vow to God (but +what it was is not related); then, striking the bottom of the stream +with his foot, he reached the bank[137] at that spot, and, forcing his +way with difficulty through the edge of the stream, already frozen, he +crept, half dead, to the humble abode of the fathers. Restoratives were +immediately applied, such as were at hand, especially fire, which was +most needed; but, as the cold weather and the water had almost destroyed +the natural warmth, he could only manifest his thoughts for some time by +motions and not by speech, and so kept the minds of the anxious fathers +in doubt of his meaning; until, recovering his speech, he explained what +had happened with a strong expression of Nicolet's Christian courage. + +"The prisoner for whose sake Nicolet had exposed himself to this deadly +peril, twelve days afterwards reached Sillery, and soon after +Quebec--having been rescued from the cruelty of the Algonquins by +Rupaeus, who was in command at Three Rivers, in pursuance of letters from +Montmagny, on payment, no doubt, of a ransom. He was already disfigured +with wounds, great numbers of which these most savage men had inflicted +upon him with careful ingenuity, one after another, according to their +custom; but in proportion to the barbarity which he had experienced at +Three Rivers was the kindness which he afterwards met with at Quebec, +where he was treated by the monks of the hospital in such a manner that +he was healed within about twenty days, and was able to return to his +own people.... + +"This, moreover, was not the first occasion on which Nicolet had +encountered peril of his life for the safety of savages. He had +frequently done the very same thing before, says the French writer; and +to those with whom he associated he left proofs of his virtues by such +deeds as could hardly be expected of a man entangled in the bonds of +marriage; they were indeed eminent, and rose to the height of apostolic +perfection; and, therefore, was the loss of so great a man the more +grievous. Certain it is that the savages themselves, as soon as they +heard what had befallen him, surrounded the bank of the great river in +crowds, to see whether they could render any aid. When all hope of that +was gone, they did what alone remained in their power, by incredible +manifestations of grief and lamentation at the sad fate of the man who +had deserved so well of them." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 133: Translated from Du Creux' Hist. of Canada (printed in +Latin, in Paris, 1664), p. 358. That his account should not sooner have +awakened the curiosity of students of American history is due to the +fact previously mentioned, that not until the investigations of John +Gilmary Shea, in 1853, were the "Ouinipigou" identified as the +"Winnebagoes," and their having been visited by Nicolet established. It +was this locating of the objective point of Nicolet's exploration on +American soil that finally stimulated American writers to further +research; though, to the present time, Canadian historians have taken +the lead in investigations concerning the indomitable Frenchman.] + +[Footnote 134: _Tirocinium_ is the _first campaign_ of the young +soldier; and so, generally, the first period of trial in any life of +danger and hardship.--_Translator._] + +[Footnote 135: It may be interesting to the reader to know how pistols +are described in the author's Latin: "Sclopos minores, exiis qui tacta +vel leviter rotula exploduntier."--_Translator._] + +[Footnote 136: "Borea flaute pertinacius, foedamque tempestatem, quam +excicre gam ceperat, glomerante." Literally, perhaps, "the north wind +blowing more persistently, and gathering into a mass the dark storm +which it had already begun to collect."--_Translator._] + +[Footnote 137: The word "littus" here is properly used, not of the dry +land, but of the sloping land under the water, near the edge of the +river.