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diff --git a/36722.txt b/36722.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..307e0a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/36722.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22385 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Revision Revised by John William Burgon + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Revision Revised + +Author: John William Burgon + +Release Date: July 13, 2011 [Ebook #36722] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVISION REVISED*** + + + + + + The Revision Revised. + + Three Articles + + Reprinted From The "Quarterly Review." + + I. The New Greek Text. + + II. The New English Version. + + III. Westcott and Hort's New Textual Theory. + + To Which is Added A + + Reply to Bishop Ellicott's Pamphlet + + In Defence Of + + The Revisers and Their Greek Text of the New Testament: + + Including a Vindication of the Traditional Reading of 1 Timothy III. 16. + + By John William Burgon, B.D. + + Dean of Chichester. + + "Little children,--Keep yourselves from idols."--1 John v. 21. + + Dover Publications, Inc. + + New York + + 1971 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +Dedication. +Preface. +Article I. The New Greek Text. +Article II. The New English Version. +Article III. Westcott And Hort's New Textual Theory. +Letter To Bishop Ellicott, In Reply To His Pamphlet. +Appendix Of Sacred Codices. +Index I, of Texts of Scripture,--quoted, discussed, or only referred to in +this volume. +Index II, of Fathers. +Index III, Persons, Places, and Subjects. +Footnotes + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: This book contains much Greek text, which will not be +well-rendered in plain text versions of this E-book. Also, there is much +use of Greek characters with a vertical bar across the tops of the letters +to indicate abbreviations; because the coding system used in this e-book +does not have such an "overline", they are rendered here with underlines. +It also contains some text in Syriac, which is written right-to-left; for +the sake of different transcription methods, it is transcribed here in +both right-to-left and left-to-rights, so that regardless of the medium of +this E-book, one or the other should be readable.] + +The following is PREBENDARY SCRIVENER'S recently published estimate of the +System on which DRS. WESTCOTT AND HORT have constructed their "_Revised +Greek Text of the New Testament_" (1881).--That System, the Chairman of the +Revising Body (BISHOP ELLICOTT) has entirely adopted (see below, pp. 391 +to 397), and made the basis of his Defence of THE REVISERS and their "_New +Greek Text._" + + + (1.) "There is little hope for the stability of their imposing + structure, if _its foundations have been laid on the sandy ground + of ingenious conjecture_. And, since barely the smallest vestige + of historical evidence has ever been alleged in support of the + views of these accomplished Editors, their teaching must either be + received as intuitively true, or _dismissed from our consideration + as precarious and even visionary_." + + (2.) "DR. HORT'S System _is entirely destitute of historical + foundation_." + + (3.) "We are compelled to repeat as emphatically as ever our + strong conviction that the Hypothesis to whose proof he has + devoted so many laborious years, _is destitute not only of + historical foundation, but of all probability, resulting from the + internal goodness of the Text which its adoption would force upon + us_." + + (4.) " 'We cannot doubt' (says DR. HORT) 'that S. Luke xxiii. 34 + comes from an extraneous source.' [_Notes_, p. 68.]--_Nor can we, + on our part, doubt_," (rejoins DR. SCRIVENER,) "_that the System + which entails such consequences is hopelessly self-condemned_." + + +SCRIVENER'S "Plain Introduction," &c. [ed. 1883]: pp. 531, 537, 542, 604. + + + + + +DEDICATION. + + +To The +Right Hon. Viscount Cranbrook, G.C.S.I., +&c., &c., &c. + +MY DEAR LORD CRANBROOK, + +_Allow me the gratification of dedicating the present Volume to yourself; +but for whom--(I reserve the explanation for another day)--it would never +have been written._ + +_This is not, (as you will perceive at a glance,) the Treatise which a few +years ago I told you I had in hand; and which, but for the present +hindrance, might by this time have been completed. It has however_ grown +out _of that other work in the manner explained at the beginning of my +Preface. Moreover it contains not a few specimens of the argumentation of +which the work in question, when at last it sees the light, will be +discovered to be full._ + +_My one object has been to defeat the mischievous attempt which was made +in 1881 to thrust upon this Church and Realm a Revision of the Sacred +Text, which--recommended though it be by eminent names--I am thoroughly +convinced, and am able to prove, is untrustworthy from beginning to end._ + +_The reason is plain. It has been constructed throughout on an utterly +erroneous hypothesis. And I inscribe this Volume to you, my friend, as a +conspicuous member of that body of faithful and learned Laity by whose +deliberate verdict, when the whole of the evidence has been produced and +the case has been fully argued out, I shall be quite willing that my +contention may stand or fall._ + +_The_ English _(as well as the Greek) of the newly __"__Revised +Version__"__ is hopelessly at fault. It is to me simply unintelligible how +a company of Scholars can have spent ten years in elaborating such a very +unsatisfactory production. Their uncouth phraseology and their jerky +sentences, their pedantic obscurity and their unidiomatic English, +contrast painfully with __"__the happy turns of expression, the music of +the cadences, the felicities of the rhythm__"__ of our Authorized Version. +The transition from one to the other, as the Bishop of Lincoln remarks, is +like exchanging a well-built carriage for a vehicle without springs, in +which you get jolted to death on a newly-mended and rarely-traversed road. +But the __"__Revised Version__"__ is inaccurate as well; exhibits +defective scholarship, I mean, in countless places._ + +_It is, however, the_ systematic depravation of the underlying Greek +_which does so grievously offend me: for this is nothing else but a +poisoning of the River of Life at its sacred source. Our Revisers, (with +the best and purest intentions, no doubt,) stand convicted of having +deliberately rejected the words of __ Inspiration in every page, and of +having substituted for them fabricated Readings which the Church has long +since refused to acknowledge, or else has rejected with abhorrence; and +which only survive at this time in a little handful of documents of the +most depraved type._ + +_As Critics they have had abundant warning. Twelve years ago (1871) a +volume appeared on_ the "last Twelve Verses of the Gospel according to S. +Mark,"--_of which the declared object was to vindicate those Verses against +certain critical objectors, and to establish them by an exhaustive +argumentative process. Up to this hour, for a very obvious reason, no +answer to that volume has been attempted. And yet, at the end of ten years +(1881),--not only in the Revised English but also in the volume which +professes to exhibit the underlying Greek, (which at least is +indefensible,)--the Revisers are observed to separate off those Twelve +precious Verses from their context, in token that they are no part of the +genuine Gospel. Such a deliberate preference of_ "mumpsimus" _to_ +"sumpsimus" _is by no means calculated to conciliate favour, or even to +win respect. The Revisers have in fact been the dupes of an ingenious +Theorist, concerning whose extraordinary views you are invited to read +what Dr. Scrivener has recently put forth. The words of the last-named +writer (who is_ facile princeps _in Textual Criticism) will be found +facing the beginning of the present Dedication._ + +_If, therefore, any do complain that I have sometimes hit my opponents +rather hard, I take leave to point out that __"__to everything __ there is +a season, and a time to every purpose under the sun__"__: __"__a time to +embrace, and a time to be far from embracing__"__: a time for speaking +smoothly, and a time for speaking sharply. And that when the words of +Inspiration are seriously imperilled, as now they are, it is scarcely +possible for one who is determined effectually to preserve the Deposit in +its integrity, to hit either too straight or too hard. In handling certain +recent utterances of Bishop Ellicott, I considered throughout that it was +the_ "Textual Critic"--_not the Successor of the Apostles,--with whom I had +to do._ + +_And thus I commend my Volume, the fruit of many years of incessant +anxious toil, to your indulgence: requesting that you will receive it as a +token of my sincere respect and admiration; and desiring to be remembered, +my dear Lord Cranbrook, as_ + +_Your grateful and affectionate_ +_ Friend and Servant,_ +_ John W. Burgon._ + +DEANERY, CHICHESTER, +All Saints' Day., 1883. + + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The ensuing three Articles from the "Quarterly Review,"--(wrung out of me +by the publication [May 17th, 1881] of the "Revision" of our "Authorized +Version of the New Testament,")--appear in their present form in compliance +with an amount of continuous solicitation that they should be separately +published, which it would have been alike unreasonable and ungracious to +disregard. I was not prepared for it. It has caused me--as letter after +letter has reached my hands--mixed feelings; has revived all my original +disinclination and regret. For, gratified as I cannot but feel by the +reception my labours have met with,--(and only the Author of my being knows +what an amount of antecedent toil is represented by the ensuing pages,)--I +yet deplore more heartily than I am able to express, the injustice done to +the cause of Truth by handling the subject in this fragmentary way, and by +exhibiting the evidence for what is most certainly true, in such a very +incomplete form. A systematic Treatise is the indispensable condition for +securing cordial assent to the view for which I mainly contend. The +cogency of the argument lies entirely in the cumulative character of the +proof. It requires to be demonstrated by induction from a large collection +of particular instances, as well as by the complex exhibition of many +converging lines of evidence, that the testimony of one small group of +documents, or rather, of one particular manuscript,--(namely the Vatican +Codex B, which, for some unexplained reason, it is just now the fashion to +regard with superstitious deference,)--is the reverse of trustworthy. +Nothing in fact but a considerable Treatise will ever effectually break +the yoke of that iron tyranny to which the excellent Bishop of Gloucester +and Bristol and his colleagues have recently bowed their necks; and are +now for imposing on all English-speaking men. In brief, if I were not, on +the one hand, thoroughly convinced of the strength of my position,--(and I +know it to be absolutely impregnable);--yet more, if on the other hand, I +did not cherish entire confidence in the practical good sense and fairness +of the English mind;--I could not have brought myself to come before the +public in the unsystematic way which alone is possible in the pages of a +Review. I must have waited, at all hazards, till I had finished "my Book." + +But then, delay would have been fatal. I saw plainly that unless a sharp +blow was delivered immediately, the Citadel would be in the enemy's hands. +I knew also that it was just possible to condense into 60 or 70 +closely-printed pages what must _logically_ prove fatal to the "Revision." +So I set to work; and during the long summer days of 1881 (June to +September) the foremost of these three Articles was elaborated. When the +October number of "the Quarterly" appeared, I comforted myself with the +secret consciousness that enough was by this time on record, even had my +life been suddenly brought to a close, to secure the ultimate rejection of +the "Revision" of 1881. I knew that the "New Greek Text," (and therefore +the "New English Version"), had received its death-blow. It might for a +few years drag out a maimed existence; eagerly defended by some,--timidly +pleaded for by others. But such efforts could be of no avail. Its days +were already numbered. The effect of more and yet more learned +investigation,--of more elaborate and more extended inquiry,--_must_ be to +convince mankind more and yet more thoroughly that the principles on which +it had been constructed were radically unsound. In the end, when +partisanship had cooled down, and passion had evaporated, and prejudice +had ceased to find an auditory, the "Revision" of 1881 must come to be +universally regarded as--what it most certainly is,--_the most astonishing, +as well as the most calamitous literary blunder of the Age_. + +I. I pointed out that "the NEW GREEK TEXT,"--which, in defiance of their +instructions,(1) the Revisionists of "the Authorized English Version" had +been so ill-advised as to spend ten years in elaborating,--was a wholly +untrustworthy performance: was full of the gravest errors from beginning +to end: had been constructed throughout on an entirely mistaken Theory. +Availing myself of the published confession of one of the Revisionists,(2) +I explained the nature of the calamity which had befallen the Revision. I +traced the mischief home to its true authors,--Drs. Westcott and Hort; a +copy of whose unpublished Text of the N. T. (the most vicious in +existence) had been confidentially, and under pledges of the strictest +secrecy, placed in the hands of every member of the revising Body.(3) I +called attention to the fact that, unacquainted with the difficult and +delicate science of Textual Criticism, the Revisionists had, in an evil +hour, surrendered themselves to Dr. Hort's guidance: had preferred his +counsels to those of Prebendary Scrivener, (an infinitely more trustworthy +guide): and that the work before the public was the piteous--but +_inevitable_--result. All this I explained in the October number of the +"Quarterly Review" for 1881.(4) + +II. In thus demonstrating the worthlessness of the "New Greek Text" of the +Revisionists, I considered that I had destroyed the key of their position. +And so perforce I had: for if the underlying Greek Text be mistaken, what +else but incorrect must the English Translation be? But on examining the +so-called "Revision of the Authorized Version," I speedily made the +further discovery that the Revised English would have been in itself +intolerable, even had the Greek been let alone. In the first place, to my +surprise and annoyance, it proved to be a _New Translation_ (rather than a +Revision of the Old) which had been attempted. Painfully apparent were the +tokens which met me on every side that the Revisionists had been supremely +eager not so much to correct none but "plain and clear errors,"--as to +introduce as many changes into the English of the New Testament Scriptures +as they conveniently could.(5) A skittish impatience of the admirable work +before them, and a strange inability to appreciate its manifold +excellences:--a singular imagination on the part of the promiscuous Company +which met in the Jerusalem Chamber that they were competent to improve the +Authorized Version in every part, and an unaccountable forgetfulness that +the fundamental condition under which the task of Revision had been by +themselves undertaken, was that they should abstain from all but +"_necessary_" changes:--_this_ proved to be only part of the offence which +the Revisionists had committed. It was found that they had erred through +_defective Scholarship_ to an extent, and with a frequency, which to me is +simply inexplicable. I accordingly made it my business to demonstrate all +this in a second Article which appeared in the next (the January) number +of the "Quarterly Review," and was entitled "THE NEW ENGLISH +TRANSLATION."(6) + +III. Thereupon, a pretence was set up in many quarters, (_but only by the +Revisionists and their friends_,) that all my labour hitherto had been +thrown away, because I had omitted to disprove the principles on which +this "New Greek Text" is founded. I flattered myself indeed that quite +enough had been said to make it logically certain that the underlying +"Textual Theory" _must be_ worthless. But I was not suffered to cherish +this conviction in quiet. It was again and again cast in my teeth that I +had not yet grappled with Drs. Westcott and Hort's "arguments." "Instead +of condemning _their Text_, why do you not disprove _their Theory_?" It +was tauntingly insinuated that I knew better than to cross swords with the +two Cambridge Professors. This reduced me to the necessity of either +leaving it to be inferred from my silence that I had found Drs. Westcott +and Hort's "arguments" unanswerable; or else of coming forward with their +book in my hand, and demonstrating that in their solemn pages an attentive +reader finds himself encountered by nothing but a series of unsupported +assumptions: that their (so called) "Theory" is in reality nothing else +but a weak effort of the Imagination: that the tissue which these +accomplished scholars have been thirty years in elaborating, proves on +inspection to be as flimsy and as worthless as any spider's web. + +I made it my business in consequence to expose, somewhat in detail, (in a +third Article, which appeared in the "Quarterly Review" for April 1882), +the absolute absurdity,--(I use the word advisedly)--of "WESTCOTT AND HORT'S +NEW TEXTUAL THEORY;"(7) and I now respectfully commend those 130 pages to +the attention of candid and unprejudiced readers. It were idle to expect +to convince any others. We have it on good authority (Dr. Westcott's) that +"he who has long pondered over a train of Reasoning, _becomes unable to +detect its weak points_."(8) A yet stranger phenomenon is, that those who +have once committed themselves to an erroneous Theory, seem to be +incapable of opening their eyes to the untrustworthiness of the fabric +they have erected, even when it comes down in their sight, like a child's +house built with playing-cards,--and presents to every eye but their own +the appearance of a shapeless ruin. + +§ 1. Two full years have elapsed since the first of these Essays was +published; and my Criticism--for the best of reasons--remains to this hour +unanswered. The public has been assured indeed, (in the course of some +hysterical remarks by Canon Farrar(9)), that "the 'Quarterly Reviewer' can +be refuted as fully as he desires as soon as any scholar has the leisure +to answer him." The "Quarterly Reviewer" can afford to wait,--if the +Revisers can. But they are reminded that it is no answer to one who has +demolished their master's "Theory," for the pupils to keep on reproducing +fragments of it; and by their mistakes and exaggerations, to make both +themselves and him, ridiculous. + +§ 2. Thus, a writer in the "Church Quarterly" for January 1882, (whose +knowledge of the subject is entirely derived from what Dr. Hort has taught +him,)--being evidently much exercised by the first of my three Articles in +the "Quarterly Review,"--gravely informs the public that "it is useless to +parade such an array of venerable witnesses," (meaning the enumerations of +Fathers of the IIIrd, IVth, and Vth centuries which are given below, at +pp. 42-4: 80-1: 84: 133: 212-3: 359-60: 421: 423: 486-90:)--"_for they have +absolutely nothing to say which deserves a moment's hearing_."(10)--What a +pity it is, (while he was about it), that the learned gentleman did not go +on to explain that the moon is made of green cheese! + +§ 3. Dr. Sanday,(11) in a kindred spirit, delivers it as his opinion, that +"the one thing" I lack "is a grasp on the central condition of the +problem:"--that I do "not seem to have the faintest glimmering of the +principle of 'Genealogy:' "--that I am "all at sea:"--that my "heaviest +batteries are discharged at random:"--and a great deal more to the same +effect. The learned Professor is quite welcome to think such things of me, +if he pleases. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + +§ 4. At the end of a year, a Reviewer of quite a different calibre made +his appearance in the January number (1883) of the "Church Quarterly:" in +return for whose not very encouraging estimate of my labours, I gladly +record my conviction that if he will seriously apply his powerful and +accurate mind to the department of Textual Criticism, he will probably +produce a work which will help materially to establish the study in which +he takes such an intelligent interest, on a scientific basis. But then, he +is invited to accept the friendly assurance that the indispensable +condition of success in this department is, that a man should give to the +subject, (which is a very intricate one and abounds in unexplored +problems), his undivided attention for an extended period. I trust there +is nothing unreasonable in the suggestion that one who has not done this, +should be very circumspect when he sits in judgment on a neighbour of his +who, for very many years past, has given to Textual Criticism the whole of +his time;--has freely sacrificed health, ease, relaxation, even necessary +rest, to this one object;--has made it his one business to acquire such an +independent mastery of the subject as shall qualify him to do battle +successfully for the imperilled letter of GOD'S Word. My friend however +thinks differently. He says of me,-- + + + "In his first Article there was something amusing in the + simplicity with which 'Lloyd's Greek Testament' (which is only a + convenient little Oxford edition of the ordinary kind) was put + forth as the final standard of appeal. It recalled to our + recollection Bentley's sarcasm upon the text of Stephanus, which + 'your learned Whitbyus' takes for the sacred original in every + syllable." (P. 354.) + + +§ 5. On referring to the passage where my "simplicity" has afforded +amusement to a friend whose brilliant conversation is always a delight to +_me_, I read as follows,-- + + + "It is discovered that in the 111 (out of 320) pages of a copy of + Lloyd's Greek Testament, in which alone these five manuscripts are + collectively available for comparison in the Gospels,--the serious + deflections of A from the _Textus Receptus_ amount in all to only + 842: whereas in C they amount to 1798: in B, to 2370: in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, to + 3392: in D, to 4697. The readings _peculiar to_ A within the same + limits are 133: those peculiar to C are 170. But those of B amount + to 197: while {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} exhibits 443: and the readings peculiar to D + (within the same limits), are no fewer than 1829.... We submit + that these facts are not altogether calculated to inspire + confidence in codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D."(12) + + +§ 6. But how (let me ask) does it appear from this, that I have "put forth +Lloyd's Greek Testament as the _final standard of Appeal_"? True, that, in +order to exhibit clearly their respective divergences, I have referred +five famous codices (A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D)--certain of which are found to have turned +the brain of Critics of the new school--_to one and the same familiar +exhibition of the commonly received Text of the New Testament_: but by so +doing I have not by any means assumed _the Textual purity_ of that common +standard. In other words I have not made it "_the final standard of +Appeal_." _All_ Critics,--wherever found,--at all times, have collated with +the commonly received Text: but only as the most convenient _standard of +Comparison_; not, surely, as the absolute _standard of Excellence_. The +result of the experiment already referred to,--(and, I beg to say, it was +an exceedingly laborious experiment,)--has been, to demonstrate that the +five Manuscripts in question stand apart from one another in the following +proportions:-- + +842 (A) : 1798 (C) : 2370 (B) : 3392 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) : 4697 (D). + +But would not the same result have been obtained if the "five old uncials" +had been _referred to any other common standard which can be named_? In +the meantime, what else is the inevitable inference from this phenomenon +but that four out of the five _must_ be--while all the five _may_ +be--outrageously depraved documents? instead of being fit to be made our +exclusive guides to the Truth of Scripture,--as Critics of the school of +Tischendorf and Tregelles would have us believe that they are? + +§ 7. I cited a book which is in the hands of every schoolboy, (Lloyd's +"Greek Testament,") _only_ in order to facilitate reference, and to make +sure that my statements would be at once understood by the least learned +person who could be supposed to have access to the "Quarterly." I presumed +every scholar to be aware that Bp. Lloyd (1827) professes to reproduce +Mill's text; and that Mill (1707) reproduces the text of Stephens;(13) and +that Stephens (1550) exhibits with sufficient accuracy the Traditional +text,--which is confessedly at least 1530 years old.(14) Now, if a +tolerable approximation to the text of A.D. 350 may _not_ be accepted as +_a standard of Comparison_,--will the writer in the "Church Quarterly" be +so obliging as to inform us _which_ exhibition of the sacred Text _may_? + +§ 8. A pamphlet by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol,(15) which +appeared in April 1882, remains to be considered. Written expressly in +defence of the Revisers and their New Greek Text, this composition +displays a slenderness of acquaintance with the subject now under +discussion, for which I was little prepared. Inasmuch however as it is the +production of the Chairman of the Revisionist body, and professes to be a +reply to my first two Articles, I have bestowed upon it an elaborate and +particular rejoinder extending to an hundred-and-fifty pages.(16) I shall +in consequence be very brief concerning it in this place. + +§ 9. The respected writer does nothing else but reproduce Westcott and +Hort's theory _in Westcott and Hort's words_. He contributes nothing of +his own. The singular infelicity which attended his complaint that the +"Quarterly Reviewer" "censures their [Westcott and Hort's] Text," but, +"has not attempted _a serious examination of the arguments which they +allege in its support_," I have sufficiently dwelt upon elsewhere.(17) The +rest of the Bishop's contention may be summed up in two propositions:--The +first, (I.) That if the Revisionists are wrong in their "New Greek Text," +then (not only Westcott and Hort, but) Lachmann, Tischendorf and Tregelles +must be wrong also,--a statement which I hold to be incontrovertible.--The +Bishop's other position is also undeniable: viz. (II.) That in order to +pass an equitable judgment on ancient documents, they are to be carefully +studied, closely compared, and tested by a more scientific process than +rough comparison with the _Textus Receptus_.(18)... Thus, on both heads, I +find myself entirely at one with Bp. Ellicott. + +§ 10. And yet,--as the last 150 pages of the present volume show,--I have +the misfortune to be at issue with the learned writer on almost every +particular which he proposes for discussion. Thus, + +§ 11. At page 64 of his pamphlet, he fastens resolutely upon the famous +problem whether "GOD" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), or "who" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), is to be read in 1 Timothy +iii. 16. I had upheld the former reading in eight pages. He contends for +the latter, with something like acrimony, in twelve.(19) I have been at +the pains, in consequence, to write a "DISSERTATION" of seventy-six pages +on this important subject,(20)--the preparation of which (may I be allowed +to record the circumstance in passing?) occupied me closely for six +months,(21) and taxed me severely. Thus, the only point which Bishop +Ellicott has condescended to discuss argumentatively with me, will be +found to enjoy full half of my letter to him in reply. + +The "Dissertation" referred to, I submit with humble confidence to the +judgment of educated Englishmen. It requires no learning to understand the +case. And I have particularly to request that those who will be at the +pains to look into this question, will remember,--(1) That the place of +Scripture discussed (viz. 1 Tim. iii. 16) was deliberately selected for a +trial of strength by the Bishop: (I should not have chosen it myself):--(2) +That on the issue of the contention which he has thus himself invited, we +have respectively staked our critical reputation. The discussion exhibits +very fairly our two methods,--his and mine; and "is of great importance as +an example," "illustrating in a striking manner" our respective +positions,--as the Bishop himself has been careful to remind his +readers.(22) + +§ 12. One merely desirous of taking a general survey of this question, is +invited to read from page 485 to 496 of the present volume. To understand +the case thoroughly, he must submit to the labour of beginning at p. 424 +and reading down to p. 501. + +§ 13. A thoughtful person who has been at the pains to do this, will be +apt on laying down the book to ask,--"But is it not very remarkable that so +many as five of the ancient Versions should favour the reading 'which,' +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},) instead of 'GOD' ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})"?--"Yes, it is very +remarkable," I answer. "For though the Old Latin and the two Egyptian +Versions are constantly observed to conspire in error, they rarely find +allies in the Peschito and the AEthiopic. On the other hand, you are to +remember that besides VERSIONS, the FATHERS have to be inquired after: +while more important than either is the testimony of the COPIES. Now, the +combined witness to 'GOD' ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),--so multitudinous, so respectable, so +varied, so unequivocal,--of the Copies and of the Fathers (in addition to +three of the Versions) is simply overwhelming. It becomes undeniable that +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is by far the best supported reading of the present place." + +§ 14. When, however, such an one as Tischendorf or Tregelles,--Hort or +Ellicott,--would put me down by reminding me that half-a-dozen of the +oldest Versions are against me,--"_That_ argument" (I reply) "is not +allowable on _your_ lips. For if the united testimony of _five_ of the +Versions really be, in your account, decisive,--Why do you deny the +genuineness of the last Twelve Verses of S. Mark's Gospel, _which are +recognized by every one of the Versions_? Those Verses are besides +attested _by every known Copy_, except two of bad character: _by a mighty +chorus of Fathers_: _by the unfaltering Tradition of the Church +universal_. First remove from S. Mark xvi. 20, your brand of suspicion, +and then come back to me in order that we may discuss together how 1 Tim. +iii. 16 is to be read. And yet, when you come back, it must not be to +plead in favour of 'who' ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}), in place of 'GOD' ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). For _not_ 'who' +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), remember, but 'which' ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}) is the reading advocated by those five +earliest Versions." ... In other words,--the reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16, +which the Revisers have adopted, enjoys, (as I have shown from page 428 to +page 501), _the feeblest attestation of any_; besides being condemned by +internal considerations and the universal Tradition of the Eastern Church. + +§ 15. I pass on, after modestly asking,--Is it too much to hope, (I covet +no other guerdon for my labour!) that we shall hear no more about +substituting "who" for "GOD" in 1 Tim. iii. 16? We may not go on disputing +for ever: and surely, until men are able to produce some more cogent +evidence than has yet come to light in support of "the mystery of +godliness, _who_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),--all sincere inquirers +after Truth are bound to accept _that_ reading which has been demonstrated +to be by far the best attested. Enough however on this head. + +§ 16. It was said just now that I cordially concur with Bp. Ellicott in +the second of his two propositions,--viz. That "no equitable judgment can +be passed on ancient documents until they are carefully studied, and +closely compared with each other, and tested by a more scientific process +than rough comparison with" the _Textus Receptus_. I wish to add a few +words on this subject: the rather, because what I am about to say will be +found as applicable to my Reviewer in the "Church Quarterly" as to the +Bishop. Both have misapprehended this matter, and in exactly the same way. +Where such accomplished Scholars have erred, what wonder if ordinary +readers should find themselves all a-field? + +§ 17. In Textual Criticism then, "rough comparison" can seldom, if ever, +be of any real use. On the other hand, the exact _Collation_ of documents +whether ancient or modern with the received Text, is the necessary +foundation of all scientific Criticism. I employ that Text,--(as Mill, +Bentley, Wetstein; Griesbach, Matthaei, Scholz; Tischendorf, Tregelles, +Scrivener, employed it before me,)--not as a criterion of _Excellence_, but +as a standard of _Comparison_. All this will be found fully explained +below, from page 383 to page 391. Whenever I would judge of _the +authenticity_ of any particular reading, I insist on bringing it, wherever +found,--whether in Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, on the one hand; or in +Stephens and Elzevir, on the other;--to the test of _Catholic Antiquity_. +If that witness is consentient, or very nearly so, whether for or against +any given reading, I hold it to be decisive. To no other system of +arbitration will I submit myself. I decline to recognise any other +criterion of Truth. + +§ 18. What compels me to repeat this so often, is the impatient +self-sufficiency of these last days, which is for breaking away from the +old restraints; and for erecting the individual conscience into an +authority from which there shall be no appeal. I know but too well how +laborious is the scientific method which _I_ advocate. A long summer day +disappears, while the student--with all his appliances about him--is +resolutely threshing out some minute textual problem. Another, and yet +another bright day vanishes. Comes Saturday evening at last, and a page of +illegible manuscript is all that he has to show for a week's heavy toil. +_Quousque tandem?_ And yet, it is the indispensable condition of progress +in an unexplored region, that a few should thus labour, until a path has +been cut through the forest,--a road laid down,--huts built,--a _modus +vivendi_ established. In this department of sacred Science, men have been +going on too long inventing their facts, and delivering themselves of +oracular decrees, on the sole responsibility of their own inner +consciousness. There is great convenience in such a method certainly,--a +charming simplicity which is in a high degree attractive to flesh and +blood. It dispenses with proof. It furnishes no evidence. It asserts when +it ought to argue.(23) It reiterates when it is called upon to +explain.(24) "I am sir Oracle." ... This,--which I venture to style the +_unscientific_ method,--reached its culminating point when Professors +Westcott and Hort recently put forth their Recension of the Greek Text. +Their work is indeed quite a psychological curiosity. Incomprehensible to +me is it how two able men of disciplined understandings can have seriously +put forth the volume which they call "INTRODUCTION--APPENDIX." It is the +very _Reductio ad absurdum_ of the uncritical method of the last fifty +years. And it is especially in opposition to this new method of theirs +that I so strenuously insist that _the consentient voice of Catholic +Antiquity_ is to be diligently inquired after and submissively listened +to; for that _this_, in the end, will prove our _only_ safe guide. + +§ 19. Let this be a sufficient reply to my Reviewer in the "Church +Quarterly"--who, I observe, notes, as a fundamental defect in my Articles, +"the want of a consistent working Theory, such as would enable us to +weigh, as well as count, the suffrages of MSS., Versions, and +Fathers."(25) He is reminded that it was no part of my business to +propound a "Theory." My _method_ I have explained often and fully enough. +My business was to prove that the theory of Drs. Westcott and Hort,--which +(as Bp. Ellicott's pamphlet proves) has been mainly adopted by the +Revisionists,--is not only a worthless, but an utterly absurd one. And I +have proved it. The method I persistently advocate in every case of a +supposed doubtful Reading, (I say it for the last time, and request that I +may be no more misrepresented,) is, that _an appeal shall be unreservedly +made to Catholic Antiquity_; and that the combined verdict of Manuscripts, +Versions, Fathers, shall be regarded as decisive. + +§ 20. I find myself, in the mean time, met by the scoffs, jeers, +misrepresentations of the disciples of this new School; who, instead of +producing historical facts and intelligible arguments, appeal to the +decrees of their teachers,--which _I_ disallow, and which _they_ are unable +to substantiate. They delight in announcing that Textual Criticism made +"_a fresh departure_" with the edition of Drs. Westcott and Hort: that the +work of those scholars "_marks an era_," and is spoken of in Germany as +"_epoch-making_." My own belief is, that the Edition in question, if it be +epoch-making at all, marks _that_ epoch at which the current of critical +thought, reversing its wayward course, began once more to flow in its +ancient healthy channel. "Cloud-land" having been duly sighted on the 14th +September 1881,(26) "a fresh departure" was insisted upon by public +opinion,--and a deliberate return was made,--to _terra firma_, and _terra +cognita_, and common sense. So far from "its paramount claim to the +respect of future generations," being "the restitution of a more ancient +and a purer Text,"--I venture to predict that the edition of the two +Cambridge Professors will be hereafter remembered as indicating the +furthest point ever reached by the self-evolved imaginations of English +disciples of the school of Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles. The recoil +promises to be complete. English good sense is ever observed to prevail in +the long run; although for a few years a foreign fashion may acquire the +ascendant, and beguile a few unstable wits. + +§ 21. It only remains to state that in republishing these Essays I have +availed myself of the opportunity to make several corrections and +additions; as well as here and there to expand what before had been too +briefly delivered. My learned friend and kind neighbour, the Rev. R. +Cowley Powles, has ably helped me to correct the sheets. Much valuable +assistance has been zealously rendered me throughout by my nephew, the +Rev. William F. Rose, Vicar of Worle, Somersetshire. But the unwearied +patience and consummate skill of my Secretary (M. W.) passes praise. Every +syllable of the present volume has been transcribed by her for the press; +and to her I am indebted for two of my Indices.--The obligations under +which many learned men, both at home and abroad, have laid me, will be +found faithfully acknowledged, in the proper place, at the foot of the +page. I am sincerely grateful to them all. + +§ 22. It will be readily believed that I have been sorely tempted to +recast the whole and to strengthen my position in every part: but then, +the work would have no longer been,--"Three Articles reprinted from the +Quarterly Review." Earnestly have I desired, for many years past, to +produce a systematic Treatise on this great subject. My aspiration all +along has been, and still is, in place of the absolute Empiricism which +has hitherto prevailed in Textual inquiry to exhibit the logical outlines +of what, I am persuaded, is destined to become a truly delightful Science. +But I more than long,--I fairly _ache_ to have done with Controversy, and +to be free to devote myself to the work of Interpretation. My apology for +bestowing so large a portion of my time on Textual Criticism, is David's +when he was reproached by his brethren for appearing on the field of +battle,--"Is there not a cause?" + +§ 23. For,--let it clearly be noted,--it is no longer the case that critical +doubts concerning the sacred Text are confined to critical Editions of the +Greek. So long as scholars were content to ventilate their crotchets in a +little arena of their own,--however mistaken they might be, and even though +they changed their opinions once in every ten years,--no great harm was +likely to come of it. Students of the Greek Testament were sure to have +their attention called to the subject,--which must always be in the highest +degree desirable; and it was to be expected that in this, as in every +other department of learning, the progress of Inquiry would result in +gradual accessions of certain Knowledge. After many years it might be +found practicable to put forth by authority a carefully considered +Revision of the commonly received Greek Text. + +§ 24. But instead of all this, a Revision of the _English Authorised +Version_ having been sanctioned by the Convocation of the Southern +Province in 1871, the opportunity was eagerly snatched at by two +irresponsible scholars of the University of Cambridge for obtaining the +general sanction of the Revising body, and thus indirectly of Convocation, +for a private venture of their own,--their own privately devised Revision +of the _Greek Text_. On that Greek Text of theirs, (which I hold to be the +most depraved which has ever appeared in print), with some slight +modifications, our Authorised English Version has been silently revised: +silently, I say, for in the margin of the English no record is preserved +of the underlying Textual changes which have been introduced by the +Revisionists. On the contrary. Use has been made of that margin to +insinuate suspicion and distrust in countless particulars as to the +authenticity of the Text which has been suffered to remain unaltered. In +the meantime, the country has been flooded with two editions of the New +Greek Text; and thus the door has been set wide open for universal +mistrust of the Truth of Scripture to enter. + +§ 25. Even schoolboys, it seems, are to have these crude views thrust upon +them. Witness the "Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools," edited by Dean +Perowne,--who informs us at the outset that "_the Syndics of the Cambridge +University Press_ have not thought it desirable to reprint the text in +common use." A consensus of Drs. Tischendorf and Tregelles,--who +confessedly employed _the self-same mistaken major premiss_ in remodelling +the Sacred Text,--seems, in a general way, to represent those Syndics' +notion of Textual purity. By this means every most serious deformity in +the edition of Drs. Westcott and Hort, becomes promoted to honour, and is +being thrust on the unsuspecting youth of England as the genuine utterance +of the HOLY GHOST. Would it not have been the fairer, the more faithful as +well as the more judicious course,--seeing that in respect of this abstruse +and important question _adhuc sub judice lis est_,--to wait patiently +awhile? Certainly not to snatch an opportunity "while men slept," and in +this way indirectly to prejudge the solemn issue! Not by such methods is +the cause of GOD'S Truth on earth to be promoted. Even this however is not +all. Bishop Lightfoot has been informed that "the Bible Society has +permitted its Translators to adopt the Text of the Revised Version _where +it commends itself to their judgment_."(27) In other words, persons wholly +unacquainted with the dangers which beset this delicate and difficult +problem are invited to determine, by the light of Nature and on the +"_solvere ambulando_" principle, what _is_ inspired Scripture, what _not_: +and as a necessary consequence are encouraged to disseminate in heathen +lands Readings which, a few years hence,--(so at least I venture to +predict,)--will be universally recognized as worthless. + +§ 26. If all this does not constitute a valid reason for descending into +the arena of controversy, it would in my judgment be impossible to +indicate an occasion when the Christian soldier _is_ called upon to do +so:--the rather, because certain of those who, from their rank and station +in the Church, ought to be the champions of the Truth, are at this time +found to be among its most vigorous assailants. + +§ 27. Let me,--(and with this I conclude),--in giving the present Volume to +the world, be allowed to request that it may be accepted as a sample of +how Deans employ their time,--the use they make of their opportunities. +Nowhere but under the shadow of a Cathedral, (or in a College,) can such +laborious endeavours as the present _pro Ecclesia_ DEI be successfully +prosecuted. + +J. W. B. + +DEANERY, CHICHESTER, +ALL SAINTS' DAY, 1883. + + + + + +ARTICLE I. THE NEW GREEK TEXT. + + + "One question in connexion with the Authorized Version I have + purposely neglected. It seemed useless to discuss its REVISION. + _The Revision of the original Texts must precede the Revision of + the Translation_: and _the time for this, even in the New + Testament, has not yet fully come_."--DR. WESTCOTT.(28) + + "It is my honest conviction that for any authoritative REVISION, + we are not yet mature; _either in Biblical learning or Hellenistic + scholarship_. There is good scholarship in this country, ... but + _it has certainly not yet been sufficiently directed to the study + of the New Testament_ ... to render any national attempt at + REVISION either hopeful or lastingly profitable."--BISHOP + ELLICOTT.(29) + + "I am persuaded that a REVISION ought to come: I am convinced that + it will come. Not however, I would trust, as yet; for _we are not + as yet in any respect prepared for it_. _The Greek and the + English_ which should enable us to bring this to a successful end, + _might, it is feared, be wanting alike_."--ARCHBISHOP TRENCH.(30) + + "It is happened unto them according to the true proverb, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}."--2 PETER ii. 22. + + "Little children,--Keep yourselves from idols."--1 JOHN v. 21. + + +At a period of extraordinary intellectual activity like the present, it +can occasion no surprise--although it may reasonably create anxiety--if the +most sacred and cherished of our Institutions are constrained each in turn +to submit to the ordeal of hostile scrutiny; sometimes even to bear the +brunt of actual attack. When however at last the very citadel of revealed +Truth is observed to have been reached, and to be undergoing systematic +assault and battery, lookers-on may be excused if they show themselves +more than usually solicitous, "ne quid detrimenti Civitas DEI capiat." A +Revision of the Authorized Version of the New Testament,(31) purporting to +have been executed by authority of the Convocation of the Southern +Province, and declaring itself the exclusive property of our two ancient +Universities, has recently (17th May, 1881) appeared; of which the +essential feature proves to be, that it is founded on an _entirely New +Recension of the Greek Text_.(32) A claim is at the same time set up on +behalf of the last-named production that it exhibits a closer +approximation to the inspired Autographs than the world has hitherto seen. +Not unreasonable therefore is the expectation entertained by its Authors +that the "New English Version" founded on this "New Greek Text" is +destined to supersede the "Authorized Version" of 1611. _Quae cum ita +sint_, it is clearly high time that every faithful man among us should +bestir himself: and in particular that such as have made Greek Textual +Criticism in any degree their study should address themselves to the +investigation of the claims of this, the latest product of the combined +Biblical learning of the Church and of the sects. + +For it must be plain to all, that the issue which has been thus at last +raised, is of the most serious character. The Authors of this new Revision +of the Greek have either entitled themselves to the Church's profound +reverence and abiding gratitude; or else they have laid themselves open to +her gravest censure, and must experience at her hands nothing short of +stern and well-merited rebuke. No middle course presents itself; since +assuredly _to construct a new Greek Text_ formed no part of the +Instructions which the Revisionists received at the hands of the +Convocation of the Southern Province. Rather were they warned against +venturing on such an experiment; the fundamental principle of the entire +undertaking having been declared at the outset to be--That "a Revision of +the _Authorized Version_" is desirable; and the terms of the original +Resolution of Feb. 10th, 1870, being, that the removal of "PLAIN AND CLEAR +ERRORS" was alone contemplated,--"whether in the Greek Text originally +adopted by the Translators, or in the Translation made from the same." +Such were in fact _the limits formally imposed by Convocation_, (10th Feb. +and 3rd, 5th May, 1870,) _on the work of Revision_. Only NECESSARY changes +were to be made. The first Rule of the Committee (25th May) was similar in +character: viz.--"_To introduce as few alterations as possible into the +Text of the Authorized Version_, consistently with faithfulness." + +But further, we were reconciled to the prospect of a Revised Greek Text, +by noting that a limit was prescribed to the amount of licence which could +by possibility result, by the insertion of a proviso, which however is now +discovered to have been entirely disregarded by the Revisionists. The +condition was enjoined upon them that whenever "_decidedly preponderating +evidence_" constrained their adoption of some change in "the Text from +which the Authorized Version was made," _they should indicate such +alteration in the margin_. Will it be believed that, this notwithstanding, +_not one_ of the many alterations which have been introduced into the +original Text is so commemorated? On the contrary: singular to relate, the +Margin is disfigured throughout with ominous hints that, had "Some ancient +authorities," "Many ancient authorities," "Many very ancient authorities," +been attended to, a vast many more changes might, could, would, or should +have been introduced into the Greek Text than have been actually adopted. +And yet, this is precisely the kind of record which we ought to have been +spared:-- + +(1) First,--Because it was plainly external to the province of the +Revisionists to introduce any such details into their margin _at all_: +their very function being, on the contrary, to investigate Textual +questions in conclave, and to present the ordinary Reader with _the +result_ of their deliberations. Their business was to correct "_plain and +clear errors_;" not, certainly, to invent a fresh crop of unheard-of +doubts and difficulties. This first.--Now, + +(2) That a diversity of opinion would sometimes be found to exist in the +revising body was to have been expected, but when once two-thirds of their +number had finally "settled" any question, it is plainly unreasonable that +the discomfited minority should claim the privilege of evermore parading +their grievance before the public; and in effect should be allowed to +represent _that_ as a corporate doubt, which was in reality the result of +individual idiosyncrasy. It is not reasonable that the echoes of a +forgotten strife should be thus prolonged for ever; least of all in the +margin of "the Gospel of peace." + +(3) In fact, the privilege of figuring in the margin of the N. T., +(instead of standing in the Text,) is even attended by a fatal result: +for, (as Bp. Ellicott remarks,) "the judgment commonly entertained in +reference to our present margin," (_i.e._ the margin of the A. V.) is, +that _its contents are_ "exegetically or critically _superior to the +Text_."(33) It will certainly be long before this popular estimate is +unconditionally abandoned. But, + +(4) Especially do we deprecate the introduction into the margin of all +this strange lore, because we insist on behalf of unlearned persons that +they ought not to be molested with information which cannot, by +possibility, be of the slightest service to them: with vague statements +about "ancient authorities,"--of the importance, or unimportance, of which +they know absolutely nothing, nor indeed ever can know. Unlearned readers +on taking the Revision into their hands, (_i.e._ at least 999 readers out +of 1000,) will _never_ be aware whether these (so-called) "Various +Readings" are to be scornfully scouted, as nothing else but ancient +perversions of the Truth; or else are to be lovingly cherished, as +"_alternative_" [see the Revisers' _Preface_ (iii. 1.)] exhibitions of the +inspired Verity,--to their own abiding perplexity and infinite distress. + +Undeniable at all events it is, that the effect which these ever-recurring +announcements produce on the devout reader of Scripture is the reverse of +edifying: is never helpful: is always bewildering. A man of ordinary +acuteness can but exclaim,--"Yes, very likely. _But what of it_? My eye +happens to alight on 'Bethesda' (in S. John v. 2); against which I find in +the margin,--'Some ancient authorities read _Bethsaida_, others +_Bethzatha_.' Am I then to understand that in the judgment of the +Revisionists it is uncertain _which_ of those three names is right?"... +Not so the expert, who is overheard to moralize concerning the phenomena +of the case after a less ceremonious fashion:--" '_Bethsaida_'! Yes, the +old Latin(34) and the Vulgate,(35) countenanced by _one_ manuscript of bad +character, so reads. _'__Bethzatha__'__!_ Yes, the blunder is found in +_two_ manuscripts, both of bad character. Why do you not go on to tell us +that _another_ manuscript exhibits '_Belzetha_'?--another (supported by +Eusebius(36) and [in one place] by Cyril(37)), '_Bezatha_'? Nay, why not +say plainly that there are found to exist _upwards of thirty_ blundering +representations of this same word; but that '_Bethesda_'--(the reading of +sixteen uncials and the whole body of the cursives, besides the Peschito +and Cureton's Syriac, the Armenian, Georgian and Slavonic +Versions,--Didymus,(38) Chrysostom,(39) and Cyril(40)),--is the only +reasonable way of exhibiting it? To speak plainly, _Why encumber your +margin with such a note at all?_"... But we are moving forward too fast. + +It can never be any question among scholars, that a fatal error was +committed when a body of Divines, appointed _to revise the Authorized +English Version_ of the New Testament Scriptures, addressed themselves to +the solution of an entirely different and far more intricate problem, +namely _the re-construction of the Greek Text_. We are content to pass +over much that is distressing in the antecedent history of their +enterprise. We forbear at this time of day to investigate, by an appeal to +documents and dates, certain proceedings in and out of Convocation, on +which it is known that the gravest diversity of sentiment still prevails +among Churchmen.(41) This we do, not by any means as ourselves "halting +between two opinions," but only as sincerely desirous that the work before +us may stand or fall, judged by its own intrinsic merits. Whether or no +Convocation,--when it "nominated certain of its own members to undertake +the work of Revision," and authorized them "to refer when they considered +it desirable to Divines, Scholars, and Literary men, at home or abroad, +_for their opinion_;"--whether Convocation intended thereby to sanction the +actual _co-optation_ into the Company appointed by themselves, of members +of the Presbyterian, the Wesleyan, the Baptist, the Congregationalist, the +Socinian body; _this_ we venture to think may fairly be doubted.--Whether +again Convocation can have foreseen that of the ninety-nine Scholars in +all who have taken part in this work of Revision, only forty-nine would be +Churchmen, while the remaining fifty would belong to the sects:(42)--_this_ +also we venture to think may be reasonably called in question.--Whether +lastly, the Canterbury Convocation, had it been appealed to with reference +to "the Westminster-Abbey scandal" (June 22nd, 1870), would not have +cleared itself of the suspicion of complicity, by an unequivocal +resolution,--we entertain no manner of doubt.--But we decline to enter upon +these, or any other like matters. Our business is exclusively with the +_result_ at which the Revisionists of the New Testament have arrived: and +it is to this that we now address ourselves; with the mere avowal of our +grave anxiety at the spectacle of an assembly of scholars, appointed to +revise _an English Translation_, finding themselves called upon, as every +fresh difficulty emerged, to develop the skill requisite for _critically +revising the original Greek Text_. What else is implied by the very +endeavour, but a singular expectation that experts in one Science may, at +a moment's notice, show themselves proficients in another,--and _that_ one +of the most difficult and delicate imaginable? + +Enough has been said to make it plain why, in the ensuing pages, we +propose to pursue a different course from that which has been adopted by +Reviewers generally, since the memorable day (May 17th, 1881) when the +work of the Revisionists was for the first time submitted to public +scrutiny. The one point which, with rare exceptions, has ever since +monopolized attention, has been the merits or demerits of _their English +rendering_ of certain Greek words and expressions. But there is clearly a +question of prior interest and infinitely greater importance, which has to +be settled first: namely, the merits or demerits of _the changes which the +same Scholars have taken upon themselves to introduce into the Greek +Text_. Until it has been ascertained that the result of their labours +exhibits a decided improvement upon what before was read, it is clearly a +mere waste of time to enquire into the merits of their work as _Revisers +of a __ Translation_. But in fact it has to be proved that the +Revisionists have restricted themselves to the removal of "plain and clear +_errors_" from the commonly received Text. We are distressed to discover +that, on the contrary, they have done something quite different. The +treatment which the N. T. has experienced at the hands of the Revisionists +recals the fate of some ancient edifice which confessedly required to be +painted, papered, scoured,--with a minimum of masons' and carpenters' +work,--in order to be inhabited with comfort for the next hundred years: +but those entrusted with the job were so ill-advised as to persuade +themselves that it required to be to a great extent rebuilt. Accordingly, +in an evil hour they set about removing foundations, and did so much +structural mischief that in the end it became necessary to proceed against +them for damages. + +Without the remotest intention of imposing views of our own on the general +Reader, but only to enable him to give his intelligent assent to much that +is to follow, we find ourselves constrained in the first instance,--before +conducting him over any part of the domain which the Revisionists have +ventured uninvited to occupy,--to premise a few ordinary facts which lie on +the threshold of the science of Textual Criticism. Until these have been +clearly apprehended, no progress whatever is possible. + +(1) The provision, then, which the Divine Author of Scripture is found to +have made for the preservation in its integrity of His written Word, is of +a peculiarly varied and highly complex description. First,--By causing that +a vast multiplication of COPIES should be required all down the +ages,--beginning at the earliest period, and continuing in an +ever-increasing ratio until the actual invention of Printing,--He provided +the most effectual security imaginable against fraud. True, that millions +of the copies so produced have long since perished: but it is nevertheless +a plain fact that there survive of the Gospels alone upwards of one +thousand copies to the present day. + +(2) Next, VERSIONS. The necessity of translating the Scriptures into +divers languages for the use of different branches of the early Church, +procured that many an authentic record has been preserved of the New +Testament as it existed in the first few centuries of the Christian era. +Thus, the Peschito Syriac and the old Latin version are believed to have +been executed in the IInd century. "It is no stretch of imagination" +(wrote Bp. Ellicott in 1870,) "to suppose that portions of the Peschito +might have been in the hands of S. John, or that the Old Latin represented +the current views of the Roman Christians of the IInd century."(43) The +two Egyptian translations are referred to the IIIrd and IVth. The Vulgate +(or revised Latin) and the Gothic are also claimed for the IVth: the +Armenian, and possibly the AEthiopic, belong to the Vth. + +(3) Lastly, the requirements of assailants and apologists alike, the +business of Commentators, the needs of controversialists and teachers in +every age, have resulted in a vast accumulation of additional evidence, of +which it is scarcely possible to over-estimate the importance. For in this +way it has come to pass that every famous Doctor of the Church in turn has +quoted more or less largely from the sacred writings, and thus has borne +testimony to the contents of the codices with which he was individually +familiar. PATRISTIC CITATIONS accordingly are a third mighty safeguard of +the integrity of the deposit. + +To weigh these three instruments of Criticism--COPIES, VERSIONS, +FATHERS--one against another, is obviously impossible on the present +occasion. Such a discussion would grow at once into a treatise.(44) +Certain explanatory details, together with a few words of caution, are as +much as may be attempted. + +I. And, first of all, the reader has need to be apprised (with reference +to the first-named class of evidence) that most of our extant COPIES of +the N. T. Scriptures are comparatively of recent date, ranging from the +Xth to the XIVth century of our era. That these are in every instance +copies of yet older manuscripts, is self-evident; and that in the main +they represent faithfully the sacred autographs themselves, no reasonable +person doubts.(45) Still, it is undeniable that they _are_ thus separated +by about a thousand years from their inspired archetypes. Readers are +reminded, in passing, that the little handful of copies on which we rely +for the texts of Herodotus and Thucydides, of AEschylus and Sophocles, are +removed from _their_ originals by full 500 years more: and that, instead +of a thousand, or half a thousand copies, we are dependent for the text of +certain of these authors on as many copies as may be counted on the +fingers of one hand. In truth, the security which the Text of the New +Testament enjoys is altogether unique and extraordinary. To specify one +single consideration, which has never yet attracted nearly the amount of +attention it deserves,--"Lectionaries" abound, which establish the Text +which has been publicly read in the churches of the East, from _at least_ +A.D. 400 until the time of the invention of printing. + +But here an important consideration claims special attention. We allude to +the result of increased acquaintance with certain of the oldest extant +codices of the N. T. Two of these,--viz. a copy in the Vatican technically +indicated by the letter B, and the recently-discovered Sinaitic codex, +styled after the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--are thought to +belong to the IVth century. Two are assigned to the Vth, viz. the +Alexandrian (A) in the British Museum, and the rescript codex preserved at +Paris, designated C. One is probably of the VIth, viz. the codex Bezae (D) +preserved at Cambridge. Singular to relate, the first, second, fourth, and +fifth of these codices (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D), but especially B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, have within the +last twenty years established a tyrannical ascendency over the imagination +of the Critics, which can only be fitly spoken of as a blind superstition. +It matters nothing that all four are discovered on careful scrutiny to +differ essentially, not only from ninety-nine out of a hundred of the +whole body of extant MSS. besides, but even _from one another_. This last +circumstance, obviously fatal to their corporate pretensions, is +unaccountably overlooked. And yet it admits of only one satisfactory +explanation: viz. that _in different degrees_ they all five exhibit a +fabricated text. Between the first two (B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) there subsists an amount +of sinister resemblance, which proves that they must have been derived at +no very remote period from the same corrupt original. Tischendorf insists +that they were partly written by the same scribe. Yet do they stand +asunder in every page; as well as differ widely from the commonly received +Text, with which they have been carefully collated. On being referred to +this standard, in the Gospels alone, B is found to omit at least 2877 +words: to add, 536: to substitute, 935: to transpose, 2098: to modify, +1132 (in all 7578):--the corresponding figures for {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} being severally 3455, +839, 1114, 2299, 1265 (in all 8972). And be it remembered that the +omissions, additions, substitutions, transpositions, and modifications, +_are by no means the same_ in both. It is in fact _easier to find two +consecutive verses in which these two MSS. differ the one from the other, +than two consecutive verses in which they entirely agree_. + +But by far the most depraved text is that exhibited by codex D. "No known +manuscript contains so many bold and extensive interpolations. Its +variations from the sacred Text are beyond all other example."(46) This, +however, is not the result of its being the most recent of the five, but +(singular to relate) is due to quite an opposite cause. It is thought (not +without reason) to exhibit a IInd-century text. "When we turn to the Acts +of the Apostles," (says the learned editor of the codex in question, Dr. +Scrivener,(47))-- + + + "We find ourselves confronted with a text, the like to which we + have no experience of elsewhere. It is hardly an exaggeration to + assert that codex D reproduces the _Textus receptus_ much in the + same way that one of the best Chaldee Targums does the Hebrew of + the Old Testament: so wide are the variations in the diction, so + constant and inveterate the practice of expounding the narrative + by means of interpolations which seldom recommend themselves as + genuine by even a semblance of internal probability." + + +"_Vix dici potest_" (says Mill) "_quam supra omnem modum licenter se +gesserit, ac plane lasciverit Interpolator_." Though a large portion of +the Gospels is missing, in what remains (tested by the same standard) we +find 3704 words omitted: no less than 2213 added, and 2121 substituted. +The words transposed amount to 3471: and 1772 have been modified: the +deflections from the Received Text thus amounting in all to 13,281.--Next +to D, the most untrustworthy codex is {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, which bears on its front a +memorable note of the evil repute under which it has always laboured: viz. +it is found that at least _ten_ revisers between the IVth and the XIIth +centuries busied themselves with the task of correcting its many and +extraordinary perversions of the truth of Scripture.(48)--Next in impurity +comes B:--then, the fragmentary codex C: our own A being, beyond all doubt, +disfigured by the fewest blemishes of any. + +What precedes admits to some extent of further numerical illustration. It +is discovered that in the 111 (out of 320) pages of an ordinary copy of +the Greek Testament, in which alone these five manuscripts are +collectively available for comparison in the Gospels,--the serious +deflections of A from the _Textus receptus_ amount in all to only 842: +whereas in C they amount to 1798: in B, to 2370: in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, to 3392: in D, to +4697. The readings _peculiar to_ A within the same limits are 133: those +peculiar to C are 170. But those of B amount to 197: while {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} exhibits 443: +and the readings peculiar to D (within the same limits), are no fewer than +1829.... We submit that these facts--_which result from merely referring +five manuscripts to one and the same common standard_--are by no means +calculated to inspire confidence in codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D:--codices, be it +remembered, which come to us without a character, without a history, in +fact without antecedents of _any_ kind. + +But let the learned chairman of the New Testament company of Revisionists +(Bp. Ellicott) be heard on this subject. He is characterizing these same +"old uncials," which it is just now the fashion--or rather, the _craze_--to +hold up as oracular, and to which his lordship is as devotedly and blindly +attached as any of his neighbours:-- + + + "The _simplicity and dignified conciseness_" (he says) "of the + Vatican manuscript (B): the _greater expansiveness_ of our own + Alexandrian (A): the _partially mixed characteristics_ of the + Sinaitic ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}): the _paraphrastic tone_ of the _singular_ codex Bezae + (D), are now brought home to the student."(49) + + +Could ingenuity have devised severer satire than such a description of +four professing _transcripts_ of a book; and _that_ book, the everlasting +Gospel itself?--transcripts, be it observed in passing, on which it is just +now the fashion to rely implicitly for the very orthography of proper +names,--the spelling of common words,--the minutiae of grammar. What (we ask) +would be thought of four such "_copies_" of Thucydides or of Shakspeare? +Imagine it gravely proposed, by the aid of four such conflicting +documents, to re-adjust the text of the funeral oration of Pericles, or to +re-edit "Hamlet." _Risum teneatis amici?_ Why, some of the poet's most +familiar lines would cease to be recognizable: _e.g._ A,--"_Toby or not +Toby; that is the question_:" B,--"_Tob or not, is the question_:" {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--"_To +be a tub, or not to be a tub; the question is that_:" C,--"_The question +is, to beat, or not to beat Toby?_": D (the "singular codex"),--"_The only +question is this: to beat that Toby, or to be a tub?_" + +And yet--without by any means subscribing to the precise terms in which the +judicious Prelate characterizes those _ignes fatui_ which have so +persistently and egregiously led his lordship and his colleagues +astray--(for indeed one seems rather to be reading a description of four +styles of composition, or of as many fashions in ladies' dress, than of +four copies of the Gospel)--we have already furnished indirect proof that +his estimate of the codices in question is in the main correct. Further +acquaintance with them does but intensify the bad character which he has +given them. Let no one suppose that we deny their extraordinary +value,--their unrivalled critical interest,--nay, their actual _use_ in +helping to settle the truth of Scripture. What we are just now insisting +upon is only the _depraved text_ of codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D,--especially of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B +D. And because this is a matter which lies at the root of the whole +controversy, and because we cannot afford that there shall exist in our +reader's mind the slightest doubt on _this_ part of the subject, we shall +be constrained once and again to trouble him with detailed specimens of +the contents of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, &c., in proof of the justice of what we have been +alleging. We venture to assure him, without a particle of hesitation, that +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D are _three of the most scandalously corrupt copies extant_:--exhibit +_the most shamefully mutilated_ texts which are anywhere to be met +with:--have become, by whatever process (for their history is wholly +unknown), the depositories of the largest amount of _fabricated readings_, +ancient _blunders_, and _intentional perversions of Truth_,--which are +discoverable in any known copies of the Word of GOD. + +But in fact take a single page of any ordinary copy of the Greek +Testament,--Bp. Lloyd's edition, suppose. Turn to page 184. It contains ten +verses of S. Luke's Gospel, ch. viii. 35 to 44. Now, proceed to collate +those ten verses. You will make the notable discovery that, within those +narrow limits, by codex D alone the text has been depraved 53 times, +resulting in no less than 103 corrupt readings, 93 _of which are found +only in_ D. The words omitted by D are 40: the words added are 4. +Twenty-five words have been substituted for others, and 14 transposed. +Variations of case, tense, &c., amount to 16; and the phrase of the +Evangelist has been departed from 11 times. Happily, the other four "old +uncials" are here available. And it is found that (within the same limits, +and referred to the same test,) A exhibits 3 omissions, 2 of which are +_peculiar to_ A.--B omits 12 words, 6 of which are _peculiar to_ B: +substitutes 3 words: transposes 4: and exhibits 6 lesser changes--2 of them +being its own peculiar property.--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} has 5 readings (affecting 8 words) +_peculiar to itself_. Its omissions are 7: its additions, 2: its +substitutions, 4: 2 words are transposed; and it exhibits 4 lesser +discrepancies.--C has 7 readings (affecting 15 words) _peculiar to itself_. +Its omissions are 4: its additions, 7: its substitutions, 7: its words +transposed, 7. It has 2 lesser discrepancies, and it alters the +Evangelist's phrase 4 times. + +But (we shall be asked) what amount of _agreement_, in respect of "Various +Readings," is discovered to subsist between these 5 codices? for _that_, +after all, is the practical question. We answer,--A has been already shown +to stand alone twice: B, 6 times: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 8 times: C, 15 times; D, 93 times.--We +have further to state that A B stand together by themselves once: B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 4 +times: B C, 1: B D, 1: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C, 1: C D, 1.--A {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C conspire 1: B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C, 1: B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, +1: A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C, _once_ (viz. in reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, which Tischendorf admits to +be a corrupt reading): B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, also _once_.--The 5 "old uncials" therefore +(A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D) combine, and again stand apart, with singular +impartiality.--Lastly, they are _never once_ found to be in accord in +respect of _any single _"various Reading".--Will any one, after a candid +survey of the premisses, deem us unreasonable, if we avow that such a +specimen of the _concordia discors_ which everywhere prevails between the +oldest uncials, but which especially characterizes {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D, indisposes us +greatly to suffer their unsupported authority to determine for us the Text +of Scripture? + +Let no one at all events obscure the one question at issue, by +asking,--"Whether we consider the _Textus Receptus_ infallible?" The merit +or demerit of the Received Text has absolutely _nothing whatever to do +with the question_. We care nothing about it. _Any_ Text would equally +suit our present purpose. _Any_ Text would show the "old uncials" +perpetually at discord _among themselves_. To raise an irrelevant +discussion, at the outset, concerning the _Textus Receptus_:--to describe +the haste with which Erasmus produced the first published edition of the +N. T.:--to make sport about the copies which he employed:--all this kind of +thing is the proceeding of one who seeks to mislead his readers:--to throw +dust into their eyes:--to divert their attention from the problem actually +before them:--_not_--(as we confidently expect when we have to do with such +writers as these)--the method of a sincere lover of Truth. To proceed, +however. + +II. and III. Nothing has been said as yet concerning the Text exhibited by +the earliest of the VERSIONS and by the most ancient of the FATHERS. But, +for the purpose we have just now in hand, neither are such details +necessary. We desire to hasten forward. A somewhat fuller review of +certain of our oldest available materials might prove even more +discouraging. But _that_ would only be because it is impossible, within +such narrow limits as the present, to give the reader any idea at all of +the wealth of our actual resources; and to convince him of the extent to +which the least trustworthy of our guides prove in turn invaluable helps +in correcting the exorbitances of their fellows. The practical result in +fact of what has been hitherto offered is after all but this, that we have +to be on our guard against pinning our faith exclusively on two or +three,--least of all on one or two ancient documents; and of adopting +_them_ exclusively for our guides. We are shown, in other words, that it +is utterly out of the question to rely on any single _set_ or _group_ of +authorities, much less on any single document, for the determination of +the Text of Scripture. Happily, our MANUSCRIPTS are numerous: most of them +are in the main trustworthy: _all_ of them represent far older documents +than themselves. Our VERSIONS (two of which are more ancient by a couple +of centuries than any sacred codex extant) severally correct and check one +another. Lastly, in the writings of a host of FATHERS,--the principal being +Eusebius, Athanasius, Basil, the Gregories, Didymus, Epiphanius, +Chrysostom, the Cyrils, Theodoret,--we are provided with contemporaneous +evidence which, whenever it can be had, becomes an effectual safeguard +against the unsupported decrees of our oldest codices, A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, as well +as the occasional vagaries of the Versions. In the writings of Irenaeus, +Clemens Alex., Origen, Dionysius Alex., Hippolytus, we meet with older +evidence still. No more precarious foundation for a reading, in fact, can +be named, than the unsupported advocacy of a single Manuscript, or +Version, or Father; or even of two or three of these combined. + +But indeed the principle involved in the foregoing remarks admits of being +far more broadly stated. It even stands to reason that we may safely +reject any reading which, out of the whole body of available +authorities,--Manuscripts, Versions, Fathers,--finds support nowhere save in +one and the same little handful of suspicious documents. For we resolutely +maintain, that _external Evidence_ must after all be our best, our only +safe guide; and (to come to the point) we refuse to throw in our lot with +those who, disregarding the witness of _every other_ known Codex--_every +other_ Version--_every other_ available Ecclesiastical Writer,--insist on +following the dictates of a little group of authorities, of which nothing +whatever is known with so much certainty as that often, when they concur +exclusively, it is to mislead. We speak of codices B or {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} or D; the +IXth-century codex L, and such cursives(50) as 13 or 33; a few copies of +the old Latin and one of the Egyptian versions: perhaps Origen.--Not theory +therefore:--not prejudice:--not conjecture:--not unproved assertion:--not any +single codex, and _certainly_ not codex B:--not an imaginary "Antiochene +Recension" of another imaginary "Pre-Syrian Text:"--not antecedent fancies +about the affinity of documents:--neither "the [purely arbitrary] method of +genealogy,"--nor one man's notions (_which may be reversed by another man's +notions_) of "Transcriptional Probability:"--not "instinctive processes of +Criticism,"--least of all "the individual mind," with its "supposed power +of divining the Original Text"--of which no intelligible account can be +rendered:--nothing of this sort,--(however specious and plausible it may +sound, especially when set forth in confident language; advocated with a +great show of unintelligible learning; supported by a formidable array of +cabalistic symbols and mysterious contractions; above all when recommended +by justly respected names,)--nothing of this sort, we say, must be allowed +to determine for us the Text of Scripture. The very proposal should set us +on our guard against the _certainty_ of imposition. + +We deem it even axiomatic, that, in every case of doubt or +difficulty--supposed or real--our critical method must be the same: namely, +after patiently collecting _all_ the available evidence, then, without +partiality or prejudice, to adjudicate between the conflicting +authorities, and loyally to accept that verdict for which there is clearly +the preponderating evidence. _The best supported Reading_, in other words, +must always be held to be _the true Reading_: and nothing may be rejected +from the commonly received Text, except on evidence which shall _clearly_ +outweigh the evidence for retaining it. We are glad to know that, so far +at least, we once had Bp. Ellicott with us. He announced (in 1870) that +the best way of proceeding with the work of Revision is, "_to make the +Textus Receptus the standard_,--departing from it _only when_ critical or +grammatical considerations _show that it is clearly necessary_."(51) We +ourselves mean no more. Whenever the evidence is about evenly balanced, +few it is hoped will deny that the Text which has been "in possession" for +three centuries and a half, and which rests on infinitely better +manuscript evidence than that of any ancient work which can be +named,--should, for every reason, be let alone.(52) + +But, (we shall perhaps be asked,) has any critical Editor of the N. T. +seriously taught the reverse of all this? Yes indeed, we answer. Lachmann, +Tregelles, Tischendorf,--the most recent and most famous of modern +editors,--have all three adopted a directly opposite theory of textual +revision. With the first-named, fifty years ago (1831), virtually +originated the principle of recurring exclusively to a few ancient +documents to the exclusion of the many. "LACHMANN'S text seldom rests on +more than four Greek codices, very often on three, not unfrequently on +two, _sometimes on only one_."(53) Bishop Ellicott speaks of it as "a text +composed _on the narrowest and most exclusive principles_."(54) Of the +Greek Fathers (Lachmann says) he employed _only Origen_.(55) Paying +extraordinary deference to the Latin Version, he entirely disregarded the +coeval Syriac translation. The result of such a system must needs prove +satisfactory to no one except its author. + +Lachmann's leading fallacy has perforce proved fatal to the value of the +text put forth by DR. TREGELLES. Of the scrupulous accuracy, the +indefatigable industry, the pious zeal of that estimable and devoted +scholar, we speak not. All honour to his memory! As a specimen of +conscientious labour, his edition of the N. T. (1857-72) passes praise, +and will _never_ lose its value. But it has only to be stated, that +Tregelles effectually persuaded himself that "_eighty-nine ninetieths_" of +our extant manuscripts and other authorities may safely be rejected and +lost sight of when we come to amend the text and try to restore it to its +primitive purity,(56)--to make it plain that in Textual Criticism he must +needs be regarded as an untrustworthy teacher. _Why_ he should have +condescended to employ no patristic authority later than Eusebius [fl. +A.D. 320], he does not explain. "His critical principles," (says Bishop +Ellicott,) "especially his general principles of estimating and regarding +modern manuscripts, are now perhaps justly called in question."(57) + +"The case of DR. TISCHENDORF" (proceeds Bp. Ellicott) "is still more +easily disposed of. _Which_ of this most inconstant Critic's texts are we +to select? Surely not the last, in which an exaggerated preference for a +single Manuscript which he has had the good fortune to discover, has +betrayed him into an almost child-like infirmity of critical judgment. +Surely also not his seventh edition, which ... exhibits all the +instability which a comparatively recent recognition of the authority of +cursive manuscripts might be supposed likely to introduce."(58) With Dr. +Tischendorf,--(whom one vastly his superior in learning, accuracy, and +judgment, has generously styled "the first Biblical Critic in +Europe"(59))--"_the evidence of codex_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, supported or even unsupported by +one or two other authorities of any description, is sufficient to outweigh +any other witnesses,--whether Manuscripts, Versions, or ecclesiastical +Writers."(60) We need say no more. Until the foregoing charge has been +disproved, Dr. Tischendorf's last edition of the N. T., however precious +as a vast storehouse of materials for criticism,--however admirable as a +specimen of unwearied labour, critical learning, and first-rate +ability,--must be admitted to be an utterly unsatisfactory exhibition of +the inspired Text. It has been ascertained that his discovery of codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +caused his 8th edition (1865-72) to differ from his 7th in no less than +3505 places,--"to the scandal of the science of Comparative Criticism, as +well as to his own grave discredit for discernment and consistency."(61) +But, in fact, what is to be thought of a Critic who,--because the last +verse of S. John's Gospel, in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, seemed to himself to be _written with a +different pen_ from the rest,--has actually _omitted that verse_ (xxi. 25) +entirely, in defiance of _every known Copy, every known Version_, and the +explicit testimony of _a host of Fathers_? Such are Origen (in 11 +places),--Eusebius (in 3),--Gregory Nyss. (in 2),--Gregory +Nazian.,--ps.-Dionys. Alex.,(62)--Nonnus,--Chrysostom (in 6 +places),--Theodoras Mops. (in 2),--Isidorus,--Cyril Alex. (in 2),--Victor +Ant.,--Ammonius,--Severus,--Maximus,--Andreas +Cretensis,--Ambrose,--Gaudentius,--Philastrius,-- Sedulius,--Jerome,--Augustine +(in 6 places). That Tischendorf was a critic of amazing research, singular +shrewdness, indefatigable industry; and that he enjoyed an unrivalled +familiarity with ancient documents; no fair person will deny. But (in the +words of Bishop Ellicott,(63) whom we quote so perseveringly for a reason +not hard to divine,) his "great inconstancy,"--his "natural want of +sobriety of critical judgment,"--and his "unreasonable deference to the +readings found in his own codex Sinaiticus;"--to which should be added +"_the utter absence in him of any intelligible fixed critical +principles_;"--all this makes Tischendorf one of the worst of guides to the +true Text of Scripture. + +The last to enter the field are DRS. WESTCOTT and HORT, whose +beautifully-printed edition of "the New Testament in the original +Greek"(64) was published _within five days_ of the "Revised Authorized +Version" itself; a "confidential" copy of their work having been already +entrusted to every member of the New Test. company of Revisionists to +guide them in their labours,--under pledge that they should neither show +nor communicate its contents to any one else.--The learned Editors candidly +avow, that they "have deliberately chosen on the whole to rely for +documentary evidence on the stores accumulated by their predecessors, and +to confine themselves to their proper work of editing the text +itself."(65) Nothing therefore has to be enquired after, except the +critical principles on which they have proceeded. And, after assuring us +that "the study of Grouping is the foundation of all enduring +Criticism,"(66) they produce their secret: viz. That in "every one of our +witnesses" _except codex_ B, the "corruptions are innumerable;"(67) and +that, in the Gospels, the one "group of witnesses" _of _"incomparable +value", is codex B in "combination with another primary Greek manuscript, +as {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, B L, B C, B T, B D, B {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}, A B, B Z, B 33, and in S. Mark B {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}."(68) +This is "Textual Criticism made easy," certainly. Well aware of the +preposterous results to which such a major premiss must inevitably lead, +we are not surprised to find a plea straightway put in for "_instinctive +processes of Criticism_" of which _the foundation _"needs perpetual +correction and recorrection". But our confidence fairly gives way when, in +the same breath, the accomplished Editors proceed as follows:--"But _we are +obliged to come to the individual mind_ at last; and canons of Criticism +are useful only as warnings against _natural illusions_, and aids to +circumspect consideration, not as absolute rules to prescribe the final +decision. It is true that no _individual mind_ can ever work with perfect +uniformity, or free itself completely from _its own idiosyncrasies_. Yet a +clear sense of the danger of _unconscious caprice_ may do much towards +excluding it. We trust also that the present Text has escaped some risks +of this kind by being the joint production of two Editors of different +habits of mind"(69) ... A somewhat insecure safeguard surely! May we be +permitted without offence to point out that the "idiosyncrasies" of an +"individual mind" (to which we learn with astonishment "we are obliged to +come at last") are probably the very worst foundation possible on which to +build the recension of an inspired writing? With regret we record our +conviction, that these accomplished scholars have succeeded in producing a +Text vastly more remote from the inspired autographs of the Evangelists +than any which has appeared since the invention of printing. When full +Prolegomena have been furnished we shall know more about the matter;(70) +but to judge from the Remarks (in pp. 541-62) which the learned Editors +(Revisionists themselves) have subjoined to their elegantly-printed +volume, it is to be feared that the fabric will be found to rest too +exclusively on vague assumption and unproved hypothesis. In other words, a +painful apprehension is created that their edition of "The New Testament +in the original Greek" will be found to partake inconveniently of the +nature of a work of the Imagination. As codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} proved fatal to Dr. +Tischendorf, so is codex B evidently the rock on which Drs. Westcott and +Hort have split. Did it ever occur to those learned men to enquire how the +Septuagint Version of the _Old_ Testament has fared at the hands of codex +B? They are respectfully invited to address themselves to this very +damaging enquiry. + +But surely (rejoins the intelligent Reader, coming fresh to these +studies), the oldest extant Manuscripts (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A C D) _must_ exhibit the +purest text! Is it not so? + +It _ought_ to be so, no doubt (we answer); but it certainly _need not_ be +the case. + +We know that Origen in Palestine, Lucian at Antioch, Hesychius in Egypt, +"revised" the text of the N. T. Unfortunately, they did their work in an +age when such fatal misapprehension prevailed on the subject, that each in +turn will have inevitably imported a fresh assortment of _monstra_ into +the sacred writings. Add, the baneful influence of such spirits as +Theophilus (sixth Bishop of Antioch, A.D. 168), Tatian, Ammonius, &c., of +whom we know there were very many in the primitive age,--some of whose +productions, we further know, were freely multiplied in every quarter of +ancient Christendom:--add, the fabricated Gospels which anciently abounded; +notably the _Gospel of the Hebrews_, about which Jerome is so +communicative, and which (he says) he had translated into Greek and +Latin:--lastly, freely grant that here and there, with well-meant +assiduity, the orthodox themselves may have sought to prop up truths which +the early heretics (Basilides, A.D. 134, Valentinus, A.D. 140, with his +disciple Heracleon, Marcion, A.D. 150, and the rest,) most perseveringly +assailed;--and we have sufficiently explained how it comes to pass that not +a few of the codices of primitive Christendom must have exhibited Texts +which were even scandalously corrupt. "It is no less true to fact than +paradoxical in sound," writes the most learned of the Revisionist body, + + + "that the worst corruptions, to which the New Testament has ever + been subjected, originated within a hundred years after it was + composed: that Irenaeus [A.D. 150] and the African Fathers, and the + whole Western, with a portion of the Syrian Church, used far + inferior manuscripts to those employed by Stunica, or Erasmus, or + Stephens thirteen centuries later, when moulding the Textus + Receptus."(71) + + +And what else are codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D but _specimens_--_in vastly_ _different +degrees_--_of the class thus characterized_ by Prebendary Scrivener? Nay, +who will venture to deny that those codices are indebted for their +preservation _solely_ to the circumstance, that they were long since +recognized as the depositories of Readings which rendered them utterly +untrustworthy? + +Only by singling out some definite portion of the Gospels, and attending +closely to the handling it has experienced at the hands of A {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D,--to +the last four of which it is just now the fashion to bow down as to an +oracular voice from which there shall be no appeal,--can the student become +aware of the hopelessness of any attempt to construct the Text of the N. +T. out of the materials which those codices exclusively supply. Let us +this time take S. Mark's account of the healing of "the paralytic borne of +four" (ch. ii. 1-12),--and confront their exhibition of it, with that of +the commonly received Text. In the course of those 12 verses, (not +reckoning 4 blunders and certain peculiarities of spelling,) there will be +found to be 60 variations of reading,--of which 55 are nothing else but +depravations of the text, the result of inattention or licentiousness. +Westcott and Hort adopt 23 of these:--(18, in which {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B conspire to vouch +for a reading: 2, where {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} is unsupported by B: 2, where B is unsupported +by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: 1, where C D are supported by neither {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} nor B). Now, in the present +instance, the "five old uncials" _cannot be_ the depositories of a +tradition,--whether Western or Eastern,--because they render inconsistent +testimony _in every verse_. It must further be admitted, (for this is +really not a question of opinion, but a plain matter of fact,) that it is +unreasonable to place confidence in such documents. What would be thought +in a Court of Law of five witnesses, called up 47 times for examination, +who should be observed to bear contradictory testimony _every time_? + +But the whole of the problem does not by any means lie on the surface. All +that _appears_ is that the five oldest uncials are not trustworthy +witnesses; which singly, in the course of 12 verses separate themselves +from their fellows 33 times: viz. A, twice;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 5 times;--B, 6 times;--C, +thrice;--D, 17 times: and which also enter into the 11 following +combinations with one another in opposition to the ordinary Text:--A C, +twice;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, 10 times;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, once;--C D, 3 times;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C, once;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D, 5 +times;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, once;--B C D, once;--A {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, once;--A B C D, once;--A {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D, +once. (Note, that on this last occasion, which is the _only_ time when +they all 5 agree, _they are certainly all 5 wrong_.) But this, as was +observed before, lies on the surface. On closer critical inspection, it is +further discovered that their testimony betrays the baseness of their +origin by its intrinsic worthlessness. Thus, in Mk. ii, 1, the delicate +precision of the announcement {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} (that "_He has +gone in_"), disappears from {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D:--as well as (in ver. 2) the circumstance +that it became the signal for many "_immediately_" ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B) to assemble about +the door.--In ver. 4, S. Mark explains his predecessor's concise statement +that the paralytic was "brought to" our SAVIOUR,(72) by remarking that the +thing was "_impossible_" by the ordinary method of approach. Accordingly, +his account of the expedient resorted to by the bearers fills one entire +verse (ver. 4) of his Gospel. In the mean time, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B by exhibiting (in S. +Mark ii. 3,) "bringing unto Him one sick of the palsy" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--which is but a senseless transposition of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), do their best to obliterate the exquisite +significance of the second Evangelist's method.--In the next verse, the +perplexity of the bearers, who, because they could not "_come nigh_ Him" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), unroofed the house, is lost in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B,--whose {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +has been obtained either from Matt. ix. 2, or else from Luke v. 18, 19 +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). "The bed WHERE WAS the paralytic" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), in imitation of "the roof WHERE WAS" +Jesus ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}], which had immediately preceded), is +just one of those tasteless depravations, for which {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, and especially D, +are conspicuous among manuscripts.--In the last verse, the _instantaneous +rising_ of the paralytic, noticed by S. Mark ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and insisted +upon by S. Luke ("_and immediately he rose up_ before them,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), is obliterated by shifting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B and C to +a place where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is not wanted, and where its significancy disappears. + +Other instances of Assimilation are conspicuous. All must see that, in +ver. 5, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C) is derived from Matt. ix. 2 and Luke v. 20: as +well as that "Son, _be of good cheer_" (C) is imported hither from Matt. +ix. 2. "_My_ son," on the other hand ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}), is a mere effort of the +imagination. In the same verse, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D) is either from +Matt. ix. 5 (_sic_); or else from ver. 9, lower down in S. Mark's +narrative. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in ver. 6 (D), is from S. Luke v. 21. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) in +ver. 9, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (D), are clearly importations from ver +11. The strange confusion in ver. 7,--"_Because this man thus speaketh, he +blasphemeth_" (B),--and "_Why doth this man thus speak? He blasphemeth_" ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +D),--is due solely to Mtt. ix. 3:--while the appendix proposed by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} as a +substitute for "We never saw it on this fashion" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), +in ver 12 (viz. "It was never so seen in Israel," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}), has been transplanted hither from S. Matt. ix. 33. + +We shall perhaps be told that, scandalously corrupt as the text of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D +hereabouts may be, no reason has been shown as yet for suspecting that +_heretical_ depravation ever had anything to do with such phenomena. +_That_ (we answer) is only because the writings of the early depravers and +fabricators of Gospels have universally perished. From the slender relics +of their iniquitous performances which have survived to our time, we are +sometimes able to lay our finger on a foul blot and to say, "_This_ came +from Tatian's Diatessaron; and _that_ from Marcion's mutilated recension +of the Gospel according to S. Luke." The piercing of our SAVIOUR'S side, +transplanted by codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C from S. John xix. 34 into S. Matt, xxvii. +49, is an instance of the former,--which it may reasonably create +astonishment to find that Drs. Westcott and Hort (_alone among Editors_) +have nevertheless admitted into their text, as equally trustworthy with +the last 12 verses of S. Mark's Gospel. But it occasions a stronger +sentiment than surprise to discover that this, "the gravest interpolation +yet laid to the charge of B,"--this "sentence which neither they nor any +other competent scholar can possibly believe that the Evangelist ever +wrote,"(73)--has been actually foisted into the margin of _the Revised +Version_ of S. Matthew xxvii. 49. Were not the Revisionists aware that +such a disfigurement must prove fatal to their work? _For whose_ benefit +is the information volunteered that "many ancient authorities" are thus +grossly interpolated? + +An instructive specimen of depravation follows, which can be traced to +Marcion's mutilated recension of S. Luke's Gospel. We venture to entreat +the favour of the reader's sustained attention to the license with which +the LORD'S Prayer as given in S. Luke's Gospel (xi. 2-4), is exhibited by +codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D. For every reason one would have expected that so +precious a formula would have been found enshrined in the "old uncials" in +peculiar safety; handled by copyists of the IVth, Vth, and VIth centuries +with peculiar reverence. Let us ascertain exactly what has befallen it:-- + +(_a_) D introduces the LORD'S Prayer by interpolating the following +paraphrase of S. Matt. vi. 7:--"_Use not vain repetitions as the rest: for +some suppose that they shall be heard by their much speaking. But when ye +pray_" ... After which portentous exordium, + +(_b_) B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit the 5 words, "_Our_" "_which art in heaven_," Then, + +(_c_) D omits the article ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}) before "name:" and supplements the first +petition with the words "upon us" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). It must needs also transpose +the words "_Thy Kingdom_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}). + +(_d_) B in turn omits the third petition,--"_Thy will be done, as in +heaven, also on the earth;_" which 11 words {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} retains, but adds "_so_" +before "_also_," and omits the article ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); finding for once an ally in +A C D. + +(_e_) {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} write {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (from Matt.). + +(_f_) {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omits the article ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}) before "_day by day._" And, + +(_g_) D, instead of the 3 last-named words, writes "_this day_" (from +Matt.): substitutes "_debts_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) for "_sins_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},--also from Matt.): and in place of "_for [we] ourselves_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}) writes "_as also we_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, again from Matt.).--But, + +(_h_) {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} shows its sympathy with D by accepting two-thirds of this last +blunder: exhibiting "_as also [we] ourselves_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}). + +(_i_) D consistently reads "_our debtors_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in place +of "_every one that is indebted to us_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).--Finally, + +(_j_) B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit the last petition,--"_but deliver us from evil_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~})--unsupported by A C or D. Of lesser discrepancies we +decline to take account. + +So then, these five "first-class authorities" are found to throw +themselves into _six different combinations_ in their departures from S. +Luke's way of exhibiting the LORD'S Prayer,--which, among them, they +contrive to falsify in respect of no less than 45 words; and yet _they are +never able to agree among themselves as to any single various reading:_ +while _only once_ are more than two of them observed to stand +together,--viz. in the unauthorized omission of the article. In respect of +32 (out of the 45) words, _they bear in turn solitary evidence_. What need +to declare that it is _certainly false_ in every instance? Such however is +the infatuation of the Critics, that the vagaries of Bare all taken for +gospel. Besides omitting the 11 words which B omits jointly with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, Drs. +Westcott and Hort erase from the Book of Life those other 11 precious +words which are omitted by B only. And in this way it comes to pass that +the mutilated condition to which the scalpel of Marcion the heretic +reduced the LORD'S Prayer some 1730 years ago,(74) (for the mischief can +all be traced back to _him!_), is palmed off on the Church of England by +the Revisionists as the work of the HOLY GHOST! + +(A) We may now proceed with our examination of their work, beginning--as +Dr. Roberts (one of the Revisionists) does, when explaining the method and +results of their labours--with what we hold to be the gravest blot of all, +viz. the marks of serious suspicion which we find set against the last +Twelve verses of S. Mark's Gospel. Well may the learned Presbyterian +anticipate that-- + + + "The reader will be struck by the appearance which this long + paragraph presents in the Revised Version. Although inserted, it + is marked off by a considerable space from the rest of the Gospel. + A note is also placed in the margin containing a brief explanation + of this."(75) + + +A _very_ brief "explanation" certainly: for the note _explains_ nothing. +Allusion is made to the following words-- + + + "The two oldest Greek manuscripts, and some other authorities, + omit from ver. 9 to the end. Some other authorities have a + different ending to the Gospel." + + +But now,--For the use of _whom_ has this piece of information been +volunteered? Not for learned readers certainly: it being familiarly known +to all, that codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _alone of manuscripts_ (to their own +effectual condemnation) omit these 12 verses. But then scholars know +something more about the matter. They also know that these 12 verses have +been made the subject of a separate treatise extending to upwards of 300 +pages,--which treatise has now been before the world for a full decade of +years, and for the best of reasons has never yet been answered. Its +object, stated on its title-page, was to vindicate against recent critical +objectors, and to establish "the last Twelve Verses" of S. Mark's +Gospel.(76) Moreover, competent judges at once admitted that the author +had succeeded in doing what he undertook to do.(77) _Can_ it then be right +(we respectfully enquire) still to insinuate into unlearned minds distrust +of twelve consecutive verses of the everlasting Gospel, which yet have +been demonstrated to be as trustworthy as any other verses which can be +named? + +The question arises,--But how did it come to pass that such evil counsels +were allowed to prevail in the Jerusalem Chamber? Light has been thrown on +the subject by two of the New Test. company. And first by the learned +Congregationalist, Dr. Newth, who has been at the pains to describe the +method which was pursued on every occasion. The practice (he informs us) +was as follows. The Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, as chairman, asks-- + + + "Whether any _Textual_ Changes are proposed? The evidence for and + against is briefly stated, and the proposal considered. The duty + of stating this evidence is by tacit consent devolved upon (_sic_) + two members of the Company, who from their previous studies are + specially entitled to speak with authority upon such + questions,--Dr. Scrivener and _Dr. Hort_,--and who come prepared to + enumerate particularly the authorities on either side. Dr. + Scrivener opens up the matter by stating the facts of the case, + and by giving his judgment on the bearings of the evidence. Dr. + Hort follows, and mentions any additional matters that may call + for notice; and, if differing from Dr. Scrivener's estimate of the + weight of the evidence, gives his reasons and states his own view. + After discussion, the vote of the Company is taken, and the + proposed Reading accepted or rejected. _The Text being thus + settled_, the Chairman asks for proposals on the Rendering."(78) + + +And thus, the men who were appointed to improve _the English Translation_ +are exhibited to us remodelling _the original Greek_. At a moment's +notice, as if by intuition,--by an act which can only be described as the +exercise of instinct,--these eminent Divines undertake to decide which +shall be deemed the genuine utterances of the HOLY GHOST,(79)--which _not_. +Each is called upon to give his vote, and he gives it. "_The Text being +thus settled_" they proceed to do the only thing they were originally +appointed to do; viz. to try their hands at improving our Authorized +Version. But we venture respectfully to suggest, that by no such "rough +and ready" process is that most delicate and difficult of all critical +problems--the truth of Scripture--to be "settled." + +Sir Edmund Beckett remarks that if the description above given "of the +process by which the Revisionists 'settled' the Greek alterations, is not +a kind of joke, it is quite enough to 'settle' this Revised Greek +Testament in a very different sense."(80) And so, in truth, it clearly +is.--"Such a proceeding appeared to me so strange," (writes the learned and +judicious Editor of the _Speaker's Commentary_,) "that I fully expected +that the account would be corrected, or that some explanation would be +given which might remove the very unpleasant impression."(81) We have +since heard on the best authority, _that_ namely of Bishop Ellicott +himself,(82) that Dr. Newth's account of the method of "settling" the text +of the N. T., pursued in the Jerusalem Chamber, is correct. + +But in fact, it proves to have been, from the very first, a definite part +of the Programme. The chairman of the Revisionist body, Bishop +Ellicott,--when he had "to consider the practical question,"--whether "(1), +to construct a critical Text first: or (2), to use preferentially, though +not exclusively, some current Text: or (3), _simply to proceed onward_ +with the work of Revision, whether of Text or Translation, making the +current _Textus Receptus_ the standard, and departing from it only when +critical or grammatical considerations show that it is clearly +necessary,--in fact, _solvere ambulando_;" announces, at the end of 19 +pages,--"We are driven then to the third alternative."(83) + +We naturally cast about for some evidence that the members of the New +Testament company possess that mastery of the subject which alone could +justify one of their number (Dr. Milligan) in asserting roundly that these +12 verses are "_not from the pen of S. Mark himself_;"(84) and another +(Dr. Roberts) in maintaining that "the passage is _not the immediate +production of S. Mark_."(85) Dr. Roberts assures us that-- + + + "Eusebius, Gregory of Nyssa, Victor of Antioch, Severus of + Antioch, Jerome, as well as other writers, especially Greeks, + testify that these verses were not written by S. Mark, or not + found in the best copies."(86) + + +Will the learned writer permit us to assure him in return that he is +entirely mistaken? He is requested to believe that Gregory of Nyssa says +nothing of the sort--_says __ nothing at all_ concerning these verses: that +Victor of Antioch vouches emphatically for their _genuineness_: that +Severus does but copy, while Jerome does but translate, a few random +expressions of Eusebius: and that Eusebius himself _nowhere_ "testifies +that these verses were not written by S. Mark." So far from it, Eusebius +actually _quotes the verses_, quotes them as _genuine_. Dr. Roberts is +further assured that there are _no_ "other writers" whether Greek or +Latin, who insinuate doubt concerning these verses. On the contrary, +besides _both_ the Latin and _all_ the Syriac--besides the Gothic and the +_two_ Egyptian versions--there exist four authorities of the IInd +century;--as many of the IIIrd;--five of the Vth;--four of the VIth;--as many +of the VIIth;--together with _at least ten_ of the IVth(87) +(_contemporaries therefore of codices_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~});--which actually +_recognize_ the verses in question. Now, when to _every known Manuscript +but two_ of bad character, besides _every ancient Version, some +one-and-thirty Fathers_ have been added, 18 of whom must have used copies +at least as old as either B or {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--Dr. Roberts is assured that an amount of +external authority has been accumulated which is simply overwhelming in +discussions of this nature. + +But the significance of a single feature of the Lectionary, of which up to +this point nothing has been said, is alone sufficient to determine the +controversy. We refer to the fact that _in every part of Eastern +Christendom_ these same 12 verses--neither more nor less--have been from the +earliest recorded period, and still are, a _proper lesson both for the +Easter season and for Ascension Day_. + +We pass on. + +(B) A more grievous perversion of the truth of Scripture is scarcely to be +found than occurs in the proposed revised exhibition of S. Luke ii. 14, in +the Greek and English alike; for indeed not only is the proposed Greek +text ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) impossible, but the English of the +Revisionists ("_peace among men in whom he is well pleased_") "can be +arrived at" (as one of themselves has justly remarked) "only through some +process which would make any phrase bear almost any meaning the translator +might like to put upon it."(88) More than that: the harmony of the +exquisite three-part hymn, which the Angels sang on the night of the +Nativity, becomes hopelessly marred, and its structural symmetry +destroyed, by the welding of the second and third members of the sentence +into one. Singular to relate, the addition of _a single final letter_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) +has done all this mischief. Quite as singular is it that we should be able +at the end of upwards of 1700 years to discover what occasioned its +calamitous insertion. From the archetypal copy, by the aid of which the +old Latin translation was made, (for the Latin copies _all_ read "_pax +hominibus bonae voluntatis_,") the preposition {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} was evidently +away,--absorbed apparently by the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} which immediately follows. In order +therefore to make a sentence of some sort out of words which, without {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +are simply unintelligible, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} was turned into {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. It is +accordingly a significant circumstance that, whereas there exists _no_ +Greek copy of the Gospels which _omits_ the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, there is scarcely a Latin +exhibition of the place to be found which contains it.(89) To return +however to the genuine clause,--"Good-will towards men" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). + +Absolutely decisive of the true reading of the passage--irrespectively of +internal considerations--ought to be the consideration that it is vouched +for _by every known copy_ of the Gospels of whatever sort, excepting only +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B D: the first and third of which, however, were anciently corrected +and brought into conformity with the Received Text; while the second (A) +is observed to be so inconstant in its testimony, that in the primitive +"Morning-hymn" (given in another page of the same codex, and containing a +quotation of S. Luke ii. 14), the correct reading of the place is found. +D's complicity in error is the less important, because of the ascertained +sympathy between that codex and the Latin. In the meantime the two Syriac +Versions are a full set-off against the Latin copies; while the hostile +evidence of the Gothic (which this time sides with the Latin) is more than +neutralized by the unexpected desertion of the Coptic version from the +opposite camp. The Armenian, Georgian, AEthiopic, Slavonic and Arabian +versions, are besides all with the Received Text. It therefore comes to +this:--We are invited to make our election between every other copy of the +Gospels,--every known Lectionary,--and (not least of all) the ascertained +ecclesiastical usage of the Eastern Church from the beginning,--on the one +hand: and the testimony of four Codices without a history or a character, +which concur in upholding a patent mistake, on the other. Will any one +hesitate as to which of these two parties has the stronger claim on his +allegiance? + +Could doubt be supposed to be entertained in any quarter, it must at all +events be borne away by the torrent of Patristic authority which is +available on the present occasion:-- + +In the IInd century,--we have the testimony of (1) Irenaeus.(90) + +In the IIIrd,--that of (2) Origen(91) in 3 places,--and of (3) the +_Apostolical Constitutions_(92) in 2. + +In the IVth,--(4) Eusebius,(93)--(5) Aphraates the Persian,(94)--(6) Titus of +Bostra,(95) each twice;--(7) Didymus(96) in 3 places;--(8) Gregory of +Nazianzus,(97)--(9) Cyril of Jerusalem,(98)--(10) Epiphanius(99) twice;--(11) +Gregory of Nyssa(100) 4 times,--(12) Ephraem Syrus,(101)--(13) Philo bishop +of Carpasus,(102)--(14) Chrysostom,(103) in 9 places,--and (15) a nameless +preacher at Antioch,(104)--all these, _contemporaries (be it remembered) +of_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, are found to bear concurrent testimony in favour of the +commonly received text. + +In the Vth century,--(16) Cyril of Alexandria,(105) on no less than 14 +occasions, vouches for it also;--(17) Theodoret(106) on 4;--(18) Theodotus +of Ancyra(107) on 5 (once(108) in a homily preached before the Council of +Ephesus on Christmas-day, A.D. 431);--(19) Proclus(109) archbishop of +Constantinople;--(20) Paulus(110) bishop of Emesa (in a sermon preached +before Cyril of Alexandria on Christmas-day, A.D. 431);--(21) the Eastern +bishops(111) at Ephesus collectively, A.D. 431 (an unusually weighty piece +of evidence);--and lastly, (22) Basil of Seleucia.(112) Now, let it be +remarked that _these were contemporaries of codex_ A. + +In the VIth century,--the Patristic witnesses are (23) Cosmas, the +voyager,(113) 5 times,--(24) Anastasius Sinaita,(114)--(25) Eulogius(115) +archbishop of Alexandria: _contemporaries, be it remembered, of codex_ D. + +In the VIIth,--(26) Andreas of Crete(116) twice. + +And in the VIIIth,--(27) Cosmas(117) bishop of Maiuma near Gaza,--and his +pupil (28) John Damascene,(118)--and (29) Germanus(119) archbishop of +Constantinople. + +To these 29 illustrious names are to be added unknown writers of uncertain +date, but _all_ of considerable antiquity; and some(120) are proved by +internal evidence to belong to the IVth or Vth century,--in short, to be of +the date of the Fathers whose names 16 of them severally bear, but among +whose genuine works their productions are probably _not_ to be reckoned. +One of these was anciently mistaken for (30) Gregory Thaumaturgus:(121) a +second, for (31) Methodius:(122) a third, for (32) Basil.(123) Three +others, with different degrees of reasonableness, have been supposed to be +(33, 34, 35) Athanasius.(124) One has passed for (36) Gregory of +Nyssa;(125) another for (37) Epiphanius;(126) while no less than eight (38 +to 45) have been mistaken for Chrysostom,(127) some of them being +certainly his contemporaries. Add (46) one anonymous Father,(128) and (47) +the author of the apocryphal _Acta Pilati_,--and it will be perceived that +18 ancient authorities have been added to the list, every whit as +competent to witness what was the text of S. Luke ii. 14 at the time when +A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D were written, as Basil or Athanasius, Epiphanius or Chrysostom +themselves.(129) _For our present purpose_ they are _Codices_ of the IVth, +Vth, and VIth centuries. In this way then, far more than _forty-seven_ +ancient witnesses have come back to testify to the men of this generation +that the commonly received reading of S. Luke ii. 14 is _the true +reading_, and that the text which the Revisionists are seeking to palm off +upon us is _a fabrication and a blunder_. Will any one be found to +maintain that the authority of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} is appreciable, when confronted by +the first 15 _contemporary Ecclesiastical Writers_ above enumerated? or +that A can stand against the 7 which follow? + +This is not all however. Survey the preceding enumeration geographically, +and note that, besides 1 name from Gaul,--at least 2 stand for +Constantinople,--while 5 are dotted over Asia Minor:--10 at least represent +Antioch; and--6, other parts of Syria:--3 stand for Palestine, and 12 for +other Churches of the East:--at least 5 are Alexandrian,--2 are men of +Cyprus, and--1 is from Crete. If the articulate voices of so many +illustrious Bishops, coming back to us in this way from every part of +ancient Christendom and all delivering the same unfaltering message,--if +_this_ be not allowed to be decisive on a point of the kind just now +before us, then pray let us have it explained to us,--What amount of +evidence _will_ men accept as final? It is high time that this were +known.... The plain truth is, that a case has been established against {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A +B D and the Latin version, which amounts to _proof_ that those documents, +even when they conspire to yield the self-same evidence, are not to be +depended on as witnesses to the text of Scripture. The history of the +reading advocated by the Revisionists is briefly this:--_It emerges into +notice in the IInd century; and in the Vth, disappears from sight +entirely._ + +Enough and to spare has now been offered concerning the true reading of S. +Luke ii. 14. But because we propose to ourselves that _no uncertainty +whatever_ shall remain on this subject, it will not be wasted labour if at +parting we pour into the ruined citadel just enough of shot and shell to +leave no dark corner standing for the ghost of a respectable doubt +hereafter to hide in. Now, it is confessedly nothing else but the high +estimate which Critics have conceived of the value of the testimony of the +old uncials ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D), which has occasioned any doubt at all to exist in +this behalf. Let the learned Reader then ascertain for himself the +character of codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D hereabouts, by collating _the context in +which S. Luke ii. 14 is found_, viz. the 13 verses which precede and the +one verse (ver. 15) which immediately follows. If the old uncials are +observed all to sing in tune throughout, hereabouts, well and good: but if +on the contrary, their voices prove utterly discordant, _who_ sees not +that the last pretence has been taken away for placing _any confidence at +all_ in their testimony concerning the text of ver. 14, turning as it does +on the presence or absence of _a single letter_?... He will find, as the +result of his analysis, that within the space of those 14 verses, the old +uncials are responsible for 56 "various readings" (so-called): singly, for +41; in combination with one another, for 15. So diverse, however, is the +testimony they respectively render, that they are found severally to +differ from the Text of the cursives no less than 70 times. Among them, +besides twice varying the phrase,--they contrive to omit 19 words:--to add +4:--to substitute 17:--to alter 10:--to transpose 24.--Lastly, these five +codices are observed (within the same narrow limits) to fall into _ten_ +different combinations: viz. B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, for 5 readings;--B D, for 2;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, A +C, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D, A {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D, for 1 each. A therefore, +which stands alone _twice_, is found in combination 4 times;--C, which +stands alone _once_, is found in combination 4 times;(130)--B, which stands +alone 5 times, is found in combination 6 times;--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, which stands alone 11 +times, is found in combination 8 times;--D, which stands alone 22 times, is +found in combination 7 times.... And now,--for the last time we ask the +question,--With what show of reason can the unintelligible {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A +B D) be upheld as genuine, in defiance of _the whole body of Manuscripts_, +uncial and cursive,--the great bulk of the Versions,--and the mighty array +of (upwards of fifty) Fathers exhibited above? + +(C) We are at last able to proceed, with a promise that we shall rarely +prove so tedious again. But it is absolutely necessary to begin by +clearing the ground. We may not go on doubting for ever. The "Angelic +hymn" and "The last 12 Verses" of S. Mark's Gospel, are convenient places +for a trial of strength. _It has now been proved_ that the commonly +received text of S. Luke ii. 14 is the true text,--the Revisionists' +emendation of the place, a palpable mistake. On behalf of the second +Gospel, we claim to have also established that an important portion of the +sacred narrative has been unjustly branded with a note of ignominy; from +which we solemnly call upon the Revisionists to set the Evangelist free. +The pretence that no harm has been done him by the mere statement of what +is an undeniable fact,--(viz. that "the two oldest Greek manuscripts, and +some other authorities, omit from verse 9 to the end;" and that "some +other authorities have a different ending to the Gospel,")--will not stand +examination. Pin to the shoulder of an honourable man a hearsay libel on +his character, and see what he will have to say to you! Besides,--_Why have +the 12 verses been further separated off from the rest of the Gospel?