--_Translator._] + + + + +INDEX. + + + Algonquins, viii, 17, 36, 42, 60, 62, 69, 70, 77, 87. + + Algonquins of the Isles des Allumettes, 18, 28, 29, 46. + + Alizon, M., 95, 100. + + Allouez, Father Claudius, 64, 67, 69. + + Amikoueai, "Nation of the Beaver," 50, 51, 54. + + _An account of the French settlements in North America_ (1746), + cited, 32. + + Assiniboins, not visited by Nicolet, 71. + + Atchiligouean, an Algonquin nation, 50. + + A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (Aweatsiwaerrhonon), Huron name for the + Winnebagoes, 45, 46, 60. + + + Bay des Puants (Baie des Puants). See Green Bay. + + Beaver Nation, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 63. + + Bonhomme, Nicholas, 98. + + Brebeuf, John de, 20, 24, 41, 46, 100. + + Buteux, Father James, 78, 80, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97. + + + Cabot, John, viii, ix. + + Cabot, Sebastian, ix. + + Caens, the, 21. + + Capitanal, a Montagnais chief, 93. + + Cartier, James, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. + + Champlain, Samuel, makes, in 1603, a survey of the St. Lawrence, 16; + in 1608, founds Quebec, 17; + attacks the Iroquois, in 1609, _ib._; + returns, in 1610, to France, 18; + in 1611 again reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._; + soon sails back to France, _ib._; + in 1613, once more reaches the St. Lawrence, _ib._; + explores the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, _ib._; + embarks for France, _ib._; + in 1615, again sails for New France, 19; + visits the Hurons, _ib._; + attacks, with those Indians, the Iroquois, _ib._; + returns to Quebec, 20; + a new government for New France, 21; + Champlain one of the Hundred Associates, 22; + he defends Quebec against the English, 23; + next year he surrenders the town, _ib._; + taken a prisoner to England, 24; + in 1633, resumes command in New France, _ib._; + resolves to explore the west, _ib._; + in 1634, sends Nicolet to the Winnebagoes, 39; + death of Champlain, 75. + + Champlain's Map of 1632, referred to, 31, 35, 36, 38, 51, 52, 53, + 54, 62, 64, 66, 70. + + Champlain's _Voyages_ of 1613, cited, 36; + _Voyages_ of 1632, cited, 36, 38, 51, 52, 64, 66, 73. + + Charlevoix' _Carte des Lacs du Canada_, referred to, 57; + also, his _Nouvelle France_, _ib._ + + Chauvin, a captain of the French marine, 15. + + Cheveux Releves (Standing Hair--Ottawas), 52, 53, 54, 73. + + Chippewas, 38, 53, 54, 55, 90, 91. + + Cioux. See Sioux. + + Columbus, Christopher, viii. + + Company of New France, 21. + + Copper and copper mine early known to the Indians, 36. + + Cortereal, Gaspar, ix. + + Couillard, Guillaume, 82. + + Couillard, Marguerite, 81, 84, 94, 98, 99, 100. + + _Coureurs de bois_, 41. + + Cresse, M., 90. + + Crevier, Francois, 97. + + + Dakotas (Dacotahs.--See Sioux), viii, 62, 71. + + Daniel, Antoine, a Jesuit priest, 41, 80. + + Davost, a Jesuit, 41. + + De Caen, Emery, 20, 24, 32. + + De Caen, William, 20. + + De Champfleur, Francois, 98. + + De Chasteaufort, Bras-de-fer, 75. + + De Courtemanche, Augustin le, 84. + + De Gand, Francois Derre, 82. + + Delaplace, Jacques, 94. + + De la Roche, the Marquis, 15. + + De la Roque, John Francis, see Lord of Roberval. + + De Laubin, M., 90. + + De Malapart, M., 95. + + De Maupertuis, M., 93. + + De Repentigny, Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur, 84. + + Des Gens Puants (Des Gens Puans--Des Puants--Des Puans). See + Winnebagoes. + + Des Roches, M., 85, 88. + + Du Creux' _Hist. of Canada_ (_Historia Canadensis_), cited, 29, 60, + 100, _et seq._ + + Du Creux' Map of 1660, referred to, 51, 53, 55, 73. + + + Enitajghe, Iroquois name for Green Bay, 56. + + Estiaghicks, Iroquois name of the Chippewas, 53. + + + Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_, cited, 27, 82, 89; + also, his _Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Quebec_, 27, + 82, 85. + + Fire Nations (Les Gens de Feu). See Mascoutins. + + Foster's _Mississippi Valley_, cited, 59. + + Fox Indians (Outagamis--Les Renards--Musquakies), 64, 65, 66. + + Fox River of Green Bay, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70. + + Fur-trade, the, 22. + + + Gens de Mer (Gens de Eaux de Mer). See Winnebagoes. + + Godefroy, Jean, 94, 95. + + Godefroy, Louis, 95. + + Godefroy, Thomas, 96. + + Gravier's _Decouvertes et Etablissement de Cavalier de la Salle_, + cited, 82; + his _Map by Joliet_, referred to, 55, 59. + + Green Bay, 56, 60, 62, 69, 70. + + Guitet, a notary, records of, 27, 82. + + + Hebert, Guillaume, 82. + + Hebert, Guillemette, 82. + + Hertel, Francois, 99. + + Hertel, Jacques, 99. + + Horoji (Hochungara--Winnebagoes), 60. + + Huboust, Guillaume, 82. + + Hundred Associates (Hundred Partners), 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 39, + 42, 76, 82. + + Hurons, 17, 19, 21, 23, 36, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 62, 63, 69, 76, + 77, 102, 103. + + + Illinois (Indians), 70. + + Iroquois, 17, 18, 20, 29, 38, 44, 51, 76. + + + _Jesuit Relations_, cited: + 1633--93; + 1635--44, 46, 93; + 1636--30, 45, 60, 77, 78, 79, 80; + 1637--78, 80, 81; + 1638--80; + 1639--60; + 1640--38, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73; + 1641--82; + 1642--53; + 1643--26, 27, 28, 30, 47, 48, 49, 58, 60, 62, 72, 74, 78, 83, 84, + 85, 86, 87, 88; + 1648--38, 53; + 1654--38, 69; + 1656--62, 70; + 1670--64, 67, 69; + 1671--53, 56, 64. + + _Jesuit Relations_, the, 27. + + Jesuits, the, 68, 80, 85. + + Joliet, Jean, 96. + + Joliet, Louis, 68, 69, 96. + + Joques, Father Isaac, 91, 97. + + Juchereau, Noel, 82. + + + Kaukauna, town of, 65. + + Kickapoos (Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, Kickapous, + Kikapoux, Quicpouz), 67. + + Kirk, David, 23. + + + La Baye (La Baye des Eaux Puantes--La Grande Baie--La Baye des + Puans--Lay Baye des Puants). See Green Bay. + + Lake Michigan (Lake of the Illinois--Lake St. Joseph--Lake + Dauphin--Lac des Illinois--Lac Missihiganin--Magnus Lacus + Algonquinorum), 55, 56, 66, 69, 70, 72. + + Lake Superior, 54. + + Lake Winnebago (Lake of the Puants--Lake St. Francis), 62, 65. + + La Marchand, Jeanne, 99. + + La Melee, Christopher Crevier, Sieur de, 97. + + La Mer, Marguerite, 27. + + La Mer, Maria, 27. + + La Nation des Puans (La Nation des Puants). See Winnebagoes. + + La Noue, Annie de, 24, 41. + + La Porte, Pierre de, 82. + + La Vallee, Claude, 99. + + Laverdiere's _Reprint of Champlain's Works_, referred to, 36. + + Le Caron, Father Joseph, 19, 20. + + Le Jeune, Paul, 24, 41, 80. + + Le Neuf, family of, 94. + + Le Neuf, Maria, 94, 95, 98. + + Les Folles Avoine. See Menomonees. + + Le Tardif, Olivier, 82, 83, 84, 103. + + Lippincott's _Gazetteer_, cited, 33. + + Lord of Roberval, 14, 15. + + + Macard, Nicolas, 84, 100. + + Mackinaw, Straits of, 55. + + Manitoulin Islands, 50, 51. + + Mantoue (Mantoueouee--Makoueoue), tribe of, 56. + + Margry, Pierre, in _Journal General de l'Instruction Publique_, 29, + 72, 84. + + Marguerie, Francois, 95, 99. + + Marguerie, Maria, 99. + + Marquette, Father James, 68, 69. + + Marsolet, Nicolas, 84, 100. + + Mascoutins (Macoutins--Mascoutens--Maskeutens--Maskouteins-- + Musquetens--Machkoutens--Maskoutench--Machkoutenck--Les Gens de + Feu--The Fire Nation--Assistagueronons--Assistaehronons), 51, + 52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70. + + Masse, the Jesuit, 41. + + Menomonees (Maromine--Malhominies--Les Folles Avoine), 57, 58. + + Miamis, 67. + + Michigan, signification of the word, 65. + + Mississippi, meaning of the word, 67. + + Montmagnais, 36, 41. + + Montmagny, M. de, 70, 75, 76, 77, 105. + + + Nantoue. See Mantoue. + + Nation des Puans (Nation des Puants--Nation of Stinkards). See + Winnebagoes. + + Nation du Castor (Nation of Beavers). See Beaver Nation. + + Nation of the Sault. See Chippewas. + + Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, 95. + + Neutral Nation, 51, 61, 65. + + Nez Perces (Naiz percez). See Beaver Nation. + + Nicolet, Gilles, 88, 89. + + Nicolet, John, arrives in New France, 26; + sent by Champlain, in 1618, to the Algonquins of Isle des + Allumettes, 28; + goes on a mission of peace to the Iroquois, 29; + takes up his residence with the Nipissings, _ib._; + recalled by the government to Quebec, 30; + employed as interpreter, _ib._; + Champlain resolves to send him on a western exploration, 33; + Nicolet had heard of the Winnebagoes, 39; + prepares, in June, 1634, to visit this and other nations, 40; + starts upon his journey, 42; + why it must have been in 1634 that Nicolet made his westward + exploration, _ib._, _et seq._; + travels up the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, 46; + goes hence to the Huron villages, 47; + object of his mission there, 48; + starts for the Winnebagoes, 49; + reaches Sault Sainte Marie, 51; + did he see Lake Superior? 