_ +This at least is unjustifiable. + +Those who, with Drs. Roberts and Milligan,(131) have been taught to +maintain "_that the passage is not the immediate production of S. +Mark_,"--"_can hardly be regarded as a part of the original Gospel_; but is +rather an addition made to it at a very early age, whether in the lifetime +of the Evangelist or not, it is impossible to say:"--such Critics are +informed that they stultify themselves when they proceed in the same +breath to assure the offended reader that the passage "is nevertheless +_possessed of full canonical authority_."(132) Men who so write show that +they do not understand the question. For if these 12 verses _are_ +"canonical Scripture,"--as much inspired as the 12 verses which precede +them, and as worthy of undoubting confidence,--then, whether they be "the +production of S. Mark," or of some other, is a purely irrelevant +circumstance. The _Authorship_ of the passage, as every one must see, is +not the question. The last 12 verses of Deuteronomy, for instance, were +probably not written by Moses. Do we therefore separate them off from the +rest of Deuteronomy, and encumber the margin with a note expressive of our +opinion? Our Revisionists, so far from holding what follows to be +"canonical Scripture," are careful to state that a rival ending to be +found elsewhere merits serious attention. S. Mark xvi. 9-20, therefore +(_according to them_), is _not certainly_ a genuine part of the Gospel; +_may_, after all, be nothing else but a spurious accretion to the text. +And as long as such doubts are put forth by our Revisionists, they publish +to the world that, _in their account_ at all events, these verses are +_not_ "possessed of full canonical authority." If "the two oldest Greek +manuscripts" _justly_ "omit from verse 9 to the end" (as stated in the +margin), will any one deny that our printed Text ought to omit them +also?(133) On the other hand, if the circumstance is a mere literary +curiosity, will any one maintain that it is entitled to abiding record in +the margin of the _English Version_ of the everlasting page?--_affords any +warrant whatever for separating _"the last Twelve Verses"_ from their +context_? + +(D) We can probably render ordinary readers no more effectual service, +than by offering now to guide them over a few select places, concerning +the true reading of which the Revisionists either entertain such serious +doubts that they have _recorded_ their uncertainty in the margin of their +work; or else, entertaining no doubts at all, have deliberately thrust a +new reading into the body of their text, and _that_, without explanation, +apology, or indeed record of any kind.(134) One remark should be premised, +viz. that "various Readings" as they are (often most unreasonably) called, +are seldom if ever the result of conscious _fraud_. An immense number are +to be ascribed to sheer accident. It was through erroneous judgment, we +repeat, not with evil intent, that men took liberties with the deposit. +They imported into their copies whatever readings they considered highly +recommended. By some of these ancient Critics it seems to have been +thought allowable _to abbreviate_, by simply leaving out whatever did not +appear to themselves strictly necessary: by others, to _transpose_ the +words--even the members--of a sentence, almost to any extent: by others, to +_substitute_ easy expressions for difficult ones. In this way it comes to +pass that we are often presented, and in the oldest documents of all, with +Readings which stand self-condemned; are clearly fabrications. That it was +held allowable to assimilate one Gospel to another, is quite certain. Add, +that as early as the IInd century there abounded in the Church +documents,--"Diatessarons" they were sometimes called,--of which the avowed +object was to weave one continuous and connected narrative "out of the +four;"--and we shall find that as many heads have been provided, as will +suffice for the classification of almost every various reading which we +are likely to encounter in our study of the Gospels. + +I. TO ACCIDENTAL CAUSES then we give the foremost place, and of these we +have already furnished the reader with two notable and altogether +dissimilar specimens. The first (viz. the omission of S. Mark xvi. 9-20 +from certain ancient copies of the Gospel) seems to have originated in an +unique circumstance. According to the Western order of the four, S. Mark +occupies _the last_ place. From the earliest period it had been customary +to write {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("END") after the 8th verse of his last chapter, in token +that _there_ a famous ecclesiastical lection comes to a close. _Let the +last leaf of one very ancient archetypal copy have begun at ver. 9; and +let that last leaf have perished;--and all is plain._ A faithful copyist +will have ended the Gospel perforce--as B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} have done--at S. Mark xvi. +8.... Our other example (S. Luke ii. 14) will have resulted from an +accident of the most ordinary description,--as was explained at the +outset.--To the foregoing, a few other specimens of erroneous readings +resulting from Accident shall now be added. + +(_a_) Always instructive, it is sometimes even entertaining to trace the +history of a mistake which, dating from the IInd or IIIrd century, has +remained without a patron all down the subsequent ages, until at last it +has been suddenly taken up in our own times by an Editor of the sacred +Text, and straightway palmed off upon an unlearned generation as the +genuine work of the HOLY GHOST. Thus, whereas the Church has hitherto +supposed that S. Paul's company "were in all in the ship _two hundred +threescore and sixteen souls_" (Acts xxvii. 37), Drs. Westcott and Hort +(relying on the authority of B and the Sahidic version) insist that what +S. Luke actually wrote was "_about seventy-six_." In other words, instead +of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, we are invited henceforth to read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}. What can have given rise to so formidable a discrepancy? +Mere accident, we answer. First, whereas S. Luke certainly wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, his last six words at some very early period +underwent the familiar process of Transposition, and became, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}; whereby the _word_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} and the _numbers_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} were brought into close proximity. (It is thus that +Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, &c., wrongly exhibit the place.) But +since "276" when represented in Greek numerals is {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, the inevitable +consequence was that the words (written in uncials) ran thus: +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}. Behold, the secret is out! Who sees not what has +happened? There has been no intentional falsification of the text. There +has been no critical disinclination to believe that "a corn-ship, +presumably heavily laden, would contain so many souls,"--as an excellent +judge supposes.(135) The discrepancy has been the result of sheer +accident: is the merest blunder. Some IInd-century copyist connected the +last letter of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~} with the next ensuing numeral, which stands for 200 +(viz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}); and made an _independent word_ of it, viz. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--_i.e._ "about." +But when {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} (_i.e._ 200) has been taken away from {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} (_i.e._ 276), 76 is +perforce all that remains. In other words, the result of so slight a +blunder has been that instead of "_two hundred_ and seventy-six" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}), +some one wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}{~GREEK OXIA~}--_i.e._ "_about_ seventy-six." His blunder would have +been diverting had it been confined to the pages of a codex which is +_full_ of blunders. When however it is adopted by the latest Editors of +the N. T. (Drs. Westcott and Hort),--and by their influence has been +foisted into the margin of our revised English Version--it becomes high +time that we should reclaim against such a gratuitous depravation of +Scripture. + +All this ought not to have required explaining: the blunder is so +gross,--its history so patent. But surely, had its origin been ever so +obscure, the most elementary critical knowledge joined to a little +mother-wit ought to convince a man that the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} +_cannot_ be trustworthy. A reading discoverable only in codex B and one +Egyptian version (which was evidently executed from codices of the same +corrupt type as codex B) _may always be dismissed as certainly spurious_. +But further,--Although a man might of course say "about _seventy_" or +"about _eighty_," (which is how Epiphanius(136) quotes the place,) _who_ +sees not that "about seventy-_six_" is an impossible expression? Lastly, +the two false witnesses give divergent testimony even while they seem to +be at one: for the Sahidic (or Thebaic) version arranges the words in an +order _peculiar to itself_. + +(_b_) Another corruption of the text, with which it is proposed henceforth +to disfigure our Authorized Version, (originating like the last in sheer +accident,) occurs in Acts xviii. 7. It is related concerning S. Paul, at +Corinth, that having forsaken the synagogue of the Jews, "he entered into +a certain man's house _named Justus_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}). That this is what +S. Luke wrote, is to be inferred from the fact that it is found in almost +every known copy of the Acts, beginning with A D G H L P. Chrysostom--the +only ancient Greek Father who quotes the place--_so_ quotes it. This is, in +consequence, the reading of Lachmann, Tregelles, and Tischendorf in his +7th edition. But then, the last syllable of "name" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}) and the first +three letters of "Justus" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}), in an uncial copy, may easily get +mistaken for an independent word. Indeed it only wants a horizontal stroke +(at the summit of the second {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}) to produce "Titus" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}). In +the Syriac and Sahidic versions accordingly, "Titus" actually stands _in +place of_ "Justus,"--a reading no longer discoverable in any extant codex. +As a matter of fact, the error resulted _not_ in the _substitution_ of +"Titus" for "Justus," but in the introduction of _both_ names where S. +Luke wrote but one. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and E, the Vulgate, and the Coptic version, exhibit +"_Titus Justus_." And that the foregoing is a true account of the birth +and parentage of "Titus" is proved by the tell-tale circumstance, that in +B the letters {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} are all religiously retained, and a supernumerary +letter ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}) has been thrust in between,--the result of which is to give us +one more imaginary gentleman, viz. "_Titius_ Justus;" with whose +appearance,--(and he is found _nowhere_ but in codex B,)--Tischendorf in his +8th ed., with Westcott and Hort in theirs, are so captivated, that they +actually give him a place in their text. It was out of compassion (we +presume) for the friendless stranger "_Titus_ Justus" that our +Revisionists have, in preference, promoted _him_ to honour: in which act +of humanity they stand alone. Their "new Greek Text" is _the only one in +existence_ in which the imaginary foreigner has been advanced to +citizenship, and assigned "a local habitation and a name." ... Those must +have been wondrous drowsy days in the Jerusalem Chamber when such +manipulations of the inspired text were possible! + +(_c_) The two foregoing depravations grew out of the ancient practice of +writing the Scriptures in uncial characters (_i.e._ in capital letters), +no space being interposed between the words. Another striking instance is +supplied by S. Matthew xi. 23 and S. Luke x. 15, where however the error +is so transparent that the wonder is how it can ever have imposed upon any +one. What makes the matter serious is, that it gives a turn to a certain +Divine saying, of which it is incredible that either our SAVIOUR or His +Evangelists knew anything. We have hitherto believed that the solemn words +ran as follows:--"And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) +unto heaven, shalt be brought down ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) to hell." For this, our +Revisionists invite us to substitute, in S. Luke as well as in S. +Matthew,--"And thou, Capernaum, shalt thou be exalted ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~};) +unto heaven?" And then, in S. Matthew, (but not in S. Luke,)--"Thou shalt +go down ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) into Hades." Now, what can have happened to occasion +such a curious perversion of our LORD'S true utterance, and to cause Him +to ask an unmeaning _question_ about the future, when He was clearly +announcing a _fact_, founded on the history of the past? + +A stupid blunder has been made (we answer), of which traces survive (as +usual) only in the same little handful of suspicious documents. The final +letter of Capernaum ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}) by cleaving to the next ensuing letter ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}) has +made an independent word ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}); which new word necessitates a change in the +construction, and causes the sentence to become interrogative. And yet, +fourteen of the uncial manuscripts and the whole body of the cursives know +nothing of this: neither does the Peschito--nor the Gothic version: no,--nor +Chrysostom,--nor Cyril,--nor ps.-Caesarius,--nor Theodoret,--the only Fathers +who quote either place. The sole witnesses for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} in _both_ +Gospels are {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, copies of the old Latin, Cureton's Syriac, the Coptic, +and the AEthiopic versions,--a consensus of authorities which ought to be +held fatal to any reading. C joins the conspiracy in Matthew xi. 23, but +not in Luke x. 15: D L consent in Luke, but not in Matthew. The Vulgate, +which sided with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B in S. Matthew, forsakes them in S. Luke. In writing +_both_ times {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} ("thou shalt go down"), codex B (forsaken this time +by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) is supported by a single manuscript, viz. D. But because, in Matthew +xi. 23, B obtains the sanction of the Latin copies, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} is actually +introduced into the Revised Text, and we are quietly informed in the +margin that "Many ancient authorities read _be brought down_:" the truth +being (as the reader has been made aware) that there are _only two +manuscripts in existence which read anything else_. And (what deserves +attention) those two manuscripts are convicted of having _borrowed their +quotation from the Septuagint_,(137) and therefore stand +self-condemned.... Were the occupants of the Jerusalem Chamber all--saving +the two who in their published edition insist on reading (with B and D) +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} in both places--_all_ fast asleep when they became consenting +parties to this sad mistake? + +II. It is time to explain that, if the most serious depravations of +Scripture are due to Accident, a vast number are unmistakably the result +of DESIGN, and are very clumsily executed too. The enumeration of a few of +these may prove instructive: and we shall begin with something which is +found in S. Mark xi. 3. With nothing perhaps will each several instance so +much impress the devout student of Scripture, as with the exquisite +structure of a narrative in which corrupt readings stand self-revealed and +self-condemned, the instant they are ordered to come to the front and show +themselves. But the point to which we especially invite his attention is, +the sufficiency of the _external evidence_ which Divine Wisdom is observed +to have invariably provided for the establishment of the truth of His +written Word. + +(_a_) When our LORD was about to enter His capital in lowly triumph, He is +observed to have given to "two of His disciples" directions well +calculated to suggest the mysterious nature of the incident which was to +follow. They were commanded to proceed to the entrance of a certain +village,--to unloose a certain colt which they would find tied there,--and +to bring the creature straightway to JESUS. Any obstacle which they might +encounter would at once disappear before the simple announcement that "the +LORD hath need of him."(138) But, singular to relate, this transaction is +found to have struck some third-rate IIIrd-century Critic as not +altogether correct. The good man was evidently of opinion that the +colt,--as soon as the purpose had been accomplished for which it had been +obtained,--ought in common fairness to have been returned to "the owners +thereof." (S. Luke xix. 33.) Availing himself therefore of there being no +nominative before "will send" (in S. Mark xi. 3), he assumed that it was +_of Himself_ that our LORD was still speaking: feigned that the sentence +is to be explained thus:--"say ye, 'that the LORD hath need of him _and +will straightway send him hither_.' " According to this view of the case, +our SAVIOUR instructed His two Disciples to convey to the owner of the +colt an undertaking from Himself _that He would send the creature back as +soon as He had done with it_: would treat the colt, in short, _as a loan_. +A more stupid imagination one has seldom had to deal with. But in the +meantime, by way of clenching the matter, the Critic proceeded on his own +responsibility to thrust into the text the word "_again_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). The +fate of such an unauthorized accretion might have been confidently +predicted. After skipping about in quest of a fixed resting-place for a +few centuries (see the note at foot(139)), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} has shared the invariable +fate of all such spurious adjuncts to the truth of Scripture, viz.: It has +been effectually eliminated from the copies. Traces of it linger on only +in those untrustworthy witnesses {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}, and about twice as many +cursive copies, also of depraved type. So transparent a fabrication ought +in fact to have been long since forgotten. Yet have our Revisionists not +been afraid to revive it. In S. Mark xi. 3, they invite us henceforth to +read, "And if any one say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye, The LORD hath +need of him, and straightway _He_ (_i.e._ the LORD) _will send him_ BACK +_hither_." ... Of what can they have been dreaming? They cannot pretend +that they have _Antiquity_ on their side: for, besides the whole mass of +copies with A at their head, _both_ the Syriac, _both_ the Latin, and +_both_ the Egyptian versions, the Gothic, the Armenian,--all in fact except +the AEthiopic,--are against them. Even Origen, who twice inserts {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},(140) +twice leaves it out.(141) _Quid plura?_ + +(_b_) No need to look elsewhere for our next instance. A novel statement +arrests attention five verses lower down: viz. that "Many spread their +garments upon the way" [and why not "_in_ the way"? {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} does not mean +"upon"]; "and others, branches _which they had cut from the fields_" (S. +Mark xi. 8). But how in the world could they have done _that_? They must +have been clever people certainly if they "cut _branches_ from" anything +except _trees_. Was it because our Revisionists felt this, that in the +margin they volunteer the information, that the Greek for "branches" is in +strictness "_layers of leaves_"? But what _are_ "layers of leaves"? and +what _proof_ is there that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} has that meaning? and how could +"_layers of leaves_" have been suddenly procured from such a quarter? We +turn to our Authorized Version, and are refreshed by the familiar and +intelligible words: "And others cut down branches off the trees and +strawed them in the way." Why then has this been changed? In an ordinary +sentence, consisting of 12 words, we find that 2 words have been +substituted for other 2; that 1 has undergone modification; that 5 have +been ejected. _Why_ is all this? asks the unlearned Reader. He shall be +told. + +An instance is furnished us of the perplexity which a difficult word +sometimes occasioned the ancients, as well as of the serious consequences +which have sometimes resulted therefrom to the text of Scripture itself. +S. Matthew, after narrating that "a very great multitude spread their +garments in the way," adds, "others cut branches ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) from the trees +and strawed them in the way."(142) But would not branches of any +considerable size have impeded progress, inconveniently encumbering the +road? No doubt they would. Accordingly, as S. Mark (with S. Matthew's +Gospel before him) is careful to explain, they were _not_ "branches of any +considerable size," but "leafy twigs"--"_foliage_," in fact it was--"cut +from the trees and strawed in the way." The word, however, which he +employs ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is an unique word--very like another of similar sound +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), yet distinct from it in sense, if not in origin. +Unfortunately, all this was not understood in a highly uncritical and most +licentious age. With the best intentions, (for the good man was only +seeking to reconcile two inconvenient parallel statements,) some +Revisionist of the IInd century, having convinced himself that the latter +word ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) might with advantage take the place of S. Mark's word +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), substituted this for that. In consequence, it survives to +this day in nine uncial copies headed by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B. But then, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} does not +mean "a branch" _at all_; no, nor a "layer of leaves" either; but _a +pallet_--_a floor-bed_, in fact, of the humblest type, constructed of +grass, rushes, straw, brushwood, leaves, or any similar substance. On the +other hand, because such materials are not obtainable _from trees_ +exactly, the ancient Critic judged it expedient further to change {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +into {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ("_fields_"). Even this was not altogether satisfactory. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as explained already, in strictness means a "bed." Only by a +certain amount of license can it be supposed to denote the materials of +which a bed is composed; whereas the Evangelist speaks of something +"strawn." _The self-same copies_, therefore, which exhibit "_fields_" (in +lieu of "_trees_"), by introducing a slight change in the construction +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), and _omitting_ the words "and strawed them in the +way," are observed--after a summary fashion of their own, (with which, +however, readers of B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D are only too familiar)--to dispose of this +difficulty by putting it nearly out of sight. The only result of all this +misplaced officiousness is a miserable travestie of the sacred +words:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: 7 words in place of 12! + +But the calamitous circumstance is that the Critics have all to a man +fallen into the trap. True, that Origen (who once writes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and +once {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), as well as the two Egyptian versions, side with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} +in reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: but then _both versions_ (with C) _decline to +alter the construction_ of the sentence; and (with Origen) _decline to +omit the clause_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: while, against this little band +of disunited witnesses, are marshalled all the remaining fourteen uncials, +headed by A D--the Peschito and the Philoxenian Syriac; the Italic, the +Vulgate, the Gothic, the Armenian, the Georgian, and the AEthiopic as well +as the Slavonic versions, besides the whole body of the cursives. Whether +therefore Antiquity, Variety, Respectability of witnesses, numbers, or the +reason of the thing be appealed to, the case of our opponents breaks +hopelessly down. Does any one seriously suppose that, if S. Mark had +written the common word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, so vast a majority of the copies at this +day would exhibit the improbable {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? Had the same S. Mark expressed +nothing else but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, will any one persuade us that +_every copy in existence but five_ would present us with {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}? And let us not be told that there +has been Assimilation here. There has been none. S. Matthew (xxi. 8) +writes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}: S. Mark (xi. 8), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. The types are distinct, and have been faithfully retained +all down the ages. The common reading is certainly correct. The Critics +are certainly in error. And we exclaim (surely not without good reason) +against the hardship of thus having an exploded corruption of the text of +Scripture furbished up afresh and thrust upon us, after lying deservedly +forgotten for upwards of a thousand years. + +(_c_) Take a yet grosser specimen, which has nevertheless imposed just as +completely upon our Revisionists. It is found in S. Luke's Gospel (xxiii. +45), and belongs to the history of the Crucifixion. All are aware that as, +at the typical redemption out of Egypt, there had been a preternatural +darkness over the land for three days,(143) so, preliminary to the actual +Exodus of "the Israel of GOD," "there was darkness over all the land" for +three hours.(144) S. Luke adds the further statement,--"_And the sun was +darkened_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). Now the proof that this is what S. +Luke actually wrote, is the most obvious and conclusive possible. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} is found in all the most ancient documents. Marcion(145) (whose +date is A.D. 130-50) so exhibits the place:--besides the old Latin(146) and +the Vulgate:--the Peschito, Cureton's, and the Philoxenian Syriac +versions:--the Armenian,--the AEthiopic,--the Georgian,--and the +Slavonic.--Hippolytus(147) (A.D. 190-227),--Athanasius,(148)--Ephraem +Syr.,(149)--Theodore Mops.,(150)--Nilus the monk,(151)--Severianus, (in a +homily preserved in Armenian, p. 439,)--Cyril of Alexandria,(152)--the +apocryphal _Gospel of Nicodemus_--and the _Anaphora Pilati_,(153)--are all +witnesses to the same effect. Add the _Acta Pilati_(154)--and the Syriac +_Acts of the Apostles_.(155)--Let it suffice of the Latins to quote +Tertullian.(156)--But the most striking evidence is the consentient +testimony of the manuscripts, viz. _all the uncials_ but 3 and-a-half, and +_every known Evangelium_. + +That the darkness spoken of was a divine portent--_not_ an eclipse of the +sun, but an incident wholly out of the course of nature--the ancients +clearly recognize. Origen,(157)--Julius Africanus(158) (A.D. 220),--Macarius +Magnes(159) (A.D. 330),--are even eloquent on the subject. Chrysostom's +evidence is unequivocal.(160) It is, nevertheless, well known that this +place of S. Luke's Gospel was tampered with from a very early period; and +that Origen(161) (A.D. 186-253), and perhaps Eusebius,(162) employed +copies which had been depraved. In some copies, writes Origen, instead of +"and the sun was darkened" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), is found "the sun +having become eclipsed" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). He points out with truth +that the thing spoken of is a physical impossibility, and delivers it as +his opinion that the corruption of the text was due either to some +friendly hand in order to _account for_ the darkness; or else, (which +he,(163) and Jerome(164) after him, thought more likely,) to the enemies +of Revelation, who sought in this way to provide themselves with a pretext +for cavil. Either way, Origen and Jerome elaborately assert that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +is the only true reading of S. Luke xxiii. 45. Will it be believed that +this gross fabrication--for no other reason but because it is found in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B +L, and probably once existed in C(165)--has been resuscitated in 1881, and +foisted into the sacred Text by our Revisionists? + +It would be interesting to have this proceeding of theirs explained. _Why_ +should the truth dwell exclusively(166) with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L? It cannot be pretended +that between the IVth and Vth centuries, when the copies {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B were made, +and the Vth and VIth centuries, when the copies A Q D R were executed, +this corruption of the text arose: for (as was explained at the outset) +the reading in question ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is found in all the oldest +and most famous documents. Our Revisionists cannot take their stand on +"Antiquity,"--for as we have seen, _all the Versions_ (with the single +exception of the Coptic(167)),--and the oldest Church writers, (Marcion, +Origen, Julius Africanus, Hippolytus, Athanasius, Gregory Naz., Ephraem, +&c.,) are _all_ against them.--They cannot advance the claim of "clearly +preponderating evidence;" for they have but a single Version,--_not_ a +single Father,--and but three-and-a-half Evangelia to appeal to, out of +perhaps three hundred and fifty times that number.--They cannot pretend +that essential probability is in favour of the reading of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B; seeing that +the thing stated is astronomically impossible.--They will not tell us that +critical opinion is with them: for their judgment is opposed to that of +every Critic ancient and modern, except Tischendorf since his discovery of +codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}.--Of what nature then will be their proof?... _Nothing_ results +from the discovery that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} reads {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, B +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--except that those two codices are of the same corrupt type as +those which Origen deliberately condemned 1650 years ago. In the meantime, +with more of ingenuity than of ingenuousness, our Revisionists attempt to +conceal the foolishness of the text of their choice by translating it +unfairly. They present us with, "_the sun's light failing_." But this is a +gloss of their own. There is no mention of "the sun's _light_" in the +Greek. Nor perhaps, if the rationale of the original expression were +accurately ascertained, would such a paraphrase of it prove correct(168). +But, in fact, the phrase {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} means "an eclipse of the sun" and +_no other thing_. In like manner, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(169) (as our +Revisionists are perfectly well aware) means "_the sun becoming +eclipsed_," or "_suffering eclipse_." It is easy for Revisionists to +"emphatically deny that there is anything in the Greek word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +when associated with the sun, which involves necessarily the notion of an +eclipse."(170) The _fact_ referred to may not be so disposed of. It lies +outside the province of "emphatic denial." Let them ask any Scholar in +Europe what {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means; and see if he does not tell them +that it can _only_ mean, "the sun _having become eclipsed_"! They know +this every bit as well as their Reviewer. And they ought either to have +had the manliness to render the words faithfully, or else the good sense +to let the Greek alone,--which they are respectfully assured was their only +proper course. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is, in fact, clearly above suspicion. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which these learned men (with the best intentions) +have put in its place, is, to speak plainly, a transparent fabrication. +That it enjoys "_clearly preponderating evidence_," is what no person, +fair or unfair, will for an instant venture to pretend. + +III. Next, let us produce an instance of depravation of Scripture +resulting from the practice of ASSIMILATION, which prevailed anciently to +an extent which baffles arithmetic. We choose the most famous instance +that presents itself. + +(_a_) It occurs in S. Mark vi. 20, and is more than unsuspected. The +substitution (on the authority of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L and the Coptic) of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in that verse, (_i.e._ the statement that Herod "was much +_perplexed_,"--instead of Herod "_did_ many things,") is even vaunted by +the Critics as the recovery of the true reading of the place--long obscured +by the "very singular expression" {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. To ourselves the only "very +singular" thing is, how men of first-rate ability can fail to see that, on +the contrary, the proposed substitute is simply fatal to the SPIRIT'S +teaching in this place. "Common sense is staggered by such a rendering," +(remarks the learned Bishop of Lincoln). "People are not wont to _hear +gladly_ those by whom they are _much perplexed_."(171) But in fact, the +sacred writer's object clearly is, to record the striking circumstance +that Herod was so moved by the discourses of John, (whom he used to +"listen to with pleasure,") that he even "_did many things_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) _in conformity with the Baptist's teaching_.(172)... And yet, if +this be so, how (we shall be asked) has "he was much perplexed" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) contrived to effect a lodgment in _so many as three_ copies of the +second Gospel? + +It has resulted from nothing else, we reply, but the determination to +assimilate a statement of S. Mark (vi. 20) concerning Herod and John the +Baptist, with another and a distinct statement of S. Luke (ix. 7), having +reference to Herod and our LORD. S. Luke, speaking of the fame of our +SAVIOUR'S miracles at a period subsequent to the Baptist's murder, +declares that when Herod "heard _all things that were done_ BY HIM" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), "he _was much perplexed_" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).--Statements so entirely distinct and diverse from one another +as _this_ of S. Luke, and _that_ (given above) of S. Mark, might surely +(one would think) have been let alone. On the contrary. A glance at the +foot of the page will show that in the IInd century S. Mark's words were +solicited in all sorts of ways. A persistent determination existed to make +him say that Herod having "heard of _many things which _THE BAPTIST_ +did_," &c.(173)--a strange perversion of the Evangelist's meaning, truly, +and only to be accounted for in one way.(174) + +Had this been _all_, however, the matter would have attracted no +attention. One such fabrication more or less in the Latin version, which +abounds in fabricated readings, is of little moment. But then, the Greek +scribes had recourse to a more subtle device for assimilating Mark vi. 20 +to Luke ix. 7. They perceived that S. Mark's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} might be almost +identified with S. Luke's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, by _merely changing two of the +letters_, viz. by substituting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. From this, there +results in S. Mk. vi. 20: "and having heard many things of him, _he was +perplexed_;" which is very nearly identical with what is found in S. Lu. +ix. 7. This fatal substitution (of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) survives happily +only in codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L and the Coptic version--all of bad character. But +(calamitous to relate) the Critics, having disinterred this +long-since-forgotten fabrication, are making vigorous efforts to galvanize +it, at the end of fifteen centuries, into ghastly life and activity. We +venture to assure them that they will not succeed. Herod's "perplexity" +did not begin until John had been beheaded, and the fame reached Herod of +the miracles which our SAVIOUR wrought. The apocryphal statement, now for +the first time thrust into an English copy of the New Testament, may be +summarily dismissed. But the marvel will for ever remain that a company of +distinguished Scholars (A.D. 1881) could so effectually persuade +themselves that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (in S. Mark vi. 20) is a "_plain and clear error_," +and that there is "_decidedly preponderating evidence_" in favour of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},--as to venture to _substitute the latter word for the former_. This +will for ever remain a marvel, we say; seeing that _all the uncials_ +except three of bad character, together with _every known cursive without +exception_;--the old Latin and the Vulgate, the Peschito and the +Philoxenian Syriac, the Armenian, AEthiopic, Slavonian and Georgian +versions,--are with the traditional Text. (The Thebaic, the Gothic, and +Cureton's Syriac are defective here. The ancient Fathers are silent.) + +IV. More serious in its consequences, however, than any other source of +mischief which can be named, is the process of MUTILATION, to which, from +the beginning, the Text of Scripture has been subjected. By the +"Mutilation" of Scripture we do but mean the intentional Omission--_from +whatever cause proceeding_--of genuine portions. And the causes of it have +been numerous as well as diverse. Often, indeed, there seems to have been +at work nothing else but a strange passion for getting rid of whatever +portions of the inspired Text have seemed to anybody superfluous,--or at +all events have appeared capable of being removed without manifest injury +to the sense. But the estimate of the tasteless IInd-century Critic will +never be that of the well-informed Reader, furnished with the ordinary +instincts of piety and reverence. This barbarous mutilation of the Gospel, +by the unceremonious excision of a multitude of little words, is often +attended by no worse consequence than that thereby an extraordinary +baldness is imparted to the Evangelical narrative. The removal of so many +of the coupling-hooks is apt to cause the curtains of the Tabernacle to +hang wondrous ungracefully; but often _that_ is all. Sometimes, however, +(as might have been confidently anticipated,) the result is calamitous in +a high degree. Not only is the beauty of the narrative effectually marred, +(as _e.g._ by the barbarous excision of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, +from S. Mark ix. 24):(175)--the doctrinal teaching of our SAVIOUR'S +discourses in countless places, damaged, (as _e.g._ by the omission of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} from verse 29):--absurd expressions attributed to the Holy One +which He certainly never uttered, (as _e.g._ by truncating of its last +word the phrase {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in verse 23):--but (I.) The +narrative is often rendered in a manner unintelligible; or else (II.), The +entire point of a precious incident is made to disappear from sight; or +else (III.), An imaginary incident is fabricated: or lastly (IV.), Some +precious saying of our Divine LORD is turned into absolute nonsense. Take +a single short example of what has last been offered, from each of the +Gospels in turn. + +(I.) In S. Matthew xiv. 30, we are invited henceforth to submit to the +information concerning Simon Peter, that "_when he saw the wind_, he was +afraid." The sight must have been peculiar, certainly. So, indeed, is the +expression. But Simon Peter was as unconscious of the one as S. Matthew of +the other. Such curiosities are the peculiar property of codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B--the +Coptic version--and the Revisionists. The predicate of the proposition +(viz. "_that it was strong_," contained in the single word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) has +been wantonly excised. That is all!--although Dr. Hort succeeded in +persuading his colleagues to the contrary. A more solemn--a far sadder +instance, awaits us in the next Gospel. + +(II.) The first three Evangelists are careful to note "the _loud_ cry" +with which the Redeemer of the World expired. But it was reserved for S. +Mark (as Chrysostom pointed out long since) to record (xv. 39) the +memorable circumstance that _this particular portent_ it was, which +wrought conviction in the soul of the Roman soldier whose office it was to +be present on that terrible occasion. The man had often witnessed death by +Crucifixion, and must have been well acquainted with its ordinary +phenomena. Never before had he witnessed anything like this. He was +stationed where he could see and hear all that happened: "standing" (S. +Mark says) "near" our SAVIOUR,--"_over against Him_." "Now, when the +Centurion saw that it was _after so crying out_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that He expired" +(xv. 39) he uttered the memorable words, "Truly this man _was_ the SON OF +GOD!" "What chiefly moved him to make that confession of his faith was +that our SAVIOUR evidently died _with power_."(176) "The miracle" (says +Bp. Pearson) "was not in the death, but _in the voice_. The strangeness +was not that He should die, but that at the point of death He should _cry +out so loud_. He died not by, but with a Miracle."(177) ... All this +however is lost in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L, which literally _stand alone_(178) in leaving +out the central and only important word, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Calamitous to relate, +they are followed herein by our Revisionists: who (misled by Dr. Hort) +invite us henceforth to read,--"Now when the Centurion saw _that He so gave +up the ghost_." + +(III.) In S. Luke xxiii. 42, by leaving out two little words ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} and +_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}_), the same blind guides, under the same blind guidance, effectually +misrepresent the record concerning the repentant malefactor. Henceforth +they would have us believe that "he said, 'JESUS, remember me when thou +comest in thy Kingdom.' " (Dr. Hort was fortunately unable to persuade the +Revisionists to follow him in further substituting "_into_ thy kingdom" +for "_in_ thy kingdom;" and so converting what, in the A. V., is nothing +worse than a palpable mistranslation,(179) into what would have been an +indelible blot. The record of his discomfiture survives in the margin). +Whereas none of the Churches of Christendom have ever yet doubted that S. +Luke's record is, that the dying man "said _unto _JESUS, LORD, remember +me," &c. + +(IV.) In S. John xiv. 4, by eliminating the second {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} and the second +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, our SAVIOUR is now made to say, "And whither I go, _ye know the +way_;" which is really almost nonsense. What He actually said was, "And +whither I go ye know, and the way ye know;" _in consequence of which_ (as +we all remember) "Thomas saith unto Him, LORD, we know not 'whither' Thou +goest, and how can we know 'the way'?" ... Let these four samples suffice +of a style of depravation with which, at the end of 1800 years, it is +deliberately proposed to disfigure every page of the everlasting Gospel; +and for which, were it tolerated, the Church would have to thank no one so +much as Drs. Westcott and Hort. + +We cannot afford, however, so to dismiss the phenomena already opened up +to the Reader's notice. For indeed, this astonishing taste for mutilating +and maiming the Sacred Deposit, is perhaps the strangest phenomenon in the +history of Textual Criticism. + +It is in this way that a famous expression in S. Luke vi. 1 has +disappeared from codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L. The reader may not be displeased to listen +to an anecdote which has hitherto escaped the vigilance of the Critics:-- + +"I once asked my teacher, Gregory of Nazianzus,"--(the words are Jerome's +in a letter to Nepotianus),--"to explain to me the meaning of S. Luke's +expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, literally the '_second-first_ sabbath.' +'I will tell you all about it in church,' he replied. 'The congregation +shall shout applause, and you shall have your choice,--either to stand +silent and look like a fool, or else to pretend you understand what you do +not.' " But "_eleganter lusit_," says Jerome(180). The point of the joke +was this: Gregory, being a great rhetorician and orator, would have +descanted so elegantly on the signification of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} that +the congregation would have been borne away by his mellifluous periods, +quite regardless of the sense. In other words, Gregory of Nazianzus [A.D. +360] is found to have no more understood the word than Jerome did [370]. + +Ambrose(181) of Milan [370] attempts to explain the difficult expression, +but with indifferent success. Epiphanius(182) of Cyprus [370] does the +same;--and so, Isidorus(183) [400] called "Pelusiota" after the place of +his residence in Lower Egypt.--Ps.-Caesarius(184) also volunteers remarks on +the word [A.D. 400?].--It is further explained in the _Paschal +Chronicle_,(185)--and by Chrysostom(186) [370] at Antioch.--"_Sabbatum +secundo-primum_" is found in the old Latin, and is retained by the +Vulgate. Earlier evidence on the subject does not exist. We venture to +assume that a word so attested must at least be entitled to _its place in +the Gospel_. Such a body of first-rate positive IVth-century testimony, +coming from every part of ancient Christendom, added to the significant +fact that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is found in _every codex extant_ except {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L, and +half a dozen cursives of suspicious character, ought surely to be regarded +as decisive. That an unintelligible word should have got _omitted_ from a +few copies, requires no explanation. Every one who has attended to the +matter is aware that the negative evidence of certain of the Versions also +is of little weight on such occasions as the present. They are observed +constantly to leave out what they either failed quite to understand, or +else found untranslateable. On the other hand, it would be inexplicable +indeed, that an unique expression like the present should have +_established itself universally_, if it were actually spurious. This is +precisely an occasion for calling to mind the precept _proclivi scriptioni +praestat ardua_. Apart from external evidence, it is a thousand times more +likely that such a peculiar word as this should be genuine, than the +reverse. Tischendorf accordingly retains it, moved by this very +consideration.(187) It got excised, however, here and there from +manuscripts at a very early date. And, incredible as it may appear, it is +a fact, that in consequence of its absence from the mutilated codices +above referred to, S. Luke's famous "second-first Sabbath" has been +_thrust out of his Gospel by our Revisionists_. + +But indeed, Mutilation has been practised throughout. By codex B (collated +with the traditional Text), no less than 2877 words have been excised from +the four Gospels alone: by codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--3455 words: by codex D,--3704 +words.(188) + +As interesting a set of instances of this, as are to be anywhere met with, +occurs within the compass of the last three chapters of S. Luke's Gospel, +from which about 200 words have been either forcibly ejected by our +Revisionists, or else served with "notice to quit." We proceed to specify +the chief of these:-- + +(1) S. Luke xxii. 19, 20. (Account of the Institution of the Sacrament of +the LORD'S Supper,--from "which is given for you" to the end,--32 words.) + +(2) _ibid._ 43, 44. (Our SAVIOUR'S Agony in the garden,--26 words.) + +(3) xxiii. 17. (The custom of releasing one at the Passover,--8 words.) + +(4) _ibid._ 34. (Our LORD'S prayer on behalf of His murderers,--12 words.) + +(5) _ibid._ 38. (The record that the title on the Cross was written in +Greek, Latin, and Hebrew,--7 words.) + +(6) xxiv. 1. ("and certain with them,"--4 words.) + +(7) _ibid._ 3. ("of the LORD JESUS,"--3 words.) + +(8) _ibid._ 6. ("He is not here, but He is risen,"--5 words.) + +(9) _ibid._ 9. ("from the sepulchre,"--3 words.) + +(10) _ibid._ 12. (The mention of S. Peter's visit to the sepulchre,--22 +words.) + +(11) _ibid._ 36. ("and saith unto them, Peace be unto you!"--5 words.) + +(12) _ibid._ 40. ("and when He had thus spoken, He showed them His hands +and His feet,"--10 words.) + +(13) _ibid._ 42. ("and of an honeycomb,"--4 words.) + +(14) _ibid._ 51. ("and was carried up into Heaven,"--5.) + +(15) _ibid._ 52. ("worshipped Him,"--2 words.) + +(16) _ibid._ 53. ("praising and,"--2 words.) + +On an attentive survey of the foregoing sixteen instances of unauthorized +Omission, it will be perceived that the 1st passage (S. Luke xxii. 19, 20) +must have been eliminated from the Text because the mention of _two_ Cups +seemed to create a difficulty.--The 2nd has been suppressed because (see p. +82) the incident was deemed derogatory to the majesty of GOD +Incarnate.--The 3rd and 5th were held to be superfluous, because the +information which they contain has been already conveyed by the parallel +passages.--The 10th will have been omitted as apparently inconsistent with +the strict letter of S. John xx. 1-10.--The 6th and 13th are certainly +instances of enforced Harmony.--Most of the others (the 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th, +11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th) seem to have been excised through mere +wantonness,--the veriest licentiousness.--In the meantime, so far are Drs. +Westcott and Hort from accepting the foregoing account of the matter, that +they even style the 1st "a _perverse interpolation_:" in which view of the +subject, however, they enjoy the distinction of standing entirely alone. +With the same "moral certainty," they further proceed to shut up within +double brackets the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th: while the +3rd, 5th, 6th, 13th, and 16th, they exclude from their Text as +indisputably spurious matter. + +Now, we are not about to abuse our Readers' patience by an investigation +of the several points raised by the foregoing statement. In fact, all +should have been passed by in silence, but that unhappily the "Revision" +of our Authorized Version is touched thereby very nearly indeed. So +intimate (may we not say, _so fatal_?) proves to be the sympathy between +the labours of Drs. Westcott and Hort and those of our Revisionists, _that +whatever the former have shut up within double brackets, the latter are +discovered to have branded with a note of suspicion_, conceived invariably +in the same terms: viz., "Some ancient authorities omit." And further, +_whatever those Editors have rejected from their Text, these Revisionists +have rejected also_. It becomes necessary, therefore, briefly to enquire +after the precise amount of manuscript authority which underlies certain +of the foregoing changes. And happily this may be done in a few words. + +The _sole_ authority for just half of the places above enumerated(189) is +_a single Greek codex_,--and that, the most depraved of all,--viz. Beza's +D.(190) It should further be stated that the only allies discoverable for +D are a few copies of the old Latin. What we are saying will seem scarcely +credible: but it is a plain fact, of which any one may convince himself +who will be at the pains to inspect the critical apparatus at the foot of +the pages of Tischendorf's last (8th) edition. Our Revisionists' notion, +therefore, of what constitutes "weighty evidence" is now before the +Reader. If, in _his_ judgment, the testimony of _one single manuscript_, +(and _that_ manuscript the Codex Bezae (D),)--does really invalidate that of +_all other Manuscripts and all other Versions_ in the world,--then of +course, the Greek Text of the Revisionists will in his judgment be a thing +to be rejoiced over. But what if he should be of opinion that such +testimony, in and by itself, is simply worthless? We shrewdly suspect that +the Revisionists' view of what constitutes "weighty Evidence" will be +found to end where it began, viz. in the Jerusalem Chamber. + +For, when we reach down codex D from the shelf, we are reminded that, +within the space of the three chapters of S. Luke's Gospel now under +consideration, there are in all no less than 354 words omitted; _of +which_, 250 _are omitted by_ D _alone_. May we have it explained to us +why, of those 354 words, only 25 are singled out by Drs. Westcott and Hort +for permanent excision from the sacred Text? Within the same compass, no +less than 173 words have been _added by_ D to the commonly Received +Text,--146, _substituted_,--243, _transposed_. May we ask how it comes to +pass that of those 562 words _not one_ has been promoted to their margin +by the Revisionists?... Return we, however, to our list of the changes +which they actually _have_ effected. + +(1) Now, that ecclesiastical usage and the parallel places would seriously +affect such precious words as are found in S. Luke xxii. 19, 20,--was to +have been expected. Yet has the type been preserved all along, from the +beginning, with singular exactness; except in one little handful of +singularly licentious documents, viz. in D a ff2 i l, which _leave all +out_;--in b e, which substitute verses 17 and 18;--and in "the singular and +sometimes rather wild Curetonian Syriac Version,"(191) which, retaining +the 10 words of ver. 19, substitutes verses 17, 18 for ver. 20. Enough for +the condemnation of D survives in +Justin,(192)--Basil,(193)--Epiphanius,(194)--Theodoret,(195)--Cyril,(196)--Maximus,(197)--Jerome.(198) +But why delay ourselves concerning a place vouched for _by every known +copy of the Gospels except_ D? Drs. Westcott and Hort entertain "_no moral +doubt_ that the [32] words [given at foot(199)] were absent from the +original text of S. Luke;" in which opinion, happily, _they stand alone_. +But why did our Revisionists suffer themselves to be led astray by such +blind guidance? + +The next place is entitled to far graver attention, and may on no account +be lightly dismissed, seeing that these two verses contain the sole record +of that "Agony in the Garden" which the universal Church has almost +erected into an article of the Faith. + +(2) That the incident of the ministering Angel, the Agony and bloody sweat +of the world's Redeemer (S. Luke xxii. 43, 44), was anciently absent from +certain copies of the Gospels, is expressly recorded by Hilary,(200) by +Jerome,(201) and others. Only necessary is it to read the apologetic +remarks which Ambrose introduces when he reaches S. Luke xxii. 43,(202) to +understand what has evidently led to this serious mutilation of +Scripture,--traces of which survive at this day exclusively in _four_ +codices, viz. A B R T. Singular to relate, in the Gospel which was read on +Maundy-Thursday these two verses of S. Luke's Gospel are thrust in between +the 39th and the 40th verses of S. Matthew xxvi. Hence, 4 cursive copies, +viz. 13-69-124-346--(confessedly derived from a common ancient +archetype,(203) and therefore not four witnesses but only one),--actually +exhibit these two Verses in that place. But will any unprejudiced person +of sound mind entertain a doubt concerning the genuineness of these two +verses, witnessed to as they are by _the whole body of the Manuscripts_, +uncial as well as cursive, and _by every ancient Version_?... If such a +thing were possible, it is hoped that the following enumeration of ancient +Fathers, who distinctly recognize the place under discussion, must at +least be held to be decisive:--viz. + +Justin M.,(204)--Irenaeus(205) in the IInd century:-- + +Hippolytus,(206)--Dionysius Alex.,(207)--ps. Tatian,(208) in the IIIrd.-- + +Arius,(209)--Eusebius,(210)--Athanasius,(211)--Ephraem +Syr.,(212)--Didymus,(213)--Gregory +Naz.,(214)--Epiphanius,(215)--Chrysostom,(216)--ps.-Dionysius Areop.,(217) in +the IVth:-- + +Julian the heretic,(218)--Theodoras Mops.,(219)--Nestorius,(220)--Cyril +Alex.,(221)--Paulus, bishop of +Emesa,(222)--Gennadius,(223)--Theodoret,(224)--and several Oriental Bishops +(A.D. 431),(225) in the Vth:--besides Ps.-Caesarius,(226)--Theodosius +Alex.,(227)--John Damascene,(228)--Maximus,(229)--Theodorus +haeret.,(230)--Leontius Byz.,(231)--Anastasius Sin.,(232)--Photius:(233) and +of the Latins, +Hilary,(234)--Jerome,(235)--Augustine,(236)--Cassian,(237)--Paulinus,(238)--Facundus.(239) + +It will be seen that we have been enumerating _upwards of forty famous +personages from every part of ancient Christendom_, who recognize these +verses as genuine; fourteen of them being as old,--some of them, a great +deal older,--than our oldest MSS.--_Why_ therefore Drs. Westcott and Hort +should insist on shutting up these 26 precious words--this article of the +Faith--in double brackets, in token that it is "morally certain" that +verses 43 and 44 are of spurious origin, we are at a loss to divine.(240) +We can but ejaculate (in the very words they proceed to +disallow),--"FATHER, forgive them; for they know not what they do." But our +especial concern is with _our Revisionists_; and we do not exceed our +province when we come forward to reproach them sternly for having +succumbed to such evil counsels, and deliberately branded these Verses +with their own corporate expression of doubt. For unless _that_ be the +purpose of the marginal Note which they have set against these verses, we +fail to understand the Revisers' language and are wholly at a loss to +divine what purpose that note of theirs can be meant to serve. It is +prefaced by a formula which, (as we learn from their own Preface,) offers +to the reader the "alternative" of _omitting_ the Verses in question: +implies that "_it would not be safe_" any longer to accept them,--as the +Church has hitherto done,--with undoubting confidence. In a word,--_it +brands them with suspicion_.... We have been so full on this subject,--(not +half of our references were known to Tischendorf,)--because of the +unspeakable preciousness of the record; and because we desire to see an +end at last to expressions of doubt and uncertainty on points which really +afford not a shadow of pretence for either. These two Verses were excised +through mistaken piety by certain of the orthodox,--jealous for the honour +of their LORD, and alarmed by the use which the impugners of His GODhead +freely made of them.(241) Hence Ephraem [_Carmina Nisibena_, p. 145] puts +the following words into the mouth of Satan, addressing the host of +Hell:--"One thing I witnessed in Him which especially comforts me. I saw +Him praying; and I rejoiced, for His countenance changed and He was +afraid. _His sweat was drops of blood_, for He had a presentiment that His +day had come. This was the fairest sight of all,--unless, to be sure, He +was practising deception on me. For verily if He hath deceived me, then it +is all over,--both with me, and with you, my servants!" + +(4) Next in importance after the preceding, comes the Prayer which the +SAVIOUR of the World breathed from the Cross on behalf of His murderers +(S. Luke xxiii. 34). These twelve precious words,--("Then said JESUS, +FATHER, forgive them; for they know not what they do,")--like those +twenty-six words in S. Luke xxii. 43, 44 which we have been considering +already, Drs. Westcott and Hort enclose within double brackets in token of +the "moral certainty" they entertain that the words are spurious.(242) And +yet these words are found in _every known uncial_ and in _every known +cursive Copy_, except four; besides being found _in every ancient +Version_. And _what_,--(we ask the question with sincere +simplicity,)--_what_ amount of evidence is calculated to inspire undoubting +confidence in any existing Reading, if not such a concurrence of +Authorities as this?... We forbear to insist upon the probabilities of the +case. The Divine power and sweetness of the incident shall not be enlarged +upon. We introduce no considerations resulting from Internal Evidence. +True, that "few verses of the Gospels bear in themselves a surer witness +to the Truth of what they record, than this." (It is the admission of the +very man(243) who has nevertheless dared to brand it with suspicion.) But +we reject his loathsome patronage with indignation. "Internal +Evidence,"--"Transcriptional Probability,"--and all such "chaff and draff," +with which he fills his pages _ad nauseam_, and mystifies nobody but +himself,--shall be allowed no place in the present discussion. Let this +verse of Scripture stand or fall as it meets with sufficient external +testimony, or is forsaken thereby. How then about the _Patristic_ +evidence,--for this is all that remains unexplored? + +Only a fraction of it was known to Tischendorf. We find our SAVIOUR'S +Prayer attested,-- + +In the IInd century by Hegesippus,(244)--and by Irenaeus:(245)-- + +In the IIIrd, by Hippolytus,(246)--by Origen,(247)--by the _Apostolic +Constitutions_,(248)--by the _Clementine Homilies_,(249)--by +ps.-Tatian,(250)--and by the disputation of Archelaus with Manes:(251)-- + +In the IVth, by Eusebius,(252)--by Athanasius,(253)--by Gregory +Nyss.,(254)--by Theodoras Herac.,(255)--by Basil,(256)--by +Chrysostom,(257)--by Ephraem Syr.,(258)--by ps.-Ephraim,(259)--by +ps.-Dionysius Areop.,(260)--by the Apocryphal _Acta Pilati_,(261)--by the +_Acta Philippi_,(262)--and by the Syriac _Acts of the App._,(263)--by +ps.-Ignatius,(264)--and ps.-Justin:(265)-- + +In the Vth, by Theodoret,(266)--by Cyril,(267)--by Eutherius:(268) + +In the VIth, by Anastasius Sin.,(269)--by Hesychius:(270)-- + +In the VIIth, by Antiochus mon.,(271)--by Maximus,(272)--by Andreas +Cret.:(273)-- + +In the VIIIth, by John Damascene,(274)--besides ps.-Chrysostom,(275)--ps. +Amphilochius,(276)--and the _Opus imperf._(277) + +Add to this, (since Latin authorities have been brought to the +front),--Ambrose,(278)--Hilary,(279)--Jerome,(280)--Augustine,(281)--and other +earlier writers.(282) + +We have thus again enumerated _upwards of forty_ ancient Fathers. And +again we ask, With what show of reason is the brand set upon these 12 +words? Gravely to cite, as if there were anything in it, such +counter-evidence as the following, to the foregoing torrent of Testimony +from every part of ancient Christendom:--viz: "B D, 38, 435, a b d and one +Egyptian version"--might really have been mistaken for a _mauvaise +plaisanterie_, were it not that the gravity of the occasion effectually +precludes the supposition. How could our Revisionists _dare_ to insinuate +doubts into wavering hearts and unlearned heads, where (as here) they were +_bound_ to know, there exists _no manner of doubt at all_? + +(5) The record of the same Evangelist (S. Luke xxiii. 38) that the +Inscription over our SAVIOUR'S Cross was "written ... in letters of Greek, +and Latin, and Hebrew," _disappears entirely_ from our "Revised" version; +and this, for no other reason, but because the incident is omitted by B C +L, the corrupt Egyptian versions, and Cureton's depraved Syriac: the text +of which (according to Bp. Ellicott(283)) "is of a very composite +nature,--_sometimes inclining to the shortness and simplicity of the +Vatican manuscript_" (B): _e.g._ on the present occasion. But surely the +negative testimony of this little band of disreputable witnesses is +entirely outweighed by the positive evidence of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A D Q R with 13 other +uncials,--the evidence of _the entire body of the cursives_,--the sanction +of the Latin,--the Peschito and Philoxenian Syriac,--the +Armenian,--AEthiopic,--and Georgian versions; besides Eusebius--whose +testimony (which is express) has been hitherto strangely +overlooked(284)--and Cyril.(285) Against the threefold plea of Antiquity, +Respectability of witnesses, Universality of testimony,--what have our +Revisionists to show? (_a_) They cannot pretend that there has been +Assimilation here; for the type of S. John xix. 20 is essentially +different, and has retained its distinctive character all down the ages. +(_b_) Nor can they pretend that the condition of the Text hereabouts bears +traces of having been jealously guarded. We ask the Reader's attention to +this matter just for a moment. There may be some of the occupants of the +Jerusalem Chamber even, to whom what we are about to offer may not be +altogether without the grace of novelty:-- + +That the Title on the Cross is diversely set down by each of the four +Evangelists,--all men are aware. But perhaps all are not aware that _S. +Luke's record_ of the Title (in ch. xxiii. 38) is exhibited in _four +different ways_ by codices A B C D:-- + +A exhibits--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} + +B (with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} L and a) exhibits--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} + +C exhibits--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} (which is Mk. xv. 26). + +D (with e and ff2) exhibits--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} (which is +the words of the Evangelist transposed). + +We propose to recur to the foregoing specimens of licentiousness +by-and-by.(286) For the moment, let it be added that codex X and the +Sahidic version conspire in a fifth variety, viz., {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} (which is S. Matt. xxvii. 37); while Ambrose(287) is +found to have used a Latin copy which represented {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} (which is S. John xix. 18). We spare the reader any +remarks of our own on all this. He is competent to draw his own painful +inferences, and will not fail to make his own damaging reflections. He +shall only be further informed that 14 uncials and the whole body of the +cursive copies side with codex A in upholding the Traditional Text; that +the Vulgate,(288)--the Peschito,--Cureton's Syriac,--the Philoxenian;--besides +the Coptic,--Armenian,--and AEthiopic versions--are all on the same side: +lastly, that Origen,(289)--Eusebius,--and Gregory of Nyssa(290) are in +addition consentient witnesses;--and we can hardly be mistaken if we +venture to anticipate (1st),--That the Reader will agree with us that the +Text with which we are best acquainted (as usual) is here deserving of all +confidence; and (2ndly),--That the Revisionists who assure us "that they +did not esteem it within their province to construct a continuous and +complete Greek Text;" (and who were never authorized to construct _a new +Greek Text at all_;) were not justified in the course they have pursued +with regard to S. Luke xxiii. 38. "THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS" is the +only idiomatic way of rendering into English the title according to S. +Luke, whether the reading of A or of B be adopted; but, in order to make +it plain that they _reject the Greek of_ A _in favour of_ B, the +Revisionists have gone out of their way. They have instructed the two +Editors of "_The Greek Testament with the __ Readings adopted by the +Revisers of the Authorized Version_"(291) to exhibit S. Luke xxiii. 38 _as +it stands in the mutilated recension of Drs. Westcott and Hort_.(292) And +if _this_ procedure, repeated many hundreds of times, be not constructing +a "new Greek Text" of the N. T., we have yet to learn what _is_. + +(6) From the first verse of the concluding chapter of S. Luke's Gospel, is +excluded the familiar clause--"_and certain others with them_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). And pray, why? For no other reason but because {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L, with +some Latin authorities, omit the clause;--and our Revisionists do the like, +on the plea that they have only been getting rid of a "harmonistic +insertion."(293) But it is nothing of the sort, as we proceed to explain. + +Ammonius, or some predecessor of his early in the IInd century, saw fit +(with perverse ingenuity) to seek to _force_ S. Luke xxiii. 55 into +agreement with S. Matt. xxvii. 61 and S. Mark xv. 47, by turning +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--into {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. +This done, in order to produce "harmonistic" agreement and to be thorough, +the same misguided individual proceeded to run his pen through the words +"and certain with them" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) as inopportune; and his +work was ended. 1750 years have rolled by since then, and--What traces +remain of the man's foolishness? Of his _first_ feat (we answer), +Eusebius,(294) D and Evan. 29, besides five copies of the old Latin (a b e +ff2 q), are the sole surviving Witnesses. Of his _second_ achievement, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B +C L, 33, 124, have preserved a record; besides seven copies of the old +Latin (a b c e ff2 g-1 1), together with the Vulgate, the Coptic, and +Eusebius in one place(295) though not in another.(296) The Reader is +therefore invited to notice that the tables have been unexpectedly turned +upon our opponents. S. Luke introduced the words "and certain with them," +in order to prepare us for what he will have to say in xxiv. 10,--viz. "It +was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and _other +women with them_, which told these things unto the Apostles." Some stupid +harmonizer in the IInd century omitted the words, because they were in his +way. Calamitous however it is that a clause which the Church has long +since deliberately reinstated should, in the year 1881, be as deliberately +banished for the second time from the sacred page by our Revisionists; who +under the plea of _amending our English Authorized Version_ have (with the +best intentions) _falsified the Greek Text_ of the Gospels in countless +places,--often, as here, without notice and without apology. + +(10) We find it impossible to pass by in silence the treatment which S. +Luke xxiv. 12 has experienced at their hands. They have branded with doubt +S. Luke's memorable account of S. Peter's visit to the sepulchre. And why? +Let the evidence _for_ this precious portion of the narrative be first +rehearsed. Nineteen uncials then, with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B at their head, supported by +_every known cursive_ copy,--all these vouch for the genuineness of the +verse in question. The Latin,--the Syriac,--and the Egyptian versions also +contain it. Eusebius,(297)--Gregory of +Nyssa,(298)--Cyril,(299)--Severus,(300)--Ammonius,(301) and others(302) refer +to it: while _no ancient writer_ is found to impugn it. Then, _why_ the +double brackets of Drs. Westcott and Hort? and _why_ the correlative +marginal note of our Revisionists?--Simply because D and 5 copies of the +old Latin (a b e l fu) leave these 22 words out. + +(11) On the same sorry evidence--(viz. D and 5 copies of the old Latin)--it +is proposed henceforth to omit our SAVIOUR'S greeting to His disciples +when He appeared among them in the upper chamber on the evening of the +first Easter Day. And yet the precious words ("_and saith unto them, Peace +be unto you_" [Lu. xxiv. 36],) are vouched for by 18 uncials (with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B +at their head), and _every known cursive copy_ of the Gospels: by all the +Versions: and (as before) by Eusebius,(303)--and Ambrose,(304)--by +Chrysostom,(305)--and Cyril,(306)--and Augustine.(307) + +(12) The same remarks suggest themselves on a survey of the evidence for +S. Luke xxiv. 40:--"_And when He had thus spoken, He showed them His hands +and His feet._" The words are found in 18 uncials (beginning with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B), +and in every known cursive: in the Latin,(308)--the Syriac,--the +Egyptian,--in short, _in all the ancient Versions_. Besides these, +ps.-Justin,(309)--Eusebius,(310)--Athanasius,(311)--Ambrose (in +Greek),(312)--Epiphanius,(313)--Chrysostom,(314)--Cyril,(315)--Theodoret,(316)--Ammonius,(317)--and +John Damascene(318)--quote them. What but the veriest trifling is it, in +the face of such a body of evidence, to bring forward the fact that D and +5 copies of the old Latin, with Cureton's Syriac (of which we have had the +character already(319)), _omit_ the words in question? + +The foregoing enumeration of instances of Mutilation might be enlarged to +almost any extent. Take only three more short but striking specimens, +before we pass on:-- + +(_a_) Thus, the precious verse (S. Matthew xvii. 21) which declares that +"_this kind_ [of evil spirit] _goeth not out but by prayer and fasting_," +is expunged by our Revisionists; although it is vouched for by every known +uncial _but two_ (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}), every known cursive _but one_ (Evan. 33); is +witnessed to by the Old Latin and the Vulgate,--the Syriac, Coptic, +Armenian, Georgian, AEthiopic, and Slavonic versions; by +Origen,(320)--Athanasius,(321)--Basil,(322)--Chrysostom,(323)--the _Opus +imperf._,(324)--the Syriac Clement,(325)--and John Damascene;(326)--by +Tertullian,--Ambrose,--Hilary,--Juvencus,--Augustine,--Maximus Taur.,--and by +the Syriac version of the _Canons of Eusebius_: above all by the Universal +East,--having been read in all the churches of Oriental Christendom on the +10th Sunday after Pentecost, from the earliest period. Why, in the world, +then (our readers will ask) have the Revisionists left those words out?... +For no other reason, we answer, but because Drs. Westcott and Hort place +them among the interpolations which they consider unworthy of being even +"exceptionally retained in association with the true Text."(327) "Western +and Syrian" is their oracular sentence.(328) + +(_b_) The blessed declaration, "_The Son of Man is come to save that which +was lost_,"--has in like manner been expunged by our Revisionists from S. +Matth. xviii. 11; although it is attested by every known uncial except B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +L, and every known cursive _except three_: by the old Latin and the +Vulgate: by the Peschito, Cureton's and the Philoxenian Syriac: by the +Coptic, Armenian, AEthiopic, Georgian and Slavonic versions:(329)--by +Origen,(330)--Theodoras Heracl.,(331)--Chrysostom(332)--and Jovius(333) the +monk;--by Tertullian,(334)--Ambrose,(335)--Hilary,(336)--Jerome,(337)--pope +Damasus(338)--and Augustine:(339)--above all, by the Universal Eastern +Church,--for it has been read in all assemblies of the faithful on the +morrow of Pentecost, from the beginning. Why then (the reader will again +ask) have the Revisionists expunged this verse? We can only answer as +before,--because Drs. Westcott and Hort consign it to the _limbus_ of their +_Appendix_; class it among their "Rejected Readings" of the most hopeless +type.(340) As before, _all_ their sentence is "Western and Syrian." They +add, "Interpolated either from Lu. xix. 10, or from an independent source, +written or oral."(341)... Will the English Church suffer herself to be in +this way defrauded of her priceless inheritance,--through the irreverent +bungling of well-intentioned, but utterly misguided men? + +(_c_) In the same way, our LORD'S important saying,--"_Ye know not what +manner of spirit ye are of: for the Son of man is not come to destroy +men's lives, but to save them_" (S. Luke ix. 55, 56), has disappeared from +our "Revised" Version; although Manuscripts, Versions, Fathers from the +_second century_ downwards, (as Tischendorf admits,) witness eloquently in +its favour. + +V. In conclusion, we propose to advert, just for a moment, to those five +several mis-representations of S. Luke's "Title on the Cross," which were +rehearsed above, viz. in page 86. At so gross an exhibition of +licentiousness, it is the mere instinct of Natural Piety to exclaim,--But +then, could not those men even set down so sacred a record as _that_, +correctly? They could, had they been so minded, no doubt, (we answer): +but, marvellous to relate, the TRANSPOSITION of words,--no matter how +significant, sacred, solemn;--of short clauses,--even of whole sentences of +Scripture;--was anciently accounted an allowable, even a graceful exercise +of the critical faculty. + +The thing alluded to is incredible at first sight; being so often done, +apparently, without any reason whatever,--or rather in defiance of all +reason. Let _candidus lector_ be the judge whether we speak truly or not. +Whereas S. Luke (xxiv. 41) says, "_And while they yet believed not for +joy, and wondered_," the scribe of codex A (by way of improving upon the +Evangelist) transposes his sentence into this, "And while they yet +disbelieved Him, _and wondered for joy_:"(342) which is almost nonsense, +or quite. + +But take a less solemn example. Instead of,--"And His disciples plucked +_the ears of corn, and ate them_, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},) rubbing them +in their hands" (S. Luke vi. 1),--B C L R, by _transposing_ four Greek +words, present us with, "And His disciples plucked, _and ate the ears of +corn_, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},) rubbing them," &c. Now this might have +been an agreeable occupation for horses and for another quadruped, no +doubt; but hardly for men. This curiosity, which (happily) proved +indigestible to our Revisionists, is nevertheless swallowed whole by Drs. +Westcott and Hort as genuine and wholesome Gospel. (_O dura Doctorum +ilia!_)--But to proceed. + +Then further, these preposterous Transpositions are of such perpetual +recurrence,--are so utterly useless or else so exceedingly mischievous, +_always_ so tasteless,--that familiarity with the phenomenon rather +increases than lessens our astonishment. What _does_ astonish us, however, +is to find learned men in the year of grace 1881, freely resuscitating +these long-since-forgotten _betises_ of long-since-forgotten Critics, and +seeking to palm them off upon a busy and a careless age, as so many new +revelations. That we may not be thought to have shown undue partiality for +the xxiind, xxiiird, and xxivth chapters of S. Luke's Gospel by selecting +our instances of _Mutilation_ from those three chapters, we will now look +for specimens of _Transposition_ in the xixth and xxth chapters of the +same Gospel. The reader is invited to collate the Text of the oldest +uncials, throughout these two chapters, with the commonly Received Text. +He will find that within the compass of 88 consecutive verses,(343) +codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D Q exhibit no less than 74 instances of +Transposition:--for 39 of which, D is responsible:--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, for 14:--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B +D, for 4 each:--A B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B, for 3 each:--A, for 2:--B, C, Q, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A, and A D, +each for 1.--In other words, he will find that in no less than 44 of these +instances of Transposition, D is implicated:--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, in 26:--B, in 25:--A, in +10:--while C and Q are concerned in only one a-piece.... It should be added +that Drs. Westcott and Hort have adopted _every one of the 25 in which +codex_ B _is concerned_--a significant indication of the superstitious +reverence in which they hold that demonstrably corrupt and most +untrustworthy document.(344) Every other case of Transposition they have +rejected. By their own confession, therefore, 49 out of the 74 (_i.e._ +two-thirds of the entire number) are instances of depravation. We turn +with curiosity to the Revised Version; and discover that out of the 25 so +retained, the Editors in question were only able to persuade the +Revisionists to adopt 8. So that, in the judgment of the Revisionists, 66 +out of 74, or _eleven-twelfths_, are instances of licentious tampering +with the deposit.... O to participate in the verifying faculty which +guided the teachers to discern in 25 cases of Transposition out of 74, the +genuine work of the HOLY GHOST! O, far more, to have been born with that +loftier instinct which enabled the pupils (Doctors Roberts and Milligan, +Newth and Moulton, Vance Smith and Brown, Angus and Eadie) to winnow out +from the entire lot exactly 8, and to reject the remaining 66 as nothing +worth! + +According to our own best judgment, (and we have carefully examined them +all,) _every one_ of the 74 is worthless. But then _we_ make it our +fundamental rule to reason always from grounds of external Evidence,--never +from postulates of the Imagination. Moreover, in the application of our +rule, we begrudge no amount of labour: reckoning a long summer's day well +spent if it has enabled us to ascertain the truth concerning one single +controverted word of Scripture. Thus, when we find that our Revisionists, +at the suggestion of Dr. Hort, have transposed the familiar Angelic +utterance (in S. Luke xxiv. 7), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},--into this, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, &c., we at +once enquire for _the evidence_. And when we find that no single Father, +_no_ single Version, and no Codex--except the notorious {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L--advocates +the proposed transposition; but on the contrary that every Father (from +A.D. 150 downwards) who quotes the place, quotes it as it stands in the +Textus receptus;(345)--we have no hesitation whatever in rejecting it. It +is found in the midst of a very thicket of fabricated readings. It has +nothing whatever to recommend it. It is condemned by the consentient voice +of Antiquity. It is advocated only by four copies,--which _never_ combine +exclusively, except to misrepresent the truth of Scripture and to seduce +the simple. + +But the foregoing, which is a fair typical sample of countless other +instances of unauthorized Transposition, may not be dismissed without a +few words of serious remonstrance. Our contention is that, inasmuch as the +effect of such transposition _is incapable of being idiomatically +represented in the English language_,--(for, in all such cases, the Revised +Version retains the rendering of the Authorized,)--our Revisionists have +violated the spirit as well as the letter of their instructions, in +putting forth _a new Greek Text_, and silently introducing into it a +countless number of these and similar depravations of Scripture. These +Textual curiosities (for they are nothing more) are absolutely out of +place in a _Revision of the English Version_: achieve no lawful purpose: +are sure to mislead the unwary. This first.--Secondly, we submit +that,--strong as, no doubt, the temptation must have been, to secure the +sanction of the N. T. Revisionists for their own private Recension of the +Greek, (printed long since, but published simultaneously with the "Revised +Version")--it is to be regretted that Drs. Westcott and Hort should have +yielded thereto. Man's impatience never promotes GOD'S Truth. The +interests of Textual Criticism would rather have suggested, that the +Recension of that accomplished pair of Professors should have been +submitted to public inspection in the first instance. The astonishing Text +which it advocates might have been left with comparative safety to take +its chance in the Jerusalem Chamber, after it had undergone the searching +ordeal of competent Criticism, and been freely ventilated at home and +abroad for a decade of years. But on the contrary. It was kept close. It +might be seen only by the Revisers: and even _they_ were tied down to +secrecy as to the letter-press by which it was accompanied.... All this +strikes us as painful in a high degree. + +VI. Hitherto we have referred almost exclusively to the Gospels. In +conclusion, we invite attention to our Revisionists' treatment of 1 Tim. +iii. 16--the _crux criticorum_, as Prebendary Scrivener styles it.(346) We +cannot act more fairly than by inviting a learned member of the revising +body to speak on behalf of his brethren. We shall in this way ascertain +the amount of acquaintance with the subject enjoyed by some of those who +have been so obliging as to furnish the Church with a new Recension of the +Greek of the New Testament. Dr. Roberts says:-- + + + "The English reader will probably be startled to find that the + familiar text,--'_And without controversy great is the mystery of + godliness_: GOD _was manifest in the flesh_,' has been exchanged + in the Revised Version for the following,--'_And without + controversy great is the mystery of godliness; He who was + manifested in the flesh._' A note on the margin states that 'the + word GOD, in place of _He who_, rests on no sufficient ancient + evidence;' and it may be well that, in a passage of so great + importance, the reader should be convinced that such is the case. + + "What, then, let us enquire, is the amount of evidence which can + be produced in support of the reading 'GOD'? This is soon stated. + Not one of the early Fathers can be certainly quoted for it. None + of the very ancient versions support it. No uncial witnesses to + it, with the doubtful exception of A.... But even granting that + the weighty suffrage of the Alexandrian manuscript is in favour of + 'GOD,' far more evidence can be produced in support of 'who.' {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} + and probably C witness to this reading, and it has also powerful + testimony from the versions and Fathers. Moreover, the relative + 'who' is a far more difficult reading than 'GOD,' and could hardly + have been substituted for the latter. On every ground, therefore, + we conclude that this interesting and important passage must stand + as it has been given in the Revised Version."(347) + + +And now, having heard the learned Presbyterian on behalf of his +brother-Revisionists, we request that we may be ourselves listened to in +reply. + +The place of Scripture before us, the Reader is assured, presents a +memorable instance of the mischief which occasionally resulted to the +inspired Text from the ancient practice of executing copies of the +Scriptures in uncial characters. S. Paul _certainly_ wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, ("_Great is the mystery +of godliness_: GOD _was manifested in the flesh_") But it requires to be +explained at the outset, that the holy Name when abbreviated (which it +always was), thus,--_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ ("GOD"), is only distinguishable from the relative +pronoun "who" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}), by two horizontal strokes,--which, in manuscripts of +early date, it was often the practice to trace so faintly that at present +they can scarcely be discerned.(348) Need we go on? An archetypal copy in +which one or both of these slight strokes had vanished from the word _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ +("GOD"), gave rise to the reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} ("who"),--of which nonsensical +substitute, traces survive in _only two_(349) manuscripts,--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and 17: not, +for certain, in _one single_ ancient Father,--no, nor for certain in _one +single_ ancient Version. So transparent, in fact, is the absurdity of +writing {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("the mystery _who_"), that copyists promptly +substituted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} ("_which_"): thus furnishing another illustration of the +well-known property of a fabricated reading, viz. sooner or later +inevitably to become the parent of a second. Happily, to this second +mistake the sole surviving witness is the Codex Claromontanus, of the VIth +century (D): the only Patristic evidence in its favour being Gelasius of +Cyzicus,(350) (whose date is A.D. 476): and the unknown author of a homily +in the appendix to Chrysostom.(351) The Versions--all but the Georgian and +the Slavonic, which agree with the Received Text--favour it unquestionably; +for they are observed invariably to make the relative pronoun agree in +gender with the word which represents {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ("mystery") which +immediately precedes it. Thus, in the Syriac Versions, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("_who_") is +found,--but only because the Syriac equivalent for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is of the +masculine gender: in the Latin, _quod_ ("_which_")--but only because +_mysterium_ in Latin (like {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Greek) is neuter. Over this latter +reading, however, we need not linger; seeing that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} does not find a single +patron at the present day. And yet, this was the reading which was eagerly +upheld during the last century: Wetstein and Sir Isaac Newton being its +most strenuous advocates. + +It is time to pass under hasty review the direct evidence for the true +reading. A and C exhibited _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ until ink, thumbing, and the injurious use +of chemicals, obliterated what once was patent. It is too late, by full +150 years, to contend on the negative side of _this_ question.--F and G, +which exhibit _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ and _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ respectively, were confessedly derived from a +common archetype: in which archetype, it is evident that the horizontal +stroke which distinguishes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} from {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} must have been so faintly traced as to +be scarcely discernible. The supposition that, in this place, the stroke +in question represents _the aspirate_, is scarcely admissible. _There is +no single example of_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _written_ _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ _in any part of __ either Cod._ F +_or Cod._ G. On the other hand, in the only place where {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} represents +_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, it is written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ _in both_. Prejudice herself may be safely called +upon to accept the obvious and only lawful inference. + +To come to the point,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the reading of _all the uncial copies extant +but two_ (viz. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} which exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and D which exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}), and of all +the cursives _but one_ (viz. 17). The universal consent of the +Lectionaries proves that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} has been read in all the assemblies of the +faithful from the IVth or Vth century of our era. At what earlier period +of her existence is it supposed then that the Church ("the witness and +keeper of Holy Writ,") availed herself of her privilege to substitute {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~},--whether in error or in fraud? Nothing short of a conspiracy, +to which every region of the Eastern Church must have been a party, would +account for the phenomenon. + +We enquire next for the testimony of the Fathers; and we discover that--(1) +Gregory of Nyssa quotes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _twenty-two times_:(352)--that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is also +recognized by (2) his namesake of Nazianzus in two places;(353)--as well as +by (3) Didymus of Alexandria;(354)--(4) by ps.-Dionysius Alex.;(355)--and +(5) by Diodorus of Tarsus.(356)--(6) Chrysostom quotes 1 Tim. iii. 16 in +conformity with the received text at least three times;(357)--and (7) Cyril +Al. as often:(358)--(8) Theodoret, four times:(359)--(9) an unknown author +of the age of Nestorius (A.D. 430), once:(360)--(10) Severus, Bp. of +Antioch (A.D. 512), once.(361)--(11) Macedonius (A.D. 506) patriarch of +CP.,(362) of whom it has been absurdly related that he _invented_ the +reading, is a witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} perforce; so is--(12) Euthalius, and--(13) +John Damascene on two occasions.(363)--(14) An unknown writer who has been +mistaken for Athanasius,(364)--(15) besides not a few ancient scholiasts, +close the list: for we pass by the testimony of--(16) Epiphanius at the 7th +Nicene Council (A.D. 787),--of (17) OEcumenius,--of (18) Theophylact. + +It will be observed that neither has anything been said about the many +indirect allusions of earlier Fathers to this place of Scripture; and yet +some of these are too striking to be overlooked: as when--(19) Basil, +writing of our SAVIOUR, says {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}:(365)--and (20) +Gregory Thaum., {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:(366)--and before him, (21) Hippolytus, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}:(367)--and (22) Theodotus the Gnostic, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:(368)--and (23) Barnabas, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:(369)--and earlier still (24) +Ignatius: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.(370)--Are we to +suppose that _none_ of these primitive writers read the place as we do? + +Against this array of Testimony, the only evidence which the unwearied +industry of 150 years has succeeded in eliciting, is as follows:--(1) The +exploded _Latin_ fable that Macedonius (A.D. 506) _invented_ the +reading:(371)--(2) the fact that Epiphanius,--_professing to +transcribe_(372) from an earlier treatise of his own(373) (in which +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} stands _without a nominative_), prefixes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--(3) the statement +of an unknown scholiast, that in one particular place of Cyril's writings +where the Greek is lost, Cyril wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--(which seems to be an entire +mistake; but which, even if it were a fact, would be sufficiently +explained by the discovery that in two other places of Cyril's writings +the evidence _fluctuates_ between {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}):--(4) a quotation in an +epistle of Eutherius of Tyana (it exists only in Latin) where "qui" is +found:--(5) a casual reference (in Jerome's commentary on Isaiah) to our +LORD, as One "qui apparuit in carne, justificatus est in spiritu,"--which +Bp. Pearson might have written.--Lastly, (6) a passage of Theodorus +Mopsuest. (quoted at the Council of Constantinople, A.D. 553), where the +reading is "qui,"--which is balanced by the discovery that in another place +of his writings quoted at the same Council, the original is translated +"quod." And this closes the evidence. Will any unprejudiced person, on +reviewing the premisses, seriously declare that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the better sustained +reading of the two? + +For ourselves, we venture to deem it incredible that a Reading which--(_a_) +Is not to be found in more than two copies ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and 17) of S. Paul's +Epistles: which--(_b_) Is not certainly supported by a single +Version:--(_c_) Nor is clearly advocated by a single Father,--_can_ be +genuine. It does not at all events admit of question, that until _far_ +stronger evidence can be produced in its favour, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("who") may on no +account be permitted to usurp the place of the commonly received {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +("GOD") of 1 Tim. iii. 16. But the present exhibits in a striking and +instructive way all the characteristic tokens of a depravation of the +text. (1st) At an exceedingly early period it resulted in _another_ +deflection. (2nd) It is without the note of _Continuity_; having died out +of the Church's memory well-nigh 1400 years ago. (3rd) It is deficient in +_Universality_; having been all along denied the Church's corporate +sanction. As a necessary consequence, (4th) It rests at this day on wholly +_insufficient Evidence_: Manuscripts, Versions, Fathers being _all_ +against it. (5th) It carries on its front its own refutation. For, as all +must see, _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ might easily be mistaken for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}: but in order to make {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} +into _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, _two horizontal lines must of set purpose be added to the +copy_. It is therefore a vast deal _more likely_ that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ became {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, than +that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} became _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_. (6th) Lastly, it is condemned by internal +considerations. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is in truth so grossly improbable--rather, so +_impossible_--a reading, that under any circumstances we must have +anxiously enquired whether no escape from it was discoverable: whether +there exists no way of explaining _how_ so patent an absurdity as +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _may_ have arisen? And on being reminded that the +disappearance of two faint horizontal strokes, _or even of one_, would +fully account for the impossible reading,--(and thus much, at least, all +admit,)--should we not have felt that it required an overwhelming consensus +of authorities in favour of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, to render such an alternative deserving of +serious attention? It is a mere abuse of Bengel's famous axiom to recal it +on occasions like the present. We shall be landed in a bathos indeed if we +allow _gross improbability_ to become a constraining motive with us in +revising the sacred Text. + +And thus much for the true reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16. We invite the reader +to refer back(374) to a Reviser's estimate of the evidence in favour of +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} respectively, and to contrast it with our own. If he is +impressed with the strength of the cause of our opponents,--their mastery +of the subject,--and the reasonableness of their contention,--we shall be +surprised. And yet _that_ is not the question just now before us. The +_only_ question (be it clearly remembered) which has to be considered, is +_this_:--Can it be said with truth that the "evidence" for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (as against +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in 1 Tim. iii. 16 is "_clearly preponderating_"? Can it be +maintained that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is a "_plain and clear error_"? Unless this can be +affirmed--_cadit quaestio_. The traditional reading of the place ought to +have been let alone. May we be permitted to say without offence that, in +our humble judgment, if the Church of England, at the Revisers' bidding, +were to adopt this and thousands of other depravations of the sacred +page,(375)--with which the Church Universal was once well acquainted, but +which in her corporate character she has long since unconditionally +condemned and abandoned,--she would deserve to be pointed at with scorn by +the rest of Christendom? Yes, and to have _that_ openly said of her which +S. Peter openly said of the false teachers of his day who fell back into +the very errors which they had already abjured. The place will be found in +2 S. Peter ii. 22. So singularly applicable is it to the matter in hand, +that we can but invite attention to the quotation on our title-page and p. +1. + +And here we make an end. + +1. Those who may have taken up the present Article in expectation of being +entertained with another of those discussions (of which we suspect the +public must be already getting somewhat weary), concerning the degree of +ability which the New Testament Revisionists have displayed in their +rendering into English of the Greek, will at first experience +disappointment. Readers of intelligence, however, who have been at the +pains to follow us through the foregoing pages, will be constrained to +admit that we have done more faithful service to the cause of Sacred Truth +by the course we have been pursuing, than if we had merely multiplied +instances of incorrect and unsatisfactory _Translation_. There is (and +this we endeavoured to explain at the outset) a question of prior interest +and far graver importance which has to be settled _first_, viz. the degree +of confidence which is due to the underlying NEW GREEK TEXT which our +Revisionists have constructed. In other words, before discussing their +_new Renderings_, we have to examine their _new Readings_.(376) The +silence which Scholars have hitherto maintained on this part of the +subject is to ourselves scarcely intelligible. But it makes us the more +anxious to invite attention to this neglected aspect of the problem; the +rather, because we have thoroughly convinced ourselves that the "new Greek +Text" put forth by the Revisionists of our Authorized Version is _utterly +inadmissible_. The traditional Text has been departed from by them nearly +6000 times,--almost invariably _for the worse_. + +2. Fully to dispose of _all_ these multitudinous corruptions would require +a bulky Treatise. But the reader is requested to observe that, if we are +right in the few instances we have culled out from the mass,--_then we are +right in all_. If we have succeeded in proving that the little handful of +authorities on which the "new Greek Text" depends, are the reverse of +trustworthy,--are absolutely misleading,--then, we have cut away from under +the Revisionists the very ground on which they have hitherto been +standing. And in that case, the structure which they have built up +throughout a decade of years, with such evident self-complacency, +collapses "like the baseless fabric of a vision." + +3. For no one may flatter himself that, by undergoing a _further_ process +of "Revision," the "Revised Version" may after all be rendered +trustworthy. The eloquent and excellent Bishop of Derry is "convinced +that, with all its undeniable merits, it will have to be somewhat +extensively revised." And so perhaps are we. But (what is a far more +important circumstance) we are further convinced that a prior act of +penance to be submitted to by the Revisers would be the restoration of the +underlying Greek Text to very nearly--_not quite_--the state in which they +found it when they entered upon their ill-advised undertaking. "Very +nearly--not quite:" for, in not a few particulars, the "Textus receptus" +_does_ call for Revision, certainly; although Revision on entirely +different principles from those which are found to have prevailed in the +Jerusalem Chamber. To mention a single instance:--When our LORD first sent +forth His Twelve Apostles, it was certainly no part of His ministerial +commission to them to "_raise the dead_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, S. Matthew x. +8). This is easily demonstrable. Yet is the spurious clause retained by +our Revisionists; because it is found in those corrupt witnesses--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D, +and the Latin copies.(377) When will men learn unconditionally to put away +from themselves the weak superstition which is for investing with oracular +authority the foregoing quaternion of demonstrably depraved Codices? + +4. "It may be said"--(to quote again from Bp. Alexander's recent +Charge),--"that there is a want of modesty in dissenting from the +conclusions of a two-thirds majority of a body so learned. But the rough +process of counting heads imposes unduly on the imagination. One could +easily name _eight_ in that assembly, whose _unanimity_ would be +practically almost decisive; but we have no means of knowing that these +did not _form the minority_ in resisting the changes which we most +regret." The Bishop is speaking of the _English_ Revision. Having regard +to the Greek Text exclusively, _we_ also (strange to relate) had singled +out _exactly eight_ from the members of the New Testament company--Divines +of undoubted orthodoxy, who for their splendid scholarship and proficiency +in the best learning, or else for their refined taste and admirable +judgment, might (as we humbly think), under certain safeguards, have been +safely entrusted even with the responsibility of revising the Sacred Text. +Under the guidance of Prebendary Scrivener (who among living Englishmen is +_facile princeps_ in these pursuits) it is scarcely to be anticipated +that, WHEN UNANIMOUS, such Divines would ever have materially erred. But +then, of course, a previous life-long familiarity with the Science of +_Textual Criticism_, or at least leisure for prosecuting it now, for ten +or twenty years, with absolutely undivided attention,--would be the +indispensable requisite for the success of such an undertaking; and this, +undeniably, is a qualification rather to be desiderated than looked for at +the hands of English Divines of note at the present day. On the other +hand, (loyalty to our Master constrains us to make the avowal,) the motley +assortment of names, twenty-eight in all, specified by Dr. Newth, at p. +125 of his interesting little volume, joined to the fact that the average +attendance _was not so many as sixteen_,--concerning whom, moreover, the +fact has transpired that some of the most judicious of their number often +_declined to give any vote at all_,--is by no means calculated to inspire +any sort of confidence. But, in truth, considerable familiarity with these +pursuits may easily co-exist with a natural inaptitude for their +successful cultivation, which shall prove simply fatal. In support of this +remark, one has but to refer to the instance supplied by Dr. Hort. The +Sacred Text has none to fear so much as those who _feel_ rather than +think: who _imagine_ rather than reason: who rely on a supposed _verifying +faculty_ of their own, of which they are able to render no intelligible +account; and who, (to use Bishop Ellicott's phrase,) have the misfortune +to conceive themselves possessed of a "_power of divining the Original +Text_,"--which would be even diverting, if the practical result of their +self-deception were not so exceedingly serious. + +5. In a future number, we may perhaps enquire into the measure of success +which has attended the Revisers' _Revision of the English_ of our +Authorized Version of 1611. We have occupied ourselves at this time +exclusively with a survey of the seriously mutilated and otherwise grossly +depraved NEW GREEK TEXT, on which their edifice has been reared. And the +circumstance which, in conclusion, we desire to impress upon our Readers, +is this,--that the insecurity of that foundation is so alarming, that, +except as a concession due to the solemnity of the undertaking just now +under review, further Criticism might very well be dispensed with, as a +thing superfluous. Even could it be proved concerning the superstructure, +that "_it had been [ever so] well builded_,"(378) (to adopt another of our +Revisionists' unhappy perversions of Scripture,) the fatal objection would +remain, viz. that it is not "_founded upon the rock_."(379) It has been +the ruin of the present undertaking--as far as the Sacred Text is +concerned--that the majority of the Revisionist body have been misled +throughout by the oracular decrees and impetuous advocacy of Drs. Westcott +and Hort; who, with the purest intentions and most laudable industry, have +constructed a Text demonstrably more remote from the Evangelic verity, +than any which has ever yet seen the light. "The old is good,"(380) say +the Revisionists: but we venture solemnly to assure them that "_the old is +better_;"(381) and that this remark holds every bit as true of their +Revision of the Greek throughout, as of their infelicitous exhibition of +S. Luke v. 39. To attempt, as they have done, to build the Text of the New +Testament on a tissue of unproved assertions and the eccentricities of a +single codex of bad character, is about as hopeful a proceeding as would +be the attempt to erect an Eddystone lighthouse on the Goodwin Sands. + + + + + +ARTICLE II. THE NEW ENGLISH VERSION. + + + "Such is the time-honoured Version which we have been called upon + to revise! We have had to study this great Version carefully and + minutely, line by line; and the longer we have been engaged upon + it the more we have learned to admire _its simplicity_, _its + dignity_, _its power_, _its happy turns of expression_, _its + general accuracy_, and we must not fail to add, _the music of its + cadences, and the felicities of its rhythm_. To render a work that + had reached this high standard of excellence, still more + excellent; to increase its fidelity, without destroying its charm; + was the task committed to us."--PREFACE TO THE REVISED VERSION. + + "To pass from the one to the other, is, as it were, to alight from + a well-built and well-hung carriage which glides easily over a + macadamized road,--and to get into one _which has bad springs or + none at all_, and in which you are _jolted in ruts with aching + bones over the stones of a newly-mended and rarely traversed + road_, like some of the roads in our North Lincolnshire + villages."--BISHOP WORDSWORTH.(382) + + "No Revision at the present day could hope to meet with an hour's + acceptance if it failed to preserve the tone, rhythm, and diction + of the present Authorized Version."--BISHOP ELLICOTT.(383) + + "I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy + of this Book,--If any man shall add unto these things, GOD shall + add unto him the plagues that are written in this Book. + + "And if any man shall take away from the words of the Book of this + prophecy, GOD shall take away his part out of the Book of Life, + and out of the holy City, and from the things which are written in + this Book."--REVELATION xxii. 18, 19. + + +Whatever may be urged in favour of Biblical Revision, it is at least +undeniable that the undertaking involves a tremendous risk. Our Authorized +Version is the one religious link which at present binds together ninety +millions of English-speaking men scattered over the earth's surface. Is it +reasonable that so unutterably precious, so sacred a bond should be +endangered, for the sake of representing certain words more +accurately,--here and there translating a tense with greater +precision,--getting rid of a few archaisms? It may be confidently assumed +that no "Revision" of our Authorized Version, however judiciously +executed, will ever occupy the place in public esteem which is actually +enjoyed by the work of the Translators of 1611,--the noblest literary work +in the Anglo-Saxon language. We shall in fact never have _another_ +"Authorized Version." And this single consideration may be thought +absolutely fatal to the project, except in a greatly modified form. To be +brief,--As a companion in the study and for private edification: as a book +of reference for critical purposes, especially in respect of difficult and +controverted passages:--we hold that a revised edition of the Authorized +Version of our English Bible, (if executed with consummate ability and +learning,) would at any time be a work of inestimable value. The method of +such a performance, whether by marginal Notes or in some other way, we +forbear to determine. But certainly only as a handmaid is it to be +desired. As something _intended to supersede_ our present English Bible, +we are thoroughly convinced that the project of a rival Translation is not +to be entertained for a moment. For ourselves, we deprecate it entirely. + +On the other hand, _who_ could have possibly foreseen what has actually +come to pass since the Convocation of the Southern Province (in Feb. 1870) +declared itself favourable to "a Revision of the Authorized Version," and +appointed a Committee of Divines to undertake the work? _Who_ was to +suppose that the Instructions given to the Revisionists would be by them +systematically disregarded? _Who_ was to imagine that an utterly +untrustworthy "new Greek Text," constructed on mistaken principles,--(say +rather, on _no principles at all_,)--would be the fatal result? To speak +more truly,--_Who_ could have anticipated that the opportunity would have +been adroitly seized to inflict upon the Church the text of Drs. Westcott +and Hort, in all its essential features,--a text which, as will be found +elsewhere largely explained, we hold to be _the most vicious Recension of +the original Greek in existence_? Above all,--_Who_ was to foresee that +instead of removing "_plain_ and _clear errors_" from our Version, the +Revisionists,--(besides systematically removing out of sight so many of the +genuine utterances of the SPIRIT,)--would themselves introduce a countless +number of blemishes, unknown to it before? Lastly, how was it to have been +believed that the Revisionists would show themselves industrious in sowing +broadcast over four continents doubts as to the Truth of Scripture, which +it will never be in their power either to remove or to recal? _Nescit vox +missa reverti._ + +For, the ill-advised practice of recording, in the margin of an English +Bible, certain of the blunders--(such things cannot by any stretch of +courtesy be styled "Various Readings")--which disfigure "some" or "many" +"ancient authorities," can only result in hopelessly unsettling the faith +of millions. It cannot be defended on the plea of candour,--the candour +which is determined that men shall "know the worst." "The worst"_ has_ NOT +_been told_: and it were dishonesty to insinuate that _it has_. If all the +cases were faithfully exhibited where "a few," "some," or "many ancient +authorities" read differently from what is exhibited in the actual Text, +not only would the margin prove insufficient to contain the record, but +_the very page itself_ would not nearly suffice. Take a single instance +(the first which comes to mind), of the thing referred to. Such +illustrations might be multiplied to any extent:-- + +In S. Luke iii. 22, (in place of "Thou art my beloved Son; _in Thee I am +well pleased_,") the following authorities of the IInd, IIIrd and IVth +centuries, read,--"_this day have I begotten Thee_:" viz.--codex D and the +most ancient copies of the old Latin (a, b, c, ff-2, 1),--Justin Martyr in +three places(384) (A.D. 140),--Clemens Alex.(385) (A.D. 190),--and +Methodius(386) (A.D. 290) among the Greeks. Lactantius(387) (A.D. +300),--Hilary(388) (A.D. 350),--Juvencus(389) (A.D. 330),--Faustus(390) (A.D. +400), and--Augustine(391) amongst the Latins. The reading in question was +doubtless derived from the _Ebionite Gospel_(392) (IInd cent.). Now, we +desire to have it explained to us _why_ an exhibition of the Text +supported by such an amount of first-rate primitive testimony as the +preceding, obtains _no notice whatever_ in our Revisionists' margin,--if +indeed it was the object of their perpetually recurring marginal +annotations, to put the unlearned reader on a level with the critical +Scholar; to keep nothing back from him; and so forth?... It is the gross +one-sidedness, the patent _unfairness_, in a critical point of view, of +this work, (which professes to be nothing else but _a Revision of the +English Version of_ 1611,)--which chiefly shocks and offends us. + +For, on the other hand, of what possible use can it be to encumber the +margin of S. Luke x. 41, 42 (for example), with the announcement that "A +few ancient authorities read _Martha, Martha, thou art troubled: Mary hath +chosen_ &c." (the fact being, that D _alone_ of MSS. omits "_careful and +... about many things. But one thing is needful, and_" ...)? With the +record of this circumstance, is it reasonable (we ask) to choke up our +English margin,--to create perplexity and to insinuate doubt? The author of +the foregoing marginal Annotation was of course aware that the same +"singular codex" (as Bp. Ellicott styles cod. D) omits, in S. Luke's +Gospel alone, no less than 1552 words: and he will of course have +ascertained (by counting) that the words in S. Luke's Gospel amount to +19,941. Why then did he not tell _the whole_ truth; and instead of +"_&c._," proceed as follows?--"But inasmuch as cod. D is so scandalously +corrupt that about _one word in thirteen_ is missing throughout, the +absence of nine words in this place is of no manner of importance or +significancy. The precious saying omitted is above suspicion, and the +first half of the present Annotation might have been spared."... We submit +that a Note like that, although rather "singular" in style, really _would_ +have been to some extent helpful,--if not to the learned, at least to the +unlearned reader. + +In the meantime, unlearned and learned readers alike are competent to see +that the foregoing perturbation of S. Luke x. 41, 42 rests on _the same_ +manuscript authority as the perturbation of ch. iii. 22, which immediately +preceded it. The _Patristic_ attestation, on the other hand, of the +reading which has been promoted to the margin, is almost _nil_: whereas +_that_ of the neglected place has been shown to be considerable, very +ancient, and of high respectability. + +But in fact,--(let the Truth be plainly stated; for, when GOD'S Word is at +stake, circumlocution is contemptible, while concealment would be a +crime;)--"_Faithfulness_" towards the public, a stern resolve that the +English reader "shall know the worst," and all that kind of thing,--such +considerations have had nothing whatever to do with the matter. A vastly +different principle has prevailed with the Revisionists. Themselves the +dupes of an utterly mistaken Theory of Textual Criticism, their supreme +solicitude has been _to impose that same Theory_,--(_which is Westcott and +Hort's_,)--with all its bitter consequences, on the unlearned and +unsuspicious public. + +We shall of course be indignantly called upon to explain what we mean by +so injurious--so damning--an imputation? For all reply, we are content to +refer to the sample of our meaning which will be found below, in pp. +137-8. The exposure of what has there been shown to be the method of the +Revisionists in respect of S. Mark vi. 11, might be repeated hundreds of +times. It would in fact _fill a volume_. We shall therefore pass on, when +we have asked the Revisionists in turn--_How they have dared_ so +effectually to blot out those many precious words from the Book of Life, +that no mere English reader, depending on the Revised Version for his +knowledge of the Gospels, can by possibility suspect their existence?... +Supposing even that it _was_ the calamitous result of their mistaken +principles that they found themselves constrained on countless occasions, +to omit from their Text precious sayings of our LORD and His +Apostles,--what possible excuse will they offer for not having preserved a +record of words so amply attested, _at least in their margin_? + +Even so, however, the whole amount of the mischief which has been effected +by our Revisionists has not been stated. For the Greek Text which they +have invented proves to be so hopelessly depraved throughout, that if it +were to be thrust upon the Church's acceptance, we should be a thousand +times worse off than we were with the Text which Erasmus and the +Complutensian,--Stephens, and Beza, and the Elzevirs,--bequeathed to us +upwards of three centuries ago. On this part of the subject we have +remarked at length already [pp. 1-110]: yet shall we be constrained to +recur once and again to the underlying Greek Text of the Revisionists, +inasmuch as it is impossible to stir in any direction with the task before +us, without being painfully reminded of its existence. Not only do the +familiar Parables, Miracles, Discourses of our LORD, trip us up at every +step, but we cannot open the first page of the Gospel--no, nor indeed read +_the first line_--without being brought to a standstill. Thus, + +1. S. Matthew begins,--"The book of the generation of JESUS CHRIST" (ver. +1).--Good. But here the margin volunteers two pieces of information: +first,--"Or, _birth_: as in ver. 18." We refer to ver. 18, and read--"Now +the birth of JESUS CHRIST was on this wise." Good again; but the margin +says,--"Or, _generation_: as in ver. 1." Are we then to understand that +_the same Greek word_, diversely rendered in English, occurs in both +places? We refer to the "_new_ Greek Text:" and there it stands,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +in either verse. But if the word be the same, why (on the Revisers' +theory) is it diversely rendered? + +In the meantime, _who_ knows not that there is all the difference in the +world between S. Matthew's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in ver. 1,--and the same S. Matthew's +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in ver. 18? The latter, the Evangelist's announcement of the +circumstances of the human Nativity of CHRIST: the former, the +Evangelist's unobtrusive way of recalling the Septuagintal rendering of +Gen. ii. 4 and v. 1:(393) the same Evangelist's calm method of guiding the +devout and thoughtful student to discern in the Gospel the History of the +"new Creation,"--by thus providing that when first the Gospel opens its +lips, it shall syllable the name of the first book of the elder Covenant? +We are pointing out that it more than startles--it supremely offends--one +who is even slenderly acquainted with the treasures of wisdom hid in the +very diction of the N. T. Scriptures, to discover that a deliberate effort +has been made to get rid of the very foremost of those notes of Divine +intelligence, by confounding two words which all down the ages have been +carefully kept distinct; and that this effort is the result of an +exaggerated estimate of a few codices which happen to be written in the +uncial character, viz. two of the IVth century (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}); one of the Vth (C); +two of the VIth (P Z); one of the IXth ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}); one of the Xth (S). + +The Versions(394)--(which are our _oldest_ witnesses)--are perforce only +partially helpful here. Note however, that _the only one which favours_ +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the heretical Harkleian Syriac, executed in the VIIth century. +The Peschito and Cureton's Syriac distinguish between {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in ver. 1 +and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in ver. 18: as do the Slavonic and the Arabian Versions. The +Egyptian, Armenian, AEthiopic and Georgian, have only one word for both. +Let no one suppose however that _therefore_ their testimony is ambiguous. +It is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) which they exhibit, both in ver. 1 and in +ver. 18.(395) The Latin ("_generatio_") is an equivocal rendering +certainly: but the earliest Latin writer who quotes the two places, (viz. +Tertullian) employs the word "_genitura_" in S. Matth. i. 1,--but +"_nativitas_" in ver. 18,--which no one seems to have noticed.(396) Now, +Tertullian, (as one who sometimes wrote in Greek,) is known to have been +conversant with the Greek copies of his day; and "his day," be it +remembered, is A.D. 190. He evidently recognized the parallelism between +S. Matt. i. 1 and Gen. ii. 4,--where the old Latin exhibits "liber +_creaturae_" or "_facturae_," as the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. And so +much for the testimony of the Versions. + +But on reference to Manuscript and to Patristic authority(397) we are +encountered by an overwhelming amount of testimony for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in ver. +18: and this, considering the nature of the case, is an extraordinary +circumstance. Quite plain is it that the Ancients were wide awake to the +difference between spelling the word with one N or with two,--as the little +dissertation of the heretic Nestorius(398) in itself would be enough to +prove. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in the meantime, is the word employed by Justin +M.,(399)--by Clemens Alex.,(400)--by Athanasius,(401)--by Gregory of +Nazianzus,(402)--by Cyril Alex.,(403)--by Nestorius,(404)--by +Chrysostom,(405)--by Theodorus Mopsuest.,(406)--and by three other +ancients.(407) Even more deserving of attention is it that Irenaeus(408) +(A.D. 170)--(whom Germanus(409) copies at the end of 550 years)--calls +attention to the difference between the spelling of ver. 1 and ver. 18. So +does Didymus:(410)--so does Basil:(411)--so does +Epiphanius.(412)--Origen(413) (A.D. 210) is even eloquent on the +subject.--Tertullian (A.D. 190) we have heard already.--It is a significant +circumstance, that the only Patristic authorities discoverable on the +other side are Eusebius, Theodoret, and the authors of an heretical +Creed(414)--whom Athanasius holds up to scorn.(415) ... Will the +Revisionists still pretend to tell us that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in verse 18 is a +"_plain and clear error_"? + +2. This, however, is not all. Against the words "of JESUS CHRIST," a +further critical annotation is volunteered; to the effect that "Some +ancient authorities read _of the Christ_." In reply to which, we assert +that _not one single known MS._ omits the word "JESUS:" whilst its +presence is vouched for by +ps.-Tatian,(416)--Irenaeus,--Origen,--Eusebius,--Didymus,-- +Epiphanius,--Chrysostom,--Cyril,--in addition to _every known Greek copy of +the Gospels_, and not a few of the Versions, including the Peschito and +both the Egyptian. What else but nugatory therefore is such a piece of +information as this? + +3. And so much for the first, second, and third Critical annotations, with +which the margin of the revised N. T. is disfigured. Hoping that the worst +is now over, we read on till we reach ver. 25, where we encounter a +statement which fairly trips us up: viz.,--"And knew her not _till she had +brought forth a son_." No intimation is afforded of what has been here +effected; but in the meantime every one's memory supplies the epithet +("her first-born") which has been ejected. Whether something very like +indignation is not excited by the discovery that these important words +have been surreptitiously withdrawn from their place, let others say. For +ourselves, when we find that only {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B Z and two cursive copies can be +produced for the omission, we are at a loss to understand of what the +Revisionists can have been dreaming. Did they know(417) that,--besides the +Vulgate, the Peschito and Philoxenian Syriac, the AEthiopic, Armenian, +Georgian, and Slavonian Versions,(418)--a whole torrent of Fathers are at +hand to vouch for the genuineness of the epithet they were so +unceremoniously excising? They are invited to refer to ps.