54; + discovers Lake Michigan, 55; + arrives at the Menomonee river, 56; + ascends Green Bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes, 60; + has a great feast with the Indians, 62; + goes up Fox river to the Mascoutins, 63; + visits the Illinois tribe, 71; + returns to the Winnebagoes, _ib._; + Nicolet's homeward trip in 1635--he calls upon the + Pottawattamies, 72; + stops at the Great Manatoulin to see a band of Ottawas, 78; + reaches the St. Lawrence in safety, 74; + settles at Three Rivers as interpreter, 77; + his kindness to the Indians, 78; + has a narrow escape from drowning, 81; + helps defend Three Rivers from an Iroquois attack, _ib._; + his marriage, _ib._; + goes to Quebec, 82; + becomes General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, _ib._; + embarks for Three Rivers, 83; + his death, 84; + Frenchmen and Indians alike mourn his fate, 87; + his memory perpetuated, 89; + his energetic character, 90; + mention of him in the parish register of Three Rivers, 93, + _et seq._; + first connected sketch published of his life and exploration, + 100, _et seq._ + + Nicolet, Madame, 95, 96. + + Nicolet, Pierre, 89. + + Nicolet, Thomas, 27. + + Nipissings (Nipisiriniens), 29, 30, 31, 43, 47. + + Noquets, 56. + + + O'Callaghan's _Doc. Hist. of New York_, referred to, 36; + his _N. Y. Col. Doc._, cited, 51. + + Ojibwas. See Chippewas. + + Otchagras (Ochungarand). See Winnebagoes. + + Otchipwes. See Chippewas. + + Ottawas, 50, 52, 54, 65, 66, 73. + + Ouasouarim, 50. + + Oumalouminek (Oumaominiecs). See Menomonees. + + Oumisagai, 51, 54. + + "Ounipeg," signification of, 38. + + Ounipigou. See Winnebagoes. + + Outaouan. See Ottawas. + + Outchougai, 50. + + + Parkman's _Jesuits in North America_, cited, 41, 43, 46, 80; + also, his _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, 38, 58; + and his _Pioneers of France in the New World_, 52. + + "People of the Falls." See Chippewas. + + "People of the Sea." See Winnebagoes. + + Perot, Nicolas, 84. + + Petun Nation, 51, 52. + + Pijart, Claudius, 96. + + Poncet, Josephus, 98, 99. + + Pontgrave, merchant, 15. + + Pottawattamies, 71. + + + Quentin, Father Claude, 77, 78, 79, 93. + + + Racine, Claude, 82. + + Racine, Etienne, 82. + + Raratwaus. See Chippewas. + + Raymbault, Father Charles, 83, 86, 91, 97, 101. + + Richelieu, Cardinal, 21. + + River des Puans (River of the Puants--River St. Francis). See Fox + river. + + Rollet, Marie, 82. + + Roquai. See Noquets. + + + Sacs (Sauks--Saukis--Sakys), 64. + + Sagard's _Histoire du Canada_, cited, 38. + + Sault de Sainte Marie, 51. + + Sault Sainte Marie, town of, 54, 72, 97. + + Sauteurs (Stiagigroone). See Chippewas. + + Savigny (Chavigny), 83, 84, 85, 86, 104. + + Schoolcraft's _Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes_, cited, 59. + + "Sea-Tribe." See Winnebagoes. + + Shea, John Gilmary, in _Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 73. + + Shea's _Catholic Missions_, cited, 53; + also, his _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, + 38, 45, 59, 63, 100; + and his _Hennepin_, 67. + + Sillery, mission of, founded, 70. + + Sioux (Dacotas), 37, 62, 71. + + Smith's _History of Wisconsin_, cited, 27, 38, 73. + + Standing Hair, the. See Ottawas. + + St. Croix Fort, established, 32. + + Sulte, Benjamin, in _L'Opinion Publique_, 68, 90. + + Sulte's _Chronique Trifluvienne_, cited, 31; + also, his _Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature_, 43, 84, 89. + + + "The Men of the Shallow Cataract." See Chippewas. + + Three Rivers, parish church register of, 44, 45, 93, _et seq._ + + Three Rivers, town of, 31, 32, 33, 42, 45, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, + 86, 103. + + Tobacco Nation. See Petun Nation. + + + Verrazzano, John, ix. + + + Winnebagoes, viii, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 57, + 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 77. + + Wisconsin, derivation of the word, 59. + + Wisconsin river, 59, 61, 68. + + Woodman, Cyrus, 27. + + Woolf river, 65, 66. + + + + +OCT. 1881. + + HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS + PUBLICATIONS OF + ROBERT CLARKE & CO. + CINCINNATI, O. + + +ALZOG (John, D.D.) A Manual of Universal Church History. Translated by + Rev. T. J. Pabisch and Rev. T. S. Byrne. 3 vols. 8vo. 15 00 + +ANDERSON (E. L.) Six Weeks in Norway. 18mo. 1 00 + +ANDRE (Major): The Cow Chace; an Heroick Poem. 8vo. Paper. 75 + +ANTRIM (J.) The History of Champaign and Logan Counties, Ohio, from + their First Settlement. 12mo. 1 50 + +BALLARD (Julia P.) Insect Lives; or, Born in Prison. Illustrated. Sq. + 12mo. 1 00 + +BELL (Thomas J.) History of the Cincinnati Water Works. Plates. 8vo. 75 + +BENNER (S.) Prophecies of Future Ups and Downs in Prices: what years to + make Money in Pig, Iron, Hogs, Corn, and Provisions. 2d ed. 24mo. 1 00 + +BIBLE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Records, Arguments, etc., in the Case of + Minor _vs._ Board of Education of Cincinnati. 8vo. 2 00 + + Arguments in Favor of the Use of the Bible. Separate. Paper. 50 + + Arguments Against the Use of the Bible. Separate. Paper. 50 + +BIDDLE (Horace P.) Elements of Knowledge. 12mo. 1 00 + +BIDDLE (Horace P.) Prose Miscellanies. 12mo. 1 00 + +BINKERD (A. D.) The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Paper. 8vo. 50 + +BOUQUET (H.) The Expedition of, against the Ohio Indians in 1764, etc. + With Preface by Francis Parkman, Jr. 8vo. $3 00. Large Paper. 6 00 + +BOYLAND (G. H., M.D.) Six Months Under the Red Cross with the French + Army in the Franco-Prussian War. 12mo. 1 50 + +BRUNNER (A. A.) Elementary and Pronouncing French Reader. 18mo. 60 + +BRUNNER (A. A.) The Gender of French Verbs Simplified. 18mo. 25 + +BURT (Rev. N. C., D.D.) The Far East; or, Letters from Egypt, + Palestine, etc. 12mo. 1 75 + +BUTTERFIELD (C. W.) The Discovery of the Northwest in 1634, by John + Nicolet, with a Sketch of his Life. 12mo. 1 00 + +BUTTERFIELD (C. W.) The Washington-Crawford Letters; being the + Correspondence between George Washington and William Crawford, + concerning Western Lands. 8vo. 1 00 + +CLARK (Col. George Rogers) Sketches of his Campaign in the Illinois in + 1778-9. With an Introduction by Hon. Henry Pirtle, and an Appendix. + 8vo. $2 00. Large paper. 4 00 + +COFFIN (Levi) The Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of + the Underground Railroad. A Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime + in behalf of the Slave. With Stories of Fugitive Slaves, etc., etc. + 12mo. 2 00 + +CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC. The Declaration of Independence, + July 4, 1776; the Articles of Confederation, July 9, 1778; the + Constitution of the United States, September 17, 1787; the Fifteen + Amendments to the Constitution, and Index; Washington's Farewell + Address, September 7, 1796. 8vo. Paper. 25 + +CRAIG (N. B.) The Olden Time. A Monthly Publication, devoted to the + Preservation of Documents of Early History, etc. Originally Published + at Pittsburg, in 1846-47. 2 vols. 8vo. 10 00 + +DRAKE (D.) Pioneer Life in Kentucky. Edited, with Notes and a + Biographical Sketch, by his Son, Hon. Chas. D. Drake. 8vo. $3 00. + Large paper. 6 00 + +DUBREUIL (A.) Vineyard Culture Improved and Cheapened. Edited by Dr. J. + A. Warder. 12mo. 2 00 + +ELLARD (Virginia G.) Grandma's Christmas Day. Illus. Sq. 12mo. 1 00 + +FAMILY EXPENSE BOOK. A Printed Account Book, with appropriate Columns + and Headings, for keeping a Complete Record of Family Expenses. + 12mo. 50 + +FINLEY (I. J.) and PUTNAM (R.) Pioneer Record and Reminiscences of the + Early Settlers and Settlement of Ross County, Ohio. 8vo. 2 50 + +FLETCHER (WM. B., M.D.) Cholera: its Characteristics, History, + Treatment, etc. 8vo. Paper. 1 00 + +FORCE (M. F.) Essays: Pre-Historic Man--Darwinism and Deity--The Mound + Builders. 8vo. Paper. 75 + +FORCE (M. F.) Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio. To What Race + did the Mound Builders belong. 8vo. Paper. 50 + +FREEMAN (Ellen.) Manual of the French Verb, to accompany every French + Course. 16mo. Paper. 25 + +GALLAGHER (Wm. D.) Miami Woods, A Golden Wedding, and other Poems. + 12mo. 2 00 + +GIAUQUE (F.) The Election Laws of the United States: with Notes of + Decisions, etc. 8vo. Paper, 75c.; cloth, 1 00 + +GRIMKE (F.) Considerations on the Nature and Tendency of Free + Institutions. 8vo. 2 50 + +GRISWOLD (W.) Kansas: her Resources and Developments; or, the Kansas + Pilot. 8vo. Paper. 50 + +GROESBECK (W. S.) Gold and Silver. Address delivered before the American + Bankers' Association, in New York, September 13, 1878. 8vo. Paper. 