-Tatian,(419)--to +Athanasius,(420)--to Didymus,(421)--to Cyril of Jer.,(422)--to Basil,(423)--to +Greg. Nyss.,(424)--to Ephraem Syr.,(425)--to Epiphanius,(426)--to +Chrysostom,(427)--to Proclus,(428)--to Isidorus Pelus.,(429)--to John +Damasc.,(430)--to Photius,(431)--to Nicetas:(432)--besides, of the Latins, +Ambrose,(433)--the _Opus imp._,--Augustine,--and not least to +Jerome(434)--eighteen Fathers in all. And how is it possible, (we ask,) +that two copies of the IVth century (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) and one of the VIth (Z)--all +three without a character--backed by a few copies of the old Latin, should +be supposed to be any counterpoise at all for such an array of first-rate +contemporary evidence as the foregoing? + +Enough has been offered by this time to prove that an authoritative +Revision of the Greek Text will have to precede any future Revision of the +English of the New Testament. Equally certain is it that for such an +undertaking the time has not yet come. "It is my honest +conviction,"--(remarks Bp. Ellicott, the Chairman of the +Revisionists,)--"that for any authoritative Revision, we are not yet +mature: either in Biblical learning or Hellenistic scholarship."(435) The +same opinion precisely is found to have been cherished by Dr. Westcott +till _within about a year-and-a-half_(436) of the first assembling of the +New Testament Company in the Jerusalem Chamber, 22nd June, 1870. True, +that we enjoy access to--suppose from 1000 to 2000--more MANUSCRIPTS than +were available when the Textus Recept. was formed. But nineteen-twentieths +of those documents, for any use which has been made of them, might just as +well be still lying in the monastic libraries from which they were +obtained.--True, that four out of our five oldest uncials have come to +light since the year 1628; but, _who knows how to use them_?--True, that we +have made acquaintance with certain ancient VERSIONS, about which little +or nothing was known 200 years ago: but,--(with the solitary exception of +the Rev. Solomon Caesar Malan, the learned Vicar of Broadwindsor,--who, by +the way, is always ready to lend a torch to his benighted brethren,)--what +living Englishman is able to tell us what they all contain? A smattering +acquaintance with the languages of ancient Egypt,--the Gothic, AEthiopic, +Armenian, Georgian and Slavonian Versions,--is of no manner of avail. In no +department, probably, is "a little learning" more sure to prove "a +dangerous thing."--True, lastly, that the FATHERS have been better edited +within the last 250 years: during which period some fresh Patristic +writings have also come to light. But, with the exception of Theodoret +among the Greeks and Tertullian among the Latins, _which of the Fathers +has been satisfactorily indexed_? + +Even what precedes is not nearly all. _The fundamental Principles_ of the +Science of Textual Criticism are not yet apprehended. In proof of this +assertion, we appeal to the new Greek Text of Drs. Westcott and +Hort,--which, beyond all controversy, is more hopelessly remote from the +inspired Original than any which has yet appeared. Let a generation of +Students give themselves entirely up to this neglected branch of sacred +Science. Let 500 more COPIES of the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, be +diligently collated. Let at least 100 of the ancient _Lectionaries_ be +very exactly collated also. Let the most important of the ancient VERSIONS +be edited afresh, and let the languages in which these are written be for +the first time really _mastered_ by Englishmen. _Above all, let the +_FATHERS_ he called upon to give up their precious secrets._ Let their +writings be ransacked and indexed, and (where needful) let the MSS. of +their works be diligently inspected, in order that we may know what +actually is the evidence which they afford. Only so will it ever be +possible to obtain a Greek Text on which absolute reliance may be placed, +and which may serve as the basis for a satisfactory Revision of our +Authorized Version. Nay, let whatever unpublished works of the ancient +Greek Fathers are anywhere known to exist,--(and not a few precious remains +of theirs are lying hid in great national libraries, both at home and +abroad,)--let these be printed. The men could easily be found: the money, +far more easily.--When all this has been done,--_not before_--then in GOD'S +Name, let _the Church_ address herself to the great undertaking. Do but +revive the arrangements which were adopted in King James's days: and we +venture to predict that less than a third part of ten years will be found +abundantly to suffice for the work. How the coming men will smile at the +picture Dr. Newth(437) has drawn of what was the method of procedure in +the reign of Queen Victoria! Will they not peruse with downright merriment +Bp. Ellicott's jaunty proposal "_simply to proceed onward with the +work_"--[to wit, of constructing a new Greek Text,]--"in fact, _solvere +ambulando_," [_necnon in laqueum cadendo_]?(438) + +I. We cannot, it is presumed, act more fairly by the Revisers' work,(439) +than by following them over some of the ground which they claim to have +made their own, and which, at the conclusion of their labours, their Right +Reverend Chairman evidently surveys with self-complacency. First, he +invites attention to the Principle and Rule for their guidance agreed to +by the Committee of Convocation (25th May, 1870), viz. "TO INTRODUCE AS +FEW ALTERATIONS AS POSSIBLE INTO THE TEXT OF THE AUTHORIZED VERSION, +CONSISTENTLY WITH FAITHFULNESS." Words could not be more emphatic. "PLAIN +AND CLEAR ERRORS" were to be corrected. "NECESSARY emendations" were to be +made. But (in the words of the Southern Convocation) "We do not +contemplate any new Translation, _or any alteration of the language_, +EXCEPT WHERE, in the judgment of the most competent Scholars, SUCH CHANGE +IS NECESSARY." The watchword, therefore, given to the company of +Revisionists was,--"NECESSITY." _Necessity_ was to determine whether they +were to depart from the language of the Authorized Version, or not; for +the alterations were to be AS FEW AS POSSIBLE. + +(_a_) Now it is idle to deny that this fundamental Principle has been +utterly set at defiance. To such an extent is this the case, that even an +unlettered Reader is competent to judge them. When we find "_to_" +substituted for "unto" (_passim_):--"_hereby_" for "by this" (1 Jo. v. +2):--"all that _are_," for "all that be" (Rom. i. 7):--"_alway_" for +"always" (2 Thess. i. 3):--"we _that_," "them _that_," for "we _which_," +"them _which_" (1 Thess. iv. 15); and yet "every spirit _which_," for +"every spirit that" (1 Jo. iv. 3), and "he _who_ is not of GOD," for "he +that is not of GOD" (ver. 6,--although "he _that_ knoweth GOD" had +preceded, in the same verse):--"_my_ host" for "mine host" (Rom. xvi. 23); +and "_underneath_" for "_under_" (Rev. vi. 9):--it becomes clear that the +Revisers' notion of NECESSITY is not that of the rest of mankind. But let +the plain Truth be stated. Certain of them, when remonstrated with by +their fellows for the manifest disregard they were showing to the +Instructions subject to which they had undertaken the work of Revision, +are reported to have even gloried in their shame. The majority, it is +clear, have even ostentatiously set those Instructions at defiance. + +Was the course they pursued,--(we ask the question respectfully,)--strictly +_honest_? To decline the work entirely under the prescribed Conditions, +was always in their power. But, first to accept the Conditions, and +straightway to act in defiance of them,--_this_ strikes us as a method of +proceeding which it is difficult to reconcile with the high character of +the occupants of the Jerusalem Chamber. To proceed however. + +"Nevertheless" and "notwithstanding" have had a sad time of it. One or +other of them has been turned out in favour of "_howbeit_" (S. Lu. x. 11, +20),--of "_only_" (Phil. iii. 16),--of "_only that_" (i. 18),--of "_yet_" (S. +Matth. xi. 11),--of "_but_" (xvii. 27),--of "_and yet_" (James ii. 16).... +We find "_take heed_" substituted for "beware" (Col. ii. 8):--"_custom_" +for "manner" (S. Jo. xix. 40):--"he was _amazed_," for "he was astonished:" +(S. Lu. v. 9):--"_Is it I, _LORD_?_" for "LORD, is it I?" (S. Matth. xxvi. +22):--"_straightway_ the cock crew," for "immediately the cock crew" (S. +Jo. xviii. 27):--"Then _therefore he delivered Him_," for "Then delivered +he Him therefore" (xix. 16):--"_brought_ it to His mouth," for "put it to +His mouth" (ver. 29):--"_He manifested Himself on this wise_," for "on this +wise shewed He Himself" (xxi. 1):--"_So when they got out upon the land_," +for "As soon then as they were come to land" (ver. 9):--"the things +_concerning_," for "the things pertaining to the kingdom of GOD" (Acts i. +3):--"as GOD'S_ steward_," for "as the steward of God" (Tit. i. 7): but +"the _belly of the whale_" for "the whale's belly" (S. Matth. xii. 40), +and "_device of man_" for "man's device" in Acts xvii. 29.--These, and +hundreds of similar alterations have been evidently made out of the merest +wantonness. After substituting "_therefore_" for "then" (as the rendering +of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) a score of times,--the Revisionists quite needlessly substitute +"_then_" for "therefore" in S. Jo. xix. 42.--And why has the singularly +beautiful greeting of "the elder unto the well-beloved Gaius," been +exchanged for "unto _Gaius the beloved_"? (3 John, ver. 1). + +(_b_) We turn a few pages, and find "he that _doeth_ sin," substituted for +"he that committeth sin;" and "_To this end_" put in the place of "For +this purpose" (1 Jo. iii. 8):--"_have beheld_" and "_bear witness_," for +"have seen and do testify" (iv. 14):--"_hereby_" for "by this" (v. +2):--"_Judas_" for "Jude" (Jude ver. 1), although "_Mark_" was substituted +for "Marcus" (in 1 Pet. v. 13), and "_Timothy_" for "Timotheus" (in Phil. +i. 1):--"how that they _said to_ you," for "how that they told you" (Jude +ver. 18).--But why go on? The substitution of "_exceedingly_" for "greatly" +in Acts vi. 7:--"_the birds_" for "the fowls," in Rev. xix. +21:--"_Almighty_" for "Omnipotent" in ver. 6:--"_throw down_" for "cast +down," in S. Luke iv. 29:--"_inner chamber_" for "closet," in vi. 6:--these +are _not_ "necessary" changes.... We will give but three instances +more:--In 1 S. Pet. v. 9, "whom _resist_, stedfast in the faith," has been +altered into "whom _withstand_." But how is "withstand" a better rendering +for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, than "resist"? "Resist," at all events, _was the +Revisionists' word in S. Matth._ v. 39 _and S. James_ iv. 7.--Why also +substitute "the _race_" (for "the kindred") "of Joseph" in Acts vii. 13, +although {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was rendered "kindred" in iv. 6?--Do the Revisionists think +that "_fastening their_ eyes on him" is a better rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (Acts vi. 15) than "_looking stedfastly_ on him"? They certainly +did not think so when they got to xxiii. 1. There, because they found +"_earnestly beholding_ the council," they must needs alter the phrase into +"_looking stedfastly_." It is clear therefore that _Caprice_, not +_Necessity_,--an _itching impatience_ to introduce changes into the A. V., +not the discovery of "_plain and clear errors_"--has determined the great +bulk of the alterations which molest us in every part of the present +unlearned and tasteless performance. + +II. The next point to which the Revisionists direct our attention is their +NEW GREEK TEXT,--"the necessary foundation of" their work. And here we must +renew our protest against the wrong which has been done to English readers +by the Revisionists' disregard of the IVth Rule laid down for their +guidance, viz. that, whenever they adopted a new Textual reading, such +alteration was to be "_indicated in the margin_." This "proved +inconvenient," say the Revisionists. Yes, we reply: but only because you +saw fit, in preference, to choke up your margin with a record of the +preposterous readings you did _not_ admit. Even so, however, the thing +might to some extent have been done, if only by a system of signs in the +margin wherever a change in the Text had been by yourselves effected. And, +at whatever "inconvenience," you were bound to do this,--partly because the +Rule before you was express: but chiefly in fairness to the English +Reader. How comes it to pass that you have _never_ furnished him with the +information you stood pledged to furnish; but have instead, volunteered in +every page information, worthless in itself, which can only serve to +unsettle the faith of unlettered millions, and to suggest unreasonable as +well as miserable doubts to the minds of all? + +For no one may for an instant imagine that the marginal statements of +which we speak are a kind of equivalent for the _Apparatus Criticus_ which +is found in every principal edition of the Greek Testament--excepting +always that of Drs. Westcott and Hort. So far are we from deprecating +(with Daniel Whitby) the multiplication of "Various Readings," that we +rejoice in them exceedingly; knowing that they are the very foundation of +our confidence and the secret of our strength. For this reason we consider +Dr. Tischendorf's last (8th) edition to be furnished with not nearly +enough of them, though he left all his predecessors (and himself in his +7th edition) far behind. Our quarrel with the Revisionists is _not_ by any +means that they have commemorated _actual_ "alternative Readings" in their +margin: but that, while they have given prominence throughout to _patent +Errors_, they _have unfairly excluded all mention of,--have not made the +slightest allusion to,--hundreds of Readings which ought in fact rather to +have stood in the Text_. + +The marginal readings, which our Revisers have been so ill-advised as to +put prominently forward, and to introduce to the Reader's notice with the +vague statement that they are sanctioned by "Some" (or by "Many") "ancient +authorities,"--are specimens _arbitrarily selected_ out of an immense mass; +are magisterially recommended to public attention and favour; _seem_ to be +invested with the sanction and authority of Convocation itself. And this +becomes a very serious matter indeed. No hint is given _which_ be the +"ancient Authorities" so referred to:--nor what proportion they bear to the +"ancient Authorities" producible on the opposite side:--nor whether they +are the _most_ "ancient Authorities" obtainable:--nor what amount of +attention their testimony may reasonably claim. But in the meantime a +fatal assertion is hazarded in the Preface (iii. 1.), to the effect that +_in cases where _"it would not be safe to accept one Reading to the +absolute exclusion of others,"_ _"alternative Readings" have been given +"in the margin." So that the "Agony and bloody sweat" of the World's +REDEEMER (Lu. xxii. 43, 44),--and His Prayer for His murderers (xxiii. +34),--and much beside of transcendent importance and inestimable value, +may, _according to our Revisionists_, prove to rest upon no foundation +whatever. At all events, "_it would not be safe_," (_i.e._ _it is not +safe_) to place absolute reliance on them. Alas, how many a deadly blow at +Revealed Truth hath been in this way aimed with fatal adroitness, which no +amount of orthodox learning will ever be able hereafter to heal, much less +to undo! Thus,-- + +(_a_) From the first verse of S. Mark's Gospel we are informed that "Some +ancient authorities omit _the Son of _GOD." Why are we _not_ informed that +every known uncial Copy _except one of bad character_,--every cursive _but +two_,--_every Version_,--and the following Fathers,--all _contain_ the +precious clause: viz. Irenaeus,--Porphyry,--Severianus of Gabala,--Cyril +Alex.,--Victor Ant.,--and others,--besides Ambrose and Augustine among the +Latins:--while the supposed adverse testimony of Serapion and Titus, Basil +and Victorinus, Cyril of Jer. and Epiphanius, proves to be all a mistake? +To speak plainly, since the clause is above suspicion, _Why are we not +rather told so?_ + +(_b_) In the 3rd verse of the first chapter of S. John's Gospel, we are +left to take our choice between,--"without Him was not anything made that +hath been made. In him was life; and the life," &c.,--and the following +absurd alternative,--"Without him was not anything made. _That which hath +been made was life in him_; and the life," &c. But we are _not_ informed +that this latter monstrous figment is known to have been the importation +of the Gnostic heretics in the IInd century, and to be as destitute of +authority as it is of sense. _Why is prominence given only to the lie?_ + +(_c_) At S. John iii. 13, we are informed that the last clause of that +famous verse ("No man hath ascended up to heaven, but He that came down +from heaven, even the Son of Man--_which is in heaven_"), is not found in +"many ancient authorities." But why, in the name of common fairness, are +we not _also_ reminded that this, (as will be found more fully explained +in the note overleaf,) is _a circumstance of no Textual significancy +whatever_? + +Why, above all, are we not assured that the precious clause in question ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) _is_ found in every MS. in the world, except five of bad +character?--is recognized by _all_ the Latin and _all_ the Syriac versions; +as well as by the Coptic,--AEthiopic,--Georgian,--and Armenian?(440)--is either +quoted or insisted upon by +Origen,(441)--Hippolytus,(442)--Athanasius,(443)--Didymus,(444)--Aphraates the +Persian,(445)--Basil the Great,(446)--Epiphanius,(447)--Nonnus,--ps.-Dionysius +Alex.,(448)--Eustathius;(449)--by Chrysostom,(450)--Theodoret,(451)--and +Cyril,(452) each 4 times;--by Paulus, Bishop of Emesa(453) (in a sermon on +Christmas Day, A.D. 431);--by Theodoras +Mops.,(454)--Amphilochius,(455)--Severus,(456)--Theodorus +Heracl.,(457)--Basilius Cil.,(458)--Cosmas,(459)--John Damascene, in 3 +places,(460)--and 4 other ancient Greek writers;(461)--besides +Ambrose,(462)--Novatian,(463)--Hilary,(464)--Lucifer,(465)--Victorinus,--Jerome,(466)--Cassian,--Vigilius,(467)--Zeno,(468)--Marius,(469)--Maximus +Taur.,(470)--Capreolus,(471)--Augustine, &c.:--is acknowledged by Lachmann, +Tregelles, Tischendorf: in short, is _quite above suspicion_: why are we +not told _that_? Those 10 Versions, those 38 Fathers, that host of Copies +in the proportion of 995 to 5,--_why_, concerning all these is there not so +much as a hint let fall that such a mass of counter-evidence +exists?(472)... Shame,--yes, _shame_ on the learning which comes abroad +only to perplex the weak, and to unsettle the doubting, and to mislead the +blind! Shame,--yes, _shame_ on that two-thirds majority of well-intentioned +but most incompetent men, who,--finding themselves (in an evil hour) +appointed to correct "_plain and clear errors_" in the _English_ +"Authorized Version,"--occupied themselves instead with _falsifying the +inspired Greek Text_ in countless places, and branding with suspicion some +of the most precious utterances of the SPIRIT! Shame,--yes, _shame_ upon +them! + +Why then, (it will of course be asked,) is the margin--(_a_) of S. Mark i. +1 and--(_b_) of S. John i. 3, and--(_c_) of S. John iii. 13, encumbered +after this discreditable fashion? It is (we answer) only because _the Text +of Drs. Westcott and Hort_ is thus depraved in all three places. Those +Scholars enjoy the unenviable distinction of having dared to expel from S. +John iii. 13 the words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, which Lachmann, Tregelles and +Tischendorf were afraid to touch. Well may Dean Stanley have bestowed upon +Dr. Hort the epithet of "_fearless_"!... If report speaks truly, it is by +the merest accident that the clause in question still retains its place in +_the Revised Text_. + +(_d_) Only once more. And this time we will turn to the very end of the +blessed volume. Against Rev. xiii. 18-- + +"Here is wisdom. He that hath understanding, let him count the number of +the Beast; for it is the number of a Man: and his number is six hundred +and sixty and six." + +Against this, we find noted,--"Some ancient authorities read _six hundred +and sixteen_." + +But why is not the _whole_ Truth told? viz. why are we not informed that +_only one_ corrupt uncial (C):--_only one_ cursive copy (11):--_only one_ +Father (Tichonius): and _not one_ ancient Version--advocates this +reading?--which, on the contrary, Irenaeus (A.D. 170) knew, but rejected; +remarking that 666, which is "found in all the best and oldest copies and +is attested by men who saw John face to face," is unquestionably the true +reading.(473) Why is not the ordinary Reader further informed that the +same number (666) is expressly vouched for by Origen,(474)--by +Hippolytus,(475)--by Eusebius:(476)--as well as by Victorinus--and +Primasius,--not to mention Andreas and Arethas? To come to the moderns, as +a matter of fact the established reading is accepted by Lachmann, +Tischendorf, Tregelles,--even by Westcott and Hort. _Why_ therefore--for +what possible reason--at the end of 1700 years and upwards, is this, which +is so clearly nothing else but an ancient slip of the pen, to be forced +upon the attention of 90 millions of English-speaking people? + +Will Bishop Ellicott and his friends venture to tell us that it has been +done because "it would not be safe to accept" 666, "to the absolute +exclusion of" 616?... "We have given _alternative Readings_ in the +margin," (say they,) "wherever they seem to be of sufficient importance or +interest to deserve notice." Will they venture to claim either "interest" +or "importance" for _this_? or pretend that it is an "alternative Reading" +_at all_? Has it been rescued from oblivion and paraded before universal +Christendom in order to perplex, mystify, and discourage "those that have +understanding," and would fain "count the number of the Beast," if they +were able? Or was the intention only to insinuate one more wretched +doubt--one more miserable suspicion--into minds which have been taught (_and +rightly_) to place absolute reliance in the textual accuracy of all the +gravest utterances of the SPIRIT: minds which are utterly incapable of +dealing with the subtleties of Textual Criticism; and, from a one-sided +statement like the present, will carry away none but entirely mistaken +inferences, and the most unreasonable distrust?... Or, lastly, was it only +because, in their opinion, the margin of every Englishman's N. T. is the +fittest place for reviving the memory of obsolete blunders, and +ventilating forgotten perversions of the Truth?... We really pause for an +answer. + +(_e_) But serious as this is, _more_ serious (if possible) is the unfair +_Suppression systematically practised_ throughout the work before us. "We +have given alternative Readings in the margin,"--(says Bishop Ellicott on +behalf of his brother-Revisionists,)--"_wherever they seem to be of +sufficient importance or interest to deserve notice._" [iii. 1.] From +which statement, readers have a right to infer that whenever "alternative +Readings" are _not_ "given in the margin," it is because such Readings do +_not_ "seem to be of _sufficient importance or interest to deserve +notice_." Will the Revisionists venture to tell us that,--(to take the +first instance of unfair Suppression which presents itself,)--our LORD's +saying in S. Mark vi. 11 is not "of sufficient importance or interest to +deserve notice"? We allude to the famous words,--"Verily I say unto you, It +shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment, +than for that city:"--words which are not only omitted from the "New +English Version," but _are not suffered to leave so much as a trace of +themselves in the margin_. And yet, the saying in question is attested by +the Peschito and the Philoxenian Syriac Versions: by the Old Latin: by the +Coptic, AEthiopic and Gothic Versions:--by 11 uncials and by the whole bulk +of the cursives:--by Irenaeus and by Victor of Antioch. So that whether +Antiquity, or Variety of Attestation is considered,--whether we look for +Numbers or for Respectability,--the genuineness of the passage may be +regarded as _certain_. Our complaint however is _not_ that the +Revisionists entertain a different opinion on this head from ourselves: +but that they give the reader to understand that the state of the Evidence +is such, that it is quite "safe to accept" the shorter reading,--"to the +_absolute exclusion_ of the other."--So vast is the field before us, that +this single specimen of what we venture to call "unfair Suppression," must +suffice. (Some will not hesitate to bestow upon it a harsher epithet.) It +is in truth by far the most damaging feature of the work before us, that +its Authors should have so largely and so seriously _falsified the +Deposit_; and yet, (in clear violation of the IVth Principle or Rule laid +down for their guidance at the outset,) have suffered no trace to survive +in the margin of the deadly mischief which they have effected. + +III. From the Text, the Revisionists pass on to the TRANSLATION; and +surprise us by the avowal, that "the character of the Revision was +determined for us from the outset by the first Rule,--'to introduce as few +alterations as possible, consistently with faithfulness.' Our task was +Revision, not Retranslation." (This is _naive_ certainly.) They proceed,-- + + + "If the meaning was fairly expressed by the word or phrase that + was before us in the Authorized Version, we made no change, even + where rigid adherence to _the rule of Translating, as far as + possible, the same Greek word by the same English word_ might have + prescribed some modification."--[iii. 2 _init._] (The italics are + our own.) + + +To the "_rule_" thus introduced to our notice, we shall recur by and by +[pp. 152-4: also pp. 187-202]. We proceed to remark on each of the five +principal Classes of alterations indicated by the Revisionists: and +first,--"Alterations positively required by change of reading in the Greek +Text" (_Ibid._). + +(1) Thus, in S. John xii. 7, we find "_Suffer her to keep it_ against the +day of my burying;" and in the margin (as an alternative), "Let her alone: +_it was that she might keep it_."--Instead of "as soon as JESUS heard the +word,"--we are invited to choose between "_not heeding_," and +"_overhearing_ the word" (S. Mk. v. 36): these being intended for +renderings of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--an expression which S. Mark certainly never +employed.--"On earth, peace among men _in whom he is well pleased_" (S. Lu. +ii. 14): where the margin informs us that "many ancient authorities read, +_good pleasure among men_." (And why not "_good will_,"--the rendering +adopted in Phil. i. 15?) ... Take some more of the alterations which have +resulted from the adoption of a corrupt Text:--"Why _askest thou me +concerning that which is good_?" (Matth. xix. 17,--an absurd +fabrication).--"He would fain _have been filled_ with the husks," &c.... +"and I perish _here_ with hunger!" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, borrowed from Lu. xvi. +21: and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, a transparent error: S. Luke xv. 16, 17).--"When _it +shall fail_, they may receive you into the eternal tabernacles" (xvi. +9).----Elizabeth "lifted up her voice _with a loud cry_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}--the private +property of three bad MSS. and Origen: Lu. i. 42).--"And _they stood still +looking sad_" (xxiv. 17,--a foolish transcriptional blunder).--"The +multitude _went up_ and began to ask him," &c. ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Mk. +xv. 8).--"But is guilty of _an eternal sin_" (iii. 29).--"And the officers +_received Him_ with blows of their hands,"--marg. "or _strokes of rods_:" +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} (xiv. 65).--"Else, that which should fill it up taketh +from it, _the new from the old_" (ii. 21): and "No man _rendeth a piece +from a new garment_ and putteth it upon an old garment; else _he will rend +the new_," &c. (Lu. v. 36).--"What is this? _a new teaching!_" (Mk. i. +27).--"JESUS saith unto him, _If thou canst!_" (Mk. ix. 23).--"Because of +your _little __ faith_"(Matth. xvii. 20).--"_We must_ work the works of Him +that sent Me, while it is day" (Jo. ix. 4).--"_The man that is called_ +JESUS made clay" (ver. 11).--"If ye shall ask _Me anything in My name_" +(xiv. 14).--"The Father abiding in Me _doeth His works_" (xiv. 10).--"If ye +shall ask anything of the Father, _He will give it you in My name_" (xvi. +23).--"I glorified Thee on the earth, _having accomplished the work_ which +Thou hast given Me to do" (xvii. 4).--"Holy Father, keep them _in Thy Name +which_ Thou hast given Me ... I kept them _in Thy Name which_ Thou hast +given me" (ver. 11, 12).--"She ... saith unto Him _in Hebrew_, Rabboni" +(xx. 16).--"These things said Isaiah, _because_ he saw his glory" (xii. +41,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}, a common itacism).--"In tables _that are hearts of flesh_" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, a "perfectly absurd reading," as Scrivener +remarks, p. 442: 2 Cor. iii. 3).--"_Now if_ we put the horses' bridles [and +pray, why not 'the horses' _bits_'?] into their mouths" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}, an ordinary +itacism for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}, James iii. 3).--"Unto the sick were _carried away from his +body_ handkerchiefs," &c. (Acts xix. 12).--"_Ye know all things once for +all_" (Jude ver. 5).--"_We love_ because he first loved us" (1 Jo. iv. +19).--"I have found _no work of thine fulfilled_ before my GOD" (Rev. iii. +2).--"Seven Angels _arrayed with [precious] stone_" (xv. 6), instead of +"clothed in linen," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. (Fancy the Angels "_clothed in +stone_"! "Precious" is an interpolation of the Revisers).--"_Dwelling in_ +the things which he hath seen:" for which the margin offers as an +alternative, "_taking his stand upon_" (Colossians ii. 18). But {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +(the word here employed) clearly means neither the one nor the other. S. +Paul is delivering a warning against unduly "_prying into_ the things +_not_ seen."(477) A few MSS. of bad character omit the "_not_." That is +all!... These then are a handful of the less conspicuous instances of a +change in the English "positively required by a change of reading in the +Greek Text:" every one of them being either a pitiful blunder or else a +gross fabrication.--Take only two more: "I neither know, nor understand: +_thou, what sayest thou?_" (Mk. xiv. 68 margin):--"And _whither I go, ye +know the way_" (Jo. xiv. 4).... The A. V. is better in every instance. + +(2) and (3) Next, alterations made because the A. V. "appeared to be +incorrect" or else "obscure." They must needs be such as the +following:--"He that _is bathed_ needeth not save to wash his feet" (S. +John xiii. 10).--"LORD, if he is fallen asleep _he will recover_" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, xi. 12).--"Go ye therefore into _the partings of the highways_" +(Matth. xxii. 9).--"Being grieved at _the hardening_ of their heart" (Mk. +iii. 5).--"Light _a lamp_ and put it _on the stand_" (Matt. v. +15).--"Sitting at _the place of toll_" (ix. 9).--"The supplication of a +righteous man availeth much _in its working_" (James v. 16).--"Awake up +_righteously_" (1 Cor. xv. 34).--"_Guarded_ through faith unto _a +salvation_" (1 Pet. i. 5).--"Wandering in ... _the holes of the earth_" +(Heb. xi. 38--very queer places certainly to be "wandering" in).--"_She that +is in Babylon_, elect together with you, saluteth you" (1 Pet. v. +13).--"Therefore do _these powers work in Him_" (Matth. xiv. 2).--"In danger +of the _hell of fire_" (v. 22).--"_Put out_ into the deep" (Luke v. +4).--"The tomb that Abraham bought for _a price in silver_" (Acts vii. 16). + +With reference to every one of these places, (and they are but samples of +what is to be met with in every page,) we venture to assert that they are +either _less_ intelligible, or else _more_ inaccurate, than the +expressions which they are severally intended to supersede; while, in some +instances, they are _both_. Will any one seriously contend that "_the hire +of wrong-doing_" is better than "_the wages of unrighteousness_" (2 Pet. +ii. 15)? or, will he venture to deny that, "Come and _dine_"--"so when they +_had dined_,"--is a hundred times better than "Come and _break your +fast_"--"so when they _had broken their fast_" (Jo. xxi. 12, +15)?--expressions which are only introduced because the Revisionists were +ashamed (as well they might be) to write "breakfast" and "breakfasted." +The seven had not been "_fasting_." Then, why introduce so incongruous a +notion here,--any more than into S. Luke xi. 37, 38, and xiv. 12? + +Has the reader any appetite for more specimens of "incorrectness" +_remedied_ and "obscurity" _removed_? Rather, as it seems, have _both_ +been largely imported into a Translation which was singularly intelligible +before. Why darken Rom. vii. 1 and xi. 2 by introducing the interrogative +particle, and then, by mistranslating it "_Or_"?--Also, why translate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +"_race_"? ("a man of Cyprus _by race_," "a man of Pontus _by race_," "an +Alexandrian _by race_," Acts iv. 36: xviii. 2, 24).--"_If_ there is a +natural body, there is also a spiritual body," say the Revisionists: "O +death, where is thy victory? O _death_ where is thy sting?" (Could they +not let even 1 Cor. xv. 44 and 55 alone?)--Why alter "For the bread of GOD +is _He_," into "For the bread of GOD is _that_ which cometh down from +Heaven"? (Jo. vi. 33).--"_As long as I am_ in the world," was surely better +than "_When I am_ in the world, I am the light of the world" (ix. 5).--Is +"_He went forth out of_ their hand" supposed to be an improvement upon +"_He escaped out of_ their hand"? (x. 39): and is "They loved _the glory_ +of men more than _the glory_ of GOD" an improvement upon "the _praise_"? +(xii. 43).--"Judas saith unto Him, LORD, _what is come to pass_ that Thou +wilt manifest Thyself to us"? Is _that_ supposed to be an improvement upon +xiv. 22?--How is "_If then_" an improvement on "Forasmuch then" in Acts xi. +17?--or how is this endurable in Rom. vii. 15,--"For that which I do, I +_know_ not: for _not what I would, that do I practise_:"--or this, in xvi. +25, "The mystery which hath been _kept in silence through times eternal_, +but now is manifested," &c.--"Thou therefore, _my child_,"--addressing the +Bishop of Ephesus (2 Tim. ii. 1): and "Titus, _my true child_,"--addressing +the Bishop of Crete (Tit. i. 4). + +Are the following deemed improvements? "Every one that _doeth_ sin doeth +also _lawlessness: and sin is lawlessness_" (1 Jo. iii. 4): "I will _move_ +thy candlestick out of its place" (Rev. ii. 5):--"a _glassy_ sea" (iv. +6):--"a _great_ voice" (v. 12):--"Verily, not of Angels _doth He take hold_, +but _He taketh hold_ of the seed of Abraham:"--"He _took hold of_ the blind +man by _the hand_:"--"They _took hold of him_ and brought him unto the +Areopagus" (Heb. ii. 16: S. Mk. viii. 23: Acts xvii. 19):--"wherefore GOD +is not _ashamed of them_, to be called their GOD" (Acts xi. 16):--"_Counted +it not a prize_ to be on an equality with GOD" (Phil. ii. 6).--Why are we +to substitute "_court_" for "palace" in Matth. xxvi. 3 and Lu. xi. 21? +(Consider Matth. xii. 29 and Mk. iii. 27).--"Women received their dead _by +a resurrection_" (Heb. xi. 35):--"If ye forgive not every one _his brother +from their hearts_" (Matth. xviii. 35):--"If _because of meat_ thy brother +is grieved, thou walkest _no longer in love_" (Rom. xiv. 15):--"which GOD, +who cannot lie, promised _before times eternal_; but _in his own seasons_ +manifested _his word in the message_" (Tit. i. 2, 3):--"Your _pleasures_ +[and why not 'lusts'?] that war in your members" (James iv. 1):--"Behold +_how much wood_ is kindled by _how small a fire_!" (iii. 5).--Are these +really supposed to be less "obscure" than the passages they are intended +to supersede? + +(_a_) Not a few of the mistaken renderings of the Revisionists can only be +established by an amount of illustration which is at once inconvenient to +the Reviewer and unwelcome probably to the general Reader. Thus, we take +leave to point out that,--"And _coming up_ at that very hour" (in Lu. ii. +38),--as well as "she _came up_ to Him" (in Lu. x. 40), are inexact +renderings of the original. The verb {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, which etymologically +signifies "to stand upon," or "over," or "by,"--(but which retains its +literal signification on only four out of the eighteen occasions(478) when +the word occurs in the Gospels and Acts,)--is found almost invariably to +denote the "_coming suddenly upon_" a person. Hence, it is observed to be +used five times to denote the sudden appearance of friendly visitants from +the unseen world:(479) and seven times, the sudden hostile approach of +what is formidable.(480) On the two remaining occasions, which are those +before us,--(namely, the sudden coming of Anna into the Temple(481) and of +Martha into the presence of our LORD,(482))--"_coming suddenly in_" would +probably represent S. Luke's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} exactly. And yet, one would hesitate +to import the word "suddenly" into the narrative. So that "_coming in_" +would after all have to stand in the text, although the attentive student +of Scripture would enjoy the knowledge that something more is _implied_. +In other words,--the Revisionists would have done better if they had left +both places alone.... These are many words; yet is it impossible to +explain such matters at once satisfactorily and briefly. + +(_b_) But more painful by far it is to discover that a morbid striving +after etymological accuracy,--added to a calamitous preference for a +depraved Text,--has proved the ruin of one of the most affecting scenes in +S. John's Gospel. "Simon Peter beckoneth to him, _and saith unto him, Tell +us who it is of whom He speaketh_" [a fabulous statement evidently; for +Peter beckoned, because he might _not_ speak]. "He _leaning back, as he +was_,"--[a very bad rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, by the way; and sure to recal +inopportunely the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in S. Mark iv. 36, instead of +suggesting (as it obviously ought) the original of S. John iv. 6:]--"on +JESUS' breast, saith unto Him, LORD who is it?" (S. John xiii. 24-5). Now, +S. John's word concerning himself in this place is certainly {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. He +"_just sank_"--let his head "_fall_"--on his Master's breast, and whispered +his question. For this, a few corrupt copies substitute {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. But +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} _never_ means "_leaning back_." It is descriptive of the posture +of one _reclining at a meal_ (S. Jo. xiii. 12). Accordingly, it is 10 +times rendered by the Revisionists to "_sit down_." Why, in this place, +and in chapter xxi. 20, _a new meaning_ is thrust upon the word, it is for +the Revisionists to explain. But they must explain the matter a vast deal +better than Bp. Lightfoot has done in his interesting little work on +Revision (pp. 72-3), or they will fail to persuade any,--except one +another. + +(_c_) Thus it happens that we never spend half-an-hour over the +unfortunate production before us without exclaiming (with one in the +Gospel), "_The old is better_." Changes of _any_ sort are unwelcome in +such a book as the Bible; but the discovery that changes have been made +_for the worse_, offends greatly. To take instances at random:--'{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (in Matth. xxi. 8) is rightly rendered in our A. V. "a _very great_ +multitude."(483) Why then has it been altered by the R. V. into "_the most +part of_ the multitude"?--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Mk. xii. 37), in like manner, is +rightly rendered "_the common people_," and ought not to have been glossed +in the margin "_the great multitude_."--In the R. V. of Acts x. 15, we find +"_Make_ thou not common," introduced as an improvement on, "_That call_ +not thou common." But "the old is better:" for, besides its idiomatic and +helpful "_That_,"--the old alone states the case truly. Peter did not +"_make_," he only "_called_," something "common."--"All the _male_ +children," as a translation of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (in Matth. ii. 16) is an +unauthorized statement. There is no reason for supposing that the female +infants of Bethlehem were spared in the general massacre: and the Greek +certainly conveys no such information.--"When he came into the house, JESUS +_spake first_ to him"--is really an incorrect rendering of Matth. xvii. 25: +at least, it imports into the narrative a notion which is not found in the +Greek, and does not exhibit faithfully what the Evangelist actually says. +"_Anticipated_," in modern English,--"_prevented_," in ancient +phraseology,--"_was beforehand with him_" in language neither new nor +old,--conveys the sense of the original exactly.--In S. Lu. vi. 35, "Love +your enemies, ... and lend, _never despairing_," is simply a mistaken +translation of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as the context sufficiently proves. The old +rendering is the true one.(484) And so, learnedly, the Vulgate,--_nihil +inde sperantes_. (Consider the use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [Heb. xi. 26]: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +[Phil. ii. 23: Heb. xii. 2]: _abutor_, as used by Jerome for _utor_, +&c.)--"Go with them _making no distinction_" is not the meaning of Acts xi. +12: which, however, was correctly translated before, viz. "nothing +doubting."--The mischievous change ("_save_" in place of "but") in Gal. ii. +16 has been ably and faithfully exposed by Bp. Ollivant. In the words of +the learned and pious Bp. of Lincoln, "it is illogical and erroneous, and +_contradicts the whole drift of S. Paul's Argument_ in that Epistle, and +in the Epistle to the Romans." + +(_d_) We should be dealing insincerely with our Readers were we to conceal +our grave dissatisfaction at not a few of the novel _expressions_ which +the Revisionists have sought to introduce into the English New Testament. +That the malefactors between whom "the LORD of glory" was crucified were +not ordinary "_thieves_" is obvious; yet would it have been wiser, we +think, to leave the old designation undisturbed. We shall never learn to +call them "_robbers_."--"The king sent forth _a soldier of his guard_" is a +gloss--not a translation of S. Mark vi. 27. "_An executioner_" surely is +far preferable as the equivalent for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}!(485)--"_Assassins_" (as +the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) is an objectionable substitute for "murderers." +A word which "belongs probably to a romantic chapter in the history of the +Crusades"(486) has no business in the N. T.--And what did these learned men +suppose they should gain by substituting "_the twin brothers_" for +"_Castor and Pollux_" in Acts xxviii. 11? The Greek ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) is +neither the one nor the other.--In the same spirit, instead of, "they that +received _tribute-money_" (in S. Matth. xvii. 24), we are now presented +with "they that received _the half-shekel_:" and in verse 27,--instead of +"when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find _a piece of money_," we +are favoured with "thou shalt find _a shekel_." But _why_ the change has +been made, we fail to see. The margin is _still_ obliged to explain that +not one of these four words is found in the original: the Greek in the +former place being {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},--in the latter, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}.--"_Flute-players_" +(for "minstrels") in S. Matthew ix. 23, is a mistake. An {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} played +_the pipe_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 1 Cor. xiv. 7),--hence "pipers" in Rev. xviii. 22; +(where by the way {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} ["musicians"] is perversely and less accurately +rendered "_minstrels_").--Once more. "_Undressed_ cloth" (Mk. ii. 21), +because it is an expression popularly understood only in certain districts +of England, and a _vox artis_, ought not to have been introduced into the +Gospels. "_New_" is preferable.--"_Wine-skins_" (Mtt. ix. 17: Mk. ii. 22: +Lu. v. 37) is a term unintelligible to the generality; as the Revisionists +confess, for they explain it by a note,--"That is, _skins used as +bottles_." What else is this but substituting a new difficulty for an old +one?--"_Silver_," now for the first time thrust into Acts viii. 20, is +unreasonable. Like "argent" in French, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} as much means "money," +here as in S. Matthew xxv. 18, 27, &c.--In S. James ii. 19, we should like +to know what is gained by the introduction of the "_shuddering_" +devils.--To take an example from a different class of words,--Who will say +that "Thou _mindest_ not the things of GOD" is a better rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, than the old "Thou _savourest_ not,"--which at least had no +ambiguity about it?... A friend points out that Dr. Field (a "master in +Israel") has examined 104 of the changes _made_ in the Revised Version; +and finds 8 questionable: 13 unnecessary: 19 faulty (_i.e._ cases in which +the A. V. required amendment, but which the R. V. has not succeeded in +amending): 64 _changes for the worse_.(487)... This is surely a terrible +indictment for such an one as Dr. Field to bring against the +Revisers,--_who were directed only to correct_ "PLAIN AND CLEAR ERRORS." + +(_e_) We really fail to understand how it has come to pass that, +notwithstanding the amount of scholarship which sometimes sat in the +Jerusalem Chamber, so many novelties are found in the present Revision +which betoken a want of familiarity with the refinements of the Greek +language on the one hand; and (what is even more inexcusable) only a +slender acquaintance with the resources and proprieties of English speech, +on the other. A fair average instance of this occurs in Acts xxi. 37, +where (instead of "_Canst_ thou _speak_ Greek?") {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? is +rendered "_Dost_ thou _know_ Greek?" That {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means "to know" (and +not "to speak") is undeniable: and yet, in the account of all, except the +driest and stupidest of pedagogues, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; must be +translated "Canst thou _speak_ Greek?" For (as every schoolboy is aware) +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} is an adverb, and signifies "_in Greek fashion_:" so that +something has to be supplied: and the full expression, if it must needs be +given, would be, "Dost thou know [how to talk] in Greek?" But then, this +condensation of phrase proves to be the established idiom of the +language:(488) so that the rejection of the learned rendering of Tyndale, +Cranmer, the Geneva, the Rheims, and the Translators of 1611 ("_Canst thou +speak_ Greek?")--the rejection of this, at the end of 270 years, in favour +of "_Dost thou know_ Greek?" really betrays ignorance. It is worse than +bad Taste. It is a stupid and deliberate _blunder_. + +(_f_) The substitution of "_they weighed unto him_" (in place of "_they +covenanted with him for_") "thirty pieces of silver" (S. Matth. xxvi. 15) +is another of those plausible mistakes, into which a little learning +(proverbially "a dangerous thing") is for ever conducting its unfortunate +possessor; but from which it was to have been expected that the undoubted +attainments of some who frequented the Jerusalem Chamber would have +effectually preserved the Revisionists. That {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is intended to recal +Zech. xi. 12, is obvious; as well as that _there_ it refers to the ancient +practice of _weighing_ uncoined money. It does not, however, by any means +follow, that it was customary to _weigh_ shekels in the days of the +Gospel. Coined money, in fact, was never weighed, but always counted; and +these were shekels, _i.e._ _didrachms_ (Matth. xvii. 24). The truth (it +lies on the surface) is, that there exists a happy ambiguity about the +word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, of which the Evangelist has not been slow to avail himself. +In the particular case before us, it is expressly recorded that in the +first instance money did _not_ pass,--only a bargain was made, and a +certain sum promised. S. Mark's record is that the chief priests were glad +at the proposal of Judas, "_and promised_ to give him money" (xiv. 11): S. +Luke's, that "_they covenanted_" to do so (xxii. 5, 6). And with this, the +statement of the first Evangelist is found to be in strictest agreement. +The chief Priests "set" or "appointed"(489) him a certain sum. The +perfectly accurate rendering of S. Matth. xxvi. 15, therefore, exhibited +by our Authorized Version, has been set aside to make way for _a +misrepresentation of the Evangelist's meaning_. "In the judgment of the +most competent scholars," was "such change NECESSARY"? + +(_g_) We respectfully think that it would have been more becoming in such +a company as that which assembled in the Jerusalem Chamber, as well as +more consistent with their Instructions, if _in doubtful cases_ they had +abstained from touching the Authorized Version, but had recorded their own +conjectural emendations _in the margin_. How rash and infelicitous, for +example, is the following rendering of the famous words in Acts xxvi. 28, +29, which we find thrust upon us without apology or explanation; without, +in fact, any marginal note at all:--"And Agrippa said unto Paul, _With but +little persuasion thou wouldest fain make me_ a Christian. And Paul said, +I would to GOD, that whether _with little or with much_," &c. Now this is +indefensible. For, in the first place, to get any such meaning out of the +words, our Revisionists have been obliged to substitute the fabricated +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (the peculiar property of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B and a few cursives) for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +in ver. 28. Moreover, even so, the words do not yield the required sense. +We venture to point out, that this is precisely one of the occasions where +the opinion of a first-rate Greek Father is of paramount importance. The +moderns confess themselves unable to discover a single instance of the +phrase {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} in the sense of "_within a little_." Cyril of Jerusalem +(A.D. 350) and Chrysostom (A.D. 400), on the contrary, evidently +considered that here the expression can mean nothing else; and they were +competent judges, seeing that Greek was their native language: far better +judges (be it remarked in passing) on a point of this kind than the whole +body of Revisionists put together. "Such an amount of victorious grace and +wisdom did Paul derive from the HOLY SPIRIT" (says Cyril), "that even King +Agrippa at last exclaimed,"(490) &c. From which it is evident that Cyril +regarded Agrippa's words as an avowal that he was well-nigh overcome by +the Apostle's argument. And so Chrysostom,(491) who says plainly that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} means "within a little,"(492) and assumes that "within a little" S. +Paul had persuaded his judge.(493) He even puts {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} into Agrippa's +mouth.(494) So also, in effect, Theodoret.(495) From all which it is +reasonable, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, to infer that +our A. V. reflects faithfully what was the Church's traditionary +interpretation of Acts xxvi. 28 in the first half of the fourth century. +Let it only be added that a better judge of such matters than any who +frequented the Jerusalem Chamber--the late President of Magdalen, Dr. +Routh,--writes: "_Vertendum esse sequentia suadent, Me fere Christianum +fieri suades. Interp. Vulgata habet, In modico suades me Christianum +fieri._"(496) Yes, the Apostle's rejoinder fixes the meaning of what +Agrippa had said before.--And this shall suffice. We pass on, only +repeating our devout wish that what the Revisionists failed to understand, +or were unable _materially and certainly_ to improve, they would have been +so obliging as to let alone. In the present instance the A. V. is probably +right; the R. V., probably wrong. No one, at all events, can pretend that +the rendering with which we are all familiar is "_a plain and clear +error_." And confessedly, unless it was, it should have been left +unmolested. But to proceed. + +(4) and (5) There can be no question as to the absolute duty of rendering +identical expressions _in strictly parallel places of the Gospels_ by +strictly identical language. So far we are wholly at one with the +Revisionists. But "alterations [supposed to be] rendered necessary _by +consequence_" (_Preface_, iii. 2.), are quite a different matter: and we +venture to think that it is precisely in their pursuit of a mechanical +uniformity of rendering, that our Revisionists have most often as well as +most grievously lost their way. We differ from them in fact _in limine_. +"When a particular word" (say they) "is found to recur with characteristic +frequency in any one of the Sacred Writers, it is obviously desirable to +adopt for it some uniform rendering" (iii. 2). "Desirable"! Yes, but in +what sense? It is much to be desired, no doubt, that the English language +always contained _the exact counterparts_ of Greek words: and of course, +if it did, it would be in the highest degree "desirable" that a Translator +should always employ those words and no other. But then it happens +unfortunately that _precisely equivalent words do not exist_. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, nine +times out of ten signifies nothing else but "_child_." On the tenth +occasion, however, (_e.g._ where Abraham is addressing the rich man in +Hades,) it would be absurd so to render it. We translate "_Son_." We are +in fact without choice.--Take another ordinary Greek term, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, which +occurs 11 times in the N. T., and which the A. V. uniformly renders +"bowels." Well, and "bowels" confessedly {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} are. Yet have our +Revisionists felt themselves under the "necessity" of rendering the word +"_heart_," in Col. iii. 12,--"_very heart_," in Philemon, ver. +12,--"affections" in 2 Cor. vi. 12,--"_inward affection_," in vii. +15,--"_tender mercies_" in Phil. i. 8,--"_compassion_" in 1 Jo. iii. +17,--"_bowels_" only in Acts i. 18.--These learned men, however, put forward +in illustration of their own principle of translation, the word +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--which occurs about 80 times in the N. T.: nearly half the +instances being found in S. Mark's Gospel. We accept their challenge; and +assert that it is tasteless barbarism to seek to impose upon {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--no +matter _what_ the context in which it stands,--the sense of +"_straightway_,"--only because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the adjective, generally (not always) +means "straight." Where a miracle of healing is described (as in S. Matth. +viii. 3: xx. 34. S. Lu. v. 13), since the benefit was no doubt +instantaneous, it is surely the mere instinct of "faithfulness" to +translate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} "_immediately_." So, in respect of the sudden act which +saved Peter from sinking (S. Matth. xiv. 31); and that punctual cock-crow +(xxvi. 74), which (S. Luke says) did not so much follow, as _accompany_ +his denial (xxii. 60). But surely not so, when _the growth of a seed_ is +the thing spoken of (Matth. xiii. 5)! Acts again, which must needs have +occupied some little time in the doing, reasonably suggest some such +rendering as "_forthwith_" or "_straightway_,"--(_e.g._ S. Matth. xiv. 22: +xxi. 2: and S. John vi. 21): while, in 3 John ver. 14, the meaning (as the +Revisionists confess) can only be "_shortly_."... So plain a matter really +ought not to require so many words. We repeat, that the Revisionists set +out with a mistaken Principle. They clearly _do not understand their +Trade_. + +They invite our attention to their rendering of certain of the Greek +Tenses, and of the definite Article. We regret to discover that, in both +respects, their work is disfigured throughout by changes which convict a +majority of their body alike of an imperfect acquaintance with the genius +of the Greek language, and of scarcely a moderate appreciation of the +idiomatic proprieties of their own. Such a charge must of necessity, when +it has been substantiated, press heavily upon such a work as the present; +for it is not as when a solitary error has been detected, which may be +rectified. A vicious _system_ of rendering Tenses, and representing the +Greek Article, is sure to crop up in every part of the undertaking, and +must occasionally be attended by consequences of a serious nature. + +1. Now, that we may not be misunderstood, we admit at once that, in +teaching _boys_ how to turn Greek into English, we insist that every tense +shall be marked by its own appropriate sign. There is no telling how +helpful it will prove in the end, that every word shall at first have been +rendered with painful accuracy. Let the Article be [mis-]represented--the +Prepositions caricatured--the Particles magnified,--let the very order of +the words at first, (however impossible,) be religiously retained. +Merciless accuracy having been in this way acquired, a youth has to be +_un_taught these servile habits. He has to be reminded of the requirements +of the _English idiom_, and speedily becomes aware that the idiomatic +rendering of a Greek author into English, is a higher achievement by far, +than his former slavish endeavour always to render the same word and tense +in the same slavish way. + +2. But what supremely annoys us in the work just now under review is, that +the schoolboy method of translation already noticed is therein exhibited +in constant operation throughout. It becomes oppressive. We are never +permitted to believe that we are in the company of Scholars who are +altogether masters of their own language. Their solicitude ever seems to +be twofold:--(1) To exhibit a singular indifference to the proprieties of +English speech, while they maintain a servile adherence (etymological or +idiomatic, as the case may be) to the Greek:--(2) Right or wrong, to part +company from William Tyndale and the giants who gave us our "Authorized +Version." + +Take a few illustrations of what precedes from the second chapter of S. +Matthew's Gospel:-- + +(1.) Thus, in ver. 2, the correct English rendering "_we have seen_" is +made to give place to the incorrect "_we saw_ his star in the east."--In +ver. 9, the idiomatic "_when they had heard the king_, they departed," is +rejected for the unidiomatic "And they, _having heard the king_, went +their way."--In ver. 15, we are treated to "that it might be fulfilled +which was spoken by the LORD _through_ the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt +_did I call_ my son." And yet who sees not, that in both instances the old +rendering is better? Important as it may be, _in the lecture-room_, to +insist on what is implied by {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, it +is simply preposterous to _come abroad_ with such refinements. It is to +stultify oneself and to render one's author unintelligible. Moreover, the +attempt to be so wondrous literal is safe to break down at the end of a +few verses. Thus, if {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} is "_through_" in verse 15,--why not in verse 17 +and in verse 23? + +(2.) Note how infelicitously, in S. Matth. ii. 1, "there came wise men +from the east" is changed into "_wise men from the east came_."--In ver. 4, +the accurate, "And when [Herod] had gathered together" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) &c., is +displaced for the inaccurate, "And _gathering together_" &c.--In ver. 6, we +are presented with the unintelligible, "And thou _Bethlehem, land of +Judah_:" while in ver. 7, "Then Herod _privily called_ the wise men, and +_learned of them carefully_," is improperly put in the place of "Then +Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them +diligently" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).--In ver. 11, the familiar "And when they +were come into the house, they saw" &c., is needlessly changed into "They +_came into the house_, and saw:" while "and when they had opened +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) their treasures," is also needlessly altered into "and +_opening_ their treasures."--In ver. 12, the R. V. is careful to print "_of +_GOD" in italics, where italics are not necessary: seeing that +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} implies "being warned of GOD" (as the translators of 1611 +were well aware(497)): whereas in countless other places the same +Revisionists reject the use of italics where italics are absolutely +required.--Their "until I _tell thee_" (in ver. 13) is a most unworthy +substitute for "until I _bring thee word_."--And will they pretend that +they have improved the rendering of the concluding words of the chapter? +If {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} does not mean "He shall be called a Nazarene," +what in the world _does_ it mean? The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of quotation they elsewhere +omit. Then why, here,--"_That_ it might be fulfilled ... _that_"?--Surely, +every one of these is an alteration made for alteration's sake, and in +every instance _for the worse_. + +We began by surveying _the Greek_ of the first chapter of S. Matthew's +Gospel. We have now surveyed _the English_ of the second chapter. What +does the Reader think of the result? + +IV. Next, the Revisionists invite attention to certain points of detail: +and first, to their rendering of THE TENSES OF THE VERB. They begin with +the Greek Aorist,--(in their account) "perhaps the most important" detail +of all:-- + + + "We have not attempted to violate the idiom of our language by + forms of expression which it would not bear. But we have often + ventured to represent the Greek aorist by the English preterite, + even when the reader may find some passing difficulty in such a + rendering, because we have felt convinced that the true meaning of + the original was obscured by the presence of the familiar + auxiliary. A remarkable illustration may be found in the + seventeenth chapter of S. John's Gospel."--_Preface_, iii. + 2,--(_latter part_). + + +(_a_) We turn to the place indicated, and are constrained to assure these +well-intentioned men, that the phenomenon we there witness is absolutely +fatal to their pretensions as "_Revisers_" of our Authorized Version. Were +it only "some passing difficulty" which their method occasions us, we +might have hoped that time would enable us to overcome it. But since it is +_the genius of the English language_ to which we find they have offered +violence; the fixed and universally-understood idiom of our native tongue +which they have systematically set at defiance; the matter is absolutely +without remedy. The difference between the A. V. and the R. V. seems to +ourselves to be simply this,--that the renderings in the former are the +idiomatic English representations of certain well-understood Greek tenses: +while the proposed substitutes are nothing else but the pedantic efforts +of mere grammarians to reproduce in another language idioms which it +abhors. But the Reader shall judge for himself: for _this_ at least is a +point on which every educated Englishman is fully competent to pass +sentence. + +When our Divine LORD, at the close of His Ministry,--(He had in fact +reached the very last night of His earthly life, and it wanted but a few +hours of His Passion,)--when He, at such a moment, addressing the Eternal +FATHER, says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. [Jo. xvii. 4, 6], there can be no doubt +whatever that, had He pronounced those words in English, He would have +said (with our A. V.) "I _have glorified_ Thee on the earth: I _have +finished_ the work:" "I _have manifested_ Thy Name." The pedantry which +(on the plea that the Evangelist employs the aorist, not the perfect +tense,) would twist all this into the indefinite past,--"I glorified" ... +"I finished" ... "I manifested,"--we pronounce altogether insufferable. We +absolutely refuse it a hearing. Presently (in ver. 14) He says,--"I have +given them Thy word; and the world _hath hated them_." And in ver. 25,--"O +righteous FATHER, the world _hath not known_ Thee; but I _have known_ +Thee, and these _have known_ that Thou _hast sent_ Me." _Who_ would +consent to substitute for these expressions,--"the world hated them:" and +"the world knew Thee not, but I knew Thee; and these knew that Thou didst +send Me"?--Or turn to another Gospel. _Which_ is better,--"Some one hath +touched Me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of Me," (S. Lu. viii. +46):--or,--"Some one _did touch_ Me: for _I perceived_ that power _had gone +forth_ from Me"? + +When the reference is to an act so extremely recent, _who_ is not aware +that the second of these renderings is abhorrent to the genius of the +English language? As for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, it is (like _novi_ in Latin) present in +_sense_ though past in _form_,--here as in S. Lu. xvi. 3.--But turn to yet +another Gospel. _Which_ is better in S. Matth. xvi. 7:--"_we took_ no +bread," or "It is because _we have taken_ no bread"?--Again. When Simon +Peter (in reply to the command that he should thrust out into deep water +and let down his net for a draught,) is heard to exclaim,--"Master, we have +toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at Thy word I +will let down the net" (Lu. v. 5),--_who_ would tolerate the proposal to +put in the place of it,--"Master, _we toiled all night_, and _took_ +nothing: but at Thy word," &c. It is not too much to declare that the +idiom of the English language refuses peremptorily to submit to such +handling. Quite in vain is it to encounter us with reminder that +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} are aorists. The answer is,--We know it: but we +deny that it follows that the words are to be rendered "we _toiled_ all +night, and _took_ nothing." There are laws of English Idiom as well as +laws of Greek Grammar: and when these clash in what is meant to be a +translation into English out of Greek, the latter must perforce give way +to the former,--or we make ourselves ridiculous, and misrepresent what we +propose to translate. + +All this is so undeniable that it ought not to require to be insisted +upon. But in fact our Revisionists by their occasional practice show that +they fully admit _the Principle_ we are contending for. Thus, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in S. +Jo. xx. 2 and 13) is by them translated "_they have taken_:"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; (S. Matt. xxvii. 46) "Why _hast Thou forsaken +Me_?"(498):--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (S. Jo. x. 32) "_have I showed_:"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} (vi. 29) +"_He hath sent_:"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} (James ii. 6) "_ye have +dishonoured_:"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} (Acts x. 15) "_hath cleansed_:"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (xvii. +31) "He _hath appointed_." But indeed instances abound everywhere. In +fact, the requirements of the case are often observed to _force_ them to +be idiomatic. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; (in Jo. xviii. 35), they rightly render "What +_hast_ thou done?":--and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (in 1 Jo. ii. 14, 21), "I _have_ +written;"--and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (in Acts ix. 13), "I _have_ heard."--On the other +hand, by translating {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in Acts xxviii. 4), "_hath not +suffered_," they may be thought to have overshot the mark. They seem to +have overlooked the fact that, when once S. Paul had been bitten by the +viper, "the barbarians" looked upon him as _a dead man_; and therefore +discoursed about what Justice "_did not_ suffer," as about an entirely +past transaction. + +But now, _Who_ sees not that the admission, once and again deliberately +made, that sometimes it is not only lawful, but even _necessary_, to +accommodate the Greek aorist (when translated into English) with the sign +of the perfect,--reduces the whole matter (of the signs of the tenses) to a +mere question of _Taste_? In view of such instances as the foregoing, +where severe logical necessity has compelled the Revisionists to abandon +their position and fly, it is plain that their contention is at an end,--so +far as _right_ and _wrong_ are concerned. They virtually admit that they +have been all along unjustly forcing on an independent language an alien +yoke.(499) Henceforth, it simply becomes a question to be repeated, as +every fresh emergency arises,--Which then is _the more idiomatic_ of these +two English renderings?... Conversely, twice at least (Heb. xi. 17 and +28), the Revisionists have represented the _Greek perfect_ by the English +indefinite preterite. + +(_b_) Besides this offensive pedantry in respect of the Aorist, we are +often annoyed by an _unidiomatic_ rendering of the Imperfect. True enough +it is that "the servants and the officers _were standing_ ... and _were +warming_ themselves:" Peter also "_was standing_ with them and _was +warming_ himself" (S. Jo. xviii. 18). But we do not so express ourselves +in English, unless we are about to add something which shall _account for_ +our particularity and precision. Any one, for example, desirous of stating +what had been for years his daily practice, would say--"_I left_ my house." +Only when he wanted to explain that, on leaving it for the 1000th time, he +met a friend coming up the steps to pay him a visit, would an Englishman +think of saying, "_I was leaving_ the house." A Greek writer, on the other +hand, would not _trust_ this to the imperfect. He would use the present +participle in the dative case, ("_To me, leaving my house_,"(500) &c.). +One is astonished to have to explain such things.... "If therefore thou +_art offering_ thy gift at the altar" (Matt. v. 23), may seem to some a +clever translation. To ourselves, it reads like a senseless exaggeration +of the original.(501) It sounds (and _is_) as unnatural as to say (in S. +Lu. ii. 33) "And His father [a depravation of the text] and His mother +_were marvelling_ at the things which were spoken concerning Him:"--or (in +Heb. xi. 17) "yea, he that had received the promises _was offering up_ his +only-begotten son:"--or, of the cripple at Lystra (Acts xiv. 9), "the same +heard Paul _speaking_." + +(_c_) On the other hand, there are occasions confessedly when the Greek +Aorist absolutely demands to be rendered into English by the sign of the +_Pluperfect_. An instance meets us while we write: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +(S. Lu. v. 4),--where our Revisionists are found to retain the idiomatic +rendering of our Authorized Version,--"When He _had left_ speaking." Of +what possible avail could it be, on such an occasion, to insist that, +because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} is not in the pluperfect tense, it may not be +accommodated with _the sign_ of the pluperfect when it is being translated +into English?--The R. V. has shown less consideration in S. Jo. xviii. +24,--where "Now Annas _had sent_ Him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest," +is right, and wanted no revision.--Such places as Matth. xxvii. 60, Jo. +xxi. 15, Acts xii. 17, and Heb. iv. 8, on the other hand, simply defy the +Revisionists. For perforce Joseph "_had hewn_ out" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) the new +tomb which became our LORD'S: and the seven Apostles, confessedly, "_had +dined_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): and S. Peter, of course, "declared unto them how the +LORD _had brought him out_ of the prison" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): and it is impossible +to substitute anything for "If Jesus [Joshua] _had given_ them rest" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).--Then of course there are occasions, (not a few,) where the +Aorist (often an indefinite present in Greek) claims to be Englished by +the sign of the present tense: as where S. John says (Rev. xix. 6), "The +LORD GOD Omnipotent reigneth" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}). There is no striving against +such instances. They _insist_ on being rendered according to the genius of +the language into which it is proposed to render them:--as when {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} (in +S. Jo. xx. 12) exacts for its rendering "_had lain_." + +(_d_) It shall only be pointed out here in addition, for the student's +benefit, that there is one highly interesting place (viz. S. Matth. +xxviii. 2), which in every age has misled Critics and Divines (as Origen +and Eusebius); Poets (as Rogers); Painters (as West);--yes, and will +continue to mislead readers for many a year to come:--and all because men +have failed to perceive that the aorist is used there for the pluperfect. +Translate,--"There _had been_ a great earthquake:" [and so (1611-1881) our +margin,--until in short "the Revisionists" interfered:] "for the Angel of +the LORD _had_ descended from heaven, and _come and rolled away_ +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) the stone from the door, and sat upon it." Strange, that for +1800 years Commentators should have failed to perceive that the Evangelist +is describing what terrified "_the keepers_." "_The women_" saw no Angel +sitting upon the stone!--though Origen,(502)--Dionysius of +Alexandria,(503)--Eusebius,(504)--ps.-Gregory Naz.,(505)--Cyril +Alex.,(506)--Hesychius,(507)--and so many others--have taken it for granted +that they _did_. + +(_e_) Then further, (to dismiss the subject and pass on,)--There are +occasions where the Greek _perfect_ exacts the sign of the _present_ at +the hands of the English translator: as when Martha says,--"Yea LORD, I +_believe_ that Thou art the CHRIST" (S. Jo. xi. 27).(508) What else but +the veriest pedantry is it to thrust in there "_I have believed_," as the +English equivalent for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}?--Just as intolerable is the +officiousness which would thrust into the LORD'S prayer (Matt. vi. 12), +"as we also _have forgiven_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our debtors."(509)--On the other +hand, there are Greek _presents_ (whatever the Revisionists may think) +which are just as peremptory in requiring _the sign of the future_, at the +hands of the idiomatic translator into English. Three such cases are found +in S. Jo. xvi. 16, 17, 19. Surely, the future is _inherent_ in the present +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}! In Jo. xiv. 18 (and many similar places), who can endure, "I will +not leave you desolate: _I come unto you_"? + +(_f_) But instances abound. How does it happen that the inaccurate +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--has been retained in S. Matth. iii. 10, +S. Lu. iii. 9? + +V. Next, concerning the DEFINITE ARTICLE; in the case of which, (say the +Revisionists,) + + + "many changes have been made." "We have been careful to observe + the use of the Article wherever it seemed to be idiomatically + possible: where it did not seem to be possible, we have yielded to + necessity."--(_Preface_, iii. 2,--_ad fin._) + + +In reply, instead of offering counter-statements of our own we content +ourselves with submitting a few specimens to the Reader's judgment; and +invite him to decide between the Reviewer and the Reviewed ... "_The_ +sower went forth to sow" (Matth. xiii. 3).--"It is greater than _the_ +herbs" (ver. 32).--"Let him be to thee as _the_ Gentile and _the_ publican" +(xviii. 17).--"The unclean spirit, when he is gone out of _the_ man" (xii. +43).--"Did I not choose you _the_ twelve?" (Jo. vi. 70).--"If I then, _the_ +Lord and _the_ master" (xiii. 14).--"For _the_ joy that a man is born into +the world" (xvi. 21).--"But as touching Apollos _the_ brother" (1 Cor. xvi. +12).--"_The_ Bishop must be blameless ... able to exhort in _the_ sound +doctrine" (Titus i. 7, 9).--"_The_ lust when it hath conceived, beareth +sin: and _the_ sin, when it is full grown" &c. (James i. 15).--"Doth _the_ +fountain send forth from the same opening sweet water and bitter?" (iii. +11).--"Speak thou the things which befit _the_ sound doctrine" (Titus ii. +1).--"The time will come when they will not endure _the_ sound doctrine" (2 +Tim. iv. 3).--"We had _the_ fathers of our flesh to chasten us" (Heb. xii. +9).--"Follow after peace with all men, and _the_ sanctification" (ver. +14).--"Who is _the_ liar but he that denieth that JESUS is the CHRIST?" (1 +Jo. ii. 22).--"Not with _the_ water only, but with _the_ water and with +_the_ blood" (v. 6).--"He that hath the SON, hath _the_ life: he that hath +not the SON of GOD hath not _the_ life" (ver. 12). + +To rejoin, as if it were a sufficient answer, that the definite Article is +found in all these places in the original Greek,--is preposterous. In +French also we say "Telle est _la_ vie:" but, in translating from the +French, we do not _therefore_ say "Such is _the_ life." May we, without +offence, suggest the study of Middleton _On the Doctrine of the Greek +Article_ to those members of the Revisionists' body who have favoured us +with the foregoing crop of mistaken renderings? + +So, in respect of the indefinite article, we are presented with,--"_An_ +eternal" (for "_the_ everlasting") "gospel to proclaim" (Rev. xiv. 6):--and +"one like unto _a_ son of man," for "one like unto _the_ Son of Man" in +ver. 14.--Why "_a_ SAVIOUR" in Phil. iii. 20? There is but one! (Acts iv. +12).--On the other hand, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is rendered "_The_ skull" in S. Lu. xxiii. +33. It is hard to see why.--These instances taken at random must suffice. +They might be multiplied to any extent. If the Reader considers that the +idiomatic use of the English Article is understood by the authors of these +specimen cases, we shall be surprised, and sorry--_for him_. + +VI. The Revisionists announce that they "have been particularly careful" +as to THE PRONOUNS [iii. 2 _ad fin._] We recal with regret that this is +also a particular wherein we have been specially annoyed and offended. +Annoyed--at their practice of _repeating the nominative_ (_e.g._ in Mk. i. +13: Jo. xx. 12) to an extent unknown, abhorrent even, to our language, +except indeed when a fresh substantive statement is made: offended--at +their license of translation, _when it suits them_ to be licentious.--Thus, +(as the Bp. of S. Andrews has well pointed out,) "_it is He that_" is an +incorrect translation of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in S. Matth. i. 21,--a famous passage. Even +worse, because it is unfair, is "_He who_" as the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 +Tim. iii. 16,--another famous passage, which we have discussed +elsewhere.(510) + +VII. 'In the case of the PARTICLES' (say the Revisionists), + + + "we have been able to maintain a reasonable amount of + _consistency_. The Particles in the Greek Testament are, as is + well known, comparatively few, and they are commonly used with + precision. It has therefore been the more necessary here to + preserve a general _uniformity of rendering_."--(iii. 2 _ad fin._) + + +Such an announcement, we submit, is calculated to occasion nothing so much +as uneasiness and astonishment. Of all the parts of speech, the Greek +Particles,--(especially throughout the period when the Language was in its +decadence,)--are the least capable of being drilled into "a general +uniformity of rendering;" and he who tries the experiment ought to be the +first to be aware of the fact. The refinement and delicacy which they +impart to a narrative or a sentiment, are not to be told. But then, from +the very nature of the case, "_uniformity of rendering_" is precisely the +thing they will not submit to. They take their colour from their context: +often mean two quite different things in the course of two successive +verses: sometimes are best rendered by a long and formidable word;(511) +sometimes cannot (without a certain amount of impropriety or +inconvenience) be rendered _at all_.(512) Let us illustrate what we have +been saying by actual appeals to Scripture. + +(1) And first, we will derive our proofs from the use which the sacred +Writers make of the particle of most frequent recurrence--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}. It is said to +be employed in the N. T. 3115 times. As for its meaning, we have the +unimpeachable authority of the Revisionists themselves for saying that it +may be represented by any of the following +words:--"but,"--"and,"(513)--"yea,"(514)--"what,"(515)--"now,"(516)--"and +that",(517)--"howbeit,"(518)--"even,"(519)--"therefore,"(520)--"I +say,"(521)--"also,"(522)--"yet,"(523)--"for."(524) To which 12 renderings, +King James's translators (mostly following Tyndale) are observed to add at +least these other 12:--"wherefore,"(525)--"so,"(526)--"moreover,"(527)--"yea +and,"(528)--"furthermore,"(529)--"nevertheless,"(530)--"notwithstanding,"(531)--"yet +but,"(532)--"truly,"(533)--"or,"(534)--"as for,"(535)--"then,"(536)--"and +yet."(537) It shall suffice to add that, by the pitiful substitution of +"but" or "and" on _most_ of the foregoing occasions, the freshness and +freedom of almost every passage has been made to disappear: the plain fact +being that the men of 1611--above all, that William Tyndale 77 years before +them--produced a work of real genius; seizing with generous warmth the +meaning and intention of the sacred Writers, and perpetually varying the +phrase, as they felt, or fancied that Evangelists and Apostles would have +varied it, had they had to express themselves in English: whereas the men +of 1881 have fulfilled their task in what can only be described as _a +spirit of servile pedantry_. The Grammarian (pure and simple) crops up +everywhere. We seem never to rise above the atmosphere of the +lecture-room,--the startling fact that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means "indeed," and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} "but." + +We subjoin a single specimen of the countless changes introduced in the +rendering of Particles, and then hasten on. In 1 Cor. xii. 20, for three +centuries and a half, Englishmen have been contented to read (with William +Tyndale), "But now are they many members, YET BUT one body." Our +Revisionists, (overcome by the knowledge that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} means "but," and yielding +to the supposed "necessity for preserving a general uniformity of +rendering,") substitute,--"_But_ now they are many members, _but_ one +body." Comment ought to be superfluous. We neither overlook the fact that +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} occurs here twice, nor deny that it is fairly represented by "but" in +the first instance. We assert nevertheless that, on the second occasion, +"YET BUT" ought to have been let alone. And this is a fair sample of the +changes which have been effected _many times in every page_. To proceed +however. + +(2) The interrogative particle {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} occurs at the beginning of a sentence at +least 8 or 10 times in the N. T.; first, in S. Matth. vii. 9. It is often +scarcely translateable,--being apparently invested with with no more +emphasis than belongs to our colloquial interrogative "_Eh?_" But +sometimes it would evidently bear to be represented by "Pray,"(538)--being +at least equivalent to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} in Greek or _age_ in Latin. Once only (viz. in +1 Cor. xiv. 36) does this interrogative particle so eloquently plead for +recognition in the text, that both our A. V. and the R. V. have rendered +it "What?"--by which word, by the way, it might very fairly have been +represented in S. Matth. xxvi. 53 and Rom. vi. 3: vii. 1. In five of the +places where the particle occurs. King James's Translators are observed to +have give it up in despair.(539) But what is to be thought of the +adventurous dulness which (with the single exception already indicated) +has _invariably_ rendered {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} by the conjunction "_or_"? The blunder is the +more inexcusable, because the intrusion of such an irrelevant conjunction +into places where it is without either use or meaning cannot have failed +to attract the notice of every member of the Revising body. + +(3) At the risk of being wearisome, we must add a few words.--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, though +no particle but a conjunction, may for our present purpose be reasonably +spoken of under the same head; being diversely rendered "and,"--"and +yet,"(540)--"then,"(541)--"or,"(542)--"neither,"(543)--"though,"(544)--"so,"(545)--"but,"(546)--"for,"(547)--"that,"(548)--in +conformity with what may be called the genius of the English language. The +last six of these renderings, however, our Revisionists disallow; +everywhere thrusting out the word which the argument seems rather to +require, and with mechanical precision thrusting into its place every time +the (perfectly safe, but often palpably inappropriate) word, "and." With +what amount of benefit this has been effected, one or two samples will +sufficiently illustrate:-- + +(_a_) The Revisionists inform us that when "the high priest Ananias +commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth,"--S. Paul +exclaimed, "GOD shall smite thee, thou whited wall: AND sittest thou to +judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the +law?"(549)... Do these learned men really imagine that they have improved +upon the A. V. by their officiousness in altering "FOR" into "AND"? + +(_b_) The same Apostle, having ended his argument to the Hebrews, +remarks,--"_So_ we see that they could not enter in because of unbelief" +(Heb. iii. 19): for which, our Revisionists again substitute "And." Begin +the sentence with "AND," (instead of "So,") and, in compensation for what +you have clearly _lost_, what have you _gained_?... Once more:-- + +(_c_) Consider what S. Paul writes concerning Apollos (in 1 Cor. xvi. 12), +and then say what possible advantage is obtained by writing "AND" (instead +of "BUT") "his will was not at all to come at this time".... Yet once +more; and on _this_ occasion, scholarship is to some extent involved:-- + +(_d_) When S. James (i. 11) says {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--_who_ knows not that what his language strictly means in idiomatic +English, is,--"_No sooner_ does the sun arise," "_than_ it withereth the +grass"? And so in effect our Translators of 1611. What possible +improvement on this can it be to substitute, "For the sun ariseth ... AND +withereth the grass"?--Only once more:-- + +(_e_) Though {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} undeniably means "and," and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "how,"--_who_ knows not +that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means "_How then?_" And yet, (as if a stupid little boy had +been at work,) in two places,--(namely, in S. Mark iv. 13 and S. Luke xx. +44,)--"AND HOW" is found mercilessly thrust in, to the great detriment of +the discourse; while in other two,--(namely, in S. John xiv. 5 and 9,)--the +text itself has been mercilessly deprived of its characteristic {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} by the +Revisionists.--Let this suffice. One might fill many quires of paper with +such instances of tasteless, senseless, vexatious, and _most +unscholarlike_ innovation. + +VIII. "Many changes" (we are informed) "have been introduced in the +rendering of the PREPOSITIONS." [_Preface_, iii. 2, _ad fin._]:--and we are +speedily reminded of the truth of the statement, for (as was shown above +[pp. 155-6]) the second chapter of S. Matthew's Gospel exhibits the +Revisionists "all a-field" in respect of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. "We have rarely made any +change" (they add) "where the true meaning of the original would be +apparent to _a Reader of ordinary intelligence_." It would of course ill +become such an one as the present Reviewer to lay claim to the foregoing +flattering designation: but really, when he now for the first time reads +(in Acts ix. 25) that the disciples of Damascus let S. Paul down "_through +the wall_," he must be pardoned for regretting the absence of a marginal +reference to the history of Pyramus and Thisbe in order to suggest _how_ +the operation was effected: for, as it stands, the R. V. is to him simply +unintelligible. Inasmuch as the basket ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in which the Apostle +effected his escape was of considerable size, do but think what an +extravagantly large hole it must have been to enable them _both_ to get +through!... But let us look further. + +Was it then in order to bring Scripture within the _captus_ of "a Reader +of ordinary intelligence" that the Revisers have introduced no less than +_thirty changes_ into _eight-and-thirty words_ of S. Peter's 2nd Epistle? +Particular attention is invited to the following interesting specimen of +"_Revision_." It is the only one we shall offer of the many _contrasts_ we +had marked for insertion. We venture also to enquire, whether the Revisers +will consent to abide by it as a specimen of their skill in dealing with +the Preposition {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}? + +A. V. R. V. +"And beside all this, "Yea (1), and for (2) +giving all diligence, add this very (3) cause (4) +to your faith virtue; and adding (5) on (6) your +to virtue knowledge; and part (7) all diligence, +to knowledge temperance; in (8) your faith supply +and to temperance (9) virtue; and in (10) +patience; and to patience your (11) virtue +godliness; and to knowledge; and in (12) +godliness brotherly your (13) knowledge +kindness; and to temperance; and in (14) +brotherly kindness your (15) temperance +charity."--[2 Pet. i. patience; and in (16) +5-7.] your (17) patience + godliness; and in (18) + your (19) godliness love + (20) of (21) the (22) + brethren (23); and in + (24) your (25) love (26) + of (27) the (28) brethren + (29) love (30)." + +The foregoing strikes us as a singular illustration of the Revisionists' +statement (_Preface_, iii. 2),--"We made _no_ change _if the meaning was +fairly expressed_ by the word or phrase that was before us in the +Authorized Version." To ourselves it appears that _every one of those 30 +changes is a change for the worse_; and that one of the most exquisite +passages in the N. T. has been hopelessly spoiled,--rendered in fact +well-nigh unintelligible,--by the pedantic officiousness of the Revisers. +Were they--(if the question be allowable)--bent on removing none but "_plain +and clear errors_," when they substituted those 30 words? Was it in token +of their stern resolve "to introduce into the Text _as few alterations as +possible_," that they spared the eight words which remain out of the +eight-and-thirty? + +As for their _wooden_ rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, it ought to suffice to refer them +to S. Mk. i. 23, S. Lu. xiv. 31, to prove that sometimes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} can only be +rendered "_with_":--and to S. Luke vii. 17, to show them that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} sometimes +means "_throughout_":--and to Col. i. 16, and Heb. i. 1, 2, in proof that +sometimes it means "_by_."--On the other hand, their suggestion that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} may +be rendered "_by_" in S. Luke i. 51, convicts them of not being aware that +"the proud-in-the-imagination-of-their-hearts" is _a phrase_--in which +perforce "_by_" has no business whatever. One is surprised to have to +teach professed Critics and Scholars an elementary fact like this. + +In brief, these learned men are respectfully assured that there is not one +of the "Parts of Speech" which will consent to be handled after the +inhumane fashion which seems to be to themselves congenial. Whatever they +may think of the matter, it is nothing else but absurd to speak of an +Angel "casting his sickle _into the earth_" (Rev. xiv. 19).--As for his +"pouring out his bowl _upon the air_" (xvi. 17),--we really fail to +understand the nature of the operation.--And pray, What is supposed to be +the meaning of "the things _upon the heavens_"--in Ephesians i. 10? + +Returning to the preposition {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} followed by the genitive,--(in respect of +which the Revisionists challenge Criticism by complaining in their Preface +[iii. 3 _ad fin._] that in the A. V. "ideas of instrumentality or of +mediate agency, distinctly marked in the original, have been _confused or +obscured in the Translation_,")--we have to point out:-- + +(1st) That these distinguished individuals seem not to be aware that the +proprieties of English speech forbid the use of "_through_" (as a +substitute for "_by_") in certain expressions where instrumentality is +concerned. Thus, "the Son of man" was not betrayed "_through_" Judas, but +"_by_" him (Matt. xxvi. 24: Luke xxii. 22).--Still less is it allowable to +say that a prophecy was "spoken," nay "_written_," "_through_ the Prophet" +(Matth. i. 22 and margin of ii. 5). "Who spake BY_ the Prophets_," is even +an article of the Faith. + +And (2ndly),--That these scholars have in consequence adopted a see-saw +method of rendering {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~},--sometimes in one way, sometimes in the other. +First, they give us "wonders and signs done _by_ the Apostles" (Acts ii. +43; but in the margin, "Or, _through_"): presently, "a notable miracle +hath been wrought _through_ them" (iv. 16: and this time, the margin +withholds the alternative, "Or, _by_"). Is then "the true meaning" of +"_by_," in the former place, "apparent to a Reader of ordinary +intelligence"? but so obscure in the latter as to render _necessary_ the +alteration to "_through_"? Or (_sit venia verbo_),--Was it a mere "toss-up" +with the Revisionists _what_ is the proper rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}? + +(3rdly), In an earlier place (ii. 22), we read of "miracles, wonders, and +signs" which "GOD did _by_" JESUS of Nazareth. Was it reverence, which, on +that occasion, forbad the use of "_through_"--even in the margin? We hope +so: but the preposition is still the same--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}. + +Lastly (4thly),--The doctrine that Creation is the work of the Divine WORD, +all Scripture attests. "All things were made _by_ Him" (S. Jo. i. 3):--"the +world was made _by_ Him" (ver. 10).--Why then, in Col. i. 16, where the +same statement is repeated,--("all things were created _by_ Him and for +Him,")--do we find "_through_" substituted for "_by_"? And why is the same +offence repeated in 1 Cor. vii. 6,--(where we _ought_ to read,--"one GOD, +the FATHER, of whom are all things ... and one LORD JESUS CHRIST, _by_ +whom are all things")?--Why, especially, in Heb. i. 2, in place of "_by_ +whom also [viz. by THE SON] He made the worlds," do we find substituted +"_through_ whom"?... And why add to this glaring inconsistency the +wretched vacillation of giving us the choice of "_through_" (in place of +"_by_") in the margin of S. John i. 3 and 10, and not even offering us the +alternative of "_by_" (in place of "_through_") in any of the other +places,--although the preposition is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} on every occasion? + +And thus much for the Revisers' handling of the Prepositions. We shall +have said all that we can find room for, when we have further directed +attention to the uncritical and unscholarlike Note with which they have +disfigured the margin of S. Mark i. 9. We are there informed that, +according to the Greek, our SAVIOUR "was baptized _into the Jordan_,"--an +unintelligible statement to English readers, as well as a misleading one. +Especially on their guard should the Revisers have been hereabouts,--seeing +that, in a place of vital importance on the opposite side of the open page +(viz. in S. Matth. xxviii. 19), they had already substituted "_into_" for +"_in_." This latter alteration, one of the Revisers (Dr. Vance Smith) +rejoices over, because it obliterates (in his account) the evidence for +Trinitarian doctrine. That the Revisionists, as a body, intended nothing +less,--_who_ can doubt? But then, if they really deemed it necessary to +append a note to S. Mark i. 9 in order to explain to the public that the +preposition {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} signifies "_into_" rather than "_in_,"--why did they not at +least go on to record the elementary fact that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} has here (what +grammarians call) a "pregnant signification"? that it implies--(every +schoolboy knows it!)--_and that it is used in order to imply_--that the Holy +One "_went down_ INTO," and so, "_was baptized_ IN the _Jordan_"?(550)... +But _why_, in the name of common sense, _did not the Revisionists let the +Preposition alone_? + +IX. The MARGIN of the Revision is the last point to which our attention is +invited, and in the following terms:-- + + + "The subject of the Marginal Notes deserves special attention. + They represent the results of _a large amount of careful and + elaborate discussion_, and will, perhaps, by their very presence, + indicate to some extent the intricacy of many of the questions + that have almost daily come before us for decision. These Notes + fall into four main groups:--_First_, Notes specifying such + differences of reading as were judged to be of sufficient + importance to require a particular notice;--_Secondly_, Notes + indicating the exact rendering of words to which, for the sake of + English idiom, we were obliged to give a less exact rendering in + the text;--_Thirdly_, Notes, very few in number, affording some + explanation which the original appeared to require;--_Fourthly_, + Alternative Renderings in difficult or debateable passages. The + Notes of this last group are numerous, and largely in excess of + those which were admitted by our predecessors. In the 270 years + that have passed away since their labours were concluded, the + Sacred Text has been minutely examined, discussed in every detail, + and analysed with a grammatical precision unknown in the days of + the last Revision. There has thus been accumulated a large amount + of materials that have prepared the way for different renderings, + which necessarily came under discussion."--(_Preface_, iii. 4.) + + +When a body of distinguished Scholars bespeak attention to a certain part +of their work in such terms as these, it is painful for a Critic to be +obliged to declare that he has surveyed this department of their +undertaking with even less satisfaction than any other. So long, however, +as he assigns _the grounds_ of his dissatisfaction, the Reviewed cannot +complain. The Reviewer puts himself into their power. If he is mistaken in +his censure, his credit is gone. Let us take the groups in order:-- + +(1) Having already stated our objections against the many Notes which +specify _Textual errors_ which the Revisionists declined to adopt,--we +shall here furnish only two instances of the mischief we deplore:-- + +(_a_) Against the words, "And while they _abode_ in Galilee" (S. Matthew +xvii. 22), we find it stated,--"Some ancient authorities read _were +gathering themselves together_." The plain English of which queer piece of +information is that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B exhibit in this place an impossible and +untranslatable Reading,--the substitution of which for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} can only have proceeded from some Western critic, who was +sufficiently unacquainted with the Greek language to suppose that +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, might possibly be the exact equivalent for +CON_-versantibus autem illis_. This is not the place for discussing a kind +of hallucination which prevailed largely in the earliest age, especially +in regions where Greek was habitually read through Latin spectacles. (Thus +it was, obviously, that the preposterous substitution of EURAQUILO for +"Euroclydon," in Acts xxvii. 14, took its rise.) Such blunders would be +laughable if encountered anywhere except on holy ground. Apart, however, +from the lamentable lack of critical judgment which a marginal note like +the present displays, what is to be thought of the scholarship which +elicits "_While they were gathering themselves together_" out of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}? Are we to suppose that the clue to the Revisers' +rendering is to be found in ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) Acts xxviii. 3? We should be +sorry to think it. They are assured that the source of the _Textual_ +blunder which they mistranslate is to be found, instead, in Baruch iii. +38.(551) + +(_b_) For what conceivable reason is the world now informed that, instead +of _Melita_,--"some ancient authorities read _Melitene_," in Acts xxviii. +1? Is every pitiful blunder of cod. B to live on in the margin of every +Englishman's copy of the New Testament, for ever? Why, _all_ other +MSS.--the Syriac and the Latin versions,--Pamphilus of Caesarea(552) (A.D. +294), the friend of Eusebius,--Cyril of +Jerusalem,(553)--Chrysostom,(554)--John Damascene,(555)--all the Fathers in +short who quote the place;--the coins, the ancient geographers;--_all_ read +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}; which has also been acquiesced in by every critical Editor of the +N. T.--(_excepting always Drs. Westcott and Hort_), from the invention of +Printing till now. But because these two misguided men, without apology, +explanation, note or comment of any kind, have adopted "_Melitene_" into +their text, is the Church of England to be dragged through the mire also, +and made ridiculous in the eyes of Christendom? This blunder moreover is +"gross as a mountain, open, palpable." One glance at the place, written in +uncials, explains how it arose:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Some stupid scribe +(as the reader sees) has connected the first syllable of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} with the +last syllable of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.(556) _That_ is all! The blunder--(for a blunder it +most certainly is)--belongs to the age and country in which "_Melitene_" +was by far the more familiar word, being the name of the metropolitan see +of Armenia;(557) mention of which crops up in the _Concilia_ +repeatedly.(558) + +(2) and (4) The second and the fourth group may be considered together. +The former comprises those words of which the _less exact_ rendering finds +place in the Text:--the latter, "_Alternative renderings_ in difficult and +debateable passages." + +We presume that here our attention is specially invited to such notes as +the following. Against 1 Cor. xv. 34,--"_Awake out of drunkenness +righteously_":--against S. John i. 14,--"_an only begotten from a +father_":--against 1 Pet. iii. 20,--"_into which few, that is, eight souls, +were brought safely through water_":--against 2 Pet. iii. 7,--"_stored with +fire_":--against S. John xviii. 37,--"_Thou sayest it, because I am a +king_":--against Ephes. iii. 21,--"_All the generations of the age of the +ages_":--against Jude ver. 14,--"_His holy myriads_":--against Heb. xii. +18,--"_a palpable and kindled fire_":--against Lu. xv. 31,--"_Child_, thou +art ever with me":--against Matth. xxi. 28,--"_Child_, go work to-day in my +vineyard":--against xxiv. 3,--"What shall be the sign of Thy _presence_, and +of _the consummation of the age_?"--against Tit. i. 2,--"_before times +eternal_": against Mk. iv. 29,--"When the fruit _alloweth_ [and why not +'_yieldeth_ itself'?], straightway _he sendeth forth_ the sickle":--against +Ephes. iv. 17,--"_through every joint of the supply_":--against ver. +29,--"_the building up of the need_":--against Lu. ii. 29,--"_Master_, now +lettest thou Thy _bondservant_ depart in peace":--against Acts iv. 24,--"O +_Master_, thou that didst make the heaven and the earth":--against Lu. i. +78,--"Because of _the heart of mercy_ of our GOD." Concerning all such +renderings we will but say, that although they are unquestionably better +in the Margin than in the Text; it also admits no manner of doubt that +they would have been best of all in neither. Were the Revisionists serious +when they suggested as the more "exact" rendering of 2 Pet. i. 20,--"No +prophecy of Scripture is of _special_ interpretation"? And what did they +mean (1 Pet. ii. 2) by "_the spiritual milk which is without guile_"? + +Not a few marginal glosses might have been dispensed with. Thus, against +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, upwards of 50 times stands the Annotation, "Or, +_teacher_."--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, (another word of perpetual recurrence,) is every time +explained to mean "_a loaf_." But is this reasonable? seeing that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (Luke xiv. 1) can mean nothing else but "to eat _bread_": not to +mention the petition for "_daily bread_" in the LORD'S prayer. These +learned men, however, do not spare us even when mention is made of "taking +the children's _bread_ and casting it to the dogs" (Mk. vii. 27): while in +the enquiry,--"If a son shall ask _bread_ of any of you that is a father" +(Lu. xi. 11), "_loaf_" is actually thrust into the text.--We cannot +understand why such marked favour has been shown to similar easy words. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, occurring upwards of 100 times in the New Testament, is invariably +honoured (sometimes [as in Jo. xv. 15] _twice in the course of the same +verse_) with 2 lines to itself, to explain that in Greek it is +"_bondservant_."--About 60 times, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is explained in the margin to +be "_demon_" in the Greek.--It has been deemed necessary 15 times to devote +_three lines_ to explain the value of "a penny."--Whenever {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is +rendered "_Son_," we are molested with a marginal annotation, to the +effect that the Greek word means "_child_." Had the Revisionists been +consistent, the margins would not nearly have sufficed for the many +interesting details of this nature with which their knowledge of Greek +would have furnished them. + +May we be allowed to suggest, that it would have been better worth while +to explain to the unlearned that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in S. Peter's vision (Acts x. 11; +xi. 5) in strictness means not "corners," but "_beginnings_" [cf. Gen. ii. +10]:--that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in Lu. xv. 22) is literally "_the first_" [cf. Gen. +iii. 7] (not "the best") "robe":--that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_e.g._ in Lu. xvi. 11: Jo. +i. 9: vi. 32; and especially in xv. 1 and Heb. viii. 2 and ix. 24) means +"_very_" or "_real_," rather than "true"?--And when two different words are +employed in Greek (as in S. Jo. xxi. 15, 16, 17:--S. Mk. vii. 33, 35, &c. +&c.), would it not have been as well to try to _represent_ them in +English? For want of such assistance, no unlearned reader of S. Matth. iv. +18, 20, 21: S. Mk. i. 16, 18, 19: S. Lu. v. 2,--will ever be able to +understand the precise circumstances under which the first four Apostles +left their "_nets_." + +(3) The third group consists of _Explanatory Notes_ required by the +obscurity of the original. Such must be the annotation against S. Luke i. +15 (explanatory of "strong drink"),--"Gr. sikera." And yet, the word +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) happens to be _not_ Greek, but Hebrew.--On the other hand, such +must be the annotation against {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}, in S. Matth. v. 22:--"Or, _Moreh_, a +Hebrew expression of condemnation;" which statement is incorrect. The word +proves to be _not_ Hebrew, but Greek.--And this, against "Maran atha" in 1 +Cor. xvi. 22,--"That is, _Our _LORD_ cometh_:" which also proves to be a +mistake. The phrase means "_Our _LORD_ is come_,"--which represents a +widely different notion.(559)--Surely a room-full of learned men, +volunteering to put the N. T. to-rights, ought to have made more sure of +their elementary _facts_ before they ventured to compromise the Church of +England after this fashion!--Against "_the husks_ which the swine did eat" +(Lu. xv. 16), we find, "Gr. _the pods of the carob tree_,"--which is really +not true. The Greek word is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},--which only signifies "the pods of the +carob tree," as "French beans" signifies "the pods of the _Phaseolus +vulgaris_."--By the way, it is _quite_ certain that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [in Matth. +xviii. 6 and Lu. xvii. 2 (not Mk. xi. 42)] signifies "_a mill-stone turned +by an ass_"? Hilary certainly thought so: but is that thing at all likely? +What if it should appear that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} merely denotes the _upper_ +mill-stone ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as S. Mark calls it,--_the stone that grinds_), +and which we know was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} by the ancients?(560)--Why is "the brook +Cedron" (Jo. xviii. 1) first spelt "Kidron," and then explained to mean +"_ravine of the cedars_"? which "_Kidron_" no more means that "_Kishon_" +means "_of the ivies_,"--(though the Septuagintal usage [Judges iv. 13: Ps. +lxxxiii. 9] shows that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} was in its common Hellenistic +designation). As for calling the Kidron "_a ravine_," you might as well +call "Mercury" in "Tom quad" "_a lake_." "Infelictious" is the mildest +epithet we can bestow upon marginal annotations crude, questionable,--even +_inaccurate_ as these. + +Then further, "Simon, the son of _Jona_" (in S. John i. 42 and xxi. 15), +is for the first time introduced to our notice by the Revisionists as "the +son of _John_:" with an officious marginal annotation that in Greek the +name is written "_Ioanes_." But is it fair in the Revisers (we modestly +ask) to thrust in this way the _betises_ of their favourite codex B upon +us? _In no codex in the world except the Vatican codex_ B, is "Ioannes" +spelt "_Ioanes_" in this place. Besides, the name of Simon Peter's father +was _not_ "John" at all, but "_Jona_,"--as appears from S. Matth. xvi. 17, +and the present two places in S. John's Gospel; where the evidence +_against_ "Ioannes" is overwhelming. This is in fact the handy-work of Dr. +Hort. But surely the office of marginal notes ought to be to assist, not +to mislead plain readers: honestly, to state _facts_,--not, by a side-wind, +to commit the Church of England to _a new (and absurd) Textual theory_! +The _actual Truth_, we insist, should be stated in the margin, whenever +unnecessary information is gratuitously thrust upon unlearned and +unsuspicious readers.... Thus, we avow that we are offended at reading +(against S. John i. 18)--"Many very ancient authorities read 'GOD_ only +begotten_' ": whereas the "authorities" alluded to read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--(whether with or without the article [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}] prefixed,)--which (as the +Revisionists are perfectly well aware) means "_the only-begotten _GOD," +and no other thing. Why then did they not say so? _Because_ (we +answer)--_they were ashamed of the expression_. But to proceed.--The +information is volunteered (against Matth. xxvi. 36 and Mk. xiv. 32) that +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means "_an enclosed piece of ground_,"--which is not true. The +statement seems to have proceeded from the individual who translated +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in Mk. xi. 4) the "_open street_:" whereas the word merely +denotes the "highway,"--literally the "_thoroughfare_." + +A very little real familiarity with the Septuagint would have secured +these Revisers against the perpetual exposure which they make of +themselves in their marginal Notes.--(_a_) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, for instance, +is quite an ordinary expression for "always," and therefore should not be +exhibited (in the margin of S. Matth. xxviii. 20) as a curiosity,--"Gr. +_all the days_."--So (_b_) with respect to the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, which seems to +have greatly exercised the Revisionists. What need, _every time it +occurs_, to explain that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means literally "_unto +the ages of the ages_"? Surely (as in Ps. xlv. 6, quoted Heb. i. 8,) the +established rendering ("for ever and ever") is plain enough and needs no +gloss!--Again, (_c_) the numeral {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, representing the Hebrew substitute +for the indefinite article, prevails throughout the Septuagint. Examples +of its use occur in the N. T. in S. Matth. viii. 19 and ix. 18;-xxvi. 69 +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}), Mk. xii. 42: and in Rev. viii. 13: ix. 13: xviii. 21 and +xix. 17;--where "_one_ scribe," "_one_ ruler," "_one_ widow," "_one_ +eagle," "_one_ voice," "_one_ angel," are really nothing else but +mistranslations. True, that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is found in the original Greek: but what +then? Because "_une_" means "_one_," will it be pretended that "_Tu es une +bete_" would be properly rendered "_Thou art one beast_"? + +(_d_) Far more serious is the substitution of "having _a great_ priest +over the house of GOD" (Heb. x. 21), for "having _an high_ priest:" +inasmuch as this obscures "the pointed reference to our LORD as the +antitype of the Jewish high priest,"--who (except in Lev. iv. 3) is +designated, not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, but either {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or else {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +only,--as in Acts v. 24(561).... And (_e_) why are we presented with "For +_no word from _GOD_ shall be void of power_" (in S. Luke i. 37)? Seeing +that the Greek of that place has been fashioned on the Septuagintal +rendering of Gen. xviii. 14 ("_Is anything too hard for the +_LORD_?_"(562)), we venture to think that the A. V. ("_for with _GOD_ +nothing shall be impossible_"(563)) ought to have been let alone. It +cannot be mended. One is surprised to discover that among so many +respectable Divines there seems not to have been _one_ sufficiently +familiar with the Septuagint to preserve his brethren from perpetually +falling into such mistakes as the foregoing. We really had no idea that +the Hellenistic scholarship of those who represented the Church and the +Sects in the Jerusalem Chamber, was so inconsiderable. + +Two or three of the foregoing examples refer to matters of a recondite +nature. Not so the majority of the Annotations which belong to this third +group; which we have examined with real astonishment--and in fact have +remarked upon already. Shall we be thought hard to please if we avow that +we rather desiderate "Explanatory Notes" on matters which really _do_ call +for explanation? as, to be reminded of what kind was the "net" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) mentioned in Matth. iv. 18 (_not_ 20), and Mk. i. 16 (_not_ +18):--to see it explained (against Matth. ii. 23) that _netser_ (the root +of "Nazareth") denotes "Branch:"--and against Matth. iii. 5; Lu. iii. 3, +that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, signifies "the _depressed valley of the +Jordan_," as the usage of the LXX. proves.(564) We should have been glad +to see, against S. Lu. ix. 31,--"Gr. _Exodus_."--At least in the margin, we +might have been told that "_Olivet_" is the true rendering of Lu. xix. 29 +and xxi. 37: (or were the Revisionists not aware of the fact? They are +respectfully referred to the Bp. of Lincoln's note on the place last +quoted.)--Nay, why not tell us (against Matth. i. 21) that "JESUS" means +[not "_Saviour_," but] "_JEHOVAH__ is Salvation_"? + +But above all, surely so many learned men ought to have spared us the +absurd Annotation set against "_ointment of spikenard_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},) +in S. Mark xiv. 3 and in S. John xii. 3. Their marginal Note is as +follows:-- + + + "Gr. _pistic_ nard, pistic being perhaps a local name. Others take + it to mean _genuine_; others _liquid_." + + +Can Scholars require to be told that "_liquid_" is an _impossible_ sense +of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} in this place? The epithet so interpreted must be derived (like +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [_Prom._ V. v. 489]) from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, and would mean _drinkable_: but +since ointment _cannot_ be drunk, it is certain that we must seek the +etymology of the word elsewhere. And why should the weak ancient +conjecture be retained that it is "perhaps a _local_ name"? Do Divines +require to have it explained to them that the one "locality" which +effectually fixes the word's meaning, is _its place in the everlasting +Gospel_?... Be silent on such lofty matters if you will, by all means; but +"who are these that darken counsel by words without knowledge?" S. Mark +and S. John (whose narratives by the way never touch exclusively except in +this place(565)) are observed here to employ an ordinary word with lofty +spiritual purpose. The _pure faith_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in which that offering of the +ointment was made, determines the choice of an unusual epithet ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) +which shall signify "faithful" rather than "genuine,"--shall suggest a +_moral_ rather than a _commercial_ quality: just as, presently, Mary's +"breaking" the box ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) is designated by a word which has +reference to a broken heart.(566) She "_contrited_" it, S. Mark says; and +S. John adds a statement which implies that the Church has been rendered +fragrant by her act for ever.(567) (We trust to be forgiven for having +said a little more than the occasion absolutely requires.) + +(5) Under which of the four previous "groups" certain Annotations which +disfigure the margin of the first chapter of S. Matthew's Gospel, should +fall,--we know not. Let them be briefly considered by themselves. + +So dull of comprehension are we, that we fail to see on what principle it +is stated that--"Ram," "Asa," "Amon," "Shealtiel," are in Greek ("Gr.") +"_Aram_," "_Asaph_," "_Amos_," "_Salathiel_." For (1),--Surely it was just +as needful (or just as needless) to explain that "Perez," "Zarah," +"Hezron," "Nahson," are in Greek "_Phares_," "_Zara_," "_Esrom_," +"_Naasson_."--But (2), Through what "necessity" are the names, which we +have been hitherto contented to read as the Evangelist wrote them, now +exhibited on the first page of the Gospel in any other way?(568)--(3) +Assuming, however, the O. T. spelling _is_ to be adopted, then _let us +have it explained to us why _"Jeconiah"_ in ver. 11 is not written_ +"Jehoiakim"? (As for "Jeconiah" in ver. 12,--it was for the Revisionists to +settle whether they would call him "Jehoiachin," "Jeconiah," or "Coniah." +[By the way,--Is it lawful to suppose that _they did not know_ that +"Jechonias" here represents two different persons?])--On the other hand, +(4) "_Amos_" probably,--"_Asaph_" certainly,--are corrupt exhibitions of +"Amon" and "Asa:" and, if noticed at all, should have been introduced to +the reader's notice with the customary formula, "some ancient +authorities," &c.--To proceed--(5), Why substitute "Immanuel" (for +"Emmanuel") in ver. 23,--only to have to state in the margin that S. +Matthew writes it "_Emmanuel_"? By strict parity of reasoning, against +"Naphtali" (in ch. iv. 13, 15), the Revisionists ought to have written +"Gr. _Nephthaleim_."--And (6), If this is to be the rule, then why are we +not told that "Mary is in 'Gr. _Mariam_' "? and why is not Zacharias +written "_Zachariah_"?... But (to conclude),--What is the object of all +this officiousness? and (its unavoidable adjunct) all this inconsistency? +Has the spelling of the 42 names been revolutionized, in order to sever +with the Past and to make "a fresh departure"? Or were the four marginal +notes added _only for the sake of obtaining, by a side-wind, the +(apparent) sanction of the Church_ to the preposterous notion that "Asa" +was written "_Asaph_" by the Evangelist--in conformity with six MSS. of bad +character, but in defiance of History, documentary Evidence, and internal +Probability? Canon Cook [pp. 23-24] has some important remarks on this. + +X. We must needs advert again to the ominous admission made in the +Revisionists' _Preface_ (iii. 2 _init._), that to some extent they +recognized the duty of a "_rigid adherence to the rule of translating_, as +far as possible, the _same Greek word by the same English word_." This +mistaken principle of theirs lies at the root of so much of the mischief +which has befallen the Authorized Version, that it calls for fuller +consideration at our hands than it has hitherto (viz. at pp. 138 and 152) +received. + +The "Translators" of 1611, towards the close of their long and quaint +Address "to the Reader," offer the following statement concerning what had +been their own practice:--"We have not _tied ourselves_" (say they) "_to an +uniformity of phrasing, or to an identity of words_, as some peradventure +would wish that we had done." On this, they presently enlarge. We have +been "especially careful," have even "made a conscience," "not to vary +from the sense of that which we had translated before, if the word +signified the same thing in both places." But then, (as they shrewdly +point out in passing,) "_there be some words that be not of the __ same +sense everywhere_." And had this been the sum of their avowal, no one with +a spark of Taste, or with the least appreciation of what constitutes real +Scholarship, would have been found to differ from them. Nay, even when +they go on to explain that they have not thought it desirable to insist on +invariably expressing "the same notion" by employing "the same particular +word;"--(which they illustrate by instancing terms which, in their account, +may with advantage be diversely rendered in different places;)--we are +still disposed to avow ourselves of their mind. "If" (say they,) "we +translate the Hebrew or Greek word once _purpose_, never to call it +_intent_; if one where _journeying_, never _travelling_; if one where +_think_, never _suppose_; if one where _pain_, never _ache_; if one where +_joy_, never _gladness_;--thus to mince the matter, we thought to savour +more of curiosity than of wisdom." And yet it is plain that a different +principle is here indicated from that which went before. The remark "that +niceness in words was always counted the next step to trifling," suggests +that, in the Translators' opinion, it matters little _which_ word, in the +several pairs of words they instance, is employed; and that, for their own +parts, they rather rejoice in the ease and freedom which an ample +vocabulary supplies to a Translator of Holy Scripture. Here also however, +as already hinted, we are disposed to go along with them. Rhythm, subtle +associations of thought, proprieties of diction which are rather to be +felt than analysed,--any of such causes may reasonably determine a +Translator to reject "purpose," "journey," "think," "pain," "joy,"--in +favour of "intent," "travel," "suppose," "ache," "gladness." + +But then it speedily becomes evident that, at the bottom of all this, +there existed in the minds of the Revisionists of 1611 a profound (shall +we not rather say a _prophetic_?) consciousness, that the fate of the +English Language itself was bound up with the fate of their Translation. +_Hence_ their reluctance to incur the responsibility of tying themselves +"to an uniformity of phrasing, or to an identity of words." We should be +liable to censure (such is their plain avowal), "if we should say, as it +were, unto certain words, Stand up higher, have a place in the Bible +always; and to others of like quality, Get you hence, be banished for +ever." But this, to say the least, is to introduce a distinct and a +somewhat novel consideration. We would not be thought to deny that there +is some--perhaps a great deal--of truth in it: but by this time we seem to +have entirely shifted our ground. And we more than suspect that, if a jury +of English scholars of the highest mark could be impanelled to declare +their mind on the subject thus submitted to their judgment, there would be +practical unanimity among them in declaring, that these learned men,--with +whom all would avow hearty sympathy, and whose taste and skill all would +eagerly acknowledge,--have occasionally pushed the license they enunciate +so vigorously, a little--perhaps a great deal--too far. For ourselves, we +are glad to be able to subscribe cordially to the sentiment on this head +expressed by the author of the _Preface_ of 1881: + + + "They seem"--(he says, speaking of the Revisionists of 1611)--"to + have been guided by the feeling that their Version would secure + for the words they used a lasting place in the language; and they + express a fear lest they should 'be charged (by scoffers) with + some unequal dealing towards a great number of good English + words,' which, without this liberty on their part, would not have + a place in the pages of the English Bible. Still it cannot be + doubted that their studied avoidance of uniformity in the + rendering of the same words, even when occurring in the same + context, is one of the blemishes in their work."--_Preface_, (i. + 2). + + +Yes, it cannot be doubted. When S. Paul, in a long and familiar passage (2 +Cor. i. 3-7), is observed studiously to linger over the same word +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} namely, which is generally rendered "_comfort_");--to harp upon +it;--to reproduce it _ten times_ in the course of those five verses;--it +seems unreasonable that a Translator, as if in defiance of the Apostle, +should on four occasions (viz. when the word comes back for the 6th, 7th, +9th, and 10th times), for "_comfort_" substitute "_consolation_." And this +one example may serve as well as a hundred. It would really seem as if the +Revisionists of 1611 had considered it a graceful achievement to vary the +English phrase even on occasions where a marked identity of expression +characterizes the original Greek. When we find them turning "goodly +apparel," (in S. James ii. 2,) into "gay clothing," (in ver. 3,)--we can +but conjecture that they conceived themselves at liberty to act exactly as +S. James himself would (possibly) have acted had he been writing English. + +But if the learned men who gave us our A. V. may be thought to have erred +on the side of excess, there can be no doubt whatever, (at least among +competent judges,) that our Revisionists have sinned far more grievously +and with greater injury to the Deposit, by their slavish proclivity to the +opposite form of error. We must needs speak out plainly: for the question +before us is not, What defects are discoverable in our Authorized +Version?