25 + +HALL (James.) Legends of the West. Sketches illustrative of the Habits, + Occupations, Privations, Adventures, and Sports of the Pioneers of the + West. 12mo. 2 00 + +HALL (James.) Romance of Western History; or, Sketches of History, Life, + and Manners in the West. 12mo. 2 00 + +HANOVER (M. D.) A Practical Treatise on the Law of Horses, embracing the + Law of Bargain, Sale, and Warranty of Horses and other Live Stock; the + Rule as to Unsoundness and Vice, and the Responsibility of the + Proprietors of Livery, Auction, and Sale Stables, Inn-Keepers, + Veterinary Surgeons, and Farriers, Carriers, etc. 8vo. 4 00 + +HART (J. M.) A Syllabus of Anglo-Saxon Literature. 8vo. Paper. 50 + +HASSAUREK (F.) Four Years Among Spanish Americans. Third Edition. + 12mo. 1 50 + +HASSAUREK (F.) The Secret of the Andes. A Romance. 12mo. 1 50 + + THE SAME, in German. 8vo. Paper, 50c.; cloth. 1 00 + +HATCH (Col. W. S.) A Chapter in the History of the War of 1812, in the + Northwest, embracing the Surrender of the Northwestern Army and Fort, + at Detroit, August 16, 1813, etc. 18mo. 1 25 + +HAYES (Rutherford B.) The Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of. + Edited by J. Q. Howard. 12mo. Paper, 75c.; cloth, 1 25 + +HAZEN (Gen. W. B.) Our Barren Lands. The Interior of the United States, + West of the One-Hundredth Meridian, and East of the Sierra Nevada. + 8vo. Paper, 50 + +HENSHALL (Dr. James A.) Book of the Black Bass: comprising its complete + Scientific and Life History, together with a Practical Treatise on + Agling and Fly Fishing, and a full description of Tools, Tackle, and + Implements. Illustrated. 12mo. 3 00 + +HORTON (S. Dana.) Silver and Gold, and their Relation to the Problem of + Resumption. 8vo. 1 50 + +HORTON (S. Dana.) The Monetary Situation. 8vo. Paper. 50 + +HOUSEKEEPING IN THE BLUE GRASS. A New and Practical Cook Book. By Ladies + of the Presbyterian Church, Paris, Ky. 12mo. 12th thousand. 1 50 + +HOWE (H.) Historical Collections of Ohio. Containing a Collection of the + most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, + etc., relating to its Local and General History. 8vo. 6 00 + +HUNT (W. E.) Historical Collections of Coshocton County, Ohio. 8vo. 3 00 + +HUSTON (R. G.) Journey in Honduras, and Jottings by the Way. + Inter-Oceanic Railway, 8vo. Paper. 50 + +JACKSON (John D., M.D.) The Black Arts in Medicine, with an Anniversary + Address. Edited by Dr. L. S. McMurtry, 12mo. 1 00 + +JASPER (T.) The Birds of North America. Colored Plates, drawn from + Nature, with Descriptive and Scientific Letterpress. In 40 parts, + $1 00 each; or, 2 vols. Royal 4to. Half morocco, $50 00; Full + morocco, 60 00 + +JORDAN (D. M.) Rosemary Leaves. A Collection of Poems. 18mo. 1 50 + +KELLER (M. J.) Elementary Perspective, explained and applied to Familiar + Objects. Illustrated. 12mo. 1 00 + +KING (John.) A Commentary on the Law and True Construction of the + Federal Constitution. 8vo. 2 50 + +KING (M.) Pocket-Book of Cincinnati. 24mo. 15 + +KLIPPART (J. H.) The Principles and Practice of Land Drainage. + Illustrated. 12mo. 1 75 + +LAW. (J.) Colonial History of Vincennes, Indiana, under the French, + British, and American Governments. 12mo. 1 00 + +LLOYD (J. U.) The Chemistry of Medicines. Illus. 12mo. Cloth, $2 75; + sheep, 3 25 + +LONGWORTH (N.) Electra. Translated from the Greek of Sophocles. 12mo. + 1 50 + +MCBRIDE (J.) Pioneer Biography: Sketches of the Lives of some of the + Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio. 2 vols. 8vo. $6 50. Large + paper. Imp. 8vo. 13 00 + +MCLAUGHLIN (M. Louise.) China Painting. A Practical Manual for the Use + of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain. Sq. 12mo. Boards. 75 + +MCLAUGHLIN (M. Louise.) Pottery Decoration: being a Practical Manual of + Underglaze Painting, including Complete Detail of the author's Mode of + Painting Enameled Faience. Sq. 12mo. Bds. 1 00 + +MACLEAN (J. P.) A Manual of the Antiquity of Man. Illustrated. 12mo. + 1 00 + +MACLEAN (J. P.) Mastodon, Mammoth, and Man. Illustrated. 12mo. 60 + +MACLEAN (J. P.) The Mound Builders, and an Investigation into the + Archaeology of Butler County, Ohio, Illus. 12mo. 1 50 + +MANSFIELD (E. D.) Personal Memories, Social, Political, and Literary. + 1803-43. 12mo. 2 00 + +MANTPENNY (G. W.) Our Indian Wards: A History and Discussion of the + Indian Question. 8vo. 3 00 + +MATTHEWS (Stanley.) A Summary of the Law of Partnership. For the Use of + Business Men. 12mo. 1 25 + +MAY (Col. J.) Journal and Letters of, relative to Two Journeys to the + Ohio Country, 1788 and 1779. 8vo. 2 00 + +METTENHEIMER (H. J.) Safety Book-keeping; being a Complete Exposition of + Book-keepers' Frauds. 12mo. 1 00 + +MINOR (T. C., M.D.) Child-Bed Fever. Erysipelas and Puerperal Fever, + with a Short Account of both Diseases. 8vo. 2 00 + +MINOR (T. C., M.D.) Scarlatina Statistics of the United States. 8vo. + Paper. 50 + +MONTANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Contributions. Vol. I, 8vo. 3 00 + +MORGAN (Appleton.) The Shakspearean Myth; or, William Shakspeare and + Circumstantial Evidence. 12mo. 2 00 + +NAME AND ADDRESS BOOK. A Blank Book, with printed Headings and + Alphabetical Marginal Index, for Recording the Names and Addresses of + Professional, Commercial, and Family Correspondents. 8vo. 1 00 + +NASH (Simeon.) Crime and the Family. 12mo. 1 25 + +NERINCKX (Rev. Charles.) Life of, with Early Catholic Missions in + Kentucky; the Society of Jesus; the Sisterhood of Loretto, etc. By + Rev. C. P. Maes. 8vo. 2 50 + +NICHOLS (G. W.) The Cincinnati Organ; with a Brief Description of the + Cincinnati Music Hall. 12mo. Paper. 25 + +OHIO VALLEY HISTORICAL MISCELLANIES. I. Memorandums of a Tour Made by + Josiah Epsy, in the States of Ohio and Kentucky, and Indiana + Territory, in 1805. II. Two Western Campaigns in the War of 1812-13: + 1. Expedition of Capt. H. Brush, with Supplies for General Hull. 2. + Expedition of Gov. Meigs, for the relief of Fort Meigs. By Samuel + Williams. III. The Leatherwood God: an account of the Appearance and + Pretensions of J. C. Dylks in Eastern Ohio, in 1828. By R. H. + Taneyhill. 1 vol. 8vo. $2 50. Large paper, 5 00 + +ONCE A YEAR; or, The Doctor's Puzzle. By E. B. S. 16mo. 1 00 + +PHISTERER (Captain Frederick.) The National Guardsman: on Guard and + Kindred Duties. 24mo. Leather. 75 + +PHYSICIAN'S POCKET CASE RECORD PRESCRIPTION BOOK. 35 + +PHYSICIAN'S GENERAL LEDGER. Half Russia. 4 00 + +PIATT (John J.) Penciled Fly-Leaves. A Book of Essays in Town and + Country. Sq. 16mo. 1 00 + +POOLE (W. F.) Anti-Slavery Opinions before 1800. An Essay. 8vo. Paper, + 75c.; cloth, 1 25 + +PRACTICAL RECEIPTS OF EXPERIENCED HOUSE-KEEPERS. By the ladies of the + Seventh Presbyterian Church, Cin. 12mo. 1 25 + +PRENTICE (Geo. D.) Poems of, collected and edited, with Biographical + Sketch, by John J. Piatt. 12mo. 2 00 + +QUICK (R. H.) Essays on Educational Reformers. 12mo. 1 50 + +RANCK (G. W.) History of Lexington, Kentucky. Its Early Annals and + Recent Progress, etc. 8vo. 4 00 + +REEMELIN (C.) A Critical Review of American Politics. 8vo. _In Press._ + +REEMELIN (C.) A Treatise on Politics as a Science. 8vo. 1 50 + +REEMELIN (C.) The Wine-Maker's Manual. A Plain, Practical Guide to all + the Operations for the Manufacture of Still and Sparkling Wines. 12mo. + 1 25 + +RIVES (E., M.D.) A Chart of the Physiological Arrangement of Cranial + Nerves. Printed in large type, on a sheet 28x15 inches. Folded, in + cloth case. 50 + +ROBERT (Karl.) Charcoal Drawing without a Master. A Complete Treatise + in Landscape Drawing in Charcoal, with Lessons and Studies after + Allonge. Translated by E. H. Appleton. Illustrated. 8vo. 1 00 + +ROY (George.) Generalship; or, How I Managed my Husband. A tale. 18mo. + Paper, 50c.; cloth, 1 00 + +ROY (George.) The Art of Pleasing. A Lecture. 12mo. Paper. 25 + +ROY (George.) The Old, Old Story. A Lecture. 12mo. Paper. 25 + +RUSSELL (A. P.) Thomas Corwin. A Sketch. 16mo. 1 00 + +RUSSELL (Wm.) Scientific Horseshoeing for the Different Diseases of the + Feet. Illustrated. 8vo. 1 00 + +SAYLER (J. A.) American Form Book. A Collection of Legal and Business + Forms, embracing Deeds, Mortgages, Leases, Bonds, Wills, Contracts, + Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Checks, Bills of Sale, Receipts, + and other Legal Instruments, prepared in accordance with the Laws of + the several States; with Instructions for drawing and executing the + same. For Professional and Business Men. 8vo. 2 00 + +SHEETS (Mary R.) My Three Angels: Faith, Hope, and Love. With full-page + illustrations by E. D. Grafton. 4to. Cloth. Gilt. 5 00 + +SKINNER (J. R.) The Source of Measures. A Key to the Hebrew-Egyptian + Mystery in the Source of Measures, etc. 8vo. 5 00 + +SMITH (Col. James.) A Reprint of an Account of the Remarkable + Occurrences in his Life and Travels, during his Captivity with the + Indians in the years 1755, '56, '57, '58, and '59, etc. 8vo. $2 50. + Large paper. 5 00 + +STANTON (H.) Jacob Brown and other Poems. 