--but, What amount of gain would be likely to accrue to the Church +if the present Revision were accepted as a substitute? And we assert +without hesitation, that the amount of certain loss would so largely +outweigh the amount of possible gain, that the proposal may not be +seriously entertained for a moment. As well on grounds of Scholarship and +Taste, as of Textual Criticism (as explained at large in our former +Article), the work before us is immensely inferior. To speak plainly, it +is an utter failure. + +XI. For the respected Authors of it practically deny the truth of the +principle enunciated by their predecessors of 1611, viz. that "_there be +some words that be not of the same sense everywhere_." On such a +fundamental truism we are ashamed to enlarge: but it becomes necessary +that we should do so. We proceed to illustrate, by two familiar +instances,--the first which come to hand,--the mischievous result which is +inevitable to an enforced uniformity of rendering. + +(_a_) The verb {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} confessedly means "to ask." And perhaps no better +general English equivalent could be suggested for it. But then, _in a +certain context_, "ask" would be an inadequate rendering: in another, it +would be improper: in a third, it would be simply intolerable. Of all +this, the great Scholars of 1611 showed themselves profoundly conscious. +Accordingly, when this same verb (in the middle voice) is employed to +describe how the clamorous rabble, besieging Pilate, claimed their +accustomed privilege, (viz. to have the prisoner of their choice released +unto them,) those ancient men, with a fine instinct, retain Tyndale's +rendering "_desired_"(569) in S. Mark (xv. 8),--and his "_required_" in S. +Luke (xxiii. 23).--When, however, the humble entreaty, which Joseph of +Arimathea addressed to the same Pilate (viz. that he might be allowed to +take away the Body of JESUS), is in question, then the same Scholars +(following Tyndale and Cranmer), with the same propriety exhibit +"_begged_."--King David, inasmuch as he only "_desired_ to find a +habitation for the GOD of Jacob," of course may not be said to have +"_asked_" to do so; and yet S. Stephen (Acts vii. 46) does not hesitate to +employ the verb {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}.--So again, when they of Tyre and Sidon approached +Herod whom they had offended: they did but "_desire_" peace.(570)--S. Paul, +in like manner, addressing the Ephesians: "I _desire_ that ye faint not at +my tribulations for you."(571) + +But our Revisionists,--possessed with the single idea that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means "to +_ask_" and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} "to _ask for_,"--have proceeded mechanically to +inflict that rendering on every one of the foregoing passages. In defiance +of propriety,--of reason,--even (in David's case) of historical +truth,(572)--they have thrust in "_asked_" everywhere. At last, however, +they are encountered by two places which absolutely refuse to submit to +such iron bondage. The terror-stricken jailer of Philippi, when _he_ +"asked" for lights, must needs have done so after a truly imperious +fashion. Accordingly, the "_called for_"(573) of Tyndale and all +subsequent translators, is _pro hac vice_ allowed by our Revisionists to +stand. And to conclude,--When S. Paul, speaking of his supplications on +behalf of the Christians at Colosse, uses this same verb ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in a +context where "_to ask_" would be intolerable, our Revisionists render the +word "_to make request_;"(574)--though they might just as well have let +alone the rendering of _all_ their predecessors,--viz. "_to desire_." + +These are many words, but we know not how to make them fewer. Let this one +example, (only because it is the first which presented itself,) stand for +a thousand others. Apart from the grievous lack of Taste (not to say of +Scholarship) which such a method betrays,--_who_ sees not that the only +excuse which could have been invented for it has disappeared by the time +we reach the end of our investigation? If {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} had been +_invariably_ translated "ask," "ask for," it might at least have been +pretended that "the English Reader is in this way put entirely on a level +with the Greek Scholar;"--though it would have been a vain pretence, as all +must admit who understand the power of language. _Once_ make it apparent +that just in a single place, perhaps in two, the Translator found himself +forced to break through his rigid uniformity of rendering,--and _what_ +remains but an uneasy suspicion that then there must have been a strain +put on the Evangelists' meaning in a vast proportion of the other seventy +places where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} occurs? An unlearned reader's confidence in his guide +vanishes; and he finds that he has had not a few deflections from the +Authorized Version thrust upon him, of which he reasonably questions alike +the taste and the necessity,--_e.g._ at S. Matth. xx. 20. + +(_b_) But take a more interesting example. In S. Mark i. 18, the A. V. +has, "and straightway they _forsook_" (which the Revisionists alter into +"_left_") "their nets." Why? Because in verse 20, the same word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +will recur; and because the Revisionists propose to let the statement +("they _left_ their father Zebedee") stand. They "level up" accordingly; +and plume themselves on their consistency. + +We venture to point out, however, that the verb {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} is one of a large +family of verbs which,--always retaining their own essential +signification,--yet depend for their English rendering entirely on the +context in which they occur. Thus, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} is rightly rendered "_to +suffer_," in S. Matth. iii. 15;--"_to leave_," in iv. 11;--"_to let have_," +in v. 40;--"_to forgive_," in vi. 12, 14, 15;--"_to let_," in vii. 4;--"_to +yield up_," in xxvii. 50;--"_to let go_," in S. Mark xi. 6;--"_to let +alone_," in xiv. 6. Here then, by the admission of the Revisionists, are +eight diversities of meaning in the same word. But they make the admission +grudgingly; and, in order to render {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} as often as possible +"_leave_," they do violence to many a place of Scripture where some other +word would have been more appropriate. Thus "_laying aside_" might have +stood in S. Mark vii. 8. "_Suffered_" (or "let") was preferable in S. Luke +xii. 39. And, (to return to the place from which we started,) in S. Mark +i. 18, "forsook" was better than "left." And why? Because men "_leave_ +their father," (as the Collect for S. James's Day bears witness); but +"_forsake_ all covetous desires" (as the Collect for S. Matthew's Day +aptly attests). For which reason,--"And they all _forsook_ Him" was +infinitely preferable to "and they all _left_ Him, and fled," in S. Mark +xiv. 50. We insist that a vast deal more is lost by this perpetual +disregard of the idiomatic proprieties of the English language, than is +gained by a pedantic striving after uniformity of rendering, only because +the Greek word happens to be the same. + +For it is sure sometimes to happen that what seems mere licentiousness +proves on closer inspection to be unobtrusive Scholarship of the best +kind. An illustration presents itself in connection with the word just now +before us. It is found to have been our SAVIOUR'S practice to "_send +away_" the multitude whom He had been feeding or teaching, in some formal +manner,--whether with an act of solemn benediction, or words of +commendatory prayer, or both. Accordingly, on the memorable occasion when, +at the close of a long day of superhuman exertion, His bodily powers +succumbed, and the Disciples were fain to take Him "as He was" in the +ship, and at once He "fell asleep;"--on that solitary occasion, _the +Disciples_ are related to have "_sent away_ the multitudes,"--_i.e._ to +have formally dismissed them on His behalf, as they had often seen their +Master do. The word employed to designate this practice on two memorable +occasions is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}:(575) on the other two, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.(576) This proves to +have been perfectly well understood as well by the learned authors of the +Latin Version of the N. T., as by the scholars who translated the Gospels +into the vernacular of Palestine. It has been reserved for the boasted +learning of the XIXth century to misunderstand this little circumstance +entirely. The R. V. renders S. Matth. xiii. 36,--not "Then JESUS _sent the +multitude away_" ("_dimissis turbis_" in every Latin copy,) but--"Then He +_left_ the multitudes." Also S. Mark iv. 36,--not "And when they had _sent +away the multitude_," (which the Latin always renders "_et dimittentes +turbam_,") but--"And _leaving_ the multitude." Would it be altogether +creditable, we respectfully ask, if at the end of 1800 years the Church of +England were to put forth with authority such specimens of "Revision" as +these? + +(_c_) We will trouble our Readers with yet another illustration of the +principle for which we are contending.--We are soon made conscious that +there has been a fidgetty anxiety on the part of the Revisionists, +everywhere to substitute "_maid_" for "_damsel_" as the rendering of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. It offends us. "A damsel named Rhoda,"(577)--and the "damsel +possessed with a spirit of divination,"(578)--might (we think) have been +let alone. But out of curiosity we look further, to see what these +gentlemen will do when they come to S. Luke xii. 45. Here, because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +has been (properly) rendered "menservants," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, they (not +unreasonably) render "_maid-servants_,"--whereby _they break their rule_. +The crucial place is behind. What will they do with the Divine "Allegory" +in Galatians, (iv. 21 to 31,)--where all turns on the contrast(579) between +the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},--the fact that Hagar was a "_bondmaid_" +whereas Sarah was a "_free woman_"? "Maid" clearly could not stand here. +"Maid-servant" would be intolerable. What is to be done? The Revisionists +adopt _a third_ variety of reading,--_thus surrendering their principle +entirely_. And what reader with a spark of taste, (we confidently ask the +question,) does not resent their substitution of "_handmaid_" for +"bondmaid" throughout these verses? _Who_ will deny that the mention of +"_bondage_" in verses 24 and 25 claims, at the hands of an intelligent +English translator, that he shall avail himself of the admirable and +helpful equivalent for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} which, as it happens, the English language +possesses? More than that. _Who_--(except one who is himself "in +bondage--with his children")--_who_ does not respond gratefully to the +exquisite taste and tact with which "_bondmaid_" itself has been exchanged +for "_bondwoman_" by our translators of 1611, in verses 23, 30 and 31?... +Verily, those men understood their craft! "There were giants in those +days." As little would they submit to be bound by the new cords of the +Philistines as by their green withes. Upon occasion, they could shake +themselves free from either. And why? For the selfsame reason: viz. +because the SPIRIT of their GOD was mightily upon them. + +Our contention, so far, has been but this,--that it does not by any means +follow that identical Greek words and expressions, _wherever occurring_, +are to be rendered by identical words and expressions in English. We +desire to pass on to something of more importance. + +Let it not be supposed that we make light of the difficulties which our +Revisionists have had to encounter; or are wanting in generous +appreciation of the conscientious toil of many men for many years; or that +we overlook the perils of the enterprise in which they have seen fit to +adventure their reputation. If ever a severe expression escapes us, it is +because our Revisionists themselves seem to have so very imperfectly +realized the responsibility of their undertaking, and the peculiar +difficulties by which it is unavoidably beset. The truth is,--as all who +have given real thought to the subject must be aware,--the phenomena of +Language are among the most subtle and delicate imaginable: the problem of +Translation, one of the most manysided and difficult that can be named. +And if this holds universally, in how much greater a degree when the book +to be translated is THE BIBLE! Here, anything like a mechanical _levelling +up_ of terms, every attempt to impose a pre-arranged system of uniform +rendering on words,--every one of which has a history and (so to speak) _a +will_ of its own,--is inevitably destined to result in discomfiture and +disappointment. But what makes this so very serious a matter is that, +because HOLY SCRIPTURE is the Book experimented upon, the loftiest +interests that can be named become imperilled; and it will constantly +happen that what is not perhaps in itself a very serious mistake may yet +inflict irreparable injury. We subjoin an humble illustration of our +meaning--the rather, because it will afford us an opportunity for +penetrating a little deeper into the proprieties of Scriptural +Translation:-- + +(_d_) The place of our LORD'S Burial, which is mentioned upwards of 30 +times in the Gospels, is styled in the original, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. This +appellation is applied to it three times by S. Matthew;--six times by S. +Mark;--eight times by S. Luke;(580)--eleven times by S. John. Only on four +occasions, in close succession, does the first Evangelist call it by +another name, viz. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(581) King James's translators (following Tyndale +and Cranmer) decline to notice this diversity, and uniformly style it the +"_sepulchre_." So long as it belonged to Joseph of Arimathea, they call it +a "tomb" (Matth. xxvii. 60): when once it has been appropriated by "the +LORD of Glory," _in the same verse_ they give it a different English +appellation. But our Revisionists of 1881, as if bent on "making a fresh +departure," _everywhere_ substitute "_tomb_" for "sepulchre" as the +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +Does any one ask,--And why should they _not_? We answer, Because, in +connection with "_the Sepulchre_" of our LORD, there has grown up such an +ample literature and such a famous history, that we are no longer _able_ +to sever ourselves from those environments of the problem, even if we +desired to do so. In all such cases as the present, we have to balance the +Loss against the Gain. Quite idle is it for the pedant of 1881 to insist +that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} are two different words. We do not dispute the +fact. (Then, if he _must_, let him represent {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in some other way.) It +remains true, notwithstanding, that the receptacle of our SAVIOUR'S Body +after His dissolution will have to be spoken of as "_the Holy Sepulchre_" +till the end of time; and it is altogether to be desired that its familiar +designation should be suffered to survive unmolested on the eternal page, +in consequence. There are, after all, mightier laws in the Universe than +those of grammar. In the quaint language of our Translators of 1611: "For +is the Kingdom of GOD become words or syllables? Why should we be in +bondage to them if we may be free?"... As for considerations of +etymological propriety, the nearest English equivalent for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (be it +remembered) is _not_ "tomb," but "_monument_." + +(_e_) Our Revisionists seem not to be aware that 270 years of undisturbed +possession have given to certain words rights to which they could not else +have pretended, but of which it is impossible any more to dispossess them. +It savours of folly as well as of pedantry even to make the attempt. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} occurs 30,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} 21 times,--in the N. T. Etymologically, both +words alike mean "_teaching_;" and are therefore indifferently rendered +"_doctrina_" in the Vulgate,(582)--for which reason, "_doctrine_" +represents both words indifferently in our A. V.(583) But the Revisers +have well-nigh extirpated "DOCTRINE" from the N. T.: (1st), By making +"_teaching_," the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~},(584)--(reserving "_doctrine_" for +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}(585)): and (2ndly), By 6 times substituting "_teaching_" (once, +"_learning_") for "_doctrine_," in places where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} occurs.(586) +This is to be lamented every way. The word cannot be spared so often. The +"_teachings_" of our LORD and of His Apostles were _the _"doctrines"_ of +Christianity_. When S. Paul speaks of "the _doctrine_ of baptisms" (Heb. +vi. 2), it is simply incomprehensible to us why "the _teaching_ of +baptisms" should be deemed a preferable expression. And if the warning +against being "carried about with every wind of _doctrine_," may stand in +Ephes. iv. 14, why may it not be left standing in Heb. xiii. 9? + +(_f_) In the same spirit, we can but wonder at the extravagant bad taste +which, at the end of 500 years, has ventured to substitute "_bowls_" for +"vials" in the Book of Revelation.(587) As a matter of fact, we venture to +point out that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} no more means "_a bowl_" than "saucer" means "a cup." +But, waiving this, we are confident that our Revisers would have shown +more wisdom if they had _let alone_ a word which, having no English +equivalent, has passed into the sacred vocabulary of the language, and has +acquired a conventional signification which will cleave to it for ever. +"_Vials of wrath_" are understood to signify the outpouring of GOD'S +wrathful visitations on mankind: whereas "bowls" really conveys no meaning +at all, except a mean and unworthy, not to say an inconveniently ambiguous +one. What must be the impression made on persons of very humble +station,--labouring-men,--when they hear of "the seven Angels that had _the +seven bowls_"? (Rev. xvii. 1.) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},--if we must needs talk like +Antiquaries--is a circular, almost flat and very shallow vessel,--of which +the contents can be discharged in an instant. It was used in pouring out +libations. There is, at that back of it, in the centre, a hollow for the +first joint of the forefinger to rest in. _Patera_ the Latins called it. +Specimens are to be seen in abundance. + +The same Revisionists have also fallen foul of the "alabaster _box_ of +ointment."--for which they have substituted "an alabaster _cruse_ of +ointment."(588) But what _is_ a "cruse"? Their marginal note says, "Or, +'_a flask_:' " but once more, what _is_ "a flask"? Certainly, the +receptacles to which that name is now commonly applied, (_e.g._ a +powder-flask, a Florence flask, a flask of wine, &c.) bear no resemblance +whatever to the vase called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. The probability is that the +receptacle for the precious ointment with which the sister of Lazarus +provided herself, was likest of all to a small medicine-bottle (_lecythus_ +the ancients called it), made however of alabaster. Specimens of it +abound. But why not let such words alone? The same Critics have had the +good sense to leave standing "the bag," for what was confessedly a +_box_(589) (S. John xii. 6: xiii. 29); and "your purses" for what in the +Greek is unmistakably "your _girdles_"(590) (S. Matth. x. 9). We can but +repeat that possession for _five centuries_ conveys rights which it is +always useless, and sometimes dangerous, to dispute. "Vials" will +certainly have to be put back into the Apocalypse. + +(_g_) Having said so much about the proposed rendering of such unpromising +vocables as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, it is time to invite the Reader's +attention to the calamitous fate which has befallen certain other words of +infinitely greater importance. + +And first for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}--a substantive noun unknown to the heathen, even as the +sentiment which the word expresses proves to be a grace of purely +Christian growth. What else but a real calamity would be the sentence of +perpetual banishment passed by our Revisionists on "that most excellent +gift, the gift of _Charity_," and the general substitution of "Love" in +its place? Do not these learned men perceive that "Love" is not an +equivalent term? Can they require to be told that, because of S. Paul's +exquisite and life-like portrait of "CHARITY," and the use which has been +made of the word in sacred literature in consequence, it has come to pass +that the word "_Charity_" connotes many ideas to which the word "Love" is +an entire stranger? that "Love," on the contrary, has come to connote many +unworthy notions which in "_Charity_" find no place at all? And if this be +so, how can our Revisionists expect that we shall endure the loss of the +name of the very choicest of the Christian graces,--and which, if it is +nowhere to be found in Scripture, will presently come to be only +traditionally known among mankind, and will in the end cease to be a term +clearly understood? Have the Revisionists of 1881 considered how firmly +this word "_Charity_" has established itself in the phraseology of the +Church,--ancient, mediaeval, modern,--as well as in our Book of Common +Prayer? how thoroughly it has vindicated for itself the right of +citizenship in the English language? how it has entered into our common +vocabulary, and become one of the best understood of "household words"? Of +what can they have been thinking when they deliberately obliterated from +the thirteenth chapter of S. Paul's 1st Epistle to the Corinthians the +ninefold recurrence of the name of "that most excellent gift, the gift of +CHARITY"? + +(_h_) With equal displeasure, but with even sadder feelings, we recognize +in the present Revision a resolute elimination of "MIRACLES" from the N. +T.--Not so, (we shall be eagerly reminded,) but only of their _Name_. True, +but the two perforce go together, as every thoughtful man knows. At all +events, the getting rid of _the Name_,--(except in the few instances which +are enumerated below,)--will in the account of millions be regarded as the +getting rid of _the thing_. And in the esteem of all, learned and +unlearned alike, the systematic obliteration of the signifying word from +the pages of that Book to which we refer exclusively for our knowledge of +the remarkable thing signified,--cannot but be looked upon as a memorable +and momentous circumstance. Some, it may be, will be chiefly struck by the +foolishness of the proceeding: for at the end of centuries of familiarity +with such a word, we are no longer _able_ to part company with it, even if +we were inclined. The term has struck root firmly in our Literature: has +established itself in the terminology of Divines: has grown into our +common speech. But further, even were it possible to get rid of the words +"Miracle" and "Miraculous," what else but abiding inconvenience would be +the result? for we must still desire to speak about _the things_; and it +is a truism to remark that there are no other words in the language which +connote the same ideas. What therefore has been gained by substituting +"_sign_" for "_miracle_" on some 19 or 20 occasions--("this beginning of +_his signs_ did JESUS,"--"this is again the _second sign_ that JESUS +did")--we really fail to see. + +That the word in the original is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} means "a sign," +we are aware. But what then? Because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in strictness, means "a +messenger,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}, "a writing,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "an actor,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, "an +assembly,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, "good tidings,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "an +overseer,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "one that dips,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "a garden,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "a +learner,"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "favour:"--are we to forego the established English +equivalents for these words, and never more to hear of "grace," +"disciple," "Paradise," "Baptist," "Bishop," "Gospel," "Church," +"hypocrite," "Scripture," "Angel"? Is it then desired to revolutionize our +sacred terminology? or at all events to sever with the Past, and to +translate the Scriptures into English on etymological principles? We are +amazed that the first proposal to resort to such a preposterous method was +not instantly scouted by a large majority of those who frequented the +Jerusalem Chamber. + +The words under consideration are not only not equivalent, but they are +quite dissimilar. All "_signs_" are not "_Miracles_,"(591) though all +"_Miracles_" are undeniably "_signs_." Would not a marginal annotation +concerning the original word, as at S. Luke xxiii. 8, have sufficed? And +_why_ was the term "_Miracle_" as the rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}(592) spared +only on _that_ occasion in the Gospels; and _only_ in connection with S. +Peter's miracle of healing the impotent man, in the Acts?(593) We ask the +question not caring for an answer. We are merely bent on submitting to our +Readers, whether,--especially in an age like the present of wide-spread +unbelief in the Miraculous,--it was a judicious proceeding in our +Revisionists almost everywhere to substitute "Sign" for "Miracle" as the +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +(_i_) Every bit as offensive, in its way, is a marginal note respecting +the Third Person in the Trinity, which does duty at S. Matth. i. 18: S. +Mark i. 8: S. Luke i. 15: Acts i. 2: Rom. v. 5: Heb. ii. 4. As a rule, in +short, against every fresh first mention of "the HOLY GHOST," five lines +are punctually devoted to the remark,--"_Or_, Holy Spirit: _and so +throughout this book_." Now, as Canon Cook very fairly puts the case,-- + + + "Does this imply that the marginists object to the word 'GHOST'? + If so, it must be asked, On what grounds? Certainly not as an + archaism. The word is in every Churchman's mouth continually. For + the sake of consistency? But Dr. Vance Smith complains bitterly of + the _inconsistency_ of his colleagues in reference to this very + question,--see his _Texts and Margins_, pp. 7, 8, 45. I would not + suggest a doctrinal bias: but to prove that it had no influence, a + strong, if not unanimous, declaration on the part of the Revisers + is called for. Dr. Vance Smith alleges this notice as one of the + clearest proofs that the Revisers ought in consistency to discard + the word as '_a poor and almost obsolete_ equivalent for + Spirit.' "(594) + + +But in fact when one of the Revisionists openly claims, on behalf of the +Revision, that "in the most substantial sense," (whatever _that_ may +happen to mean,) it is "contrary to fact" "that the doctrines of popular +Theology remain unaffected, untouched by the results of the +Revision,"(595)--Charity itself is constrained to use language which by a +certain school will be deemed uncharitable. If doctrinal prepossession had +no share in the production under review,--why is no protest publicly put +forth against such language as the foregoing, when employed by a +conspicuous Member of the Revisionist body? + +(_j_) In a similar spirit to that which dictated our remarks on the +attempted elimination of "_Miracles_" from the N. T. of the future,--we +altogether disapprove of the attempt to introduce "is _Epileptic_," as the +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, in S. Matth. xvii. 15. The miracle performed on +"_the lunatic child_" may never more come abroad under a different name. +In a matter like this, 500 years of occupation, (or rather 1700, for +"_lunaticus_" is the reading of all the Latin copies,) constitute a title +which may not be disputed. "EPILEPTIC" is a sorry _gloss_--not a +translation. Even were it demonstrable that Epilepsy exclusively exhibits +every feature related in connection with the present case;(596) and that +sufferers from Epilepsy are specially affected by the moon's changes, +(neither of which things are _certainly_ true): even so, the Revisionists +would be wholly unwarranted in doing violence to the Evangelist's +language, in order to bring into prominence their own private opinion that +what is called "_Lunacy_" here (and in ch. iv. 24) is to be identified +with the ordinary malady called "Epilepsy." This was confessedly an +extraordinary case of _demoniacal possession_(597) besides. The +Revisionists have in fact gone out of their way in order to introduce us +to a set of difficulties with which before we had no acquaintance. And +after all, the English reader desires to know--_not_, by any means, what +two-thirds of the Revisionists _conjecture_ was the matter with the child, +but--_what the child's Father actually said_ was the matter with him. Now, +the Father undeniably did _not_ say that the child was "Epileptic," but +that he was "_Lunatic_." The man employed a term which (singular to +relate) has its own precise English equivalent;--a term which embodies to +this hour (as it did anciently) the popular belief that the moon +influences certain forms of disease. With the advance of Science, +civilized nations surrender such Beliefs; but they do not _therefore_ +revolutionize their Terminology. "The advance of Science," however, has +nothing whatever to do with _the Translation of the word_ before us. The +Author of this particular rendering (begging his pardon) is open to a +process "_de lunatico inquirendo_" for having imagined the contrary. + +(_k_) The foregoing instances suggest the remark, that the Ecclesiastical +Historian of future years will point with concern to the sad evidences +that the Church had fallen on evil days when the present Revision was +undertaken. With fatal fidelity does it, every here and there, reflect the +sickly hues of "modern Thought," which is too often but another name for +the latest phase of Unfaithfulness. Thus, in view of the present +controversy about the Eternity of Future Punishment, which has brought +into prominence a supposed distinction between the import of the epithets +"ETERNAL" and "EVERLASTING,"--how painful is it to discover that the latter +epithet, (which is the one objected to by the unbelieving school,) has +been by our Revisionists diligently excluded(598) _every time it occurs_ +as the translation of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in favour of the more palatable epithel +"eternal"! King James's Translators showed themselves impartial to a +fault. As if to mark that, in their account, the words are of identical +import, they even introduced _both words into the same verse_(599) of +Scripture. Is it fair that such a body of men as the Revisionists of 1881, +claiming the sanction of the Convocation of the Southern Province, should, +in a matter like the present, throw all their weight into the scale of +Misbelief? They were authorized only to remove "plain and clear _errors_." +They were instructed to introduce "as few changes _as possible_." Why have +they needlessly gone out of their way, on the contrary, indirectly to show +their sympathy with those who deny what has been the Church's teaching for +1800 years? Our Creeds, Te Deum, Litany, Offices, Articles,--our whole +Prayer Book, breathes a different spirit and speaks a different +language.... Have our Revisionists persuaded the Old Testament company to +follow their example? It will be calamitous if they _have_. There will be +serious discrepancy of teaching between the Old and the New Testament if +they have _not_. + +(_l_) What means also the fidgetty anxiety manifested throughout these +pages to explain away, or at least to evacuate, expressions which have to +do with ETERNITY? _Why_, for example, is "the _world_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to come," +invariably glossed "the _age_ to come"? and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so +persistently explained in the margin to mean, "_unto the ages_"? (See the +margin of Rom. ix. 5. Are we to read "GOD blessed _unto the ages_"?) Also +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, "_unto the ages of the ages_"? Surely we, +whose language furnishes expressions of precisely similar character (viz. +"for ever," and "for ever and ever"), might dispense with information hazy +and unprofitable as this! + +(_m_) Again. At a period of prevailing unbelief in the INSPIRATION of +Scripture, nothing but real necessity could warrant any meddling with such +a testimony on the subject as is found in 2 Tim. iii. 16. We have hitherto +been taught to believe that "_All Scripture is given by inspiration of_ +GOD and is profitable," &c. The ancients(600) clearly so understood S. +Paul's words: and so do the most learned and thoughtful of the moderns. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}, even if it be interpreted "every Scripture," can only mean +every portion of those {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of which the Apostle had been +speaking in the previous verse; and therefore must needs signify _the +whole of Scripture_.(601) So that the expression "_all Scripture_" +expresses S. Paul's meaning exactly, and should not have been disturbed. + +But--"It is very difficult" (so at least thinks the Right Rev. Chairman of +the Revisers) "to decide whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is a part of the predicate, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} being the simple copula; or whether it is a part of the subject. +Lexicography and grammar contribute but little to a decision." Not so +thought Bishop Middleton. "I do not recollect" (he says) "any passage in +the N. T. in which two Adjectives, apparently connected by the copulative, +were intended by the writer to be so unnaturally disjoined. He who can +produce such an instance, will do much towards establishing the +plausibility of a translation, which otherwise must appear, to say the +least of it, to be forced and improbable."--And yet it is proposed to +thrust this "forced and improbable" translation on the acceptance of all +English-speaking people, wherever found, on the plea of _necessity_! Our +Revisionists translate, "Every Scripture inspired of GOD _is also +profitable_," &c.,--which of course may be plausibly declared to imply that +a distinction is drawn by the Apostle himself between inspired and +uninspired Scripture. And pray, (we should be presently asked,) is not +many a Scripture (or writing) "profitable for teaching," &c. which is +_not_ commonly held to be "inspired of GOD"?... But in fact the proposed +rendering is inadmissible, being without logical coherence and +consistency. The utmost that could be pretended would be that S. Paul's +assertion is that "every portion of Scripture _being inspired_" (_i.e._ +inasmuch as it is--because it is--inspired); "is _also_ profitable," &c. +Else there would be no meaning in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. But, in the name of common +sense, if this be so, _why_ have the blessed words been meddled with? + +(_n_) All are unhappily familiar with the avidity with which the disciples +of a certain School fasten upon a mysterious expression in S. Mark's +Gospel (xiii. 32), which seems to predicate concerning the Eternal SON, +limitation in respect of Knowledge. This is not the place for vindicating +the Catholic Doctrine of the SON'S "equality with the FATHER as touching +His GODhead;" or for explaining that, in consequence, all things that the +FATHER hath, (_the knowledge of _"that Day and Hour"_ included_,) the SON +hath likewise.(602) But this is the place for calling attention to the +deplorable circumstance that the clause "_neither the_ SON," which has an +indisputable right to its place in S. Mark's Gospel, has on insufficient +authority by our Revisionists been thrust into S. Matth. xxvi. 36, where +it has no business whatever, and from which the word "only" effectually +excludes it.(603) We call attention to this circumstance with sincere +sorrow: but it is sorrow largely mixed with indignation. What else but the +betrayal of a sacred trust is it when Divines appointed to correct +manifest errors in _the English_ of the N. T. go out of their way to +introduce an error like this into the _Greek_ Text which Catholic +Antiquity would have repudiated with indignation, and for which certainly +the plea of "necessity" cannot be pretended? + +(_o_) A MARGINAL ANNOTATION set over against Romans ix. 5 is the last +thing of this kind to which we shall invite attention. S. Paul declares it +to be Israel's highest boast and glory that of them, "as concerning the +flesh [came] CHRIST, _who is over all_ [things], GOD_ blessed for ever_! +Amen." A grander or more unequivocal testimony to our LORD'S eternal +GODhead is nowhere to be found in Scripture. Accordingly, these words have +been as confidently appealed to by faithful Doctors of the Church in every +age, as they have been unsparingly assailed by unbelievers. The dishonest +shifts by which the latter seek to evacuate the record which they are +powerless to refute or deny, are paraded by our ill-starred Revisionists +in the following terms:-- + + + "Some modern Interpreters place a full stop after _flesh_, and + translate, _He who is God over all be (is) blessed for ever_: or, + _He who is over all is God, blessed for ever_. Others punctuate, + _flesh, who is over all. God be (is) blessed for ever._" + + +Now this is a matter,--let it be clearly observed,--which, (as Dr. Hort is +aware,) "belongs to _Interpretation_,--and _not to Textual +Criticism_."(604) What business then has it in these pages at all? Is it +then the function of Divines appointed to revise the _Authorized Version_, +to give information to the 90 millions of English-speaking Christians +scattered throughout the world as to the unfaithfulness of "_some modern +Interpreters_"?(605) We have hitherto supposed that it was "_Ancient_ +authorities" exclusively,--(whether "a few," or "some," or "many,")--to +which we are invited to submit our judgment. How does it come to pass that +_the Socinian gloss_ on this grand text (Rom. ix. 5) has been brought into +such extraordinary prominence? Did our Revisionists consider that their +marginal note would travel to earth's remotest verge,--give universal +currency to the view of "some modern Interpreters,"--and in the end "tell +it out among the heathen" also? We refer to +Manuscripts,--Versions,--Fathers: and what do we find? (1) It is +demonstrable that _the oldest __ Codices, besides the whole body of the +cursives_, know nothing about the method of "some modern +Interpreters."(606)--(2) "There is absolutely not a shadow, _not a tittle +of evidence, in any of the ancient Versions_, to warrant what they +do."(607)--(3) How then, about the old Fathers? for the sentiments of our +best modern Divines, as Pearson and Bull, we know by heart. We find that +the expression "_who is over all_ [things], GOD_ blessed for ever_" is +expressly acknowledged to refer to our SAVIOUR by the following 60 +illustrious names:-- + +Irenaeus,(608)--Hippolytus in 3 places,(609)--Origen,(610)--Malchion, in the +name of six of the Bishops at the Council of Antioch, A.D. +269,(611)--ps.-Dionysius Alex., twice,(612)--the _Constt. +App._,(613)--Athanasius in 6 places,(614)--Basil in 2 places,(615)--Didymus +in 5 places,(616)--Greg. Nyssen. in 5 places,(617)--Epiphanius in 5 +places,(618)--Theodoras +Mops.,(619)--Methodius,(620)--Eustathius,(621)--Eulogius, +twice,(622)--Caesarius, 3 times,(623)--Theophilus Alex., +twice,(624)--Nestorius,(625)--Theodotus of Ancyra,(626)--Proclus, +twice,(627)--Severianus Bp. of Gabala,(628)--Chrysostom, 8 times,(629)--Cyril +Alex., 15 times,(630)--Paulus Bp. of Emesa,(631)--Theodoret, 12 +times,(632)--Gennadius, Abp. of C. P.,(633)--Severus, Abp. of +Antioch,(634)--Amphilochius,(635)--Gelasius Cyz.,(636)--Anastasius +Ant.,(637)--Leontius Byz., 3 times,(638)--Maximus,(639)--J. Damascene, 3 +times.(640) Besides of the Latins, Tertullian, +twice,(641)--Cyprian,(642)--Novatian, twice,(643)--Ambrose, 5 +times,(644)--Palladius the Arian at the Council of Aquileia,(645)--Hilary, 7 +times,(646)--Jerome, twice,(647)--Augustine, about 30 +times,--Victorinus,(648)--the _Breviarium_, twice,(649)--Marius +Mercator,(650)--Cassian, twice,(651)--Alcimus Avit.,(652)--Fulgentius, +twice,(653)--Leo, Bp. of Rome, twice,(654)--Ferrandus, +twice,(655)--Facundus:(656)--to whom must be added 6 ancient writers, of +whom 3(657) have been mistaken for Athanasius,--and 3(658) for Chrysostom. +All these see in Rom. ix. 5, a glorious assertion of the eternal GODhead +of CHRIST. + +Against such an overwhelming torrent of Patristic testimony,--for we have +enumerated _upwards of sixty_ ancient Fathers--it will not surely be +pretended that the Socinian interpretation, to which our Revisionists give +such prominence, can stand. But why has it been introduced _at all_? We +shall have every Christian reader with us in our contention, that such +perverse imaginations of "modern Interpreters" are not entitled to a place +in the margin of the N. T. For our Revisionists to have even given them +currency, and thereby a species of sanction, constitutes in our view a +very grave offence.(659) A public retraction and a very humble Apology we +claim at their hands. Indifferent Scholarship, and mistaken views of +Textual Criticism, are at least venial matters. But _a Socinian gloss +gratuitously thrust into the margin of every Englishman's N. T._ admits of +no excuse--is not to be tolerated on _any_ terms. It would by itself, in +our account, have been sufficient to determine the fate of the present +Revision. + +XII. Are we to regard it as a kind of _set-off_ against all that goes +before, that in an age when the personality of Satan is freely called in +question, "THE EVIL ONE" has been actually _thrust into the Lord's +Prayer_? A more injudicious and unwarrantable innovation it would be +impossible to indicate in any part of the present unhappy volume. The case +has been argued out with much learning and ability by two eminent Divines, +Bp. Lightfoot and Canon Cook. The Canon remains master of the field. That +_the change ought never to have been made_ is demonstrable. The grounds of +this assertion are soon stated. To begin, (1) It is admitted on all hands +that it must for ever remain a matter of opinion only whether in the +expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, the nominative case is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (as in S. +Matth. v. 37, 39: Rom. xii. 9), or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (as in S. Matth. xiii. 19, +38: Eph. vi. 16),--either of which yields a good sense. But then--(2) The +Church of England in her formularies having emphatically declared that, +for her part, she adheres to the former alternative, it was in a very high +degree unbecoming for the Revisionists to pretend to the enjoyment of +_certain_ knowledge that the Church of England in so doing was mistaken: +and unless "from evil" be "_a clear and plain error_," the Revisionists +were bound to let it alone. Next--(3), It can never be right to impose the +narrower interpretation on words which have always been understood to bear +the larger sense: especially when (as in the present instance) the larger +meaning distinctly includes and covers the lesser: witness the paraphrase +in our Church Catechism,--"and that He will keep us (_a_) from all sin and +wickedness, and (_b_) _from our ghostly enemy_, and (_c_) from everlasting +death."--(4) But indeed Catholic Tradition claims to be heard in this +behalf. Every Christian at his Baptism renounces not only "the Devil," but +also "_all his works_, the vain pomp and glory of the world, with all +covetous desires of the same, and the carnal desires of the flesh."(660) +And at this point--(5), The voice of an inspired Apostle interposes in +attestation that this is indeed the true acceptation of the last petition +in the LORD'S Prayer: for when S. Paul says--"the LORD will deliver me +_from every evil work_ and will preserve me unto His heavenly kingdom; to +whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen,"(661)--what else is he referring to +but to the words just now under consideration? He explains that in the +LORD'S Prayer it is "_from every evil work_" that we pray to be +"delivered." (Note also, that he retains _the Doxology_.) Compare the +places:-- + +S. Matth. vi. 13.--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}. + +2 Tim. iv. 18.--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}.... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}. + +Then further--(6), What more unlikely than that our LORD would end with +giving such prominence to that rebel Angel whom by dying He is declared to +have "destroyed"? (Heb. ii. 14: 1 John iii. 8.) For, take away the +Doxology (as our Revisionists propose), and we shall begin the LORD'S +Prayer with "OUR FATHER," and literally end it with--_the Devil_!--But above +all,--(7) Let it never be forgotten that this is _the pattern Prayer_, a +portion of every Christian child's daily utterance,--the most sacred of all +our formularies, and by far the most often repeated,--into which it is +attempted in this way to introduce a startling novelty. Lastly--(8), When +it is called to mind that nothing short of _necessity_ has warranted the +Revisionists in introducing a single change into the A. V.,--"_clear and +plain errors_"--and that no such plea can be feigned on the present +occasion, the liberty which they have taken in this place must be admitted +to be absolutely without excuse.... Such at least are the grounds on +which, for our own part, we refuse to entertain the proposed introduction +of the Devil into the LORD'S Prayer. From the position we have taken up, +it will be found utterly impossible to dislodge us. + +XIII. It is often urged on behalf of the Revisionists that over not a few +dark places of S. Paul's Epistles their labours have thrown important +light. Let it not be supposed that we deny this. Many a Scriptural +difficulty vanishes the instant a place is accurately translated: a far +greater number, when the rendering is idiomatic. It would be strange +indeed if, at the end of ten years, the combined labours of upwards of +twenty Scholars, whose _raison d'etre_ as Revisionists was to do this very +thing, had not resulted in the removal of many an obscurity in the A. V. +of Gospels and Epistles alike. What offends us is the discovery that, for +every obscurity which has been removed, at least half a dozen others have +been introduced: in other words, that the result of this Revision has been +the planting in of a _fresh crop of difficulties_, before undreamed of; so +that a perpetual wrestling with _these_ is what hereafter awaits the +diligent student of the New Testament. + +We speak not now of passages which have been merely altered for the worse: +as when, (in S. James i. 17, 18,) we are invited to read,--"Every good gift +and every _perfect boon_ is from above, coming down from the Father of +lights, with whom _can be no variation_, neither _shadow that is cast by +turning_. Of his own will _he brought us forth_." Grievous as such +blemishes are, it is seen at a glance that they must be set down to +nothing worse than tasteless assiduity. What we complain of is that, +misled by a depraved Text, our Revisers have often made nonsense of what +before was perfectly clear: and have not only thrust many of our LORD'S +precious utterances out of sight, (_e.g._ Matt. xvii. 21: Mark x. 21 and +xi. 26: Luke ix. 55, 56); but have attributed to Him absurd sayings which +He certainly never uttered, (_e.g._ Matt. xix. 17); or else, given such a +twist to what He actually said, that His blessed words are no longer +recognizable, (as in S. Matt. xi. 23: S. Mark ix. 23: xi. 3). Take a +sample:-- + +(1.) The Church has always understood her LORD to say,--"FATHER, I will +that they also, whom Thou hast given Me, be with Me where I am; that they +may behold My glory."(662) We reject with downright indignation the +proposal henceforth to read instead,--"FATHER_, that which Thou hast given +Me I will that, where I am, they also may be with Me_," &c. We suspect a +misprint. The passage reads like nonsense. Yes, and nonsense it is,--in +Greek as well as in English: ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} has been written for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--one of the +countless _betises_ for which {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D are exclusively responsible; and which +the weak superstition of these last days is for erecting into a new +Revelation). We appeal to the old Latin and to the Vulgate,--to the better +Egyptian and to all the Syriac versions: to _every known Lectionary_: to +Clemens Alex.,(663)--to Eusebius,(664)--to Nonnus,(665)--to Basil,(666)--to +Chrysostom,(667)--to Cyril,(668)--to Caelestinus,(669)--to Theodoret:(670) not +to mention Cyprian,(671)--Ambrose,(672)--Hilary,(673) &c.:(674) and above +all, 16 uncials, beginning with A and C,--and the whole body of the +cursives. So many words ought not to be required. If men prefer _their_ +"mumpsimus" to _our_ "sumpsimus," let them by all means have it: but pray +let them keep their rubbish to themselves,--and at least leave our +SAVIOUR'S words alone. + +(2.) We shall be told that the foregoing is an outrageous instance. It is. +Then take a few milder cases. They abound, turn whichever way we will. +Thus, we are invited to believe that S. Luke relates concerning our +SAVIOUR that He "_was led by the Spirit in the wilderness during forty +days_" (iv. 1). We stare at this new revelation, and refer to the familiar +Greek. It proves to be the Greek of _all the copies in the __ world but +four_; the Greek which supplied the Latin, the Syrian, the Coptic +Churches, with the text of their respective Versions; the Greek which was +familiar to Origen,(675)--to Eusebius,(676)--to Basil,(677)--to +Didymus,(678)--to Theodoret,(679)--to Maximus,(680)--and to two other ancient +writers, one of whom has been mistaken for Chrysostom,(681) the other for +Basil.(682) It is therefore quite above suspicion. And it informs us that +JESUS "was led by the Spirit _into the wilderness_;" and there was "_forty +days tempted of the Devil_." What then has happened to obscure so plain a +statement? Nothing more serious than that--(1) Four copies of bad character +({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D L) exhibit "in" instead of "into:" and that--(2) Our Revisionists +have been persuaded to believe that _therefore_ S. Luke must needs have +done the same. Accordingly they invite us to share their conviction that +it was the _leading about_ of our LORD, (and not His _Temptation_,) which +lasted for 40 days. And this sorry misconception is to be thrust upon the +90 millions of English-speaking Christians throughout the world,--under the +plea of "necessity"!... But let us turn to a more interesting specimen of +the mischievous consequences which would ensue from the acceptance of the +present so-called "Revision." + +(3.) What is to be thought of _this_, as a substitute for the familiar +language of 2 Cor. xii. 7?--"_And by reason of the exceeding greatness of +the revelations--wherefore, that I should not be exalted overmuch_, there +was given to me a thorn in the flesh." The word "wherefore" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}), which +occasions all the difficulty--(breaking the back of the sentence and +necessitating the hypothesis of a change of construction)--is due solely to +the influence of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A BB. The ordinary Text is recognized by almost every +other copy; by the Latin,--Syriac,--Gothic,--Armenian Versions;--as well as by +Irenaeus,(683)--Origen,(684)--Macarius,(685)--Athanasius,(686)--Chrysostom,(687)--Theodoret,(688)--John +Damascene.(689) Even Tischendorf here makes a stand and refuses to follow +his accustomed guides.(690) In plain terms, the text of 2 Cor. xii. 7 is +beyond the reach of suspicion. Scarcely intelligible is the infatuation of +which our Revisers have been the dupes.--_Quousque tandem?_ + +(4.) Now this is the method of the Revising body throughout: viz. so +seriously to maim the Text of many a familiar passage of Holy Writ as +effectually to mar it. Even where they remedy an inaccuracy in the +rendering of the A. V., they often inflict a more grievous injury than +mistranslation on the inspired Text. An instance occurs at S. John x. 14, +where the good Shepherd says,--"I know Mine own _and am known of Mine_, +even as the FATHER knoweth Me and I know the Father." By thrusting in here +the Manichaean depravation ("_and Mine own know Me_"), our Revisionists +have obliterated the exquisite diversity of expression in the +original,--which implies that whereas the knowledge which subsists between +the FATHER and the SON is identical on either side, not such is the +knowledge which subsists between the creature and the Creator. The +refinement in question has been faithfully retained all down the ages by +every copy in existence except four of bad character,--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D L. It is +witnessed to by the Syriac,--by Macarius,(691)--Gregory +Naz.,(692)--Chrysostom,(693)--Cyril +Alex.,(694)--Theodoret,(695)--Maximus.(696) + +But why go on? Does any one in his sober senses suppose that if S. John +had written "_Mine own know Me_," 996 manuscripts out of 1000, at the end +of 1800 years, would be found to exhibit "_I am known of Mine_"? + +(5.) The foregoing instances must suffice. A brief enumeration of many +more has been given already, at pp. 144(_b_)-152. + +Now, in view of the phenomenon just discovered to us,--(viz. for one crop +of deformities weeded out, an infinitely larger crop of far grosser +deformities as industriously planted in,)--we confess to a feeling of +distress and annoyance which altogether indisposes us to accord to the +Revisionists that language of congratulation with which it would have been +so agreeable to receive their well-meant endeavours. The serious question +at once arises,--Is it to be thought that upon the whole we are gainers, or +losers, by the Revised Version? And there seems to be no certain way of +resolving this doubt, but by opening a "Profit and Loss account" with the +Revisers,--crediting them with every item of _gain_, and debiting them with +every item of _loss_. But then,--(and we ask the question with sanguine +simplicity,)--Why should it not be _all_ gain and _no_ loss, when, at the +end of 270 years, a confessedly noble work, a truly unique specimen of +genius, taste and learning, is submitted to a body of Scholars, equipped +with every external advantage, _only_ in order that they may improve upon +it--_if they are able_? These learned individuals have had upwards of ten +years wherein to do their work. They have enjoyed the benefit of the +tentative labours of a host of predecessors,--some for their warning, some +for their help and guidance. They have all along had before their eyes the +solemn injunction that, whatever they were not able _certainly_ to +improve, they were to be _supremely careful to let alone_. They were +warned at the outset against any but "_necessary_" changes. Their sole +business was to remove "_plain and clear errors_." They had pledged +themselves to introduce "_as few alterations as possible_." Why then, we +again ask,--_Why_ should not every single innovation which they introduced +into the grand old exemplar before them, prove to be a manifest, an +undeniable change for the better?(697) + +XIV. The more we ponder over this unfortunate production, the more +cordially do we regret that it was ever undertaken. Verily, the Northern +Convocation displayed a far-sighted wisdom when it pronounced against the +project from the first. We are constrained to declare that could we have +conceived it possible that the persons originally appointed by the +Southern Province would have co-opted into their body persons capable of +executing their work with such extravagant licentiousness as well as such +conspicuous bad taste, we should never have entertained one hopeful +thought on the subject. For indeed every characteristic feature of the +work of the Revisionists offends us,--as well in respect of what they have +left undone, as of what they have been the first to venture to do:-- + +(_a_) Charged "to introduce _as few_ alterations as possible into the Text +of the Authorized Version," they have on the contrary evidently acted +throughout on the principle of making _as many_ changes in it as they +conveniently could. + +(_b_) Directed "to limit, _as far as possible_, the expression of such +alterations to the language of the Authorized and earlier English +Versions,"--they have introduced such terms as "assassin," "apparition," +"boon," "disparagement," "divinity," "effulgence," "epileptic," +"fickleness," "gratulation," "irksome," "interpose," "pitiable," +"sluggish," "stupor," "surpass," "tranquil:" such compounds as +"self-control," "world-ruler:" such phrases as "_draw up_ a narrative:" +"_the impulse_ of the steersman:" "_in lack_ of daily food:" "_exercising_ +oversight." These are but a very few samples of the offence committed by +our Revisionists, of which we complain. + +(_c_) Whereas they were required "to _revise_ the Headings of the +Chapters," they have not even _retained_ them. We demand at least to have +our excellent "Headings" back. + +(_d_) And what has become of our time-honoured "Marginal References,"--_the +very best Commentary_ on the Bible, as we believe,--certainly the very best +help for the right understanding of Scripture,--which the wit of man hath +ever yet devised? The "Marginal References" would be lost to the Church +for ever, if the work of the Revisionists were allowed to stand: the space +required for their insertion having been completely swallowed up by the +senseless, and worse than senseless, Textual Annotations which at present +infest the margin of every sacred page. We are beyond measure amazed that +the Revisionists have even deprived the reader of the _essential aid_ of +references to the places of the Old Testament which are quoted in the New. + +(_e_) Let the remark be added in passing, that we greatly dislike the +affectation of printing certain quotations from the Old Testament after +the strange method adopted by our Revisers from Drs. Westcott and Hort. + +(_f_) The further external _assimilation of the Sacred Volume to an +ordinary book_ by getting rid of the division into Verses, we also hold to +be a great mistake. In the Greek, by all means let the verses be merely +noted in the margin: but, for more than one weighty reason, in the +_English_ Bible let the established and peculiar method of printing the +Word of GOD, tide what tide, be scrupulously retained. + +(_g_) But incomparably the gravest offence is behind. By far the most +serious of all is _that_ Error to the consideration of which we devoted +our former Article. THE NEW GREEK TEXT which, in defiance of their +Instructions,(698) our Revisionists have constructed, has been proved to +be utterly undeserving of confidence. Built up on a fallacy which since +1831 has been dominant in Germany, and which has lately found but too much +favour among ourselves, it is in the main a reproduction of the recent +labours of Doctors Westcott and Hort. But we have already recorded our +conviction, that the results at which those eminent Scholars have arrived +are wholly inadmissible. It follows that, in our account, the "New English +Version," has been all along a foredoomed thing. If the "New Greek Text" +be indeed a tissue of fabricated Readings, the translation of these into +English must needs prove lost labour. It is superfluous to enquire into +the merits of the English rendering of words which Evangelists and +Apostles demonstrably never wrote. + +(_h_) Even this, however, is not nearly all. As Translators, full +two-thirds of the Revisionists have shown themselves singularly +deficient,--alike in their critical acquaintance with the language out of +which they had to translate, and in their familiarity with the idiomatic +requirements of their own tongue. They had a noble Version before them, +which they have contrived to spoil in every part. Its dignified simplicity +and essential faithfulness, its manly grace and its delightful rhythm, +they have shown themselves alike unable to imitate and unwilling to +retain. Their queer uncouth phraseology and their jerky sentences:--their +pedantic obscurity and their stiff, constrained manner:--their fidgetty +affectation of accuracy,--and their habitual achievement of English which +fails to exhibit the spirit of the original Greek;--are sorry substitutes +for the living freshness, and elastic freedom, and habitual fidelity of +the grand old Version which we inherited from our Fathers, and which has +sustained the spiritual life of the Church of England, and of all +English-speaking Christians, for 350 years. Linked with all our holiest, +happiest memories, and bound up with all our purest aspirations: part and +parcel of whatever there is of good about us: fraught with men's hopes of +a blessed Eternity and many a bright vision of the never-ending Life;--the +Authorized Version, wherever it was possible, _should have been jealously +retained_. But on the contrary. Every familiar cadence has been +dislocated: the congenial flow of almost every verse of Scripture has been +hopelessly marred: so many of those little connecting words, which give +life and continuity to a narrative, have been vexatiously displaced, that +a perpetual sense of annoyance is created. The countless minute +alterations which have been needlessly introduced into every familiar page +prove at last as tormenting as a swarm of flies to the weary traveller on +a summer's day.(699) To speak plainly, the book has been made +_unreadable_. + +But in fact the distinguished Chairman of the New Testament Company +(Bishop Ellicott,) has delivered himself on this subject in language which +leaves nothing to be desired, and which we willingly make our own. "No +Revision" (he says) "in the present day _could hope to meet with an hour's +acceptance_ if it failed to preserve the tone, rhythm, and diction of the +present Authorized Version."(700)--What else is this but a vaticination,--of +which the uninspired Author, by his own act and deed, has ensured the +punctual fulfilment? + +We lay the Revisers' volume down convinced that the case of their work is +simply hopeless. _Non ego paucis offendar maculis._ Had the blemishes been +capable of being reckoned up, it might have been worth while to try to +remedy some of them. But when, instead of being disfigured by a few weeds +scattered here and there, the whole field proves to be sown over in every +direction with thorns and briars; above all when, deep beneath the +surface, roots of bitterness to be counted by thousands, are found to have +been silently planted in, which are sure to produce poisonous fruit after +many days:--under _such_ circumstances only one course can be prescribed. +Let the entire area be ploughed up,--ploughed deep; and let the ground be +left for a decent space of time without cultivation. It is idle--worse than +idle--to dream of revising, _with a view to retaining_, this Revision. +Another generation of students must be suffered to arise. Time must be +given for Passion and Prejudice to cool effectually down. Partizanship, +(which at present prevails to an extraordinary extent, but which is +wondrously out of place in _this_ department of Sacred +Learning,)--_Partizanship_ must be completely outlived,--before the Church +can venture, with the remotest prospect of a successful issue, to organize +another attempt at revising the Authorized Version of the New Testament +Scriptures. + +Yes, and in the meantime--(let it in all faithfulness be added)--the Science +of Textual Criticism will have to be prosecuted, _for the first time_, in +a scholarlike manner. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES,--sufficiently axiomatic to +ensure general acceptance,--will have to be laid down for men's guidance. +The time has quite gone by for vaunting "_the now established Principles +of Textual Criticism_,"(701)--as if they had an actual existence. Let us be +shown, instead, _which those Principles be_. As for the weak superstition +of these last days, which--_without proof of any kind_--would erect two +IVth-century Copies of the New Testament, (demonstrably derived from one +and the same utterly depraved archetype,) into an authority from which +there shall be no appeal,--it cannot be too soon or too unconditionally +abandoned. And, perhaps beyond all things, men must be invited to disabuse +their minds of the singular imagination that it is in their power, when +addressing themselves to that most difficult and delicate of +problems,--_the improvement of the Traditional Text_,--"solvere +ambulando."(702) They are assured that they may not take to Textual +Criticism as ducks take to the water. They will be drowned inevitably if +they are so ill-advised as to make the attempt. + +Then further, those who would interpret the New Testament Scriptures, are +reminded that a thorough acquaintance with the Septuagintal Version of the +Old Testament is one indispensable condition of success.(703) And finally, +the Revisionists of the future (if they desire that their labours should +be crowned), will find it their wisdom to practise a severe self-denial; +to confine themselves to the correction of "_plain and clear errors_;" and +in fact to "introduce into the Text _as few alterations as possible_." + +On a review of all that has happened, from first to last, we can but feel +greatly concerned: greatly surprised: most of all, disappointed. We had +expected a vastly different result. It is partly (not quite) accounted +for, by the rare attendance in the Jerusalem Chamber of some of the names +on which we had chiefly relied. Bishop Moberly (of Salisbury) was present +on only 121 occasions: Bishop Wordsworth (of S. Andrews) on only 109: +Archbishop Trench (of Dublin) on only 63: Bishop Wilberforce on only +_one_. The Archbishop, in his Charge, adverts to "the not unfrequent +sacrifice of grace and ease to the rigorous requirements of a literal +accuracy;" and regards them "as pushed to a faulty excess" (p. 22). Eleven +years before the scheme for the present "Revision" had been matured, the +same distinguished and judicious Prelate, (then Dean of Westminster,) +persuaded as he was that a Revision _ought_ to come, and convinced that in +time it _would_ come, deprecated its being attempted _yet_. His words +were,--"Not however, I would trust, as yet: for we are not as yet _in any +respect prepared for it. The Greek, and the English_ which should enable +us to bring this to a successful end might, it is to be feared, be wanting +alike."(704) Archbishop Trench, with wise after-thought, in a second +edition, explained himself to mean "_that special Hellenistic Greek, here +required_." + +The Bp. of S. Andrews has long since, in the fullest manner, cleared +himself from the suspicion of complicity in the errors of the work before +us,--as well in respect of the "New Greek Text" as of the "New English +Version." In the Charge which he delivered at his Diocesan Synod, (22nd +Sept. 1880,) he openly stated that two years before the work was finally +completed, he had felt obliged to address a printed circular to each +member of the Company, in which he strongly remonstrated against the +excess to which changes had been carried; and that the remonstrance had +been, for the most part, unheeded. Had this been otherwise, there is good +reason to believe that the reception which the Revision has met with would +have been far less unfavourable, and that many a controversy which it has +stirred up, would have been avoided. We have been assured that the Bp. of +S. Andrews would have actually resigned his place in the Company at that +time, if he had not been led to expect that some opportunity would have +been taken by the Minority, when the work was finished, to express their +formal dissent from the course which had been followed, and many of the +conclusions which had been adopted. + +Were certain other excellent personages, (Scholars and Divines of the best +type) who were often present, disposed at this late hour to come forward, +they too would doubtless tell us that they heartily regretted what was +done, but were powerless to prevent it. It is no secret that Dr. Lee,--the +learned Archdeacon of Dublin,--(one of the few really competent members of +the Revising body,)--found himself perpetually in the minority. + +The same is to be recorded concerning Dr. Roberts, whose work on the +Gospels (published in 1864) shows that he is not by any means so entirely +a novice in the mysteries of Textual Criticism as certain of his +colleagues.--One famous Scholar and excellent Divine,--a Dean whom we +forbear to name,--with the modesty of real learning, often withheld what +(had he given it) would have been an adverse vote.--Another learned and +accomplished Dean (Dr. Merivale), after attending 19 meetings of the +Revising body, withdrew in disgust from them entirely. He disapproved _the +method_ of his colleagues, and was determined to incur no share of +responsibility for the probable result of their deliberations.--By the +way,--What about a certain solemn Protest, by means of which the Minority +had resolved _liberare animas suas_ concerning the open disregard shown by +the Majority for the conditions under which they had been entrusted with +the work of Revision, but which was withheld at the last moment? Inasmuch +as their reasons for the course they eventually adopted seemed sufficient +to those high-minded and honourable men, we forbear to challenge it. +Nothing however shall deter us from plainly avowing our own opinion that +human regards scarcely deserve a hearing when GOD'S Truth is imperilled. +And that the Truth of GOD'S Word in countless instances _has been_ +ignorantly sacrificed by a majority of the Revisionists--(out of deference +to a worthless Theory, newly invented and passionately advocated by two of +their body),--has been already demonstrated; as far, that is, as +demonstration is _possible_ in this subject matter. + +As for Prebendary Scrivener,--_the only really competent Textual Critic of +the whole party_,--it is well known that he found himself perpetually +outvoted by two-thirds of those present. We look forward to the +forthcoming new edition of his _Plain Introduction_, in the confident +belief that he will there make it abundantly plain that he is in no degree +responsible for the monstrous Text which it became his painful duty to +conduct through the Press on behalf of the entire body, of which he +continued to the last to be a member. It is no secret that, throughout, +Dr. Scrivener pleaded in vain for the general view we have ourselves +advocated in this and the preceding Article. + +All alike may at least enjoy the real satisfaction of knowing that, +besides having stimulated, to an extraordinary extent, public attention to +the contents of the Book of Life, they have been instrumental in awakening +a living interest in one important but neglected department of Sacred +Science, which will not easily be again put to sleep. It may reasonably +prove a solace to them to reflect that they have besides, although perhaps +in ways they did not anticipate, rendered excellent service to mankind. A +monument they have certainly erected to themselves,--though neither of +their Taste nor yet of their Learning. Their well-meant endeavours have +provided an admirable text-book for Teachers of Divinity,--who will +henceforth instruct their pupils to beware of the Textual errors of the +Revisionists of 1881, as well as of their tasteless, injudicious, and +unsatisfactory essays in Translation. This work of theirs will discharge +the office of a warning beacon to as many as shall hereafter embark on the +same perilous enterprise with themselves. It will convince men of the +danger of pursuing the same ill-omened course: trusting to the same +unskilful guidance: venturing too near the same wreck-strewn shore. + +Its effect will be to open men's eyes, as nothing else could possibly have +done, to the dangers which beset the Revision of Scripture. It will teach +faithful hearts to cling the closer to the priceless treasure which was +bequeathed to them by the piety and wisdom of their fathers. It will +dispel for ever the dream of those who have secretly imagined that a more +exact Version, undertaken with the boasted helps of this nineteenth +century of ours, would bring to light something which has been hitherto +unfairly kept concealed or else misrepresented. Not the least service +which the Revisionists have rendered has been the proof their work +affords, how very seldom our Authorized Version is materially wrong: how +faithful and trustworthy, on the contrary, it is throughout. Let it be +also candidly admitted that, even where (in our judgment) the Revisionists +have erred, they have never had the misfortune _seriously_ to obscure a +single feature of Divine Truth; nor have they in any quarter (as we hope) +inflicted wounds which will be attended with worse results than to leave a +hideous scar behind them. It is but fair to add that their work bears +marks of an amount of conscientious (though misdirected) labour, which +those only can fully appreciate who have made the same province of study +to some extent their own. + + + + + +ARTICLE III. WESTCOTT AND HORT'S NEW TEXTUAL THEORY. + + + "In the determination of disputed readings, these Critics avail + themselves of so small a portion of existing materials, or allow + so little weight to others, that the Student who follows them has + positively _less ground for his convictions than former Scholars + had at any period in the history of modern Criticism_."--CANON + COOK, p. 16. + + "We have no right, doubtless, to assume that our Principles are + infallible: but we _have_ a right to claim that any one who + rejects them ... should confute the Arguments and rebut the + Evidence on which the opposite conclusion has been founded. + _Strong expressions of Individual Opinion are not Arguments._"--BP. + ELLICOTT'S Pamphlet, (1882,) p. 40. + + Our "method involves vast research, unwearied patience.... It will + therefore find but little favour with _those who adopt the easy + method_ ... _of using some favourite Manuscript_, or _some + supposed power of divining the Original Text_."--BP. ELLICOTT, + _Ibid._ p. 19. + + "Non enim sumus sicut plurimi, adulterantes ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) verbum + DEI."--2 Cor. ii. 17. + + "Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without + knowledge?"--JOB xxxviii. 2. + + "Can the blind lead the blind? shall they not both fall into the + ditch?"--S. LUKE vi. 39. + + +Proposing to ourselves (May 17th, 1881) to enquire into the merits of the +recent Revision of the Authorized Version of the New Testament Scriptures, +we speedily became aware that an entirely different problem awaited us and +demanded preliminary investigation. We made the distressing discovery, +that the underlying Greek Text had been completely refashioned throughout. +It was accordingly not so much a "_Revised English Version_" as a "_New +Greek Text_," which was challenging public acceptance. Premature +therefore,--not to say preposterous,--would have been any enquiry into the +degree of ability with which the original Greek had been rendered into +English by our Revisionists, until we had first satisfied ourselves that +it was still "the original Greek" with which we had to deal: or whether it +had been the supreme infelicity of a body of Scholars claiming to act by +the authority of the sacred Synod of Canterbury, to put themselves into +the hands of some ingenious theory-monger, and to become the dupes of any +of the strange delusions which are found unhappily still to prevail in +certain quarters, on the subject of Textual Criticism. + +The correction of known Textual errors of course we eagerly expected: and +on every occasion when the Traditional Text was altered, we as confidently +depended on finding a record of the circumstance inserted with religious +fidelity into the margin,--as agreed upon by the Revisionists at the +outset. In both of these expectations however we found ourselves sadly +disappointed. The Revisionists have _not_ corrected the "known Textual +errors." On the other hand, besides silently adopting most of those +wretched fabrications which are just now in favour with the German school, +they have encumbered their margin with those other Readings which, after +due examination, _they had themselves deliberately rejected_. For why? +Because, in their collective judgment, "for the present, it would not be +safe to accept one Reading to the absolute exclusion of others."(705) A +fatal admission truly! What are found in the margin are therefore +"_alternative Readings_,"--in the opinion of these self-constituted +representatives of the Church and of the Sects. + +It becomes evident that, by this ill-advised proceeding, our Revisionists +would convert every Englishman's copy of the New Testament into a +one-sided Introduction to the Critical difficulties of the Greek Text; a +labyrinth, out of which they have not been at the pains to supply him with +a single hint as to how he may find his way. On the contrary. By candidly +avowing that they find themselves enveloped in the same Stygian darkness +with the ordinary English Reader, they give him to understand that there +is absolutely no escape from the difficulty. What else must be the result +of all this but general uncertainty, confusion, distress? A hazy mistrust +of all Scripture has been insinuated into the hearts and minds of +countless millions, who in this way have been _forced_ to become +doubters,--yes, doubters in the Truth of Revelation itself. One recals +sorrowfully the terrible woe denounced by the Author of Scripture on those +who minister occasions of falling to others:--"It must needs be that +offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh!" + +For ourselves, shocked and offended at the unfaithfulness which could so +deal with the sacred Deposit, we made it our business to expose, somewhat +in detail, what had been the method of our Revisionists. In our October +number(706) we demonstrated, (as far as was possible within such narrow +limits,) the utterly untrustworthy character of not a few of the results +at which, after ten years of careful study, these distinguished Scholars +proclaim to the civilized world that they have deliberately arrived. In +our January number(707) also, we found it impossible to avoid extending +our enumeration of Textual errors and multiplying our proofs, while we +were making it our business to show that, even had their _Text_ been +faultless, their _Translation_ must needs be rejected as intolerable, on +grounds of defective Scholarship and egregious bad Taste. The popular +verdict has in the meantime been pronounced unmistakably. It is already +admitted on all hands that the Revision has been a prodigious blunder. How +it came about that, with such a first-rate textual Critic among them as +Prebendary Scrivener,(708) the Revisers of 1881 should have deliberately +gone back to those vile fabrications from which the good Providence of GOD +preserved Erasmus and Stunica,--Stephens and Beza and the Elzevirs,--three +centuries ago:--how it happened that, with so many splendid Scholars +sitting round their table, they should have produced a Translation which, +for the most part, reads like a first-rate school-boy's _crib_,--tasteless, +unlovely, harsh, unidiomatic;--servile without being really +faithful,--pedantic without being really learned;--an unreadable +Translation, in short; the result of a vast amount of labour indeed, but +of wondrous little skill:--how all this has come about, it were utterly +useless at this time of day to enquire. + +Unable to disprove the correctness of our Criticism on the Revised Greek +Text, even in a single instance, certain partizans of the +Revision,--singular to relate,--have been ever since industriously +promulgating the notion, that the Reviewer's great misfortune and fatal +disadvantage all along has been, that he wrote his first Article before +the publication of Drs. Westcott and Hort's Critical "_Introduction_." Had +he but been so happy as to have been made aware by those eminent Scholars +of the critical principles which have guided them in the construction of +their Text, how differently must he have expressed himself throughout, and +to what widely different conclusions must he have inevitably arrived! This +is what has been once and again either openly declared, or else privately +intimated, in many quarters. Some, in the warmth of their partizanship, +have been so ill-advised as to insinuate that it argues either a +deficiency of moral courage, or else of intellectual perception, in the +Reviewer, that he has not long since grappled definitely with the Theory +of Drs. Westcott and Hort,--and either published an Answer to it, or else +frankly admitted that he finds it unanswerable. + +(_a_) All of which strikes us as queer in a high degree. First, because as +a matter of fact we were careful to make it plain that the _Introduction_ +in question had duly reached us _before the first sheet_ of our earlier +Article had left our hands. To be brief,--we made it our business to +procure a copy and read it through, the instant we heard of its +publication: and on our fourteenth page (see above, pp. 26-8) we +endeavoured to compress into a long foot-note some account of a Theory +which (we take leave to say) can appear formidable only to one who either +lacks the patience to study it, or else the knowledge requisite to +understand it. We found that, from a diligent perusal of the _Preface_ +prefixed to the "limited and private issue" of 1870, we had formed a +perfectly correct estimate of the contents of the _Introduction_; and had +already characterized it with entire accuracy at pp. 24 to 29 of our first +Article. Drs. Westcott and Hort's _New Testament in the original Greek_ +was discovered to "partake inconveniently of the nature of a work of the +Imagination,"--as we had anticipated. We became easily convinced that +"those accomplished Scholars had succeeded in producing a Text vastly more +remote from the inspired autographs of the Evangelists and Apostles of our +LORD, than any which has appeared since the invention of Printing." + +(_b_) But the queerest circumstance is behind. How is it supposed that any +amount of study of _the last new Theory_ of Textual Revision can seriously +affect a Reviewer's estimate of the evidential value of the historical +_facts_ on which he relies for his proof that a certain exhibition of the +Greek Text is untrustworthy? The _onus probandi_ rests clearly not with +_him_, but with those who call those proofs of his in question. More of +this, however, by and by. We are impatient to get on. + +(_c_) And then, lastly,--What have _we_ to do with the _Theory_ of Drs. +Westcott and Hort? or indeed with the Theory of _any other person who can +be named_? We have been examining the new Greek Text _of the +Revisionists_. We have condemned, after furnishing detailed proof, _the +results_ at which--by whatever means--that distinguished body of Scholars +has arrived. Surely it is competent to us to upset their _conclusion_, +without being constrained also to investigate in detail the illicit +logical processes by which two of their number in a separate publication +have arrived at far graver results, and often even stand hopelessly apart, +the one from the other! We say it in no boastful spirit, but we have an +undoubted right to assume, that unless the Revisionists are able by a +stronger array of authorities to set aside the evidence we have already +brought forward, the calamitous destiny of their "Revision," so far as the +New Testament is concerned, is simply a thing inevitable. + +Let it not be imagined, however, from what goes before, that we desire to +shirk the proposed encounter with the advocates of this last new Text, or +that we entertain the slightest intention of doing so. We willingly accept +the assurance, that it is only because Drs. Westcott and Hort are +virtually responsible for the Revisers' Greek Text, that it is so +imperiously demanded by the Revisers and their partizans, that the Theory +of the two Cambridge Professors may be critically examined. We can +sympathize also with the secret distress of certain of the body, who now, +when it is all too late to remedy the mischief, begin to suspect that they +have been led away by the hardihood of self-assertion;--overpowered by the +_facundia praeceps_ of one who is at least a thorough believer in his own +self-evolved opinions;--imposed upon by the seemingly consentient pages of +Tischendorf and Tregelles, Westcott and Hort.--Without further preface we +begin. + +It is presumed that we shall be rendering acceptable service in certain +quarters if,--before investigating the particular Theory which has been +proposed for consideration,--we endeavour to give the unlearned English +Reader some general notion, (it must perforce be a very imperfect one,) of +the nature of the controversy to which the Theory now to be considered +belongs, and out of which it has sprung. Claiming to be an attempt to +determine the Truth of Scripture on scientific principles, the work before +us may be regarded as the latest outcome of that violent recoil from the +Traditional Greek Text,--that strange impatience of its authority, or +rather denial that it possesses any authority at all,--which began with +Lachmann just 50 years ago (viz. in 1831), and has prevailed ever since; +its most conspicuous promoters being Tregelles (1857-72) and Tischendorf +(1865-72). + +The true nature of the Principles which respectively animate the two +parties in this controversy is at this time as much as ever,--perhaps +_more_ than ever,--popularly misunderstood. The common view of the +contention in which they are engaged, is certainly the reverse of +complimentary to the school of which Dr. Scrivener is the most +accomplished living exponent. We hear it confidently asserted that the +contention is nothing else but an irrational endeavour on the one part to +set up the many modern against the few ancient Witnesses;--the later +cursive copies against the "old Uncials;"--inveterate traditional Error +against undoubted primitive Truth. The disciples of the new popular +school, on the contrary, are represented as relying exclusively _on +Antiquity_. We respectfully assure as many as require the assurance, that +the actual contention is of an entirely different nature. But, before we +offer a single word in the way of explanation, let the position of our +assailants at least be correctly ascertained and clearly established. We +have already been constrained to some extent to go over this ground: but +we will not repeat ourselves. The Reader is referred back, in the +meantime, to pp. 21-24. + +Lachmann's ruling principle then, was exclusive reliance on a very few +ancient authorities--_because_ they are "ancient." He constructed his Text +on three or four,--not unfrequently on _one or two_,--Greek codices. Of the +Greek Fathers, he relied on Origen. Of the oldest Versions, he cared only +for the Latin. To the Syriac (concerning which, see above, p. 9), he paid +no attention. We venture to think his method _irrational_. But this is +really a point on which the thoughtful reader is competent to judge for +himself. He is invited to read the note at foot of the page.(709) + +Tregelles adopted the same strange method. He resorted to a very few out +of the entire mass of "ancient Authorities" for the construction of his +Text. His proceeding is exactly that of a man, who--in order that he may +the better explore a comparatively unknown region--begins by putting out +both his eyes; and resolutely refuses the help of the natives to show him +the way. _Why_ he rejected the testimony of _every Father of the IVth +century, except Eusebius_,--it were unprofitable to enquire. + +Tischendorf, the last and by far the ablest Critic of the three, knew +better than to reject "_eighty-nine ninetieths_" of the extant witnesses. +He had recourse to the ingenious expedient of _adducing_ all the available +evidence, but _adopting_ just as little of it as he chose: and he _chose_ +to adopt those readings only, which are vouched for by the same little +band of authorities whose partial testimony had already proved fatal to +the decrees of Lachmann and Tregelles. Happy in having discovered (in +1859) an uncial codex ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) second in antiquity only to the oldest before +known (B), and strongly resembling that famous IVth-century codex in the +character of its contents, he suffered his judgment to be overpowered by +the circumstance. He at once (1865-72) remodelled his 7th edition (1856-9) +in 3505 places,--"to the scandal of the science of Comparative Criticism, +as well as to his own grave discredit for discernment and +consistency."(710) And yet he knew concerning Cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, that at least ten +different Revisers from the Vth century downwards had laboured to remedy +the scandalously corrupt condition of a text which, "as it proceeded from +the first scribe," even Tregelles describes as "_very rough_."(711) But in +fact the infatuation which prevails to this hour in this department of +sacred Science can only be spoken of as incredible. Enough has been said +to show--(the only point we are bent on establishing)--that the one +distinctive tenet of the three most famous Critics since 1831 has been a +superstitious reverence for whatever is found in the _same little handful_ +of early,--but _not_ the earliest,--_nor yet of necessity the +purest_,--documents. + +Against this arbitrary method of theirs we solemnly, stiffly remonstrate. +"Strange," we venture to exclaim, (addressing the living representatives +of the school of Lachmann, and Tregelles, and Tischendorf):--"Strange, that +you should not perceive that you are the dupes of a fallacy which is even +transparent. You _talk_ of 'Antiquity.' But you must know very well that +you actually _mean_ something different. You fasten upon three, or perhaps +four,--on two, or perhaps three,--on _one, or perhaps two_,--documents of the +IVth or Vth century. But then, confessedly, these are one, two, three, or +four _specimens only_ of Antiquity,--not 'Antiquity' itself. And what if +they should even prove to be _unfair samples_ of Antiquity? Thus, you are +observed always to quote cod. B or at least cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. Pray, why may not the +Truth reside instead with A, or C, or D?--You quote the old Latin or the +Coptic. Why may not the Peschito or the Sahidic be right rather?--You quote +either Origen or else Eusebius,--but why not Didymus and Athanasius, +Epiphanius and Basil, Chrysostom and Theodoret, the Gregories and the +Cyrils?... It will appear therefore that we are every bit as strongly +convinced as you can be of the paramount claims of 'Antiquity:' but that, +eschewing prejudice and partiality, we differ from you only in _this_, +viz. that we absolutely refuse to bow down before the _particular +specimens of Antiquity_ which you have arbitrarily selected as the objects +of your superstition. You are illogical enough to propose to include +within your list of 'ancient Authorities,' codd. 1, 33 and 69,--which are +severally MSS. of the Xth, XIth, and XIVth centuries. And why? Only +because the Text of those 3 copies is observed to bear a sinister +resemblance to that of codex B. But then why, in the name of common sense, +do you not show corresponding favour to the remaining 997 cursive Copies +of the N. T.,--seeing that these are observed to bear _the same general +resemblance to codex_ A?... You are for ever talking about 'old Readings.' +Have you not yet discovered that ALL 'Readings' are 'OLD'?" + +The last contribution to this department of sacred Science is a critical +edition of the New Testament by Drs. WESTCOTT and HORT. About this, we +proceed to offer a few remarks. + +I. The first thing here which unfavourably arrests attention is the +circumstance that this proves to be the only Critical Edition of the New +Testament since the days of Mill, which does not even pretend to +contribute something to our previous critical knowledge of the subject. +Mill it was (1707) who gave us the great bulk of our various Readings; +which Bengel (1734) slightly, and Wetstein (1751-2) very considerably, +enlarged.--The accurate Matthaei (1782-8) acquainted us with the contents of +about 100 codices more; and was followed by Griesbach (1796-1806) with +important additional materials.--Birch had in the meantime (1788) culled +from the principal libraries of Europe a large assortment of new Readings: +while truly marvellous was the accession of evidence which Scholz brought +to light in 1830.--And though Lachmann (1842-50) did wondrous little in +this department, he yet furnished the critical authority (such as it is) +for his own unsatisfactory Text.--Tregelles (1857-72), by his exact +collations of MSS. and examination of the earliest Fathers, has laid the +Church under an abiding obligation: and what is to be said of Tischendorf +(1856-72), who has contributed more to our knowledge than any other editor +of the N. T. since the days of Mill?--Dr. Scrivener, though he has not +independently edited the original Text, is clearly to be reckoned among +those who _have_, by reason of his large, important, and accurate +contributions to our knowledge of ancient documents. Transfer his +collections of various Readings to the foot of the page of a copy of the +commonly Received Text,--and "_Scrivener's New Testament_"(712) might stand +between the editions of Mill and of Wetstein. Let the truth be told. C. F. +Matthaei and he are _the only two Scholars who have collated any +considerable number of sacred Codices with the needful amount of +accuracy_.(713) + +Now, we trust we shall be forgiven if, at the close of the preceding +enumeration, we confess to something like displeasure at the oracular tone +assumed by Drs. Westcott and Hort in dealing with the Text of Scripture, +though they admit (page 90) that they "rely for documentary evidence on +the stores accumulated by their predecessors." Confident as those +distinguished Professors may reasonably feel of their ability to dispense +with the ordinary appliances of Textual Criticism; and proud (as they must +naturally be) of a verifying faculty which (although they are able to give +no account of it) yet enables them infallibly to discriminate between the +false and the true, as well as to assign "a local habitation and a name" +to every word,--inspired or uninspired,--which purports to belong to the N. +T.:--they must not be offended with us if we freely assure them at the +outset that we shall decline to accept a single argumentative assertion of +theirs for which they fail to offer sufficient proof. Their wholly +unsupported decrees, at the risk of being thought uncivil, we shall +unceremoniously reject, as soon as we have allowed them a hearing. + +This resolve bodes ill, we freely admit, to harmonious progress. But it is +inevitable. For, to speak plainly, we never before met with such a +singular tissue of magisterial statements, unsupported by a particle of +rational evidence, as we meet with here. The abstruse gravity, the +long-winded earnestness of the writer's manner, contrast whimsically with +the utterly inconsequential character of his antecedents and his +consequents throughout. Professor Hort--(for "the writing of the volume and +the other accompaniments of the Text devolved" on _him_,(714))--Dr. Hort +seems to mistake his Opinions for facts,--his Assertions for arguments,--and +a Reiteration of either for an accession of evidence. There is throughout +the volume, apparently, a dread of _Facts_ which is even extraordinary. An +actual illustration of the learned Author's meaning,--a concrete +case,--seems as if it were _never_ forthcoming. At last it comes: but the +phenomenon is straightway discovered to admit of at least two +interpretations, and therefore never to prove the thing intended. In a +person of high education,--in one accustomed to exact reasoning,--we should +have supposed all this impossible.... But it is high time to unfold the +_Introduction_ at the first page, and to begin to read. + +II. It opens (p. 1-11) with some unsatisfactory Remarks on "Transmission +by Writing;" vague and inaccurate,--unsupported by one single Textual +reference,--and labouring under the grave defect of leaving the most +instructive phenomena of the problem wholly untouched. For, inasmuch as +"Transmission by writing" involves two distinct classes of errors, (1st) +Those which are the result of _Accident_,--and (2ndly) Those which are the +result of _Design_,--it is to use a Reader badly not to take the earliest +opportunity of explaining to him that what makes codd. B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D such utterly +untrustworthy guides, (except when supported by a large amount of +extraneous evidence,) is the circumstance that _Design_ had evidently so +much to do with a vast proportion of the peculiar errors in which they +severally abound. In other words, each of those codices clearly exhibits a +fabricated Text,--is the result of arbitrary and reckless _Recension_. + +Now, this is not a matter of opinion, but of fact. In S. Luke's Gospel +alone (collated with the traditional Text) the _transpositions_ in codex B +amount to 228,--affecting 654 words: in codex D, to 464,--affecting 1401 +words. Proceeding with our examination of the same Gospel according to S. +Luke, we find that the words _omitted_ in B are 757,--in D, 1552. The words +_substituted_ in B amount to 309,--in D, to 1006. The readings _peculiar_ +to B are 138, and affect 215 words;--those peculiar to D, are 1731, and +affect 4090 words. Wondrous few of these _can_ have been due to accidental +causes. The Text of one or of both codices must needs be depraved. (As for +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, it is so frequently found in accord with B, that out of consideration +for our Readers, we omit the corresponding figures.) + +We turn to codd. A and C--(executed, suppose, a hundred years _after_ B, +and a hundred years _before_ D)--and the figures are found to be as +follows:-- + + In A. In C. +The transpositions are 75 67 +affecting 199 words 197 +The words omitted are 208 175 +The words substituted 111 115 +The peculiar readings 90 87 +affecting 131 words 127 + +Now, (as we had occasion to explain in a previous page,(715)) it is +entirely to misunderstand the question, to object that the preceding +Collation has been made with the Text of Stephanus open before us. Robert +Etienne in the XVIth century was not _the cause_ why cod. B in the IVth, +and cod. D in the VIth, are so widely discordant from one another; A and +C, so utterly at variance with both. The simplest explanation of the +phenomena is the truest; namely, that B and D exhibit grossly depraved +Texts;--a circumstance of which it is impossible that the ordinary Reader +should be too soon or too often reminded. But to proceed. + +III. Some remarks follow, on what is strangely styled "Transmission by +printed Editions:" in the course of which Dr. Hort informs us that +Lachmann's Text of 1831 was "the first founded on documentary +authority."(716)... On _what_ then, pray, does the learned Professor +imagine that the Texts of Erasmus (1516) and of Stunica (1522) were +founded? His statement is incorrect. The actual difference between +Lachmann's Text and those of the earlier Editors is, that _his_ +"documentary authority" is partial, narrow, self-contradictory; and is +proved to be untrustworthy by a free appeal to Antiquity. _Their_ +documentary authority, derived from independent sources,--though partial +and narrow as that on which Lachmann relied,--exhibits (_under the good +Providence of _GOD,) a Traditional Text, the general purity of which is +demonstrated by all the evidence which 350 years of subsequent research +have succeeded in accumulating; and which is confessedly the Text of A.D. +375. + +IV. We are favoured, in the third place, with the "History of this +Edition:" in which the point that chiefly arrests attention is the +explanation afforded of the many and serious occasions on which Dr. +Westcott ("W.") and Dr. Hort ("H."), finding it impossible to agree, have +set down their respective notions separately and subscribed them with +their respective initial. We are reminded of what was wittily said +concerning Richard Baxter: viz. that even if no one but himself existed in +the Church, "Richard" would still be found to disagree with "Baxter,"--and +"Baxter" with "Richard".... We read with uneasiness that + + + "no individual mind can ever act with perfect uniformity, or free + itself completely from _its own Idiosyncrasies_;" and that "the + danger of _unconscious Caprice_ is inseparable from personal + judgment."--(p. 17.) + + +All this reminds us painfully of certain statements made by the same +Editors in 1870:-- + + + "We are obliged to come to the _individual mind_ at last; and + Canons of Criticism are useful only as warnings against _natural + illusions_, and aids to circumspect consideration, not as absolute + rules to prescribe the final decision."--(pp. xviii., xix.) + + +May we be permitted without offence to point out (not for the first time) +that "idiosyncrasies" and "unconscious caprice," and the fancies of the +"individual mind," can be allowed _no place whatever_ in a problem of such +gravity and importance as the present? Once admit such elements, and we +are safe to find ourselves in cloud-land to-morrow. A weaker foundation on +which to build, is not to be named. And when we find that the learned +Professors "venture to hope that the present Text has escaped some risks +of this kind by being the production of two Editors of different habits of +mind, working independently and to a great extent on different plans,"--we +can but avow our conviction that the safeguard is altogether inadequate. +When two men, devoted to the same pursuit, are in daily confidential +intercourse on such a subject, the "_natural illusions_" of either have a +marvellous tendency to communicate themselves. Their Reader's only +protection is rigidly to _insist_ on the production of _Proof_ for +everything which these authors say. + +V. The dissertation on "Intrinsic" and "Transcriptional Probability" which +follows (pp. 20-30),--being _unsupported by one single instance or +illustration_,--we pass by. It ignores throughout the fact, that the most +serious corruptions of MSS. are due, _not_ to "Scribes" or "Copyists," (of +whom, by the way, we find perpetual mention every time we open the page;) +but to the persons who employed them. So far from thinking with Dr. Hort +that "the value of the evidence obtained from Transcriptional Probability +is incontestable,"--for that, "without its aid, Textual Criticism could +rarely obtain a high degree of security," (p. 24,)--we venture to declare +that inasmuch as one expert's notions of what is "transcriptionally +probable" prove to be the diametrical reverse of another expert's notions, +the supposed evidence to be derived from this source may, with advantage, +be neglected altogether. Let the study of _Documentary Evidence_ be +allowed to take its place. Notions of "Probability" are the very pest of +those departments of Science which admit of an appeal to _Fact_. + +VI. A signal proof of the justice of our last remark is furnished by the +plea which is straightway put in (pp. 30-1) for the superior necessity of +attending to "the relative antecedent credibility of Witnesses." In other +words, "The comparative trustworthiness of documentary Authorities" is +proposed as a far weightier consideration than "Intrinsic" and +"Transcriptional Probability." Accordingly we are assured (in capital +letters) that "Knowledge of Documents should precede final judgment upon +readings" (p. 31). + +"Knowledge"! Yes, but how acquired? Suppose two rival documents,--cod. A +and cod. B. May we be informed how you would proceed with respect to them? + + + "Where one of the documents is found habitually to contain + _morally certain, or at least strongly preferred, Readings_,--and + the other habitually to contain their rejected rivals,--we [_i.e._ + _Dr. Hort_] can have no doubt that the Text of the first has been + transmitted in comparative purity; and that the Text of the second + has suffered comparatively large corruption."--(p. 32.) + + +But can such words have been written seriously? Is it gravely pretended +that Readings become "_morally certain_," because they are "_strongly +preferred_"? Are we (in other words) seriously invited to admit that the +"STRONG PREFERENCE" of "the individual mind" is to be the ultimate +standard of appeal? If so, though _you_ (Dr. Hort) may "_have no doubt_" +as to which is the purer manuscript,--see you not plainly that a man of +different "idiosyncrasy" from yourself, may just as reasonably claim to +"have no doubt"--_that you are mistaken_?... One is reminded of a passage +in p. 61: viz.-- + + + "If we find in any group of documents a succession of Readings + exhibiting an exceptional purity of text, that is,--_Readings which + the fullest consideration of Internal Evidence pronounces to be + right, in opposition to formidable arrays of Documentary + Evidence_; the cause must be that, as far at least as these + Readings are concerned, some one exceptionally pure MS. was the + common ancestor of all the members of the group." + + +But how does _that_ appear? "The cause" _may_ be _the erroneous judgment +of the Critic_,--may it not?... Dr. Hort is for setting up what his own +inner consciousness "pronounces to be right," against "Documentary +Evidence," however multitudinous. He claims that his own verifying faculty +shall be supreme,--shall settle every question. Can he be in earnest? + +VII. We are next introduced to the subject of "Genealogical Evidence" (p. +39); and are made attentive: for we speedily find ourselves challenged to +admit that a "total change in the bearing of the evidence" is "made by the +introduction of the factor of Genealogy" (p. 43). Presuming that the +_meaning_ of the learned Writer must rather be that _if we did but know_ +the genealogy of MSS., we should be in a position to reason more +confidently concerning their Texts,--we read on: and speedily come to a +second axiom (which is again printed in capital letters), viz. that "All +trustworthy restoration of corrupted Texts is founded on the study of +their History" (p. 40). We really read and wonder. Are we then engaged in +_the _"restoration of corrupted Texts"? If so,--which be they? We +require--(1) To be shown the "_corrupted Texts_" referred to: and then--(2) +To be convinced that "the study of _their History_"--(as distinguished from +an examination of the evidence for or against _their Readings_)--is a thing +feasible. + + + "A simple instance" (says Dr. Hort) "will show at once the + practical bearing" of "the principle here laid down."--(p. 40.) + + +But (as usual) Dr. Hort produces _no_ instance. He merely proceeds to +"suppose" a case (§ 50), which he confesses (§ 53) does not exist. So that +we are moving in a land of shadows. And this, he straightway follows up by +the assertion that + + + "it would be difficult to insist too strongly on the + transformation of the superficial aspects of numerical authority + effected by recognition of Genealogy."--(p. 43.) + + +Presently, he assures us that + + + "a few documents are not, by reason of their mere paucity, + appreciably less likely to be right than a multitude opposed to + them." (p. 45.) + + +On this head, we take leave to entertain a somewhat different opinion. +_Apart from the character of the Witnesses_, when 5 men say one thing, and +995 say the exact contradictory, we are apt to regard it even as axiomatic +that, "by reason of their mere paucity," the few "are appreciably far less +likely to be right than the multitude opposed to them." Dr. Hort seems to +share our opinion; for he remarks,-- + + + "A presumption indeed remains that a majority of extant documents + is more likely to represent a majority of ancestral documents, + than _vice versa_." + + +Exactly so! We meant, and we mean _that_, and no other thing. But then, we +venture to point out, that the learned Professor considerably understates +the case: seeing that the "_vice versa presumption_" is absolutely +non-existent. On the other hand, apart from _Proof to the contrary_, we +are disposed to maintain that "a majority of extant documents" in the +proportion of 995 to 5,--and sometimes of 1999 to 1,--creates more than "a +presumption." It amounts to _Proof of _"a majority of ancestral +documents". + +Not so thinks Dr. Hort. "This presumption," (he seems to have persuaded +himself,) may be disposed of by his mere assertion that it "is too minute +to weigh against the smallest tangible evidence of other kinds" (_Ibid._). +As usual, however, he furnishes us with _no evidence at all_,--"tangible" +or "intangible." Can he wonder if we smile at his unsupported _dictum_, +and pass on?... The argumentative import of his twenty weary pages on +"Genealogical Evidence" (pp. 39-59), appears to be resolvable into the +following barren truism: viz. That if, out of 10 copies of Scripture, 9 +_could be proved_ to have been executed from one and the same common +original (p. 41), those 9 would cease to be regarded as 9 independent +witnesses. But does the learned Critic really require to be told that we +want no diagram of an imaginary case (p. 54) to convince us of _that_? + +The one thing here which moves our astonishment, is, that Dr. Hort does +not seem to reflect that _therefore_ (indeed _by his own showing_) codices +B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, having been _demonstrably_ "executed from one and the same common +original," are not to be reckoned as _two_ independent witnesses to the +Text of the New Testament, but as little more than _one_. (See p. 257.) + +High time however is it to declare that, in strictness, all this talk +about "Genealogical evidence," when applied to Manuscripts, +is--_moonshine_. The expression is metaphorical, and assumes that it has +fared with MSS. as it fares with the successive generations of a family; +and so, to a remarkable extent, no doubt, it _has_. But then, it happens, +unfortunately, that we are unacquainted with _one single instance_ of a +known MS. copied from another known MS. And perforce all talk about +"Genealogical evidence," where _no single step in the descent_ can be +produced,--in other words, _where no Genealogical evidence exists_,--is +absurd. The living inhabitants of a village, congregated in the churchyard +where the bodies of their forgotten progenitors for 1000 years repose +without memorials of any kind,--is a faint image of the relation which +subsists between extant copies of the Gospels and the sources from which +they were derived. That, in either case, there has been repeated mixture, +is undeniable; but since the Parish-register is lost, and not a vestige of +Tradition survives, it is idle to pretend to argue on _that_ part of the +subject. It may be reasonably assumed however that those 50 yeomen, +bearing as many Saxon surnames, indicate as many remote _ancestors_ of +some sort. That they represent as many _families_, is at least a _fact_. +Further we cannot go. + +But the illustration is misleading, because inadequate. Assemble rather an +Englishman, an Irishman, a Scot; a Frenchman, a German, a Spaniard; a +Russian, a Pole, an Hungarian; an Italian, a Greek, a Turk. From Noah +these 12 are all confessedly descended; but if _they_ are silent, and +_you_ know nothing whatever about their antecedents,--your remarks about +their respective "genealogies" must needs prove as barren--as Dr. Hort's +about the "genealogies" of copies of Scripture. "_The factor of +Genealogy_," in short, in this discussion, represents a mere phantom of +the brain: is the name of an imagination--not of a fact. + +The nearest approximation to the phenomenon about which Dr. Hort writes so +glibly, is supplied--(1) by Codd. F and G of S. Paul, which are found to be +independent transcripts of the same venerable lost original:--(2) by Codd. +13, 69, 124 and 346, which were confessedly derived from one and the same +queer archetype: _and especially_--(3) by Codd. B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. These two famous +manuscripts, because they are disfigured exclusively by the self-same +mistakes, are convicted of being descended (and not very remotely) from +the self-same very corrupt original. By consequence, the combined evidence +of F and G is but that of a single codex. Evan. 13, 69, 124, 346, when +they agree, would be conveniently designated by a symbol, or a single +capital letter. Codd. B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, as already hinted (p. 255), are not to be +reckoned as two witnesses. Certainly, they have not nearly the Textual +significancy and importance of B in conjunction with A, or of A in +conjunction with C. At best, they do but equal 1-1/2 copies. Nothing of this +kind however is what Drs. Westcott and Hort intend to convey,--or indeed +seem to understand. + +VIII. It is not until we reach p. 94, that these learned men favour us +with a single actual appeal to Scripture. At p. 90, Dr. Hort,--who has +hitherto been skirmishing over the ground, and leaving us to wonder what +in the world it can be that he is driving at,--announces a chapter on the +"Results of Genealogical evidence proper;" and proposes to "determine the +Genealogical relations of the chief ancient Texts." Impatient for +argument, (at page 92,) we read as follows:-- + + + "The fundamental Text of _late extant Greek MSS._ generally is + _beyond all question identical_ with the dominant Antiochian or + Graeco-Syrian Text of the _second half of the fourth century_." + + +We request, in passing, that the foregoing statement may be carefully +noted. The Traditional Greek Text of the New Testament,--the TEXTUS +RECEPTUS, in short,--is, according to Dr. Hort, "BEYOND ALL QUESTION" the +"TEXT OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY." We shall gratefully avail +ourselves of his candid admission, by and by. + +Having thus _assumed_ a "dominant Antiochian or Graeco-Syrian text of the +second half of the IVth century," Dr. H. attempts, by an analysis of what +he is pleased to call "_conflate_ Readings," to prove the "posteriority of +'Syrian' to 'Western' and other 'Neutral' readings."... Strange method of +procedure! seeing that, of those second and third classes of readings, we +have not as yet so much as heard the names. Let us however without more +delay be shown those specimens of "Conflation" which, in Dr. Hort's +judgment, supply "the clearest evidence" (p. 94) that "Syrian" are +posterior alike to "Western" and to "Neutral readings." Of these, after 30 +years of laborious research, Dr. Westcott and he flatter themselves that +they have succeeded in detecting _eight_. + +IX. Now because, on the one hand, it would be unreasonable to fill up the +space at our disposal with details which none but professed students will +care to read;--and because, on the other, we cannot afford to pass by +anything in these pages which pretends to be of the nature of proof;--we +have consigned our account of Dr. Hort's 8 instances of _Conflation_ +(which prove to be less than 7) to the foot of the page.(717) + +And, after an attentive survey of the Textual phenomena connected with +these 7 specimens, we are constrained to assert that the interpretation +put upon them by Drs. Westcott and Hort, is purely arbitrary: a baseless +imagination,--a dream and nothing more. Something has been attempted +analogous to the familiar fallacy, in Divinity, of building a false and +hitherto unheard-of doctrine on a few isolated places of Scripture, +divorced from their context. The actual _facts_ of the case shall be +submitted to the judgement of learned and unlearned Readers alike: and we +promise beforehand to abide by the unprejudiced verdict of either:-- + +(_a_) S. Mark's Gospel is found to contain in all 11,646 words: of which +(collated with the Traditional Text) A omits 138: B, 762: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 870: D, +900.--S. Luke contains 19,941 words: of which A omits 208: B, 757; {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 816: +D, no less than 1552. (Let us not be told that the traditional Text is +itself not altogether trustworthy. _That_ is a matter entirely beside the +question just now before the Reader,--as we have already, over and over +again, had occasion to explain.(718) Codices must needs all alike be +compared _with something_,--must perforce all alike be referred to _some +one common standard_: and we, for our part, are content to employ (as +every Critic has been content before us) the traditional Text, as the most +convenient standard that can be named. So employed, (viz. as a standard of +_comparison_, not of _excellence_,) the commonly Received Text, more +conveniently than any other, _reveals_--certainly does not +_occasion_--different degrees of discrepancy. And now, to proceed.) + +(_b_) Dr. Hort has detected _four_ instances in S. Mark's Gospel, only +_three_ in S. Luke's--_seven_ in all--where Codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and D happen to +concur in making an omission _at the same place_, but not _of the same +words_. We shall probably be best understood if we produce an instance of +the thing spoken of: and no fairer example can be imagined than the last +of the eight, of which Dr. Hort says,--"This simple instance needs no +explanation" (p. 104). Instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--(which is the +reading of _every known copy_ of the Gospels _except five_,)--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L +exhibit only {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: D, only {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. (To speak quite accurately, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +B C L omit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} and are followed by Westcott and Hort: D omits +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and is followed by Tischendorf. Lachmann declines to +follow either. Tregelles doubts.) + +(_c_) Now, upon this (and the six other instances, which however prove to +be a vast deal less apt for their purpose than the present), these learned +men have gratuitously built up the following extravagant and astonishing +theory:-- + +(_d_) They assume,--(they do not attempt to _prove_: in fact they _never_ +prove _anything_:)--(1) That {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}--and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--are +respectively fragments of two independent Primitive Texts, which they +arbitrarily designate as "Western" and "Neutral," respectively:--(2) That +the latter of the two, [_only_ however because it is vouched for by B and +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},] must needs exhibit what the Evangelist actually wrote: [though _why_ +it must, these learned men forget to explain:]--(3) That in the middle of +the IIIrd and of the IVth century the two Texts referred to were with +design and by authority welded together, and became (what the same +irresponsible Critics are pleased to call) the "Syrian text."--(4) That +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, being thus shown [?] to be "a Syrian +_Conflation_," may be rejected at once. (_Notes_, p. 73.) + +X. But we demur to this weak imagination, (which only by courtesy can be +called "_a Theory_,") on every ground, and are constrained to remonstrate +with our would-be Guides at every step. They assume everything. They prove +nothing. And the facts of the case lend them no favour at all. For +first,--We only find {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} standing alone, in two documents of the +IVth century, in two of the Vth, and in one of the VIIIth: while, for +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} standing alone, the only Greek voucher producible is a +notoriously corrupt copy of the VIth century. True, that here a few copies +of the old Latin side with D: but then a few copies _also_ side with the +traditional Text: and Jerome is found to have adjudicated between their +rival claims _in favour of the latter_. The probabilities of the case are +in fact simply overwhelming; for, since D omits 1552 words out of 19,941 +(_i.e._ about one word in 13), _why_ may not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _be two of +the words it omits_,--in which case there has been no "Conflation"? + +Nay, look into the matter a little more closely:--(for surely, before we +put up with this queer illusion, it is our duty to look it very steadily +in the face:)--and note, that in this last chapter of S. Luke's Gospel, +which consists of 837 words, no less than 121 are omitted by cod. D. To +state the case differently,--D is observed to leave out _one word in seven_ +in the very chapter of S. Luke which supplies the instance of "Conflation" +under review. What possible significance therefore can be supposed to +attach to its omission of the clause {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? And since, _mutatis +mutandis_, the same remarks apply to the 6 remaining cases,--(for one, viz. +the [7th], is clearly an oversight,)--will any Reader of ordinary fairness +and intelligence be surprised to hear that we reject the assumed +"Conflation" unconditionally, as a silly dream? It is founded entirely +upon the omission of 21 (or at most 42) words out of a total of 31,587 +from Codd. B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D. And yet it is demonstrable that out of that total, B +omits 1519: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 1686: D, 2452. The occasional _coincidence in Omission_ of +B + {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and D, was in a manner inevitable, and is undeserving of notice. +If,--(which is as likely as not,)--on _six_ occasions, B + {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and D have but +_omitted different words in the same sentence_, then _there has been no +_"Conflation"; and the (so-called) "Theory," which was to have +revolutionized the Text of the N. T., is discovered to rest absolutely +_upon nothing_. It bursts, like a very thin bubble: floats away like a +film of gossamer, and disappears from sight. + +But further, as a matter of fact, _at least five_ out of the eight +instances cited,--viz. the [1st], [2nd], [5th], [6th], [7th],--_fail to +exhibit the alleged phenomena_: conspicuously ought never to have been +adduced. For, in the [1st], D merely _abridges_ the sentence: in the +[2nd], it _paraphrases_ 11 words by 11; and in the [6th], it _paraphrases_ +12 words by 9. In the [5th], B D merely _abridge_. The utmost _residuum_ +of fact which survives, is therefore as follows:-- + +[3rd]. In a sentence of 11 words, B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit 4: D other 4. +[4th]. " " 9 words, B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit 5: D other 5. +[8th]. " " 5 words, B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit 2: D other 2. + +But if _this_ be "the clearest Evidence" (p. 94) producible for "the +Theory of Conflation,"--then, the less said about the "Theory," the better +for the credit of its distinguished Inventors. How _any_ rational Textual +Theory is to be constructed out of the foregoing Omissions, we fail to +divine. But indeed the whole matter is demonstrably a weak imagination,--_a +dream_, and nothing more. + +XI. In the meantime, Drs. Westcott and Hort, instead of realizing the +insecurity of the ground under their feet, proceed gravely to build upon +it, and to treat their hypothetical assumptions as well-ascertained facts. +They imagine that they have already been led by "independent Evidence" to +regard "the longer readings as conflate each from the two earlier +readings:"--whereas, up to p. 105 (where the statement occurs), they have +really failed to produce a single particle of evidence, direct or +indirect, for their opinion. "We have found reason to believe" the +Readings of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L, (say they,) "to be the original Readings."--But why, if +this is the case, have they kept their "finding" so entirely to +themselves?--_No reason whatever_ have they assigned for their belief. The +Reader is presently assured (p. 106) that "_it is certain_" that the +Readings exhibited by the traditional Text in the eight supposed cases of +"Conflation" are all posterior in date to the fragmentary readings +exhibited by B and D. But, once more, What is _the ground_ of this +"certainty"?--Presently (viz. in p. 107), the Reader meets with the further +assurance that + + + "_the proved_ actual use of [shorter] documents in the conflate + Readings renders their use elsewhere a _vera causa_ in the + Newtonian sense." + + +But, once more,--_Where_ and _what_ is the "proof" referred to? May a plain +man, sincerely in search of Truth,--after wasting many precious hours over +these barren pages--be permitted to declare that he resents such solemn +trifling? (He craves to be forgiven if he avows that "_Pickwickian_"--not +"Newtonian"--was the epithet which solicited him, when he had to transcribe +for the Printer the passage which immediately precedes.) + +XII. Next come 8 pages (pp. 107-15) headed--"Posteriority of 'Syrian' to +'Western' and other (neutral and 'Alexandrian') Readings, shown by +Ante-Nicene Patristic evidence." + +In which however we are really "shown" nothing of the sort. _Bold +Assertions_ abound, (as usual with this respected writer,) but _Proof_ he +never attempts any. Not a particle of "Evidence" is adduced.--Next come 5 +pages headed,--"Posteriority of Syrian to Western, Alexandrian, and other +(neutral) Readings, shown by Internal evidence of Syrian readings" (p. +115). + +But again we are "_shown_" absolutely nothing: although we are treated to +the assurance that we have been shown many wonders. Thus, "the Syrian +conflate Readings _have shown_ the Syrian text to be posterior to at least +two ancient forms still extant" (p. 115): which is the very thing they +have signally failed to do. Next, + + + "Patristic evidence _has shown_ that these two ancient Texts, and + also a third, must have already existed early in the third + century, and suggested very strong grounds for believing that in + the middle of the century the Syrian Text had not yet been + formed." + + +Whereas _no single appeal_ has been made to the evidence supplied by _one +single ancient Father_!-- + + + "Another step is gained by a close examination of all Readings + distinctively Syrian."--(_Ibid._) + + +And yet we are never told which the "Readings distinctively Syrian" +_are_,--although they are henceforth referred to in every page. Neither are +we instructed how to recognize them when we see them; which is +unfortunate, since "it follows,"--(though we entirely fail to see from +_what_,)--"that all distinctively Syrian Readings may be set aside at once +as certainly originating after the middle of the third century." (p. 117) +... Let us hear a little more on the subject:-- + + + "The same _Facts_"--(though Dr. Hort has not hitherto favoured us + with _any_)--"lead to another conclusion of equal or even greater + importance respecting non-distinctive Syrian Readings ... Since + the Syrian Text is only a modified eclectic combination of earlier + Texts independently attested,"-- + + +(for it is in this confident style that these eminent Scholars handle the +problem they undertook to solve, but as yet have failed even _to touch_),-- + + + "existing documents descended from it can attest nothing but + itself."--(p. 118.) + + +Presently, we are informed that "it follows from what has been said +above,"--(though _how_ it follows, we fail to see,)--"that all Readings in +which the Pre-Syrian texts concur, _must be accepted at once as the +Apostolic Readings_:" and that "all distinctively Syrian Readings _must be +at once rejected_."--(p. 119.) + +Trenchant decrees of this kind at last arrest attention. It becomes +apparent that we have to do with a Writer who has discovered a summary way +of dealing with the Text of Scripture, and who is prepared to impart his +secret to any who care to accept--without questioning--his views. We look +back to see where this accession of confidence began, and are reminded +that at p. 108 Dr. Hort announced that for convenience he should +henceforth speak of certain "groups of documents," by the conventional +names "Western"--"Pre-Syrian"--"Alexandrian"--and so forth. Accordingly, ever +since, (sometimes eight or ten times in the course of a single page,(719)) +we have encountered this arbitrary terminology: have been required to +accept it as the expression of ascertained facts in Textual Science. Not +till we find ourselves floundering in the deep mire, do we become fully +aware of the absurdity of our position. Then at last, (and high time +too!), we insist on knowing what on earth our Guide is about, and whither +he is proposing to lead us?... More considerate to our Readers than he has +been to us, we propose before going any further, (instead of mystifying +the subject as Dr. Hort has done,) to state in a few plain words what the +present Theory, divested of pedantry and circumlocution, proves to be; and +what is Dr. Hort's actual contention. + +XIII. The one great Fact, which especially troubles him and his joint +Editor,(720)--(as well it may)--is _The Traditional Greek Text_ of the New +Testament Scriptures. Call this Text Erasmian or Complutensian,--the Text +of Stephens, or of Beza, or of the Elzevirs,--call it the "Received," or +the _Traditional Greek Text_, or whatever other name you please;--the fact +remains, that a Text _has_ come down to us which is attested by a general +consensus of ancient Copies, ancient Fathers, ancient Versions. This, at +all events, is a point on which, (happily,) there exists entire conformity +of opinion between Dr. Hort and ourselves. Our Readers cannot have yet +forgotten his virtual admission that,--_Beyond all question the Textus +Receptus_ is _the dominant Graeco-Syrian Text of_ A.D. 350 _to_ A.D. +400.(721) + +Obtained from a variety of sources, this Text proves to be essentially +_the same_ in all. That it requires Revision in respect of many of its +lesser details, is undeniable: but it is at least as certain that it is an +excellent Text as it stands, and that the use of it will never lead +critical students of Scripture seriously astray,--which is what no one will +venture to predicate concerning any single Critical Edition of the N. T. +which has been published since the days of Griesbach, by the disciples of +Griesbach's school. + +XIV. In marked contrast to the Text we speak of,--(which is identical with +the Text of every extant Lectionary of the Greek Church, and may therefore +reasonably claim to be spoken of as the _Traditional_ Text,)--is _that_ +contained in a little handful of documents of which the most famous are +codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, and the Coptic Version (as far as it is known), on the one +hand,--cod. D and the old Latin copies, on the other. To magnify the merits +of these, as helps and guides, and to ignore their many patent and +scandalous defects and blemishes:--_per fas et nefas_ to vindicate their +paramount authority wherever it is in any way possible to do so; and when +_that_ is clearly impossible, then to treat their errors as the ancient +Egyptians treated their cats, dogs, monkeys, and other vermin,--namely, to +embalm them, and pay them Divine honours:--_such_ for the last 50 years has +been the practice of the dominant school of Textual Criticism among +ourselves. The natural and even necessary correlative of this, has been +the disparagement of the merits of the commonly Received Text: which has +come to be spoken of, (we know not why,) as contemptuously, almost as +bitterly, as if it had been at last ascertained to be untrustworthy in +every respect: a thing undeserving alike of a place and of a name among +the monuments of the Past. Even to have "used the Received Text _as a +basis for correction_" (p. 184) is stigmatized by Dr. Hort as one "great +cause" why Griesbach went astray. + +XV. Drs. Westcott and Hort have in fact outstripped their predecessors in +this singular race. Their absolute contempt for the Traditional +Text,--their superstitious veneration for a few ancient documents; (which +documents however they freely confess _are not more ancient_ than the +"Traditional Text" which they despise;)--knows no bounds. But the thing +just now to be attended to is the argumentative process whereby they seek +to justify their preference.--LACHMANN avowedly took his stand on a very +few of the oldest known documents: and though TREGELLES slightly enlarged +the area of his predecessor's observations, his method was practically +identical with that of Lachmann.--TISCHENDORF, appealing to every known +authority, invariably shows himself regardless of the evidence he has +himself accumulated. Where certain of the uncials are,--_there_ his verdict +is sure also to be.... Anything more unscientific, more unphilosophical, +more transparently _foolish_ than such a method, can scarcely be +conceived: but it has prevailed for 50 years, and is now at last more +hotly than ever advocated by Drs. WESTCOTT and HORT. Only, (to their +credit be it recorded,) they have had the sense to perceive that it must +needs be recommended by _Arguments_ of some sort, or else it will +inevitably fall to pieces the first fine day any one is found to charge +it, with the necessary knowledge of the subject, and with sufficient +resoluteness of purpose, to make him a formidable foe. + +XVI. Their expedient has been as follows.--Aware that the Received or +Traditional Greek Text (to quote their own words,) "_is virtually +identical with that used by Chrysostom and other Antiochian Fathers in the +latter part of the IVth century_:" and fully alive to the fact that it +"_must therefore have been represented by Manuscripts as old as any which +are now surviving_" (_Text_, p. 547),--they have invented an extraordinary +Hypothesis in order to account for its existence:-- + +They assume that the writings of Origen "establish the prior existence of +at least three types of Text:"--the most clearly marked of which, they call +the "Western:"--another, less prominent, they designate as +"Alexandrian:"--the third holds (they say) a middle or "Neutral" position. +(That all this is mere _moonshine_,--a day-dream and no more,--we shall +insist, until some proofs have been produced that the respected Authors +are moving amid material forms,--not discoursing with the creations of +their own brain.) "The priority of two at least of these three Texts just +noticed to the Syrian Text," they are confident has been established by +the eight "_conflate_" Syrian Readings which they flatter themselves they +have already resolved into their "Western" and "Neutral" elements (_Text_, +p. 547). This, however, is a part of the subject on which we venture to +hope that our Readers by this time have formed a tolerably clear opinion +for themselves. The ground has been cleared of the flimsy superstructure +which these Critics have been 30 years in raising, ever since we blew away +(pp. 258-65) the airy foundation on which it rested. + +At the end of some confident yet singularly hazy statements concerning the +characteristics of "Western" (pp. 120-6), of "Neutral" (126-30), and of +"Alexandrian" Readings (130-2), Dr. Hort favours us with the assurance +that-- + + + "The Syrian Text, to which the order of time now brings us," "is + the chief monument of a new period of textual history."--(p. 132.) + + "Now, the three great lines were brought together, and made to + contribute to the formation of a new Text different from all."--(p. + 133.) + + +Let it only be carefully remembered that it is of something virtually +identical with the _Textus Receptus_ that we are just now reading an +imaginary history, and it is presumed that the most careless will be made +attentive. + + + "The Syrian Text must in fact be the result of a '_Recension_,' + ... performed deliberately by Editors, and not merely by + Scribes."--(_Ibid._) + + +But _why_ "must" it? Instead of "_must in fact_," we are disposed to read +"_may--in fiction_." The learned Critic can but mean that, on comparing the +Text of Fathers of the IVth century with the Text of cod. B, it becomes to +himself self-evident that _one of the two_ has been fabricated. Granted. +Then,--Why should not _the solitary Codex_ be the offending party? For what +imaginable reason should cod. B,--which comes to us without a character, +and which, when tried by the test of primitive Antiquity, stands convicted +of "_universa vitiositas_," (to use Tischendorf's expression);--_why_ (we +ask) should _codex_ B be upheld "contra mundum"?... Dr. Hort +proceeds--(still speaking of "_the_ [imaginary] _Syrian Text_"),-- + + + "It was probably initiated by the distracting and inconvenient + currency of at least three conflicting Texts in the same + region."--(p. 133.) + + +Well but,--Would it not have been more methodical if "the currency of at +least three conflicting Texts in the same region," had been first +_demonstrated_? or, at least, shown to be a thing probable? Till this +"distracting" phenomenon has been to some extent proved to have any +existence in _fact_, what possible "probability" can be claimed for the +history of a "Recension,"--which very Recension, up to this point, _has not +been proved to have ever taken place at all_? + + + "Each Text may perhaps have found a Patron in some leading + personage or see, and thus have seemed to call for a conciliation + of rival claims."--(p. 134.) + + +Why yes, to be sure,--"each Text [_if it existed_] may perhaps [_or perhaps +may not_] have found a Patron in some leading personage [as Dr. Hort or +Dr. Scrivener in our own days]:" but then, be it remembered, this will +only have been possible,--(_a_) If the Recension _ever took place_: +and--(_b_) If it was conducted after the extraordinary fashion which +prevailed in the Jerusalem Chamber from 1870 to 1881: for which we have +the unimpeachable testimony of an eye-witness;(722) confirmed by the +Chairman of the Revisionist body,--by whom in fact it was deliberately +invented.(723) + +But then, since not a shadow of proof is forthcoming that _any such +Recension as Dr. Hort imagines ever took place at all_,--what else but a +purely gratuitous exercise of the imaginative faculty is it, that Dr. Hort +should proceed further to invent the method which might, or could, or +would, or should have been pursued, if it _had_ taken place? + +Having however in this way (1) Assumed a "Syrian Recension,"--(2) Invented +the cause of it,--and (3) Dreamed the process by which it was carried into +execution,--the Critic hastens, _more suo_, to characterize _the historical +result_ in the following terms:-- + + + "The qualities which THE AUTHORS OF THE SYRIAN TEXT seem to have + most desired to impress on it are lucidity and completeness. They + were evidently anxious to remove all stumbling-blocks out of the + way of the ordinary reader, so far as this could be done without + recourse to violent measures. They were apparently equally + desirous that he should have the benefit of instructive matter + contained in all the existing Texts, provided it did not confuse + the context or introduce seeming contradictions. New Omissions + accordingly are rare, and where they occur are usually found to + contribute to apparent simplicity. New Interpolations, on the + other hand, are abundant, most of them being due to harmonistic or + other assimilation, fortunately capricious and incomplete. Both in + matter and in diction THE SYRIAN TEXT is conspicuously a full + Text. It delights in Pronouns, Conjunctions, and Expletives and + supplied links of all kinds, as well as in more considerable + Additions. As distinguished from the _bold vigour_ of the + 'Western' scribes, and _the refined scholarship_ of the + 'Alexandrians,' the spirit of its own corrections is at once + sensible and feeble. Entirely blameless, on either literary or + religious grounds, as regards vulgarized or unworthy diction, yet + _shewing no marks of either Critical or Spiritual insight, it + presents the New Testament in a form smooth and attractive, but + appreciably impoverished in sense and force; more fitted for + cursory perusal or recitation than for repeated and diligent + study_."--(pp. 134-5.) + + +XVII. We forbear to offer any remarks on this. We should be thought +uncivil were we to declare our own candid estimate of "the critical and +spiritual" perception of the man who could permit himself so to write. We +prefer to proceed with our sketch of the Theory, (of _the Dream_ rather,) +which is intended to account for the existence of the Traditional Text of +the N. T.: only venturing again to submit that surely it would have been +high time to discuss the characteristics which "the Authors of the Syrian +Text" impressed upon their work, when it had been first established--or at +least rendered probable--that the supposed Operators and that the assumed +Operation have any existence except in the fertile brain of this +distinguished and highly imaginative writer. + +XVIII. Now, the first consideration which strikes us as fatal to Dr. +Hort's unsupported conjecture concerning the date of the Text he calls +"Syrian" or "Antiochian," is the fact that what he so designates bears a +most inconvenient resemblance to the Peschito or ancient Syriac Version; +which, like the old Latin, is (by consent of the Critics) generally +assigned to the second century of our era. "It is at any rate no stretch +of imagination," (according to Bp. Ellicott,) "to suppose that portions of +it might have been in the hands of S. John." [p. 26.] Accordingly, these +Editors assure us that-- + + + "the only way of explaining the whole body of facts is _to + suppose_ that the Syriac, like the Latin Version, underwent + Revision long after its origin; and that our ordinary Syriac MSS. + represent not the primitive but the altered Syriac Text."--(p. + 136.) + + "A Revision of the old Syriac Version _appears_ to have taken + place in the IVth century, or sooner; and _doubtless in some + connexion with the Syrian Revision of the Greek Text_, the + readings being to a very great extent coincident."--(_Text_, 552.) + + "Till recently, the Peschito has been known only in the form which + it finally received by _an evidently authoritative Revision_,"--_a + Syriac _"Vulgate"_ answering to the Latin _"Vulgate."--(p. 84.) + + "Historical antecedents render it _tolerably certain_ that the + locality of such an authoritative Revision"--(which Revision + however, be it observed, still rests wholly on unsupported + conjecture)--"would be either Edessa or Nisibis."--(p. 136.) + + +In the meantime, the abominably corrupt document known as "Cureton's +Syriac," is, by another bold hypothesis, assumed to be the only surviving +specimen of the unrevised Version, and is henceforth _invariably_ +designated by these authors as "the old Syriac;" and referred to, as "syr. +vt.,"--(in imitation of the Latin "_vetus_"): the venerable Peschito being +referred to as the "Vulgate Syriac,"--"syr. vg." + + + "When therefore we find large and peculiar coincidences between + the _revised Syriac Text_ and the Text of the Antiochian Fathers + of the latter part of the IVth century,"--[of which coincidences, + (be it remarked in passing,) the obvious explanation is, that the + Texts referred to are faithful traditional representations of the + inspired autographs;]--"and _strong indications_ that the Revision + _was deliberate and in some way authoritative_ in both cases,--_it + becomes natural to suppose_ that the two operations had some + historical connexion."--(pp. 136-7.) + + +XIX. But how does it happen--(let the question be asked without +offence)--that a man of good abilities, bred in a University which is +supposed to cultivate especially the Science of exact reasoning, should +habitually allow himself in such slipshod writing as this? The very _fact_ +of a "Revision" of the Syriac has all to be proved; and until it has been +_demonstrated_, cannot of course be reasoned upon as a fact. Instead of +demonstration, we find ourselves invited (1)--"_To suppose_" that such a +Revision took place: and (2)--"_To suppose_" that all our existing +Manuscripts represent it. But (as we have said) not a shadow of reason is +produced why we should be so complaisant as "to suppose" either the one +thing or the other. In the meantime, the accomplished Critic hastens to +assure us that there exist "strong indications"--(why are we not _shown_ +them?)--that the Revision he speaks of was "deliberate, and in some way +authoritative." + +Out of this grows a "natural supposition" that "two [purely imaginary] +operations," "had some _historical connexion_." Already therefore has the +shadow thickened into a substance. "The _Revised_ Syriac Text" has by this +time come to be spoken of as an admitted fact. The process whereby it came +into being is even assumed to have been "deliberate and authoritative." +These Editors henceforth style the Peschito the "_Syriac_ Vulgate,"--as +confidently as Jerome's Revision of the old Latin is styled the "_Latin_ +Vulgate." They even assure us that "Cureton's Syriac" "renders the +comparatively late and 'revised' character of the Syriac Vulgate _a matter +of certainty_" (p. 84). The very city in which the latter underwent +Revision, can, it seems, be fixed with "_tolerable certainty_" (p. +136).... Can Dr. Hort be serious? + +At the end of a series of conjectures, (the foundation of which is the +hypothesis of an Antiochian Recension of the Greek,) the learned writer +announces that--"The textual elements of each principle document _having +being thus ascertained, it now becomes possible to determine the Genealogy +of a much larger number of individual readings than before_" (_Text_, p. +552).--We read and marvel. + +So then, in brief, the Theory of Drs. Westcott and Hort is this:--that, +somewhere between A.D. 250 and A.D. 350, + + + "(1) The growing diversity and confusion of Greek Texts led to an + authoritative Revision at Antioch:--which (2) was then taken as + standard for a similar authoritative Revision of the Syriac + text:--and (3) was itself at a later time subjected to a second + authoritative Revision"--this "final process" having been + "apparently completed by [A.D.] 350 or thereabouts."--(p. 137.) + + +XX. Now, instead of insisting that this entire Theory is made up of a +series of purely gratuitous assumptions,--destitute alike of attestation +and of probability: and that, as a mere effort of the Imagination, it is +entitled to no manner of consideration or respect at our hands:--instead of +dealing _thus_ with what precedes, we propose to be most kind and +accommodating to Dr. Hort. We proceed _to accept his Theory in its +entirety_. We will, with the Reader's permission, assume that _all_ he +tells us is historically true: is an authentic narrative of what actually +did take place. We shall in the end invite the same Reader to recognize +the inevitable consequences of our admission: to which we shall inexorably +pin the learned Editors--bind them hand and foot;--of course reserving to +ourselves the right of disallowing _for ourselves_ as much of the matter +as we please. + +Somewhere between A.D. 250 and 350 therefore,--("it is impossible to say +with confidence" [p. 137] what was the actual date, but these Editors +evidently incline to the latter half of the IIIrd century, _i.e._ _circa_ +A.D. 275);--we are to believe that the Ecclesiastical heads of the four +great Patriarchates of Eastern Christendom,--Alexandria, Antioch, +Jerusalem, Constantinople,--had become so troubled at witnessing the +prevalence of depraved copies of Holy Scripture in their respective +churches, that they resolved by common consent on achieving an +authoritative Revision which should henceforth become the standard Text of +all the Patriarchates of the East. The same sentiment of distress--(by the +hypothesis) penetrated into Syria proper; and the Bishops of Edessa or +Nisibis, ("great centres of life and culture to the Churches whose +language was Syriac," [p. 136,]) lent themselves so effectually to the +project, that a single fragmentary document is, at the present day, the +only vestige remaining of the Text which before had been universally +prevalent in the Syriac-speaking Churches of antiquity. "The _almost total +extinction of Old Syriac MSS._, contrasted with the great number of extant +_Vulgate Syriac MSS._,"--(for it is thus that Dr. Hort habitually exhibits +evidence!),--is to be attributed, it seems, to the power and influence of +the Authors of the imaginary Syriac Revision. [_ibid._] Bp. Ellicott, by +the way (an unexceptionable witness), characterizes Cureton's Syriac as +"_singular and sometimes rather wild_." "_The text, of a very composite +nature_; sometimes _inclining to the shortness and simplicity of the +Vatican manuscript, but more commonly presenting the same paraphrastic +character of text as the Codex Bezae_." [p. 42.] (It is, in fact, an +_utterly depraved_ and _fabricated_ document.) + +We venture to remark in passing that Textual matters must have everywhere +reached a very alarming pass indeed to render intelligible the resort to +so extraordinary a step as a representative Conference of the "leading +Personages or Sees" (p. 134) of Eastern Christendom. The inference is at +least inevitable, that men in high place at that time deemed themselves +competent to grapple with the problem. Enough was familiarly known about +the character and the sources of these corrupt Texts to make it certain +that they would be recognizable when produced; and that, when condemned by +authority, they would no longer be propagated, and in the end would cease +to molest the Church. Thus much, at all events, is legitimately to be +inferred from the hypothesis. + +XXI. Behold then from every principal Diocese of ancient Christendom, and +in the Church's palmiest days, the most famous of the ante-Nicene Fathers +repair to Antioch. They go up by authority, and are attended by skilled +Ecclesiastics of the highest theological attainment. Bearers are they +perforce of a vast number of Copies of the Scriptures: and (by the +hypothesis) _the latest possible dates_ of any of these Copies must range +between A.D. 250 and 350. But the Delegates of so many ancient Sees will +have been supremely careful, before starting on so important and solemn an +errand, to make diligent search for the oldest Copies anywhere +discoverable: and when they reach the scene of their deliberations, we may +be certain that they are able to appeal to not a few codices _written +within a hundred years of the_ date of the _inspired Autographs_ +themselves. Copies of the Scriptures authenticated as having belonged to +the most famous of their predecessors,--and held by them in high repute for +the presumed purity of their Texts--will have been freely produced: while, +in select receptacles, will have been stowed away--for purposes of +comparison and avoidance--specimens of those dreaded Texts whose existence +has been the sole cause why (by the hypothesis) this extraordinary +concourse of learned Ecclesiastics has taken place. + +After solemnly invoking the Divine blessing, these men address themselves +assiduously to their task; and (by the hypothesis) they proceed to condemn +every codex which exhibits a "strictly Western," or a "strictly +Alexandrian," or a "strictly Neutral" type. In plain English, if codices +B, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, and D had been before them, they would have unceremoniously rejected +all three; but then, (by the hypothesis) neither of the two first-named +had yet come into being: while 200 years at least must roll out before +Cod. D would see the light. In the meantime, the _immediate ancestors_ of +B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and D will perforce have come under judicial scrutiny; and, (by the +hypothesis,) they will have been scornfully rejected by the general +consent of the Judges. + +XXII. Pass an interval--(are we to suppose of fifty years?)--and the work +referred to is "_subjected to a second authoritative Revision_." _Again_, +therefore, behold the piety and learning of the four great Patriarchates +of the East, formally represented at Antioch! The Church is now in her +palmiest days. Some of her greatest men belong to the period of which we +are speaking. Eusebius (A.D. 308-340) is in his glory. One whole +generation has come and gone since the last Textual Conference was held, +at Antioch. Yet is no inclination manifested to reverse the decrees of the +earlier Conference. This second Recension of the Text of Scripture does +but "carry out more completely the purposes of the first;" and "the final +process was apparently completed by A.D. 350" (p. 137).--So far the +Cambridge Professor. + +XXIII. But the one important fact implied by this august deliberation +concerning the Text of Scripture has been conveniently passed over by Dr. +Hort in profound silence. We take leave to repair his omission by inviting +the Reader's particular attention to it. + +We request him to note that, _by the hypothesis_, there will have been +submitted to the scrutiny of these many ancient Ecclesiastics _not a few +codices of exactly the same type as codices_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: especially as +codex B. We are able even to specify with precision certain features which +the codices in question will have all concurred in exhibiting. Thus,-- + +(1) From S. Mark's Gospel, those depraved copies will have omitted THE +LAST TWELVE VERSES (xvi. 9-20). + +(2) From S. Luke's Gospel the same corrupt copies will have omitted our +SAVIOUR'S AGONY IN THE GARDEN (xxii. 43, 44). + +(3) His PRAYER ON BEHALF OF HIS MURDERERS (xxiii. 34), will have also been +away. + +(4) The INSCRIPTION ON THE CROSS, in GREEK, LATIN, AND HEBREW (xxiii. 38), +will have been partly, misrepresented,--partly, away. + +(5) And there will have been no account discoverable of S. PETER'S VISIT +TO THE SEPULCHRE (xxiv. 12). + +(6) Absent will have been also the record of our LORD'S ASCENSION INTO +HEAVEN (_ibid._ 51). + +(7) Also, from S. John's Gospel, the codices in question will have omitted +the incident of THE TROUBLING OF THE POOL OF BETHESDA (v. 3, 4). + +Now, we request that it may be clearly noted that, _according to Dr. +Hort_, against every copy of the Gospels so maimed and mutilated, (_i.e._ +_against every copy of the Gospels of the same type as codices_ B _and_ +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},)--the many illustrious Bishops who, (_still_ according to Dr. Hort,) +assembled at Antioch, first in A.D. 250 and then in A.D. 350,--by common +consent set a mark of _condemnation_. We are assured that those famous +men,--those Fathers of the Church,--were emphatic in their sanction, +instead, of codices of the type of Cod. A,--in which all these seven +omitted passages (and many hundreds besides) are duly found in their +proper places. + +When, therefore, at the end of a thousand and half a thousand years, Dr. +Hort (guided by his inner consciousness, and depending on an intellectual +illumination of which he is able to give no intelligible account) proposes +to reverse the deliberate sentence of Antiquity,--his position strikes us +as bordering on the ludicrous. Concerning the seven places above referred +to, which the assembled Fathers pronounce to be genuine Scripture, and +declare to be worthy of all acceptation,--Dr. Hort expresses himself in +terms which--could they have been heard at Antioch--must, it is thought, +have brought down upon his head tokens of displeasure which might have +even proved inconvenient. But let the respected gentleman by all means be +allowed to speak for himself:-- + +(1) THE LAST TWELVE VERSES of S. Mark (he would have been heard to say) +are a "very early interpolation." "Its authorship and precise date must +remain unknown." "It manifestly cannot claim any Apostolic authority." "It +is doubtless founded on some tradition of the Apostolic age."--(_Notes_, +pp. 46 and 51.) + +(2) THE AGONY IN THE GARDEN (he would have told them) is "an early Western +interpolation," and "can only be a fragment from traditions, written or +oral,"--"rescued from oblivion by the scribes of the second century."--(pp. +66-7.) + +(3) THE PRAYER OF OUR LORD FOR HIS MURDERERS (Dr. Hort would have +said),--"I cannot doubt comes from an extraneous source." It is "a Western +interpolation."--(p.68.) + +(4) TO THE INSCRIPTION ON THE CROSS, IN GREEK, LATIN, AND HEBREW [S. Luke +xxiii. 38], he would not have allowed so much as a hearing. + +(5) The spuriousness of the narrative of S. PETER'S VISIT TO THE SEPULCHRE +[S. Luke xxiv. 12] (the same Ante-Nicene Fathers would have learned) he +regards as a "moral certainty." He would have assured them that it is "a +Western non-interpolation."--(p. 71.) + +(6) They would have learned that, in the account of the same Critic, S. +Luke xxiv. 51 is another spurious addition to the inspired Text: another +"Western non-interpolation." Dr. Hort would have tried to persuade them +that OUR LORD'S ASCENSION INTO HEAVEN "_was evidently inserted from an +assumption_ that a separation from the disciples at the close of a Gospel +_must be the Ascension_," (_Notes_, p. 73).... (What the Ante-Nicene +Fathers would have thought of their teacher we forbear to conjecture.)--(p. +71.) + +(7) THE TROUBLING OF THE POOL OF BETHESDA [S. John v. 3, 4] is not even +allowed a bracketed place in Dr. Hort's Text. How the accomplished Critic +would have set about persuading the Ante-Nicene Fathers that they were in +error for holding it to be genuine Scripture, it is hard to imagine. + +XXIV. It is plain therefore that Dr. Hort is in direct antagonism with the +collective mind of Patristic Antiquity. _Why_, when it suits him, he +should appeal to the same Ancients for support,--we fail to understand. "If +Baal be GOD, then follow _him_!" Dr. Hort has his codex B and his codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +to guide him. He informs us (p. 276) that "the fullest consideration does +but increase the conviction that the _pre-eminent relative purity_" of +those two codices "is approximately _absolute_,--_a true approximate +reproduction of the Text of the Autographs_." On the other hand, he has +discovered that the Received Text is virtually the production of the +Fathers of the Nicene Age (A.D. 250-A.D. 350),--exhibits a Text fabricated +throughout by the united efforts of those well-intentioned but thoroughly +misguided men. What is it to _him_, henceforth, how Athanasius, or +Didymus, or Cyril exhibits a place? + +Yes, we repeat it,--Dr. Hort is in direct antagonism with the Fathers of +the IIIrd and the IVth Century. His own fantastic hypothesis of a "Syrian +Text,"--the solemn expression of the collective wisdom and deliberate +judgment of the Fathers of the Nicene Age (A.D. 250-A.D. 350),--is the best +answer which can by possibility be invented to his own pages,--is, in our +account, the one sufficient and conclusive refutation of his own Text. + +Thus, his prolix and perverse discussion of S. Mark xvi. 9-20 (viz. from +p. 28 to p. 51 of his _Notes_),--which, carefully analysed, is found merely +to amount to "Thank you for showing us our mistake; but we mean to stick +to our _Mumpsimus_!":--those many inferences as well from what the Fathers +do _not_ say, as from what they _do_;--are all effectually disposed of by +his own theory of a "Syrian text." A mighty array of forgotten Bishops, +Fathers, Doctors of the Nicene period, come back and calmly assure the +accomplished Professor that the evidence on which he relies is but an +insignificant fraction of the evidence which was before themselves when +they delivered their judgment. "Had you known but the thousandth part of +what we knew familiarly," say they, "you would have spared yourself this +exposure. You seem to have forgotten that Eusebius was one of the chief +persons in our assembly; that Cyril of Jerusalem and Athanasius, Basil and +Gregory of Nazianzus, as well as his namesake of Nyssa,--were all living +when we held our Textual Conference, and some of them, though young men, +were even parties to our decree."... Now, as an _argumentum ad hominem_, +this, be it observed, is decisive and admits of no rejoinder. + +XXV. How then about those "Syrian _Conflations_" concerning which a few +pages back we heard so much, and for which Dr. Hort considers the august +tribunal of which we are now speaking to be responsible? He is convinced +that the (so-called) Syrian Text (which he regards as the product of their +deliberations), is "an eclectic text _combining Readings from the three +principal Texts_" (p. 145): which Readings in consequence he calls +"_conflate_." How then is it to be supposed that these "Conflations" +arose? The answer is obvious. As "Conflations," _they have no +existence_,--save in the fertile brain of Dr. Hort. Could the ante-Nicene +fathers who never met at Antioch have been interrogated by him concerning +this matter,--(let the Hibernian supposition be allowed for argument +sake!)--they would perforce have made answer,--"You quite mistake the +purpose for which we came together, learned sir! You are evidently +thinking of your Jerusalem Chamber and of the unheard-of method devised by +your Bishop" [see pp. 37 to 39: also p. 273] "for ascertaining the Truth +of Scripture. Well may the resuscitation of so many forgotten blunders +have occupied you and your colleagues for as long a period as was expended +on the Siege of Troy! _Our_ business was not to _invent_ readings whether +by 'Conflation' or otherwise, but only to distinguish between spurious +Texts and genuine,--families of fabricated MSS., and those which we knew to +be trustworthy,--mutilated and unmutilated Copies. Every one of what _you_ +are pleased to call 'Conflate Readings,' learned sir, we found--just as you +find them--in 99 out of 100 of our copies: and we gave them our deliberate +approval, and left them standing in the Text in consequence. We believed +them to be,--we are confident that they _are_,--the very words of the +Evangelists and Apostles of the LORD: the _ipsissima verba_ of the SPIRIT: +'_the true sayings of the_ HOLY GHOST.' " [See p. 38, note 2.] + +All this however by the way. The essential thing to be borne in mind is +that, according to Dr. Hort,--_on two distinct occasions between_ A.D. 250 +_and_ 350--the whole Eastern Church, meeting by representation in her +palmiest days, deliberately put forth _that_ Traditional Text of the N. T. +with which we at this day are chiefly familiar. That this is indeed his +view of the matter, there can at least be no doubt. He says:-- + + + "_An authoritative Revision_ at Antioch ... was itself subjected + to _a second authoritative Revision_ carrying out more completely + the purposes of the first." "At what date between A.D. 250 and 350 + _the first process_ took place, it is impossible to say with + confidence." "_The final process_ was apparently completed by A.D. + 350 or thereabouts."--(p. 137.) + + "The fundamental text of late extant Greek MSS. generally _is + beyond all question_ identical with the dominant Antiochian or + Graeco-Syrian text of _the second half of the IVth century_."--(p. + 92.) + + +Be it so. It follows that the Text exhibited by such codices as B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} +_was deliberately condemned_ by the assembled piety, learning, and +judgment of the four great Patriarchates of Eastern Christendom. At a +period when there existed _nothing more modern_ than Codices B and +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--nothing _so_ modern as A and C,--all specimens of the former class were +_rejected_: while such codices as bore a general resemblance to A were by +common consent pointed out as deserving of confidence and _recommended for +repeated Transcription_. + +XXVI. Pass _fifteen hundred_ years, and the Reader is invited to note +attentively what has come to pass. Time has made a clean sweep, it may be, +of every Greek codex belonging to either of the two dates above indicated. +Every tradition belonging to the period has also long since utterly +perished. When lo, in A.D. 1831, under the auspices of Dr. Lachmann, "a +new departure" is made. Up springs what may be called the new German +school of Textual Criticism,--of which the fundamental principle is a +superstitious deference to the decrees of cod. B. The heresy prevails for +fifty years (1831-81) and obtains many adherents. The practical result is, +that its chief promoters make it their business to throw discredit on the +result of the two great Antiochian Revisions already spoken of! The +(so-called) "Syrian Text"--although assumed by Drs. Westcott and Hort to be +the product of the combined wisdom, piety, and learning of the great +Patriarchates of the East from A.D. 250 to A.D. 350; "a 'Recension' in the +proper sense of the word; a work of attempted Criticism, performed +deliberately by Editors and not merely by Scribes" (p. 133):--this "Syrian +Text," Doctors Westcott and Hort denounce as "_showing no marks of either +critical or spiritual insight:_"-- + +It "presents" (say they) "the New Testament in a form smooth and +attractive, but _appreciably impoverished in sense and force_; more fitted +for cursory perusal or recitation than for repeated and diligent +study."--(p. 135.) + +XXVII. We are content to leave this matter to the Reader's judgment. For +ourselves, we make no secret of the grotesqueness of the contrast thus, +for the second time, presented to the imagination. On _that_ side, by the +hypothesis, sit the greatest Doctors of primitive Christendom, assembled +in solemn conclave. Every most illustrious name is there. By ingeniously +drawing a purely arbitrary hard-and-fast line at the year A.D. 350, and so +anticipating many a "_floruit_" by something between five and +five-and-twenty years, Dr. Hort's intention is plain: but the expedient +will not serve his turn. Quite content are we with the names secured to us +within the proposed limits of time. On _that_ side then, we behold +congregated choice representatives of the wisdom, the piety, the learning +of the Eastern Church, from A.D. 250 to A.D. 350.--On this side sits--Dr. +Hort! ... An interval of 1532 years separates these two parties. + +XXVIII. And first,--How may the former assemblage be supposed to have been +occupying themselves? The object with which those distinguished personages +came together was the loftiest, the purest, the holiest imaginable: viz. +to purge out from the sacred Text the many corruptions by which, in their +judgments, it had become depraved during the 250 (or at the utmost 300) +years which have elapsed since it first came into existence; to detect the +counterfeit and to eliminate the spurious. Not unaware by any means are +they of the carelessness of Scribes, nor yet of the corruptions which have +been brought in through the officiousness of critical "Correctors" of the +Text. To what has resulted from the misdirected piety of the Orthodox, +they are every bit as fully alive as to what has crept in through the +malignity of Heretical Teachers. Moreover, while the memory survives in +all its freshness of the depravations which the inspired Text has +experienced from these and other similar corrupting influences, the _means +abound_ and _are at hand_ of _testing_ every suspected place of Scripture. +Well, and next,--How have these holy men prospered in their holy +enterprise? + +XXIX. According to Dr. Hort, by a strange fatality,--a most unaccountable +and truly disastrous proclivity to error,--these illustrious Fathers of the +Church have been at every instant substituting the spurious for the +genuine,--a fabricated Text in place of the Evangelical Verity. Miserable +men! In the Gospels alone they have interpolated about 3100 words: have +omitted about 700: have substituted about 1000; have transposed about +2200: have altered (in respect of number, case, mood, tense, person, &c.) +about 1200.(724) This done, they have amused themselves with the +give-and-take process of mutual accommodation which we are taught to call +"_Conflation_:" in plain terms, _they have been manufacturing Scripture_. +The Text, as it comes forth from their hands,-- + +(a) "_Shews no marks of either critical or spiritual insight:_"-- + +(b) "Presents the New Testament in a form smooth and attractive, but +_appreciably impoverished in sense and force_:"-- + +(c) "_Is more fitted for cursory perusal or recitation, than for repeated +and diligent study._" + +Moreover, the mischief has proved infectious,--has spread. In Syria also, +at Edessa or Nisibis,--(for it is as well to be circumstantial in such +matters,)--the self-same iniquity is about to be perpetrated; of which the +Peschito will be the abiding monument: _one_ solitary witness only to the +pure Text being suffered to escape. Cureton's fragmentary Syriac will +alone remain to exhibit to mankind the outlines of primitive Truth. (The +reader is reminded of the character already given of the document in +question at the summit of page 279. Its extravagance can only be fully +appreciated by one who will be at the pains to read it steadily through.) + +XXX. And pray, (we ask,)--_Who_ says all this? _Who_ is it who gravely puts +forth all this egregious nonsense?... It is Dr. Hort, (we answer,) at pp. +134-5 of the volume now under review. In fact, according to _him_, those +primitive Fathers have been the great falsifiers of Scripture; have proved +the worst enemies of the pure Word of GOD; have shamefully betrayed their +sacred trust; have done the diametrical reverse of what (by the +hypothesis) they came together for the sole purpose of doing. They have +depraved and corrupted that sacred Text which it was their aim, their +duty, and their professed object to purge from its errors. And (by the +hypothesis) Dr. Hort, at the end of 1532 years,--aided by codex B and his +own self-evolved powers of divination,--has found them out, and now holds +them up to the contempt and scorn of the British public. + +XXXI. In the meantime the illustrious Professor invites us to believe that +the mistaken textual judgment pronounced at Antioch in A.D. 350 had an +immediate effect on the Text of Scripture throughout the world. We are +requested to suppose that it resulted in the instantaneous extinction of +codices the like of B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, wherever found; and caused codices of the A type +to spring up like mushrooms in their place, and _that_, in every library +of ancient Christendom. We are further required to assume that this +extraordinary substitution of new evidence for old--the false for the +true--fully explains why Irenaeus and Hippolytus, Athanasius and Didymus, +Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa, Basil and Ephraem, Epiphanius +and Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia and Isidore of Pelusium, Nilus and +Nonnus, Proclus and Severianus, the two Cyrils and Theodoret--_one and +all_--show themselves strangers to the text of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}.... We read and +marvel. + +XXXII. For, (it is time to enquire,)--Does not the learned Professor see +that, by thus getting rid of the testimony of the whole body of the +Fathers, he leaves the Science which he is so good as to patronize in a +most destitute condition,--besides placing himself in a most inconvenient +state of isolation? If clear and consentient Patristic testimony to the +Text of Scripture is not to be deemed forcible witness to its +Truth,--_whither_ shall a man betake himself for constraining Evidence? Dr. +Hort has already set aside the Traditional Text as a thing of no manner of +importance. The venerable Syriac Version he has also insisted on reducing +very nearly to the level of the despised cursives. As for the copies of +the old Latin, they had confessedly become so untrustworthy, at the time +of which he speaks, that a modest Revision of the Text they embody, (the +"_Vulgate_" namely,) became at last a measure of necessity. What remains +to him therefore? Can he seriously suppose that the world will put up with +the "idiosyncrasy" of a living Doctor--his "personal instincts" (p. +xi.)--his "personal discernment" (p. 65),--his "instinctive processes of +Criticism" (p. 66),--his "individual mind,"--in preference to articulate +voices coming to us across the gulf of Time from every part of ancient +Christendom? How--with the faintest chance of success--does Dr. Hort propose +to remedy the absence of External Testimony? If mankind can afford to do +without either consent of Copies or of Fathers, why does mankind any +longer adhere to the ancient methods of proof? Why do Critics of every +school _still_ accumulate references to MSS., explore the ancient +Versions, and ransack the Patristic writings in search of neglected +citations of Scripture? That the ancients were indifferent Textual +Critics, is true enough. The mischief done by Origen in this +department,--through his fondness for a branch of Learning in which his +remarks show that he was all unskilled,--is not to be told. But then, these +men lived within a very few hundred years of the Apostles of the LORD +JESUS CHRIST: and when they witness to the reading of their own copies, +their testimony on the point, to say the least, is worthy of our most +respectful attention. _Dated codices,_ in fact are they, _to all intents +and purposes,_ as often as they bear clear witness to the Text of +Scripture:--a fact, (we take leave to throw out the remark in passing,) +which has not yet nearly attracted the degree of attention which it +deserves. + +XXXIII. For ourselves, having said so much on this subject, it is fair +that we should add,--We devoutly wish that Dr. Hort's hypothesis of an +authoritative and deliberate Recension of the Text of the New Testament +achieved at Antioch first, about A.D. 250, and next, about A.D. 350, were +indeed an historical fact. We desire no firmer basis on which to rest our +confidence in the Traditional Text of Scripture than the deliberate +verdict of Antiquity,--the ascertained sanction of the collective Church, +in the Nicene age. The _Latin_ "Vulgate" [A.D. 385] is the work of a +single man--Jerome. The _Syriac_ "Vulgate" [A.D. 616] was also the work of +a single man--Thomas of Harkel. But this _Greek_ "Vulgate" was (by the +hypothesis) the product of the Church Catholic, [A.D. 250-A.D. 350,] in +her corporate capacity. Not only should we hail such a monument of the +collective piety and learning of the Church in her best days with +unmingled reverence and joy, were it introduced to our notice; but we +should insist that no important deviation from such a "_Textus Receptus_" +as _that_ would deserve to be listened to. In other words, if Dr. Hort's +theory about the origin of the _Textus Receptus_ have _any foundation at +all_ in fact, it is "all up" with Dr. Hort. He is absolutely _nowhere._ He +has most ingeniously placed himself on the horns of a fatal dilemma. + +For,--(let it be carefully noted,)--the entire discussion becomes, in this +way, brought (so to speak) within the compass of a nutshell. To state the +case briefly,--We are invited to make our election between the Fathers of +the Church, A.D. 250 and A.D. 350,--and Dr. Hort, A.D. 1881. The issue is +really reduced to _that._ The general question of THE TEXT OF SCRIPTURE +being the matter at stake; (not any particular passage, remember, but _the +Text of Scripture as a whole;_)--and the _conflicting parties_ being but +_two_;--_Which_ are we to believe? the _consentient Voice of Antiquity,_--or +the solitary modern Professor? Shall we accept the august Testimony of the +whole body of the Fathers? or shall we prefer to be guided by the +self-evolved imaginations of one who confessedly has nothing to offer but +conjecture? The question before us is reduced to that single issue. But in +fact the alternative admits of being yet more concisely stated. We are +invited to make our election between FACT and--FICTION.... All this, of +course, on the supposition that there is _any truth at all_ in Dr. Hort's +"New Textual Theory." + +XXXIV. Apart however from the gross intrinsic improbability of the +supposed Recension,--the utter absence of one particle of evidence, +traditional or otherwise, that it ever did take place, must be held to be +fatal to the hypothesis that it _did._ It is simply incredible that an +incident of such magnitude and interest would leave no trace of itself in +history. As a conjecture--(and it only professes to be a conjecture)--Dr. +Hort's notion of how the Text of the Fathers of the IIIrd, IVth, and Vth +centuries,--which, as he truly remarks, is in the main identical with our +own _Received Text_,--came into being, must be unconditionally abandoned. +In the words of a learned living Prelate,--"_the supposition_" on which +Drs. Westcott and Hort have staked their critical reputation, "_is a +manifest absurdity_."(725) + +XXXV. We have been so full on the subject of this imaginary "Antiochian" +or "Syrian text," not (the reader may be sure) without sufficient reason. +Scant satisfaction truly is there in scattering to the winds an airy +tissue which its ingenious authors have been industriously weaving for 30 +years. But it is clear that with this hypothesis of a "Syrian" text,--the +immediate source and actual prototype of the commonly received Text of the +N. T.,--_stands or falls their entire Textual theory_. Reject it, and the +entire fabric is observed to collapse, and subside into a shapeless ruin. +And with it, of necessity, goes the "New Greek Text,"--and therefore the +"_New English Version_" of our Revisionists, which in the main has been +founded on it. + +XXXVI. In the meantime the phenomena upon which this phantom has been +based, remain unchanged; and fairly interpreted, will be found to conduct +us to the diametrically opposite result to that which has been arrived at +by Drs. Westcott and Hort. With perfect truth has the latter remarked on +the practical "identity of the Text, more especially in the Gospels and +Pauline Epistles, in all the known cursive MSS., except a few" (p. 143). +We fully admit the truth of his statement that-- + +"_Before the close of the IVth century_, a Greek Text not materially +differing from the almost universal Text of the IXth,"--[and why not of the +VIth? of the VIIth? of the VIIIth? or again of the Xth? of the XIth? of +the XIIth?]--"century, was dominant at Antioch."--(p. 142.) + +And why not throughout the whole of Eastern Christendom? _Why_ this +continual mention of "_Antioch_"--this perpetual introduction of the +epithet "_Syrian_"? Neither designation applies to Irenaeus or to +Hippolytus,--to Athanasius or to Didymus,--to Gregory of Nazianzus or to his +namesake of Nyssa,--to Basil or to Epiphanius,--to Nonnus or to Macarius,--to +Proclus or to Theodoras Mops.,--to the earlier or to the later Cyril.--In +brief, + + + "The fundamental text of the late extant Greek MSS. generally is, + beyond all question, identical with [what Dr. Hort chooses to + call] the dominant Antiochian or Graeco-Syrian text of the second + half of the IVth century.... The Antiochian [and other] Fathers, + and the bulk of extant MSS. written from about three or four, to + ten or eleven centuries later, must have had, in the greater + number of extant variations, a common original _either + contemporary with, or older than, our oldest extant MSS._"--(p. + 92.) + + +XXXVII. So far then, happily, we are entirely agreed. The only question +is,--How is this resemblance to be accounted for? _Not_, we answer,--_not_, +certainly, by putting forward so violent and improbable--so _irrational_ a +conjecture as that, first, about A.D. 250,--and then again about A.D. +350,--an authoritative standard Text was fabricated at Antioch; of which +all other known MSS. (except a very little handful) are nothing else but +transcripts:--but rather, by loyally recognizing, in the practical identity +of the Text exhibited by 99 out of 100 of our extant MSS., the probable +general fidelity of those many transcripts _to the inspired exemplars +themselves from which remotely they are confessedly descended_. And +surely, if it be allowable to assume (with Dr. Hort) that for 1532 years, +(viz. from A.D. 350 to A.D. 1882) the _Antiochian_ standard has been +faithfully retained and transmitted,--it will be impossible to assign any +valid reason why the inspired Original itself, the _Apostolic_ standard, +should not have been as faithfully transmitted and retained from the +Apostolic age to the Antiochian,(726)--_i.e._ throughout an interval of +less than 250 years, or _one-sixth_ of the period. + +XXXVIII. Here, it will obviously occur to enquire,--But what has been Drs. +Westcott and Hort's _motive_ for inventing such an improbable hypothesis? +and why is Dr. Hort so strenuous in maintaining it?... We reply by +reminding the Reader of certain remarks which we made at the outset.(727) +The _Traditional Text_ of the N. T. is a phenomenon which sorely exercises +Critics of the new school. To depreciate it, is easy: to deny its critical +authority, is easier still: to cast ridicule on the circumstances under +which Erasmus produced his first (very faulty) edition of it (1516), is +easiest of all. But _to ignore_ the "Traditional Text," is impossible. +Equally impossible is it to overlook its practical identity with the Text +of Chrysostom, who lived and taught _at Antioch_ till A.D. 398, when he +became Abp. of _Constantinople_. Now this is a very awkward circumstance, +and must in some way be got over; for it transports us, at a bound, from +the stifling atmosphere of Basle and Alcala,--from Erasmus and Stunica, +Stephens and Beza and the Elzevirs,--to Antioch and Constantinople in the +latter part of the IVth century. What is to be done? + +XXXIX. Drs. Westcott and Hort assume that this "Antiochian text"--found in +the later cursives and the Fathers of the latter half of the IVth +century--must be an _artificial_, an _arbitrarily invented_ standard; a +text _fabricated_ between A.D. 250 and A.D. 350. And if they may but be so +fortunate as to persuade the world to adopt their hypothesis, then all +will be easy; for they will have reduced the supposed "consent of Fathers" +to the reproduction of one and the same single "primary documentary +witness:"(728)--and "it is hardly necessary to point out the total change +in the bearing of the evidence by the introduction of _the factor of +Genealogy_" (p. 43) at this particular juncture. _Upset_ the hypothesis on +the other hand, and all is reversed in a moment. Every attesting Father is +perceived to be a dated MS. and an independent authority; and the combined +evidence of several of these becomes simply unmanageable. In like manner, +"the approximate consent of the cursives" (see the foot-note), is +perceived to be equivalent _not_ to "A PRIMARY DOCUMENTARY WITNESS,"--_not_ +to "ONE ANTIOCHIAN ORIGINAL,"--but to be tantamount to the articulate +speech of _many_ witnesses _of high character_, coming to us _from every +quarter_ of primitive Christendom. + +XL. But--(the further enquiry is sure to be made)--In favour of which +document, or set of documents, have all these fantastic efforts been made +to disparage the commonly received standards of excellence? The ordinary +English Reader may require to be reminded that, prior to the IVth century, +our Textual helps are few, fragmentary, and--to speak plainly--insufficient. +As for sacred Codices of that date, we possess NOT ONE. Of our two +primitive Versions, "the Syriac and the old Latin," the second is grossly +corrupt; owing (says Dr. Hort) "to a perilous confusion between +transcription and _reproduction_;" "the preservation of a record and _its +supposed improvement_" (p. 121). "Further acquaintance with it only +increases our distrust" (_ibid._). In plainer English, "the earliest +readings which can be fixed chronologically" (p. 120) belong to a Version +which is licentious and corrupt to an incredible extent. And though "there +is no reason to doubt that the Peschito [or ancient Syriac] is at least as +old as the Latin Version" (p. 84), yet (according to Dr. Hort) it is +"impossible"--(he is nowhere so good as to explain to us wherein this +supposed "impossibility" consists),--to regard "_the present form_ of the +Version as a true representation of the original Syriac text." The date of +it (according to _him_) _may_ be as late as A.D. 350. Anyhow, we are +assured (but only by Dr. Hort) that important "evidence for the Greek text +is hardly to be looked for from _this_ source" (p. 85).--The Fathers of the +IIIrd century who have left behind them considerable remains in Greek are +but two,--Clemens Alex. and Origen: and there are considerations attending +the citations of either, which greatly detract from their value. + +XLI. The question therefore recurs with redoubled emphasis,--In favour of +_which_ document, or set of documents, does Dr. Hort disparage the more +considerable portion of that early evidence,--so much of it, namely, as +belongs to the IVth century,--on which the Church has been hitherto +accustomed confidently to rely? He asserts that,-- + + + "Almost all Greek Fathers after Eusebius have texts so deeply + affected by mixture that" they "cannot at most count for more than + so many secondary Greek uncial MSS., _inferior in most cases to + the better sort of secondary uncial MSS. now existing_."--(p. 202.) + + +And thus, at a stroke, behold, "almost _all Greek Fathers after +Eusebius_"--(who died A.D. 340)--are disposed of! washed overboard! put +clean out of sight! Athanasius and Didymus--the 2 Basils and the 2 +Gregories--the 2 Cyrils and the 2 Theodores--Epiphanius and Macarius and +Ephraem--Chrysostom and Severianus and Proclus--Nilus and Nonnus--Isidore of +Pelusium and Theodoret: not to mention at least as many more who have left +scanty, yet most precious, remains behind them:--all these are pronounced +_inferior_ in authority to as many IXth- or Xth-century copies!... We +commend, in passing, the foregoing _dictum_ of these accomplished Editors +to the critical judgment of all candid and intelligent Readers. _Not_ as +dated manuscripts, therefore, at least equal in Antiquity to the oldest +which we now possess:--_not_ as the authentic utterances of famous Doctors +and Fathers of the Church, (instead of being the work of unknown and +irresponsible Scribes):--_not_ as sure witnesses of what was accounted +Scripture in a known region, by a famous personage, at a well-ascertained +period, (instead of coming to us, as our codices _universally_ do, without +a history and without a character):--in no such light are we henceforth to +regard Patristic citations of Scripture:--but only "as so many secondary +MSS., _inferior to the better sort of secondary uncials now existing_." + +XLII. That the Testimony of the Fathers, in the lump, must perforce in +some such way either be ignored or else flouted, if the Text of Drs. +Westcott and Hort is to stand,--we were perfectly well aware. It is simply +fatal to them: _and they know it_. But we were hardly prepared for such a +demonstration as _this_. Let it all pass however. The question we propose +is only the following,--If the Text "used by _great Antiochian theologians_ +not long after the middle of the IVth century" (p. 146) is undeserving of +our confidence:--if we are to believe that a systematic depravation of +Scripture was universally going on till about the end of the IIIrd +century; and if at that time, an authoritative and deliberate recension of +it--conducted on utterly erroneous principles--took place at Antioch, and +resulted in the vicious "traditional Constantinopolitan" (p. 143), or (as +Dr. Hort prefers to call it) the "eclectic Syrian Text:"--_What remains to +us_? Are we henceforth to rely on our own "inner consciousness" for +illumination? Or is it seriously expected that for the restoration of the +inspired Verity we shall be content to surrender ourselves blindfold to +the _ipse dixit_ of an unknown and irresponsible nineteenth-century guide? +If neither of these courses is expected of us, will these Editors be so +good as to give us the names of the documents on which, in their judgment, +we _may_ rely? + +XLIII. We are not suffered to remain long in a state of suspense. The +assurance awaits us (at p. 150), that the Vatican codex, + + + "B--is found to hold a unique position. Its text is throughout + _Pre-Syrian_, perhaps _purely Pre-Syrian_.... From distinctively + Western readings it seems to be all but entirely free.... We have + not been able to recognize as _Alexandrian_ any readings of B in + any book of the New Testament.... So that ... neither of the early + streams of innovation has touched it to any appreciable + extent."--(p. 150.) + + "The text of the Sinaitic codex ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~})" also "seems to be entirely, + or all but entirely, _Pre-Syrian_. A very large part of the text + is in like manner free from _Western_ or _Alexandrian_ + elements."--(p. 151.) + + "_Every other_ known Greek manuscript has either a mixed or a + Syrian text."--(p. 151.) + + +Thus then, at last, at the end of exactly 150 weary pages, the secret +comes out! The one point which the respected Editors are found to have +been all along driving at:--the one aim of those many hazy disquisitions of +theirs about "Intrinsic and Transcriptional Probability,"--"Genealogical +evidence, simple and divergent,"--and "the study of Groups:"--the one reason +of all their vague terminology,--and of their baseless theory of +"Conflation,"--and their disparagement of the Fathers:--the one _raison +d'etre_ of their fiction of a "Syrian" and a "Pre-Syrian" and a "Neutral" +text:--the secret of it all comes out at last! A delightful, a truly +Newtonian simplicity characterizes the final announcement. All is summed +up in the curt formula--_Codex_ B! + +Behold then the altar at which Copies, Fathers, Versions, are all to be +ruthlessly sacrificed:--the tribunal from which there shall be absolutely +no appeal:--the Oracle which is to silence every doubt, resolve every +riddle, smooth away every difficulty. All has been stated, where the name +has been pronounced of--codex B. One is reminded of an enegmatical epitaph +on the floor of the Chapel of S. John's College, "_Verbum non +amplius--Fisher_"! To codex B all the Greek Fathers after Eusebius must +give way. Even Patristic evidence _of the ante-Nicene period_ "requires +critical sifting" (p. 202),--must be distrusted, may be denied (pp. +202-5),--if it shall be found to contradict Cod. B! "B very far exceeds all +other documents in neutrality of Text."--(p. 171.) + +XLIV. "At a long interval after B, but hardly a less interval before all +other MSS., stands {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}" (p. 171).--Such is the sum of the matter!... A +coarser,--a clumsier,--a more unscientific,--a more _stupid_ expedient for +settling the true Text of Scripture was surely never invented! _But_ for +the many foggy, or rather unreadable disquisitions with which the +_Introduction_ is encumbered, "Textual Criticism made easy," might well +have been the title of the little volume now under Review; of which at +last it is discovered that _the general Infallibility of Codex_ B is the +fundamental principle. Let us however hear these learned men out. + +XLV. They begin by offering us a chapter on the "General relations of B +and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} to other documents:" wherein we are assured that,-- + + + "_Two striking facts_ successively come out with especial + clearness. Every group containing both {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B, _is found_ ... to + have _an apparently more original Text_ than every opposed group + containing neither; and every group containing B ... _is found_ in + a large preponderance of cases ... to have _an apparently more + original Text_ than every opposed group containing {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}."--(p. 210.) + + +"_Is found_"! but pray,--_By whom?_ And "_apparently_"! but pray,--_To +whom?_ and _On what grounds of Evidence_? For unless it be on _certain_ +grounds of Evidence, how can it be pretended that we have before us "two +striking _facts_"? + +Again, with what show of reason can it possibly be asserted that these +"two striking facts" "come out with _especial clearness_"? so long as +their very existence remains _in nubibus_,--has never been established, and +is in fact emphatically denied? Expressions like the foregoing _then_ only +begin to be tolerable when it has been made plain that the Teacher has +some solid foundation on which to build. Else, he occasions nothing but +impatience and displeasure. Readers at first are simply annoyed at being +trifled with: presently they grow restive: at last they become clamorous +for demonstration, and will accept of nothing less. Let us go on however. +We are still at p. 210:-- + + + "We found {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B to stand alone in their almost complete immunity + from distinctive Syriac readings ... and B to stand far above {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} in + its _apparent_ freedom from either Western or Alexandrian + readings."--(p. 210.) + + +But pray, gentlemen,--_Where_ and _when_ did "we find" either of these two +things? We have "found" nothing of the sort hitherto. The Reviewer is +disposed to reproduce the Duke of Wellington's courteous reply to the +Prince Regent, when the latter claimed the arrangements which resulted in +the victory of Waterloo:--"_I have heard your Royal Highness say so_."... +At the end of a few pages, + + + "_Having found_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B the constant element in groups of every size, + distinguished by internal excellence of readings, _we found_ no + less excellence in the readings in which they concur without other + attestations of Greek MSS., or even of Versions or Fathers."--(p. + 219.) + + +What! again? Why, we "_have found_" nothing as yet but Reiteration. Up to +this point we have not been favoured with one particle of Evidence!... In +the meantime, the convictions of these accomplished Critics,--(but not, +unfortunately, those of their Readers,)--are observed to strengthen as they +proceed. On reaching p. 224, we are assured that, + + + "The independence [of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}] can be carried back so far,"--(not a + hint is given _how_,)--"that their concordant testimony may be + treated as equivalent to that of a MS. older than {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B + themselves by at least two centuries,--_probably_ by a generation + or two more." + + +How _that_ "independence" was established, and how _this_ "probability" +has been arrived at, we cannot even imagine. The point to be attended to +however, is, that by the process indicated, some such early epoch as A.D. +100 has been reached. So that now we are not surprised to hear that, + + + "The respective ancestries of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B must have diverged from a + common parent _extremely near the Apostolic autographs_."--(p. 220. + See top of p. 221.) + + +Or that,--"_The close approach to the time of the autographs_ raises the +presumption of purity to an unusual strength."--(p. 224.) + +And lo, before we turn the leaf, this "presumption" is found to have +ripened into certainty:-- + + + "This general immunity from substantive error ... in the common + original of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, in conjunction with its very high antiquity, + provides in a multitude of cases _a safe criterion of genuineness, + not to be distrusted_ except on very clear internal evidence. + Accordingly ... it is our belief, (1) That Readings of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B _should + be accepted as the true Readings_ until strong internal evidence + is found to the contrary; and (2), _That no Readings of_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B _can + be safely rejected absolutely_."--(p. 225.) + + +XLVI. And thus, by an unscrupulous use of the process of Reiteration, +accompanied by a boundless exercise of the Imaginative faculty, we have +reached the goal to which all that went before has been steadily tending: +viz. the absolute supremacy of codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} above all other +codices,--and, when they differ, then of codex B. + +And yet, the "immunity from substantive error" of a _lost_ Codex of +_imaginary_ date and _unknown_ history, cannot but be a pure +imagination,--(a mistaken one, as we shall presently show,)--of these +respected Critics: while their proposed practical inference from it,--(viz. +to regard two remote and confessedly depraved Copies of that original, as +"_a safe criterion of genuineness_,")--this, at all events, is the reverse +of logical. In the meantime, the presumed proximity of the Text of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B +to the Apostolic age is henceforth discoursed of as if it were no longer +matter of conjecture:-- + + + "The ancestries of both MSS. having started from a common source + _not much later than the Autographs_," &c.--(p. 247.) + + +And again:-- + + + "_Near as the divergence_ of the respective ancestries of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} + _must have been to the Autographs_," &c.--(p. 273.) + + +Until at last, we find it announced as a "moral certainty:"-- + + + "_It is morally certain_ that the ancestries of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _diverged + from a point near the Autographs_, and never came into contact + subsequently."--(_Text_, p. 556.) + + +After which, of course, we have no right to complain if we are assured +that:-- + + + "The fullest comparison does but increase the conviction that + their pre-eminent relative _purity_ is approximately + _absolute_,--_a true approximate reproduction of the Text of the + Autographs_"--(p. 296.) + + +XLVII. But how does it happen--(we must needs repeat the enquiry, which +however we make with unfeigned astonishment,)--How does it come to pass +that a man of practised intellect, addressing persons as cultivated and +perhaps as acute as himself, can handle a confessedly obscure problem like +the present after this strangely incoherent, this foolish and wholly +inconclusive fashion? One would have supposed that Dr. Hort's mathematical +training would have made him an exact reasoner. But he writes as if he had +no idea at all of the nature of demonstration, and of the process +necessary in order to carry conviction home to a Reader's mind. Surely, +(one tells oneself,) a minimum of "pass" Logic would have effectually +protected so accomplished a gentleman from making such a damaging +exhibition of himself! For surely he must be aware that, as yet, he has +produced _not one particle of evidence_ that his opinion concerning B and +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} is well founded. And yet, how can he possibly overlook the circumstance +that, unless he is able to _demonstrate_ that those two codices, and +especially the former of them, has "preserved not only a very ancient +Text, but _a very pure line of ancient Text_" also (p. 251), his entire +work, (inasmuch as it reposes on that one assumption,) on being critically +handled, crumbles to its base; or rather melts into thin air before the +first puff of wind? He cannot, surely, require telling that those who look +for Demonstration will refuse to put up with Rhetoric:--that, with no +thoughtful person will Assertion pass for Argument:--nor mere Reiteration, +however long persevered in, ever be mistaken for accumulated Proof. + +"When I am taking a ride with Rouser,"--(quietly remarked Professor Saville +to Bodley Coxe,)--"I observe that, if I ever demur to any of his views, +Rouser's practice always is, to repeat the same thing over again in the +same words,--_only in a louder tone of voice_" ... The delicate rhetorical +device thus indicated proves to be not peculiar to Professors of the +University of Oxford; but to be familiarly recognized as an instrument of +conviction by the learned men who dwell on the banks of the Cam. To be +serious however.--Dr. Hort has evidently failed to see that nothing short +of a careful induction of particular instances,--a system of laborious +footnotes, or an "Appendix" bristling with impregnable facts,--could +sustain the portentous weight of his fundamental position, viz. that Codex +B is so exceptionally pure a document as to deserve to be taken as a chief +guide in determining the Truth of Scripture. + +It is related of the illustrious architect, Sir Gilbert Scott,--when he had +to rebuild the massive central tower of a southern Cathedral, and to rear +up thereon a lofty spire of stone,--that he made preparations for the work +which astonished the Dean and Chapter of the day. He caused the entire +area to be excavated to what seemed a most unnecessary depth, and +proceeded to lay a bed of concrete of fabulous solidity. The "wise +master-builder" was determined that his work should last for ever. Not so +Drs. Westcott and Hort. They are either troubled with no similar +anxieties, or else too clear-sighted to cherish any similar hope. They are +evidently of opinion that a cloud or a quagmire will serve their turn +every bit as well as granite or Portland-stone. Dr. Hort (as we have seen +already, namely in p. 252,) considers that his individual "STRONG +PREFERENCE" of one set of Readings above another, is sufficient to +determine whether the Manuscript which contains those Readings is pure or +the contrary. "_Formidable arrays of_ [hostile] _Documentary evidence_," +he disregards and sets at defiance, when once his own "_fullest +consideration of Internal Evidence_" has "pronounced certain Readings to +be right" [p. 61]. + +The only indication we anywhere meet with of the actual _ground_ of Dr. +Hort's certainty, and reason of his preference, is contained in his claim +that,-- + + + "Every binary group [of MSS.] _containing_ B is found to offer a + large proportion of Readings, which, on the closest scrutiny, have + THE RING OF GENUINENESS: while it is difficult to find any + Readings so attested which LOOK SUSPICIOUS after full + consideration."--(p. 227. Also vol. i. 557--where the dictum is + repeated.) + + +XLVIII. And thus we have, at last, an honest confession of the ultimate +principle which has determined the Text of the present edition of the N. +T. "_The ring of genuineness_"! _This_ it must be which was referred to +when "_instinctive processes of Criticism_" were vaunted; and the candid +avowal made that "the experience which is their foundation needs perpetual +correction and recorrection."(729) + + + "We are obliged" (say these accomplished writers) "to _come to the + individual mind at last_."(730) + + +And thus, behold, "at last" we _have_ reached the goal!... _Individual +idiosyncrasy_,--_not_ external Evidence:--Readings "_strongly +preferred_,"--_not_ Readings _strongly attested_:--"_personal discernment_" +(self! still self!) _conscientiously exercising __ itself upon Codex_ +B;--this is a true account of the Critical method pursued by these +accomplished Scholars. They deliberately claim "_personal discernment_" as +"the surest ground for confidence."(731) Accordingly, they judge of +Readings by their _looks_ and by their _sound_. When, in _their_ opinion, +words "look suspicious," words are to be rejected. If a word has "the ring +of genuineness,"--(_i.e._ _if it seems to them_ to have it,)--they claim +that the word shall pass unchallenged. + +XLIX. But it must be obvious that such a method is wholly inadmissible. It +practically dispenses with Critical aids altogether; substituting +individual caprice for external guidance. It can lead to no tangible +result: for Readings which "look suspicious" to one expert, may easily +_not_ "look" so to another. A man's "inner consciousness" cannot possibly +furnish trustworthy guidance in this subject matter. Justly does Bp. +Ellicott ridicule "the easy method of ... _using a favourite Manuscript_," +combined with "_some supposed power of divining the Original +Text_;"(732)--unconscious apparently that he is thereby aiming a cruel blow +at certain of his friends. + +As for the proposed test of Truth,--(the enquiry, namely, whether or no a +reading has "the ring of genuineness")--it is founded on a transparent +mistake. The coarse operation alluded to may be described as a "rough and +ready" expedient practised by _receivers of money_ in the way of +self-defence, and _only_ for their own protection, lest base metal should +be palmed off upon them unawares. But Dr. Hort is proposing an analogous +test for the exclusive satisfaction of _him who utters_ the suspected +article. We therefore disallow the proposal entirely: not, of course, +because we suppose that so excellent and honourable a man as Dr. Hort +would attempt to pass off as genuine what he suspects to be fabricated; +but because we are fully convinced--(for reasons "plenty as +blackberries")--that through some natural defect, or constitutional +inaptitude, he is not a competent judge. The man who finds "_no marks of +either Critical or Spiritual insight_" (p. 135) in the only Greek Text +which was known to scholars till A.D. 1831,--(although he confesses that +"the text of Chrysostom and other Syrian Fathers of the IVth century is +substantially identical with it"(733)); and vaunts in preference "_the +bold vigour_" and "_refined scholarship_" which is exclusively met with in +certain depraved uncials of the same or later date:--the man who thinks it +not unlikely that the incident of the piercing of our SAVIOUR'S side +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}.) was actually found in the genuine Text of +S. Matt. xxvii. 49, _as well as_ in S. John xix. 34:(734)--the man who is +of opinion that the incident of the Woman taken in Adultery (filling 12 +verses), "presents serious differences from the diction of S. John's +Gospel,"--treats it as "an insertion in a comparatively late Western +text"(735) and declines to retain it even within brackets, on the ground +that it "would fatally interrupt" the course of the narrative if suffered +to stand:--the man who can deliberately separate off from the end of S. +Mark's Gospel, and print separately, S. Mark's last 12 verses, (on the +plea that they "manifestly cannot claim any apostolic authority; but are +doubtless founded on some tradition of the Apostolic age;"(736))--yet who +straightway proceeds to annex, _as an alternative Conclusion_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), +"the wretched supplement derived from codex L:"(737)--the man (lastly) who, +in defiance of "solid reason and pure taste," finds music in the "utterly +marred" "rhythmical arrangement" of the Angels' Hymn on the night of the +Nativity:(738)--such an one is not entitled to a hearing when he talks +about "_the ring of genuineness_." He has already effectually put himself +out of Court. He has convicted himself of a natural infirmity of +judgment,--has given proof that he labours under a peculiar Critical +inaptitude for this department of enquiry,--which renders his decrees +nugatory, and his opinions worthless. + +L. But apart from all this, the Reader's attention is invited to a little +circumstance which Dr. Hort has unaccountably overlooked: but which, the +instant it has been stated, is observed to cause his picturesque theory to +melt away--like a snow-wreath in the sunshine. + +On reflexion, it will be perceived that the most signal deformities of +codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D L are _instances of Omission_. In the Gospels alone, B omits +2877 words. + +How,--(we beg to enquire,)--How will you apply your proposed test to a +_Non-entity_? How will you ascertain whether something which _does not +exist in the Text_ has "the ring of genuineness" or not? There can be _no_ +"ring of genuineness," clearly, where there is nothing to ring with! Will +any one pretend that _the omission_ of the incident of the troubling of +the pool has in it any "ring of genuineness"?--or dare to assert that "the +ring of genuineness" is imparted to the history of our SAVIOUR'S Passion, +by the omission of His Agony in the Garden?--or that the narrative of His +Crucifixion becomes more musical, when our Lord's Prayer for His murderers +has been _omitted_?--or that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} ("for they were afraid"), has +"the ring of genuineness" as the conclusion of the last chapter of the +Gospel according to S. Mark? + +But the strangest circumstance is behind. It is notorious that, on the +contrary, Dr. Hort is frequently constrained to admit that _the omitted +words_ actually _have_ "the ring of genuineness." The words which he +insists on thrusting out of the Text are often conspicuous _for the very +quality_ which (by the hypothesis) was the warrant for their exclusion. Of +this, the Reader may convince himself by referring to the note at foot of +the present page.(739) In the meantime, the matter discoursed of may be +conveniently illustrated by a short apologue:-- + +Somewhere in the fens of Ely diocese, stood a crazy old church (dedicated +to S. Bee, of course,) the bells of which--according to a learned Cambridge +Doctor--were the most musical in the world. "I have listened to those +bells," (he was accustomed to say,) "for 30 years. All other bells are +cracked, harsh, out of tune. Commend me, for music, to the bells of S. +Bee's! _They_ alone have _the ring of genuineness_." ... Accordingly, he +published a treatise on Campanology, founding his theory on the musical +properties of the bells of S. Bee's.--At this juncture, provokingly enough, +some one directed attention to the singular fact that S. Bee's is one of +the few churches in that district _without_ bells: a discovery which, it +is needless to add, pressed inconveniently on the learned Doctor's theory. + +LI. But enough of this. We really have at last, (be it observed,) reached +the end of our enquiry. Nothing comes after Dr. Hort's extravagant and +unsupported estimate of Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. On the contrary. Those two +documents are caused to cast their sombre shadows a long way ahead, and to +darken all our future. Dr. Hort takes leave of the subject with the +announcement that, whatever uncertainty may attach to the evidence for +particular readings, + +"_The general course of future Criticism must be shaped by the happy +circumstance that the fourth century has bequeathed to us two MSS._ [B and +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}], of which even the less incorrupt [{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}] must have been of exceptional +purity among its contemporaries: and which rise into greater pre-eminence +of character the better the early history of the Text becomes known."--(p. +287.) + +In other words, our guide assures us that in a dutiful submission to +codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--(which, he naively remarks, "_happen likewise to be the +oldest extant_ Greek MSS. of the New Testament" [p. 212],)--lies all our +hope of future progress. (Just as if we should ever have _heard_ of these +two codices, had their contents come down to us written in the ordinary +cursive character,--in a dated MS. (suppose) of the XVth century!)... +Moreover, Dr. Hort "must not hesitate to express" his own robust +conviction, + + + "That no trustworthy improvement can be effected, _except in + accordance with the leading Principles of method which we have + endeavoured to explain_."--(p. 285.) + + +LII. And this is the end of the matter. Behold our fate therefore:--(1) +Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, with--(2) Drs. Westcott and Hort's _Introduction and Notes +on Select Readings_ in vindication of their contents! It is proposed to +shut us up within those limits!... An uneasy suspicion however secretly +suggests itself that perhaps, as the years roll out, something may come to +light which will effectually dispel every dream of the new School, and +reduce even prejudice itself to silence. So Dr. Hort hastens to frown it +down:-- + + + "It would be an illusion to anticipate important changes of Text + [_i.e._ of the Text advocated by Drs. Westcott and Hort] _from any + acquisition of new Evidence_."--(p. 285.) + + +And yet, _why_ the anticipation of important help from the acquisition of +fresh documentary Evidence "would be an illusion,"--does not appear. That +the recovery of certain of the exegetical works of Origen,--better still, +of Tatian's _Diatessaron_,--best of all, of a couple of MSS. of the date of +Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}; but not, (like those two corrupt documents) derived from +one and the same depraved archetype;--That any such windfall, (and it will +come, some of these days,) would infallibly disturb Drs. Westcott and +Hort's equanimity, as well as scatter to the winds not a few of their most +confident conclusions,--we are well aware. _So indeed are they._ Hence, +what those Critics earnestly deprecate, _we_ as earnestly desire. We are +therefore by no means inclined to admit, that + + + "Greater possibilities of improvement lie in a more exact study of + the relations between the documents that we already + possess;"--(_Ibid._) + + +knowing well that "_the documents_" referred to are chiefly, (if not +solely,) _Codices_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: knowing also, that it is further meant, that +in estimating other evidence, of whatever kind, the only thing to be +enquired after is whether or no the attesting document _is generally in +agreement with codex_ B. + +For, according to these writers,--tide what tide,--codex B is to be the +standard: itself not absolutely requiring confirmation from _any_ +extraneous quarter. Dr. Hort asserts, (but it is, as usual, _mere_ +assertion,) that, + + + "_Even when_ B _stands quite alone_, its readings must never be + lightly rejected."--(p. 557.) + + +And yet,--_Why_ a reading found _only in codex_ B should experience greater +indulgence than another reading found _only in codex_ A, we entirely fail +to see. + + + On the other hand, "_an unique criterion_ is supplied by the + concord of the independent attestation of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}."--(_Notes_, p. + 46.) + + +But pray, how does _that_ appear? Since B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are derived from one and +the same original--Why should not "the concord" spoken of be rather "an +unique criterion"_ of the utter depravity of the archetype_? + +LIII. To conclude. We have already listened to Dr. Hort long enough. And +now, since confessedly, a chain is no stronger than it is at its weakest +link; nor an edifice more secure than the basis whereon it stands;--we must +be allowed to point out that we have been dealing throughout with a dream, +pure and simple; from which it is high time that we should wake up, now +that we have been plainly shown on what an unsubstantial foundation these +Editors have been all along building. A child's house, several stories +high, constructed out of playing-cards,--is no unapt image of the frail +erection before us. We began by carefully lifting off the topmost story; +and then, the next: but we might as well have saved ourselves the trouble. +The basement-story has to be removed bodily, which must bring the whole +edifice down with a rush. In reply to the fantastic tissue of unproved +assertions which go before, we assert as follows:-- + +(1) The impurity of the Texts exhibited by Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} is not a matter +of opinion, but a matter of fact.(740) These are two of the least +trustworthy documents in existence. So far from allowing Dr. Hort's +position that--"A Text formed" by "taking Codex B as the sole authority," +"would be incomparably nearer the Truth than a Text similarly taken from +any other Greek or other single document" (p. 251),--we venture to assert +that it would be, on the contrary, _by far the foulest Text that had ever +seen the light_: worse, that is to say, even than the Text of Drs. +Westcott and Hort. And that is saying a great deal. In the brave and +faithful words of Prebendary Scrivener (_Introduction_, p. 453),--words +which deserve to become famous,-- + + + "It is no less true to fact than paradoxical in sound, that the + worst corruptions to which the New Testament has ever been + subjected, originated within a hundred years after it was + composed: that Irenaeus [A.D. 150], and the African Fathers, and + the whole Western, with a portion of the Syrian Church, used far + inferior manuscripts to those employed by Stunica, or Erasmus, or + Stephens thirteen centuries later, when moulding the Textus + Receptus." + + +And Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are, demonstrably, nothing else but _specimens of the +depraved class thus characterized_. + +Next--(2), We assert that, so manifest are the disfigurements jointly and +_exclusively_ exhibited by codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},(741) that instead of accepting +these codices as two "independent" Witnesses to the inspired Original, we +are constrained to regard them as little more than a single reproduction +of one and the same scandalously corrupt and (_comparatively_) late Copy. +By consequence, we consider their joint and exclusive attestation of any +particular reading, "_an unique criterion_" of its worthlessness; a +sufficient reason--_not_ for adopting, but--for unceremoniously rejecting +it. + +Then--(3), As for the origin of these two curiosities, it can perforce only +be divined from their contents. That they exhibit fabricated Texts is +demonstrable. No amount of honest _copying_,--persevered in for any number +of centuries,--could by possibility have resulted in two such documents. +Separated from one another in actual date by 50, perhaps by 100 +years,(742) they must needs have branched off from a common corrupt +ancestor, and straightway become exposed continuously to fresh depraving +influences. The result is, that codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, (which evidently has gone through +more adventures and fallen into worse company than his rival,) has been +corrupted to a far graver extent than codex B, and is even more +untrustworthy. Thus, whereas (in the Gospels alone) B has 589 Readings +_quite peculiar to itself_, affecting 858 words,--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} has 1460 such Readings, +affecting 2640 words. + +One _solid fact_ like the preceding, (let it be pointed out in passing,) +is more helpful by far to one who would form a correct estimate of the +value of a Codex, than any number of such "reckless and unverified +assertions," not to say peremptory and baseless decrees, as abound in the +highly imaginative pages of Drs. Westcott and Hort. + +(4) Lastly,--We suspect that these two Manuscripts are indebted for their +preservation, _solely to their ascertained evil character_; which has +occasioned that the one eventually found its way, four centuries ago, to a +forgotten shelf in the Vatican library: while the other, after exercising +the ingenuity of several generations of critical Correctors, eventually +(viz. in A.D. 1844(743)) got deposited in the waste-paper basket of the +Convent at the foot of Mount Sinai. Had B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} been copies of average +purity, they must long since have shared the inevitable fate of books +which are freely _used_ and highly prized; namely, they would have fallen +into decadence and disappeared from sight. But in the meantime, behold, +their very Antiquity has come to be reckoned to their advantage; and +(strange to relate) is even considered to constitute a sufficient reason +why they should enjoy not merely extraordinary consideration, but the +actual surrender of the critical judgment. Since 1831, Editors have vied +with one another in the fulsomeness of the homage they have paid to these +"two false Witnesses,"--for such B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _are_, as the concurrent testimony +of Copies, Fathers and Versions abundantly proves. Even superstitious +reverence has been claimed for these two codices: and Drs. Westcott and +Hort are so far in advance of their predecessors in the servility of their +blind adulation, that they must be allowed to have easily won the race. + +LIV. With this,--so far as the Greek Text under review is concerned,--we +might, were we so minded, reasonably make an end. We undertook to show +that Drs. Westcott and Hort, in the volumes before us, have built up an +utterly worthless Textual fabric; and we consider that we have already +sufficiently shown it. The Theory,--the Hypothesis rather, on which their +Text is founded, we have _demonstrated_ to be _simply absurd_. Remove that +hypothesis, and a heap of unsightly ruins is all that is left +behind,--except indeed astonishment (not unmingled with concern) at the +simplicity of its accomplished Authors. + +Here then, we might leave off. But we are unwilling so to leave the +matter. Large consideration is due to ordinary English Readers; who must +perforce look on with utter perplexity--not to say distress--at the strange +spectacle presented by _that_ Text (which is in the main _the Text of the +Revised English Version_) on the one hand,--and _this_ Review of it, on the +other:-- + +(1) "And pray, which of you am I to believe?"--will inevitably be, in +homely English, the exclamation with which not a few will lay down the +present number of the "_Quarterly_." "I pretend to no learning. I am not +prepared to argue the question with you. But surely, the oldest Manuscript +_must_ be the purest! It even stands to reason: does it not?--Then further, +I admit that you _seem_ to have the best of the argument so far; yet, +since the three most famous Editors of modern times are against +you,--Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf,--excuse me if I suspect that you +_must_ be in the wrong, after all." + +LV. With unfeigned humility, the Reviewer [_Q. R._] proceeds to explain +the matter to his supposed Objector [_S. O._], in briefest outline, as +follows:-- + +_Q. R._ "You are perfectly right. The oldest Manuscript _must_ exhibit the +purest text: _must_ be the most trustworthy. But then, unfortunately, it +happens that _we do not possess it_. 'The oldest Manuscript' is lost. You +speak, of course, of the inspired Autographs. These, I say, have long +since disappeared." + +(2) _S. O._ "No, I meant to say that the _oldest Manuscript we possess_, +if it be but a very ancient one, must needs be the purest." + +_Q. R._ "O, but _that_ is an entirely different proposition. Well, _apart +from experience_, the probability that the oldest copy extant will prove +the purest is, if you please, considerable. Reflection will convince you +however that it is _but_ a probability, at the utmost: a probability based +upon more than one false assumption,--with which nevertheless you shall not +be troubled. But in fact it clearly does not by any means follow that, +_because_ a MS. is very ancient, _therefore_ the Text, which it exhibits +will be very pure. That you may be thoroughly convinced of this,--(and it +is really impossible for your mind to be too effectually disabused of a +prepossession which has fatally misled so many,)--you are invited to +enquire for a recent contribution to the learned French publication +indicated at the foot of this page,(744) in which is exhibited a +fac-simile of 8 lines of the _Medea_ of Euripides (ver. 5-12), written +about B.C. 200 in small uncials (at Alexandria probably,) on papyrus. +Collated with any printed copy, the verses, you will find, have been +penned with scandalous, with incredible inaccuracy. But on this head let +the learned Editor of the document in question be listened to, rather than +the present Reviewer:-- + + + "On voit que le texte du papyrus est herisse des fautes les plus + graves. _Le plus recent et le plus mauvais de nos manuscrits + d'Euripide vaut infiniment mieux que cette copie,--faite, il y a + deux mille ans, dans le pays ou florissaient l'erudition + hellenique et la Critique des textes._"(745)--(p. 17.) + + +"Why, the author of the foregoing remarks might have been writing +concerning Codex B!" + +(3) _S. O._ "Yes: but I want _Christian_ evidence. The author of that +scrap of papyrus _may_ have been an illiterate slave. What if it should be +a _school-boy's exercise_ which has come down to us? The thing is not +impossible." + +_Q. R._ "Not 'impossible' certainly: but surely highly improbable. +However, let it drop. You insist on Christian evidence. You shall have it. +What think you then of the following statement of a very ancient Father +(Caius(746)) writing against the heresy of Theodotus and others who denied +the Divinity of CHRIST? He is bearing his testimony to the liberties which +had been freely taken with the Text of the New Testament in his own time, +viz. about A.D. 175-200:-- + + + "The Divine Scriptures," he says, "these heretics have audaciously + _corrupted_: ... laying violent hands upon them under pretence of + _correcting_ them. That I bring no false accusation, any one who + is disposed may easily convince himself. He has but to collect the + copies belonging to these persons severally; then, to compare one + with another; and he will discover that their discrepancy is + extraordinary. Those of Asclepiades, at all events, will be found + discordant from those of Theodotus. Now, plenty of specimens of + either sort are obtainable, inasmuch as these men's disciples have + industriously multiplied the (so-called) '_corrected_' copies of + their respective teachers, which are in reality nothing else but + '_corrupted_' copies. With the foregoing copies again, those of + Hermophilus will be found entirely at variance. As for the copies + of Apollonides, they even contradict one another. Nay, let any one + compare the fabricated text which these persons put forth in the + first instance, with that which exhibits their _latest_ + perversions of the Truth, and he will discover that the + disagreement between them is even excessive. + + "Of the enormity of the offence of which these men have been + guilty, they must needs themselves be fully aware. Either they do + not believe that the Divine Scriptures are the utterance of the + HOLY GHOST,--in which case they are to be regarded as unbelievers: + or else, they account themselves wiser than the HOLY GHOST,--and + what is that, but to have the faith of devils? As for their + denying their guilt, the thing is impossible, seeing that the + copies under discussion are their own actual handywork; and they + know full well that not such as these are the Scriptures which + they received at the hands of their catechetical teachers. Else, + let them produce the originals from which they made their + transcripts. Certain of them indeed have not even condescended to + falsify Scripture, but entirely reject Law and Prophets + alike."(747) + + +"Now, the foregoing statement is in a high decree suggestive. For here is +an orthodox Father _of the IInd century_ inviting attention to four +well-known families of falsified manuscripts of the Sacred +Writings;--complaining of the hopeless divergences which they exhibit +(being not only inconsistent with one another, but _with themselves_);--and +insisting that such _corrected_, are nothing else but shamefully +_corrupted_ copies. He speaks of the phenomenon as being in his day +notorious: and appeals to Recensions, the very names of whose +authors--Theodotus, Asclepiades, Hermophilus, Apollonides--have (all but the +first) long since died out of the Church's memory. You will allow +therefore, (will you not?), that by this time the claim of the _oldest +existing copies_ of Scripture to be the purest, has been effectually +disposed of. For since there once prevailed such a multitude of corrupted +copies, we have no security whatever that the oldest of our extant MSS. +are not derived--remotely if not directly--from some of _them_." + +(4) _S. O._ "But at all events the chances are even. Are they not?" + +_Q. R._ "By no means. A copy like codex B, once _recognized_ as belonging +to a corrupt family,--once _known_ to contain a depraved exhibition of the +Sacred Text,--was more likely by far to remain unused, and so to escape +destruction, than a copy highly prized and in daily use.--As for Codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, +it carries on its face its own effectual condemnation; aptly illustrating +the precept _fiat experimentum in corpore vili_. It exhibits the efforts +of many generations of men to restore its Text,--(which, 'as proceeding +from the first scribe,' is admitted by one of its chief admirers to be +'_very rough_,(748)')--to something like purity. '_At least ten different +Revisers_,' from the IVth to the XIIth century, are found to have tried +their hands upon it.(749)--Codex C, after having had 'at least three +correctors very busily at work upon it'(750) (in the VIth and IXth +centuries), finally (in the XIIth) was fairly _obliterated_,--literally +_scraped out_,--to make room for the writings of a Syrian Father.--I am +therefore led by _a priori_ considerations to augur ill of the contents of +B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C. But when I find them hopelessly at variance _among themselves_: +above all, when I find (1) _all other Manuscripts_ of whatever date,--(2) +the _most ancient Versions_,--and (3), the _whole body of the primitive +Fathers_, decidedly opposed to them,--I am (to speak plainly) at a loss to +understand how any man of sound understanding, acquainted with all the +facts of the case and accustomed to exact reasoning, can hesitate to +regard the unsupported (or the _slenderly_ supported) testimony of one or +other of them as _simply worthless_. The craven homage which the foremost +of the three habitually receives at the hands of Drs. Westcott and Hort, I +can only describe as a weak superstition. It is something more than +unreasonable. It becomes even ridiculous.--Tischendorf's preference (in his +last edition) for the _betises_ of his own codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, can only be defended +on the plea of parental partiality. But it is not on that account the less +foolish. His 'exaggerated preference for the single manuscript which he +had the good fortune to discover, _has betrayed him_'--(in the opinion of +Bishop Ellicott)--'_into an almost child-like infirmity of critical +judgment_' "(751) + +(5) _O. S._ "Well but,--be all _that_ as it may,--Caius, remember, is +speaking of _heretical_ writers. When I said 'I want Christian evidence,' +I meant _orthodox_ evidence, of course. You would not assert (would you?) +that B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} exhibit traces of _heretical_ depravation?" + +_Q. R._ "Reserving my opinion on that last head, good Sir, and determined +to enjoy the pleasure of your company on any reasonable terms,--(for +convince you, I both can and will, though you prolong the present +discussion till tomorrow morning,)--I have to ask a little favour of you: +viz. that you will bear me company in an imaginary expedition. + +"I request that the clock of history may be put back seventeen hundred +years. This is A.D. 183, if you please: and--(indulge me in the +supposition!)--you and I are walking in Alexandria. We have reached the +house of one Clemens,--a learned Athenian, who has long been a resident +here. Let us step into his library,--he is from home. What a queer place! +See, he has been reading his Bible, which is open at S. Mark x. Is it not +a well-used copy? It must be at least 50 or 60 years old. Well, but +suppose only 30 or 40. It was executed therefore _within fifty years of +the death of S. John the Evangelist_. Come, let us transcribe two of the +columns(752) ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) as faithfully as we possibly can, and be off.... We +are back in England again, and the clock has been put right. Now let us +sit down and examine our curiosity at leisure.(753)... It proves on +inspection to be a transcript of the 15 verses (ver. 17 to ver. 31) which +relate to the coming of the rich young Ruler to our LORD. + +"We make a surprising discovery. There are but 297 words in those 15 +verses,--according to the traditional Text: of which, in the copy which +belonged to Clemens Alexandrinus, 39 prove to have been left out: 11 words +are added: 22, substituted: 27, transposed: 13, varied; and the phrase has +been altered at least 8 times. Now, 112 words out of a total of 297, is 38 +per cent. What do you think of _that_?" + +(6) _S. O._ "Think? O but, I disallow your entire proceeding! You have no +business to collate with 'a text of late and degenerate type, such as is +the Received Text of the New Testament.' When _this_ 'is taken as a +standard, any document belonging to a purer stage of the Text must by the +nature of the case have the appearance of being guilty of omissions: and +the nearer the document stands to the autograph, the more numerous must be +the omissions laid to its charge.' I learnt that from Westcott and Hort. +See page 235 of their luminous _Introduction_." + +_Q. R._ "Be it so! Collate the passage then for yourself with the Text of +Drs. Westcott and Hort: which, (remember!) aspires to reproduce 'the +autographs themselves' 'with the utmost exactness which the evidence +permits' (pp. 288 and 289).(754) You will find that _this_ time the words +omitted amount to 44. The words added are 13: the words substituted, 23: +the words transposed, 34: the words varied 16. And the phrase has been +altered 9 times at least. But, 130 on a total of 297, is 44 per cent. You +will also bear in mind that Clement of Alexandria is one of our principal +authorities for the Text of the Ante-Nicene period.(755) + +"And thus, I venture to presume, the imagination has been at last +effectually disposed of, that _because_ Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are the two oldest +Greek copies in existence, the Text exhibited by either must _therefore_ +be the purest Text which is anywhere to be met with. _It is impossible to +produce a fouler exhibition of S. Mark x. 17-31 than is contained in a +document full two centuries older than either _B_ or {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--itself the +property of one of the most famous of the ante-Nicene Fathers._" + +LVI.--(7) At this stage of the argument, the Reviewer finds himself taken +aside by a friendly Critic [_F. C._], and privately remonstrated with +somewhat as follows:-- + +_F. C._ "Do you consider, Sir, what it is you are about? Surely, you have +been proving a vast deal too much! If the foregoing be a fair sample of +the Text of the N. T. with which Clemens Alex. was best acquainted, it is +plain that the testimony to the Truth of Scripture borne by one of the +most ancient and most famous of the Fathers, is absolutely worthless. Is +_that_ your own deliberate conviction or not?" + +_Q. R._ "Finish what you have to say, Sir. After that, you shall have a +full reply." + +(8) _F. C._ "Well then. Pray understand, I nothing doubt that in your main +contention you are right; but I yet cannot help thinking that this +bringing in of a famous ancient Father--_obiter_--is a very damaging +proceeding. What else is such an elaborate exposure of the badness of the +Text which Clemens (A.D. 150) employed, but the hopeless perplexing of a +question which was already sufficiently thorny and difficult? You have, as +it seems to me, imported into these 15 verses an entirely fresh crop of +'Various Readings.' Do you seriously propose them as a contribution +towards ascertaining the _ipsissima verba_ of the Evangelist,--the true +text of S. Mark x. 17-31?" + +_Q. R._ "Come back, if you please, Sir, to the company. Fully appreciating +the friendly spirit in which you just now drew me aside, I yet insist on +so making my reply that all the world shall hear it. Forgive my plainness: +but you are evidently profoundly unacquainted with the problem before +you,--in which however you do not by any means enjoy the distinction of +standing alone. + +"The foulness of a Text which must have been penned within 70 or 80 years +of the death of the last of the Evangelists, is a matter of fact--which +must be loyally accepted, and made the best of. The phenomenon is +surprising certainly; and may well be a warning to all who (like Dr. +Tregelles) regard as oracular the solitary unsupported dicta of a +Writer,--provided only he can claim to have lived in the IInd or IIIrd +century. To myself it occasions no sort of inconvenience. You are to be +told that the exorbitances of a _single_ Father,--as Clemens; a _single_ +Version,--as the Egyptian: a _single_ Copy,--as cod. B, are of no manner of +significancy or use, except as warnings: are of no manner of interest, +except as illustrating the depravation which systematically assailed the +written Word in the age which immediately succeeded the Apostolic: _are, +in fact, of no __ importance whatever_. To make them the basis of an +induction is preposterous. It is not allowable to infer the universal from +the particular. If the bones of Goliath were to be discovered to-morrow, +would you propose as an induction therefrom that it was the fashion to +wear four-and-twenty fingers and toes on one's hands and feet in the days +of the giant of Gath? All the wild readings of the lost Codex before us +may be unceremoniously dismissed. The critical importance and value of +this stray leaf from a long-since-vanished Copy is entirely different, and +remains to be explained. + +"You are to remember then,--perhaps you have yet to learn,--that there are +but 25 occasions in the course of these 15 verses, on which either +Lachmann (L.), or Tischendorf (T.), or Tregelles (Tr.), or Westcott and +Hort (W. H.), or our Revisionists (R. T.), advocate a departure from the +Traditional Text. To those 25 places therefore our attention is now to be +directed,--on them, our eyes are to be riveted,--exclusively. And the first +thing which strikes us as worthy of notice is, that the 5 authorities +above specified fall into no fewer than _twelve_ distinct combinations in +their advocacy of certain of those 25 readings: holding all 5 together +_only 4 times_.(756) The one question of interest therefore which arises, +is this,--What amount of sanction do any of them experience at the hands of +Clemens Alexandrinus? + +"I answer,--_Only on 3 occasions does he agree with any of them._(757) The +result of a careful analysis shows further that _he sides with the +Traditional Text_ 17 _times:--witnessing against Lachmann, 9 times: against +Tischendorf, 10 times: against Tregelles, 11 times: against Westcott and +Hort, 12 times._(758) + +"So far therefore from admitting that 'the Testimony of Clemens Al.--one of +the most ancient and most famous of the Fathers--is absolutely +worthless,'--I have proved it to be _of very great value_. Instead of +'hopelessly perplexing the question,' his Evidence is found to have +_simplified matters considerably_. So far from 'importing into these 15 +verses a fresh crop of Various Readings,' he has _helped us to get rid of +no less than_ 17 of the existing ones.... 'Damaging' his evidence has +certainly proved: but _only to Lachmann_, _Tischendorf_, _Tregelles_, +_Westcott and Hort and our ill-starred Revisionists_. And yet it remains +undeniably true, that 'it is impossible to produce a fouler exhibition of +S. Mark x. 17-31 than is met with in a document full two centuries older +than either B or {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--the property of one of the most famous of the +Fathers.'(759) ... Have you anything further to ask?" + +(9) _F. C._ "I should certainly like, in conclusion, to be informed +whether we are to infer that the nearer we approach to the date of the +sacred Autographs, the more corrupt we shall find the copies. For, if so, +pray--Where and when did purity of Text begin?" + +_Q. R._ "You are not at liberty, logically, to draw any such inference +from the premisses. The purest documents of all existed perforce in the +first century: _must_ have then existed. The spring is perforce purest at +its source. My whole contention has been, and is,--That there is nothing at +all unreasonable in the supposition that two stray copies of the IVth +century,--coming down to our own times without a history and without a +character,--_may_ exhibit a thoroughly depraved text. _More_ than this does +not follow lawfully from the premisses. At the outset, remember, you +delivered it as your opinion that '_the oldest Manuscript we possess, if +it be but a very ancient one, must needs be the purest_.' I asserted, in +reply, that 'it does not by any means follow, _because_ a manuscript is +very ancient, that _therefore_ its text will be very pure' (p. 321); and +all that I have been since saying, has but had for its object to prove the +truth of my assertion. Facts have been incidentally elicited, I admit, +calculated to inspire distrust, rather than confidence, in very ancient +documents generally. But I am neither responsible for these facts; nor for +the inferences suggested by them. + +"At all events, I have to request that you will not carry away so entirely +erroneous a notion as that I am the advocate for _Recent_, in preference +to _Ancient_, Evidence concerning the Text of Scripture. Be so obliging as +not to say concerning me that I '_count_' instead of '_weighing_' my +witnesses. If you have attended to the foregoing pages, and have +understood them, you must by this time be aware that _in every instance_ +it is to ANTIQUITY that I persistently make my appeal. I abide by its +sentence, and I require that you shall do the same. + +"You and your friends, on the contrary, reject _the Testimony of +Antiquity_. You set up, instead, some idol of your own. Thus, Tregelles +worshipped 'codex B.' But 'codex B' is not 'Antiquity'!--Tischendorf +assigned the place of honour to 'codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}.' But once more, 'codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}' is not +'Antiquity'!--You rejoice in the decrees of the VIth-century-codex D,--and +of the VIIIth-century-codex L,--and of the Xth, XIth, and XIVth century +codices, 1, 33, 69. But will you venture to tell me that any of these are +'Antiquity'? _Samples_ of Antiquity, at best, are any of these. No more! +But then, it is demonstrable that they are _unfair_ samples. Why are you +regardless of _all other_ COPIES?--So, with respect to VERSIONS, and +FATHERS. You single out one or two,--the one or two which suit your +purpose; and you are for rejecting all the rest. But, once more,--The +_Coptic_ version is not 'Antiquity,'--neither is _Origen_ 'Antiquity.' The +_Syriac_ Version is a full set-off against the former,--_Irenaeus_ more than +counterbalances the latter. Whatever is found in one of these ancient +authorities must confessedly be AN 'ancient Reading:' but it does not +therefore follow that it is THE ancient Reading of the place. Now, it is +THE _ancient Reading_, of which we are always in search. And he who +sincerely desires to ascertain what actually is _the Witness of +Antiquity_,--(_i.e._, what is the prevailing testimony of all the oldest +documents,)--will begin by casting his prejudices and his predilections to +the winds, and will devote himself conscientiously to an impartial survey +of the whole field of Evidence." + +_F. C._ "Well but,--you have once and again admitted that the phenomena +before us are extraordinary. Are you able to explain how it comes to pass +that such an one as Clemens Alexandrinus employed such a scandalously +corrupt copy of the Gospels as we have been considering?" + +_Q. R._ "You are quite at liberty to ask me any question you choose. And +I, for my own part, am willing to return you the best answer I am able. +You will please to remember however, that the phenomena will +remain,--however infelicitous my attempts to explain them may seem to +yourself. My view of the matter then--(think what you will about it!)--is as +follows:-- + +LVII. "Vanquished by THE WORD_ Incarnate_, Satan next directed his subtle +malice against _the Word written_. Hence, as I think,--_hence_ the +extraordinary fate which befel certain early transcripts of the Gospel. +First, heretical assailants of Christianity,--then, orthodox defenders of +the Truth,--lastly and above all, self-constituted Critics, who (like Dr. +Hort) imagined themselves at liberty to resort to 'instinctive processes' +of Criticism; and who, at first as well as 'at last,' freely made their +appeal 'to the individual mind:'--_such_ were the corrupting influences +which were actively at work throughout the first hundred and fifty years +after the death of S. John the Divine. Profane literature has never known +anything approaching to it,--can show nothing at all like it. Satan's arts +were defeated indeed through the Church's faithfulness, because,--(the good +Providence of GOD had so willed it,)--the perpetual multiplication, in +every quarter, of copies required for Ecclesiastical use,--not to say the +solicitude of faithful men in diverse regions of ancient Christendom to +retain for themselves unadulterated specimens of the inspired Text,--proved +a sufficient safeguard against the grosser forms of corruption. But this +was not all. + +"The Church, remember, hath been from the beginning the 'Witness and +Keeper of Holy Writ.'(760) Did not her Divine Author pour out upon her, in +largest measure, 'the SPIRIT of Truth;' and pledge Himself that it should +be that SPIRIT'S special function to 'guide'_ her children _'into all the +Truth'(761)?... That by a perpetual miracle, Sacred Manuscripts would be +protected all down the ages against depraving influences of whatever +sort,--was not to have been expected; certainly, was never promised. But +the Church, in her collective capacity, hath nevertheless--as a matter of +fact--been perpetually purging herself of those shamefully depraved copies +which once everywhere abounded within her pale: retaining only such an +amount of discrepancy in her Text as might serve to remind her children +that they carry their 'treasure in earthen vessels,'--as well as to +stimulate them to perpetual watchfulness and solicitude for the purity and +integrity of the Deposit. Never, however, up to the present hour, hath +there been any complete eradication of all traces of the attempted +mischief,--any absolute getting rid of every depraved copy extant. These +are found to have lingered on anciently in many quarters. _A few such +copies linger on to the present day._ The wounds were healed, but the +scars remained,--nay, the scars are discernible still. + +"What, in the meantime, is to be thought of those blind guides--those +deluded ones--who would now, if they could, persuade us to go back to those +same codices of which the Church hath already purged herself? to go back +in quest of those very Readings which, 15 or 1600 years ago, the Church +_in all lands_ is found to have rejected with loathing? Verily, it is +'happening unto them according to the true proverb'--which S. Peter sets +down in his 2nd Epistle,--chapter ii. verse 22. To proceed however. + +"As for Clemens,--he lived at the very time and in the very country where +the mischief referred to was most rife. For full two centuries after his +era, heretical works were so industriously multiplied, that in a diocese +consisting of 800 parishes (viz. Cyrus in Syria), the Bishop (viz. +Theodoret, who was appointed in A.D. 423,) complains that he found no less +than 200 copies of the _Diatessaron_ of Tatian the heretic,--(Tatian's date +being A.D. 173,)--honourably preserved in the Churches of his (Theodoret's) +diocese, and mistaken by the orthodox for an authentic performance.(762) +Clemens moreover would seem to have been a trifle too familiar with the +works of Basilides, Marcion, Valentinus, Heracleon, and the rest of the +Gnostic crew. He habitually mistakes apocryphal writings for inspired +Scripture:(763) and--with corrupted copies always at hand and before him--he +is just the man to present us with a quotation like the present, and +straightway to volunteer the assurance that he found it 'so written in the +Gospel according to S. Mark.'(764) The archetype of Codices B and +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--especially the archetype from which Cod. D was copied,--is discovered to +have experienced adulteration largely from the same pestilential source +which must have corrupted the copies with which Clement (and his pupil +Origen after him) were most familiar.--And thus you have explained to you +the reason of the disgust and indignation with which I behold in these +last days a resolute attempt made to revive and to palm off upon an +unlearned generation the old exploded errors, under the pretence that they +are the inspired Verity itself,--providentially recovered from a neglected +shelf in the Vatican,--rescued from destruction by a chance visitor to +Mount Sinai." + +_F. C._ "Will you then, in conclusion, tell us how _you_ would have us +proceed in order to ascertain the Truth of Scripture?" + +_Q. R._ "To answer that question fully would require a considerable +Treatise. I will not, however, withhold a slight outline of what I +conceive to be the only safe method of procedure. I could but _fill up_ +that outline, and _illustrate_ that method, even if I had 500 pages at my +disposal. + +LVIII. "On first seriously applying ourselves to these studies, many years +ago, we found it wondrous difficult to divest ourselves of prepossessions +very like your own. Turn which way we would, we were encountered by the +same confident terminology:--'the best documents,'--'primary +manuscripts,'--'first-rate authorities,'--'primitive evidence,'--'ancient +readings,'--and so forth: and we found that thereby cod. A. or B,--cod. C or +D--were _invariably and exclusively meant_. It was not until we had +laboriously collated these documents (including {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) for ourselves, that we +became aware of their true character. Long before coming to the end of our +task (and it occupied us, off and on, for eight years) we had become +convinced that the supposed 'best documents' and 'first-rate authorities' +are in reality among _the worst_:--that these Copies deserve to be called +'primary,' only because in any enumeration of manuscripts, they stand +foremost;--and that their 'Evidence,' whether 'primitive' or not, is +_contradictory_ throughout.--_All_ Readings, lastly, we discovered are +'ancient.' + +"A diligent inspection of a vast number of later Copies scattered +throughout the principal libraries of Europe, and the exact Collation of a +few, further convinced us that the deference generally claimed for B, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, +C, D is nothing else but a weak superstition and a vulgar error:--that the +date of a MS. is not of its essence, but is a mere accident of the +problem:--and that later Copies, so far from 'crumbling down salient +points, softening irregularities, conforming differences,'(765) and so +forth,--on countless occasions, _and as a rule_,--preserve those delicate +lineaments and minute refinements which the 'old uncials' are constantly +observed to obliterate. And so, rising to a systematic survey of the +entire field of Evidence, we found reason to suspect more and more the +soundness of the conclusions at which Lachmann, Tregelles, and Tischendorf +had arrived: while we seemed led, as if by the hand, to discern plain +indications of the existence for ourselves of a far 'more excellent way.' + +LIX. "For, let the ample and highly complex provision which Divine Wisdom +hath made for the effectual conservation of that crowning master-piece of +His own creative skill,--THE WRITTEN WORD,--be duly considered; and surely a +recoil is inevitable from the strange perversity which in these last days +would shut us up within the limits of a very few documents to the neglect +of all the rest,--as though a revelation from Heaven had proclaimed that +the Truth is to be found exclusively in _them_. The good Providence of the +Author of Scripture is discovered to have furnished His household, the +Church, with (speaking roughly) 1000 copies of the Gospels:--with twenty +Versions--two of which go back to the beginning of Christianity: and with +the writings of a host of ancient Fathers. _Why_ out of those 1000 MSS. +_two_ should be singled out by Drs. Westcott and Hort for special +favour,--to the practical disregard of all the rest: _why_ Versions and +Fathers should by them be similarly dealt with,--should be practically set +aside in fact in the lump,--we fail to discover. Certainly the pleas urged +by the learned Editors(766) can appear satisfactory to no one but to +themselves. + +LX. "For our method then,--It is the direct contradictory to that adopted +by the two Cambridge Professors. Moreover, it conducts us throughout to +directly opposite results. We hold it to be even axiomatic that a Reading +which is supported by only one document,--out of the 1100 (more or less) +already specified,--whether that solitary unit be a FATHER, a VERSION, or a +COPY,--stands self-condemned; may be dismissed at once, without concern or +enquiry. + +"Nor is the case materially altered if (as generally happens) a few +colleagues of bad character are observed to side with the else solitary +document. Associated with the corrupt B, is often found the more corrupt +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. Nay, six leaves of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are confidently declared by Tischendorf to have +been written by the scribe of B. The sympathy between these two, and the +Version of Lower Egypt, is even notorious. That Origen should sometimes +join the conspiracy,--and that the same Reading should find allies in +certain copies of the unrevised Latin, or perhaps in Cureton's Syriac:--all +_this_ we deem the reverse of encouraging. The attesting witnesses are, in +our account, of so suspicious a character, that the Reading cannot be +allowed. On such occasions, we are reminded that there is truth in Dr. +Hort's dictum concerning the importance of noting the tendency of certain +documents to fall into 'groups:' though his assertion that 'it cannot be +too often repeated that the study of grouping is _the foundation of all +enduring Criticism_,'(767) we hold to be as absurd as it is untrue. + +LXI. "So far negatively.--A safer, the _only_ trustworthy method, in fact, +of ascertaining the Truth of Scripture, we hold to be the method +which,--without prejudice or partiality,--simply ascertains WHICH FORM OF +THE TEXT ENJOYS THE EARLIEST, THE FULLEST, THE WIDEST, THE MOST +RESPECTABLE, AND--above all things--THE MOST VARIED ATTESTATION. That a +Reading should be freely recognized alike by the earliest and by the +latest available evidence,--we hold to be a prime circumstance in its +favour. That Copies, Versions, and Fathers, should all three concur in +sanctioning it,--we hold to be even more conclusive. If several Fathers, +living in different parts of ancient Christendom, are all observed to +recognize the words, or to quote them in the same way,--we have met with +all the additional confirmation we ordinarily require. Let it only be +further discoverable _how_ or _why_ the rival Reading came into existence, +and our confidence becomes absolute. + +LXII. "An instance which we furnished in detail in a former article,(768) +may be conveniently appealed to in illustration of what goes before. Our +LORD'S 'Agony and bloody sweat,'--first mentioned by Justin Martyr (A.D. +150), is found _set down in every MS. in the world except four_. It is +duly exhibited _by every known Version_. It is recognized by _upwards of +forty famous Fathers_ writing without concert in remote parts of ancient +Christendom. Whether therefore Antiquity,--Variety of +testimony,--Respectability of witnesses,--or Number,--is considered, the +evidence in favour of S. Luke xxii. 43, 44 is simply overwhelming. And yet +out of superstitious deference to _two_ Copies of bad character, Drs. +Westcott and Hort (followed by the Revisionists) set the brand of +spuriousness on those 26 precious words; professing themselves 'morally +certain' that this is nothing else but a 'Western Interpolation:' whereas, +mistaken zeal for the honour of Incarnate JEHOVAH alone occasioned the +suppression of these two verses in a few early manuscripts. This has been +explained already,--namely, in the middle of page 82. + +LXIII. "Only one other instance shall be cited. The traditional reading of +S. Luke ii. 14 is vouched for by _every __ known copy of the Gospels but +four_--3 of which are of extremely bad character, viz. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D. The Versions +are divided: but _not_ the Fathers: of whom _more than forty-seven_ from +every part of ancient Christendom,--(Syria, Palestine, Alexandria, Asia +Minor, Cyprus, Crete, Gaul,)--come back to attest that the traditional +reading (as usual) is the true one. Yet such is the infatuation of the new +school, that Drs. Westcott and Hort are content to make _nonsense_ of the +Angelic Hymn on the night of the Nativity, rather than admit the +possibility of complicity in error in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D: error in respect of _a single +letter!_... The Reader is invited to refer to what has already been +offered on this subject, from p. 41 to p. 47. + +LXIV. "It will be perceived therefore that the method we plead for +consists merely in a loyal recognition of the whole of the Evidence: +setting off one authority against another, laboriously and impartially; +and adjudicating fairly between them _all_. Even so hopelessly corrupt a +document as Clement of Alexandria's copy of the Gospels proves to have +been--(described at pp. 326-31)--is by no means without critical value. +Servilely followed, it would confessedly land us in hopeless error: but, +judiciously employed, as a set-off against _other_ evidence; regarded +rather as a check upon the exorbitances of _other_ foul documents, (_e.g._ +B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C and especially D); resorted to as a protection against the prejudice +and caprice of modern Critics;--that venerable document, with all its +faults, proves invaluable. Thus, in spite of its own aberrations, it +witnesses to _the truth of the Traditional Text_ of S. Mark x. 17-31--(the +place of Scripture above referred to(769))--in several important +particulars; siding with it against Lachmann, 9 times;--against +Tischendorf, 10 times;--against Tregelles, 11 times;--against Westcott and +Hort, 12 times. + +"We deem this laborious method the only true method, in our present state +of imperfect knowledge: the method, namely, of _adopting that Reading +which has the fullest, the widest, and the most varied attestation. +Antiquity, and Respectability of Witnesses,_ are thus secured. How men can +persuade themselves that 19 Copies out of every 20 may be safely +disregarded, if they be but written in minuscule characters,--we fail to +understand. To ourselves it seems simply an irrational proceeding. But +indeed we hold this to be no _seeming_ truth. The fact is absolutely +demonstrable. As for building up a Text, (as Drs. Westcott and Hort have +done,) with special superstitious deference to a _single codex,_--we deem +it about as reasonable as would be the attempt to build up a pyramid from +its apex; in the expectation that it would stand firm on its extremity, +and remain horizontal for ever." + +And thus much in reply to our supposed Questioner. We have now reached the +end of a prolonged discussion, which began at page 320; more immediately, +at page 337. + +LXV. In the meantime, _a pyramid balanced on its apex_ proves to be no +unapt image of the Textual theory of Drs. Westcott and Hort. When we reach +the end of their _Introduction_ we find we have reached the point to which +all that went before has been evidently converging: but we make the +further awkward discovery that it is the point on which all that went +before absolutely _depends_ also. _Apart from_ codex B, the present theory +could have no existence. _But for_ codex B, it would never have been +excogitated. _On_ codex B, it entirely rests. _Out of_ codex B, it has +_entirely sprung._ + +Take away this one codex, and Dr. Hort's volume becomes absolutely without +coherence, purpose, meaning. _One-fifth_ of it(770) is devoted to remarks +on B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. The fable of "the _Syrian_ text" is invented solely for the +glorification of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--which are claimed, of course, to be +"_Pre_-Syrian." This fills 40 pages more.(771) And thus it would appear +that the Truth of Scripture has run a very narrow risk of being lost for +ever to mankind. Dr. Hort contends that it more than half lay _perdu_ on a +forgotten shelf in the Vatican Library;--Dr. Tischendorf, that it had been +deposited in a waste-paper basket(772) in the convent of S. Catharine at +the foot of Mount Sinai,--from which he rescued it on the 4th February, +1859:--neither, we venture to think, a very likely circumstance. We incline +to believe that the Author of Scripture hath not by any means shown +Himself so unmindful of the safety of the Deposit, as these distinguished +gentlemen imagine. + +Are we asked for the ground of our opinion? We point without hesitation to +the 998 COPIES which remain: to the many ancient VERSIONS: to the many +venerable FATHERS,--_any one_ of whom we hold to be _a more trustworthy +authority_ for the Text of Scripture, _when he speaks out plainly,_ than +either Codex B or Codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--aye, or than both of them put together. Behold, +(we say,) the abundant provision which the All-wise One hath made for the +safety of the Deposit: the "threefold cord" which "is not quickly broken"! +We hope to be forgiven if we add, (not without a little warmth,) that we +altogether wonder at the perversity, the infatuation, the blindness,--which +is prepared to make light of all these precious helps, in order to magnify +two of the most corrupt codices in existence; and _that_, for no other +reason but because, (as Dr. Hort expresses it,) they "_happen_ likewise to +be the oldest extant Greek MSS. of the New Testament." (p. 212.) + +LXVI. And yet, had what precedes been the sum of the matter, we should for +our own parts have been perfectly well content to pass it by without a +syllable of comment. So long as nothing more is endangered than the +personal reputation of a couple of Scholars--at home or abroad--we can +afford to look on with indifference. Their private ventures are their +private concern. What excites our indignation is the spectacle of the +_Church of England_ becoming to some extent involved in their +discomfiture, because implicated in their mistakes: dragged through the +mire, to speak plainly, at the chariot-wheels of these two infelicitous +Doctors, and exposed with them to the ridicule of educated Christendom. +Our Church has boasted till now of learned sons in abundance within her +pale, ready at a moment's notice to do her right: to expose shallow +sciolism, and to vindicate that precious thing which hath been committed +to her trust.(773) Where are the men _now?_ What has come to her, that, on +the contrary, certain of her own Bishops and Doctors have not scrupled to +enter into an irregular alliance with Sectarians,--yes, have even taken +into partnership with themselves one who openly denies the eternal Godhead +of our LORD JESUS CHRIST,--in order, as it would seem, to give proof to the +world of the low ebb to which Taste, Scholarship, and Sacred Learning have +sunk among us? + +LXVII. Worse yet. We are so distressed, because the true sufferers after +all by this ill-advised proceeding, are the 90 millions of +English-speaking Christian folk scattered over the surface of the globe. +These have had the title-deeds by which they hold their priceless +birthright, shamefully tampered with. _Who_ will venture to predict the +amount of mischief which must follow, if the "_New Greek Text_" which has +been put forth by the men who were appointed _to revise the English +Authorized Version,_ should become used in our Schools and in our +Colleges,--should impose largely on the Clergy of the Church of England?... +But to return from this, which however will scarcely be called a +digression. + +A pyramid poised on its apex then, we hold to be a fair emblem of the +Theory just now under review. Only, unfortunately, its apex is found to be +constructed of brick without straw: say rather _of straw--without brick._ + +LXVIII. _Why_ such partiality has been evinced latterly for Cod. B, none +of the Critics have yet been so good as to explain; nor is it to be +expected that, satisfactorily, any of them ever will. _Why_ again +Tischendorf should have suddenly transferred his allegiance from Cod. B to +Cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--unless, to be sure, he was the sport of parental partiality,--must +also remain a riddle. If _one_ of the "old uncials" must needs be taken as +a guide,--(though we see no sufficient reason why _one_ should be appointed +to lord it over the rest,)--we should rather have expected that Cod. A +would have been selected,(774)--the text of which "Stands in broad contrast +to those of either B or {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, though the interval of years [between it and +them] is probably small." (p. 152.) "By a curious and apparently unnoticed +coincidence," (proceeds Dr. Hort,) "its Text in several books agrees with +the Latin Vulgate in so many peculiar readings devoid of old Latin +attestation, as to leave little doubt that a Greek MS. largely employed by +Jerome"--[and why not "THE_ Greek copies_ employed by Jerome"?]--"in his +Revision of the Latin version must have had to a great extent a common +original with A." (_Ibid_.) + +Behold a further claim of this copy on the respectful consideration of the +Critics! What would be thought of the Alexandrian Codex, if some +attestation were discoverable in its pages that it actually _had belonged_ +to the learned Palestinian father? According to Dr. Hort, + +"Apart from this individual affinity, A--both in the Gospels and +elsewhere--may serve as _a fair example of the Manuscripts that,_ to judge +by Patristic quotations, _were commonest in the IVth century._"--(p. 152.) + +O but, the evidence in favour of Codex A thickens apace! Suppose +then,--(for, after this admission, the supposition is at least +allowable,)--suppose the discovery were made tomorrow of half-a-score of +codices of the _same date as Cod._ B, but exhibiting the _same Text as +Cod._ A. What a complete revolution would be thereby effected in men's +minds on Textual matters! How impossible would it be, henceforth, for B +and its henchman {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, to obtain so much as a hearing! Such "an eleven" would +safely defy the world! And yet, according to Dr. Hort, the supposition may +any day become a fact; for he informs us,--(and we are glad to be able for +once to declare that what he says is perfectly correct,)--that such +manuscripts once abounded or rather _prevailed;_--"_were commonest_ in the +IVth century," when codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} were written. We presume that then, as +now, such codices prevailed universally, in the proportion of 99 to 1. + +LXIX. But--what need to say it?--we entirely disallow any such narrowing of +the platform which Divine Wisdom hath willed should be at once very varied +and very ample. Cod. A is sometimes in error: sometimes even _conspires in +error exclusively with Cod._ B. An instance occurs in 1 S. John v. 18,--a +difficult passage, which we the more willingly proceed to remark upon, +because the fact has transpired that it is one of the few places in which +_entire unanimity_ prevailed among the Revisionists,--who yet (as we shall +show) have been, one and all, mistaken in substituting "_him_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) for +"_himself_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).... We venture to bespeak the Reader's attention +while we produce the passage in question, and briefly examine it. He is +assured that it exhibits a fair average specimen of what has been the +Revisionists' fatal method in every page:-- + +LXX. S. John in his first Epistle (v. 18) is distinguishing between the +mere recipient of the new birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}),--and the man who +retains the sanctifying influences of the HOLY SPIRIT which he received +when he became regenerate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}). The latter (he +says) "_sinneth not_:" the former, (he says,) "_keepeth himself, and the +Evil One toucheth him not_." So far, all is intelligible. The nominative +is the same in both cases. Substitute however "keepeth _him_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})," for +"keepeth _himself_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})," and (as Dr. Scrivener admits(775)), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} can be none other than the Only Begotten SON of GOD. +And yet our LORD is _nowhere_ in the New Testament designated as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.(776) Alford accordingly prefers to make nonsense of +the place; which he translates,--"he that hath been begotten of GOD, _it +keepeth him_." + +LXXI. Now, on every occasion like the present,--(instead of tampering with +the text, _as Dr. Hort and our Revisionists have done without explanation +or apology,_)--our safety will be found to consist in enquiring,--But (1) +What have the Copies to say to this? (2) What have the Versions? and (3) +What, the Fathers?... The answer proves to be--(1) _All the copies except +three,_(777) read "himself."--(2) So do the Syriac and the Latin;(778)--so +do the Coptic, Sahidic, Georgian, Armenian, and AEthiopic +versions.(779)--(3) So, Origen clearly thrice,(780)--Didymus clearly 4 +times,(781)--Ephraem Syrus clearly twice,(782)--Severus also +twice,(783)--Theophylact expressly,(784)--and OEcumenius.(785)--So, indeed, +Cod. A; for the original Scribe is found to have corrected himself.(786) +The sum of the adverse attestation therefore which prevailed with the +Revisionists, is found to have been--_Codex_ B _and a single cursive copy_ +at Moscow. + +This does not certainly seem to the Reviewer, (as it seemed to the +Revisionists,) "decidedly preponderating evidence." In his account, +"_plain and clear error_" dwells with their Revision. But this may be +because,--(to quote words recently addressed by the President of the +Revising body to the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of Gloucester and +Bristol,)--the "Quarterly Reviewer" is "_innocently ignorant of the now +established principles of Textual Criticism._"(787) + +LXXII. "It is easy,"--(says the learned Prelate, speaking on his own behalf +and that of his co-Revisionists,)--"to put forth to the world a sweeping +condemnation of many of our changes of reading; and yet all the while to +be _innocently ignorant of the now established principles of Textual +Criticism._" + +May we venture to point out, that it is easier still to denounce adverse +Criticism in the lump, instead of trying to refute it in any one +particular:--to refer vaguely to "established principles of Textual +Criticism," instead of stating which they be:--to sneer contemptuously at +endeavours, (which, even if unsuccessful, one is apt to suppose are +entitled to sympathy at the hands of a successor of the Apostles,) instead +of showing _wherein_ such efforts are reprehensible? We are content to put +the following question to any fair-minded man:--Whether of these two is the +more facile and culpable proceeding;--(1) _Lightly to blot out an inspired +word from the Book of Life, and to impose a wrong sense on Scripture_, as +in this place the Bishop and his colleagues are found to have done:--or, +(2) To fetch the same word industriously back: to establish its meaning by +diligent and laborious enquiry: to restore both to their rightful honours: +and to set them on a basis of (_hitherto unobserved_) evidence, from which +(_faxit DEUS!_) it will be found impossible henceforth to dislodge them? + +This only will the Reviewer add,--That if it be indeed one of the "now +established principles of Textual Criticism," that the evidence of _two +manuscripts and-a-half_ outweighs the evidence of (1) All _the remaining_ +997-1/2,--(2) The whole body of the Versions,--(3) _Every Father who quotes +the place, from_ A.D. 210 to A.D. 1070,--and (4) _The strongest possible +internal Evidence_:--if all this _indeed_ be so,--he devoutly trusts that he +may be permitted to retain his "Innocence" to the last; and in his +"Ignorance," when the days of his warfare are ended, to close his eyes in +death.--And now to proceed. + +LXXIII. The Nemesis of Superstition and Idolatry is ever the same. +Phantoms of the imagination henceforth usurp the place of substantial +forms. Interminable doubt,--wretched misbelief,--childish +credulity,--judicial blindness,--are the inevitable sequel and penalty. The +mind that has long allowed itself in a systematic trifling with Evidence, +is observed to fall the easiest prey to Imposture. It has doubted what is +_demonstrably_ true: has rejected what is _indubitably_ Divine. +Henceforth, it is observed to mistake its own fantastic creations for +historical facts: to believe things which rest on insufficient evidence, +or on no evidence at all. Thus, these learned Professors,--who condemn the +"last Twelve Verses of the Gospel according to S. Mark;" which have been +accounted veritable Scripture by the Church Universal for more than 1800 +years;--nevertheless accept as the genuine "_Diatessaron of Tatian_" [A.D. +170], a production which was discovered yesterday, and which _does not +even claim to be_ the work of that primitive writer.(788) + +Yes, the Nemesis of Superstition and Idolatry is ever the same. General +mistrust of _all_ evidence is the sure result. In 1870, Drs. Westcott and +Hort solemnly assured their brother-Revisionists that "the prevalent +assumption that throughout the N. T. the true Text is to be found +_somewhere_ among recorded Readings, _does not stand the test of +experience_." They are evidently still haunted by the same spectral +suspicion. They invent a ghost to be exorcised in every dark corner. +Accordingly, Dr. Hort favours us with a chapter on the Art of "removing +Corruptions of the sacred Text _antecedent to extant documents_" (p. 71). +We are not surprised (though we _are_ a little amused) to hear that,-- + +"The _Art of Conjectural Emendation_ depends for its success so much on +personal endowments, fertility of resource in the first instance, and even +more an appreciation of language too delicate to acquiesce in merely +plausible corrections, that it is easy to forget its true character as a +critical operation founded on knowledge and method."--(p. 71.) + +LXXIV. _Very_ "easy," certainly. One sample of Dr. Hort's skill in this +department, (it occurs at page 135 of his _Notes on Select Readings_,) +shall be cited in illustration. We venture to commend it to the attention +of our Readers:-- + +(a) S. Paul [2 Tim. i. 13] exhorts Timothy, (whom he had set as Bp. over +the Church of Ephesus,) to "_hold fast_" a certain "_form_" or "pattern" +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) "_of sound words_, _which_" (said he) "_thou hast heard of +me_." The flexibility and delicate precision of the Greek language enables +the Apostle to indicate exactly what was the prime object of his +solicitude. It proves to have been the safety of _the very words_ which he +had syllabled, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}). As learned Bp. +Beveridge well points out,--"_which words_, not _which form_, thou hast +heard of me. So that it is not so much the _form_, as the _words_ +themselves, which the Apostle would have him to hold fast."(789) + +All this however proves abhorrent to Dr. Hort. "This sense" (says the +learned Professor) "cannot be obtained from the text except by treating {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +as put in the genitive by _an unusual and inexplicable attraction_. It +seems more probable that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is a _primitive corruption_ of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} after +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}." + +Now, this is quite impossible, since neither {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} nor {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} occurs anywhere +in the neighbourhood. And as for the supposed "unusual and inexplicable +attraction," it happens to be one of even common occurrence,--as every +attentive reader of the New Testament is aware. Examples of it may be seen +at 2 Cor. i. 4 and Ephes. iv. 1,--also (in Dr. Hort's text of) Ephes. i. 6 +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in all 3 places). Again, in S. Luke v. 9 (whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is read): +and vi. 38 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}):--in S. Jo. xv. 20 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}):--and xvii. 11 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}): in Acts ii. 22 +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): vii. 17 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and 45 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): in xxii. 15 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}),&c.... But why entertain +the question? There is absolutely _no room_ for such Criticism in respect +of a reading which is found _in every known MS.,--in every known +Version,--in every Father who quotes the place_: a reading which Divines, +and Scholars who were not Divines,--Critics of the Text, and grammarians +who were without prepossessions concerning Scripture,--Editors of the Greek +and Translators of the Greek into other languages,--all alike have +acquiesced in, from the beginning until now. + +We venture to assert that it is absolutely unlawful, in the entire absence +of evidence, to call such a reading as the present in question. There is +absolutely no safeguard for Scripture--no limit to Controversy--if a place +like this may be solicited at the mere suggestion of individual caprice. +(For it is worth observing that _on this, and similar occasions, Dr. Hort +is forsaken by Dr. Westcott_. Such notes are enclosed in brackets, and +subscribed "H.") In the meantime, who can forbear smiling at the +self-complacency of a Critic who puts forth remarks like those which +precede; and yet congratulates himself on "_personal endowments, fertility +of resource, and a too delicate appreciation of language_"? + +(b) Another specimen of conjectural extravagance occurs at S. John vi. 4, +where Dr. Hort labours to throw suspicion on "the Passover" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}),--in +defiance of _every known Manuscript,--every known Version_,--and _every +Father who quotes or recognizes the place_.(790) We find _nine columns_ +devoted to his vindication of this weak imagination; although so partial +are his _Notes_, that countless "various Readings" of great interest and +importance are left wholly undiscussed. Nay, sometimes entire Epistles are +dismissed with a single weak annotation (_e.g._ 1 and 2 +Thessalonians),--_or with none_, as in the case of the Epistle to the +Philippians. + +(c) We charitably presume that it is in order to make amends for having +conjecturally thrust out {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} from S. John vi. 4,--that Dr. Hort is for +conjecturally thrusting into Acts xx. 28, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} (after {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}),--an +imagination to which he devotes a column and-a-half, but _for which he is +not able to produce a particle of evidence_. It would result in our +reading, "to feed the Church of GOD, which He purchased"--(not "with _His +own_ blood," but)--"with the _blood of His own_ SON:" which has evidently +been suggested by nothing so much as by the supposed necessity of getting +rid of a text which unequivocally asserts that CHRIST is GOD.(791) + +LXXV. Some will be chiefly struck by the conceit and presumption of such +suggestions as the foregoing. A yet larger number, as we believe, will be +astonished by their essential foolishness. For ourselves, what surprises +us most is the fatal misapprehension they evince of the true office of +Textual Criticism as applied to the New Testament. It _never is to invent +new Readings_, but only to adjudicate between existing and conflicting +ones. He who seeks to thrust out "THE PASSOVER" from S. John vi. 4, (where +it may on no account be dispensed with(792)); and to thrust "THE SON" into +Acts xx. 28, (where His Name cannot stand without evacuating a grand +Theological statement);--will do well to consider whether he does not bring +himself directly under the awful malediction with which the beloved +Disciple concludes and seals up the Canon of Scripture:--"I testify unto +every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this Book,--If any man +shall _add unto_ these things, GOD shall add unto him the plagues that are +written in this Book. And if any man shall _take away from_ the words of +the Book of this prophecy, GOD shall take away his part out of the Book of +Life, and out of the holy City, and from the things which are written in +this Book."(793) + +May we be allowed to assure Dr. Hort that "CONJECTURAL EMENDATION" CAN BE +ALLOWED NO PLACE WHATEVER IN THE TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE NEW TESTAMENT? +He will no doubt disregard our counsel. May Dr. Scrivener then [p. 433] be +permitted to remind him that "it is now agreed among competent judges that +_Conjectural emendation_ must _never_ be resorted to,--even in passages of +acknowledged difficulty"? + +There is in fact no need for it,--nor can be: so very ample, as well as so +very varied, is the evidence for the words of the New Testament. + +LXXVI. Here however we regret to find we have _both_ Editors against us. +They propose "the definite question,"-- + + + " 'Are there, as a matter of fact, places in which we are + _constrained by overwhelming evidence_ to recognize the existence + of Textual error in _all_ extant documents?' To this question we + have no hesitation in replying in the affirmative."--(p. 279.) + + +Behold then the deliberate sentence of Drs. Westcott and Hort. They +flatter themselves that they are able to produce "_overwhelming evidence_" +in proof that there are places where _every extant document_ is in error. +The instance on which they both rely, is S. Peter's prophetic announcement +(2 Pet. iii. 10), that in "the day of the LORD," "the earth and the works +that are therein _shall be burned up_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). + +This statement is found to have been glossed or paraphrased in an age when +men knew no better. Thus, Cod. C substitutes--"_shall vanish away_:"(794) +the Syriac and one Egyptian version,--"_shall not be found_," (apparently +in imitation of Rev. xvi. 20). But, either because the "not" was +accidentally omitted(795) in some very ancient exemplar;--or else because +it was deemed a superfluity by some Occidental critic who in his +simplicity supposed that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} might well represent the Latin +_urerentur_,--(somewhat as Mrs. Quickly warranted "_hang hog_" to be Latin +for "bacon,")--codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B (with four others of later date) exhibit +"_shall be found_,"(796)--which obviously makes utter nonsense of the +place. ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} appears, nevertheless, in Dr. Hort's text: _in +consequence of which_, the margin of our "Revised Version" is disfigured +with the statement that "The most ancient manuscripts read _discovered_.") +But what is there in all this to make one distrust the Traditional +reading?--supported as it is by the whole mass of Copies: by the +Latin,(797)--the Coptic,--the Harkleian,--and the AEthiopic Versions:--besides +the only Fathers who quote the place; viz. Cyril seven times,(798) and +John Damascene(799) once?... As for pretending, at the end of the +foregoing enquiry, that "we are _constrained by overwhelming evidence_ to +recognize the existence of textual error _in all extant documents_,"--it is +evidently a mistake. Nothing else is it but a misstatement of facts. + +LXXVII. And thus, in the entire absence of proof, Dr. Hort's view of "the +existence of corruptions" of the Text "antecedent to all existing +authority,"(800)--falls to the ground. His confident prediction, that such +corruptions "will sooner or later have to be acknowledged," may be +dismissed with a smile. So indifferent an interpreter of the Past may not +presume to forecast the Future. + +The one "matter of fact," which at every step more and more impresses an +attentive student of the Text of Scripture, is,--(1st), The utterly +depraved character of Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: and (2nd), The singular infatuation +of Drs. Westcott and Hort in insisting that those 2 Codices "_stand alone +in their almost complete immunity from error:_"(801)--that "the fullest +comparison does but increase the conviction that _their pre-eminent +relative purity is approximately absolute_."(802) + +LXXVIII. Whence is it,--(we have often asked ourselves the question, while +studying these laborious pages,)--How does it happen that a scholar like +Dr. Hort, evidently accomplished and able, should habitually mistake the +creations of his own brain for material forms? the echoes of his own voice +while holding colloquy with himself, for oracular responses? We have not +hitherto expressed our astonishment,--but must do so now before we make an +end,--that a writer who desires to convince, can suppose that his own +arbitrary use of such expressions as "Pre-Syrian" and "Neutral,"--"Western" +and "Alexandrian,"--"Non-Western" and "Non-Alexandrian,"--"Non-Alexandrian +Pre-Syrian" and "Pre-Syrian Non-Western,"--will produce any (except an +irritating) effect on the mind of an intelligent reader. + +The delusion of supposing that by the free use of such a vocabulary a +Critic may dispense with the ordinary processes of logical proof, might +possibly have its beginning in the retirement of the cloister, where there +are few to listen and none to contradict: but it can only prove abiding if +there has been no free ventilation of the individual fancy. Greatly is it +to be regretted that instead of keeping his Text a profound secret for 30 +years, Dr. Hort did not freely impart it to the public, and solicit the +favour of candid criticism. + +Has no friend ever reminded him that assertions concerning the presence or +absence of a "Syrian" or a "Pre-Syrian," a "Western" or a "Non-Western +_element_," are but wind,--the merest chaff and draff,--_apart from proof_? +Repeated _ad nauseam_, and employed with as much peremptory precision as +if they were recognized terms connoting distinct classes of +Readings,--(whereas they are absolutely without significancy, except, let +us charitably hope, to him who employs them);--such expressions would only +be allowable on the part of the Critic, if he had first been at the pains +to _index every principal Father_,--and _to reduce Texts to families_ by a +laborious process of Induction. Else, they are worse than foolish. More +than an impertinence are they. They bewilder, and mislead, and for a while +encumber and block the way. + +LXXIX. This is not all however. Even when these Editors notice hostile +evidence, they do so after a fashion which can satisfy no one but +themselves. Take for example their note on the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ("_without a +cause_") in S. Matthew v. 22 ("But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry +with his brother _without a cause_"). The Reader's attention is specially +invited to the treatment which this place has experienced at the hands of +Drs. Westcott and Hort:-- + +(_a_) They unceremoniously eject the word from S. Matthew's Gospel with +their oracular sentence, "_Western and Syrian._"--Aware that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is +recognized by "Iren. lat-3; Eus. _D. E._ Cyp.," they yet claim for +omitting it the authority of "Just. Ptolem. (? Iren. 242 _fin_.), Tert.; +and certainly" (they proceed) "Orig. on Eph. iv. 31, noticing both +readings, and similarly Hier. _loc._, who probably follows Origen: also +Ath. _Pasch._ Syr. 11: Ps.-Ath. _Cast._ ii. 4; and others".... Such is +their "_Note_" on S. Matthew v. 22. It is found at p. 8 of their volume. +In consequence, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ("_without a cause_") disappears from their Text +entirely. + +(_b_) But these learned men are respectfully informed that neither Justin +Martyr, nor Ptolemaeus the Gnostic, nor Irenaeus, no, nor Tertullian +either,--that _not one of these four writers_,--supplies the wished-for +evidence. As for Origen,--they are assured that _he_--_not_ "probably" but +_certainly_--is the cause of all the trouble. They are reminded that +Athanasius(803) quotes (_not_ S. Matt. v. 22, but) 1 Jo. iii. 15. They are +shown that what they call "ps.-Ath. _Cast._" is nothing else but a +paraphrastic translation (by _Graeculus quidam_) of John Cassian's +_Institutes_,--"ii. 4" in the Greek representing viii. 20 in the Latin.... +And now, how much of the adverse Evidence remains? + +(_c_) Only this:--Jerome's three books of Commentary on the Ephesians, are, +in the main, a translation of Origen's lost 3 books on the same +Epistle.(804) Commenting on iv. 31, Origen says that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} has been +improperly added to the Text,(805)--_which shows that in Origen's copy_ +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} _was found there_. A few ancient writers in consequence (but only in +consequence) of what Jerome (or rather Origen) thus delivers, are observed +to omit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}.(806) That is all! + +(_d_) May we however respectfully ask these learned Editors why, besides +Irenaeus,(807)--Eusebius,(808)--and Cyprian,(809)--they do not mention that +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is _also_ the reading of Justin Martyr,(810)--of Origen +himself,(811)--of the _Constitutiones App._,(812)--of Basil three +times,(813)--of Gregory of Nyssa,(814)--of Epiphanius,(815)--of Ephraem Syrus +twice,(816)--of Isidorus twice,(817)--of Theodore of Mops.,--of Chrysostom 18 +times,--of the _Opus imp._ twice,(818)--of Cyril(819)--and of +Theodoret(820)--(each in 3 places). It was also the reading of Severus, +Abp. of Antioch:(821)--as well as of +Hilary,(822)--Lucifer,(823)--Salvian,(824)--Philastrius,(825)--Augustine, +and--Jerome,(826)--(although, when translating from Origen, he pronounces +against {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}(827)):--not to mention Antiochus mon.,(828)--J. +Damascene,(829)--Maximus,(830)--Photius,(831)--Euthymius,--Theophylact,--and +others?(832)... We have adduced no less than _thirty_ ancient witnesses. + +(_e_) Our present contention however is but this,--that a Reading which is +attested by _every uncial Copy of the Gospels except_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}; by a +whole _torrent of Fathers_; by _every known copy_ of the old Latin,--by +_all_ the Syriac, (for the Peschito inserts [not translates] the word +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~},)--by the Coptic,--as well as by the Gothic--and Armenian versions;--that +such a reading is not to be set aside by the stupid dictum, "WESTERN AND +SYRIAN." By no such methods will the study of Textual Criticism be +promoted, or any progress ever be made in determining the Truth of +Scripture. There really can be no doubt whatever,--(that is to say, if we +are to be guided by _ancient Evidence_,)--that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ("_without a cause_") +was our SAVIOUR'S actual word; and that our Revisers have been here, as in +so many hundred other places, led astray by Dr. Hort. So true is that +saying of the ancient poet,--"Evil company doth corrupt good manners." "And +if the blind lead the blind,"--(a greater than Menander hath said +it,)--"_both shall fall into the ditch_."(833) + +(_f_) In the meantime, we have exhibited somewhat in detail, Drs. Westcott +and Hort's Annotation on {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, [S. Matth. v. 22,] in order to furnish our +Readers with at least _one definite specimen_ of the Editorial skill and +Critical ability of these two accomplished Professors. Their general +practice, as exhibited in the case of 1 Jo. v. 18, [see above, pp. 347-9,] +is to tamper with the sacred Text, without assigning their +authority,--indeed, without offering apology of any kind. + +(_g_) The _sum_ of the matter proves to be as follows: Codd. B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (the +"two false Witnesses"),--B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, _alone of MSS._--omit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}. On the +strength of this, Dr. Hort persuaded his fellow Revisers to omit "_without +a cause_" from their Revised Version: and it is proposed, in consequence, +that every Englishman's copy of S. Matthew v. 22 shall be mutilated in the +same way for ever.... _Delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi._ + +(_h_) But the question arises--Will the Church of England submit to have +her immemorial heritage thus filched from her? We shall be astonished +indeed if she proves so regardless of her birthright. + +LXXX. Lastly, the intellectual habits of these Editors have led them so to +handle evidence, that the sense of proportion seems to have forsaken them. +"He who has long pondered over a train of Reasoning,"--(remarks the elder +Critic,)--"_becomes unable to detect its weak points_."(834) Yes, the +"idols of the den" exercise at last a terrible ascendency over the +Critical judgment. It argues an utter want of mental perspective, when we +find "the Man working on the Sabbath," put on the same footing with "the +Woman taken in Adultery," and conjectured to have "_come from the same +source_:"--the incident of "the Angel troubling the pool of Bethesda" +dismissed, as having "_no claim to any kind of association with the true +Text_:"(835)--and "the _two_ Supplements" to S. Mark's Gospel declared to +"_stand on equal terms_ as independent attempts to fill up a gap;" and +allowed to be possibly "_of equal antiquity._"(836) How can we wonder, +after this, to find _anything_ omitted,--_anything_ inserted,--_anything_ +branded with suspicion? And the brand is very freely applied by Drs. +Westcott and Hort. Their notion of the Text of the New Testament, is +certainly the most extraordinary ever ventilated. It has at least the +merit of entire originality. While they eagerly insist that many a passage +is but "a Western interpolation" after all; is but an "Evangelic +Tradition," "rescued from oblivion by the Scribes of the second +century;"--they yet _incorporate those passages with the Gospel_. Careful +enough to clap them into fetters first, they then, (to use their own queer +phrase,)--"_provisionally associate them with the Text_." + +LXXXI. We submit, on the contrary, that Editors who "_cannot doubt_" that +a certain verse "comes from an extraneous source,"--"_do not believe_ that +it belonged originally to the Book in which it is now included,"--are +unreasonable if they proceed to assign to it _any_ actual place there at +all. When men have once thoroughly convinced themselves that two Verses of +S. Luke's Gospel are _not Scripture_, but "only a fragment from the +Traditions, written or oral, which were for a while locally +current;"(837)--what else is it but the merest trifling with sacred Truth, +to promote those two verses to a place in the inspired context? Is it not +to be feared, that the conscious introduction of _human Tradition_ into +GOD'S _written Word_ will in the end destroy the soul's confidence in +Scripture itself? opening the door for perplexity, and doubt, and +presently for Unbelief itself to enter. + +LXXXII. And let us not be told that the Verses stand there "provisionally" +only; and for that reason are "enclosed within double brackets." Suspected +felons are "provisionally" locked up, it is true: but after trial, they +are either convicted and removed out of sight; or else they are acquitted +and suffered to come abroad like other men. Drs. Westcott and Hort have +_no right_ at the end of thirty years of investigation, _still_ to +encumber the Evangelists with "provisional" fetters. Those fetters either +signify that the Judge is _afraid to carry out his own righteous +sentence_: or else, that he _entertains a secret suspicion that he has +made a terrible mistake after all,--has condemned the innocent_. Let these +esteemed Scholars at least have "the courage of their own convictions," +and be throughout as consistent as, in two famous instances (viz. at pages +113 and 241), they have been. Else, in GOD'S Name, let them have the +manliness to avow themselves in error: abjure their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; and +cast the fantastic Theory, which they have so industriously reared upon +it, unreservedly, to the winds! + +LXXXIII. To conclude.--It will be the abiding distinction of the Revised +Version (_thanks to Dr. Hort,_) that it brought to the front a question +which has slept for about 100 years; but which may not be suffered now to +rest undisturbed any longer. It might have slumbered on for another +half-century,--a subject of deep interest to a very little band of Divines +and Scholars; of perplexity and distrust to all the World besides;--_but_ +for the incident which will make the 17th of May, 1881, for ever memorable +in the Annals of the Church of England. + +LXXXIV. The Publication on that day of the "Revised English Version of the +New Testament" instantly concentrated public attention on the neglected +problem: for men saw at a glance that the Traditional Text of 1530 years' +standing,--(the exact number is Dr. Hort's, not ours,)--had been +unceremoniously set aside in favour of _an entirely different Recension_. +The true Authors of the mischief were not far to seek. Just five days +before,--under the editorship of Drs. Westcott and Hort, (Revisionists +themselves,)--had appeared the most extravagant Text which has seen the +light since the invention of Printing. No secret was made of the fact +that, under pledges of strictest secrecy,(838) a copy of this wild +performance (marked "Confidential") had been entrusted to every member of +the Revising body: and it has since transpired that Dr. Hort advocated his +own peculiar views in the Jerusalem Chamber with so much volubility, +eagerness, pertinacity, and plausibility, that in the end--notwithstanding +the warnings, remonstrances, entreaties of Dr. Scrivener,--his counsels +prevailed; and--the utter shipwreck of the "Revised Version" has been, (as +might have been confidently predicted,) the disastrous consequence. Dr. +Hort is calculated to have _talked for three years_ out of the ten. + +But in the meantime there has arisen _this_ good out of the +calamity,--namely, that men will at last require that the Textual problem +shall be fairly threshed out. They will insist on having it proved to +their satisfaction,--(1) That Codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are indeed the oracular +documents which their admirers pretend; and--(2) That a narrow selection of +ancient documents is a secure foundation on which to build the Text of +Scripture. Failing this,--(and the _onus probandi_ rests wholly with those +who are for setting aside the Traditional Text in favour of another, +_entirely dissimilar in character_,)--failing this, we say, it is +reasonable to hope that the counsels of the "_Quarterly Review_" will be +suffered to prevail. In the meantime, we repeat that this question has now +to be fought out: for to ignore it any longer is impossible. Compromise of +any sort between the two conflicting parties, is impossible also; for they +simply contradict one another. Codd. B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are either among the purest +of manuscripts,--or else they are among the very foulest. The Text of Drs. +Westcott and Hort is either the very best which has ever appeared,--or else +it is the very worst; the nearest to the sacred Autographs,--or the +furthest from them. There is no room for _both_ opinions; and there cannot +exist any middle view. + +The question will have to be fought out; and it must be fought out fairly. +It may not be magisterially settled; but must be advocated, on either +side, by the old logical method. If Continental Scholars join in the fray, +England,--which in the last century took the lead in these studies,--will, +it is to be hoped, maintain her ancient reputation and again occupy the +front rank. The combatants may be sure that, in consequence of all that +has happened, the public will be no longer indifferent spectators of the +fray; for the issue concerns the inner life of the whole +community,--touches men's very heart of hearts. Certain it is that--"GOD +defend _the Right_!" will be the one aspiration of every faithful spirit +among us. THE TRUTH,--(we avow it on behalf of Drs. Westcott and Hort as +eagerly as on our own behalf,)--GOD'S TRUTH will be, as it has been +throughout, the one object of all our striving. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}. + +*I HAVE BEEN VERY JEALOUS FOR THE LORD GOD OF HOSTS.* + + + + + +LETTER TO BISHOP ELLICOTT, IN REPLY TO HIS PAMPHLET. + + + "Nothing is more satisfactory at the present time than the evident + feelings of veneration for our Authorized Version, and the very + generally-felt desire for _as little change as possible_."--BISHOP + ELLICOTT.(839) + + "We may be satisfied with the attempt to correct _plain and clear + errors_, but _there it is our duty to stop_."--BISHOP + ELLICOTT.(840) + + "We have now, at all events, no fear of _an over-corrected + Version_."--BISHOP ELLICOTT.(841) + + "I fear we must say in candour that in the Revised Version we meet + in every page with small _changes, which are vexatious, teasing, + and irritating, even the more so because they are small; which + seem almost to be made for the sake of change_."--BISHOP + WORDSWORTH.(842) + + [The question arises,]--"Whether the Church of England,--which in + her Synod, so far as this Province is concerned, sanctioned a + Revision of her Authorized Version _under the express condition_, + which she most wisely imposed, that _no Changes should be made in + it except what were absolutely necessary_,--could consistently + accept a Version in which 36,000 changes have been made; _not a + fiftieth of which can be shown to be needed, or even + desirable_."--BISHOP WORDSWORTH.(843) + + +Letter To +The Right Rev. Charles John Ellicott, D.D., +Bishop Of Gloucester And Bristol, +In Reply To His Pamphlet In Defence Of +The Revisers And Their Greek Text Of +The New Testament. + + + "WHAT COURSE WOULD REVISERS HAVE US TO FOLLOW?... WOULD IT BE WELL + FOR THEM TO AGREE ON A CRITICAL GREEK TEXT? _TO THIS QUESTION WE + VENTURE TO ANSWER VERY UNHESITATINGLY IN THE NEGATIVE._ + + "THOUGH WE HAVE MUCH CRITICAL MATERIAL, AND A VERY FAIR AMOUNT OF + CRITICAL KNOWLEDGE, _WE HAVE CERTAINLY NOT YET ACQUIRED SUFFICIENT + CRITICAL JUDGMENT_ FOR ANY BODY OF REVISERS HOPEFULLY TO UNDERTAKE + SUCH A WORK AS THIS." + + +BISHOP ELLICOTT.(844) + +MY LORD BISHOP, + +Last May, you published a pamphlet of seventy-nine pages(845) in +vindication of the Greek Text recently put forth by the New Testament +Company of Revisers. It was (you said) your Answer to the first and second +of my Articles in the _Quarterly Review_:(846)--all three of which, +corrected and enlarged, are now submitted to the public for the second +time. See above, from page 1 to page 367. + + + + +[1] Preliminary Statement. + + +You may be quite sure that I examined your pamphlet as soon as it +appeared, with attention. I have since read it through several times: +and--I must add--with ever-increasing astonishment. First, because it is so +evidently the production of one who has never made Textual Criticism +seriously his study. Next, because your pamphlet is no refutation whatever +of my two Articles. You flout me: you scold me: you lecture me. But I do +not find that you ever _answer_ me. You reproduce the theory of Drs. +Westcott and Hort,--which I claim to have demolished.(847) You seek to put +me down by flourishing in my face the decrees of Lachmann, Tischendorf and +Tregelles,--which, as you are well aware, I entirely disallow. +Denunciation, my lord Bishop, is not Argument; neither is Reiteration, +Proof. And then,--Why do you impute to me opinions which I do not hold? and +charge me with a method of procedure of which I have never been guilty? +Above all, why do you seek to prejudice the question at issue between us +by importing irrelevant matter which can only impose upon the ignorant and +mislead the unwary? Forgive my plainness, but really you are so +conspicuously unfair,--and at the same time so manifestly unacquainted, +(except at second-hand and only in an elementary way,) with the points +actually under discussion,--that, were it not for the adventitious +importance attaching to any utterance of yours, deliberately put forth at +this time as Chairman of the New Testament body of Revisers, I should have +taken no notice of your pamphlet. + + + + +[2] The Bishop's pamphlet was anticipated and effectually disposed of, +three weeks before it appeared, by the Reviewer's Third Article. + + +I am bound, at the same time, to acknowledge that you have been singularly +unlucky. While _you_ were penning your Defence, (namely, throughout the +first four months of 1882,) _I_ was making a fatal inroad into your +position, by showing how utterly without foundation is the "Textual +Theory" to which you and your co-Revisers have been so rash as to commit +yourselves.(848) This fact I find duly recognized in your "Postscript." +"Since the foregoing pages were in print" (you say,) "a third article has +appeared in the _Quarterly Review_, entitled 'Westcott and Hort's Textual +Theory.' "(849) Yes. _I_ came before the public on the 16th of April; +_you_ on the 4th of May, 1882. In this way, your pamphlet was +anticipated,--had in fact been fully disposed of, three weeks before it +appeared. "The Reviewer," (you complain at page 4,) "censures their +[Westcott and Hort's] Text: _in neither Article has he attempted a serious +examination of the arguments which they allege in its support_." But, (as +explained,) the "serious examination" which you reproach me with having +hitherto failed to produce,--had been already three weeks in the hands of +readers of the _Quarterly_ before your pamphlet saw the light. You would, +in consequence, have best consulted your own reputation, I am persuaded, +had you instantly recalled and suppressed your printed sheets. _What_, at +all events, you can have possibly meant, while publishing them, by adding +(in your "Postscript" at page 79,)--"_In this controversy it is not for us +to interpose:_" and again,--"_We find nothing in the Reviewer's third +article to require further answer from us:_"--passes my comprehension; +seeing that your pamphlet (page 11 to page 29) is an elaborate avowal that +you have made Westcott and Hort's theory entirely your own. The Editor of +the _Speaker's Commentary_, I observe, takes precisely the same view of +your position. "The two Revisers" (says Canon Cook) "actually add a +Postscript to their pamphlet of a single short page noticing their +unexpected anticipation by the third _Quarterly Review_ article; with the +remark that 'in this controversy (between Westcott and Hort and the +Reviewer) it is not for us to interfere:'--as if Westcott and Hort's theory +of Greek Revision could be refuted, or seriously damaged, without _cutting +the ground from under the Committee of Revisers on the whole of this +subject_."(850) + + + + +[3] Bp. Ellicott remonstrated with for his unfair method of procedure. + + +I should enter at once on an examination of your Reply, but that I am +constrained at the outset to remonstrate with you on the exceeding +unfairness of your entire method of procedure. Your business was to make +it plain to the public that you have dealt faithfully with the Deposit: +have strictly fulfilled the covenant into which you entered twelve years +ago with the Convocation of the Southern Province: have corrected only +"_plain and clear errors_." Instead of this, you labour to enlist vulgar +prejudice against me:--partly, by insisting that I am for determining +disputed Readings by an appeal to the "Textus Receptus,"--which (according +to you) I look upon as faultless:--partly, by exhibiting me in disagreement +with Lachmann, Tischendorf and Tregelles. The irrelevancy of this latter +contention,--the groundlessness of the former,--may not be passed over +without a few words of serious remonstrance. For I claim that, in +discussing the Greek Text, I have invariably filled my pages as full of +_Authorities_ for the opinions I advocate, as the limits of the page would +allow. I may have been tediously demonstrative sometimes: but no one can +fairly tax me with having shrunk from the severest method of evidential +proof. To find myself therefore charged with "mere +denunciation,"(851)--with substituting "strong expressions of individual +opinion" for "arguments,"(852)--and with "attempting to cut the cord by +reckless and unverified assertions," (p. 25,)--astonishes me. Such language +is in fact even ridiculously unfair. + +The misrepresentation of which I complain is not only conspicuous, but +systematic. It runs through your whole pamphlet: is admitted by yourself +at the close,--(viz. at p. 77,)--_to be half the sum of your entire +contention_. Besides cropping up repeatedly,(853) it finds deliberate and +detailed expression when you reach the middle of your essay,--viz. at p. +41: where, with reference to certain charges which I not only bring +against codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L, but laboriously substantiate by a free appeal to +the contemporary evidence of Copies, Versions, and Fathers,--you venture to +express yourself concerning me as follows:-- + + + "To attempt to sustain such charges by a rough comparison of these + ancient authorities with the TEXTUS RECEPTUS, and to measure the + degree of their depravation _by the amount of their divergence + from such a text as we have shown this Received Text really to + be_, is to trifle with the subject of sacred Criticism."--p. 41. + + +You add:-- + + + "Until the depravation of these ancient Manuscripts has been + demonstrated in a manner more consistent with _the recognized + principles of Criticism_, such charges as those to which we allude + must be regarded as expressions of passion, or prejudice, and set + aside by every impartial reader as assertions for which no + adequate evidence has yet been produced."--pp. 41-2. + + + + +[4] (Which be "the recognized principles of Textual Criticism"?--a question +asked in passing.) + + +But give me leave to ask in passing,--_Which_, pray, _are_ "the recognized +principles of Criticism" to which you refer? I profess I have never met +with them yet; and I am sure it has not been for want of diligent enquiry. +You have publicly charged me before your Diocese with being "innocently +ignorant of the _now established principles_ of Textual Criticism."(854) +But why do you not state which those principles _are_? I am surprised. You +are for ever vaunting "_principles_ which have been established by the +investigations and reasonings" of Lachmann, Tischendorf and +Tregelles:(855)--"the _principles_ of Textual Criticism which are accepted +and recognized by the great majority of modern Textual Critics:"(856)--"the +_principles_ on which the Textual Criticism of the last fifty years has +been based:"(857)--but you never condescend to explain _which be_ the +"principles" you refer to. For the last time,--_Who_ established those +"Principles"? and, _Where_ are they to be seen "established"? + +I will be so candid with you as frankly to avow that the _only two_ +"principles" with which I am acquainted as held, with anything like +consent, by "the modern Textual Critics" to whom you have surrendered your +judgment, are--(1st) A robust confidence in the revelations of their own +inner consciousness: and (2ndly) A superstitious partiality for two +codices written in the uncial character,--for which partiality they are +able to assign no intelligible reason. You put the matter as neatly as I +could desire at page 19 of your Essay,--where you condemn, with excusable +warmth, "those who adopt the easy method of _using some favourite +Manuscript_,"--or of exercising "_some supposed power of divining the +original Text;_"--as if those were "the only necessary agents for +correcting the Received Text." _Why_ the evidence of codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--and +perhaps the evidence of the VIth-century codex D,--("the singular codex" as +you call it; and it is certainly a very singular codex indeed:)--_why_, I +say, the evidence of these two or three codices should be thought to +outweigh the evidence of all other documents in existence,--whether Copies, +Versions, or Fathers,--I have never been able to discover, nor have their +admirers ever been able to tell me. + + + + +[5] Bp. Ellicott's and the Reviewer's respective methods, contrasted. + + +Waiving this however, (for it is beside the point,) I venture to ask,--With +what show of reason can you pretend that I "_sustain my charges_" against +codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L, "_by a rough comparison of these ancient authorities with +the_ Textus Receptus"?(858)... Will you deny that it is a mere +misrepresentation of the plain facts of the case, to say so? Have I not, +on the contrary, _on every occasion_ referred Readings in dispute,--the +reading of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L on the one hand, the reading of the _Textus Receptus_ +on the other,--simultaneously to one and the same external standard? Have I +not persistently enquired for the verdict--so far as it has been +obtainable--of CONSENTIENT ANTIQUITY? If I have sometimes spoken of certain +famous manuscripts ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D namely,) as exhibiting fabricated Texts, have +I not been at the pains to establish the reasonableness of my assertion by +showing that they yield divergent,--that is _contradictory_, testimony? + +The task of laboriously collating the five "old uncials" throughout the +Gospels, occupied me for five-and-a-half years, and taxed me severely. But +I was rewarded. I rose from the investigation profoundly convinced that, +however important they may be as instruments of Criticism, codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C D +are among the most corrupt documents extant. It was a conviction derived +from exact _Knowledge_ and based on solid grounds of _Reason_. You, my +lord Bishop, who have never gone deeply into the subject, repose simply on +_Prejudice_. Never having at any time collated codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D for +yourself, you are unable to gainsay a single statement of mine by a +counter-appeal to _facts_. Your textual learning proves to have been all +obtained at second-hand,--taken on trust. And so, instead of marshalling +against me a corresponding array of ANCIENT AUTHORITIES,--you invariably +attempt to put me down by an appeal to MODERN OPINION. "The _majority of +modern Critics_" (you say) have declared the manuscripts in question "not +only to be wholly undeserving of such charges, but, on the contrary, to +exhibit a text of comparative purity."(859) + +The sum of the difference therefore between our respective methods, my +lord Bishop, proves to be this:--that whereas _I_ endeavour by a laborious +accumulation of _ancient Evidence_ to demonstrate that the decrees of +Lachmann, of Tischendorf and of Tregelles, _are untrustworthy_; _your_ way +of reducing me to silence, is to cast Lachmann, Tregelles and Tischendorf +at every instant in my teeth. You make your appeal exclusively to _them_. +"It would be difficult" (you say) "to find a recent English Commentator of +any considerable reputation who has not been influenced, more or less +consistently, by _one or the other of these three Editors_:"(860) (as if +_that_ were any reason why I should do the same!) Because I pronounce the +Revised reading of S. Luke ii. 14, "a grievous perversion of the truth of +Scripture," you bid me consider "that in so speaking I am _censuring +Lachmann, Tischendorf and Tregelles_." You seem in fact to have utterly +missed the point of my contention: which is, that the ancient Fathers +collectively (A.D. 150 to A.D. 450),--inasmuch as they must needs have +known far better than Lachmann, Tregelles, or Tischendorf, (A.D. 1830 to +A.D. 1880,) what was the Text of the New Testament in the earliest +ages,--are perforce far more trustworthy guides than they. And further, +that whenever it can be clearly shown that the Ancients as a body say one +thing, and the Moderns another, the opinion of the Moderns may be safely +disregarded. + +When therefore I open your pamphlet at the first page, and read as +follows:--"A bold assault has been made in recent numbers of the _Quarterly +Review_ upon the whole fabric of Criticism which has been built up _during +the last fifty years_ by the patient labour of successive editors of the +New Testament,"(861)--I fail to discover that any practical inconvenience +results to myself from your announcement. The same plaintive strain +reappears at p. 39; where, having pointed out "that the text of the +Revisers is, in all essential features, the same as that text in which the +best critical editors, _during the past fifty years_, are generally +agreed,"--you insist "that thus, any attack made on the text of the +Revisers is really an attack on the critical principles that have been +carefully and laboriously established _during the last half-century_." +With the self-same pathetic remonstrance you conclude your labours. "If," +(you say) "the Revisers are wrong in the principles which they have +applied to the determination of the Text, _the principles_ on which the +Textual Criticism of _the last fifty years_ has been based, are wrong +also."(862)... Are you then not yet aware that the alternative which seems +to you so alarming is in fact my whole contention? What else do you +imagine it is that I am proposing to myself throughout, but effectually to +dispel the vulgar prejudice,--say rather, to plant my heel upon the weak +superstition,--which "_for the last fifty years_" has proved fatal to +progress in this department of learning; and which, if it be suffered to +prevail, will make _a science_ of Textual Criticism impossible? A shallow +empiricism has been the prevailing result, up to this hour, of the +teaching of Lachmann, and Tischendorf, and Tregelles. + + + + +[6] Bp. Ellicott in May 1870, and in May 1882. + + +A word in your private ear, (by your leave) in passing. You seem to have +forgotten that, at the time when you entered on the work of Revision, +_your own_ estimate of the Texts put forth by these Editors was the +reverse of favourable; _i.e._ was scarcely distinguishable from that of +your present correspondent. Lachmann's you described as "a text composed +on _the narrowest and most exclusive_ principles,"--"really based on +_little more than four manuscripts_."--"The case of Tischendorf" (you said) +"is still more easily disposed of. Which of this most inconstant Critic's +texts are we to select? Surely not the last, in which an exaggerated +preference for a single manuscript has betrayed him into _an almost +childlike infirmity of judgment_. Surely also not the seventh edition, +which exhibits all the instability which a comparatively recent +recognition of the authority of cursive manuscripts might be supposed +likely to introduce."--As for poor Tregelles, you said:--"His critical +principles ... are now, perhaps justly, called in question." His text "is +rigid and mechanical, and sometimes fails to disclose _that critical +instinct and peculiar scholarly sagacity which_"(863) have since evidently +disclosed themselves in perfection in those Members of the Revising body +who, with Bp. Ellicott at their head, systematically outvoted Prebendary +Scrivener in the Jerusalem Chamber. But with what consistency, my lord +Bishop, do you to-day vaunt "the principles" of the very men whom +yesterday you vilipended precisely because _their _"principles" then +seemed to yourself so utterly unsatisfactory? + + + + +[7] "The fabric of modern Textual Criticism" (1831-81) rests on an +insecure basis. + + +I have been guilty of little else than sacrilege, it seems, because I have +ventured to send a shower of shot and shell into the flimsy decrees of +these three Critics which now you are pleased grandiloquently to designate +and describe as "_the whole fabric of Criticism which has been built up +within the last fifty years_." Permit me to remind you that the "fabric" +you speak of,--(confessedly a creation of yesterday,)--rests upon a +foundation of sand; and has been already so formidably assailed, or else +so gravely condemned by a succession of famous Critics, that as "_a +fabric_," its very existence may be reasonably called in question. +Tischendorf insists on the general depravity ("_universa vitiositas_") of +codex B; on which codex nevertheless Drs. Westcott and Hort chiefly +rely,--regarding it as unique in its pre-eminent purity. The same pair of +Critics depreciate the Traditional Text as "beyond all question identical +with the dominant [Greek] Text _of the second half of the fourth +century_:"--whereas, "_to bring the sacred text back to the condition in +which it existed during the fourth century_,"(864) was Lachmann's one +object; the sum and substance of his striving. "The fancy of a +Constantinopolitan text, and every inference that has been grounded on its +presumed existence,"(865) Tregelles declares to have been "swept away at +once and for ever," by Scrivener's published Collations. And yet, what +else but _this_ is "the fancy," (as already explained,) on which Drs. +Westcott and Hort have been for thirty years building up their visionary +Theory of Textual Criticism?--What Griesbach attempted [1774-1805], was +denounced [1782-1805] by C. F. Matthaei;--disapproved by +Scholz;--demonstrated to be untenable by Abp. Laurence. Finally, in 1847, +the learned J. G. Reiche, in some Observations prefixed to his Collations +of MSS. in the Paris Library, eloquently and ably exposed the +unreasonableness of _any_ theory of "Recension,"--properly so called;(866) +thereby effectually anticipating Westcott and Hort's weak imagination of a +"_Syrian_ Text," while he was demolishing the airy speculations of +Griesbach and Hug. "There is no royal road" (he said) "to the Criticism of +the N. T.: no plain and easy method, at once reposing on a firm +foundation, and conducting securely to the wished for goal."(867)... +Scarcely therefore in Germany had the basement-story been laid of that +"fabric of Criticism which has been built up during the last fifty years," +and which _you_ superstitiously admire,--when a famous German scholar was +heard denouncing the fabric as insecure. He foretold that the "_regia +via_" of codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} would prove a deceit and a snare: which thing, at +the end of four-and-thirty years, has punctually come to pass. + +Seven years after, Lachmann's method was solemnly appealed from by the +same J. G. Reiche:(868) whose words of warning to his countrymen deserve +the attention of every thoughtful scholar among ourselves at this day. Of +the same general tenor and purport as Reiche's, are the utterances of +those giants in Textual Criticism, Vercellone of Rome and Ceriani of +Milan. Quite unmistakable is the verdict of our own Scrivener concerning +the views of Lachmann, Tischendorf and Tregelles, and the results to which +their system has severally conducted them.--If Alford adopted the +prejudices of his three immediate predecessors, his authority has been +neutralized by the far different teaching of one infinitely his superior +in judgment and learning,--the present illustrious Bishop of Lincoln.--On +the same side with the last named are found the late Philip E. Pusey and +Archd. Lee,--Canon Cook and Dr. Field,--the Bishop of S. Andrews and Dr. S. +C. Malan. Lastly, at the end of fifty-one years, (viz. in 1881,) Drs. +Westcott and Hort have revived Lachmann's unsatisfactory +method,--superadding thereto not a few extravagances of their own. That +their views have been received with expressions of the gravest +disapprobation, no one will deny. Indispensable to their contention is the +grossly improbable hypothesis that the Peschito is to be regarded as the +"Vulgate" (_i.e._ the _Revised_) Syriac; Cureton's, as the "Vetus" or +_original_ Syriac version. And yet, while I write, the Abbe Martin at +Paris is giving it as the result of his labours on this subject, that +Cureton's Version cannot be anything of the sort.(869) Whether Westcott +and Hort's theory of a "_Syrian_" Text has not received an effectual +quietus, let posterity decide. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + +From which it becomes apparent that, at all events, "the fabric of +Criticism which has been built up within the last fifty years" has not +arisen without solemn and repeated protest,--as well from within as from +without. It may not therefore be spoken of by you as something which men +are bound to maintain inviolate,--like an Article of the Creed. It is quite +competent, I mean, for any one to denounce the entire system of Lachmann, +Tischendorf and Tregelles,--_as I do now_,--as an egregious blunder; if he +will but be at the pains to establish on a severe logical basis the +contradictory of not a few of their most important decrees. And you, my +lord Bishop, are respectfully reminded that your defence of their +system,--if you must needs defend what I deem worthless,--must be conducted, +not by sneers and an affectation of superior enlightenment; still less by +intimidation, scornful language, and all those other bad methods whereby +it has been the way of Superstition in every age to rivet the fetters of +intellectual bondage: but by severe reasoning, and calm discussion, and a +free appeal to ancient Authority, and a patient investigation of all the +external evidence accessible. I request therefore that we may hear no more +of _this_ form of argument. The Text of Lachmann and Tischendorf and +Tregelles,--of Westcott and Hort and Ellicott, (_i.e._ _of the +Revisers_,)--is just now on its trial before the world.(870) + + + + +[8] Bp. Ellicott's strange notions about the "Textus Receptus." + + +Your strangest mistakes and misrepresentations however are connected with +the "Textus Receptus." It evidently exercises you sorely that "with the +Quarterly Reviewer, the Received Text is a standard, by comparison with +which all extant documents, _however indisputable their antiquity,_ are +measured."(871) But pray,-- + +(1) By comparison with what _other_ standard, if not by the Received Text, +would you yourself obtain the measure of "all extant documents," however +ancient?... This first. And next, + +(2) Why should the "_indisputable antiquity_" of a document be supposed to +disqualify it from being measured by the same standard to which (_but only +for convenience_) documents of whatever date,--by common consent of +scholars, at home and abroad,--are invariably referred? And next, + +(3) Surely, you cannot require to have it explained to you that a standard +_of _COMPARISON, is not _therefore_ of necessity a standard _of +_EXCELLENCE. Did you ever take the trouble to collate a sacred manuscript? +If you ever did, pray with _what_ did you make your collation? In other +words, what "standard" did you employ?... Like Walton and Ussher,--like +Fell and Mill,--like Bentley, and Bengel, and Wetstein,--like Birch, and +Matthaei, and Griesbach, and Scholz,--like Lachmann, and Tregelles, and +Tischendorf, and Scrivener,--I venture to assume that you collated your +manuscript,--whether it was of "disputable" or of "indisputable +antiquity,"--with _an ordinary copy of the Received Text_. If you did not, +your collation is of no manner of use. But, above all, + +(4) How does it come to pass that you speak so scornfully of the Received +Text, seeing that (at p. 12 of your pamphlet) you assure your readers that +_its pedigree may be traced back to a period perhaps antecedent to the +oldest of our extant manuscripts_? Surely, a traditional Text which +(_according to you_) dates from about A.D. 300, is good enough for the +purpose of _Collation_! + +(5) At last you say,-- + + + "If there were reason to suppose that the Received Text + represented _verbatim et literatim_ the text which was current at + Antioch in the days of Chrysostom, it would still be impossible to + regard it as a standard from which there was no appeal."(872) + + +Really, my lord Bishop, you must excuse me if I declare plainly that the +more I attend to your critical utterances, the more I am astonished. From +the confident style in which you deliver yourself upon such matters, and +especially from your having undertaken to preside over a Revision of the +Sacred Text, one would suppose that at some period of your life you must +have given the subject a considerable amount of time and attention. But +indeed the foregoing sentence virtually contains two propositions neither +of which could possibly have been penned by one even moderately acquainted +with the facts of Textual Criticism. For first, + +(_a_) You speak of "representing _verbatim et literatim_ THE Text which +was current at Antioch in the days of Chrysostom." Do you then really +suppose that there existed at Antioch, at any period between A.D. 354 and +A.D. 407, _some one definite Text of the N. T. _CAPABLE_ of being so +represented_?--If you do, pray will you indulge us with the grounds for +such an extraordinary supposition? Your "acquaintance" (Dr. Tregelles) +will tell you that such a fancy has long since been swept away "at once +and for ever." And secondly, + +(_b_) You say that, even if there were reason to suppose that the +"Received Text" were such-and-such a thing,--"it would still be impossible +to regard it as _a standard from which there was no appeal_." + +But pray, who in his senses,--what sane man in Great Britain,--ever dreamed +of regarding the "Received,"--aye, _or any other known _"Text,"--as "a +standard _from which there shall be no appeal_"? Have I ever done so? Have +I ever _implied_ as much? If I have, show me _where_. You refer your +readers to the following passage in my first Article:-- + + + "What precedes admits to some extent of further numerical + illustration. It is discovered that, in 111 pages, ... the serious + deflections of A from the _Textus Receptus_ amount in all to only + 842: whereas in C they amount to 1798: in B, to 2370: in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, to + 3392: in D, to 4697. The readings _peculiar to_ A within the same + limits are 133: those peculiar to C are 170. But those of B amount + to 197: while {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} exhibits 443: and the readings peculiar to D + (within the same limits), are no fewer than 1829.... We submit + that these facts are not altogether calculated to inspire + confidence in codices B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D."--p. 14. + + +But, do you really require to have it explained to you that it is entirely +to misunderstand the question to object to such a comparison of codices as +is found above, (viz. in pages 14 and 17,) on the ground that it was made +with the text of Stephanus lying open before me? Would not _the self-same +phenomenon_ have been evolved by collation with _any other_ text? If you +doubt it, sit down and try the experiment for yourself. Believe me, Robert +Etienne in the XVIth century was not _the cause_ why cod. B in the IVth +and cod. D in the VIth are so widely discordant and divergent from one +another: A and C so utterly at variance with both.(873) We _must_ have +_some_ standard whereby to test,--wherewith to compare,--Manuscripts. What +is more, (give me leave to assure you,) _to the end of time_ it will +probably be the practice of scholars to compare MSS. of the N. T. with the +"Received Text." The hopeless discrepancies between our five "old +uncials," can in no more convenient way be exhibited, than by referring +each of them in turn to one and the same common standard. And,--_What_ +standard more reasonable and more convenient than the Text which, by the +good Providence of GOD, was universally employed throughout Europe for the +first 300 years after the invention of printing? being practically +_identical_ with the Text which (as you yourself admit) was in popular use +at the end of three centuries from the date of the sacred autographs +themselves: in other word, being more than 1500 years old. + + + + +[9] The Reviewer vindicates himself against Bp. Ellicott's misconceptions. + + +But you are quite determined that I shall mean something essentially +different. The Quarterly Reviewer, (you say,) is one who "contends that +the Received Text needs but little emendation; and _may be used without +emendation as a standard_."(874) I am, (you say,) one of "those who adopt +the easy method of making the Received Text a standard."(875) My +"Criticism," (it seems,) "often rests ultimately upon the notion that it +is little else but sacrilege to impugn the tradition of the last three +hundred years."(876) ("_The last three hundred years_:" as if the +Traditional Text of the N. Testament dated from the 25th of Queen +Elizabeth!)--I regard the "Textus Receptus" therefore, according to you, as +the Ephesians regarded the image of the great goddess Diana; namely, as a +thing which, one fine morning, "fell down from Jupiter."(877) I mistake +the Received Text, (you imply,) for the Divine Original, the Sacred +Autographs,--and erect it into "a standard from which there shall be no +appeal,"--"a tradition which it is little else but sacrilege to impugn." +That is how you state my case and condition: hopelessly _confusing_ the +standard of _Comparison_ with the standard of _Excellence_. + +By this time, however, enough has been said to convince any fair person +that you are without warrant in your present contention. Let _any_ candid +scholar cast an impartial eye over the preceding three hundred and fifty +pages,--open the volume where he will, and read steadily on to the end of +any textual discussion,--and then say whether, on the contrary, my +criticism does not invariably rest on the principle that the Truth of +Scripture is to be sought in that form of the Sacred Text which has _the +fullest_, _the widest_, _and the most varied attestation_.(878) Do I not +invariably make _the consentient __ voice of Antiquity_ my standard? If I +do _not_,--if, on the contrary, I have ever once appealed to the "Received +Text," and made _it_ my standard,--why do you not prove the truth of your +allegation by adducing in evidence that one particular instance? instead +of bringing against me a charge which is utterly without foundation, and +which can have no other effect but to impose upon the ignorant; to mislead +the unwary; and to prejudice the great Textual question which hopelessly +divides you and me?... I trust that at least you will not again confound +the standard _of Comparison_ with the standard _of Truth_. + + + + +[10] Analysis of contents of Bp. Ellicott's pamphlet. + + +You state at page 6, that what you propose to yourself by your pamphlet, +is,-- + + + "_First_, to supply accurate information, in a popular form, + concerning the Greek text of the Now Testament: + + "_Secondly_, to establish, by means of the information so + supplied, the soundness of the principles on which the Revisers + have acted in their choice of readings; and by consequence, the + importance of the 'New Greek Text:' "--[or, as you phrase it at p. + 29,]--"to enable the reader to form a fair judgment on the question + of _the trustworthiness of the readings adopted by the Revisers_." + + +To the former of these endeavours you devote twenty-three pages: (viz. p. +7 to p. 29):--to the latter, you devote forty-two; (viz. p. 37 to p. 78). +The intervening eight pages are dedicated,--(_a_) To the constitution of +the Revisionist body: and next, (_b_) To the amount of good faith with +which you and your colleagues observed the conditions imposed upon you by +the Southern Houses of Convocation. I propose to follow you over the +ground in which you have thus entrenched yourself, and to drive you out of +every position in turn. + + + + +[11] Bp. Ellicott's account of the "TEXTUS RECEPTUS." + + +First then, for your strenuous endeavour (pp. 7-10) to prejudice the +question by pouring contempt on the humblest ancestor of the _Textus +Receptus_--namely, the first edition of Erasmus. You know very well that +the "Textus Receptus" is _not_ the first edition of Erasmus. Why then do +you so describe its origin as to imply that _it is_? You ridicule the +circumstances under which a certain ancestor of the family first saw the +light. You reproduce with evident satisfaction a silly witticism of +Michaelis, viz. that, in his judgment, the Evangelium on which Erasmus +chiefly relied was not worth the two florins which the monks of Basle gave +for it. Equally contemptible (according to you) were the copies of the +Acts, the Epistles, and the Apocalypse which the same scholar employed for +the rest of his first edition. Having in this way done your best to +blacken a noble house by dilating on the low ebb to which its fortunes +were reduced at a critical period of its history, some three centuries and +a half ago,--you pause to make your own comment on the spectacle thus +exhibited to the eyes of unlearned readers, lest any should fail to draw +therefrom the injurious inference which is indispensable for your +argument:-- + + + "We have entered into these details, because we desire that the + general reader should know fully the true pedigree of that printed + text of the Greek Testament which has been in common use for the + last three centuries. It will be observed that its documentary + origin is not calculated to inspire any great confidence. Its + parents, as we have seen, were two or three late manuscripts of + little critical value, which accident seems to have brought into + the hands of their first editor."--p. 10. + + +Now, your account of the origin of the "Textus Receptus" shall be suffered +to stand uncontradicted. But the important _inference_, which you intend +that inattentive or incompetent readers should draw therefrom, shall be +scattered to the winds by the unequivocal testimony of no less +distinguished a witness than yourself. Notwithstanding all that has gone +before, you are constrained to confess _in the very next page_ that:-- + + + "The manuscripts which Erasmus used differ, for the most part, + _only in small and insignificant details from the bulk of the + cursive manuscripts_. The general character of their text is the + same. By this observation the pedigree of the Received Text is + carried up beyond the individual manuscripts used by Erasmus.... + _That_ pedigree stretches back to a remote antiquity. _The first + ancestor of the Received Text was at least contemporary with the + oldest of our extant manuscripts, if not older than any one of + them._"--pp. 11, 12. + + +By your own showing therefore, the Textus Receptus is, "_at least_," 1550 +years old. Nay, we will have the fact over again, in words which you adopt +from p. 92 of Westcott and Hort's _Introduction_ [see above, p. 257], and +clearly make your own:-- + + + "The fundamental text of late extant Greek MSS. generally is + _beyond all question identical_ with the dominant Antiochian or + Graeco-Syrian _Text of the second half of the fourth century_."--p. + 12. + + +But, if this be so,--(and I am not concerned to dispute your statement in a +single particular,)--of what possible significancy can it be to your +present contention, that the ancestry of the WRITTEN WORD (like the +ancestors of the WORD INCARNATE) had at one time declined to the wondrous +low estate on which you enlarged at first with such evident satisfaction? +Though the fact be admitted that Joseph "the carpenter" was "the husband +of Mary, of whom was born JESUS, who is called CHRIST,"--what possible +inconvenience results from that circumstance so long as the only thing +contended for be loyally conceded,--namely, that the descent of MESSIAH is +lineally traceable back to the patriarch Abraham, through David the King? +And the genealogy of the written, no less than the genealogy of the +Incarnate WORD, is traceable back by _two distinct lines of descent_, +remember: for the "Complutensian," which was printed in 1514, exhibits the +"Traditional Text" with the same general fidelity as the "Erasmian," which +did not see the light till two years later. + + + + +[12] Bp. Ellicott derives his estimate of the "TEXTUS RECEPTUS" from +Westcott and Hart's fable of a "SYRIAN TEXT." + + +Let us hear what comes next:-- + + + "At this point a question suggests itself which we cannot refuse + to consider. If the pedigree of the Received Text may be traced + back to so early a period, does it not deserve the honour which is + given to it by the Quarterly Reviewer?"--p. 12. + + +A very pertinent question truly. We are made attentive: the more so, +because you announce that your reply to this question shall "go to the +bottom of the controversy with which we are concerned."(879) That reply is +as follows:-- + + + "If there were reason to suppose that the Received Text + represented _verbatim et literatim_ the text which was current at + Antioch in the days of Chrysostom, it would still be impossible to + regard it as a standard _from which there was no appeal_. The + reason why this would be impossible may be stated briefly as + follows. In the ancient documents which have come down to + us,--amongst which, as is well known, are manuscripts written in + the fourth century,--we possess evidence that other texts of the + Greek Testament existed in the age of Chrysostom, materially + different from the text which he and the Antiochian writers + generally employed. Moreover, a rigorous examination of extant + documents shows that the Antiochian or (as we shall henceforth + call it with Dr. Hort) the Syrian text did not represent an + earlier tradition than those other texts, but was in fact of later + origin than the rest. We cannot accept it therefore as _a final + standard_."--pp. 13, 14. + + +"A _final_ standard"!... Nay but, why do you suddenly introduce this +unheard-of characteristic? _Who_, pray, since the invention of Printing +was ever known to put forward _any_ existing Text as "a final standard"? +Not the Quarterly Reviewer certainly. "The honour which is given to the +_Textus Receptus_ by the Quarterly Reviewer" is no other than the honour +which it has enjoyed at the hands of scholars, by universal consent, for +the last three centuries. That is to say, he uses it as a standard of +comparison, and employs it for habitual reference. _So do you._ You did +so, at least, in the year 1870. You did more; for you proposed "to proceed +with the work of Revision, whether of text or translation, _making the +current _'Textus Receptus'_ the standard_."(880) We are perfectly agreed +therefore. For my own part, being fully convinced, like yourself, that +essentially the Received Text is full 1550 years old,--(yes, and a vast +deal older,)--I esteem it quite good enough for all ordinary purposes. And +yet, so far am I from pinning my faith to it, that I eagerly make my +appeal _from_ it to the threefold witness of Copies, Versions, Fathers, +whenever I find its testimony challenged.--And with this renewed +explanation of my sentiments,--(which one would have thought that no +competent person could require,)--I proceed to consider the reply which you +promise shall "go to the bottom of the controversy with which we are +concerned." I beg that you will not again seek to divert attention from +that which is the real matter of dispute betwixt you and me. + +What kind of argumentation then is this before us? You assure us that,-- + +(_a_) "A rigorous examination of extant documents,"--"shows" Dr. Hort--"that +the Syrian text"--[which for all practical purposes may be considered as +only another name for the "Textus Receptus"]--was of later origin than +"other texts of the Greek Testament" which "existed in the age of +Chrysostom." + +(_b_) "We cannot accept it therefore as a final standard." + +But,--Of what nature is the logical process by which you have succeeded in +convincing yourself that _this_ consequent can be got out of _that_ +antecedent? Put a parallel case:--"A careful analysis of herbs 'shows' Dr. +Short that the only safe diet for Man is a particular kind of rank grass +which grows in the Ely fens. We must therefore leave off eating butcher's +meat."--Does _that_ seem to you altogether a satisfactory argument? To me, +it is a mere _non sequitur_. Do but consider the matter for a moment. "A +rigorous examination of extant documents shows" Dr. Hort--such and such +things. "A rigorous examination of the" same "documents shows" _me_--that +Dr. Hort _is mistaken_. A careful study of his book convinces _me_ that +his theory of a Syrian Recension, manufactured between A.D. 250 and A.D. +350, is a dream, pure and simple--_a mere phantom of the brain_. Dr. Hort's +course is obvious. Let him _first_ make his processes of proof +intelligible, and _then_ public. You cannot possibly suppose that the +fable of "a Syrian text," though it has evidently satisfied _you_, will be +accepted by thoughtful Englishmen without proof. What prospect do you +suppose you have of convincing the world that Dr. Hort is competent to +assign _a date_ to this creature of his own imagination; of which he has +hitherto failed to demonstrate so much as the probable existence? + +I have, for my own part, established by abundant references to his +writings that he is one of those who, (through some intellectual +peculiarity,) are for ever mistaking conjectures for facts,--assertions for +arguments,--and reiterated asseveration for accumulated proof. He deserves +sympathy, certainly: for,--(like the man who passed his life in trying to +count how many grains of sand will exactly fill a quart pot;--or like his +unfortunate brother, who made it his business to prove that nothing, +multiplied by a sufficient number of figures, amounts to something;)--he +has evidently taken a prodigious deal of useless trouble. The spectacle of +an able and estimable man exhibiting such singular inaptitude for a +province of study which, beyond all others, demands a clear head and a +calm, dispassionate judgment,--creates distress. + + + + +[13] Bp. Ellicott has completely adopted Westcott and Hort's Theory. + + +But in the meantime, so confident are _you_ of the existence of a "Syrian +text,"--(_only however because Dr. Hort is_,)--that you inflict upon your +readers all the consequences which "the Syrian text" is supposed to carry +with it. Your method is certainly characterized by humility: for it +consists in merely serving up to the British public a _rechauffe_ of +Westcott and Hort's Textual Theory. I cannot discover that you contribute +anything of your own to the meagre outline you furnish of it. Everything +is assumed--as before. Nothing is proved--as before. And we are referred to +Dr. Hort for the resolution of every difficulty which Dr. Hort has +created. "According to Dr. Hort,"--"as Dr. Hort observes,"--"to use Dr. +Hort's language,"--"stated by Dr. Hort,"--"as Dr. Hort notices,"--"says Dr. +Hort:" yes, from p. 14 of your pamphlet to p. 29 you do nothing else but +reproduce--Dr. Hort! + +First comes the fabulous account of the contents of the bulk of the +cursives:(881)--then, the imaginary history of the "Syriac Vulgate;" which +(it seems) bears "indisputable traces" of being a revision, of which you +have learned _from Dr. Hort_ the date:(882)--then comes the same +disparagement of the ancient Greek Fathers,--"for reasons which have been +_stated by Dr. Hort_ with great clearness and cogency:"(883)--then, the +same depreciatory estimate of writers subsequent to Eusebius,--whose +evidence is declared to "stand at best on no higher level than the +evidence of inferior manuscripts in the uncial class:"(884) but _only_ +because it is discovered to be destructive of the theory _of Dr. Hort_. + +Next comes "the Method of Genealogy,"--which you declare is the result of +"vast research, unwearied patience, great critical sagacity;"(885) but +which I am prepared to prove is, on the contrary, a shallow expedient for +dispensing with scientific Induction and the laborious accumulation of +evidence. This same "Method of Genealogy," you are not ashamed to announce +as "the great contribution of our own times to a mastery over materials." +"For the full explanation of it, _you must refer your reader to Dr. Hort's +Introduction_."(886) Can you be serious? + +Then come the results to which "the application of this method _has +conducted Drs. Westcott and Hort_."(887) And first, the fable of the +"Syrian Text"--which "_Dr. Hort considers_ to have been the result of a +deliberate Recension," conducted on erroneous principles. This fabricated +product of the IIIrd and IVth centuries, (you say,) rose to +supremacy,--became dominant at Antioch,--passed thence to +Constantinople,--and once established there, soon vindicated its claim to +be the N. T. of the East: whence it overran the West, and for 300 years as +the "Textus Receptus," has held undisputed sway.(888) Really, my lord +Bishop, you describe imaginary events in truly Oriental style. One seems +to be reading not so much of the "Syrian Text" as of the Syrian Impostor. +One expects every moment to hear of some feat of this fabulous Recension +corresponding with the surrender of the British troops and Arabi's +triumphant entry into Cairo with the head of Sir Beauchamp Seymour in his +hand! + +All this is followed, of course, by the weak fable of the "Neutral" Text, +and of the absolute supremacy of Codex B,--which is "_stated in Dr. Hort's +own words_:"(889)--viz. "B very far exceeds all other documents in +neutrality of text, being in fact always, or nearly always, neutral." (The +_fact_ being that codex B is demonstrably one of the most corrupt +documents in existence.) The posteriority of the (imaginary) "Syrian," to +the (imaginary) "Neutral," is insisted upon next in order, as a matter of +course: and declared to rest upon three other considerations,--each one of +which is found to be pure fable: viz. (1) On the fable of "Conflation," +which "_seems_ to supply a proof" that Syrian readings are posterior both +to Western and to Neutral readings--but, (as I have elsewhere(890) shown, +at considerable length,) most certainly _does_ not:--(2) On Ante-Nicene +Patristic evidence,--of which however not a syllable is produced:--(3) On +"_Transcriptional probability_"--which is about as useful a substitute for +proof as a sweet-pea for a walking-stick. + +Widely dissimilar of course is your own view of the importance of the +foregoing instruments of conviction. To _you_, "these three reasons taken +together seem to make up an argument for the posteriority of the Syrian +Text, which it is impossible to resist. They form" (you say) "a threefold +cord of evidence which [you] believe will bear any amount of argumentative +strain." You rise with your subject, and at last break out into eloquence +and vituperation:--"Writers like the Reviewer may attempt to cut the cord +_by reckless and unverified assertions_: but _the knife has not yet been +fabricated that can equitably separate any one of its strands_."(891)... +So effectually, as well as so deliberately, have you lashed yourself--for +better or for worse--to Westcott and Hort's New Textual Theory, that you +must now of necessity either share its future triumphs, or else be a +partaker in its coming humiliation. Am I to congratulate you on your +prospects? + +For my part, I make no secret of the fact that I look upon the entire +speculation about which you are so enthusiastic, as an excursion into +cloud-land: a _dream_ and nothing more. My contention is,--_not_ that the +Theory of Drs. Westcott and Hort rests on an _insecure_ foundation, but, +that it rests on _no foundation at all_. Moreover, I am greatly mistaken +if this has not been _demonstrated_ in the foregoing pages.(892) On one +point, at all events, there cannot exist a particle of doubt; namely, that +so far from its "_not being for you to interpose in this controversy_"--you +are without alternative. You must either come forward at once, and bring +it to a successful issue: or else, you must submit to be told that you +have suffered defeat, inasmuch as you are inextricably involved in +Westcott and Hort's discomfiture. You are simply without remedy. _You_ may +"_find nothing in the Reviewer's third article to require a further +answer_:" but readers of intelligence will tell you that your finding, +since it does not proceed from stupidity, can only result from your +consciousness that you have made a serious blunder: and that now, the less +you say about "Westcott and Hort's new textual Theory," the better. + + + + +[14] The Question modestly proposed,--Whether Bp. Ellicott's adoption of +Westcott and Hort's "new Textual Theory" does not amount to (what lawyers +call) "CONSPIRACY"? + + +But, my lord Bishop, when I reach the end of your laborious avowal that +you entirely accept "Westcott and Hort's new Textual Theory,"--I find it +impossible to withhold the respectful enquiry,--Is such a proceeding on +your part altogether allowable? I frankly confess that to _me_ the +wholesale adoption by the Chairman of the Revising body, of the theory of +two of the Revisers,--and then, his exclusive reproduction and vindication +of _that theory_, when he undertakes, + + + "to supply the reader with a few broad outlines of Textual + Criticism, so as to enable him to form _a fair judgment_ on the + question of the trustworthiness of _the readings adopted by the + Revisers_,"--p. 29, + + +all this, my lord Bishop, I frankly avow, to _me_, looks very much indeed +like what, in the language of lawyers, is called "Conspiracy." It appears +then that instead of presiding over the deliberations of the Revisionists +as an impartial arbiter, you have been throughout, heart and soul, an +eager partizan. You have learned to employ freely Drs. Westcott and Hort's +peculiar terminology. You adopt their scarcely-intelligible phrases: their +wild hypotheses: their arbitrary notions about "Intrinsic" and +"Transcriptional Probability:" their baseless theory of "Conflation:" +their shallow "Method of Genealogy." You have, in short, evidently +swallowed their novel invention whole. I can no longer wonder at the +result arrived at by the body of Revisionists. Well may Dr. Scrivener have +pleaded in vain! He found Drs. Ellicott and Westcott and Hort too many for +him.... But it is high time that I should pass on. + + + + +[15] Proofs that the Revisers have outrageously exceeded the Instructions +they received from the Convocation of the Southern Province. + + +It follows next to enquire whether your work as Revisers was conducted in +conformity with the conditions imposed upon you by the Southern House of +Convocation, or not. "_Nothing_" (you say)-- + + + "_can be more unjust_ on the part of the Reviewer than to suggest, + as he has suggested in more than one passage,(893) that the + Revisers _exceeded their Instructions_ in the course which they + adopted with regard to the Greek Text. On the contrary, as we + shall show, they adhered most closely to their Instructions; and + did neither more nor less than they were required to do."--(p. 32.) + + +"The Reviewer," my lord Bishop, proceeds to _demonstrate_ that you +"exceeded your Instructions," even to an extraordinary extent. But it will +be convenient first to hear you out. You proceed,-- + + + "Let us turn to the Rule. It is simply as follows:--'That the text + to be adopted be that for which the Evidence _is decidedly + preponderating_: and that when the text so adopted differs from + that from which the Authorized Version was made, the alteration be + indicated in the margin.' "--(_Ibid._) + + +But you seem to have forgotten that the "Rule" which you quote formed no +part of the "_Instructions_" which were imposed upon you by Convocation. +It was one of the "Principles _agreed to by the Committee_" (25 May, +1870),--a Rule _of your own making_ therefore,--for which Convocation +neither was nor is responsible. The "fundamental Resolutions adopted by +the Convocation of Canterbury" (3rd and 5th May, 1870), five in number, +contain no authorization whatever for making changes in the Greek Text. +They have reference only to the work of revising "_the Authorized +Version_:" an undertaking which the first Resolution declares to be +"desirable." "In order to ascertain what were the Revisers' _Instructions_ +with regard to the Greek Text," we must refer to the original Resolution +of Feb. 10th, 1870: in which the removal of "_plain and clear errors_, +whether in the Greek Text originally adopted by the Translators, or in the +Translation made from the same,"--is for the first and last time mentioned. +That you yourself accepted this as the limit of your authority, is proved +by your Speech in Convocation. "We may be satisfied" (you said) "with the +attempt to correct _plain and clear errors_: but _there, it is our duty to +stop_."(894) + +Now I venture to assert that not one in a hundred of the alterations you +have actually made, "whether in the Greek Text originally adopted by the +Translators, or in the Translation made from the same," are corrections of +"_plain and clear errors_." Rather,--(to adopt the words of the learned +Bishop of Lincoln,)--"I fear we must say in candour that in the Revised +Version we meet in every page with changes _which seem almost to be made +for the sake of change_."(895) May I trouble you to refer back to p. 112 +of the present volume for a few words more on this subject from the pen of +the same judicious Prelate? + +(_a_) _And first_,--_In respect of the New English Version_. + +For my own part, (see above, pp. 171-2,) I thought the best thing I could +do would be to illustrate the nature of my complaint, by citing and +commenting on an actual instance of your method. I showed how, in revising +eight-and-thirty words (2 Pet. i. 5-7), you had contrived to introduce no +fewer than _thirty changes_,--every one of them being clearly a change for +the worse. You will perhaps say,--Find me another such case! I find it, my +lord Bishop, in S. Luke viii. 45, 46,--where you have made _nineteen +changes_ in revising the translation of four-and-thirty words. I proceed +to transcribe the passage; requesting you to bear in mind your own +emphatic protestation,--"We made _no_ change _if the meaning was fairly +expressed_ by the word or phrase before us." + +A.V. R.V. +"Peter and they that were "Peter said [1], and they +with him said, Master, that were with him, +the multitude throng thee Master the multitudes [2] +and press thee, and press [3] thee and crush +sayest thou, Who touched thee [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.] +me? And Jesus said, But [11] Jesus said, Some +Somebody hath touched me: one [12] did touch [14] +for I perceive that me: for I perceived [15] +virtue is gone out of that power [16] had [17] +me." gone forth [18] from [19] + me." + +Now pray,--Was not "the meaning _fairly expressed_" before? Will you tell +me that in revising S. Luke viii. 45-6, you "_made as few alterations as +possible_"? or will you venture to assert that you have removed none but +"_plain and clear errors_"? On the contrary. I challenge any competent +scholar in Great Britain to say _whether every one of these changes_ be +not either absolutely useless, or else _decidedly a change for the worse_: +six of them being downright _errors_. + +The transposition in the opening sentence is infelicitous, to say the +least. (The English language will not bear such handling. Literally, no +doubt, the words mean, "said Peter, and they that were with him." But you +may not so _translate_.)--The omission of the six interesting words, +indicated within square brackets, is a serious blunder.(896) The words are +_undoubtedly_ genuine. I wonder how you can have ventured thus to mutilate +the Book of Life. And why did you not, out of common decency and +reverence, _at least in the margin_, preserve a record of the striking +clause which you thus,--with well-meant assiduity, but certainly with +deplorable rashness,--forcibly ejected from the text? To proceed +however.--"Multitudes,"--"but,"--"one,"--"did,"-- "power,"--"forth,"--"from:"--are +all seven either needless changes, or improper, or undesirable. "_Did +touch_,"--"_perceived_,"--"_had gone forth_,"--are unidiomatic and incorrect +expressions. I have already explained this elsewhere.(897) The aorist +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}) has here a perfect signification, as in countless other +places:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, (like "_novi_,") is frequently (as here) to be Englished by +the present ("_I perceive_"): and "_is gone out of me_" is the nearest +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}(898) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} which our language will +bear.--Lastly, "_press_" and "_crush_," as renderings of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, are inexact and unscholarlike. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, (literally "to +encompass" or "hem in,") is here to "throng" or "crowd:" {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +(literally "to squeeze,") is here to "press." But in fact the words were +perfectly well rendered by our Translators of 1611, and ought to have been +let alone.--This specimen may suffice, (and it is a very fair specimen,) of +what has been your calamitous method of revising the A. V. throughout. + +So much then for the Revised _English_. The fate of the Revised _Greek_ is +even more extraordinary. I proceed to explain myself by instancing what +has happened in respect of the GOSPEL ACCORDING TO S. LUKE. + +(_b_) _Next_,--_In respect of the New Greek Text._ + +On examining the 836(899) Greek Textual corrections which you have +introduced into those 1151 verses, I find that at least 356 of them _do +not affect the English rendering at all_. I mean to say that those 356 +(supposed) emendations are either _incapable_ of being represented in a +Translation, or at least are _not_ represented. Thus, in S. Luke iv. 3, +whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is read:--in ver. 7, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}:--in +ver. 8, whether {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}. +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--in ver. 17, +whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}i{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--in ver. 18, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}:--in ver. +20, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}:--in +ver. 23, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}:--in ver. 27, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}., {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}.:--in ver. 29, whether +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}:--in ver. 35, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} or +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}:--in ver. 38, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}:--in ver. +43, whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}:--in ver. 44, +whether {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--in every one of these +cases, _the English remains the same_, whichever of the alternative +readings is adopted. At least 19 therefore out of the 33 changes which you +introduced into the Greek Text of S. Luke iv. are plainly gratuitous. + +_Thirteen_ of those 19, (or about two-thirds,) are also in my opinion +changes _for_ the _worse_: are nothing else, I mean, but substitutions of +_wrong for right_ Readings. But _that_ is not my present contention. The +point I am just now contending for is this:--That, since it certainly was +no part of your "Instructions," "Rules," or "Principles" _to invent a new +Greek Text_,--or indeed to meddle with the original Greek at all, _except +so far as was absolutely necessary for the Revision of the English +Version_,--it is surely a very grave form of inaccuracy to assert (as you +now do) that you "adhered most closely to your Instructions, and did +neither more nor less than you were required."--You _know_ that you did a +vast deal more than you had any authority or right to do: a vast deal more +than you had the shadow of a pretext for doing. Worse than that. You +deliberately forsook the province to which you had been exclusively +appointed by the Southern Convocation,--and you ostentatiously invaded +another and a distinct province; viz. _That_ of the critical Editorship of +the Greek Text: for which, _by your own confession_,--(I take leave to +remind you of your own honest avowal, quoted above at page 369,)--you and +your colleagues _knew_ yourselves to be incompetent. + +For, when those 356 wholly gratuitous and uncalled-for changes in the +Greek of S. Luke's Gospel come to be examined in detail, they are found to +affect far more than 356 words. By the result, 92 words have been omitted; +and 33 added. No less than 129 words have been substituted for others +which stood in the text before; and there are 66 instances of +Transposition, involving the dislocation of 185 words. The changes of +case, mood, tense, &c., amount in addition to 123.(900) The sum of the +words which you have _needlessly_ meddled with in the Greek Text of the +third Gospel proves therefore to be 562. + +At this rate,--(since, [excluding marginal notes and variations in stops,] +Scrivener(901) counts 5337 various readings in his Notes,)--the number of +alterations _gratuitously and uselessly introduced by you into the Greek +Text of the entire N. T._, is to be estimated at 3590. + +And if,--(as seems probable,)--the same general proportion prevails +throughout your entire work,--it will appear that the words which, without +a shadow of excuse, you have _omitted_ from the Greek Text of the N. T., +must amount to about 590: while you have _added_ in the same gratuitous +way about 210; and have needlessly _substituted_ about 820. Your instances +of uncalled-for _transposition_, (about 420 in number,) will have involved +the gratuitous dislocation of full 1190 words:--while the occasions on +which, at the bidding of Drs. Westcott and Hort, you have altered case, +mood, tense, &c., must amount to about 780. In this way, the sum of the +changes you have effected in the Greek Text of the N. T. _in clear +defiance of your Instructions_,--would amount, as already stated, to 3590. + +Now, when it is considered that _not one_ of those 3590 changes _in the +least degree affects the English Revision_,--it is undeniable, not only +that you and your friends did what you were without authority for +doing:--but also that you violated as well the spirit as the letter of your +Instructions. As for your present assertion (at p. 32) that you "adhered +_most closely_ to the Instructions you received, and _did neither more nor +less than you were required to do_,"--you must submit to be reminded that +it savours strongly of the nature of pure fable. The history of the new +Greek Text is briefly this:--A majority of the Revisers--_including +yourself, their Chairman_,--are found to have put yourselves almost +unreservedly into the hands of Drs. Westcott and Hort. The result was +obvious. When the minority, headed by Dr. Scrivener, appealed to the +chair, they found themselves confronted by a prejudiced Advocate. They +ought to have been listened to by an impartial Judge. _You_, my lord +Bishop, are in consequence (I regret to say) responsible for all the +mischief which has occurred. The blame of it rests at _your_ door. + +And pray disabuse yourself of the imagination that in what precedes I have +been _stretching_ the numbers in order to make out a case against you. It +would be easy to show that in estimating the amount of needless changes at +356 out of 836, I am greatly under the mark. I have not included such +cases, for instance, as your substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (in xix. 18), and of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in xx. +25),(902)--only lest you should pretend that the transposition affects the +English, and therefore _was_ necessary. Had I desired to swell the number +I could have easily shown that fully _half_ the changes you effected in +the Greek Text were wholly superfluous for the Revision of the English +Translation, and therefore were entirely without excuse. + +_This_, in fact,--(give me leave to remind you in passing,)--is the _true_ +reason why, at an early stage of your proceedings, you resolved that +_none_ of the changes you introduced into the Greek Text should find a +record in your English margin. Had _any_ been recorded, _all_ must have +appeared. And had this been done, you would have stood openly convicted of +having utterly disregarded the "Instructions" you had received from +Convocation. With what face, for example, _could_ you, (in the margin of +S. Luke xv. 17,) against the words "he said,"--have printed "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}"? +or, (at xxiv. 44,) against the words "unto them,"--must you not have been +ashamed to encumber the already overcrowded margin with such an irrelevant +statement as,--"{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}"? + +Now, if this were all, you might reply that by my own showing the Textual +changes complained of, if they do no good, at least do no harm. But then, +unhappily, you and your friends have not confined yourselves to colourless +readings, when silently up and down every part of the N. T. you have +introduced innovations. I open your New English Version at random (S. John +iv. 15), and invite your attention to the first instance which catches my +eye. + +You have made the Woman of Samaria _complain of the length of the walk_ +from Sychar to Jacob's well:--"Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, +neither _come all the way_ hither to draw."--What has happened? For +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, I discover that you have silently substituted {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. (Even +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} has no such meaning: but let _that_ pass.) What then was your +authority for thrusting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (which by the way is a patent absurdity) +into the Text? The word is found (I discover) _in only two Greek MSS. of +had character_(903) (B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}), which, being derived from a common corrupt +original, can only reckon for _one_: and the reasoning which is supposed +to justify this change is thus supplied by Tischendorf:--"If the Evangelist +had written {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}-, who would ever have dreamed of turning it into +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}?"... No one, of course, (is the obvious answer,) except the +inveterate blunderer who, some 1700 years ago, seeing {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} before +him, _reduplicated the antecedent_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}. The sum of the matter is _that_!... +Pass 1700 years, and the long-since-forgotten blunder is furbished up +afresh by Drs. Westcott and Hort,--is urged upon the wondering body of +Revisers as the undoubted utterance of THE SPIRIT,--is accepted by +yourself;--finally, (in spite of many a remonstrance from Dr. Scrivener and +his friends,) is thrust upon the acceptance of 90 millions of +English-speaking men throughout the world, as the long-lost-sight-of, but +at last happily recovered, utterance of the "Woman of Samaria!"... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + +Ordinary readers, in the meantime, will of course assume that the change +results from the Revisers' skill in translating,--the advances which have +been made in the study of Greek; for no trace of the textual vagary before +us survives in the English margin. + +And thus I am reminded of what I hold to be your gravest fault of all. The +rule of Committee subject to which you commenced operations,--the Rule +which re-assured the public and reconciled the Church to the prospect of a +Revised New Testament,--expressly provided that, whenever the underlying +Greek Text was altered, _such alteration should be indicated in the +margin_. This provision you entirely set at defiance from the very first. +You have _never_ indicated in the margin the alterations you introduced +into the Greek Text. In fact, you made so many changes,--in other words, +you seem to have so entirely lost sight of your pledge and your +compact,--that compliance with this condition would have been simply +impossible. I see not how your body is to be acquitted of a deliberate +breach of faith. + +_(c) Fatal consequences of this mistaken officiousness._ + +How serious, in the meantime, _the consequences_ have been, _they_ only +know who have been at the pains to examine your work with close attention. +Not only have you, on countless occasions, thrust out words, clauses, +entire sentences of genuine Scripture,--but you have been careful that no +trace shall survive of the fatal injury which you have inflicted. I wonder +you were not afraid. Can I be wrong in deeming such a proceeding in a high +degree sinful? Has not the SPIRIT pronounced a tremendous doom(904) +against those who do such things? Were you not afraid, for instance, to +leave out (from S. Mark vi. 11) those solemn words of our SAVIOUR,--"Verily +I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrha in the +day of judgment, than for that city"? Surely you will not pretend to tell +me that those fifteen precious words, witnessed to as they are by _all the +known copies but nine_,--by the Old Latin, the Peschito and the Philoxenian +Syriac, the Coptic, the Gothic and the AEthiopic Versions,--besides +Irenaeus(905) and Victor(906) of Antioch:--you will not venture to say (will +you?) that words so attested are so evidently a "plain and clear error," +as not to deserve even a marginal note to attest to posterity "that such +things were"! I say nothing of the witness of the Liturgical usage of the +Eastern Church,--which appointed these verses to be read on S. Mark's +Day:(907) nor of Theophylact,(908) nor of Euthymius.(909) I appeal to _the +consentient testimony of Catholic antiquity_. Find me older witnesses, if +you can, than the "Elders" with whom Irenaeus held converse,--men who must +have been contemporaries of S. John the Divine: or again, than the old +Latin, the Peschito, and the Coptic Versions. Then, for the MSS.,--Have you +studied S. Mark's Text to so little purpose as not to have discovered that +the six uncials on which you rely are the depositories of an abominably +corrupt Recension of the second Gospel? + +But you committed a yet more deplorable error when,--without leaving behind +either note or comment of any sort,--you obliterated from S. Matth. v. 44, +the solemn words which I proceed to underline:--"_Bless them that curse +you_, _do good to them that hate you_, and pray for them which +_despitefully use you and_ persecute you." You relied almost exclusively +on those two false witnesses, of which you are so superstitiously fond, B +and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: regardless of the testimony of almost all the other COPIES +besides:--of almost all the VERSIONS:--and of a host of primitive FATHERS: +for the missing clauses are more or less recognized by Justin Mart. (A.D. +140),--by Theophilus Ant. (A.D. 168),--by Athenagoras (A.D. 177),--by Clemens +Alexan. (A.D. 192),--by Origen (A.D. 210),--by the Apostolic Constt. (IIIrd +cent.),--by Eusebius,--by Gregory Nyss.,--by Chrysostom,--by Isidorus,--by +Nilus,--by Cyril,--by Theodoret, and certain others. Besides, of the Latins, +by Tertullian,--by Lucifer,--by Ambrose,--by Hilary,--by Pacian,--by +Augustine,--by Cassian, and many more.... Verily, my lord Bishop, your +notion of what constitutes "_clearly preponderating Evidence_" must be +freely admitted to be at once original and peculiar. I will but +respectfully declare that if it be indeed one of "_the now established +Principles of Textual Criticism_" that a bishop is at liberty to blot out +from the Gospel such precepts of the Incarnate WORD, as these: to reject, +on the plea that they are "plain and clear errors," sayings attested by +twelve primitive Fathers,--half of whom lived and died before our two +oldest manuscripts (B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) came into being:--If all this be so indeed, +permit me to declare that I would not exchange MY "_innocent +ignorance_"(910) of those "Principles" for YOUR _guilty knowledge_ of +them,--no, not for anything in the wide world which yonder sun shines down +upon. + +As if what goes before had not been injury enough, you are found to have +adopted the extraordinary practice of encumbering your margin with doubts +as to the Readings which after due deliberation you had, as a body, +_retained_. Strange perversity! You could not find room to retain a record +in your margin of the many genuine words of our Divine LORD,--His +Evangelists and Apostles,--to which Copies, Versions, Fathers lend the +fullest attestation; but you _could_ find room for an insinuation that His +"Agony and bloody sweat,"--together with His "Prayer on behalf of His +murderers,"--_may_ after all prove to be nothing else but spurious +accretions to the Text. And yet, the pretence for so regarding either S. +Luke xxii. 43, 44, or xxiii. 34, is confessedly founded on a minimum of +documentary evidence: while, as has been already shown elsewhere,(911) an +overwhelming amount of ancient testimony renders it _certain_ that not a +particle of doubt attaches to the Divine record of either of those +stupendous incidents.... Room could not be found, it seems, for a _hint_ +in the margin that such ghastly wounds as those above specified had been +inflicted on S. Mark vi. 11 and S. Matth. v. 44;(912) but _twenty-two +lines_ could be spared against Rom. ix. 5 for the free ventilation of the +vile Socinian gloss with which unbelievers in every age have sought to +evacuate one of the grandest assertions of our SAVIOUR'S GODHEAD. May I be +permitted, without offence, to avow myself utterly astonished? + +Even this however is not all. The 7th of the Rules under which you +undertook the work of Revision, was, that "_the Headings of Chapters +should be revised_." This Rule you have not only failed to comply with; +but you have actually deprived us of those headings entirely. You have +thereby done us a grievous wrong. We demand to have the headings of our +chapters back. + +You have further, without warrant of any sort, deprived us of our +_Marginal References_. These we cannot afford to be without. We claim that +_they_ also may be restored. The very best Commentary on Holy Scripture +are they, with which I am acquainted. They call for learned and judicious +Revision, certainly; and they might be profitably enlarged. But they may +never be taken away. + +And now, my lord Bishop, if I have not succeeded in convincing you that +the Revisers not only "_exceeded their Instructions_ in the course which +they adopted with regard to the Greek Text," but even acted in open +defiance of their Instructions; did both a vast deal _more_ than they were +authorized to do, and also a vast deal _less_;--it has certainly been no +fault of mine. As for your original contention(913) that "_nothing can be +more unjust_" than THE CHARGE brought against the Revisers of having +exceeded their Instructions,--I venture to ask, on the contrary, whether +anything can be more unreasonable (to give it no harsher name) than THE +DENIAL? + + + + +[16] The calamity of the "New Greek Text" traced to its source. + + +There is no difficulty in accounting for the most serious of the foregoing +phenomena. They are the inevitable consequence of your having so far +succumbed at the outset to Drs. Westcott and Hort as to permit them to +communicate bit by bit, under promise of secrecy, their own outrageous +Revised Text of the N. T. to their colleagues, accompanied by a printed +disquisition in advocacy of their own peculiar critical views. One would +have expected in the Chairman of the Revising body, that the instant he +became aware of any such _manoeuvre_ on the part of two of the society, he +would have remonstrated with them somewhat as follows, or at least to this +effect:-- + +"This cannot be permitted, Gentlemen, on any terms. We have not been +appointed to revise the _Greek Text_ of the N. T. Our one business is to +revise the _Authorized English Version_,--introducing such changes only as +are absolutely necessary. The Resolutions of Convocation are express on +this head: and it is my duty to see that they are faithfully carried out. +True, that we shall be obliged to avail ourselves of our skill in Textual +Criticism--(such as it is)--to correct '_plain and clear errors_' in the +Greek: but _there_ we shall be obliged to stop. I stand pledged to +Convocation on this point by my own recent utterances. That two of our +members should be solicitous (by a side-wind) to obtain for their own +singular Revision of the Greek Text the sanction of our united body,--is +intelligible enough: but I should consider myself guilty of a breach of +Trust were I to lend myself to the promotion of their object. Let me hope +that I have you all with me when I point out that on every occasion when +Dr. Scrivener, on the one hand, (who in matters of Textual Criticism is +_facile princeps_ among us,) and Drs. Westcott and Hort on the other, +prove to be irreconcileably opposed in their views,--_there_ the Received +Greek Text must by all means be let alone. We have agreed, you will +remember, to 'make _the current Textus Receptus the standard; departing +from it only when critical or grammatical considerations show that it is +clearly necessary_.'(914) It would be unreasonable, in my judgment, that +anything in the Received Text should be claimed to be 'a clear and plain +error,' on which those who represent the two antagonistic schools of +Criticism find themselves utterly unable to come to any accord. In the +meantime, Drs. Westcott and Hort are earnestly recommended to submit to +public inspection that Text which they have been for twenty years +elaborating, and which for some time past has been in print. Their labours +cannot be too freely ventilated, too searchingly examined, too generally +known: but I strongly deprecate their furtive production _here_. All too +eager advocacy of the novel Theory of the two accomplished Professors, I +shall think it my duty to discourage, and if need be to repress. A printed +volume, enforced by the suasive rhetoric of its two producers, gives to +one side an unfair advantage. But indeed I must end as I began, by +respectfully inviting Drs. Westcott and Hort to remember that we meet +here, _not_ in order _to fabricate a new Greek Text_, but in order to +_revise our _'Authorized English Version.'"... Such, in substance, is the +kind of Allocution which it was to have been expected that the Episcopal +Chairman of a Revising body would address to his fellow-labourers the +first time he saw them enter the Jerusalem chamber furnished with the +sheets of Westcott and Hort's N. T.; especially if he was aware that those +Revisers had been individually talked over by the Editors of the work in +question, (themselves Revisionists); and perceived that the result of the +deliberations of the entire body was in consequence, in a fair way of +becoming a foregone conclusion,--unless indeed, by earnest remonstrance, he +might be yet in time to stave off the threatened danger. + +But instead of saying anything of this kind, my lord Bishop, it is clear +from your pamphlet that you made the Theory of Drs. Westcott and Hort +_your own Theory_; and their Text, by necessary consequence, in the main +_your own Text_. You lost sight of all the pledges you had given in +Convocation. You suddenly became a partizan. Having secured the precious +advocacy of Bp. Wilberforce,--whose sentiments on the subject you had +before adopted,--you at once threw him and them overboard.(915)... I can +scarcely imagine, in a good man like yourself, conduct more reckless,--more +disappointing,--more unintelligible. But I must hasten on. + + + + +[17] Bp. Ellicott's defence of the "New Greek Text," in sixteen +particulars, examined. + + +It follows to consider the strangest feature of your pamphlet: viz. those +two-and-thirty pages (p. 43 to p. 75) in which, descending from generals, +you venture to dispute in sixteen particulars the sentence passed upon +your new Greek Text by the _Quarterly Review_. I call this part of your +pamphlet "strange," because it displays such singular inaptitude to +appreciate the force of Evidence. But in fact, (_sit venia verbo_) your +entire method is quite unworthy of you. Whereas I appeal throughout to +_Ancient Testimony_, you seek to put me down by flaunting in my face +_Modern Opinion_. This, with a great deal of Reiteration, proves to be +literally the sum of your contention. Thus, concerning S. Matth. i. 25, +the Quarterly Reviewer pointed out (_supra_ pp. 123-4) that the testimony +of B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, together with that of the VIth-century fragment Z, and two cursive +copies of bad character,--cannot possibly stand against the testimony of +ALL OTHER copies. You plead in reply that on "those two oldest manuscripts +_the vast majority of Critics set a high value_." Very likely: but for all +_that_, you are I suppose aware that B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} are two of the most corrupt +documents in existence? And, inasmuch as they are confessedly derived from +one and the same depraved original, you will I presume allow that they may +not be adduced as two independent authorities? At all events, when I +further show you that almost all the Versions, and literally _every one_ +of the Fathers who quote the place, (they are _eighteen_ in number,) are +against you,--how can you possibly think there is any force or relevancy +whatever in your self-complacent announcement,--"We cannot hesitate to +_express our agreement with Tischendorf and Tregelles_ who see in these +words an interpolation derived from S. Luke. _The same appears to have +been the judgment of Lachmann._" Do you desire that _that_ should pass for +argument? + +To prolong a discussion of this nature with you, were plainly futile. +Instead of repeating what I have already delivered--briefly indeed, yet +sufficiently in detail,--I will content myself with humbly imitating what, +if I remember rightly, was Nelson's plan when he fought the battle of the +Nile. He brought his frigates, one by one, alongside those of the +enemy;--lashed himself to the foe;--and poured in his broadsides. We +remember with what result. The sixteen instances which you have yourself +selected, shall now be indicated. First, on every occasion, reference +shall be made to the place in the present volume where my own Criticism on +your Greek Text is to be found in detail. Readers of your pamphlet are +invited next to refer to your own several attempts at refutation, which +shall also be indicated by a reference to your pages. I am quite contented +to abide by the verdict of any unprejudiced person of average +understanding and fair education:-- + +(1) _Four words omitted in_ S. Matth. i. 25,--complained of, above, pp. +122-4.--You defend the omission in your pamphlet at pages 43-4,--falling +back on Tischendorf, Tregelles and Lachmann, as explained on the opposite +page. (p. 416.) + +(2) _The omission of_ S. Matth. xvii. 21,--proved to be indefensible, +above, pp. 91-2.--The omission is defended by you at pp. 44-5,--on the +ground, that although Lachmann retains the verse, and Tregelles only +places it in brackets, (Tischendorf alone of the three omitting it +entirely,)--"it must be remembered that here Lachmann and Tregelles were +not acquainted with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}." + +(3) _The omission of_ S. Matth. xviii. 11,--shown to be unreasonable, +above, p. 92.--You defend the omission in your pp. 45-7,--remarking that +"here there is even less room for doubt than in the preceding cases. The +three critical editors are all agreed in rejecting this verse." + +(4) _The substitution of_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, in S. Mark vi. 20,--strongly +complained of, above, pp. 66-9.--Your defence is at pp. 47-8. You urge that +"in this case again the Revisers have Tischendorf only on their side, and +not Lachmann nor Tregelles: but it must be remembered that these critics +had not the reading of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} before them." + +(5) _The thrusting of_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (after {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}) into S. Mark xi. +3,--objected against, above, pp. 56-8.--You defend yourself at pp. 48-9,--and +"cannot doubt that the Revisers were perfectly justified" in doing "as +Tischendorf and Tregelles had done before them,"--viz. _inventing_ a new +Gospel incident. + +(6) _The mess you have made_ of S. Mark xi. 8,--exposed by the Quarterly +Reviewer, above, pp. 58-61,--you defend at pp. 49-52. You have "preferred +to read with Tischendorf and Tregelles." About, + +(7) S. Mark xvi. 9-20,--and (8) S. Luke ii. 14,--I shall have a few serious +words to say immediately. About, + +(9) the 20 _certainly genuine_ words you have omitted from S. Luke ix. 55, +56,--I promise to give you at no distant date an elaborate lecture. "Are we +to understand" (you ask) "that the Reviewer honestly believes the added +words to have formed part of the Sacred Autograph?" ("The _omitted_ +words," you mean.) To be sure you are!--I answer. + +(10) _The amazing blunder_ endorsed by the Revisers in S. Luke x. 15; +which I have exposed above, at pp. 54-6.--You defend the blunder (as usual) +at pp. 55-6, remarking that the Revisers, "_with Lachmann_, _Tischendorf_, +_and Tregelles_, adopt the interrogative form." (This seems to be a part +of your style.) + +(11) _The depraved exhibition of the _LORD'S_ Prayer_ (S. Luke xi. 2-4) +which I have commented on above, at pp. 34-6,--you applaud (as usual) at +pp. 56-8 of your pamphlet, "with Tischendorf and Tregelles." + +(12) _The omission_ of 7 important words in S. Luke xxiii. 38, I have +commented on, above, at pp. 85-8.--You defend the omission, and "the texts +of Tischendorf and Tregelles," at pp. 58-9. + +(13) _The gross fabrication_ in S. Luke xxiii. 45, I have exposed, above, +at pp. 61-5.--You defend it, at pp. 59-61. + +(14) _A plain omission_ in S. John xiv. 4, I have pointed out, above, at +pp. 72-3.--You defend it, at pp. 61-2 of your pamphlet. + +(15) "_Titus Justus_," thrust by the Revisers into Acts xviii. 7, I have +shown to be an imaginary personage, above, at pp. 53-4.--You stand up for +the interesting stranger at pp. 62-4 of your pamphlet. Lastly, + +(16) My discussion of 1 Tim. iii. 16 (_supra_ pp. 98-106),--you contend +against from p. 64 to p. 76.--The true reading of this important place, +(which is not _your_ reading,) you will find fully discussed from p. 424 +to p. 501. + +I have already stated why I dismiss _thirteen_ out of your sixteen +instances in this summary manner. The remaining _three_ I have reserved +for further discussion for a reason I proceed to explain. + + + + +[18] Bp. Ellicott's claim that the Revisers were guided by "the +consentient testimony of the most ancient Authorities,"--disproved by an +appeal to their handling of S. Luke ii. 14 and of S. Mark xvi. 9-20. The +self-same claim,--(namely, of abiding by the verdict of Catholic +Antiquity,)--vindicated, on the contrary, for the "Quarterly Reviewer." + + +You labour hard throughout your pamphlet to make it appear that the point +at which our methods, (yours and mine,) respectively diverge,--is, that _I_ +insist on making my appeal to the "_Textus Receptus_;" _you_, to _Ancient +Authority_. But happily, my lord Bishop, this is a point which admits of +being brought to issue by an appeal to fact. _You_ shall first be heard: +and you are observed to express yourself on behalf of the Revising body, +as follows: + + + "It was impossible to mistake the conviction upon which its + Textual decisions were based. + + "It was a conviction that (1) THE TRUE TEXT WAS NOT TO BE SOUGHT + IN THE TEXTUS RECEPTUS; or (2) In the bulk of the Cursive + Manuscripts; or (3) In the Uncials (with or without the support of + the _Codex Alexandrinus_;) or (4) In the Fathers who lived after + Chrysostom; or (5) In Chrysostom himself and his contemporaries; + BUT (6) IN THE CONSENTIENT TESTIMONY OF THE MOST ANCIENT + AUTHORITIES."--(p. 28.) + + +In such terms you venture to contrast our respective methods. You want the +public to believe that I make the "Textus Receptus" "_a standard from +which there shall be no appeal_,"--entertain "the notion that it is _little +else than sacrilege to impugn the tradition of the last 300 +years_,"(916)--and so forth;--while _you_ and your colleagues act upon the +conviction that the Truth is rather to be sought "_in the consentient +testimony of the most ancient Authorities_." I proceed to show you, by +appealing to an actual instance, that neither of these statements is +correct. + +(_a_) And first, permit me to speak for myself. Finding that you challenge +the Received reading of S. LUKE ii. 14, ("_good will towards men_");--and +that, (on the authority of 4 Greek Codices [{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B D], all _Latin_ +documents, and the Gothic Version,) you contend that "_peace among men in +whom he is well pleased_" ought to be read, instead;--I make my appeal +unreservedly to ANTIQUITY.(917) I request the _Ancients_ to adjudicate +between you and me by favouring us with their verdict. Accordingly, I find +as follows: + +That, in the IInd century,--the Syriac Versions and Irenaeus _support the +Received Text_: + +That, in the IIIrd century,--the Coptic Version,--Origen in 3 places, +and--the Apostolical Constitutions in 2, do the same: + +That, in the IVth century, (_to which century_, you are invited to +remember, _codices_ B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _belong_,)--Eusebius,--Aphraates the +Persian,--Titus of Bostra,--each in 2 places:--Didymus in 3:--Gregory of +Nazianzus,--Cyril of Jer.,--Epiphanius 2--and Gregory of Nyssa--4 times: +Ephraem Syr.,--Philo bp. of Carpasus,--Chrysostom 9 times,--and an unknown +Antiochian contemporary of his:--these eleven, I once more find, are _every +one against you_: + +That, in the Vth century,--besides the Armenian Version, Cyril of Alex. in +14 places:--Theodoret in 4:--Theodotus of Ancyra in 5:--Proclus:--Paulus of +Emesa:--the Eastern bishops of Ephesus collectively, A.D. 431;--and Basil of +Seleucia:--_these contemporaries of cod._ A I find are _all eight against +you_: + +That, in the VIth century,--besides the Georgian--and AEthiopic +Versions,--Cosmas, 5 times:--Anastasius Sinait. and Eulogius, +(_contemporaries of cod._ D,) are _all three with the Traditional Text_: + +That, in the VIIth and VIIIth centuries,--Andreas of Crete, 2:--pope +Martinus at the Lat. Council:--Cosmas, bp. of Maiume near Gaza,--and his +pupil John Damascene;--together with Germanus, abp. of Constantinople:--are +again _all five with the Traditional Text_. + +To these 35, must be added 18 other ancient authorities with which the +reader has been already made acquainted (viz. at pp. 44-5): all of which +bear the self-same evidence. + +Thus I have enumerated _fifty-three_ ancient Greek authorities,--of which +_sixteen_ belong to the IInd, IIIrd, and IVth centuries: and +_thirty-seven_ to the Vth, VIth, VIIth, and VIIIth. + +And now, which of us two is found to have made the fairer and the fuller +appeal to "the consentient testimony of the most ancient authorities:" +_you_ or _I_?... This first. + +And next, since the foregoing 53 names belong to some of the most famous +personages in Ecclesiastical antiquity: are dotted over every region of +ancient Christendom: in many instances are _far more ancient than codices_ +B _and_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}:--with what show of reason will you pretend that the evidence +concerning S. Luke ii. 14 "_clearly preponderates_" in favour of the +reading which you and your friends prefer? + +I claim at all events to have demonstrated that _both_ your statements are +unfounded: viz. (1) That _I_ seek for the truth of Scripture in the +"Textus Receptus:" and (2) That _you_ seek it in "the consentient +testimony of the _most ancient authorities_."--(Why not frankly avow that +you believe the Truth of Scripture is to be sought for, and found, in +"_the consentient testimony of codices_ {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _and_ B"?) + +(_b_) Similarly, concerning THE LAST 12 VERSES OF S. MARK, which you brand +with suspicion and separate off from the rest of the Gospel, in token +that, in your opinion, there is "a breach of continuity" (p. 53), +(whatever _that_ may mean,) between verses 8 and 9. _Your_ ground for thus +disallowing the last 12 Verses of the second Gospel, is, that B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} omit +them:--that a few late MSS. exhibit a wretched alternative for them:--and +that Eusebius says they were often away. Now, _my_ method on the contrary +is to refer all such questions to "_the consentient testimony of the most +ancient authorities_." And I invite you to note the result of such an +appeal in the present instance. The Verses in question I find are +recognized, + +In the IInd century,--By the Old Latin--and Syriac Verss.:--by Papias;--Justin +M.;--Irenaeus;--Tertullian. + +In the IIIrd century,--By the Coptic--and the Sahidic Versions:--by +Hippolytus;--by Vincentius at the seventh Council of Carthage;--by the "Acta +Pilati;"--and by the "Apostolical Constitutions" in two places. + +In the IVth century,--By Cureton's Syr. and the Gothic Verss.:--besides the +Syriac Table of Canons;--Eusebius;--Macarius Magnes;--Aphraates;--Didymus;--the +Syriac "Acts of the +Ap.;"--Epiphanius;--Leontius;--ps.-Ephraem;--Ambrose;--Chrysostom;--Jerome;--Augustine. + +In the Vth century,--Besides the Armenian Vers.,--by codices A and C;--by +Leo;--Nestorius;--Cyril of Alexandria;--Victor of Antioch;--Patricius;--Marius +Mercator. + +In the VIth and VIIth centuries,--Besides cod. D,--the Georgian and AEthiopic +Verss.:--by Hesychius;--Gregentius;--Prosper;--John, abp. of Thessalonica;--and +Modestus, bishop of Jerusalem.... (See above, pages 36-40.) + +And now, once more, my lord Bishop,--Pray which of us is it,--_you_ or +_I_,--who seeks for the truth of Scripture "in _the consentient testimony +of the most ancient authorities_"? On _my_ side there have been adduced in +evidence _six_ witnesses of the IInd century:--_six_ of the +IIIrd:--_fifteen_ of the IVth:--_nine_ of the Vth:--_eight_ of the VIth and +VIIth,--(44 in all): while _you_ are found to rely on codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (as +before), supported by a single _obiter dictum_ of Eusebius. I have said +nothing as yet about _the whole body of the Copies_: nothing about +_universal, immemorial, Liturgical use_. Do you seriously imagine that the +testimony on your side is "decidedly preponderating"? Above all, will you +venture again to exhibit our respective methods as in your pamphlet you +have done? I protest solemnly that, in your pages, I recognize neither +myself nor you. + +Permit me to declare that I hold your disallowance of S. Mark xvi. 9-20 to +be the gravest and most damaging of all the many mistakes which you and +your friends have committed. "The textual facts," (say you, speaking of +the last 12 Verses,)--"have been placed before the reader, because Truth +itself demanded it." This (with Canon Cook(918)) I entirely deny. It is +because "the textual facts have" NOT "been placed before the reader," that +I am offended. As usual, you present your readers with a one-sided +statement,--a partial, and therefore inadmissible, exhibition of the +facts,--facts which, fully stated and fairly explained, would, (as you +cannot fail to be aware,) be fatal to your contention. + +But, I forbear to state so much as _one_ of them. The evidence has already +filled a volume.(919) Even if I were to allow that in your marginal note, +"the textual facts _have been_ [fully and fairly] _placed before the +reader_"--what possible pretence do you suppose they afford for severing +the last 12 Verses from the rest of S. Mark, in token that they form no +part of the genuine Gospel?... This, however, is only by the way. I have +proved to you that it is _I_--not _you_--who rest my case on an appeal to +CATHOLIC ANTIQUITY: and this is the only thing I am concerned just now to +establish. + +I proceed to contribute something to the Textual Criticism of a famous +place in S. Paul's first Epistle to Timothy,--on which you have challenged +me to a trial of strength. + + + + +[19] "GOD was manifested in the flesh" Shown To Be The True Reading Of 1 +Timothy III. 16. + + +_A Dissertation._ + +In conclusion, you insist on ripping up the discussion concerning 1 Tim. +iii. 16. I had already devoted eight pages to this subject.(920) You reply +in twelve.(921) That I may not be thought wanting in courtesy, the present +rejoinder shall extend to seventy-six. I propose, without repeating +myself, to follow you over the ground you have re-opened. But it will be +convenient that I should define at the outset what is precisely the point +in dispute between you and me. I presume it to be undeniably _this_:--That +whereas the Easterns from time immemorial, (and we with them, since +Tyndale in 1534 gave us our English Version of the N. T.,) have read the +place thus:--(I set the words down in plain English, because the issue +admits of being every bit as clearly exhibited in the vernacular, as in +Greek: and because I am determined that all who are at the pains to read +the present DISSERTATION shall understand it also:)--Whereas, I say, we +have hitherto read the place thus, + +"GREAT IS THE MYSTERY OF GODLINESS:--GOD WAS MANIFEST IN THE FLESH, +JUSTIFIED IN THE SPIRIT, SEEN OF ANGELS, PREACHED UNTO THE GENTILES, +BELIEVED ON IN THE WORLD, RECEIVED UP INTO GLORY:" + +_You_ insist that this is a "_plain and clear error_." You contend that +there is "_decidedly preponderating evidence_" for reading instead, + +"GREAT IS THE MYSTERY OF GODLINESS, WHO WAS MANIFESTED IN THE FLESH, +JUSTIFIED IN THE SPIRIT," &C.: + +Which contention of yours I hold to be demonstrably incorrect, and proceed +to prove is a complete misconception. + +(_A_) _Preliminary explanations and cautions._ + +But English readers will require to have it explained to them at the +outset, that inasmuch as {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} (GOD) is invariably written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in +manuscripts, the only difference between the word "GOD" and the word +"_who_" ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}) consists of two horizontal strokes,--one, which distinguishes +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} from {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}; and another similar stroke (above the letters {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}) which +indicates that a word has been contracted. And further, that it was the +custom to trace these two horizontal lines so wondrous faintly that they +sometimes actually elude observation. Throughout cod. A, in fact, the +letter {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} is often scarcely distinguishable from the letter {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}. + +It requires also to be explained for the benefit of the same English +reader,--(and it will do learned readers no harm to be reminded,)--that +"_mystery_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) being a neuter noun, _cannot_ be followed by the +masculine pronoun ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),--"_who_." Such an expression is abhorrent alike to +Grammar and to Logic,--is intolerable, in Greek as in English. By +consequence, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("_who_") is found to have been early exchanged for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} +("_which_"). From a copy so depraved, the Latin Version was executed in +the second century. Accordingly, every known copy or quotation(922) of +_the Latin_ exhibits "quod." _Greek_ authorities for this reading ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}) are +few enough. They have been specified already, viz. at page 100. And with +this brief statement, the reading in question might have been dismissed, +seeing that it has found no patron since Griesbach declared against it. It +was however very hotly contended for during the last century,--Sir Isaac +Newton and Wetstein being its most strenuous advocates; and it would be +unfair entirely to lose sight of it now. + +The two rival readings, however, in 1 Tim. iii. 16, are,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +("GOD _was manifested_"), on the one hand; and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("_the mystery of godliness, who_"), on the other. _These_ are the two +readings, I say, between whose conflicting claims we are to adjudicate. +For I request that it may be loyally admitted at the outset,--(though it +has been conveniently overlooked by the Critics whom _you_ follow,)--that +the expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} in Patristic quotations, _unless it be +immediately preceded by_ the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, is nothing to the purpose; at +all events, does not prove the thing which _you_ are bent on proving. +English readers will see this at a glance. An Anglican divine,--with +reference to 1 Timothy iii. 16,--may surely speak of our SAVIOUR as One +"_who_ was manifested in the flesh,"--without risk of being straightway +suspected of employing a copy of the English Version which exhibits "_the +mystery of godliness who_." "Ex hujusmodi locis" (as Matthaei truly +remarks) "nemo, nisi mente captus, in contextu sacro probabit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(923) + +When Epiphanius therefore,--_professing to transcribe_(924) from an earlier +treatise of his own(925) where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} stands _without a +nominative_,(926) writes (if he really does write) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},(927)--we +are not at liberty to infer therefrom that Epiphanius is opposed to the +reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Still less is it lawful to draw the same inference from the +Latin Version of a letter of Eutherius [A.D. 431] in which the expression +"_qui manifestatus est in carne_,"(928) occurs.--Least of all should we be +warranted in citing Jerome as a witness for reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in this place, +because (in his Commentary on Isaiah) he speaks of our SAVIOUR as One who +"was manifested in the flesh, justified in the Spirit."(929) + +As for reasoning thus concerning Cyril of Alexandria, it is demonstrably +inadmissible: seeing that at the least on two distinct occasions, this +Father exhibits {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. I am not unaware that in a certain place, +apostrophizing the Docetae, he says,--"Ye do err, not knowing the +Scriptures, nor indeed the _great mystery of godliness_, that is CHRIST, +who ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) _was manifested in the flesh, justified in the Spirit_,"(930) &c. +&c. And presently, "I consider _the mystery of godliness_ to be no other +thing but the Word of GOD the FATHER, who ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) Himself _was manifested in +the flesh_."(931) But there is nothing whatever in this to invalidate the +testimony of those other places in which {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} actually occurs. It is +logically inadmissible, I mean, to set aside the places where Cyril is +found actually to write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, because in other places he employs +1 Tim. iii. 16 less precisely; leaving it to be inferred--(which indeed is +abundantly plain)--that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is always his reading, from the course of his +argument and from the nature of the matter in hand. But to proceed. + +_(B) Bp. Ellicott invited to state the evidence for reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in_ 1 Tim. +iii. 16. + +[a] _"__The state of the evidence,__"__ as declared by Bp. Ellicott._ + +When last the evidence for this question came before us, I introduced it +by inviting a member of the Revising body (Dr. Roberts) to be spokesman on +behalf of his brethren.(932) This time, I shall call upon a more +distinguished, a wholly unexceptionable witness, viz. _yourself_,--who are, +of course, greatly in advance of your fellow-Revisers in respect of +critical attainments. The extent of your individual familiarity with the +subject when (in 1870 namely) you proposed to revise the Greek Text of the +N. T. for the Church of England on the _solvere-ambulando_ principle,--may +I presume be lawfully inferred from the following annotation in your +"_Critical and Grammatical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles_." I quote +from the last Edition of 1869; only taking the liberty--(1) To break it up +into short paragraphs: and--(2) To give _in extenso_ the proper names which +you abbreviate. Thus, instead of "Theod." (which I take leave to point out +to you might mean either Theodore of Heraclea or his namesake of +Mopsuestia,--either Theodotus the Gnostic or his namesake of Ancyra,) +"Euthal.," I write "Theodoret, Euthalius." And now for the external +testimony, as _you_ give it, concerning 1 Timothy iii. 16. You inform your +readers that,-- + + + "The state of the evidence is briefly as follows:-- + + (1) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is read with A1 [_indisputably_; after minute personal + inspection; see note, p. 104.] C1 [Tischendorf _Prol. Cod. + Ephraemi_, § 7, p. 39.] F G {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (see below); 17, 73, 181; + Syr.-Philoxenian, Coptic, Sahidic, Gothic; also ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}) Syriac, + Arabic (Erpenius), AEthiopic, Armenian; Cyril, Theodorus Mopsuest., + Epiphanius, Gelasius, Hieronymus _in Esaiam_ liii. 11. + + (2) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, with D1 (Claromontanus), Vulgate; nearly all Latin Fathers. + + (3) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with D3 K L; nearly all MSS.; Arabic (Polyglott), + Slavonic; Didymus, Chrysostom (? see Tregelles, p. 227 note), + Theodoret, Euthalius, Damascene, Theophylact, OEcumenius,--Ignatius + _Ephes_. 29, (but very doubtful). A hand of the 12th century has + prefixed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the reading of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}; see Tischendorf _edit. + major_, Plate xvii. of Scrivener's Collation of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, facsimile (13). + + On reviewing this evidence, as not only the most important uncial + MSS., but _all_ the Versions older than the 7th century are + distinctly in favour of a _relative_,--as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} seems only a Latinizing + variation of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--and lastly, as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the more difficult, though + really the more intelligible, reading (Hofmann, _Schriftb._ Vol. + I. p. 143), and on every reason more likely to have been changed + into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Macedonius is actually said to have been expelled for + making the change, _Liberati Diaconi Breviarium_ cap. 19) than + _vice versa_, we unhesitatingly decide in favour of + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."--(_Pastoral Epistles_, ed. 1869, pp. 51-2.) + + +Such then is your own statement of the evidence on this subject. I proceed +to demonstrate to you that you are completely mistaken:--mistaken as to +what you say about {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--mistaken as to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~},--mistaken as to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--mistaken in +respect of Codices,--mistaken in respect of Versions,--mistaken in respect +of Fathers. Your slipshod, inaccurate statements, (_all_ obtained at +second-hand,) will occasion me, I foresee, a vast deal of trouble; but I +am determined, now at last, if the thing be possible, to set this question +at rest. And that I may not be misunderstood, I beg to repeat that all I +propose to myself is to _prove_--beyond the possibility of denial--that the +evidence for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (in 1 Timothy iii. 16) _vastly preponderates over the +evidence for either_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _or_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}. It will be for _you_, afterwards, to come +forward and prove that, on the contrary, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is a "_plain and clear +error_:" _so_ plain and _so_ clear that you and your fellow-Revisers felt +yourselves constrained to thrust it out from the place it has confessedly +occupied in the New Testament for at least 1530 years. + +You are further reminded, my lord Bishop, that unless you do this, you +will be considered by the whole Church to have dealt unfaithfully with the +Word of GOD. For, (as I shall remind you in the sequel,) it is yourself +who have invited and provoked this enquiry. You devote twelve pages to it +(pp. 64 to 76),--"compelled to do so by the Reviewer." "Moreover" (you +announce) "this case is of great importance as an example. It illustrates +in a striking manner the complete isolation of the Reviewer's position. If +he is right all other Critics are wrong," &c., &c., &c.--Permit me to +remind you of the warning--"Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast +himself as he that putteth it off." + +[b] _Testimony of the __MANUSCRIPTS__ concerning_ 1 Tim. iii. 16: _and +first as to the testimony of __CODEX_ A. + +You begin then with the _Manuscript_ evidence; and you venture to assert +that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} is "indisputably" the reading of Codex A. I am at a loss to +understand how a "professed Critic,"--(who must be presumed to be +acquainted with the facts of the case, and who is a lover of Truth,)--can +permit himself to make such an assertion. Your certainty is based, you +say, on "minute personal inspection." In other words, you are so good as +to explain that you once tried a coarse experiment,(933) by which you +succeeded in convincing yourself that the suspected diameter of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} is +exactly coincident with the sagitta of an _epsilon_ ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}) which happens to +stand _on the back of the page_. But do you not see that unless you start +with _this_ for your major premiss,--"_Theta_ cannot exist on one side of a +page if _epsilon_ stands immediately behind it on the other side,"--your +experiment is _nihil ad rem_, and proves absolutely nothing? + +Your "inspection" happens however to be _inaccurate_ besides. You +performed your experiment unskilfully. A man need only hold up the leaf to +the light on a very brilliant day,--as Tregelles, Scrivener, and many +besides (including your present correspondent) have done,--to be aware that +the sagitta of the _epsilon_ on fol. 145_b_ does not cover much more than +a third of the area of the _theta_ on fol. 145_a_. Dr. Scrivener further +points out that it cuts the circle _too __ high_ to have been reasonably +mistaken by a careful observer for the diameter of the _theta_ ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}). The +experiment which you describe with such circumstantial gravity was simply +nugatory therefore. + +How is it, my lord Bishop, that you do not perceive that the way to +ascertain the reading of Codex A at 1 Tim. iii. 16, is,--(1) To investigate +_not_ what is found at _the back_ of the leaf, but what is written on _the +front_ of it? and (2), Not so much to enquire what can be deciphered of +the original writing by the aid of a powerful lens _now_, as to ascertain +what was apparent to the eye of competent observers when the Codex was +first brought into this country, viz. 250 years ago? That Patrick Young, +the first custodian and collator of the Codex [1628-1652], read _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, is +certain.--Young communicated the "various Readings" of A to Abp. +Ussher:--and the latter, prior to 1653, communicated them to Hammond, who +clearly knew nothing of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}.--It is plain that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ was the reading seen by +Huish--when he sent his collation of the Codex (made, according to Bentley, +with great exactness,(934)) to Brian Walton, who published the fifth +volume of his Polyglott in 1657.--Bp. Pearson, who was very curious in such +matters, says "we find not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _in any copy_,"--a sufficient proof how _he_ +read the place in 1659.--Bp. Fell, who published an edition of the N. T. in +1675, certainly considered _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ the reading of Cod. A.--Mill, who was at +work on the Text of the N. T. from 1677 to 1707, expressly declares that +he saw the remains of _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in this place.(935) Bentley, who had himself +(1716) collated the MS. with the utmost accuracy ("_accuratissime ipse +contuli_"), knew nothing of any other reading.--Emphatic testimony on the +subject is borne by Wotton in 1718:--"There can be no doubt" (he says) +"that this MS. always exhibited _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_. Of this, _any one may easily +convince himself who will be at the pains to examine the place with +attention_."(936)--Two years earlier,--(we have it on the testimony of Mr. +John Creyk, of S. John's Coll., Cambridge,)--"the old line in the letter {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~} +was plainly to be seen."(937)--It was "much about the same time," also, +(viz. about 1716) that Wetstein acknowledged to the Rev. John Kippax,--"who +took it down in writing from his own mouth,--that though the middle stroke +of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~} has been evidently retouched, yet the fine stroke which was +originally in the body of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~} is discoverable at each end of the fuller +stroke of the corrector."(938)--And Berriman himself, (who delivered a +course of Lectures on the true reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16, in 1737-8,) +attests emphatically that he had seen it also. "_If therefore_" (he adds) +"_at any time hereafter the old line should become altogether +undiscoverable, there will never be just cause to doubt but that the +genuine, and original reading of the MS. was_ _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_: and that the new +strokes, added at the top and in the middle by the corrector were not +designed to corrupt and falsify, but to preserve and perpetuate the true +reading, which was in danger of being lost by the decay of +Time."(939)--Those memorable words (which I respectfully commend to your +notice) were written in A.D. 1741. How _you_ (A.D. 1882), after surveying +all this accumulated and consistent testimony (borne A.D. 1628 to A.D. +1741) by eye-witnesses as competent to observe a fact of this kind as +yourself; and fully as deserving of credit, when they solemnly declare +what they have seen:--how _you_, I say, after a survey of this evidence, +can gravely sit down and inform the world that "_there is no sufficient +evidence that there was ever a time when this reading was patent as the +reading which came from the original scribe_" (p. 72):--_this_ passes my +comprehension.--It shall only be added that Bengel, who was a very careful +enquirer, had already cited the Codex Alexandrinus as a witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +in 1734:(940)--and that Woide, the learned and conscientious editor of the +Codex, declares that so late as 1765 he had seen traces of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~} which +twenty years later (viz. in 1785) were visible to him no longer.(941) + +That Wetstein subsequently changed his mind, I am not unaware. He was one +of those miserable men whose visual organs return a false report to their +possessor whenever they are shown a text which witnesses inconveniently to +the GOD-head of JESUS CHRIST.(942) I know too that Griesbach in 1785 +announced himself of Wetstein's opinion. It is suggestive however that ten +years before, (N. T. ed. 1775,) he had rested the fact _not_ on the +testimony borne by the MS. itself, but on "_the consent of Versions, +Copies, and Fathers_ which exhibit the Alexandrian Recension."(943)--Since +Griesbach's time, Davidson, Tregelles, Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort, and +Ellicott have announced their opinion that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ was never written at 1 +Tim. iii. 16: confessedly only because _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ is to them invisible _one +hundred years after_ _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ _has disappeared from sight_. The fact remains +for all _that_, that the original reading of A is attested so amply, that +no sincere lover of Truth can ever hereafter pretend to doubt it. "Omnia +testimonia," (my lord Bishop,) "omnemque historicam veritatem in +suspicionem adducere non licet; nec mirum est nos ea nunc non discernere, +quae, antequam nos Codicem vidissemus, evanuerant."(944) + +The sum of the matter, (as I pointed out to you on a former +occasion,(945)) is this,--That it is too late by 150 years to contend on +the negative side of this question. Nay, a famous living Critic (long may +he live!) assures us that when his eyes were 20 years younger (Feb. 7, +1861) he actually discerned, _still lingering_, a faint trace of the +diameter of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} which Berriman in 1741 had seen so plainly. "I have +examined Codex A at least twenty times within as many years" (wrote +Prebendary Scrivener in 1874(946)), "and ... seeing (as every one must) +with my own eyes, I have always felt convinced that it reads _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_".... For +_you_ to assert, in reply to all this mass of positive evidence, that the +reading is "indisputably" {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~},--and to contend that what makes this +indisputable, is the fact that behind part of the _theta_ ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}), [but too +high to mislead a skilful observer,] an _epsilon_ stands on the reverse +side of the page;--strikes me as bordering inconveniently on the +ridiculous. If _this_ be your notion of what does constitute "sufficient +evidence," well may the testimony of so many _testes oculati_ seem to you +to lack sufficiency. Your notions on these subjects are, I should think, +peculiar to yourself. You even fail to see that your statement (in +Scrivener's words) is "_not relevant to the point at issue._"(947) The +plain fact concerning cod. A is _this_:--That at 1 Tim. iii. 16, two +delicate horizontal strokes in _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ which were thoroughly patent in +1628,--which could be seen plainly down to 1737,--and which were discernible +by an expert (Dr. Woide) so late as A.D. 1765,(948)--have for the last +hundred years entirely disappeared; which is precisely what Berriman (in +1741) predicted would be the case. Moreover, he solemnly warned men +against drawing from this circumstance the mistaken inference which _you_, +my lord Bishop, nevertheless _insist_ on drawing, and representing as an +"indisputable" fact. + +I have treated so largely of the reading of the Codex Alexandrinus, not +because I consider the testimony of a solitary copy, whether uncial or +cursive, a matter of much importance,--certainly not the testimony of Codex +A, which (in defiance of every other authority extant) exhibits "_the body +of _GOD" in S. John xix. 40:--but because _you_ insist that A is a witness +on your side: whereas it is demonstrable, (and I claim to have +demonstrated,) that you cannot honestly do so; and (I trust) you will +never do so any more. + +[c] _Testimony of_ CODICES {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _and_ C _concerning_ 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +That {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} reads {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} is admitted.--Not so Codex C, which the excessive +application of chemicals has rendered no longer decipherable in this +place. Tischendorf (of course) insists, that the original reading was +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}.(949) Wetstein and Griesbach (just as we should expect,) avow the same +opinion,--Woide, Mill, Weber and Parquoi being just as confident that the +original reading was _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_. As in the case of cod. A, it is too late by +full 100 years to re-open this question. Observable it is that the +witnesses yield contradictory evidence. Wetstein, writing 150 years ago, +before the original writing had become so greatly defaced,--(and Wetstein, +inasmuch as he collated the MS. for Bentley [1716], must have been +thoroughly familiar with its contents,)--only "_thought_" that he read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}; +"because the delicate horizontal stroke which makes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} out of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}," was to +him "_not apparent_."(950) Woide on the contrary was convinced that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ +had been written by the first hand: "for" (said he) "though there _exists +no vestige_ of the delicate stroke which out of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} makes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}, _the stroke +written above the letters is by the first hand_." What however to Wetstein +and to Woide was not apparent, was visible enough to Weber, Wetstein's +contemporary. And Tischendorf, so late as 1843, expressed his astonishment +that the stroke in question had hitherto escaped the eyes of every one; +"_having been repeatedly seen by himself_."(951) He attributes it, (just +as we should expect) to a corrector of the MS.; partly, because of _its +colour_, ("_subnigra_"); partly, because of _its inclining upwards to the +right_. And yet, _who_ sees not that an argument derived from _the colour_ +of a line which is already well-nigh invisible, must needs be in a high +degree precarious? while Scrivener aptly points out that the cross line in +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~},--the ninth letter further on, (which has never been questioned,)--_also_ +"ascends towards the right." The hostile evidence collapses therefore. In +the meantime, what at least is certain is, that the subscribed musical +notation indicates that _a thousand years ago, a word of two syllables_ +was read here. From a review of all of which, it is clear that the utmost +which can be pretended is that some degree of uncertainty attaches to the +testimony of cod. C. Yet, _why_ such a plea should be either set up or +allowed, I really see not--except indeed by men who have made up their +minds beforehand that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} _shall be_ the reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16. Let the +sign of uncertainty however follow the notation of C for this text, if you +will. That cod. C is an indubitable witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, I venture at least to +think that no fair person will ever any more pretend. + +[d] _Testimony of_ CODICES F _and_ G _of S. Paul, concerning_ 1 Tim. iii. +16. + +The next dispute is about the reading of the two IXth-century codices, F +and G,--concerning which I propose to trouble you with a few words in +addition to what has been already offered on this subject at pp. 100-1: +the rather, because you have yourself devoted one entire page of your +pamphlet to the testimony yielded by these two codices; and because you +therein have recourse to what (if it proceeded from any one but a Bishop,) +I should designate the _insolent_ method of trying to put me down by +authority,--instead of seeking to convince me of my error by producing some +good reasons for your opinion. You seem to think it enough to hurl +Wetstein, Griesbach, Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, and (cruellest of +all) my friend Scrivener, at my head. Permit me to point out that this, +_as an argument_, is the feeblest to which a Critic can have recourse. He +shouts so lustily for help only because he is unable to take care of +himself. + +F and G then are confessedly independent copies of one and the same +archetype: and "both F and G" (you say) "exhibit _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_."(952) Be it so. The +question arises,--What does the stroke above the _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ signify? I venture to +believe that these two codices represent a copy which originally exhibited +_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, but from which the diameter of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} had disappeared--(as very often +is the case in codex A)--through tract of time. The effect of this would be +that F and G are in reality witnesses for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Not so, you say. _That_ +slanting stroke represents the aspirate, and proves that these two codices +are witnesses for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(953) Let us look a little more closely into this +matter. + +Here are two documents, of which it has been said that they "were +separately derived from some early codex, in which there was probably no +interval between the words."(954) They were _not immediately_ derived from +such a codex, I remark: it being quite incredible that two independent +copyists could have hit on the same extravagantly absurd way of dividing +the uncial letters.(955) The common archetype which both employed must +have been the work of a late Western scribe every bit as licentious and as +unacquainted with Greek as themselves.(956) _That_ archetype however may +very well have been obtained from a primitive codex of the kind first +supposed, in which the words were written continuously, as in codex B. +Such Manuscripts were furnished with neither breathings nor accents: +accordingly, "of the ordinary breathings or accents there are no +traces"(957) in either F or G. + +But then, cod. F occasionally,--G much oftener,--exhibits a little straight +stroke, nearly horizontal, over the initial vowel of certain words. Some +have supposed that this was designed to represent the aspirate: but it is +not so. The proof is, that it is found _consistently_ introduced over the +same vowels _in the interlinear Latin_. Thus, the Latin preposition "a" +_always_ has the slanting stroke above it:(958) and the Latin interjection +"o" is furnished with the same appendage,--alike in the Gospels and in the +Epistles.(959) This observation evacuates the supposed significance of the +few instances where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} is written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}_:(960) as well as of the much fewer +places where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} are written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}_:(961) especially when account is taken +of the many hundred occasions, (often in rapid succession,) when nothing +at all is to be seen above the "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}."(962) As for the fact that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is +always written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} (or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}),--let it only be noted that besides {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c., {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c., (which are all +distinguished in the same way,)--_Latin words also beginning with an_ "I" +are similarly adorned,--and we become convinced that the little stroke in +question is to be explained on some entirely different principle. At last, +we discover (from the example of "si," "sic," "etsi," "servitus," +"saeculis," "idolis," &c.) that the supposed sign of the rough breathing +_is nothing else but an ancient substitute for the modern dot over the +_"I."--We may now return to the case actually before us. + +It has been pointed out that the line above the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} in both F and G "is not +horizontal, but rises a little towards the right." I beg to call attention +to the fact that there are 38 instances of the slight super-imposed "line" +here spoken of, in the page of cod. F where the reading under discussion +appears: 7 in the Greek, 31 in the Latin. In the corresponding page of +cod. G, the instances are 44: 8 in the Greek, 36 in the Latin.(963) These +short horizontal strokes (they can hardly be called _lines_) generally--not +by any means always--slant upwards; and _they are invariably the sign of +contraction_. + +The problem before us has in this way been divested of a needless +encumbrance. The suspicion that the horizontal line above the word {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} may +possibly represent the aspirate, has been disposed of. It has been +demonstrated that throughout these two codices a horizontal line slanting +upwards, set over a vowel, is either--(1) The sign of contraction; or +else--(2) A clerical peculiarity. In the place before us, then, _which_ of +the two is it? + +_The sign of contraction_, I answer: seeing that whereas there are, in the +page before us, 9 aspirated, and (including _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_) 8 contracted Greek +words, not one of those _nine_ aspirated words has _any mark at all_ above +its initial letter; while every one of the _eight_ contracted words is +duly furnished with the symbol of contraction. I further submit that +inasmuch as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is _nowhere_ else written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in either codex, it is +unreasonable to assume that it is so written in this place. Now, that +almost every codex in the world reads _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in 1 Tim. iii. 16,--is a plain +fact; and that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ (in verse 16) _would be_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} if the delicate +horizontal stroke which distinguishes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} from {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}, were not away,--no one +denies. Surely, therefore, the only thing which remains to be enquired +after, is,--Are there _any other_ such substitutions of one letter for +another discoverable in these two codices? And it is notorious that +instances of the phenomenon abound. The letters {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} are confused +throughout.(964) And what else are {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Matth. v. +4),--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (Luc. xvii. 16),--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (xix. +6),--but instances of the _self-same mistake_ which (as I contend) has in +this place turned _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ into _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_? + +My lord Bishop, I have submitted to all this painful drudgery, not, you +may be sure, without a sufficient reason. _Never any more must we hear of +_"breathings"_ in connexion with codices_ F _and_ G. The stroke above the +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16 has been proved to be _probably the sign of +contraction_. I forbear, of course, to insist that the two codices are +witnesses _on my side_. I require that you, in the same spirit of +fairness, will abstain from claiming them as certainly witnessing _on +yours_. The Vth-century codex C, and the IXth-century codex F-G must be +regarded as equivocal in the testimony they render, and are therefore not +to be reckoned to either of the contending parties. + +These are many words about the two singularly corrupt IXth-century +documents, concerning which so much has been written already. But I +sincerely desire,--(and so I trust do you, as a Christian Bishop,)--to see +the end of a controversy which those only have any right to re-open (_pace +tua dixerim_) who have _something new to offer on the subject_: and +certain it is that the bearing of F and G on this matter has never before +been fully stated. I dismiss those two codices with the trite remark that +they are, at all events, but one codex: and that against them are to be +set K L P,--_the only uncials which remain_; for D (of "Paul") exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, +and the Vatican codex B no longer serves us. + +[fe] _Testimony of the_ CURSIVE COPIES: _and specially of_ "Paul 17," "73" +_and_ "181," _concerning_ 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +Next, for the cursive Copies. You claim without enquiry,--and _only because +you find that men have claimed them before you_,--Nos. 17, 73, 181, as +witnesses for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Will you permit me to point out that no progress will +ever be made in these studies so long as "professed Critics" will +persevere in the evil practice of transcribing one another's references, +and thus appropriating one another's blunders? + +About the reading of "Paul 17," (the notorious "33" of the Gospels,) there +is indeed no doubt.--Mindful however of President Routh's advice to me +always "to verify my references,"--concerning "Paul 73" I wrote a letter of +enquiry to Upsala (July 28, 1879), and for all answer (Sept. 6th) received +a beautiful tracing of what my correspondent called the "1 Thim. iii. 16 +_paraphe_." It proved to be an abridged exhibition of 21 lines of +OEcumenius. I instantly wrote to enquire whether this was really all that +the codex in question has to say to 1 Tim. iii. 16? but to this I received +no reply. I presumed therefore that I had got to the bottom of the +business. But in July 1882, I addressed a fresh enquiry to Dr. Belsheim of +Christiania, and got his answer last October. By that time he had visited +Upsala: had verified for me readings in other MSS., and reported that the +reading here is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. I instantly wrote to enquire whether he had seen the +word with his own eyes? He replied that he desired to look further into +_this_ matter on some future occasion,--the MS. in question being (he says) +a difficult one to handle. I am still awaiting his final report, which he +promises to send me when next he visits Upsala. ("Aurivillius" says +nothing about it.) Let "Paul 73" in the meantime stand with a note of +interrogation, or how you will. + +About "Paul 181," (which Scholz describes as "vi. 36" in the Laurentian +library at Florence,) I take leave to repeat (in a foot-note) what (in a +letter to Dr. Scrivener) I explained in the "Guardian" ten years ago.(965) +In consequence however of your discourteous remarks (which you will be +gratified to find quoted at foot,(966)) I have written (not for the first +time) to the learned custos of the Laurentian library on the subject; +stating the entire case and reminding him of my pertinacity in 1871. He +replies,--"Scholz fallitur huic bibliothecae tribuendo codicem sign. 'plut. +vi. n. 36.' Nec est in praesenti, nec fuit antea, neque exstat in alia +bibliotheca apud nos."... On a review of what goes before, I submit that +one who has taken so much pains with the subject does not deserve to be +flouted as I find myself flouted by the Bp. of Gloucester and Bristol,--who +has not been at the pains to verify _one single point_ in this entire +controversy for himself. + +_Every other known copy of S. Paul's Epistles_, (written in the cursive +character,) I have ascertained (by laborious correspondence with the +chiefs of foreign libraries) concurs in exhibiting {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. The importance of this testimony ought to be supremely evident to +yourself who contend so strenuously for the support of Paul 73 and 181. +But because, in my judgment, this practical unanimity of the manuscripts +is not only "important" but _conclusive_, I shall presently recur to it +(viz. at pages 494-5,) more in detail. For do but consider that these +copies were one and all derived from yet older MSS. than themselves; and +that the remote originals of those older MSS. were perforce of higher +antiquity still, and were executed in every part of primitive Christendom. +How is it credible that they should, one and all, conspire to mislead? I +cannot in fact express better than Dr. Berriman did 140 years ago, the +logical result of such a concord of the copies:--"From whence can it be +supposed that this general, I may say this universal consent of the Greek +MSS. should arise, but from hence,--That {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the genuine original +reading of this Text?" (p. 325.) + +In the meantime, you owe me a debt of gratitude: for, in the course of an +enquiry which I have endeavoured to make exhaustive, I have discovered +_three_ specimens of the book called "_Apostolus_," or "_Praxapostolus_" +(_i.e._ Lections from the Epistles and Acts) which also exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in this +place. One of these is Reg. 375 (our "Apost. 12") in the French +collection, a _Western_ codex, dated A.D. 1022.(967) The story of the +discovery of the other two (to be numbered "Praxapost." 85, 86,) is +interesting, and will enliven this dull page. + +At Tusculum, near Rome,--(the locality which Cicero rendered illustrious, +and where he loved to reside surrounded by his books,)--was founded early +in the XIth century a Christian library which in process of time became +exceedingly famous. It retains, in fact, its ancient reputation to this +day. Nilus "Rossanensis" it was, who, driven with his monks from Calabria +by invading hordes, established in A.D. 1004 a monastery at Tusculum, to +which either he, or his successors, gave the name of "Crypta Ferrata." It +became the headquarters of the Basilian monks in the XVIIth century. +Hither habitually resorted those illustrious men, Sirletus, Mabillon, +Zacagni, Ciampini, Montfaucon,--and more lately Mai and Dom Pitra. To +Signor Cozza-Luzi, the present learned and enlightened chief of the +Vatican library, (who is himself "Abbas Monachorum Basiliensium Cryptae +Ferratae,") I am indebted for my copy of the Catalogue (now in process of +publication(968)) of the extraordinary collection of MSS. belonging to the +society over which he presides. + +In consequence of the information which the Abbate Cozza-Luzi sent me, I +put myself in communication with the learned librarian of the monastery, +the "Hieromonachus" D. Antonio Rocchi, (author of the Catalogue in +question,) whom I cannot sufficiently thank for his courtesy and kindness. +The sum of the matter is briefly this:--There are still preserved in the +library of the Basilian monks of Crypta Ferrata,--(notwithstanding that +many of its ancient treasures have found their way into other +repositories,(969))--4 manuscripts of S. Paul's Epistles, which I number +290, -1, -2, -3: and 7 copies of the book called "Praxapostolus," which I +number 83, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9. Of these eleven, 3 are defective +hereabouts: 5 read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: 2 (Praxapost.) exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; and 1 (Apost. 83) +contains an only not unique reading, to be mentioned at p. 478. +Hieromonachus Rocchi furnishes me with references besides to 3 Liturgical +Codices out of a total of 22, ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), which also exhibit +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(970) I number them Apost. 106, 108, 110. + +And now, we may proceed to consider the VERSIONS. + +[f] _Testimony of the_ VERSIONS _to the reading of_ 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +"Turning to the ancient Versions" (you assert) "we find them almost +unanimous against {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}" (p. 65). But your business, my lord Bishop, was to +show that some of them witness _in favour of_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. If you cannot show that +several ancient Versions,--besides a fair proportion of ancient +Fathers,--are clearly on your side, your contention is unreasonable as well +as hopeless. What then do the VERSIONS say? + +(_a_) Now, it is allowed on all hands that the LATIN Version was made from +copies which must have exhibited {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. The agreement of +the Latin copies is absolute. The Latin Fathers also conspire in reading +"_mysterium quod_:" though some of them seem to have regarded "quod" as a +conjunction. Occasionally, (as by the Translator of Origen,(971)) we even +find "quia" substituted _for_ "quod." Estius conjectures that "quod" _is_ +a conjunction in this place. But in fact the reasoning of the Latin +Fathers is observed invariably to proceed as if they had found nothing +else but "DEUS" in the text before them. They bravely assume that the +Eternal WORD, the second Person in the Trinity, is _designated_ by the +expression "_magnum pietatis sacramentum_." + +(_b_) It is, I admit, a striking circumstance that such a mistake as this +in the old Latin should have been retained in the VULGATE. But if you ever +study this subject with attention, you will find that Jerome,--although no +doubt he "professedly corrected the old Latin Version by the help of +ancient Greek manuscripts," (p. 69,)--on many occasions retains readings +which it is nevertheless demonstrable that he individually disapproved. No +certain inference therefore as to what Jerome _found_ in ancient Greek +MSS. can be safely drawn from the text of the Vulgate. + +(_c_) Next, for the _Syriac_ (PESCHITO) Version. I beg to subjoin the view +of the late loved and lamented P. E. Pusey,--the editor of Cyril, and who +at the time of his death was engaged in re-editing the Peschito. He +says,--"In 1 Tim. iii. 16, the Syriac has '_qui manifestatus est_.' The +relative is indeterminate, but the verb is not. In Syriac however +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is masculine; and thus, the natural way would be to take +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} as the antecedent, and translate '_quod manifestatum est_.' _No +one would have thought of any other way of translating the Syriac_--but for +the existence of the various reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the Greek, and the +_possibility_ of its affecting the translation into Syriac. But the +Peschito is so really a translation into good Syriac, (not into +word-for-word Syriac,) that if the translator had wanted to express the +Greek {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in so difficult a passage, _he would have turned it +differently_."(972)--The Peschito therefore yields the same testimony as +the Latin; and may not be declared (as you declare it) to be +indeterminate. Still less may it be represented as witnessing to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +(_d_) It follows to enquire concerning the rendering of 1 Tim. iii. 16 in +the PHILOXENIAN, or rather the HARKLEIAN Version (VIIth cent.), concerning +which I have had recourse to the learned Editor of that Version. He +writes:--"There can be no doubt that the authors of this Version had either +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} before them: while their marginal note shows that they were +aware of the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. They exhibit,--'_Great is the mystery of the +goodness of the fear_ (feminine) _of _GOD_, who-was-manifested_ +(masculine) _in the flesh_.' The marginal addition [{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~} before {~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL~}{~SYRIAC LETTER LAMADH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~} (or +{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~} before {~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER LAMADH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~})] makes the reference to GOD all the plainer."(973) See +more below, at p. 489. + +Now this introduction of the word {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} into the text, however inartistic +it may seem to you and to me, is a fatal circumstance to those who would +contend on your side. It shows translators divided between two rival and +conflicting readings: but determined to give prominence to the +circumstance which constituted the greatness of the mystery: viz. GOD +INCARNATE. "May I suggest" (adds the witty scholar in his Post-script) +"that there would be no mystery in 'a man being manifested in the flesh'?" + +The facts concerning the Harkleian Version being such, you will not be +surprised to hear me say that I am at a loss to understand how, without a +syllable expressive of doubt, you should claim this version (the +"Philoxenian" you call it--but it is rather the Harkleian), as a witness on +your side,--a witness for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(974) It not only witnesses _against_ you, +(for the Latin and the Peschito do _that_,) but, as I have shown you, it +is a witness on _my_ side. + +(_e_) and (_f_). Next, for the Versions of LOWER and UPPER EGYPT. + +"We are content" (you say) to "refer our readers to Tischendorf and +Tregelles, who unhesitatingly claim the Memphitic [or Coptic] and the +Thebaic [or Sahidic] for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(975) But surely, in a matter of this kind, +my lord Bishop--(I mean, when we are discussing some nicety of a language +of which personally we know absolutely nothing,)--we may never "be content +to refer our readers" to individuals who are every bit as ignorant of the +matter as ourselves. Rather should we be at the pains to obtain for those +whom we propose to instruct the deliberate verdict of those who have made +the subject their special study. Dr. Malan (who must be heartily sick of +me by this time), in reply to my repeated enquiries, assures me that in +Coptic and in Sahidic alike, "the relative pronoun always takes the gender +of the Greek antecedent. But, inasmuch as there is properly speaking no +neuter in either language, the masculine does duty _for_ the neuter; the +gender of the definite article and relative pronoun being determined by +the gender of the word referred to. Thus, in S. John xv. 26, the Coptic +'_pi_' and '_phe_' respectively represent the definite article and the +relative, alike in the expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and in the expression +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}: and so throughout. In 1 Tim. iii. 16, therefore, '_pi +musterion phe_,' must perforce be rendered, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}:--not, surely, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. And yet, if _the relative_ may be masculine, why not _the +article_ also? But in fact, we have no more right to render the Coptic (or +the Sahidic) relative by {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16, than in any other similar +passage where a neuter noun (_e.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) has gone before. _In +this particular case_, of course a pretence may be set up that the gender +of the relative shall be regarded as an open question: but in strictness +of grammar, it is far otherwise. No Coptic or Sahidic scholar, in fact, +having to translate the Coptic or Sahidic back into Greek, would ever +dream of writing anything else but {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}."(976) And now I trust I +have made it plain to you that _you are mistaken_ in your statement (p. +69),--that "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is _supported by the two Egyptian Versions_." It is +supported by _neither_. You have been shown that they both witness against +you. You will therefore not be astonished to hear me again declare that I +am at a loss to understand how you can cite the "Philoxenian, _Coptic and +Sahidic_,"(977)--as witnesses on your side. It is not in this way, my lord +Bishop, that GOD'S Truth is to be established. + +(_g_) As for the GOTHIC Version,--dissatisfied with the verdict of De +Gabelentz and Loebe,(978) I addressed myself to Dr. Ceriani of Milan, the +learned and most helpful chief of the Ambrosian Library: in which by the +way is preserved _the only known copy_ of Ulphilas for 1 Tim. iii. 16. He +inclines to the opinion that "_saei_" is to be read,--the rather, because +Andreas Uppstroem, the recent editor of the codex, a diligent and able +scholar, has decided in favour of that "_obscure_" reading.(979) The +Gothic therefore must be considered to witness to the (more than) +extraordinary combination;--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}. (See the footnote 4 +p. 452.) + +I obtain at the same time, the same verdict, and on the same grounds, from +that distinguished and obliging scholar, Dr. John Belsheim of Christiania. +"But" (he adds) "the reading is a little dubious. H. F. Massmann, in the +notes to his edition,(980) at page 657, says,--'_saei_ [qui] is altogether +obliterated.' "--In claiming the Gothic therefore as a witness for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, you +will (I trust) agree with me that a single _scarcely legible copy_ of a +Version is not altogether satisfactory testimony:--while certainly +"_magnus_ est pietatis sacramentum, _qui_ manifestat_us_ est in +corpore"--is not a rendering of 1 Tim. iii. 16 which you are prepared to +accept. + +(_h_) For the AETHIOPIC. Version,--Dr. Hoerning, (of the British Museum,) +has at my request consulted six copies of 1 Timothy, and informs me that +they present no variety of text. _The antecedent, as well as the relative, +is masculine in all._ The AEthiopic must therefore be considered to favour +the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, and to represent the same Greek text +which underlies the Latin and the Peschito Versions. The AEthiopic +therefore is against you. + +(_i_) "The ARMENIAN Version," (writes Dr. Malan) "from the very nature of +the language, is indeterminate. There is _no grammatical distinction of +genders_ in Armenian." + +(_j_) The ARABIC Version, (so Dr. Ch. Rieu(981) informs me,) exhibits,--"In +_truth the mystery of this justice is great. It is that he_" (or "_it_," +for the Arabic has no distinction between masculine and neuter) "_was +manifested in the body, and was justified in the spirit_" &c.--This version +therefore witnesses for neither "who," "which," nor "GOD." + +(_k_) and (_l_). There only remain the GEORGIAN Version, which is of the +VIth century,--and the SLAVONIC, which is of the IXth. Now, both of these +(Dr. Malan informs me) _unequivocally witness to_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +Thus far then for the testimony yielded by ancient MANUSCRIPTS and +VERSIONS of S. Paul's Epistles. + +[_g_] _Review of the progress which has been hitherto made in the present +Enquiry._ + +Up to this point, you must admit that wondrous little sanction has been +obtained for the reading for which _you_ contend, (viz. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},) as the true reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16. Undisturbed in your +enjoyment of the testimony borne by Cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, you cannot but feel that such +testimony is fully counterbalanced by the witness of Cod. A: and further, +that the conjoined evidence of the HARKLEIAN, the GEORGIAN, and the +SLAVONIC Versions outweighs the single evidence of the GOTHIC. + +But what is to be said about the consent of the manuscripts of S. Paul's +Epistles for reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in this place, _in the proportion of_ 125 _to_ +1? You must surely see that, (as I explained above at pp. 445-6,) such +multitudinous testimony is absolutely decisive of the question before us. +At p. 30 of your pamphlet, you announce it as a "lesson of primary +importance, often reiterated but often forgotten, _ponderari debere +testes, non numerari_." You might have added with advantage,--"_and +oftenest of all, misunderstood_." For are you not aware that, generally +speaking, "Number" _constitutes_ "Weight"? If you have discovered some +"regia via" which renders the general consent of COPIES,--the general +consent of VERSIONS,--the general consent of FATHERS, a consideration of +secondary importance, why do you not at once communicate the precious +secret to mankind, and thereby save us all a world of trouble? + +You will perhaps propose to fall back on Hort's wild theory of a "_Syrian +Text_,"--executed by authority at Antioch somewhere between A.D. 250 and +A.D. 350.(982) Be it so. Let that fable be argued upon as if it were a +fact. And what follows? That _at a period antecedent to the date of any +existing copy_ of the Epistle before us, the Church in her corporate +capacity declared {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) to be the true reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +Only one other head of Evidence (the PATRISTIC) remains to be explored; +after which, we shall be able to sum up, and to conclude the present +Dissertation. + +[h] _Testimony of the_ FATHERS _concerning the true reading of_ 1 _Tim._ +iii. 16:--GREGORY OF NYSSA,--DIDYMUS,--THEODORET,--JOHN +DAMASCENE,--CHRYSOSTOM,--GREGORY NAZ.,--SEVERUS OF ANTIOCH,--DIODORUS OF +TARSUS. + +It only remains to ascertain what the FATHERS have to say on this subject. +And when we turn our eyes in this direction, we are encountered by a mass +of evidence which effectually closes this discussion. You contended just +now as eagerly for the Vth-century Codex A, as if its witness were a point +of vital importance to you. But I am prepared to show that GREGORY OF +NYSSA (a full century before Codex A was produced), in at least 22 places, +knew of no other reading but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(983) Of his weighty testimony you +appear to have been wholly unaware in 1869, for you did not even mention +Gregory by name (see p. 429). Since however you now admit that his +evidence is unequivocally against you, I am willing to hasten +forward,--only supplying you (at foot) with the means of verifying what I +have stated above concerning the testimony of this illustrious Father. + +You are besides aware that DIDYMUS,(984) another illustrious witness, is +against you; and that he delivers unquestionable testimony. + +You are also aware that THEODORET,(985) in _four_ places, is certainly to +be reckoned on the same side: + +And further, that JOHN DAMASCENE(986) _twice_ adds his famous evidence to +the rest,--and is also against you. + +CHRYSOSTOM(987) again, whose testimony you called in question in 1869, you +now admit is another of your opponents. I will not linger over his name +therefore,--except to remark, that how you can witness a gathering host of +ancient Fathers illustrious as these, without misgiving, passes my +comprehension. Chrysostom is _three_ times a witness. + +Next come two quotations from GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS,--which I observe you +treat as "inconclusive." I retain them all the same.(988) You are reminded +that this most rhetorical of Fathers is seldom more precise in quoting +Scripture. + +And to the same century which Gregory of Nazianzus adorned, is probably to +be referred,--(it cannot possibly be later than A.D. 350, though it may be +a vast deal more ancient,)--THE TITLE bestowed, in the way of summary, on +that portion of S. Paul's first Epistle to Timothy which is contained +between chap. iii. 16 and chap. iv. 7,--viz., {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. We +commonly speak of this as the seventh of the "_Euthalian_" {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} or +chapters: but Euthalius himself declares that those 18 titles were +"devised by a certain very wise and pious Father;"(989) and this +particular title ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is freely employed and discussed +in Gregory of Nyssa's treatise against Apolinaris,(990)--which latter had, +in fact, made it part of the title of his own heretical treatise.(991) +That the present is a very weighty attestation of the reading, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} no one probably will deny: a memorable proof moreover +that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(992) must have been universally read in 1 Tim. iii. 16 +throughout the century which witnessed the production of codices B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. + +SEVERUS, BP. OF ANTIOCH, you also consider a "not unambiguous" witness. I +venture to point out to you that when a Father of the Church, who has been +already insisting on the GODhead of CHRIST ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},) goes +on to speak of Him as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, there is no +"ambiguity" whatever about the fact that he is quoting from 1 Tim. iii. +16.(993) + +And why are we only "_perhaps_" to add the testimony of DIODORUS OF +TARSUS; seeing that Diodorus adduces S. Paul's actual words ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}), and expressly says that he finds them in _S. Paul's +Epistle to Timothy_?(994) How--may I be permitted to ask--would you have a +quotation made plainer? + +[i] _Bp. Ellicott as a controversialist. The case of_ EUTHALIUS. + +Forgive me, my lord Bishop, if I declare that the _animus_ you display in +conducting the present critical disquisition not only astonishes, but even +shocks me. You seem to say,--_Non persuadebis, etiamsi persuaseris_. The +plainest testimony you reckon doubtful, if it goes against you: an +unsatisfactory quotation, if it makes for your side, you roundly declare +to be "evidence" which "stands the test of examination."(995)... "We have +examined his references carefully" (you say). "Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus +of Alexandria, Theodoret and John Damascene (_who died_ severally about +394, 396, 457 and 756A.D.) _seem_ unquestionably to have read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(996) +Excuse me for telling you that this is not the language of a candid +enquirer after Truth. Your grudging admission of the _unequivocal_ +evidence borne by these four illustrious Fathers:--your attempt to detract +from the importance of their testimony by screwing down their date "to the +sticking place:"--your assertion that the testimony of a fifth Father "_is +not unambiguous_:"--your insinuation that the emphatic witness of a sixth +may "_perhaps_" be inadmissible:--all this kind of thing is not only quite +unworthy of a Bishop when he turns disputant, but effectually indisposes +his opponent to receive his argumentation with that respectful deference +which else would have been undoubtedly its due. + +Need I remind you that men do not write their books when they are _in +articulo mortis_? Didymus _died_ in A.D. 394, to be sure: but he was then +85 years of age. He was therefore born in A.D. 309, and is said to have +flourished in 347. How old do you suppose were the sacred codices he had +employed _till then_? See you not that such testimony as his to the Text +of Scripture must in fairness be held to belong to _the first quarter of +the IVth century_?--is more ancient in short (and infinitely more +important) than that of any written codex with which we are acquainted? + +Pressed by my "cloud of witnesses," you seek to get rid of _them_ by +insulting _me_. "We pass over" (you say) "_names brought in to swell the +number, such as Euthalius_,--_for whom no reference is given_."(997) Do you +then suspect me of the baseness,--nay, do you mean seriously to impute it +to me,--of introducing "names" "to swell the number" of witnesses on my +side? Do you mean further to insinuate that I prudently gave no reference +in the case of "Euthalius," because I was unable to specify any place +where his testimony is found?... I should really pause for an answer, but +that a trifling circumstance solicits me, which, if it does not entertain +the Bp. of Gloucester and Bristol, will certainly entertain every one else +who takes the trouble to read these pages. + +"Such as _Euthalius_"! You had evidently forgotten when you penned that +offensive sentence, that EUTHALIUS is one of the few Fathers _adduced by +yourself_(998) (but for whom you "gave no reference,") in 1869,--when you +were setting down the Patristic evidence in favour of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.... This little +incident is really in a high degree suggestive. Your practice has +evidently been to appropriate Patristic references(999) without thought or +verification,--prudently to abstain from dropping a hint how you came by +them,--but to use them like dummies, for show. At the end of a few years, +(naturally enough,) you entirely forget the circumstance,--and proceed +vigorously to box the ears of the first unlucky Dean who comes in your +way, whom you suspect of having come by his learning (such as it is) in +the same slovenly manner. Forgive me for declaring (while my ears are yet +tingling) that if you were even moderately acquainted with this department +of Sacred Science, you would see at a glance that my Patristic references +are _never_ obtained at second hand: for the sufficient reason that +elsewhere they are not to be met with. But waiving this, you have made it +_luce clarius_ to all the world that so late as the year 1882, to _you_ +"Euthalius" was nothing else but "a name." And this really does astonish +me: for not only was he a famous Ecclesiastical personage, (a Bishop like +yourself,) but his work (the date of which is A.D. 458,) is one with which +no Author of a "_Critical_ Commentary" on S. Paul's Epistles can afford to +be unacquainted. Pray read what Berriman has written concerning Euthalius +(pp. 217 to 222) in his admirable "_Dissertation on_ 1 _Tim._ iii. 16." +Turn also, if you please, to the _Bibliotheca_ of Gallandius (vol. x. +197-323), and you will recognize the plain fact that the _only_ reason +why, in the "Quarterly Review," "no reference is given for Euthalius," is +because the only reference possible is--1 Tim. iii. 16. + +[j] _The testimony of the letter ascribed to_ DIONYSIUS OF ALEXANDRIA. +_Six other primitive witnesses to_ 1 Tim. iii. 16, _specified_. + +Then further, you absolutely take no notice of the remarkable testimony +which I adduced (p. 101) from a famous Epistle purporting to have been +addressed by DIONYSIUS OF ALEXANDRIA (A.D. 264) to Paul of Samosata. That +the long and interesting composition in question(1000) was not actually +the work of the great Dionysius, is inferred--(whether rightly or wrongly I +am not concerned to enquire)--from the fact that the Antiochian Fathers say +expressly that Dionysius did not deign to address Paul personally. But you +are requested to remember that the epistle must needs have been written by +_somebody_:(1001) that it may safely be referred to the IIIrd century; and +that it certainly witnesses to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},(1002)--which is the only +matter of any real importance to my argument. Its testimony is, in fact, +as express and emphatic as words can make it. + +And here, let me call your attention to the circumstance that there are at +least SIX OTHER PRIMITIVE WITNESSES, _some_ of whom must needs have +recognized the reading for which I am here contending, (viz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~},) though not one of them quotes the place _in extenso_, +nor indeed refers to it in such a way as effectually to bar the door +against reasonable dispute. The present is in fact just the kind of text +which, from its undeniable grandeur,--its striking rhythm,--and yet more its +dogmatic importance,--was sure to attract the attention of the earliest, no +less than the latest of the Fathers. Accordingly, the author of the +Epistle _ad Diognetum_(1003) clearly refers to it early in the IInd +century; though not in a way to be helpful to us in our present enquiry. I +cannot feel surprised at the circumstance. + +The yet earlier references in the epistles of (1) IGNATIUS (three in +number) _are_ helpful, and may not be overlooked. They are as +follows:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1004) It is to be wished, no doubt, that these references +had been a little more full and explicit: but the very early Fathers are +ever observed to quote Scripture thus partially,--allusively,--elliptically. + +(2) BARNABAS has just such another allusive reference to the words in +dispute, which seems to show that he must have read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}: viz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1005)--(3) HIPPOLYTUS, on two occasions, even more +unequivocally refers to this reading. Once, while engaged in proving that +CHRIST is GOD, he says:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}:(1006)--and again, in a very similar passage which Theodoret +quotes from the same Father's lost work on the Psalms:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.(1007)--(4) GREGORY +THAUMATURGUS, (if it really be he,) seems also to refer directly to this +place when he says (in a passage quoted by Photius(1008)),--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Further, (5) in the APOSTOLICAL +CONSTITUTIONS, we meet with the expression,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.(1009) + +And when (6) BASIL THE GREAT [A.D. 377], writing to the men of Sozopolis +whose faith the Arians had assailed, remarks that such teaching "subverts +the saving Dispensation of our LORD JESUS CHRIST;" and, blending Rom. xvi. +25, 26 with "the great mystery" of 1 Tim. iii. 16,--(in order to afford +himself an opportunity of passing in review our SAVIOUR'S work for His +Church in ancient days,)--viz. "After all these, at the end of the day, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:"(1010)--_who_ will deny +that such an one probably found neither {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} nor {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in the copy +before him? + +I have thought it due to the enquiry I have in hand to give a distinct +place to the foregoing evidence--such as it is--of Ignatius, Barnabas, +Hippolytus, Gregory Thaumaturgus, the Apostolical Constitutions, and +Basil. But I shall not _build_ upon such foundations. Let me go on with +what is indisputable. + +[k] _The testimony of_ CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA. + +Next, for CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA, whom you decline to accept as a witness for +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. You are prepared, I trust, to submit to the logic of _facts_? + +In a treatise addressed to the Empresses Arcadia and Marina, Cyril is +undertaking to prove that our LORD is very and eternal GOD.(1011) His +method is to establish several short theses all tending to this one +object, by citing from the several books of the N. T., in turn, the +principal texts which make for his purpose. Presently, (viz. at page 117,) +he announces as his thesis,--"_Faith in_ CHRIST _as_ GOD;" and when he +comes to 1 Timothy, _he quotes_ iii. 16 _at length_; reasons upon it, and +points out that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} is here spoken of.(1012) There can be no +doubt about this quotation, which exhibits no essential variety of +reading;--a quotation which Euthymius Zigabenus reproduces in his +"_Panoplia_,"--and which C. F. Matthaei has with painful accuracy edited +from that source.(1013)--Once more. In a newly recovered treatise of Cyril, +1 Tim. iii. 16 is again _quoted at length with_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--followed by the +remark that "our Nature was justified, by GOD _manifested in Him_."(1014) +I really see not how you would have Cyril more distinctly recognize {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} as the reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16.(1015) + +You are requested to observe that in order to prevent cavil, I forbear to +build on two other famous places in Cyril's writings where the evidence +for reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is about balanced by a corresponding amount of evidence +which has been discovered for reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Not but what the _context_ +renders it plain that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must have been Cyril's word on both occasions. +Of this let the reader himself be judge:-- + +(1) In a treatise, addressed to the Empresses Eudocia and Pulcheria, Cyril +quotes 1 Tim. iii. 16 _in extenso_.(1016) "If" (he begins)--"the Word, +being GOD, could be said to inhabit Man's nature ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) without +yet ceasing to be GOD, but remained for ever what He was before,--then, +great indeed is the mystery of Godliness."(1017) He proceeds in the same +strain at much length.(1018) Next (2) the same place of Timothy is just as +fully quoted in Cyril's _Explanatio xii. capitum_: where not only the +Thesis,(1019) but also the context constrains belief that Cyril wrote +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--"What then means 'was manifested in the flesh'? It means that the +Word of GOD the FATHER was made flesh.... In this way therefore we say +that He was both GOD and Man.... Thus" (Cyril concludes) "is He GOD and +LORD of all."(1020) + +But, as aforesaid, I do not propose to rest my case on either of these +passages; but on those two other places concerning which there exists no +variety of tradition as to the reading. Whether the passages in which the +reading is _certain_ ought not to be held to determine the reading of the +passages concerning which the evidence is about evenly balanced;--whether +in doubtful cases, the requirements of the context should not be allowed +to turn the scale;--I forbear to enquire. I take my stand on what is clear +and undeniable. On the other hand you are challenged to produce a single +instance in Cyril of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, where the reading is not +equally balanced by {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. And (as already explained) of course +it makes nothing for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} that Cyril should sometimes say that "the mystery" +here spoken of is CHRIST who "was manifested in the flesh," &c. A man with +nothing else but the A. V. of the "Textus Receptus" before him might +equally well say _that_. See above, pages 427-8. + +Not unaware am I of a certain brief Scholium(1021) which the Critics +freely allege in proof that Cyril wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (not {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and which _as they +quote it_, (viz. so mutilated as effectually to conceal its meaning,) +certainly seems to be express in its testimony. But the thing is all a +mistake. Rightly understood, the Scholium in question renders no testimony +at all;--as I proceed to explain. The only wonder is that such critics as +Bentley,(1022) Wetstein,(1023) Birch,(1024) Tischendorf,(1025) or even +Tregelles,(1026) should not have seen this for themselves. + +The author, (whether Photius, or some other,) is insisting on our LORD'S +absolute exemption from sin, although for our sakes He became very Man. In +support of this, he quotes Is. liii. 9, (or rather, 1 Pet. ii. 22)--"_Who +did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth_." "S. Cyril" (he +proceeds) "in the 12th ch. of his Scholia says,--'_Who was manifested in +the flesh, justified in the Spirit_;' for He was in no way subject to our +infirmities," and so on. Now, every one must see at a glance that it is +entirely to misapprehend the matter to suppose that it is any part of the +Scholiast's object, in what precedes, to invite attention to so irrelevant +a circumstance as that Cyril began his quotation of 1 Tim. iii. 16, with +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} instead of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1027) As Waterland remarked to Berriman 150 years +ago,(1028) the Scholiast's one object was to show how Cyril interpreted +the expression "_justified in the Spirit_." Altogether misleading is it to +quote _only the first line_, beginning at {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and ending at {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, as +the Critics _invariably_ do. The point to which in this way prominence is +exclusively given, was clearly, to the Commentator, a matter of no concern +at all. He quotes from Cyril's "_Scholia de Incarnatione +Unigeniti_,"(1029) in preference to any other of Cyril's writings, for a +vastly different reason.(1030) And yet _this_--(viz. Cyril's supposed +substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})--is, in the account of the Critics, the one +thing which the Scholiast was desirous of putting on record. + +In the meanwhile, on referring to the place in Cyril, we make an important +discovery. The Greek of the Scholium in question being lost, we depend for +our knowledge of its contents on the Latin translation of Marius Mercator, +Cyril's contemporary. And in that translation, no trace is discoverable of +either {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}.(1031) The quotation from Timothy begins abruptly at +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. The Latin is as follows:--"Divinus Paulus _magnum quidem_ ait +_esse mysterium pietatis_. Et vere ita se res habet: _manifestatus est_ +enim _in carne_, cum sit DEUS Verbum."(1032) The supposed hostile evidence +from this quarter proves therefore to be non-existent. I pass on. + +[l] _The argument_ e silentio _considered._ + +The argument _e silentio_,--(of all arguments the most precarious,)--has not +been neglected.--"But we cannot stop here," you say:(1033) "Wetstein +observed long ago that Cyril does not produce this text when he does +produce Rom. ix. 5 in answer to the allegation which he quotes from Julian +that S. Paul never employed the word {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of our LORD."(1034) Well but, +neither does Gregory of Nyssa produce this text when he is writing a +Treatise expressly to prove the GODhead of the SON and of the HOLY GHOST. +"_Grave est_,"--says Tischendorf.(1035) No, not "_grave_" at all, I answer: +but whether "_grave_" or not, that _Gregory of Nyssa_ read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in this +place, is at least certain. As for Wetstein, you have been reminded +already, that "_ubi de Divinitate_ CHRISTI _agitur, ibi profecto sui +dissimilior deprehenditur_."(1036) Examine the place in Cyril Alex. for +yourself, reading steadily on from p. 327 a to p. 333 b. Better still, +read--paying special attention to his Scriptural proofs--Cyril's two +Treatises "_De recta Fide_."(1037) But in fact attend to the method of +Athanasius, of Basil, or of whomsoever else you will;(1038) and you will +speedily convince yourself that the argument _e silentio_ is next to +valueless on occasions like the present. + +Certain of the Critics have jumped to the conclusion that the other Cyril +cannot have been acquainted with S. Mark xvi. 19 (and therefore with the +"last Twelve Verses" of his Gospel), because when, in his Catechetical +Lectures, he comes to the "Resurrection," "Ascension," and "Session at the +Right Hand,"--he does not quote S. Mark xvi. 19. And yet,--(as it has been +elsewhere(1039) fully shown, and in fact the reason is assigned by Cyril +himself,)--this is only because, on the previous day, being Sunday, Cyril +of Jerusalem had enlarged upon the Scriptural evidence for those august +verities, (viz. S. Mark xvi. 19,--S. Luke xxiv. 51,--Acts i. 9); and +therefore was unwilling to say over again before the same auditory what he +had so recently delivered. + +But indeed,--(the remark is worth making in passing,)--many of our modern +Critics seem to forget that the heretics with whom Athanasius, Basil, the +Gregories, &c., were chiefly in conflict, did not by any means deny the +Godhead of our LORD. Arians and Apolinarians alike admitted that CHRIST +_was_ GOD. This, in fact, has been pointed out already. Very differently +indeed would the ancient Fathers have expressed themselves, could they +have imagined the calamitous use which, at the end of 1500 years, perverse +wits would make of their writings,--the astonishing inferences they would +propose to extract from their very silence. I may not go further into the +subject in this place. + +[m] _The story about_ MACEDONIUS. _His testimony._ + +It follows to say a few words concerning MACEDONIUS II., patriarch of +Constantinople [A.D. 496-511], of whom it has been absurdly declared that +he was _the inventor_ of the reading for which I contend. I pointed out on +a former occasion that it would follow from that very circumstance, (as +far as it is true,) that Macedonius "_is a witness for_ +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--_perforce_."(1040) + +Instead of either assenting to this, (which is surely a self-evident +proposition!),--or else disproving it,--you are at the pains to furbish up +afresh, as if it were a novelty, the stale and stupid figment propagated +by Liberatus of Carthage, that Macedonius was expelled from his see by the +Emperor Anastasius for falsifying 1 Timothy iii. 16. This exploded fable +you preface by announcing it as "_a remarkable fact_," that "it was the +_distinct belief of Latin writers_ as early as the VIth century that the +reading of this passage had been corrupted by the Greeks."(1041) How you +get your "remarkable fact," out of your premiss,--"the distinct belief of +Latin writers," out of the indistinct rumour ["_dicitur_"] vouched for by +a single individual,--I see not. But let that pass. + +"The story shows" (you proceed) "that the Latins in the sixth century +believed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to be the reading of the older Greek manuscripts, and regarded +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} as a false reading made out of it." (p. 69.)--My lord Bishop, I +venture to declare that the story shows nothing of the sort. The Latins in +the VIth (and _every other_) century believed that--_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, but--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, was +the right reading of the Greek in this place. Their belief on this subject +however has nothing whatever to do with the story before us. Liberatus was +not the spokesman of "the Latins of the VIth," (or any other bygone) +"century:" but (as Bp. Pearson points out) a singularly ill-informed +Archdeacon of Carthage; who, had he taken ever so little pains with the +subject, would have become aware that for no such reason as he assigns was +Macedonius [A.D. 511] thrust out of his bishopric. If, however, there were +at least thus much of truth in the story,--namely, that one of the charges +brought against Macedonius was his having corrupted Scripture, and notably +his having altered {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16;--surely, the most +obvious of all inferences would be, that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _was found in copies of S. +Paul's epistles put forth at Constantinople by archiepiscopal authority +between_ A.D. 496 _and_ A.D. 511. To say the least,--Macedonius, by his +writings or by his discourses, certainly by his influence, _must have +shown himself favourable to_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. Else, with what +show of reason could the charge have been brought against him? "I suppose" +(says our learned Dr. John Mill) "that the fable before us arose out of +the fact that Macedonius, on hearing that in several MSS. of the +Constantinopolitan Church the text of 1 Tim. iii. 16 (which witnesses +expressly to the Godhead of CHRIST) had been depraved, was careful that +those copies should be corrected in conformity with the best +exemplars."(1042) + +But, in fact, I suspect you completely misunderstand the whole matter. You +speak of "_the_ story." But pray,--_Which_ "story" do you mean? "The story" +which Liberatus told in the VIth century? or the ingenious gloss which +Hincmar, Abp. of Rheims, put upon it in the IXth? You _mention_ the +first,--you _reason from_ the second. Either will suit me equally well. +But--_una la volta, per carita!_ + +Hincmar, (whom the critics generally follow,) relates that Macedonius +turned {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} (_i.e._ _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_).(1043) _If Macedonius did, he preferred_ +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _to_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.... But the story which Liberatus promulgated is quite +different.(1044) Let him be heard:-- + + + "At this time, Macedonius, bp. of CP., is said to have been + deposed by the emperor Anastasius on a charge of having falsified + the Gospels, and notably that saying of the Apostle, '_Quia + apparuit in carne, justificatus est in spiritu._' He was charged + with having turned the Greek monosyllable {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} (_i.e._ '_qui_'), by + the change of a single letter ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}) into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}: _i.e._ '_ut esset + Deus apparuit per carnem._' " + + +Now, that this is a very lame story, all must see. In reciting the passage +in Latin, Liberatus himself exhibits neither "_qui_," nor "_quod_," nor +"_Deus_,"--but "QUIA _apparuit in carne_." (The translator of Origen, by +the way, does the same thing.(1045)) And yet, Liberatus straightway adds +(as the effect of the change) "_ut esset Deus apparuit per carnem_:" as if +that were possible, unless "_Deus_" stood in the text already! Quite plain +in the meantime is it, that, according to Liberatus, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the word which +Macedonius introduced into 1 Tim. iii. 16. And it is worth observing that +the scribe who rendered into Greek Pope Martin I.'s fifth Letter (written +on the occasion of the Lateran Council A.D. 649),--having to translate the +Pope's quotation from the Vulgate ("_quod manifestatus est_,")--exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} in this place.(1046) + +High time it becomes that I should offer it as my opinion that those +Critics are right (Cornelius a Lapide [1614] and Cotelerius [1681]) who, +reasoning from what Liberatus actually says, shrewdly infer that there +must have existed codices in the time of Macedonius which exhibited {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} in this place; and that _this_ must be the reading to which Liberatus +refers.(1047) _Such codices exist still._ One, is preserved in the library +of the Basilian monks at Crypta Ferrata, already spoken of at pp. 446-8: +another, is at Paris. I call them respectively "Apost. 83" and "Paul +282."(1048) This is new. + +Enough of all this however. Too much in fact. I must hasten on. The entire +fable, by whomsoever fabricated, has been treated with well-merited +contempt by a succession of learned men ever since the days of Bp. +Pearson.(1049) And although during the last century several writers of the +unbelieving school (chiefly Socinians(1050)) revived and embellished the +silly story, in order if possible to get rid of a text which witnesses +inconveniently to the GODHEAD of CHRIST, one would have hoped that, in +these enlightened days, a Christian Bishop of the same Church which the +learned, pious, and judicious John Berriman adorned a century and a-half +ago, would have been ashamed to rekindle the ancient strife and to swell +the Socinian chorus. I shall be satisfied if I have at least convinced you +that Macedonius is a witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +[n] _The testimony of an_ ANONYMOUS _writer_ (A.D. 430),--_of_ EPIPHANIUS +(A.D. 787),--_of_ THEODORUS STUDITA (A.D. 795?),--_of_ SCHOLIA,--_of_ +OECUMENIUS,--_of_ THEOPHYLACT,--_of_ EUTHYMIUS. + +The evidence of an ANONYMOUS Author who has been mistaken for +Athanasius,--you pass by in silence. That this writer lived in the days +when the Nestorian Controversy was raging,--namely, in the first half of +the Vth century,--is at all events evident. He is therefore at least as +ancient a witness for the text of Scripture as codex A itself: and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} is clearly what he found written in this place.(1051) Why do you +make such a fuss about Cod. A, and yet ignore this contemporary witness? +We do not know _who wrote_ the Epistle in question,--true. Neither do we +know who wrote Codex A. What _then_? + +Another eminent witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whom also you do not condescend to +notice, is EPIPHANIUS, DEACON OF CATANA in Sicily,--who represented Thomas, +Abp. of Sardinia, at the 2nd Nicene Council, A.D. 787. A long discourse of +this Ecclesiastic may be seen in the Acts of the Council, translated into +Latin,--which makes his testimony so striking. But in fact his words are +express,(1052) and the more valuable because they come from a region of +Western Christendom from which textual utterances are rare. + +A far more conspicuous writer of nearly the same date, THEODORUS STUDITA +of CP, [A.D. 759-826,] is also a witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1053) How does it +happen, my lord Bishop, that you contend so eagerly for the testimony of +codices F and G, which are but _one_ IXth-century witness after all,--and +yet entirely disregard living utterances like these, of known men,--who +belonged to known places,--and wrote at a known time? Is it because they +witness unequivocally against you? + +Several ancient SCHOLIASTS, expressing themselves diversely, deserve +enumeration here, who are all witnesses for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} exclusively.(1054) +Lastly,-- + +OECUMENIUS(1055) (A.D. 990),--THEOPHYLACT(1056) (A.D. 1077),--EUTHYMIUS(1057) +(A.D. 1116),--close this enumeration. They are all three clear witnesses +for reading not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +[o] _The testimony of_ ECCLESIASTICAL TRADITION. + +Nothing has been hitherto said concerning the Ecclesiastical usage with +respect to this place of Scripture. 1 Tim. iii. 16 occurs in a lection +consisting of nine verses (1 Tim. iii. 13-iv. 5), which used to be +publicly read in almost all the Churches of Eastern Christendom on the +Saturday before Epiphany.(1058) It was also read, in not a few Churches, +on the 34th Saturday of the year.(1059) Unfortunately, the book which +contains lections from S. Paul's Epistles, ("_Apostolus_" it is +technically called,) is of comparatively rare occurrence,--is often found +in a mutilated condition,--and (for this and other reasons) is, as often as +not, without this particular lesson.(1060) Thus, an analysis of 90 copies +of the "Apostolus" (No. 1 to 90), is attended by the following result:--10 +are found to have been set down in error;(1061) while 41 are +declared--(sometimes, I fear, through the unskilfulness of those who +profess to have examined them),--not to contain 1 Tim. iii. 16.(1062) Of 7, +I have not been able to obtain tidings.(1063) Thus, there are but 32 +copies of the book called "Apostolus" available for our present purpose. + +But of these thirty-two, _twenty-seven_ exhibit {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1064) You will be +interested to hear that _one_ rejoices in the unique reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}:(1065) +while another Copy of the 'Apostolus' keeps "Paul 282" in countenance by +reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1066) In other words, "GOD" is found in 29 copies out of +32: while "who" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is observed to survive in only 3,--and they, Western +documents of suspicious character. Two of these were produced in one and +the same Calabrian monastery; and they still stand, side by side, in the +library of Crypta Ferrata:(1067) being exclusively in sympathy with the +very suspicious Western document at Paris, already described at page 446. + +ECCLESIASTICAL TRADITION is therefore clearly against _you_, in respect of +the reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16. How _you_ estimate this head of Evidence, I +know not. For my own part, I hold it to be of superlative importance. It +transports us back, at once, to the primitive age; and is found to be +infinitely better deserving of attention than the witness of any extant +uncial documents which can be produced. And why? For the plain reason that +it must needs have been once attested by _an indefinitely large number of +codices more ancient by far than any which we now possess_. In fact, +ECCLESIASTICAL TRADITION, when superadded to the testimony of Manuscripts +and Fathers, becomes an overwhelming consideration. + +And now we may at last proceed to sum up. Let me gather out the result of +the foregoing fifty pages; and remind the reader briefly of the amount of +external testimony producible in support of each of these rival +readings:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +[I.] _Sum of the Evidence of_ VERSIONS, COPIES, FATHERS, _in favour of +reading_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} _in_ 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) The reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~},--(which Wetstein strove hard to +bring into favour, and which was highly popular with the Socinian party +down to the third quarter of the last century,)--enjoys, as we have seen, +(pp. 448-53,) the weighty attestation of the Latin and of the Peschito,--of +the Coptic, of the Sahidic, and of the AEthiopic Versions. + +No one may presume to speak slightingly of such evidence as this. It is +the oldest which can be produced for the truth of anything in the inspired +Text of the New Testament; and it comes from the East as well as from the +West. Yet is it, in and by itself, clearly inadequate. Two characteristics +of Truth are wanting to it,--two credentials,--unfurnished with which, it +cannot be so much as seriously entertained. It demands _Variety_ as well +as _Largeness of attestation_. It should be able to exhibit in support of +its claims the additional witness of COPIES and FATHERS. But, + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) On the contrary, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} is found besides in _only one Greek +Manuscript_,--viz. the VIth-century codex Claromontanus, D. And further, + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}) _Two ancient writers_ alone bear witness to this reading, viz. +GELASIUS OF CYZICUS,(1068) whose date is A.D. 476;(1069) and the UNKNOWN +AUTHOR of a homily of uncertain date in the Appendix to +Chrysostom(1070).... It is scarcely intelligible how, on such evidence, +the Critics of the last century can have persuaded themselves (with +Grotius) that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} is the true reading of 1 Timothy iii. +16. And yet, in order to maintain this thesis, Sir Isaac Newton descended +from the starry sphere and tried his hand at Textual Criticism. Wetstein +(1752) freely transferred the astronomer's labours to his own pages, and +thus gave renewed currency to an opinion which the labours of the learned +Berriman (1741) had already _demonstrated_ to be untenable. + +Whether THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA (in his work "_de Incarnatione_") wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, must remain uncertain till a sight has been obtained of his Greek +together with its context. I find that he quotes 1 Tim iii. 16 at least +three times:--Of the first place, there is only a Latin translation, which +begins "QUOD _justificat_US _est in spiritu_."(1071) The second place +comes to us in Latin, Greek, and Syriac: but unsatisfactorily in all +three:--(_a_) The Latin version introduces the quotation thus,--"Consonantia +et Apostolus dicit, _Et manifeste magnum est pietatis mysterium_, +QUI(1072) (or QUOD(1073)) _manifestat_US (or TUM) _est in carne, +justificat_US (or TUM) _est in spiritu_:"--(_b_) The Greek, (for which we +are indebted to Leontius Byzantinus, A.D. 610,) reads,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}(1074)--divested of all preface.(1075) Those +seven words, thus isolated from their context, are accordingly printed by +Migne as _a heading_ only:--(_c_) The Syriac translation unmistakably +reads, "Et Apostolus dixit, _Vere sublime est hoc mysterium_, +QUOD,"--omitting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1076) The third quotation, which is found +only in Syriac,(1077) begins,--"_For truly great is the-mystery +of-the-fear-of_ GOD, _who was manifested in-the-flesh and-was-justified +in-the-spirit_." This differs from the received text of the Peschito by +substituting a different word for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, and by employing the emphatic +state "the-flesh," "the-spirit" where the Peschito has the absolute state +"flesh," "spirit." The two later clauses agree with the Harkleian or +Philoxenian.(1078)--I find it difficult from all this to know what +precisely to do with Theodore's evidence. It has a truly oracular +ambiguity; wavering between {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--and even {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. You, I observe, (who are +only acquainted with the second of the three places above cited, and but +imperfectly with _that_,) do not hesitate to cut the knot by simply +claiming the heretic's authority for the reading you advocate,--viz. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. I +have thought it due to my readers to tell them all that is known about the +evidence furnished by Theodore of Mopsuestia. At all events, the utmost +which can be advanced in favour of reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} in 1 Timothy iii. +16, has now been freely stated. I am therefore at liberty to pass on to +the next opinion. + +[II.] _Sum of the Evidence of_ VERSIONS, COPIES, FATHERS _in favour of +reading_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} _in_ 1 Timothy iii. 16. + +Remarkable it is how completely Griesbach succeeded in diverting the +current of opinion with respect to the place before us, into a new +channel. At first indeed (viz. in 1777) he retained {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in his Text, +timidly printing {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in small type above it; and remarking,--"_Judicium de +hac lectionis varietate lectoribus liberum relinquere placuit_." But, at +the end of thirty years (viz. in 1806), waxing bolder, Griesbach +substituted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--"_ut ipsi_" (as he says) "_nobis constaremus_." +Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, Westcott and Hort, and the Revisers, +under your guidance, have followed him: which is to me +unaccountable,--seeing that even less authority is producible for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, than +for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, in this place. But let the evidence for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} be briefly recapitulated:-- + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) It consists of _a single uncial copy_, viz. the corrupt cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--(for, +as was fully explained above,(1079) codd. C and F-G yield uncertain +testimony): and _perhaps two cursive copies_, viz. Paul 17, (the notorious +"33" of the Gospels,)--and a copy at Upsala (No. 73), which is held to +require further verification.(1080) To these, are to be added three other +liturgical witnesses in the cursive character--being Western copies of the +book called "_Apostolus_," which have only recently come to light. Two of +the codices in question are of Calabrian origin.(1081) A few words more on +this subject will be found above, at pages 477 and 478. + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) _The only Version_ which certainly witnesses in favour of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is the +Gothic: which, (as explained at pp. 452-3) exhibits a hopelessly obscure +construction, and rests on the evidence of a single copy in the Ambrosian +library. + +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}) Of Patristic testimonies (to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) _there exists +not one_. That EPIPHANIUS [A.D. 360] _professing to transcribe_ from an +early treatise of his own, in which {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} stands _without a +nominative_, should prefix {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--proves nothing, as I have fully explained +elsewhere.(1082)--The equivocal testimony rendered by THEODORE OF +MOPSUESTIA [A.D. 390] is already before the reader.(1083) + +And this exhausts the evidence for a reading which came in,--and (I venture +to predict) will go out,--with the present century. My only wonder is, how +an exhibition of 1 Tim. iii. 16 so feebly attested,--so almost _without_ +attestation,--can have come to be seriously entertained by any. "Si,"--(as +Griesbach remarks concerning 1 John v. 7)--"si tam pauci ... testes ... +sufficerent ad demonstrandam lectionis cujusdam {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, licet obstent +tam multa tamque gravia et testimonia et argumenta; _nullum prorsus +superesset in re critica veri falsique criterium_, et _textus Novi +Testamenti universus plane incertus esset atque dubius_."(1084) + +Yet _this_ is the Reading which you, my lord Bishop, not only stiffly +maintain, but which you insist is no longer so much as "_open to +reconsideration_." You are, it seems, for introducing the _cloture_ into +Textual debate. But in fact you are for inflicting pains and penalties as +well, on those who have the misfortune to differ in opinion from yourself. +You discharge all the vials of the united sees of Gloucester and Bristol +on _me_ for my presumption in daring to challenge the verdict of "the +Textual Criticism of the last fifty years,"--of the Revisers,--and of +yourself;--my folly, in venturing to believe that the traditional reading +of 1 Tim. iii. 16, (which you admit is at least 1530 years old,) is the +right reading after all. You hold me up to public indignation. "He has +made" (you say) "an elaborate effort to shake conclusions _about which no +professed Scholar has any doubt whatever_; but which an ordinary reader +(and to such we address ourselves) might regard as _still open to +reconsideration_."--"Moreover" (you proceed) "this case is of great +importance as an example. It illustrates in a striking manner the complete +isolation of the Reviewer's position. If he is right, all other Critics +are wrong."(1085) + +Will you permit me, my lord Bishop, as an ordinary writer, addressing +(like yourself) "ordinary readers,"--respectfully to point out that you +entirely mistake the problem in hand? The Greek Text of the N. T. is not +to be settled by MODERN OPINION, but by ANCIENT AUTHORITY.(1086) In this +department of enquiry therefore, "_complete isolation_" is his, and _his +only_, who is forsaken by COPIES, VERSIONS, FATHERS. The man who is able, +on the contrary, to point to an overwhelming company of Ancient Witnesses, +and is contented modestly to take up his station at their feet,--such an +one can afford to disregard "_The Textual Criticism of the last fifty +years_," if it presumes to contradict _their_ plain decrees; can even +afford to smile at the confidence of "professed Scholars" and "Critics," +if they are so ill advised as to set themselves in battle array against +that host of ancient men. + +To say therefore of such an one, (as _you_ now say of _me_,) "If he is +right, all other Critics are wrong,"--is to present an irrelevant issue, +and to perplex a plain question. The business of Textual Criticism (as you +state at page 28 of your pamphlet) is nothing else but to ascertain "_the +consentient testimony of the most ancient Authorities_." The office of the +Textual Critic is none other but to interpret rightly _the solemn verdict +of Antiquity_. Do _I_ then interpret that verdict rightly,--or do I not? +The whole question resolves itself into _that_! If I do _not_,--pray show +me wherein I have mistaken the facts of the case. But if I _do_,--why do +you not come over instantly to my side? "_Since_ he is right," (I shall +expect to hear you say,) "it stands to reason that the 'professed Critics' +whom he has been combating,--myself among the number,--must be wrong."... I +am, you see, loyally accepting the logical issue you have yourself raised. +I do but seek to reconcile your dilemma with the actual facts of the +problem. + +And now, will you listen while I state the grounds on which I am convinced +that your substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16 is nothing else +but a calamitous perversion of the Truth? May I be allowed at least to +exhibit, in the same summary way as before, the evidence for reading in +this place neither {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} nor {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? + +[III.] _Sum of the Evidence of_ VERSIONS, COPIES, FATHERS, _in favour of +reading_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} _in_ 1 Tim. iii 16. + +Entirely different,--in respect of variety, of quantity and of +quality,--from what has gone before, is the witness of Antiquity to the +Received Text of 1 Timothy iii. 16: viz. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}.... I proceed to +rehearse it in outline, having already dwelt in detail upon so much of it +as has been made the subject of controversy.(1087) The reader is fully +aware(1088) that I do not propose to make argumentative use of the first +six names in the ensuing enumeration. To those names, [enclosed within +square brackets,] I forbear even to assign numbers; not as entertaining +doubt concerning the testimony they furnish, but as resolved to build +exclusively on facts which are incontrovertible. Yet is it but reasonable +that the whole of the Evidence for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} should be placed before +the reader: and _he_ is in my judgment a wondrous unfair disputant who can +attentively survey the evidence which I thus forego, without secretly +acknowledging that its combined Weight is considerable; while its +Antiquity makes it a serious question whether it is not simply contrary to +reason that it should be dispensed with in an enquiry like the present. + +[(_a_) In the Ist century then,--it has been already shown (at page 463) +that IGNATIUS (A.D. 90) probably recognized the reading before us in three +places.] + +[(_b_) The brief but significant testimony of BARNABAS will be found in +the same page.] + +[(_c_) In the IInd century,--HIPPOLYTUS [A.D. 190] (as was explained at +page 463,) twice comes forward as a witness on the same side.] + +[(_d_) In the IIIrd century,--GREGORY THAUMATURGUS, (if it be indeed he) +has been already shown (at page 463) probably to testify to the reading +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.] + +[(_e_) To the same century is referred the work entitled CONSTITUTIONES +APOSTOLICAE: which seems also to witness to the same reading. See above, p. +463.] + +[(_f_) BASIL THE GREAT also [A.D. 355], as will be found explained at page +464, must be held to witness to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16: though +his testimony, like that of the five names which go before, being open to +cavil, is not here insisted on.]--And now to get upon _terra firma_. + +(1) To the IIIrd century then [A.D. 264?], belongs the Epistle ascribed to +DIONYSIUS OF ALEXANDRIA, (spoken of above, at pages 461-2,) in which 1 +Tim. iii. 16 is distinctly quoted in the same way. + +(2) In the next, (the IVth) century, unequivocal Patristic witnesses to +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} abound. Foremost is DIDYMUS, who presided over the +Catechetical School of Alexandria,--the teacher of Jerome and Rufinus. Born +A.D. 309, and becoming early famous, he clearly witnesses to what was the +reading of the first quarter of the IVth century. His testimony has been +set forth at page 456. + +(3) GREGORY, BISHOP OF NAZIANZUS [A.D. 355], a contemporary of Basil, in +_two_ places is found to bear similar witness. See above page 457. + +(4) DIODORUS, (or "Theodorus" as Photius writes his name,) the teacher of +Chrysostom,--first of Antioch, afterwards the heretical BISHOP OF TARSUS in +Cilicia,--is next to be cited [A.D. 370]. His testimony is given above at +pages 458-9. + +(5) The next is perhaps our most illustrious witness,--viz. GREGORY, BISHOP +OF NYSSA in Cappadocia [A.D. 370]. References to at least _twenty-two_ +places of his writings have been already given at page 456. + +(6) Scarcely less important than the last-named Father, is CHRYSOSTOM +[A.D. 380], first of Antioch,--afterwards PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE,--who +in _three_ places witnesses plainly to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. See above, page +457. + +(7) And to this century, (not later certainly than the last half of it,) +is to be referred the title of that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, or chapter, of St. Paul's +First Epistle to Timothy which contains chap. iii. 16,--(indeed, which +_begins_ with it,) viz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Very eloquently does that +title witness to the fact that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the established reading of the +place under discussion, before either cod. B or cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} was produced. See +above, pages 457-8. + +(8) In the Vth century,--besides the CODEX ALEXANDRINUS (cod. A,) +concerning which so much has been said already (page 431 to page 437),--we +are able to appeal for the reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, to, + +(9) CYRIL, ARCHBISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, [A.D. 410,] who in _at least two_ +places witnesses to it unequivocally. See above, pp. 464 to 470. So does, + +(10) THEODORET, BISHOP OF CYRUS in Syria, [A.D. 420]: who, in at least +_four_ places, (see above, page 456) renders unequivocal and important +witness on the same side. + +(11) Next, the ANONYMOUS AUTHOR claims notice [A.D. 430], whose +composition is found in the Appendix to the works of Athanasius. See +above, page 475. + +(12) You will be anxious to see your friend EUTHALIUS, BISHOP OF SULCA, +duly recognized in this enumeration. He comes next. [A.D. 458.] The +discussion concerning him will be found above, at page 459 to page 461. + +(13) MACEDONIUS II, PATRIARCH OF CP. [A.D. 496] must of necessity be +mentioned here, as I have very fully explained at page 470 to page 474. + +(14) To the VIth century belongs the GEORGIAN Version, as already noted at +page 454. + +(15) And hither is to be referred the testimony of SEVERUS, BISHOP OF +ANTIOCH [A.D. 512], which has been already particularly set down at page +458. + +(16) To the VIIth century [A.D. 616] belongs the HARKLEIAN (or +PHILOXENIAN) Version; concerning which, see above, page 450. "That {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +was the reading of the manuscripts from which this Version was made, is +put beyond reach of doubt by the fact that in twelve of the other places +where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} occurs,(1089) the words {~SYRIAC LETTER QAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER PE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~} {~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~} (or {~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~} {~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER PE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER QAPH~}) +('_beauty-of-fear_') are found _without_ the addition of {~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER LAMADH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HETH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~} (or {~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HETH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER LAMADH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}) +('GOD'). It is noteworthy, that on the thirteenth occasion (1 Tim. ii. 2), +where the Peschito reads '_fear of_ GOD,' the Harkleian reads '_fear_' +only. On the other hand, the Harkleian margin of Acts iii. 12 expressly +states that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is the Greek equivalent of {~SYRIAC LETTER QAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER PE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~} {~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~} (or {~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER TAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER HE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~} +{~SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER WAW~}{~SYRIAC LETTER DALATH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER YUDH~}{~SYRIAC LETTER PE~}{~SYRIAC LETTER QAPH~}) ('_beauty-of-fear_'). This effectually establishes the fact that +the author of the Harkleian recension found {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in his Greek manuscript +of 1 Tim. iii. 16."(1090) + +(17) In the VIIIth century, JOHN DAMASCENE [A.D. 730] pre-eminently claims +attention. He is _twice_ a witness for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, as was explained at +page 457. + +(18) Next to be mentioned is EPIPHANIUS, DEACON OF CATANA; whose memorable +testimony at the 2nd Nicene Council [A.D. 787] has been set down above, at +page 475. And then, + +(19) THEODORUS STUDITA of CP. [A.D. 790],--concerning whom, see above, at +pages 475-6. + +(20), (21) _and_ (22). To the IXth century belong the three remaining +uncial codices, which alike witness to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}:--viz. the +"COD. MOSQUENSIS" (K); the "COD. ANGELICUS" (L); and the "COD. +PORPHYRIANUS" (P). + +(23) The SLAVONIC VERSION belongs to the same century, and exhibits the +same reading. + +(24) Hither also may be referred several ancient SCHOLIA which all witness +to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, as I explained at page 476. + +(25) To the Xth century belongs OECUMENIUS [A.D. 990], who is also a +witness on the same side. See page 476. + +(26) To the XIth century, THEOPHYLACT [A.D. 1077], who bears express +testimony to the same reading. See page 476. + +(27) To the XIIth century, EUTHYMIUS [A.D. 1116], who closes the list with +his approving verdict. See page 476. + +And thus we reach a period when there awaits us a mass of testimony which +transports us back (_per saltum_) to the Church's palmiest days; +testimony, which rightly understood, is absolutely decisive of the point +now under discussion. I allude to the testimony of EVERY KNOWN COPY OF S. +PAUL'S EPISTLES except the three, or four, already specified, viz. D of S. +Paul; {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 17, and perhaps 73. A few words on this last head of Evidence may +not be without the grace of novelty even to yourself. They are +supplementary to what has already been offered on the same subject from +page 443 to page 446. + +The copies of S. Paul's Epistles (in cursive writing) supposed to exist in +European libraries,--not including those in the monasteries of Greece and +the Levant,(1091)--amount to at least 302.(1092) Out of this number, 2 are +fabulous:(1093)--1 has been destroyed by fire:(1094)--and 6 have strayed +into unknown localities.(1095) Add, that 37 (for various reasons) are said +not to contain the verse in question;(1096) while of 2, I have been +hitherto unsuccessful in obtaining any account:(1097)--and it will be seen +that the sum of the available cursive copies of S. Paul's Epistles is +exactly 254. + +Now, that 2 of these 254 cursive copies (viz. Paul 17 and 73)--exhibit +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--you have been so eager (at pp. 71-2 of your pamphlet) to establish, +that I am unwilling to do more than refer you back to pages 443, -4, -5, +where a few words have been already offered in reply. Permit me, however, +to submit to your consideration, as a set-off against those _two copies_ +of S. Paul's Epistles which read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--the following _two-hundred and +fifty-two copies_ which read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1098) To speak with perfect accuracy,--4 +of these (252) exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~};(1099)--1, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(1100)--and 247, +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} absolutely. The numbers follow:-- + +1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. +24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. +43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 52. 55. 56. 57. 59. 62. 63. 65. 67. 68. 69. +70. 71. 72. 74. 75. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 90. 91. +92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. +108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 120. 121. 122. 123. 125. +126. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. +142. 143. 144. 145. 149. 150. 151. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 164. +165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. +182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 188. 189. 190. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. +199. 200. 201. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 211. 212. 213. 215. 216. 217. +218.(1101) 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. +232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. +247. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 255. 256. 257. 258. 260. 262. 264. 265. 266. +267. 268. 269. 270. 272. 273. 274. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. +282.(1102) 283. 285. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. +299. 300. 301. + +Behold then the provision which THE AUTHOR of Scripture has made for the +effectual conservation in its integrity of this portion of His written +Word! Upwards of eighteen hundred years have run their course since the +HOLY GHOST by His servant, Paul, rehearsed the "mystery of Godliness;" +declaring _this_ to be the great foundation-fact,--namely, that "GOD WAS +MANIFESTED IN THE FLESH." And lo, out of _two hundred and fifty-four_ +copies of S. Paul's Epistles no less than _two hundred and fifty-two_ are +discovered to have preserved that expression. Such "Consent" amounts to +_Unanimity_; and, (as I explained at pp. 454-5,) unanimity in this +subject-matter, is conclusive. + +The copies of which we speak, (you are requested to observe,) were +produced in every part of ancient Christendom,--being derived in every +instance from copies older than themselves; which again were transcripts +of copies older still. They have since found their way, without design or +contrivance, into the libraries of every country of Europe,--where, for +hundreds of years they have been jealously guarded. And,--(I repeat the +question already hazarded at pp. 445-6, and now respectfully propose it to +_you_, my lord Bishop; requesting you at your convenience to favour me +publicly with an answer;)--For what conceivable reason can this multitude +of witnesses be supposed to have entered into a wicked conspiracy to +deceive mankind? + +True, that no miracle has guarded the sacred Text in this, or in any other +place. On the other hand, for the last 150 years, Unbelief has been +carping resolutely at this grand proclamation of the Divinity of +CHRIST,--in order to prove that not this, but some other thing, it must +have been, which the Apostle wrote. And yet (as I have fully shown) the +result of all the evidence procurable is to establish that the Apostle +must be held to have written no other thing but _this_. + +To the overwhelming evidence thus furnished by 252 out of 254 cursive +_Copies_ of S. Paul's Epistles,--is to be added the evidence supplied by +the _Lectionaries_. It has been already explained (viz. at pp. 477-8) that +out of 32 copies of the "Apostolus," 29 concur in witnessing to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. I +have just (May 7th) heard of another in the Vatican.(1103) To these 30, +should be added the 3 Liturgical codices referred to at pp. 448 and 474, +_note_ 1. Now this is emphatically the voice of _ancient Ecclesiastical +Tradition_. The numerical result of our entire enquiry, proves therefore +to be briefly this:-- + +(I.) In 1 TIMOTHY iii. 16, the reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, is +witnessed to by 289 MANUSCRIPTS:(1104)--by 3 VERSIONS:(1105)--by upwards of +20 Greek FATHERS.(1106) + +(II) The reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} (in place of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is supported by a single MS. (D):--by +5 ancient VERSIONS:(1107)--by 2 late Greek FATHERS.(1108) + +(III.) The reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (also in place of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is countenanced by 6 +MANUSCRIPTS in all ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, Paul 17, 73: Apost. 12, 85, 86):--by _only one_ +VERSION for certain (viz. the Gothic(1109)):--_not for certain by a single +Greek_ FATHER.(1110) + +I will not repeat the remarks I made before on a general survey of the +evidence in favour of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}: but I must request you to refer back +to those remarks, now that we have reached the end of the entire +discussion. They extend from the middle of p. 483 to the bottom of p. 485. + +The unhappy Logic which, on a survey of what goes before, can first +persuade itself, and then seek to persuade others, that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is a "_plain +and clear error_;" and that there is "_decidedly preponderating +evidence_," in favour of reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Timothy iii. 16;--must needs be of +a sort with which I neither have, nor desire to have, any acquaintance. I +commend the case between you and myself to the judgment of Mankind; and +trust you are able to await the common verdict with the same serene +confidence as I am. + +Will you excuse me if I venture, in the homely vernacular, to assure you +that in your present contention you "have not a leg to stand upon"? +"Moreover" (to quote from your own pamphlet [p. 76],) "_this case is of +great importance as an example_." You made deliberate choice of it in +order to convict me of error. I have accepted your challenge, you see. Let +the present, by all means, be regarded by the public as a trial-place,--a +test of our respective methods, yours and mine. I cheerfully abide the +issue, + +(p) INTERNAL EVIDENCE _for reading_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} _in_ 1 Tim. iii. 16, +_absolutely overwhelming_. + +In all that precedes, I have abstained from pleading the _probabilities_ +of the case; and for a sufficient reason. Men's notions of what is +"probable" are observed to differ so seriously. "Facile intelligitur" +(says Wetstein) "lectiones {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} et {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} esse interpretamenta pronominis {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}: +sed nec {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} nec {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} posse esse interpretamentum vocis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}." Now, I should +have thought that the exact reverse is as clear as the day. _What_ more +obvious than that _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, by exhibiting indistinctly either of its delicate +horizontal strokes, (and they were often so traced as to be scarcely +discernible,(1111)) would become mistaken for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}? What more natural again +than that the masculine relative should be forced into agreement with its +neuter antecedent? Why, _the thing has actually happened_ at Coloss. i. +27; where {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} has been altered into {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, only because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +is the antecedent. But waiving this, the internal evidence in favour of +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must surely be admitted to be overwhelming, by all save one +determined that the reading _shall be_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}. I trust we are at least +agreed that the maxim "_proclivi lectioni praestat ardua_," does not +enunciate so foolish a proposition as that in choosing between two or more +conflicting readings, we are to prefer _that_ one which has the feeblest +external attestation,--provided it be but in itself almost unintelligible? + +And yet, in the present instance,--How (give me leave to ask) will you +translate? To those who acquiesce in the notion that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means our SAVIOUR CHRIST Himself, (consider Coloss. i. 27,) +it is obvious to translate "_who_:" yet how harsh, or rather how +intolerable is this! I should have thought that there could be no real +doubt that "_the mystery_" here spoken of must needs be that complex +exhibition of Divine condescension which the Apostle proceeds to rehearse +in outline: and of which the essence is that it was very and eternal GOD +who was the subject of the transaction. Those who see this, and yet adopt +the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, are obliged to refer it to the remote antecedent {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. +_You_ do not advocate this view: neither do I. For reasons of their own, +Alford(1112) and Lightfoot(1113) both translate "_who_." + +Tregelles (who always shows to least advantage when a point of taste or +scholarship is under discussion) proposes to render:-- + + + "He who was manifested in the flesh, (he who) was justified in the + spirit, (he who) was seen by angels, (he who) was preached among + Gentiles, (he who) was believed on in the world, (he who) was + received up in glory."(1114) + + +I question if his motion will find _a seconder_. You yourself lay it down +magisterially that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} "is _not emphatic_ ('He who,' &c.): nor, by a +_constructio ad sensum_, is it the relative to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; but is a +relative to an _omitted_ though easily recognized antecedent, viz. +CHRIST." You add that it is not improbable "that the words are quoted from +some known _hymn_, or probably from some familiar _Confession of Faith_." +Accordingly, in your Commentary you venture to exhibit the words within +inverted commas _as a quotation_:--"And confessedly great is the mystery of +godliness: 'who was manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit,' " +&c.,(1115)--for which you are without warrant of any kind, and which you +have no right to do. Westcott and Hort (the "chartered libertines") are +even more licentious. Acting on their own suggestion that these clauses +are "a quotation from _an early Christian hymn_," they proceed to print +the conclusion of 1 Tim. iii. 16 stichometrically, as if it were a +_six-line stanza_. + +This notwithstanding, the Revising body _have adopted_ "He who," as the +rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; a mistaken rendering as it seems to me, and (I am glad to +learn) to yourself also. Their translation is quite a curiosity in its +way. I proceed to transcribe it:-- + + + "He who was manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen + of angels, preached among the nations, believed on in the world, + received up in glory." + + +But this does not even pretend to be a sentence: nor do I understand what +the proposed construction is. Any arrangement which results in making the +six clauses last quoted part of the subject, and "great" the predicate of +one long proposition,--is unworthy.--Bentley's wild remedy testifies far +more eloquently to his distress than to his aptitude for revising the text +of Scripture. He suggests,--"CHRIST _was put to death_ in the flesh, +justified in the spirit, ... seen _by Apostles_."(1116)--"According to the +ancient view," (says the Rev. T. S. Green,) "the sense would be: 'and +confessedly great is the mystery of godliness [in the person of him], who +[mystery notwithstanding] was manifested in the flesh, &c.' "(1117)... +But, with submission, "the ancient view" was not this. The +Latins,--calamitously shut up within the limits of their "_pietatis +sacramentum, quod_,"--are found to have habitually broken away from that +iron bondage, and to have discoursed of our SAVIOUR CHRIST, as being +Himself the "sacramentum" spoken of. The "sacramentum," in their view, was +the incarnate WORD.(1118)--Not so the Greek Fathers. These all, without +exception, understood S. Paul to say,--what Ecclesiastical Tradition hath +all down the ages faithfully attested, and what to this hour the copies of +his Epistles prove that he actually wrote,--viz. "_And confessedly great is +the mystery of godliness_:--GOD _was manifested in the flesh, justified in +the spirit_," and so on. Moreover this is the view of the matter in which +all the learning and all the piety of the English Church has thankfully +acquiesced for the last 350 years. It has commended itself to Andrewes and +Pearson, Bull and Hammond, Hall and Stillingfleet, Ussher and Beveridge, +Mill and Bengel, Waterland and Berriman. The enumeration of names is +easily brought down to our own times. Dr. Henderson, (the learned +non-conformist commentator,) in 1830 published a volume with the following +title:-- + + + "The great mystery of godliness incontrovertible: or, Sir Isaac + Newton and the Socinians foiled in the attempt to prove a + corruption in the text 1 Tim. iii. 16: containing a review of the + charges brought against the passage; an examination of the various + readings; and a confirmation of that in the received text on + principles of general and biblical criticism." + + +And,--to turn one's eyes in quite a different direction,--"Veruntamen," +wrote venerable President Routh, at the end of a life-long critical study +of Holy Writ,--(and his days were prolonged till he reached his hundredth +year,)-- + + + "Veruntamen, quidquid ex sacri textus historia, illud vero haud + certum, critici collegerunt, me tamen interna cogunt argumenta + praeferre lectionem {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, quem quidem agnoscunt veteres + interpretes, Theodoretus caeterique, duabus alteris {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} et {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}."(1119) + + +And here I bring my DISSERTATION on 1 TIM. iii. 16 to a close. It began at +p. 424, and I little thought would extend to seventy-six pages. Let it be +clearly understood that I rest my contention not at all on Internal, but +entirely on External Evidence; although, to the best of my judgment, they +are alike conclusive as to the matter in debate.--Having now +incontrovertibly, as I believe, established {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} as the best attested +Reading of the place,--I shall conclude the present LETTER as speedily as I +can. + +(1) _"__Composition of the Body which is responsible for the __'__New +Greek Text.__'__ "_ + +There remains, I believe, but one head of discourse into which I have not +yet followed you. I allude to your "few words about the composition of the +body which is responsible for the 'New Greek Text,' "(1120)--which extend +from the latter part of p. 29 to the beginning of p. 32 of your pamphlet. +"Among the sixteen most regular attendants at your meetings," (you say) +"were to be found most of those persons who were presumably best +acquainted with the subject of Textual Criticism."(1121) And with this +insinuation that you had "all the talents" with you, you seek to put me +down. + +But (as you truly say) "the number of living Scholars in England who have +connected their names with the study of the Textual Criticism of the New +Testament is exceedingly small."(1122) And, "of that exceedingly small +number," you would be puzzled to name so much as _one_, besides the three +you proceed to specify (viz. Dr. Scrivener, Dr. Westcott, and Dr. +Hort,)--who were members of the Revision company. On the other hand,--(to +quote the words of the most learned of our living Prelates,)--"it is well +known that there are _two opposite Schools_ of Biblical Criticism among +us, _with very different opinions as to the comparative value of our +Manuscripts of the Greek Testament_."(1123) And in proof of his statement, +the Bishop of Lincoln cites "on the one side"--_Drs. Westcott and Hort_; +"and on the other"--_Dr. Scrivener_. + +Now, let the account be read which Dr. Newth gives (and which you admit to +be correct) of the extraordinary method by which the "New Greek Text" was +"_settled_,"(1124) "for the most part at the First Revision,"(1125)--and it +becomes plain that it was not by any means the product of the +independently-formed opinions of 16 experts, (as your words imply); but +resulted from the aptitude of 13 of your body to be guided by the sober +counsels of Dr. Scrivener on the one hand, or to be carried away by the +eager advocacy of Dr. Hort, (supported as he ever was by his respected +colleague Dr. Westcott,) on the other. As Canon Cook well puts it,--"The +question really is, Were the members competent to form a correct +judgment?"(1126) "In most cases," "_a __ simple majority_"(1127) +determined what the text should be. But _ponderari debent testes_, my lord +Bishop, _non numerari_.(1128) The vote of the joint Editors should have +been reckoned practically as only _one_ vote. And whenever Dr. Scrivener +and they were irreconcilably opposed, the existing Traditional Text ought +to have been let alone. All pretence that it was _plainly and clearly +erroneous_ was removed, when the only experts present were hopelessly +divided in opinion. As for the rest of the Revising Body, inasmuch as they +extemporized their opinions, they were scarcely qualified to vote at all. +Certainly they were not entitled individually to an equal voice with Dr. +Scrivener in determining what the text should be. Caprice or Prejudice, in +short, it was, not Deliberation and Learning, which prevailed in the +Jerusalem Chamber. A more unscientific,--to speak truly, a coarser and a +clumsier way of manipulating the sacred Deposit, than that which you +yourself invented, it would be impossible, in my judgment, to devise. + +(2) _An Unitarian Revisionist intolerable._--_The Westminster-Abbey +Scandal._ + +But this is not nearly all. You invite attention to the constituent +elements of the Revising body, and congratulate yourself on its +miscellaneous character as providing a guarantee that it has been +impartial. + +I frankly avow, my lord Bishop, that the challenge you thus deliberately +offer, surprises me greatly. To have observed severe silence on this part +of the subject, would have seemed to me your discreeter course. Moreover, +had you not, in this marked way, invited attention to the component +elements of the Revising body, I was prepared to give the subject the +go-by. The "_New Greek Text_," no less than the "_New __ English +Version_," must stand or fall on its own merits; and I have no wish to +prejudice the discussion by importing into it foreign elements. Of this, +you have had some proof already; for, (with the exception of what is +offered above, in pages 6 and 7,) the subject has been, by your present +correspondent, nowhere brought prominently forward. + +Far be it from me, however, to decline the enquiry which you evidently +court. And so, I candidly avow that it was in my account a serious breach +of Church order that, on engaging in so solemn an undertaking as the +Revision of the Authorized Version, a body of Divines professing to act +under the authority of the Southern Convocation should spontaneously +associate with themselves Ministers of various +denominations,(1129)--Baptists, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, +Independents, and the like: and especially that a successor of the +Apostles should have presided over the deliberations of this assemblage of +Separatists. In my humble judgment, we shall in vain teach the sinfulness +of Schism, if we show ourselves practically indifferent on the subject, +and even set an example of irregularity to our flocks. My Divinity may +appear unaccommodating and old-fashioned: but I am not prepared to unlearn +the lessons long since got by heart in the school of Andrewes and Hooker, +of Pearson and Bull, of Hammond and Sanderson, of Beveridge and Bramhall. +I am much mistaken, moreover, if I may not claim the authority of a +greater doctor than any of these,--I mean S. Paul,--for the fixed views I +entertain on this head. + +All this, however, is as nothing in comparison of the scandal occasioned +by the co-optation into your body of Dr. G. Vance Smith, the Unitarian +Minister of S. Saviour's Gate Chapel, York. That, while engaged in the +work of interpreting the everlasting Gospel, you should have knowingly and +by choice associated with yourselves one who, not only openly denies the +eternal Godhead of our LORD, but in a recent publication is the avowed +assailant of that fundamental doctrine of the Christian Religion, as well +as of the Inspiration of Holy Scripture itself,(1130)--filled me (and many +besides myself) with astonishment and sorrow. You were respectfully +memorialized on the subject;(1131) but you treated the representations +which reached you with scornful indifference. + +Now therefore that you re-open the question, I will not scruple publicly +to repeat that it seems to me nothing else but an insult to our Divine +Master and a wrong to the Church, that the most precious part of our +common Christian heritage, the pure Word of GOD, should day by day, week +by week, month by month, year after year, have been thus handled; for the +avowed purpose of producing a Translation which should supersede our +Authorized Version. That the individual in question contributed aught to +your deliberations has never been pretended. On the contrary. No secret +has been made of the fact that he was, (as might have been anticipated +from his published writings,) the most unprofitable member of the Revising +body. Why then was he at first surreptitiously elected? and why was his +election afterwards stiffly maintained? The one purpose achieved by his +continued presence among you was that it might be thereby made to appear +that the Church of England no longer insists on Belief in the eternal +Godhead of our LORD, as essential; but is prepared to surrender her claim +to definite and unequivocal dogmatic teaching in respect of Faith in the +Blessed TRINITY. + +But even if this Unitarian had been an eminent Scholar, my objection would +remain in full force; for I hold, (and surely so do you!), that the right +Interpretation of GOD'S Word may not be attained without the guidance of +the HOLY SPIRIT, whose aid must first be invoked by faithful prayer. + +In the meantime, this same person was invited to communicate with his +fellow-Revisers in Westminster-Abbey, and did accordingly, on the 22nd of +June, 1870, receive the Holy Communion, in Henry VII.'s Chapel, at the +hands of Dean Stanley: declaring, next day, that he received the Sacrament +on this occasion without "joining in reciting the Nicene Creed" and +without "compromise" (as he expressed it,) of his principles as an +"Unitarian."(1132) So conspicuous a sacrilege led to a public Protest +signed by some thousands of the Clergy.(1133) It also resulted, in the +next ensuing Session of Convocation, in a Resolution whereby the Upper +House cleared itself of complicity in the scandal.(1134)... + +How a good man like you can revive the memory of these many painful +incidents without anguish, is to me unintelligible. That no blessing from +Him, "_sine Quo nihil validum, nihil sanctum_," could be expected to +attend an undertaking commenced under such auspices,--was but too plain. +The Revision was a foredoomed thing--in the account of many besides +myself--from the outset. + +(3) _The probable Future of the Revision of_ 1881. + +Not unaware am I that it has nevertheless been once and again confidently +predicted in public Addresses, Lectures, Pamphlets, that ultimate success +is in store for the Revision of 1881. I cannot but regard it as a +suspicious circumstance that these vaticinations have hitherto invariably +proceeded from members of the Revising body. + +It would ill become such an one as myself to pretend to skill in +forecasting the future. But of _this_ at least I feel certain:--that if, in +an evil hour, (quod absit!), the Church of England shall ever be induced +to commit herself to the adoption of the present Revision, she will by so +doing expose herself to the ridicule of the rest of Christendom, as well +as incur irreparable harm and loss. And such a proceeding on her part will +be inexcusable, for she has been at least faithfully forewarned. Moreover, +in the end, she will most certainly have to retrace her steps with sorrow +and confusion. + +Those persons evidently overlook the facts of the problem, who refer to +what happened in the case of the Authorized Version when it originally +appeared, some 270 years ago; and argue that as the Revision of 1611 at +first encountered opposition, which yet it ultimately overcame, so must it +fare in the end with the present Revised Version also. Those who so reason +forget that the cases are essentially dissimilar. + +If the difference between the Authorized Version of 1611 and the Revision +of 1881 were only this.--That the latter is characterized by a mechanical, +unidiomatic, and even repulsive method of rendering; which was not only +unattempted, but repudiated by the Authors of the earlier work;--there +would have been something to urge on behalf of the later performance. The +plea of zeal for GOD'S Word,--a determination at all hazards to represent +with even servile precision the _ipsissima verba_ of Evangelists and +Apostles,--_this_ plea might have been plausibly put forward: and, to some +extent, it must have been allowed,--although a grave diversity of opinion +might reasonably have been entertained as to _what constitutes_ "accuracy" +and "fidelity" of translation. + +But when once it has been made plain that _the underlying Greek_ of the +Revision of 1881 is an entirely new thing,--_is a manufactured article +throughout_,--all must see that the contention has entirely changed its +character. The question immediately arises, (and it is the _only_ question +which remains to be asked,)--Were then the Authors of this "New Greek Text" +_competent_ to undertake so perilous an enterprise? And when, in the words +of the distinguished Chairman of the Revising body--(words quoted above, at +page 369,)--"_To this question, we venture to answer very unhesitatingly in +the negative_,"--What remains but, with blank astonishment, not unmingled +with disgust, to close the volume? Your own ingenuous +admission,--(volunteered by yourself a few days before you and your allies +"proceeded to the actual details of the Revision,")--that "_we have +certainly not acquired sufficient Critical Judgment_ for any body of +Revisers hopefully to undertake such a work as this,"--is decisive on the +subject. + +The gravity of the issue thus raised, it is impossible to over-estimate. +We find ourselves at once and entirely lifted out of the region originally +proposed for investigation. It is no longer a question of the degree of +skill which has been exhibited in translating the title-deeds of our +heavenly inheritance out of Greek into English. Those title-deeds +themselves have been empirically submitted to a process which, _rightly or +wrongly_, seriously affects their integrity. Not only has a fringe of most +unreasonable textual mistrust been tacked on to the margin of every +inspired page, (as from S. Luke x. 41 to xi. 11):--not only has many a +grand doctrinal statement been evacuated of its authority, (as, by the +shameful mis-statement found in the margin against S. John iii. 13,(1135) +and the vile Socinian gloss which disfigures the margin of Rom. ix. +5(1136)):--but we entirely miss many a solemn utterance of the SPIRIT,--as +when we are assured that verses 44 and 46 of S. Mark ix. are omitted by +"_the best ancient authorities_," (whereas, on the contrary, the MSS. +referred to are _the worst_). Let the thing complained of be illustrated +by a few actual examples. Only five shall be subjoined. The words in the +first column represent what _you_ are pleased to designate as among "the +most certain conclusions of modern Textual Criticism" (p. 78),--but what +_I_ assert to be nothing else but mutilated exhibitions of the inspired +Text. The second column contains the indubitable Truth of Scripture,--the +words which have been read by our Fathers' Fathers for the last 500 years, +and which we propose, (GOD helping us,) to hand on unimpaired to our +Children, and to our Children's Children, for many a century to come:-- + +REVISED (1881). AUTHORIZED (1611). +"And come, follow me." "And come, _take up the + cross and_ follow + me."(1137) +"And they blindfolded "And when they had +him, and asked him, blindfolded him, _they +saying, Prophesy." struck him on the face_, + and asked him, saying, + Prophesy."(1138) +"And there was also a "And a superscription +superscription over him, also was _written_ over +This is the King of the him _in letters of Greek, +Jews." and Latin, and Hebrew_, + This is the King of the + Jews."(1139) +"And they gave him a "And they gave him a +piece of a broiled fish." piece of a broiled fish, + _and of an + honeycomb_."(1140) + +But the next (S. Luke ix. 54-6,) is a far more serious loss:-- + +" 'Lord, wilt thou that " 'Lord, wilt thou that +we bid fire to come down we command fire to come +from heaven, and consume down from heaven, and +them?' But he turned and consume them, _even as +rebuked them. And they Elias did_?' But he +went to another village." turned and rebuked them, + _and said, _'Ye know not + what manner of spirit ye + are of. For the Son of + man is not come to + destroy men's lives, but + to save them'. And they + went to another village." + +The unlearned reader sees at a glance that the only difference of +_Translation_ here is the substitution of "bid" for "command."--which by +the way, is not only uncalled for, but is a change _for the worse_.(1141) +On the other hand, how grievous an injury has been done by the mutilation +of the blessed record in respect of those (3 + 5 + 7 + 4 + 24 = ) +_forty-three_ (in English _fifty-seven_) undoubtedly inspired as well as +most precious words,--even "ordinary Readers" are competent to discern. + +I am saying that the systematic, and sometimes serious,--_always_ +inexcusable,--liberties which have been taken with the Greek Text by the +Revisionists of 1881, constitute a ground of offence against their work +for which no pretext was afforded by the Revision of 1611. To argue +therefore from what has been the fate of the one, to what is likely to be +the fate of the other, is illogical. The cases are not only not parallel: +they are even wholly dissimilar. + +The cheapest copies of our Authorized Version at least exhibit the Word of +GOD faithfully and helpfully. Could the same be said of a cheap edition of +the work of the Revisionists,--destitute of headings to the Chapters, and +containing no record of the extent to which the Sacred Text has undergone +depravation throughout? + +Let it be further recollected that the greatest Scholars and the most +learned Divines of which our Church could boast, conducted the work of +Revision in King James' days; and it will be acknowledged that the +promiscuous assemblage which met in the Jerusalem Chamber cannot urge any +corresponding claim on public attention. _Then_, the Bishops of Lincoln of +1611 were Revisers: the Vance Smiths stood without and found fault. But in +the affair of 1881, Dr. Vance Smith revises, and ventilates heresy from +within:(1142) the Bp. of Lincoln stands outside, and is one of the +severest Critics of the work.--Disappointed men are said to have been +conspicuous among the few assailants of our "Authorized Version,"--Scholars +(as Hugh Broughton) who considered themselves unjustly overlooked and +excluded. But on the present occasion, among the multitude of hostile +voices, there is not a single instance known of a man excluded from the +deliberations of the Jerusalem Chamber, who desired to share them. + +To argue therefore concerning the prospects of the Revision of 1881 from +the known history of our Authorized Version of 1611, is to argue +concerning things essentially dissimilar. With every advance made in the +knowledge of the subject, it may be confidently predicted that there will +spring up increased distrust of the Revision of 1881, and an ever +increasing aversion from it. + +(4) _Review of the entire subject, and of the respective positions of Bp. +Ellicott and myself._ + +Here I lay down my pen,--glad to have completed what (because I have +endeavoured to do my work _thoroughly_) has proved a very laborious task +indeed. The present rejoinder to your Pamphlet covers all the ground you +have yourself traversed, and will be found to have disposed of your entire +contention. + +I take leave to point out, in conclusion, that it places you individually +in a somewhat embarrassing predicament. For you have now no alternative +but to come forward and disprove my statements as well as refute my +arguments: or to admit, by your silence, that you have sustained defeat in +the cause of which you constituted yourself the champion. You constrained +me to reduce you to this alternative when you stood forth on behalf of the +Revising body, and saw fit to provoke me to a personal encounter. + +But you must come provided with something vastly more formidable, +remember, than denunciations,--which are but wind: and vague +generalities,--which prove nothing and persuade nobody: and appeals to the +authority of "Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles,"--which I disallow and +disregard. You must produce a counter-array of well-ascertained facts; and +you must build thereupon irrefragable arguments. In other words, you must +conduct your cause with learning and ability. Else, believe me, you will +make the painful discovery that "the last error is worse than the first." +You had better a thousand times, even now, ingenuously admit that you made +a grievous mistake when you put yourself into the hands of those ingenious +theorists, Drs. Westcott and Hort, and embraced their arbitrary +decrees,--than persevere in your present downward course, only to sink +deeper and deeper in the mire. + +(5) _Anticipated effect of the present contention on the Text of_ 1 +Timothy iii. 16. + +I like to believe, in the meantime, that this passage of arms has resulted +in such a vindication(1143) of the traditional Reading of 1 TIMOTHY iii. +16, as will effectually secure that famous place of Scripture against +further molestation. _Faxit __DEUS__!_... In the margin of the Revision of +1881, I observe that you have ventured to state as follows,-- + + + "The word GOD, in place of _He who_, rests on no sufficient + ancient evidence." + + +In the words of your Unitarian ally, Dr. Vance Smith,-- + + + "The old reading is pronounced untenable by the Revisers, as it + has long been known to be by all careful students of the New + Testament.... It is in truth another example of the facility with + which ancient copiers could introduce the word God into their + manuscripts,--a reading which was the natural result of the growing + tendency in early Christian times ... to look upon the humble + Teacher as the incarnate Word, and therefore as 'God manifested in + the flesh' " (p. 39). + + +Such remarks proceeding from such a quarter create no surprise. But, pray, +my lord Bishop, of what were _you_ thinking when you permitted yourself to +make the serious mis-statement which stands in the margin? You must needs +have meant thereby that,--"The word _He who_ in place of GOD, on the +contrary, _does_ rest on sufficient ancient evidence." I solemnly call +upon you, in the Name of Him by whose Spirit Holy Scripture was given, to +prove the truth of your marginal Note of which the foregoing 70 pages are +a refutation.--You add, + + + "Some ancient authorities read _which_." + + +But why did you suppress the fact, which is undeniable, viz.: that a great +many "_More_ ancient authorities" read "which" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}), than read "who" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})? + +(6) _The nature of this contention explained._ + +And yet, it was no isolated place which I was eager to establish, when at +first I took up my pen. It was the general trustworthiness of the +Traditional Text,--(the Text which you admit to be upwards of 1500 years +old,)--which I aimed at illustrating: the essential rottenness of the +foundation on which the Greek Text of the Revision of 1881 has been +constructed by yourself and your fellow Revisers,--which I was determined +to expose. I claim to have proved not only that your entire superstructure +is tasteless and unlovely to a degree,--but also that you have reared it up +on a foundation of sand. In no vaunting spirit, (GOD is my witness!), but +out of sincere and sober zeal for the truth of Scripture I say it,--your +work, whether you know it or not, has been so handled in the course of the +present volume of 500 pages that its essential deformity must be apparent +to every unprejudiced beholder. It can only be spoken of at this time of +day as a shapeless ruin. + +A ruin moreover it is which does not admit of being repaired or restored. +And why? Because the mischief, which extends to every part of the edifice, +takes its beginning, as already explained, in every part of the +foundation. + +And further, (to speak without a figure,) it cannot be too plainly stated +that no compromise is possible between our respective methods,--yours and +mine: between the NEW GERMAN system in its most aggravated and in fact +intolerable form, to which you have incautiously and unconditionally given +in your adhesion; and the OLD ENGLISH school of Textual Criticism, of +which I humbly avow myself a disciple. Between the theory of Drs. Westcott +and Hort (which you have made your own) and the method of your present +Correspondent, there can be no compromise, because the two are +antagonistic throughout. We have, in fact, nothing in common,--except +certain documents; which _I_ insist on interpreting by the humble +Inductive process: while you and your friends insist on your right of +deducing your estimate of them from certain antecedent imaginations of +your own,--every one of which I disallow, and some of which I am able to +disprove. + +Such, my lord Bishop, is your baseless imagination--(1) That the +traditional Greek Text (which, without authority, you style "_The Syrian +text_,") is the result of a deliberate Recension made at Antioch, A.D. 250 +and 350:(1144)--(2) That the Peschito, in like manner, is the result of a +Recension made at Edessa or Nisibis about the same time:(1145)--(3) That +Cureton's is the Syriac "Vetus," and the Peschito the Syriac +"Vulgate:"(1146)--(4) That the respective ancestries of our only two +IVth-century Codices, B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, "diverged from a common parent extremely +near the apostolic autographs:"(1147)--(5) That this common original +enjoyed a "general immunity from substantive error;" and by +consequence--(6) That B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} provide "a safe criterion of genuineness," so +that "no readings of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B can be safely rejected absolutely."(1148)--(7) +Similar wild imaginations you cherish concerning C and D,--which, together +with B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} _you_ assume to be among the most trustworthy guides in +existence; whereas _I_ have convinced myself, by laborious collation, that +they are _the most corrupt of all_. We are thus diametrically opposed +throughout. Finally,--(8) _You_ assume that you possess a power of +divination which enables you to dispense with laborious processes of +Induction; while I, on the contrary, insist that the Truth of the Text of +Scripture is to be elicited exclusively from the consentient testimony of +the largest number of the best COPIES, FATHERS, VERSIONS.(1149) There is, +I am persuaded, no royal road to the attainment of Truth in this +department of Knowledge. Only through the lowly portal of humility,--only +by self-renouncing labour,--may we ever hope to reach the innermost shrine. +_They_ do but go astray themselves and hopelessly mislead others, who +first _invent their facts_, and then proceed to build thereupon their +premisses. + +Such builders are Drs. Westcott and Hort,--with whom (by your own avowal) +you stand completely identified.(1150) I repeat, (for I wish it to be +distinctly understood and remembered,) that what I assert concerning those +Critics is,--_not_ that their superstructure rests upon an insecure +foundation; but that it rests on _no foundation at all_. My complaint +is,--_not_ that they are _somewhat_ and _frequently_ mistaken; but that +they are mistaken _entirely_, and that they are mistaken _throughout_. +There is no possibility of approximation between _their_ mere assumptions +and the results of _my_ humble and laborious method of dealing with the +Text of Scripture. We shall only _then_ be able to begin to reason +together with the slightest prospect of coming to any agreement, when they +have unconditionally abandoned all their preconceived imaginations, and +unreservedly scattered every one of their postulates to the four winds. + +(7) _Parting Counsels._ + +Let me be allowed, in conclusion, to recommend to your attention and that +of your friends,--(I.) "THE LAST TWELVE VERSES OF S. MARK'S GOSPEL:"--(II.) +THE ANGELIC HYMN on the night of the Nativity:--(III.) The text of 1 +TIMOTHY iii. 16,--these three,--(in respect of which up to this hour, you +and I find ourselves to be hopelessly divided,)--as convenient _Test +places_. When you are prepared frankly to admit,--(I.) That there is no +reason whatever for doubting the genuineness of S. MARK xvi. +9-20:(1151)--(II.) That {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is unquestionably the +Evangelical text of S. LUKE ii. 14:(1152)--and (III.) That {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} is what the great Apostle must be held to have written in 1 +TIMOTHY iii 16,(1153)--we shall be in good time to proceed to something +else. _Until_ this happy result has been attained, it is a mere waste of +time to break up fresh ground, and to extend the area of our differences. + +I cannot however disguise from you the fact that such an avowal on your +part will amount to an admission that "the whole fabric of Textual +Criticism which has been built up during the last fifty years by +successive editors of the New Testament,"--Lachmann namely, Tischendorf, +and Tregelles,--is worthless. Neither may the inevitable consequence of +this admission be concealed: viz. that your own work as Revisionists has +been, to speak plainly, one gigantic blunder, from end to end. + +(8) _The subject dismissed._ + +The issue of this prolonged contention I now commend, with deep humility, +to ALMIGHTY GOD. The SPIRIT OF TRUTH will, (I know,) take good care of His +own masterpiece,--the Written Word. May He have compassion on my ignorance, +and graciously forgive me, if, (intending nothing less,) I shall prove to +have anywhere erred in my strenuous endeavour to maintain the integrity of +Scripture against the rashness of an impatient and unlearned generation. + +But if, (as I humbly believe and confidently hope,) my conclusions are +sound throughout, then may He enable men freely to recognize the Truth; +and thus, effectually avert from our Church the supreme calamity with +which, for a few months in 1881, it seemed threatened; namely, of having +an utterly depraved Recension of the Greek Text of the New Testament +thrust upon it, as the basis of a very questionable 'Revision' of the +English. + +My lord Bishop,--I have the honour to wish you respectfully farewell. + +J. W. B. + +DEANERY, CHICHESTER, +_July, 1883_. + +THE GRASS WITHERETH: THE FLOWER FADETH: BUT THE WORD OF OUR GOD SHALL +STAND FOR EVER. + + + + + +APPENDIX OF SACRED CODICES. + + +The inquiries into which I was led (January to June 1883) by my +DISSERTATION in vindication of the Traditional Reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16, +have resulted in my being made aware of the existence of a vast number of +Sacred Codices which had eluded the vigilance of previous Critics. + +I had already assisted my friend Prebendary Scrivener in greatly enlarging +Scholz's list. We had in fact raised the enumeration of "_Evangelia_" to +621: of "_Acts and Catholic Epistles_" to 239: of "_Paul_" to 281: of +"_Apocalypse_" to 108: of "_Evangelistaria_" to 299: of the book called +"_Apostolus_" to 81:--making a total of 1629.--But at the end of a +protracted and somewhat laborious correspondence with the custodians of +not a few great Continental Libraries, I am able to state that our +available "_Evangelia_" amount to at least 739(1154): our "_Acts and Cath. +Epp._" to 261: our "_Paul_" to 338: our "_Apoc._" to 122: our "_Evstt._" +to 415(1155): our copies of the "_Apostolus_" to 128(1156): making a total +of 2003. This shows an increase of _three hundred and seventy-four_. + +My original intention had been to publish this enumeration of Sacred +Codices in its entirety as an APPENDIX to the present volume: but finding +that the third edition of Dr. Scrivener's "Introduction" would appear some +months before my own pages could possibly see the light, I eagerly +communicated my discoveries to my friend. I have indeed proposed to myself +no other object throughout but the advancement of the study of Textual +Criticism: and it was reasonable to hope that by means of his widely +circulated volume, the great enlargement which our previously ascertained +stores have suddenly experienced would become more generally known to +scholars. I should of course still have it in my power to reproduce here +the same enumeration of Sacred Codices. + +The great bulk however which the present volume has acquired, induces me +to limit myself in this place to some account of those Codices which have +been expressly announced and discoursed about in my Text (as at pp. 474 +and 492-5). Some other occasion must be found for enlarging on the rest of +my budget. + +It only remains to state that for most of my recent discoveries I am +indebted to the Abbate Cozza-Luzi, Prefect of the Vatican; who on being +informed of the object of my solicitude, with extraordinary liberality and +consideration at once set three competent young men to work in the +principal libraries of Rome. To him I am further indebted for my +introduction to the MS. treasures belonging to the Basilian monks of +Crypta-Ferrata, the ancient Tusculum. Concerning the precious library of +that monastery so much has been offered already (viz. at pp. 446-448, and +again at pp. 473-4), as well as concerning its learned chief, the +Hieromonachus Antonio Rocchi, that I must be content to refer my readers +to those earlier parts of the present volume. I cannot however +sufficiently acknowledge the patient help which the librarian of Crypta +Ferrata has rendered me in the course of these researches. + +For my knowledge of the sacred Codices preserved at Messina, I am indebted +to the good offices and learning of Papas Filippo Matranga. In respect of +those at Milan, my learned friend Dr. Ceriani has (not for the first time) +been my efficient helper. M. Wescher has kindly assisted me at Paris; and +Dr. C. de Boor at Berlin. It must suffice, for the rest, to refer to the +Notes at foot of pp. 491-2 and 477-8. + +ADDITIONAL CODICES OF S. PAUL'S EPISTLES. + +282. ( = Act. 240. Apoc. 109). Paris, "Armenien 9" (_olim_ Reg. 2247). +_membr._ foll. 323. This bilingual codex (Greek and Armenian) is described +by the Abbe Martin in his _Introduction a la Critique Textuelle du N. T._ +(1883), p. 660-1. See above, p. 474, note 1. An Italian version is added +from the Cath. Epp. onwards. _Mut._ at beginning (Acts iv. 14) and end. +(For its extraordinary reading at 1 Tim. iii. 16, see above, p. 473-4.) + +283. ( = Act. 241). Messina P K Z (_i.e._ 127) [xii.], _chart._ foll. 224. +_Mut._ begins at Acts viii. 2,--ends at Hebr. viii. 2; also a leaf is lost +between foll. 90 and 91. Has {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}. and Commentary of an unknown author. + +284. ( = Act. 195). Modena, ii. A. 13 [xiii.?], _Mut._ at the end. + +285. ( = Act. 196), Modena, ii. Cf. 4 [xi. or xii.]. Sig. Ant. Cappelli +(sub-librarian) sends me a tracing of 1 Tim. iii. 16. + +286. Ambrosian library, E. 2, _inf._the Catena of Nicetas. "Textus +particulatim praemittit Commentariis." + +287. Ambrosian A. 241, _inf._, "est Catena ejusdem auctoris ex initio, sed +non complectitur totum opus." + +288. Ambrosian D. 541 _inf._ [x. or xi.] _membr._ Text and Catena on all +S. Paul's Epp. "Textus continuatus. Catena in marginibus." It was brought +from Thessaly. + +289. Milan C. 295 _inf._ [x. or xi.] _membr._ with a Catena. "Textus +continuatus. Catena in marginibus." + +290. ( = Evan. 622. Act. 242. Apoc. 110). Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. i. [xiii. +or xiv.] foll. 386: _chart._ a beautiful codex of the entire N. T. +described by Rocchi, p. 1-2. Menolog. _Mut._ 1 Nov. to 16 Dec. + +291. ( = Act. 243). Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. i. [x.] foll. 139: in two +columns,--letters almost uncial. Particularly described by Rocchi, pp. 15, +16. Zacagni used this codex when writing about Euthalius. _Mut._, +beginning with the argument for 1 S. John and ending with 2 Tim. + +{~DAGGER~}292. ( = Act. 244). Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. iii. [xi. or xii.]. _Membr._, +foll. 172. in 2 columns beautifully illuminated: described by Rocchi, p. +18-9. Zacagni employed this codex while treating of Euthalius. _Menolog._ + +293. ( = Act. 245). Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. vi. [xi.], foll. 193. _Mut._ at +the end, Described by Rocchi, p. 22-3. + +294. ( = Act. 246). Vat. 1208. Abbate Cozzi-Luzi confirms Berriman's +account [p. 98-9] of the splendour of this codex. It is written in gold +letters, and is said to have belonged to Carlotta, Queen of Jerusalem, +Cyprus, and Armenia, who died at Rome A.D. 1487, and probably gave the +book to Pope Innocent VIII., whose arms are printed at the beginning. It +contains effigies of S. Luke, S. James, S. Peter, S. John, S. Jude, S. +Paul. + +295. ( = Act 247). Palatino-Vat. 38 [xi.] _membr._ foll. 35. Berriman (p. +100) says it is of quarto size, and refers it to the IXth cent. + +296. Barberini iv. 85 (_olim_ 19), dated A.D. 1324. For my knowledge of +this codex I am entirely indebted to Berriman, who says that it contains +"the arguments and marginal scholia written" (p. 102). + +297. Barberini, vi. 13 (_olim_ 229), _membr._ [xi.] foll. 195: contains S. +Paul's 14 Epp. This codex also was known to Berriman, who relates (p. +102), that it is furnished "with the old marginal scholia." + +298. (= Act. 248), Berlin (Hamilton: No 625 in the English printed +catalogue, where it is erroneously described as a "Lectionarium.") It +contains Acts, Cath. Epp. and S. Paul,--as Dr. C. de Boor informs me. + +299. (= Act. 249), Berlin, 4to. 40 [xiii.]: same contents as the +preceding. + +300. (= Act. 250), Berlin, 4to. 43 [xi.], same contents as the preceding, +but commences with the Psalms. + +301. (= Act. 251), Berlin, 4to. 57 [xiv.], _chart._ Same contents as Paul +298. + +302. (= Evan. 642. Act. 252.) Berlin, 8vo. 9 [xi.], probably once +contained all the N. T. It now begins with S. Luke XXIV. 53, and is _mut._ +after 1 Thess. + +303. Milan, N. 272 _inf._ "Excerpti loci." + +304. (= Act. 253) Vat. 369 [xiv.] foll. 226, _chart._ + +305. Vat. 549, _membr._ [xii.] foll. 380. S. Paul's Epistles, with +Theophylact's Commentary. + +306. Vat. 550, _membr._ [xii.] foll. 290; contains Romans with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +307. Vat 551, _membr._ [x.] foll. 283. A large codex, containing some of +S. Paul's Epp. with Comm. of Chrysostom. + +308. Vat. 552, _membr._ [xi.] foll. 155. Contains Hebrews with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +309. Vat. 582, _membr._ [xiv.] foll. 146. S. Paul's Epistles with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +310. Vat. 646 [xiv.], foll. 250: "cum supplementis." _Chart._ S. Paul's +Epp. with Comm. of Theophylact and Euthymius. Pars I. et II. + +311. (= Evan. 671). Vat. 647. _Chart._ foll. 338 [xv.]. S. Paul's Epistles +and the Gospels, with Theophylact's Commentary. + +312. Vat. 648, written A.D. 1232, at Jerusalem, by Simeon, "qui et Saba +dicitur:" foll. 338, _chart._ S. Paul's Epistles, with Comm. of +Theophylact. + +313. (= Act. 239). Vat. 652, _chart._ [xv.] foll. 105. The Acts and +Epistles with Commentary. See the _Preface_ to Theophylact, ed. 1758, vol. +iii. p. v.-viii., also "Acts 239" in Scrivener's 3rd. edit. (p. 263). + +314. Vat. 692, _membr._ [xii.] foll. 93, _mut._ Corinthians, Galatians, +Ephesians, with Commentary. + +315. Vat. 1222, _chart._ [xvi.] foll. 437. S. Paul's Epp. with +Theophylact's Comm. + +316. (= Act. 255). Vat. 1654, _membr._ [x. or xi.], foll. 211. Acts and +Epistles of S. Paul with Chrysostom's Comm. + +317. Vat. 1656, _membr._ [xii.], foll. 182. Hebrews with Comm. of +Chrysostom, _folio_. + +318. Vat. 1659, _membr._ [xi.] foll. 444. S. Paul's Epp. with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +319. Vat. 1971 (Basil 10) _membr._ [x.] foll. 247. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + +320. Vat. 2055 (Basil 94), _membr._ [x.] foll. 292. S. Paul's Epp. with +Comm. of Chrysostom. + +321. Vat. 2065 (Basil 104), [x.] _membr._ foll. 358. Romans with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +322. (= Act. 256) Vat. 2099 (Basil 138) _membr._ foll. 120 [x.]. Note that +though numbered for the Acts, this code only contains {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + +323. Vat. 2180 [xv.] foll. 294, _chart._ With Comm. of Theophylact. + +324. Alexand. Vat. 4 [x.] foll. 256, _membr._ "Optimae notae." Romans with +Comm. of Chrysostom, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}. "Fuit monasterii dicti {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}." + +325. (= Evan. 698. Apoc. 117). Alexand. Vat. 6. _chart._ foll. 336 [xvi.], +a large codex. The Gospels with Comm. of Nicetas: S. Paul's Epp. with +Comm. of Theophylact: Apocalypse with an anonymous Comm. + +326. Vat. Ottob. 74 [xv.] foll. 291, _chart._ Romans with Theodoret's +Comm. + +327. Palatino-Vat. 10 [x.] _membr._ foll. 268. S. Paul's Epp. with a +Patristic Commentary. "Felkman adnotat." + +328. Palatino-Vat. 204 [x.] foll. 181, cum additamentis. With the +interpretation of OEcumenius. + +329. Palatino-Vat. 325 [x.] _membr._ foll. 163, _mut._ Inter alia adest +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + +330. Palatino-Vat. 423 [xii.], partly _chart._ Codex miscell. habet +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + +331. Angelic. T. 8, 6 [xii.] foll. 326. S. Paul's Epp. with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +332. (= Act. 259). Barberini iii. 36 (_olim_ 22): _membr._ foll. 328 +[xi.]. Inter alia {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}. +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +333. (= Act. 260). Barberini iii. 10 (_olim_ 259) _chart._ foll. 296 +[xiv.]. Excerpta {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}. (f. 152): {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (f. 159): {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (f. 162): +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. (f. 165): {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. (f. 166): {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}. (f. 167): {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}. (f. 179): +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. (fol. 189): {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. (f. 193): {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} (def. infin.). + +334. Barb. V. 38 (_olim_ 30) [xi.] foll. 219, _mut._ Hebrews with Comm. of +Chrysostom. + +335. Vallicell. F. [xv.], _chart._ miscell. Inter alia, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +336. (= Act. 261), Casanatensis, G. 11, 6.--Note, that though numbered for +"Acts," it contains only the Catholic Epp. and those of S. Paul with a +Catena. + +337. Ottob. 328. [All I know as yet of this and of the next codex is that +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is read in both at 1 Tim. iii. 16]. + +338. Borg. F. vi. 16. [See note on the preceding.] + +ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THE "APOSTOLUS." + +82. Messina {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~} (_i.e._ 83) foll. 331, 8vo. Perfect. + +83. Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. iv. [x.] _membr._ foll. 139, Praxapostolus. +Rocchi gives an interesting account of this codex, pp. 19-20. It seems to +be an adaptation of the liturgical use of C P. to the requirements of the +Basilian monks in the Calabrian Church. This particular codex is _mut._ in +the beginning and at the end. (For its extraordinary reading at 1 Tim. +iii. 16, see above, p. 473-4). + +84. Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. v. [xi.], _membr._ foll. 245, a most beautiful +codex. Rocchi describes it carefully, pp. 20-2. At the end of the Menology +is some liturgical matter. "Patet Menologium esse merum {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} alicujus +Menologii CPtani, in usum. si velis, forte redacti Ecclesiae Rossanensis +in Calabria." A suggestive remark follows that from this source "rituum +rubricarumque magnum segetem colligi posse, nec non Commemorationem +_Sanctorum_ mirum sane numerum, quas in aliis Menologiis vix invenies." + +85. Crypta Ferrata {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. vii. [xi.] _membr._ foll. 64, Praxapostolus. This +codex and the next exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16. The Menology is +_mut._ after 17 Dec. + +86. Crypta Ferrata {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. viii. [xii. or xiii.] fragments of foll. 127. +_membr._ Praxapostolus. (See the preceding.) Interestingly described by +Rocchi, p. 23-4. + +87. Crypta Ferrata {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. ix. [xii.], foll. 104, _membr._ Praxapostolus. +Interestingly described by Rocchi, p. 24-5. The Menology is unfortunately +defective after 9th November. + +88. Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. x. [xiii.?] _membr._ 16 fragmentary leaves. +"Vere lamentanda est quae huic Eclogadio calamitas evenit" (says the +learned Rocchi, p. 25), "quoniam ex ejus residuis, multa Sanctorum nomina +reperies quae alibi frustra quaesieris." + +89. Crypta Ferrata {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xi. [xi.] _membr._ foll. 291, _mut._, written in +two columns. The Menology is defective after 12 June, and elsewhere. +Described by Rocchi, p. 26. + +90. (= Evst. 322) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. ii. [xi.] _membr._ foll. 259, with +many excerpts from the Fathers, fully described by Rocchi, p. 17-8, +fragmentary and imperfect. + +91. (= Evst. 323) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. ii. [x.] _membr._ foll. 155, a +singularly full lectionary. Described by Rocchi, p. 38-40. + +92. (= Evst. 325) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. iv. [xiii.] _membr._ foll. 257, a +beautiful and interesting codex, "Calligrapho Joanne Rossanensi +Hieromonacho Cryptaeferratae": fully described by Rocchi, p. 40-3. Like many +other in the same collection, it is a palimpsest. + +93. (= Evst. 327) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. vi. [xiii.] _membr._ foll. 37, +_mut._ at beginning and end, and otherwise much injured: described by +Rocchi, p. 45-6. + +94. (= Evst. 328) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. ix. [xii.], _membr._ foll. 117, +_mut._ at beginning and end. + +95. (= Evst. 334) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. xx. [xii.] _membr._ foll. 21, a +mere fragment. (Rocchi, p. 51.) + +96. (= Evst. 337) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. xxiv. A collection of fragments. +(Rocchi, p. 53.) + +97. (= Evst. 339) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. ii. [xi.] _membr._ foll. 151, +elaborately described by Rocchi, p. 244-9. This codex once belonged to +Thomasius. + +98. (= Evst. 340) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~} iii. [xiv.] _membr._ foll. 201. +Goar used this codex: described by Rocchi, p. 249-51. + +99. (= Evst. 341) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. vi. [xiii. or xiv.], _membr._ +foll. 101: described by Rocchi, p. 255-7. + +100. (= Evst. 344) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. ix. [xvi.], _membr._ foll. 95, +_mut._ at beginning and end, and much injured. + +101. (= Evst. 346) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xii. [xiv.], _membr._ foll. 98, +_mut._ at beginning and end. + +102. (= Evst. 347) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xiii. [xiii.] _membr._ foll. 188: +written by John of Rossano, Hieromonachus of Cryptaferrata, described by +Rocchi, p. 265-7. + +103. (= Evst. 349) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xv. [xi. to xiv.] _membr._ foll. +41.--Described p. 268-9. + +104. (= Evst. 350) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xvii. [xvi.]. _Chart._ foll. 269. +Described, p. 269-70. + +105. (= Evst. 351), Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xviii. [xiv.] _chart._ foll. 54. + +106. (= Evst. 352) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xix. [xvi.] _chart._, foll. 195, +described p. 271. + +107. (= Evst. 353) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xxiii. [xvii.], _membr._ foll. +75,--the work of Basilius Falasca, Hieromonachus, and head of the +monastery, A.D. 1641,--described p. 273-4. + +108. (= Evst. 354) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xxiv. [xvi.] _chart._ foll. +302,--the work of Lucas Felix, head of the monastery; described, p. 274-5. + +109. (= Evst. 356) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xxxviii. [xvii.]. _chart._ foll. +91, the work of "Romanus Vasselli" and "Michael Lodolinus." + +110. (= Evst. 357) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xlii. [xvi.] _chart._ foll. 344. + +111. (= Evst. 358) Crypta Ferrata, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. xxii. [xviii.] _chart._ foll. +77,--described foll. 365-6. + +112. (= Evst. 312) Messina, _membr._ in 8vo. foll. 60 [xiii.],--"fragmentum +parvi momenti." + +113. Syracuse ("Seminario") _chart._ foll. 219, _mut._ given by the Cav. +Landolina. + +114. (= Evan. 155) Alex. Vat. + +115. [I have led Scrivener into error by assigning this number (Apost. +115) to "Vat. 2068 (Basil 107)." See above, p. 495, note 1. I did not +advert to the fact that "Basil 107" had _already_ been numbered "Apost. +49."] + +116. Vat. 368 (Praxapostolus) [xiii.] foll. 136, _membr._ + +117. (= Evst. 381) Vat. 774 [xiii.], foll. 160, _membr._ + +118. (= Evst. 387) Vat. 2012 (Basil 51), foll. 211 [xv.] _chart._ + +119. Vat. 2116 (Basil 155) [xiii.] foll. 111. + +120. Alexand. Vat. 11 (Praxapostolus), [xiv.] _membr._ foll. 169. + +121. (= Evst. 395) Alexand. Vat. 59 [xii.] foll. 137. + +122. Alexand. Vat. 70, A.D. 1544, foll. 18: "in fronte pronunciatio Graeca +Latinis literis descripta." + +123. (= Evst. 400) Palatino-Vat. 241 [xv.] _chart._ foll. 149. + +124. (= Evst. 410) Barb. iii. 129 (_olim_ 234) _chart._ [xiv.] foll. 189. + +125. Barb. iv. 11 (_olim_ 193), A.D. 1566, _chart._ foll. 158, +Praxapostolus. + +126. Barb. iv. 60 (_olim_ 116) [xi.] foll. 322, a fine codex with +_menologium_. Praxapostolus. + +127. Barb. iv. 84 (_olim_ 117) [xiii.] foll. 185, with menologium. _Mut._ + +128. Paris, _Reg. Greek_, 13, _membr._ [xiii. or xiv.], a huge folio of +Liturgical Miscellanies, consisting of between 6 and 900 unnumbered +leaves. (At the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, line 11, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.) Communicated by the +Abbe Martin. + +POSTSCRIPT (NOV. 1883.) + +It will be found stated at p. 495 (line 10 from the bottom) that the +Codices (of "Paul" and "Apost.") which exhibit {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} amount in +all to 289. + +From this sum (for the reason already assigned above), _one_ must be +deducted, viz., "Apost. 115." + +On the other hand, 8 copies of "PAUL" (communicated by the Abbate +Cozza-Luzi) are to be added: viz. _Vat._ 646 (Paul 310): 647 (Paul 311): +1971 (Paul 319). _Palat. Vat._ 10 (Paul 327): 204 (Paul 328). _Casanat._ +G. 11, 16 (Paul 336). _Ottob._ 328 (Paul 337). _Borg._ F. vi. 16 (Paul +338). So that no less than 260 out of 262 cursive copies of St. Paul's +Epistle,--[not 252 out of 254, as stated in p. 495 (line 21 from the +bottom)],--are found to witness to the Reading here contended for. The +enumeration of Codices at page 494 is therefore to be continued as +follows:--310, 311, 319, 327, 328, 336, 337, 338. + +To the foregoing are also to be added 4 copies of the "APOSTOLUS," viz. +_Vat._ 2116 (Apost. 119). _Palat. Vat._ 241 (Apost. 123). _Barb._ iv. 11 +[_olim_ 193] (Apost. 125). Paris, _Reg. Gr._ 13 (Apost. 128). + +From all which, it appears that, (including copies of the "Apostolus,") +THE CODICES WHICH ARE KNOWN TO WITNESS TO {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~} IN 1 Tim. iii. +16, AMOUNT [289-1+8+4] TO EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED. + + + + + +INDEX I, OF TEXTS OF SCRIPTURE,--QUOTED, DISCUSSED, OR ONLY REFERRED TO IN +THIS VOLUME. + + +Note, that an asterisk (*) distinguishes references to the Greek Text from +references to the English Translation. [Where either the Reading of the +Original, or the English Translation is largely discussed, the sign is +doubled (** or ++).] + +Genesis ii. 4, 119 + 10, 180 + iii. 7, 180 + v. 1, 119 + xviii. 14, 183 + +Exodus x. 21-23, 61 + +Leviticus iv. 3, 183 + +Deut. xxxiv. 1-12, 48 + +Judges iv. 13, 181 + +2 Sam. vii. 2, 3, 192 + +1 Kings viii. 17, 18, 192 + +1 Chron. xvii. 1, 2, 192 + +2 Chron. xxiv. 8, 10, 11, 201 + +Job xxxviii. 2, 235 + +Psalms xxxiii. 18, 185 + xlv. 6, 182 + lxxxiii. 9, 181 + +Isaiah xiv. 15, 56 + lvii. 15, 185 + liii. 9, 467 + +Jeremiah xv. 9, 64 + +Amos viii. 9, 64 + +Zecharia xi. 12, 150 + +Apocrypha--Baruch iii. 38 [or 37] 177* + +S. Matt. i. (genealogy), 167+ + 1, 119-21+ + 3, 7, 10, 12, 186+ + 18, 119-22+**, 204+, 224+ + 21, 165+, 184+ + 22, 173+ + 23, 186 + 25, 123-4**+, 311*, 315*, 416*, 417 + ii. 1, 156+ + 2, 155+ + 4, 156+ + 5, 173+ + 6, 7, 156+ + 9, 155+ + 11, 12, 13, 156+ + 15, 155+ + 16, 146+ + 17, 156+ + 22, 167+ + 23, 156+, 157+, 184+ + iii. 5, 184+ + 6, 175+ + 10, 164+ + 15, 193+ + 16, 175+ + iv. 3, 511+ + 11, 193+ + 13, 15, 186 + 18, 184+ + 18, 20, 21, 180+ + v. 15, 141+ + 22, 141+, 180+, 317*, 358-61** + 23, 161+ + 37, 214+ + 39, 129+, 214+ + 40, 193+ + 44, 410-1**, 412 + vi. 8, 317* + 12, 163+ + 12, 14, 15, 193+ + 13, 105, 311*, 316* + vi. 29, 167+ + 30, 167+ + vii. 4, 193+ + 9, 168+ + 28, 199+ + viii. 3, 153+ + 4, 259 + 8, 511+ + 13, 316* + 19, 183+ + ix. 2, 32 + 3, 33 + 5, 32 + 6, 259 + 9, 141+ + 17, 148+ + ix. 18, 183+ + 23, 148+ + 33, 33 + x. 8, 108* + 9, 201+ + 21, 511+ + 35, 317* + xi. 11, 128+, 166+ + 23, 54-56**, 217* + 29, 317* + xii. 24, 27, 317* + 29, 143+, 168+ + 38, 204+ + 40, 128+ + 43, 164+ + 47, 311*, 315* + xiii. 3, 164+ + 5, 154+ + 19, 38, 214+ + 32, 164+ + 35, 316* + 36, 195++ + xiv. 2, 141+ + 2, 3, 13, 68 + 15, 22, 23, 195+ + 22, 154+ + 30, 71*, 317* + 31, 153+ + xv. 14, 361 + 32, 39, 195+ + xvi. 2, 3, 105, 311*, 316* + 7, 159+ + 12, 199+ + 17, 181 + 21, 317* + xvii. 15, 205++ + 20, 139*+, 317* + 21, 91-2**, 206**, 217+, 311*, 317*, 417 + 22, 176*+, 317* + 24, 147+, 150 + 25, 146+ + 27, 128+, 147+ + xviii. 6, 181+ + 11, 92**, 311*, 315*, 417 + 17, 164+ + 35, 143+ + xix. 17, 105, 139*+, 217, 316* + xx. 15, 168+ + 20, 193+, 512+ + 21, 512+ + 34, 153+ + xxi. 1-3, 57 + 2, 154+ + 8, 59, 61, 145+ + 28, 178+ + 31, 316* + xxii. 9, 141+ + 33, 199+ + xxiii. 35, 316* + xxiv. 3, 178+ + xxv. 18, 27, 148+ + 39, 167+ + 46, 207+ + xxvi. 3, 143+ + 7, 200++ + 15, 149-150++ + 22, 128+ + 24, 173+ + 36, 182+, 210* + 48, 203+ + 53, 168+ + 69, 183+ + 74, 154 + xxvii. 34, 315* + 37, 87 + 45, 61, 64 + 46, 159+ + 49, 33-4*, 309*, 315* + 50, 193+ + 60, 162+, 198++ + 61, 88 + xxvii. 61, 64, 66, 198+ + xxviii. 1, 198+ + 2, 162+ + 19, 174+, 316* + 20, 182+ + +S. Mark i. 1, 132**, 135, 316* + 8, 204+ + 9, 174+, 175+ + 13, 165+ + 16, 184+ + 16, 18, 19, 180+ + 18, 193+, 194+ + 22, 199+ + 23, 172+ + 27, 105, 139+ + 28, 316* + 44, 259 + ii. 1-12, 30-33** + 11, 259 + 21, 139*+, 148+ + 22, 148+ + iii. 5, 141+ + 14, 16, 316* + 27, 143+ + 29, 139*+ + iv. 13, 170+ + 29, 178+ + 36, 145+, 195+ + v. 31, 402* + 36, 139*+, 316* + 43, 511* + vi. 11, 118, 137-8**, 409-10**, 412* + 14, 16, 68 + 16, 70 + 17, 68 + 20, 66-69**, 315*, 417 + 22, 68, 315* + 24, 25, 68 + 27, 147+ + 29, 167+ + 30, 32, 68 + 33, 258* + 36, 45, 195+ + vii. 8, 194+ + 27, 179+ + 31, 315* + 33, 35, &c., 180+ + viii. 7, 511+ + viii. 9, 195+ + 23, 143+ + 26, 259* + ix. 1, 316* + 18, 20, 22, 26, 205+ + 23, 139*+, 217* + 23, 24, 29, 69-71* + 38, 260* + 39, 169+ + 42, 181 + 44, 46, 510 + 49, 260* + x. 17-31, 326-31** + 21, 217*, 510* + 35, 37, 512* + 44, 46, 105 + xi. 1-6, 57 + 3, 56-58**, 217*, 417 + 4, 182+ + 6, 193+ + 8, 58-61**, 418, 439* + 26, 217* + xii. 37, 146+ + 42, 183+ + xiii. 19, 160+ + 32, 210** + xiv. 3, 200++, 184-5++* + 6, 193+ + 8, 185 + 11, 150 + 30, 71** + 30, 68, 72, 316* + 32, 182+ + 50, 194+ + 65, 139* + 68, 141+, 316* + 72, 316* + xv. 8, 139*, 191+ + 31, 167+ + 33, 61 + 39, 71-2** + 47, 89 + xvi. 9-20, 33, 36-40**, 47-9**, 51*, 281-4*, 311*, 317*, 418, 419, + 422-4**, 519* + 17, 20, 204+ + 19, 470 + +S. Luke i. 15, 180+, 204+ + 26, 316* + 37, 183+ + 42, 139*+ + 51, 172+ + 78, 179+ + ii. 9, 144+ + 12, 203+ + 14, 41-7**, 51, 139+, 316*, 340-1**, 418, 419, 420-2**, 519* + 29, 178+ + 33, 161+ + 38, 144+ + iii. 3, 184+ + 9, 164+ + 20, 68 + 22, 115** + iv. 1, 218-219*+ + 3, 403*+, 511+ + 7, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 27, 35, 403*+ + 29, 129+, 403+* + 32, 199+ + 38, 43, 404*+ + 39, 144 + 44, 315*, 404*+ + v. 2, 180+ + 4, 141+, 162+ + 5, 159+ + 9, 128+, 352 + 13, 153+ + 18, 19, 32 + 20, 32 + 21, 33 + 36, 139+ + 37, 148+ + 39, 110 + vi. 1 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.) 73-5**, 311*, 316* + 1 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}.) 93-4* + 6, 129+ + 35, 146+ + 38, 352 + 39, 235 + 48, 110, 315* + vii. 7, 511* + 17, 172+ + 37, 200++ + viii. 35-44, 16-7** + 45-6, 401-3**+ + 46, 158+ + ix. 7, 66-9**, 405* + 7, 8, 68 + 10, 68, 260-1* + 12, 195+ + 31, 184+ + 39, 42, 205+ + 54-6, 311*, 315*, 511* + 55, 56, 93*, 217, 418 + x. 1, 316* + 10, 68 + 11, 128+ + 15, 54-6**, 418 + 20, 128+ + 40, 144+ + 41, 42, 116-117* , 311* + 41 to xi. 11, 510* + 42, 315* + xi. 2-4, 34-6**, 418 + 4, 163+, 317* + 11, 179+ + 15, 18, 19, 317* + 21, 143+ + 54, 261* + xii. 2, 169+ + 18, 261* + 39, 194+ + 45, 195-6++ + xiv. 1, 179+ + 21, 169+ + xv. 16, 181+ + 16, 17, 139+* + 17, 407*+ + 21, 315* + 22, 180+ + 23, 405* + 31, 178+ + xvi. 3, 159+ + 9, 139+* + 11, 180+ + 12, 316* + 21, 139+* + xvii. 2, 181+ + xviii. 7, 169+ + xix. 10, 92 + 18, 406*+ + 23, 169+ + 29, 184+ + 29-34, 33, 57 + xix., xx., 94-5** + xx. 1, 144+ + 25, 406*+ + 44, 170+ + xxi. 24, 316* + 34, 144+ + 37, 184+ + xxii. 5, 6, 150 + 19, 20 to xxiv. 53 75-7* + 19, 20, 78-9** + 22, 173+ + 43-4, 75, 76, 79-82**, 131, 281*, 311*, 316*, 340**, 411* + 60, 154 + 64, 511* + xxiii. 8, 204+ + 17, 75, 76, 311* + 23, 25, 191+ + 32, 317* + 33, 165+ + 34, reverse of title, 75, 76, 82-5**, 131, 281-3*, 311*, 316*, 411* + 38, 75, 76, 85-8**, 281-3, 311*, 418, 511* + 42, 72* + 45, 61-5**, 315* 419 + 55, 88-9** + xxiv. 1, 75, 76, 88-9** + 3, 76 + 4, 144+ + 6, 76 + 7, 96-7** + 9, 76 + 10, 89 + 12, 76, 89-90**, 281-3*, 311* + 13, 316* + 17, 105, 139*+ + 36, 40, 76, 90-1** + 41, 93* + 42, 76, 511* + 44, 407*+ + 51, 76, 281-3*, 470 + 52, 76 + 53, 76, 261-2* + +S. John i. 1, 469 + 3, 132*+, 135, 174+ + 3, 10, 174 + 4, 316* + 9, 180+ + 10, 174+ + 13, 347 + 14, 178+ + 18, 182+, 315* + 34, 316* + 42, 181+* + ii. 3, 316* + iii. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 347 + 13, 132-5**, 311*, 315*, 510* + iv. 6, 145 + 15, 407-8**+ + v. 2, 5-6** + 3, 4, 282-3, 311*, 316* + 34, 105 + vi. 4, 353**, 354* + 21, 154+ + 29, 160+ + 32, 180+ + 33, 142+ + 51, 316* + 70, 164+ + vii. 39, 316* + 53 to viii. 11, 311* + ix. 4, 139+*, 316* + 5, 142+ + 11, 140+*, 316* + 35, 315* + 38, 316* + x. 14, 220-1**+, 315* + 32, 160+ + 39, 142+ + xi. 12, 141+ + 27, 163+ + xii. 3, 184-5*++ + 6, 201+ + 7, 139*+, 185 + 41, 140*+ + 43, 142+ + xiii. 10, 141+, 316* + 12, 145+ + 14, 164+ + 21-6, 105 + 24, 316* + 24-5, 145*+ + 29, 201+ + xiv. 4, 72-3*+, 141+, 419 + 5, 9, 170+ + 10, 14, 140+* + 18, 163+ + 22, 142+ + xv. 1, 180+ + 15, 179+ + 20, 352 + 26, 451* + xvi. 13, 335 + 15, 210 + 16, 17, 19, 163+ + 21, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~} 164+ + 23, 140*+ + 32, 169+ + xvii. 4, 140*+ + 4, 6, 158+ + 11, 352 + 11, 12, 140*+ + 14, 158+ + 24, 217-8**+ + 25, 158+ + xviii. 1, 181+ + 5, 316* + 18, 161+ + 24, 162+ + 27, 128+ + 35, 160+ + 37, 178+ + xix. 16, 128+ + 18, 87 + 20, 86 + 29, 128+ + 34, 33, 309* + 39, 317* + 40, 128+, 436 + 41, 317* + 42, 129+ + xx. 2, 159+ + 4, 167+ + 12, 162+, 165+ + 13, 159+ + 16, 140+ + 28, 469 + 30, 204+ + xxi. 1, 9, 128+ + xxi. 12, 15, 142+ + 15, 162+, 181*+ + 15, 16, 17, 180+ + 25, 23-4**, 317 + +Acts i. 2, 204+ + 3, 128+ + 5, 317* + 9, 470 + 18, 153+ + 19, 316* + 23, 150 + ii. 22, 173+, 352 + 43, 173+ + iii. 6, 316* + 14, 191+ + iv. 1, 144+ + 6, 129+ + 16, 173+ + 16, 22, 204+ + 24, 178+ + 36, 142+ + v. 24, 183+ + vi. 7, 129+ + 12, 144+ + 15, 129+ + vii. 13, 129+ + 16, 141+ + 17, 352 + 45, 186+, 352 + 46, 191+ + viii. 3, 167+ + 5, 316* + 20, 148+ + ix. 13, 160+ + 25, 171+ + x. 11, 180+ + 15, 146+, 160+ + 17, 144 + 19, 316* + xi. 5, 180+ + 11, 144+ + 12, 146+ + 16, 143+ + 17, 142+ + xii. 7, 144+ + 13, 195+ + 17, 162+ + 20, 192+ + 25, 316* + xiii. 28, 191+ + xiv. 9, 161+ + xvi. 16, 195+ + 29, 192+ + xvii. 5, 144+ + 19, 143+ + 28, 316* + 29, 128+ + 31, 150+, 160+ + xviii. 2, 24, 142+ + 7, 53-4** + xix. 12, 140+ + xx. 28, 353-4* + xxi. 37, 149++ + xxii. 13, 144+ + 15, 352 + 20, 144+ + xxiii. 1, 129+ + 3, 169+ + 11, 27, 144+ + xxv. 13, 316* + xxvi. 28, 29, 151-2*++ + xxvii. 14, 176+ + 26, 167+ + 37, 51-3**, 316* + xxviii. 1, 177-8**+ + 2, 144+ + 3, 177+ + 4, 160+ + 11, 147+ + 13, 317* + +Rom. i. 7, 127* + 7-xiii. 1, 440* + 20, 207+ + iii. 22, 167+ + 29, 168+ + iv. 8, 315* + v. 5, 204+ + vi. 2, 160 + 3, 168+ + vii. 1, 142+, 168+ + 15, 142-3+ + ix. 5., 208++, 210-4**++, 354*, 412*, 469, 510 + 13, 160 + 22, 167+ + xi. 2, 142+ + 4, 156+ + xii. 6, 167+ + xii. 9, 214+ + xiv. 4, 167+ + 15, 143+ + xv. 20, 167+ + xvi. 23, 127+ + 25, 143+ + 25, 26, 464 + +1 Cor. i. 27, 160 + iv. 21, 441* + vi. 20, 160 + viii. 6, 174+ + ix. 11, 160 + x. 1, 167+ + xii. 8-10, 166+ + 20, 167+, 168+ + 27, 167+ + xiii., 201-2++ + 3, 316* + xiv. 7, 148+ + 36, 168+ + xv. 34, 141+, 178+ + 44, 142+ + 55, 142+, 440* + xvi. 12, 164*, 170+ + 22, 180+ + +2 Cor. i. 3-7, 189+ + 4, 352 + 23, 167+ + ii. 12, 167+ + iii. 3, 140*+ + v. 8, 167+ + 17, 19, 440* + vi. 11, 440* + 12, 153+ + 13, 167+ + 15, 153+ + viii. 11, 14, 441* + xii. 7, 219-20**+ + xiii. 1, 169+ + +Gal. ii. 4, 167+ + 16, 146+ + iii. 1, 440* + iv. 21-31, 196++ + +Eph. i. 1., 317* + 6, 352 + 10, 173+ + iii. 13, 192+ + 21, 178+ + iv. 1, 167+, 352 + 14, 199+ + 17, 178+ + 20, 160 + 29, 178+ + vi. 16, 214+ + +Phil. i. 1, 129+ + 8, 153+ + 15, 139+ + 18, 128+ + ii. 6, 143+ + 10, 513* + 23, 146+ + iii. 16, 128+ + iv. 3, 440* + +Col. i. 9, 192+ + 16, 172+, 174+ + 23, 441* + 27, 497-8* + ii. 8, 128+ + 18, 355-6**, 140+ + 22, 23, 441* + iii. 2, 441* + 12, 153+ + +1 Thess. i. 9, 441* + iv. 15, 127+ + +2 Thess. i. 3, 127+ + +1 Tim. ii. 2, 489* + 10, 440* + 17, 440* + 19, 439* + iii. 1, 441* + 13 to iv. 5, 476 + 16, 98-106***, 165+, 316*, 353, 419, 424-501***, 515, 519* + iv. 1, 2, 440* + 10, 439* + 14, 441* + v. 13, 441* + vi. 15, 441* + 20, 344 + 20, 440* + +2 Tim. i. 13, 28, 351* + ii. 1, 143+ + 17, 25, 440* + iii. 6, 441* + 16, 208-9++ + iv. 3, 164+ + 17, 166+ + 18, 215 + +Titus i. 2, 178+* + 2, 3, 143+ + 4, 143+ + 7, 128+ + 7, 9, 164+ + 13, 439* + ii. 1, 164+ + +Philemon, ver. 12, 153+ + +Heb. i. 1, 2, 172+ + 2, 174+ + 8, 182 + ii. 4, 204+ + 14, 216 + 16, 143+ + iii. 19, 169+ + iv. 8, 162+, 186+ + vi. 2, 199+ + viii. 2, 180+ + ix. 24, 180+ + x. 21, 183+ + xi. 17, 160+, 161+ + 17, 28, 163+ + 26, 146+ + 28, 160+ + 35, 143+ + 38, 141+ + xii. 2, 146+ + 9, 164+ + 14, 164+ + 18, 178+ + xiii. 9, 199+ + +S. James i. 11, 163+, 170+ + 15, 164+ + 17, 317* + 17, 18, 217+ + ii. 2, 3, 190+ + 6, 160+ + 11, 511* + 16, 128+ + 19, 148+ + iii. 3, 140+ + 5, 143+ + 11, 164+ + iv. 1, 143+ + 7, 129+ + v. 16, 141+ + +1 S. Peter i. 5, 141+ + 23, 216* + ii. 2, 179+ + 22, 467 + iii. 20, 178+ + v. 9, 129+ + 13, 129+, 141+ + +2 S. Peter i. 5-7, 174+, 400 + 20, 179+ + ii. 15, 142 + 22, 106, 335 + iii. 7, 178+ + 10, 355-6** + 13, 167+ + +1 S. John i. 2, 169+ + 3, 167+ + ii. 14, 160* + 22, 164+ + 27, 169+ + 29, 347 + iii. 4, 143+ + 8, 129+, 216 + 9, 347 + 15, 359 + 17, 153+ + iv. 3, 6, 127+ + 7, 347 + 14, 129+ + 19, 140+ + v. 1, 347 + 2, 127+, 129+ + 4, 347 + 6, 164+ + 7, 483 + 12, 164+ + 18, 347-50** + 20, 469 + +3 S. John 1, 129+ + 14, 154+ + +S. Jude 1, 129+ + 5, 140+ + 6, 207+ + 14, 178+ + 18, 129+ + +Rev. ii. 5, 143+ + iii. 2, 140+ + iv. 6, 143+ + v. 12, 143+ + vi. 9, 127+ + viii. 13, 183+ + ix. 13, 183+ + xiii. 18, 135-7** + xiv. 6, 165+ + 14, 165+ + 19, 172+ + xv. 6, 140+ + xvi. 17, 172+, 199++ + xvii. 1, 200++ + xviii. 21, 183+ + 22, 148+ + xix. 6, 129+, 162+ + 17, 183+ + 21, 129+ + xxii. 18, 19, 1 + 19, 409 + + + + + +INDEX II, OF FATHERS. + + +Fathers referred to, or else quoted(*), in this volume. For the chief +Editions employed, see the note at p. 121. + +_Acta Apostt._ (Syriac), 40, 62, 84, 423 + _Philippi_, 84 + _Pilati_, 45, 62, 84, 423 + +Alcimus Avit., 213 + +Ambrosius, 24, 40, 73, 79, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 123, 132, 133, 213, 215*, + 218, 410, 423 + +Ammonius, 23, 29, 88*, 89, 91 + +Amphilochius, 133, 213 [_ed._ Combefis] + ps. ----, 85 + +_Anaphora Pilati_, 62 + +Anastasius Ant., 213 [_ed._ Migne] + Sin., 44, 81, 84, 421 [_ed._ Migne] + +Andreas Cret., 23, 44, 84, 421 [_ed._ Combefis] + +Anonymous, 43, 100, 102 + +Antiochus mon., 84, 360 [_ed._ Migne] + +Aphraates, 40, 43, 133, 421, 423 + +_Apostolical_, see "_Constitutiones_." + +Archelaus (with Manes), 84 + +Arius, 80 + +Athenagoras, 410 + +Athanasius, 44, 62, 64, 80, 84, 90, 91, 121, 122, 123, 133, 212, 220, 359 + ps. ----, 133, 402, 475 + +Augustinus, 24, 40, 81, 85, 90, 91, 92, 116*, 123, 132, 133, 213, 356, + 360, 410, 423, 500* + +Barnabas, 103*, 463* + +Basilius M., 44, 79, 84, 91, 102*, 108, 122, 123, 133, 210*, 212, 218, + 219, 360, 402, 464* + ---- Cil., 133 + ---- Sel., 43, 421 + +_Breviarium_, 213 + +Capreolus, 133 + +Cassianus, 81, 133, 213, 348, 411 [_ed._ 1611] + +Caelestinus, 218 + +Caesarius, 212, 215* + ps. ----, 55, 74, 81 + +_Catena_ (Cramer's), 353 + +Chromatius, 348 + +_Chronicon Paschale_, 40, 74, 353 [_ed._ Du Fresne] + +Chrysostomus, 5, 23, 26, 27, 40, 43, 44, 53, 55, 62*, 71*, 72, 74, 80, 84, + 90, 91, 92, 99, 101*, 108, 121, 122, 123, 133, 151*, 152*, + 177, 212, 218, 219, 220, 353, 356, 360, 402, 410, 421, 423, + 457 + ps. ----, 85, 90, 133, 218, 360, 402, 427 + +Clemens, Alex., 115, 121, 208*, 218, 327, 336*, 410 + ---- Rom, 38* + ---- ---- (Syriac), 91 + +_Clementina_, 84 + +_Concilia_ [_ed._ Labbe et Cossart] _passim._ + +_Constitutiones Apostolicae_, 43, 84, 212, 360, 410, 421, 423, 463* + +Cosmas Indicopleustes, 44, 63, 133, 421 [_ed._ Montfaucon] + ---- ep. Maiumae, 44, 421 + +_Cramer_, see _Catena_. + +Cyprianus, 213, 218, 359 + +Cyrillus Alex., 5, 23, 43, 55, 62, 79, 80, 84, 86, 89, 90, 96, 102*, 103, + 121, 122, 132, 133, 163, 213, 218, 219, 220, 353, 356, 360, + 402, 410, 421, 423, 427, 428*, 464-469** + ---- Hieros, 43, 62, 72, 123, 151*, 177, 421, 470 + +Damascenus, _see_ "Johannes." + +Damasus, P. 92 + +_Dialogus_, 208*, 402 + +Didymus, 5, 40, 43, 80, 101, 122, 123, 133, 212, 219, 348, 402, 421, 423, + 427, 456 + +Diodorus Tars., 101, 458 + +Dionysius Alex., 163 + ps. ---- ----, 23, 80, 101, 133, 212, 462* + ps. ---- ---- Areop., 80, 84 + +_Eastern Bishops at Ephesus collectively_ (A.D. 431), 43, 80, 421 + +Epiphanius, 40, 43, 44, 74, 79, 80, 90, 96, 116, 122, 123, 133, 212, 360, + 402, 421, 423, 427 + ps. ----, 427 + ---- diac. Catan. [A.D. 787], 102, 103, 475 + +Ephraemus Syrus, 43, 62, 64, 80, 82*, 84, 122, 123, 215*, 348, 360, 421 + ps. ---- ----, 84, 353, 423 + +Eulogius, 44, 212, 421 + +Eusebius Caes., 5, 23, 40, 43, 62*, 72, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88*, 89, 90, 96, + 108, 122, 136, 163, 218, 219, 323-324**, 353, 359, 410, 421, + 423 + ---- His _Canons_, 91 + +Eustathius, 133, 212 + +Euthalius, 102, 458, 459-461** + +Eutherius, 84, 103, 427 + +Euthymius Zig., 360, 410, 465, 476* [_ed._ Matthaei] + +Facundus, 81, 213 + +Faustus, 115 + +Ferrandus, 213, 500* + +Fulgentius, 213, 500* + +Gaudentius, 24 + +Gelasius Cyzic., 100, 213, 479 + +Gennadius, 80, 213 + +Germanus CP., 44, 122, 421 + +_Gospel of Nicodemus_, 62 + +Gregentius, 423 + +Gregorius Nazianz., 23, 43, 73*, 80, 101*, 121, 134, 421, 457 + ps ---- ----, 163, 220 + ---- Nyssen., 23, 40, 43, 44, 84, 87, 89, 101*, 123, 134, 208*, 212, 360, + 410, 421, 456, 458 + ---- Thaum., 44, 45, 102*, 463* + +Hegesippus, 84 + +Hesychius, 84, 163, 423 + +Hieronymus, 24, 40, 41, 63*, 64*, 73*, 79*, 81, 85, 90, 92, 103*, 108, + 123*, 133, 213, 348, 356, 359, 360*, 423, 427 + +Hilarius, 79, 81, 85, 91, 92, 115, 133, 213, 218, 281, 360, 410 + +Hippolytus, 62, 64, 80, 84, 102*, 133, 136, 212, 353, 423, 463* + +Ignatius, 103*, 463* + ps. ----, 84 + +Johannes Damascenus, 44, 81, 85, 91, 102, 123, 133, 177, 213, 220, 356, + 360, 421, 457 + ---- Thessal., 96, 423 + +Irenaeus, 42, 64*, 80, 84, 122, 132, 212, 220, 353, 356, 359, 409, 420, 423 + +Isidorus, 23, 74, 123*, 360, 410 + +Jovius mon., 92 + +Julian haeret., 80 + +Julius Africanus, 62*, 64 + +Justinus Mart., 79, 80, 115, 121, 360, 410, 423 + ps. ---- ----, 84, 90 + +Juvencus, 91, 108, 115 + +Lactantius, 115 + +Leo ep., 213, 423 + ---- _ap._ Sabatier, 41 + +Leontius Byz., 81, 213, 423, 480 + +Liberatus of Carthage, 471-3 + +Lucifer Calarit, 133, 360, 410 + +Macarius Magnes, 40, 62*, 220, 423 [_ed._ 1876] + +Macedonius, 470-475**, 102, 103 + +Malchion, 212 + +Marcion, 34, 35, 61, 64, 96, 402 + +Marius Mercator, 133, 213, 423, 468 + ---- Victorinus, 500* + +Martinus P., 421, 473 + +Maximus, 23, 79, 81, 84 + ---- Taurin, 91, 133, 213, 219, 220, 360 + +Methodius, 44, 115, 212 [_ed._ Combefis] + +Modestus Hier., 423 + +Nestorius, 80, 121, 212, 423, 427 + +Nicetas, 123 + +Nilus mon., 62, 359, 410 + +Nonnus, 23, 133, 218, 353 + +Novatianus, 133, 213 + +OEcumenius, 102, 348, 476 + +Origenes, 23, 41, 43, 58, 60, 62*, 63**, 64, 72, 84, 87, 92, 122*, 133, + 136, 163, 208*, 212, 219, 220, 348, 353, 356, 359, 360, 402, + 410, 421, 427 + +_Opus imperf._, 85, 91 + +Pacianus, 410 + +Palladius, the Arian, 213 + +Pamphilus Caes., 177 + +Papias, 423 + +_Paschale_, see "_Chronicon._" + +Patricius, 423 + +Paulinus, 81 + +Paulus Emes., 43, 80, 133, 213, 421 + +Philastrius, 24, 360 + +Philo, 43, 421 + +Photius CP., 81, 123, 360 + +Porphyrius, 132 + +Proclus CP., 43, 123 + +Prosper, 423 + +Salvianus, 360 + +Sedulius, 24 + +Severianus Gabal., 132, 212 + +Severus Ant., 23, 40, 89, 102*, 133, 213, 348, 360, 458 + +ps. Tatianus, 80, 84, 122, 123, 402 [_ed._ Moesinger, 1876] + +Tertullianus, 62*, 90*, 91, 92, 120, 122, 208*, 213*, 215*, 410, 423 + +Titus Bostr., 43, 421 + +Theodoretus, 43, 55, 79, 80, 84, 91, 102, 122, 133, 152*, 213, 218, 219, + 220, 336, 356, 360, 410, 421, 456, 458* + +Theodorus Herac., 84, 92, 133 + ---- haeret., 81 + ---- Mops., 23, 62, 80, 103, 121, 133, 212, 356, 360, 480-482* + ---- Studita [_ed._ Sirmondi], 475 + +Theodosius Alex., 81 + +Theodotus Ancyr., 43, 212, 421 + ---- Gnosticus, 102* + +Theophilus Alex., 212 + ---- Ant., 410 + +Theophylactus, 102, 147, 348, 360, 410, 476 [_ed._ Venet. 1755] + +Victor Antioch., 23, 40, 66*, 132, 409, 423 + +Victorinus, 133, 213 + +Victricius, 218 + +Vigilius, 133, 348 + +Vincentius, 423 + +Zeno, 133 + + + + + +INDEX III, PERSONS, PLACES, AND SUBJECTS. + + +_General Index of_ Persons, Places, _and_ Subjects _referred to in this +Volume. But_ Scriptural References _are to be sought in_ INDEX I.; _and_ +Patristic References, _in_ INDEX II. 'New Codices' _will be found +enumerated in the_ APPENDIX. + +"A," _see_ "Alexandrinus." + +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B: _see_ "B," _and_ "Antiquity." + +{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D, in conflict, 12, 13, 14, 16-7, 30-1, 46-7, 75-8, 94-5, 117, + 249, 262, 265, 289, 386 + +"Abutor", 146 + +Acacius, Bp. of Melitene, 178 + +Accident, 50-6 + +AEthiopic, _see_ "Version." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 201-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 207 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 191-3 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 182, 208 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 207 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 200-1 + +Alexander (Dr.), Bp. of Derry, 107-8 + +"Alexandrian" readings, 271-2, 357 + +Alexandrinus (cod.) (A), 11-17, 345-347, 431-7 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 180 + +Alford (Dean), 381, 456, 498 + +Allocution, 413-5 + +Alterations, yet not improvements, 139-143 + +Ammonius, 29 + +Amos (in S. Matt, i.), 186 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 184 + +Amphilochius, 210 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 182 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 139 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 145 + +Anastasius (Imp.), 472-3 + +Ancient Authority, _see_ "Ellicott." + +"Ancoratus", 427 + +Andrewes, Bp., 500 + +Antioch, 385, 391 + +"Antiochian," _see_ "Syrian." + +"Antiquity", 333 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, 129 + +Anziani (Dr.), 445, 492 + +Aorist, 158-60, 162 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 146 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 193-5 + +Apolinaris, 456, 458 + +Apollonides, 323-4 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 195 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 448 + +"Apostolus", 446-8, 476-8, 482, 491. _See the_ APPENDIX. + +Aram (in S. Matt. i.), 186 + +Argument _e silentio_, 469 + +Armenian, _see_ Version. + +Article, the, 164-5 + +Articles (Three) in the "Quarterly Review," their history _pref._ ix-xiv + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 179 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, 180 + +Asaph (in S. Matt. i.), 186-7 + +Asclepiades, 323-4 + +"Ask" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), 171-3 + +"Assassins", 147 + +Assimilation, 32, 65-69 + ----, proofs of, 66 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 129 + +"Attraction", 351-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, 148 + +Authority, (ancient) _see_ "Ellicott." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 165 + +"B," _see_ "Vaticanus." + +B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (codd.), sinister resemblance, 12 + +B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 12, 255-7, 315-20, 333, 357, 361, 365, 408, 410 + +Bandinel (Dr.), 445 + +"Baptist" Revisers, 504-5 + +Baptismal Renunciation, 215 + +Basil to Amphilochius, 210 + +Basilides, 29 + +Beckett, Sir Edmund, 38, 222 + +Belsheim, Dr. J., 444, 453, 493 + +Bengel (J. A.), 246, 500 + +Bentley, Dr. R., 432, 467, 499 + +Berlin (_see_ "De Boor"), 492, 493 + +Berriman, Dr. J., 432, 433, 446, 468, 474, 480, 500 + +Bethesda, 5 + +Beveridge (Bp.), 351, 500 + +Beyer (Dr.), 477 + +Bezae, cod. (D), 11-7, 77-9, 117, 264-5 + +Birch (Andreas), 246, 383, 467 + +Blunders, 149, 150, 180, 181;--172, 176, 177, &c. + +Bois (John), 228 + +"Bondmaid", 196 + +"Boon", 217 + +"Bowls", 200 + +"Branch", 184 + +Broughton (Hugh), 513 + +Bull (Bp.), 212, 500 + +"C," _see_ "Ephraemi." + +Caius (A.D. 175) on the Text, 323-4 + +Cambridge, Codex (D), _see,_ Bezae. + "---- Greek Text", _Pref._ xxviii + +Capper (S. Herbert), Esq., 492 + +Cappilli (Sig.), 491-2 + +Carob tree, 181 + +Castan (M.), 477 + +Castiglione, 452 + +Catalogue of Crypta Ferrata, 447 + +Cedron, 181 + +Ceriani (Dr.), 381, 452, 477, 491-2-3. _See the_ APPENDIX. + +Changes (licentious), 127, 403-7 + +"Charity", 201-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 182 + +Chronicle of Convocation, 507 + +"_Church Quarterly_" (1882), _Pref._ xvi + +"_Church Quarterly_," (1883), _Pref._ xvi-xx., xxiv-vii. + +Citations, _see_ "Fathers." + +Clemens, Alex., 326-7, 327-31 + +Codd. B--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}--A--C--D, 11-17, 30, 108, 249, 262, 269-71 + ---- F and G, 438-43 + ---- Paul 73, 444 + ---- ---- 181, 444-5 + ---- new, _see the_ APPENDIX. + +Collation of MSS., 125, 246-7; + with the Received Text, 249-50, 262 + +Complutensian, 391 + +"Conflate readings", 258-65 + +"Conflation" examined, 258-65, 285 + +"Congregationalist" Revisers, 504-5 + +Conjectural emendation, 351-7 + +Consent of copies (_see_ "Fathers"), 454-5 + +"_Conversantibus_", 176 + +Cook, (Canon), 204-5, 214, 234, 372, 381, 470, 502 + +Cornelius a Lapide, 473 + +Corruptions in the N. T., 334-5 + +Cotelerius, 473 + +Coxe (Rev. H. O.), 306, 445, 491 + +Cozza-Luzi (Abbate), 447, 477, 491-2-3, _see the_ APPENDIX. + +Cranbrook, Viscount, page v-viii + +Creyk (John), 433 + +"Crib", 238 + +Cross, title on, 85-8 + +_Crux criticorum_, the, 98 + +Crypta Ferrata, 447, 473-4, 478, 521 + +"D," _see_ "Bezae." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 179 + +Darkness, 62-4 + +Dartige (M.), 493 + +Dated codices, 292 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}, 167-8 + +Deane (Rev. H.), 450, 481, 489 + +De Boor (Dr. C.), 492-3 + +Definite, _see_ Article. + +Delicate distinction, 402 + +Demoniacal possession, 206 + +Denis (M.), 493 + +Derry (Bp. of), _see_ Alexander. + +Design, 56-65 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 73 + +"Devil", 214-6 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}, 170, 173-4, _see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} + +Dialogue (supposed), 320-8, 328-42 + +Diatessaron, _see_ "Tatian." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 199 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 179 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}, 199 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 407 + +Dionysius Alex., 461-2 + +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 147 + +Dissertation on 1 Tim. iii. 16 _Pref._ xxi-iv, 424-501 + +Divination. _See_ "Verifying faculty." + +"Doctrine" extirpated, 199 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 179 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 204 + +Dublin (Abp. of), _see_ Trench. + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} interrogative, 168-9 + +Ebionite Gospel, 116 + +Ecclesiastical Tradition, 495 + +Eclipse, 63-5 + +Editions of Fathers, 121 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 159 + +Egyptian, _see_ Version. + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, 140 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, 359-61 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 511-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 183 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 63-5 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 139 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, 149 + +Ellicott (Bp. of Gloucester), on the "old uncials", 14-5 + ---- on the A. V., 112, 368 + ---- on "Revision" xlii, 112, 124, 126, 226-8, 368 + ---- on "Marginal Readings", 136-7 + ---- on "Textus Receptus", 383-8, 389-91 + ---- on 1 Tim. iii. 16, 428-31 + ---- on 2 Tim. iii. 16, 209 + ---- on Textual Criticism, 234 + ---- on "innocent Ignorance", 349-50 + ---- on the Greek Text, 369, 509 + ---- on "Euthalius", 460-1 + ---- his jaunty proposal, 216 + ---- his Pamphlet _Pref._ xx-xxii, 369 _seq._ + +Ellicott, his critical knowledge, 370, 376, 385, 430, 457, 459-61, 471-2, + _Dedication_ p. viii + ---- his requirement anticipated, 371, 397 + ---- his method of procedure, 372-4, 419-24, 459-61 + ---- method of his Reviewer, 375-383, 496-7, 517, _Pref._ xxiv-vii + ---- appeals to _Modern Opinion_, instead of to _Ancient Authority_, + 376-8, 415-6, 438-9, 483-5, 514-5 + ---- follows Dr. Hort, 391-8, 455, 517-8 + ---- complains of Injustice, 399, 400-13 + ---- suggested Allocution, 413-5 + ---- his defence of the "New Greek Text," examined 415-9, 419-24 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 140 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, its different renderings, 171-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, 151-2 + +English idiom, 154-5, 158-75 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 427, 468 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 144 + +Ephraemi cod. (C), 11-17, 325 + +"Epileptic", 205-6 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 145 + +Epiphanius, 427 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 144 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} [_see_ Scrivener, _ed._ 3, pp. 581-2], 66-9 + +Errors (plain and clear), 3, 4, 105, 148, 172, 216, 222-3, 228, 348, + 400-1, 430, 496, 512 + +Escher (Dr.), 493 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 61 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 150 + +"Eternal", 207 + +Eternity, 208 + +Ethiopic, _see_ "Version." + +Eudocia, 465 + +"Euraquilo", 176 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 356 + +Euripides (papyrus of), 321-2 + +"Euroclydon", 176 + +Euthalius, 429, 460-1 + +Eutherius, 427 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 153-4 + +Euthymius Zigabenus. _See_ INDEX II. + +"Everlasting", 207 + +"Evil One", 214-6 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 402 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 184 + +Exodus, 184 + +External evidence, 19-20 + +"F" and "G" (codd.), 257 + +"Factor of Genealogy", 256 + +Farrar, Canon (now Archd.), _Pref._ xv + +Fathers, 121, 125-6, _see_ INDEX II. + +Fell (Bp.), 432 + +Field (Dr.), 146, 148, 163, 177, 180, 382 + +Florence, _see_ "Anziani." + +Flute-players, 148 + +Forstemann (Dr.), 441, 493 + +Future sense, 163-4 + +Gabelentz and Loebe, 452 + +Gandell (Professor), 184 + +Gardiani (Sig.), 492 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 347 + +Gelasius of Cyzicus, 479, _see_ INDEX II. + +"Genealogical Evidence", 253 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 119-22 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 347 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 142 + +Geographical distribution of Patristic Testimony, 45, 134 + +Gifford (Dr.), 214 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 149 + +Gloucester (Bp. of), _see_ "Ellicott." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 201 + +"GOD blessed for ever"!, 211 + +Gorresio (Sig.), 492 + +Gospel incident, 194-5 + ---- (the Ebionite), 116 + ---- of the Hebrews, 29 + +Gothic, _see_ Version. + +"Graeco-Syrian," _see_ "Syrian." + +"_Great_ priest", 182 + +Green, Rev. T. S., 499 + +Gregory (Dr. C. R.), 477 + +Gregory Naz., 73 + +Griesbach (J. J.), 380, 456, 482, 483 + +Hall, Bp., 500 + +Hammond (Dr.), 432, 500 + +Headings of the Chapters, 223, 412 + +Hellenistic Greek, 182-4, _See_ "Septuagint." + +Henderson (Dr.), 500 + +Heracleon, 29 + +Hermophilus, 323-4 + +Herodotus, 65 + +Hesychius, 29, 163 + +Hilary on {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 281 + +Hincmar, Abp. of Rheims, 472 + +Hoerning (Dr.), 453 + +'HOLY GHOST', 204 + +Hort, Dr., 37, 135, 182, 211, 248, 394, (_see_ Westcott and Hort). + ---- hypothesis and system, _see reverse of Title-page_. + ---- his "Introduction" analyzed, 246-69 + ---- "strong preference" for codd. B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 252, 269-271, 298-305, 307-8, + 312-14 + ---- mistaken estimate of B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, 315-20 + ---- divining and verifying faculty, 253, 290, 291, 307-8 + ---- imaginary history of the Traditional Greek Text, 271-88, 296-8 + ---- antagonism with Patristic Antiquity, 283-5, 298-300 + ---- fatal dilemma, 292-3 + ---- Reiteration, 306 + ---- ultimate appeal to his own individual mind, 307-8 + ---- "Art of Conjectural Emendation", 351-7 + ---- absurd Textual hypothesis, 293-4 + ---- intellectual peculiarity, 362 + ---- method of editing the Greek Text, 363 + ---- Text of the N. T., 364-5 + ---- often forsaken by Dr. Westcott, 352 + +Hug (J. L.), 381 + +Huish (Alex.), 432 + +Idiom, _see_ "English." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), 182 + +Imperfect tense, 161 + +Incident (unsuspected), 194-5 + +"Independent" Reviewers, 504-5 + +"Innocent ignorance" of the Reviewer, 347-9, 411 + +Inspiration, 208 + +"Instructions," _see_ "Revisers." + +Instrumentality (ideas of), 173 + +Internal Evidence, 253 + +Interpreters, (modern), 211 + +"Intrinsic probability", 251-2 + +Jacobson (Dr. W.) Bp. of Chester, 37 + +Jechonias (in Matt. i.), 186 + +Jerome, 73, 427, 449 + +"JESUS", 184 + +"Joanes", 181 + +John (S.) and S. Mark, 185 + +Jona (son of), 181-2 + +Josephus, 52 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, 169-70 + ---- its force, 209 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 170 + +Kaye (Bp.) on Clemens Al., 336 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 181 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 356 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 181 + +Kidron, 181 + +Kippax (Rev. John), 433 + +Kishon, 181 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 181 + +Knowledge of CHRIST not limited, 210 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 71-2 + +Lachmann's Text, 21, 242-3, 246, 270, 380-1 + +Lagarde (P. A. de), 493 + ---- _Analecta Syr._, 481 + +Latin Version, 9 + +Laubmann (Dr.), 493 + +Lawrence (Abp.), 380 + +"Layers of leaves", 58-61 + +"Lecythus", 201 + +Lee (Archd.) _on Inspiration_, 208, 230, 382 + +Leontius Byzantinus, 480, _see_ INDEX II. + +Liberatus of Carthage, 471-3 + +Licentious, _see_ "Changes." + +Lightfoot (Dr.) Bp. of Durham, 145, 498, _Pref._ xxxi. + +Limitation of our SAVIOUR's knowledge, 210 + +Lincoln (Bp. of), _see_ Wordsworth. + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 181 + +Lloyd (Bp.) ed. of N. T., _Pref._ xvii-ix, 16 + +LORD's Prayer, 34-6, 214-6 + +"Love", 201-2 + +Lucian, 29 + +Luke (Gospel according to S.), 16, 34-5, 75-91, 249, 403-7 + +"Lunaticus", 205-6 + +Macedonius, 103, 470-5, 489 + +Mai (Card.), 121 + +Malan (Dr. S. C.), 67, 120, 123, 124, 348, 356, 382, 451, 453-4 + +Manichaean depravation, 220 + +"Maranatha", 180 + +Marcion, 29, 34-5, 61 + +Margin, 3-6, 33, 115, 130, 131, 137, 175, 236-7 + +Marginal References, 223, 412 + +Marius Mercator, 468 + +Mark (Gospel according to S.), 30, 262 + ---- collation of 15 verses, 327-31 + ---- last Twelve Verses, 36-7, 39-40, 48, 49, 51, _Ded._ vii, _Pref._ + xxiii + ---- and S. John, 185 + +Martin (Abbe), 382, 446, 474, 477, 478, 492, 528 + +Martin I. (Pope), 421, 473 + +Massmann (H. F.), 453 + +Matranga (Papas Filippo), 477, 492, _see the_ APPENDIX, p. 522-3 + +Matthaei (C. F.), 246 + ---- ---- Scholia, 348, 380, 427, 434, 465, 468 + +Matthew (S.) chap. i. (Greek), 119-24, 186 + ---- ---- (English), 156-7, 186 + +Medial agency, 173 + +Melita and Melitene, 177-8 + +Menander, 361 + +Merivale (Dean), 230 + +Messina, _see_ "Matranga": and p. 523 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 183 + +Middleton (Bp.), 165, 209 + +Milan (_see_ "Ceriani"), 452, 477, 491-2-3 + +Mill (Dr. John), 245, 383, 432, 437, 472, 500 + ---- on cod. D, 13 + ---- (Dr. W. H.), 354 + +Milligan (Dr.), 39, 48 + +"Miracle", 202-4 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 197-9 + +Moberly (Dr.) Bp. of Salisbury, 106, 228-9 + +Modena, _see_ "Cappilli": and p. 523 + +Modern Interpreters, 411 + ---- Opinion, _see_ "Ellicott." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 182 + +Montfaucon, 121 + +"Moreh", 180 + +Morier (Sir Robert), 492 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}, 180 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 181 + +Mutilation, 69-93 + +Mystical interpretation, 185 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 184-5 + +Nazareth, 184 + +"Necessity" of Revision, 127, 150, 223, 228 + +Needless changes, 87-8, 224-5; 97, 224-5, 399, 403-7 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, 108 + +Nemesis of superstition, 350 + +"Netser", 184 + +"Neutral" readings, 271-2, 357 + +"New English Version", 225-6 + +"New Greek Text", 130, 224-5 + +Newth (Dr.), 37-9, 109, 126, 369, 502 + +Newton (Sir Isaac), 426, 480, 500 + +Nilus Rossanensis, 447 + +Nineteen changes in 34 words, 401 + +Nominative repeated, 165 + +"Non-Alexandrian" readings, 357 + +"Non-Alexandrian Pre-Syrian", 357 + +Nonsensical rendering, 218 + +"Non-Western", 357-8 + +Notes in the margin, 175 + +Numerals in MSS., 52-3 + +"Number of the Beast", 135 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, 133 + +Occupation (Right of), 199-206 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, 139 + +"Olivet", 184 + +Ollivant (Bp.), 146 + +Omission, intentional, 69-93 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 181 + +"Or" not meant by {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}, 168-9 + +Opinion, (modern) _see_ "Ellicott." + +Origen, as a textual critic, 292 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 165 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in MSS., 99-105 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, 140 + +"_Otium Norvicense_," _see_ "Field." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 145 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 195-6 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 57 + +Palmer (Archd.), 49, 126 + +Papyrus, 321-2 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, 178 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 190 + +Paralytic borne of four, 30-3 + +Paris cod., _see_ "Ephraemi." + ----, _see_ "Wescher," "Martin." + +Parquoi (M.), 437 + +Particles (Greek), 166 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}, 208-9 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 152 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}, 353 + +Paul "17," "73," "181", 443-8 + ---- (S.), Codd., 493-4 + ---- New Codd., _see the_ APPENDIX. + +Pearson (Bp.), 212, 432, 471, 500 + +Peckover (Alex.), Esq., 493 + +Penerino (Sig.), 492 + +Perfect (English), 158-60 + ---- (Greek), 163 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 184 + +Perowne, (Dean), _Pref._ xxx + +Perverted sense, 218-9 + +"_Phaseolus vulgaris_", 181 + +Phavorinus, 140 + +Photius, 467 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 200 + +"Pistic nard", 184 + +"Plain and clear," _see_ "Errors." + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 145 + +Pluperfect sense of Aorist, 162 + +_Ponderari debent testes_, 455 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}), 214-6 + +Possession (Demoniacal), 206 + +Possession (right of), 199-206 + +Powles (Rev. R. Cowley), _Pref._ xxviii, 322 + +"Praxapostolus," _see_ "Apostolus." + +"Pre-Syrian", 357-8 + +"Pre-Syrian Non-Western", 357 + +Preface of 1611, 187-91, 198-9 + ---- 1881, 189 + +Preponderating evidence, 411, 496 + +Prepositions, 170-5 + +"Present" (Greek), sometimes a Future, 163-4 + ---- sense of "perfect", 163 + +Principle of translation, mistaken, 187-96 + +"Principles of Textual Criticism", 125-6, 227, 349-50, 374-5, 411 + +Probability, 497 + +Proper names in S. Matt. i. 186 + +"Proud-in-the-imagination-of-their-hearts", 172 + +Provision (GOD's) for the safety of His Word, 8, 9, 338, 494 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 146 + +Pronouns, 165 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 180 + +Pulcheria, 465 + +Pusey (P. E.), 345, 382, 449, 468 + +Pyramus and Thisbe, 171 + +Pyramid poised on its apex, 342-5 + +"_Quarterly Review_", _Pref._ ix-xiv + +_Quia_, 448, 473 + +_Quod_ (in 1 Tim. iii. 16), 448 + +Quotations, _see_ "Fathers." + +Randell (Rev. T.), 481, 493 + +"Ravine", 181 + +"Readings," _see_ "Various." + ---- before "Renderings", 106, 225 + +Received Text, _see_ "Textus." + +Recension (imaginary), 271-88 + +Reiche (J. G.), 380-1 + +Reiteration not Proof, 306-7 + +Rendering of the same word, 138, 152-4, 187-202 + +Result of acquaintance with documents, 337 + +Rettig (H. C. M.), 442 + +"Revised Version," _see_ "Revision." + +Revisers exceeded their Instructions:-- + (1) In respect of the English, 112, 127-30, 155-7, 225-6, 368, 400-3 + (2) In respect of the Greek, 57-8, 97, 118-26, 224, 399, 403-6 + +Revising body (composition of), 504-5 + +Revision, original Resolution and Rules concerning, 3, 97, 114, 127, 130 + ---- of 1611, 167, 508-14 + ---- of 1881, how it was conducted, 37, 117-8, 369 + ---- unfair in its method, 116, 131-8 + ---- essentially different from that of 1611, 508-14 + ---- rests on a foundation of sand, 110, 516 + ---- incapable of being further revised, 107 + ---- its case hopeless, 226-7 + ---- characterized, 238 + ---- its probable fate, 508-14 + ---- unfavourable to Orthodoxy, 513 + ---- interesting specimens, 171, 401 + +Rhythm in translation, 188 + +Rieu (Dr.), 453 + +Right of possession, 199 + +"Ring of genuineness", 307, 309-12 + +Roberts (Dr.), 36, 39-40, 48, 98, 230 + +Rocchi (Hieromonachus), 447-8, 474, 492, _see the_ APPENDIX. + +Rogers, the poet, 162 + +Romans ix. 5, 210-4 + +Rome, (_See_ "Cozza Luzi," "Escher"), 521 + +Rose, (Rev. W. F.), of Worle, Somersetshire, _Pref._ xxviii + +Rouser (Professor), 306 + +Routh (President), 152, 211, 444, 452, 501 + +Sachau, 481 + +S. Andrews (Bp. of), _see_ "Wordsworth." + +Salisbury (Bp. of), _see_ "Moberly." + +Samaria, (woman of), 407-8 + +Sanday, (Dr.), _Pref._ xvi + +Saville (Prof.), 306 + +Scholium misunderstood, 467, 468 + +Scholz (Dr.), 246, 380, 445, 456 + +Scott (Sir Gilbert), 306 + +Scripture, God's provision for its safety 8, 9, 338, 494 + ---- depraved by heretics, 336 + +Scrivener (Prebendary), 13, 30, 37, 49, 106, 108, 126, 231, 237-8, 243, + 246, 317, 381, 405, 431, 474, 477, 493, 502-3, _see back of + Title._ + +Septuagint, 182, 183, 184, 228 + +"Sepulchre," the Holy, 198 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 203-4 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 147 + +Sieber (M.), 493 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 180 + +Sinaiticus, cod. ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}), 11-17, 265, 286,,289, 291, 314-5, 325-6, 343-5 + +Sixteen places, 415-9 + +Smith (Dr. Vance), 174, 204-5, 503-8, 513, 515 + +Socinian gloss, 210-4 + +"_Solvere ambulando_", 126, 228, xxxi + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, 147 + +Spelling of proper names, 186-7 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 153 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 171, 180 + +Stanley (Dean), 135, 507 + +Stillingfleet (Bp.), 500 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 58-60 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 185 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 176-7 + +Syndics of Cambridge Press, xxx-i + +Syracuse, 494 + +Syriac Version, 9 + +"Syrian," "Antiochian," "Graeco-Syrian,"--Dr. Hort's designations of the + Traditional Greek Text 257-65, 269 + ---- its assumed origin, 272-88 + ---- and history, 290-1 + ---- characterized, 87, 288-290 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 298 + +Tatian (_see_ INDEX II.) 29, 336, 350 + +"Teaching", 199 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, 153, 179 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 51 + +Tenses, 157-64, _see_ "Aorist," "Imperfect," "Perfect," "Pluperfect," + "Present." + ---- unidiomatically rendered, 402 + +Test-places (three), 47, 519 + +Text to be determined by external evidence, 19-20, 45 + ---- provision for its security, 10 + ---- (Received), _see_ "Textus Receptus" and "Syrian." + +Texts, _see_ INDEX I. + +'Textus Receptus', 12-3, 17-8, 107, 118 + ---- (Bp. Ellicott on), 388 + ---- needs correction 21, 107 + ---- _see_ "Syrian," "Traditional." + +Theodore of Mopsuestia, 480, _see_ INDEX II. + +Theodotus, the Gnostic, 323-4 + +Theophilus, Bp. of Antioch, 29 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 208-9 + +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in MSS., 99-105, 425-6 + ---- , not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, to be read in 1 Tim. iii. 16, _Pref._ xxi-iv, 424-501 + +Thierry (M.), 493 + +Thirty changes in 38 words, 171 + +1 Timothy iii. 16. _See_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + +Tischendorf (Dr.) 22-4, 45, 243-4, 246, 270-1, 370, 383, 437-8, 451, 467 + +Title on the Cross, 85-8 + +"Titus Justus", 53-4 + +"Tomb", 198 + +Tradition (Ecclesiastical), 495 + +Traditional Text departed from 6000 times, 107 + ---- _see_ "Syrian." + ---- meaning of S. Mark xiii. 32, 209-10 + +"Transcriptional probability", 251-2 + +Translators of 1611, 187-91, 207 + ---- of 1881, mistaken principle of 138, 187-96 + +Transposition, 93-7 + +Tregelles (Dr.), 22, 45, 243, 246, 270, 370, 380, 383, 431, 451, 467, 498 + +Trench (Abp.), xlii, 106, 229 + +Trinitarian doctrine, 174-5 + +True Text, (only safe way of ascertaining), 339-42 + +Tusculum, 446 + +Tyndale (William), 167, 191, 192 + +Uncials (depravity of the old), 12-17, 30-5, 46-7, 75-6, 94-5 + +Uniformity of rendering, 166, 187 + +"Unitarian" Reviser, intolerable, 503-8 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}, 156 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 351 + +Uppstroem (Andr.), 452 + +Upsala, 444, _see_ "Belsheim." + +Ussher (Abp.), 432, 469, 500 + +Valckenaer, 228 + +Valentinus, 29 + +Various Readings, 49-50, 56, 65, 130-1 + +Vaticanus, codex (B), 11-17, 265, 273, 286, 289, 291, 314-5, 325, 342-5, + _see_ "B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}." + +Veludo (Sig.), 492 + +Vercellone (C.), 381 + +Verifying faculty, 95-6, 109, 253, 290-1, 307-8 + +Version (Authorized), 112-4 + ---- (old Latin), 9, 448 + ---- (Vulgate), 9, 419 + ---- (Peschito), 9, 449-50 + ---- (Harkleian), 450 + ---- (Coptic), 9, 451-2 + ---- (Sahidic), 9, 451-2 + ---- (Gothic), 9, 452-3 + ---- (Armenian), 9, 453 + ---- (AEthiopic), 9, 453 + ---- (Georgian), 454 + ---- (Arabic), 453-4 + ---- (Slavonian), 454 + +"Vials", 200 + +Von Heinemann (Dr.), 493 + +Vulgate, _see_ "Version." + +W. (M.), _Pref._ xxviii + +Walton (Bp. Brian), 432 + +Waterland (Dr.), 500 + +Way (only safe) of ascertaining the True Test, 339-42 + +Weber (M.), 437 + +Wescher (M.), 492 + +"Wesleyan Methodist" Revisers, 504-5 + +West the painter, 162 + +Westcott (Dr.), xlii, 124, _see_ "Hort." + +Westcott and Hort (Drs.), 24-9, 33, 49, 51, 72, 83, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, + 110, 114, 125, 134-5, 177, 239-41, 245, 247, 370, 380, 382, + 499, 502, 518-9, _See reverse of Title-page, and Pref._ xi-iv, + xxvi-viii, xxxi + +"Western,", 357 + ---- readings, 271-2 + ---- and "Syrian", 361 + +"Westminster Abbey scandal", 507 + +Wetstein (J. J.), 246, 383, 426, 456, 467, 469, 480, 497 + +Wilberforce (Bp.), 229, 415, 505, 507 + +Woide (C. G.), 434-7 + +Wolfii _Anecd. Graeca_, 458 + +Wood (C. F. B.), 183 + +Word, incarnate and written, 334-5, 390-1 + +Wordsworth (Dr. Charles), Bp. of S. Andrews, 106, 165, 229-30, 382 + ---- (Dr. Christopher), Bp. of Lincoln, 37, 112, 147, 184, 226, 368, 382, + 400, 502, 505, 513, _Ded._ vi + +Wotton (Henry), 433 + +Xenophon, 149 + +Young (Patrick), 432 + ---- (Dr.), of Glasgow, 477 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, 201 + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 Any one who desires to see this charge established, is invited to + read from page 399 to page 413 of what follows. + + 2 Dr. Newth. See pp. 37-9. + + 3 See pp. 24-9: 97, &c. + + 4 See below, pp. 1 to 110. + + 5 This will be found more fully explained from pp. 127 to 130: pp. 154 + to 164: also pp. 400 to 403. See also the quotations on pp. 112 and + 368. + + 6 See below, pp. 113 to 232. + + 7 See below, pp. 235 to 366. + +_ 8 Gospel of the Resurrection_, p. viii. + + 9 Reference is made to a vulgar effusion in the "_Contemporary + Review_" for March 1882: from which it chiefly appears that Canon + (now Archdeacon) Farrar is unable to forgive S. Mark the Evangelist + for having written the 16th verse of his concluding chapter. The + Venerable writer is in consequence for ever denouncing those "_last + Twelve Verses_." In March 1882, (pretending to review my Articles in + the "Quarterly,") he says:--"In spite of Dean Burgon's Essay on the + subject, the minds of most scholars are _quite unalterably made up_ + on such questions as the authenticity of the last twelve verses of + S. Mark." [_Contemporary Review_, vol. xli. p. 365.] And in the + ensuing October,--"If, among _positive results_, any one should set + down such facts as that ... Mark xvi. 9-20 ... _formed no part of + the original apostolic autograph_ ... He, I say, who should + enumerate these points as being _beyond the reach of serious + dispute_ ... would be expressing the views which are _regarded as + indisputable_ by the vast majority of such recent critics as have + established any claim to serious attention." [_Expositor_, p. 173.] + + It may not be without use to the Venerable writer that he should be + reminded that critical questions, instead of being disposed of by + such language as the foregoing, are not even touched thereby. One is + surprised to have to tell a "fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge," + so obvious a truth as that by such writing he does but effectually + put himself out of court. By proclaiming that his mind is "_quite + unalterably made up_" that the end of S. Mark's Gospel is not + authentic, he admits that he is impervious to argument and therefore + incapable of understanding proof. It is a mere waste of time to + reason with an unfortunate who announces that he is beyond the reach + of conviction. + + 10 No. xxviii., page 436. If any one cares to know what the teaching + was which the writer in the "Church Quarterly" was intending to + reproduce, he is invited to read from p. 296 to p. 300 of the + present volume. + +_ 11 Contemporary Review_, (Dec. 1881),--p. 985 seq. + + 12 Q. R. (No. 304,) p. 313.--The passage referred to will be found below + (at p. 14),--slightly modified, in order to protect myself against + the risk of _future_ misconception. My Reviewer refers to four other + places. He will find that my only object in them all was to prove + that codices A B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C D _yield divergent testimony_; and therefore, + so habitually _contradict_ one another, as effectually to invalidate + their own evidence throughout. This has never been _proved_ before. + It can _only_ be proved, in fact, by one who has laboriously + collated the codices in question, and submitted to the drudgery of + exactly tabulating the result. + + 13 "Damus tibi in manus Novum Testamentum _idem profecto_, quod ad + textum attinet, cum ed. Milliana,"--are the well known opening words + of the "Monitum" prefixed to Lloyd's N. T.--And Mill, according to + Scrivener, [_Introduction_, p. 399,] "only aims at reproducing + Stephens' text of 1550, though in a few places he departs from it, + whether by accident or design." Such places are found to amount in + all to _twenty-nine_. + + 14 See below, pp. 257-8: also p. 390. + +_ 15 The Revisers and the Greek Text of the New Testament_, + &c.--Macmillan, pp. 79. + + 16 See below, pp. 369 to 520. + + 17 Pages 371-2. + +_ 18 Pamphlet_, pp. 77: 39, 40, 41. + + 19 See below, p. 425. + + 20 Pages 424-501. + + 21 From January till June 1883. + +_ 22 Pamphlet_, p. 76. + +_ 23 E.g._ pages 252-268: 269-277: 305-308. + +_ 24 E.g._ pages 302-306. + + 25 Page 354. + + 26 On that day appeared Dr. Hort's "_Introduction and Appendix_" to the + N. T. as edited by himself and Dr. Westcott. + + 27 "_Charge_," published in the _Guardian_, Dec. 20, 1882, p. 1813. + + 28 Preface to _History of the English Bible_ (p. ix.),--1868. + + 29 Preface to _Pastoral Epistles_ (p. xiv.),--1861. + +_ 30 The Authorized Version of the N. T._ (p. 3),--1858. + +_ 31 The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour __JESUS CHRIST__ + translated out of the Greek: being the Version set forth __A.D.__ + 1611, compared with the most ancient Authorities, and Revised + __A.D.__ 1881._ Printed for the Universities of Oxford and + Cambridge, 1881. + +_ 32 The New Testament in the Original Greek, according to the Text + followed in the Authorized Version, together with the Variations + adopted in the Revised Version._ Edited for the Syndics of the + Cambridge University Press, by F. H. A. Scrivener, M.A., D.C.L., + LL.D., Prebendary of Exeter and Vicar of Hendon. Cambridge, 1881. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}. _The Greek Testament, with the Readings adopted by + the Revisers of the Authorized Version._ [Edited by the Ven. + Archdeacon Palmer, D.D.] Oxford, 1881. + +_ 33 On Revision_,--pp. 215-6. + + 34 Tertullian, _bis._ + + 35 Hieron. _Opp._ ii. 177 c (see the note). + + 36 Apud Hieron. iii. 121. + + 37 iv. 617 c (ed. Pusey). + + 38 P. 272. + + 39 i. 548 c; viii. 207 a. + + 40 iv. 205. + + 41 A reference to the _Journal of Convocation_, for a twelvemonth after + the proposal for a Revision of the Authorized Version was seriously + entertained, will reveal more than it would be convenient in this + place even to allude to. + + 42 We derive our information from the learned Congregationalist, Dr. + Newth,--_Lectures on Bible Revision_ (1881), p. 116. + +_ 43 On Revision_, pp. 26-7. + + 44 Dr. Scrivener's _Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New + Testament_, 2nd edition, 1874 (pp. 607), may be confidently + recommended to any one who desires to master the outlines of Textual + Criticism under the guidance of a judicious, impartial, and + thoroughly competent guide. A new and revised edition of this + excellent treatise will appear shortly. + + 45 Studious readers are invited to enquire for Dr. Scrivener's _Full + and exact Collation of about Twenty Greek Manuscripts of the Holy + Gospels (hitherto unexamined), deposited in the British Museum, the + Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, &c., with a Critical + Introduction_. (Pp. lxxiv. and 178.) 1853. The introductory matter + deserves very attentive perusal.--With equal confidence we beg to + recommend his _Exact Transcript of the Codex Augiensis, a + Graeco-Latin Manuscript of S. Paul's Epistles, deposited in the + Library of Trinity College, Cambridge; to which is added a full + Collation of Fifty Manuscripts, containing various portions of the + Greek New Testament, in the Libraries of Cambridge, Parham, + Leicester, Oxford, Lambeth, the British Museum, &c. With a Critical + Introduction_ (which must also be carefully studied). (Pp. lxxx. and + 563.) 1859.--Learned readers can scarcely require to be told of the + same learned scholar's _Novum Testamentum Textus Stephanici, + __A.D.__ 1550. Accedunt variae Lectiones Editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, + Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii._ Curante F. H. A. Scrivener, + A.M., D.C.L., LL.D. [1860.] Editio auctior et emendatior. + 1877.--Those who merely wish for a short popular Introduction to the + subject may be grateful to be told of Dr. Scrivener's Six _Lectures + on the Text of the N. T. and the Ancient MSS. which contain it, + chiefly addressed to those who do not read Greek_. 1875. + + 46 Scrivener's _Plain Introduction_,--p. 118. + +_ 47 Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, + of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels + and Acts of the Apostles, written early in the Sixth Century, and + presented to the University of Cambridge by Theodore Beza_, A.D. + 1581. Edited, with a Critical Introduction, Annotations, and + Facsimiles, by Frederick H. Scrivener, M.A., Rector of S. Gerrans, + Cornwall. (Pp. lxiv. and 453.) Cambridge, 1864. No one who aspires + to a competent acquaintance with Textual Criticism can afford to be + without this book. + + 48 On the subject of codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} we beg (once for all) to refer scholars to + Scrivener's _Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the + Received Text of the New Testament. To which is prefixed a Critical + Introduction._ [1863.] 2nd Edition, revised. (Pp. lxxii. and 163.) + 1867. + + 49 Bishop Ellicott's _Considerations on Revision_, &c. (1870), p. 40. + + 50 The epithet "_cursive_," is used to denote manuscripts written in + "running-hand," of which the oldest known specimens belong to the + IXth century. "_Uncial_" manuscripts are those which are written in + capital letters. A "_codex_" popularly signifies a _manuscript_. A + "version" is _a translation_. A "recension" is _a revision_. (We + have been requested to explain these terms.) + +_ 51 Considerations on Revision_, p. 30. + + 52 Once for all, we request it may be clearly understood that we do + not, by any means, claim _perfection_ for the Received Text. We + entertain no extravagant notions on this subject. Again and again we + shall have occasion to point out (_e.g._ at page 107) that the + _Textus Receptus_ needs correction. We do but insist, (1) That it is + an incomparably better text than that which either Lachmann, or + Tischendorf, or Tregelles has produced: infinitely preferable to the + "New Greek Text" of the Revisionists. And, (2) That to be improved, + the _Textus Receptus_ will have to be revised on entirely different + "principles" from those which are just now in fashion. Men must + begin by unlearning the _German prejudices_ of the last fifty years; + and address themselves, instead, to the stern logic of _facts_. + + 53 Scrivener's _Introduction_, pp. 342-4. + +_ 54 Ut supra_, p. 46. We prefer to quote the indictment against + Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, from the pages of Revisionists. + + 55 "Ex scriptoribus Graecis _tantisper Origene solo_ usi + sumus."--_Praefatio_, p. xxi. + + 56 Scrivener's _Plain Introd._