12mo. 1 50 + +ST. CLAIR PAPERS. A Collection of the Correspondence and other papers of + General Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory. Edited, + with a Sketch of his Life and Public Services, by William Henry Smith. + _In Press._ + +STRAUCH (A.) Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati: its History and + improvements, with Observations on Ancient and modern Places of + Sepulture. The text beautifully printed with ornamental, colored + borders, and photographic illustrations. 4to. Cloth. Gilt. 15 00 + + An 8vo edition, without border and illustrations. 2 00 + +STUDER (J. H.) Columbus, Ohio: its History, Resources, and Progress, + from its Settlement to the Present Time. 12mo. 2 00 + +TANEYHILL (R. H.) The Leatherwood God: an account of the Appearance and + Pretensions of Joseph C. Dylks in Eastern Ohio, in 1826. 12mo. Paper. + 30 + +TEN BROOK (A.) American State Universities. Their Origin and Progress. A + History of the Congressional University Land Grants. A particular + account of the Rise and Development of the University of Michigan, and + Hints toward the future of the American University System. 8vo. 2 00 + +TILDEN (Louise W.) Karl and Gretchen's Christmas. Illustrated. Square + 12mo. 75 + +TILDEN (Louise W.) Poem, Hymn, and Mission Band Exercises. Written and + arranged for the use of Foreign Missionary Societies and Mission + Bands. Square 12mo. Paper. 25 + +TRENT (Capt. Wm.) Journal of, from Logstown to Pickawillany, in 1752. + Edited by A. T. Goodman. 8vo. 2 50 + +TRIPLER (C. S., M.D.) and BLACKMAN (G. C., M.D.) Handbook for the + Military Surgeon. 12mo. 1 00 + +TYLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN. History and Description of the Tyler Davidson + Fountain, Donated to the City of Cincinnati, by Henry Probasco. 18mo. + Paper. 25 + +VAGO (A. L.) Instructions in the art of Modeling in Clay. With an + Appendix on Modeling in Foliage, etc., for Pottery and Architectural + Decorations, by Benn Pitman, of Cincinnati School of Design. + Illustrated. Square 12mo. 1 00 + +VANHORNE (T. B.) The History of the Army of the Cumberland; its + Organization, Campaigns, and Battles. _Library Edition._ 2 vols. With + Atlas of 22 maps, compiled by Edward Ruger. 8vo. Cloth, $8 00; Sheep, + $10 00; Half Morocco, $12 00. _Popular Edition._ Containing the same + Text as the Library Edition, but only one map. 2 vols. 8vo. + Cloth. 5 00 + +VENABLE (W. H.) June on the Miami, and other Poems. Second edition. + 18mo. 1 50 + +VOORHEES (D. W.) Speeches of, embracing his most prominent Forensic, + Political, Occasional, and Literary Addresses. Compiled by his son, C. + S. Voorhees, with a Biographical Sketch and Portrait. 8vo. 5 00 + +WALKER (C. M.) History of Athens County, Ohio, and incidentally of the + Ohio Land Company, and the First Settlement of the State at Marietta, + etc. 8vo. $6 00. Large Paper. 2 vols. $12 00. Popular Edition. 4 00 + +WALTON (G. E.) Hygiene and Education of Infants; or, How to take care of + Babies. 24mo. Paper. 25 + +WARD (Durbin.) American Coinage and Currency. An Essay read before the + Social Science Congress, at Cincinnati, May 22, 1878. 8vo. Paper. 10 + +WEBB (F.) and JOHNSTON (M. C.) An Improved Tally-Book, for the use of + Lumber Dealers. 18mo. 50 + +WHITTAKER (J. T., M.D.) Physiology; Preliminary Lectures. Illustrated. + 12mo. 1 75 + +WILLIAMS (A. D., M.D.) Diseases of the Ear, including Necessary Anatomy + of the Organ. 8vo. 3 50 + +YOUNG (A.) History of Wayne County, Indiana, from its First Settlement + to the Present Time. 8vo. 2 00 + + + + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes + + Index reordered alphabetically. Obvious printer's errors have been + repaired, otherwise spelling and punctuation are true to the original. + Italics are enclosed in _underscores_. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Discovery of the +Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634, by Consul Willshire Butterfield + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF NORTHWEST *** + +***** This file should be named 36698.txt or 36698.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/6/9/36698/ + +Produced by Valerie Leduc, Curtis Weyant and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department +Digital Library) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |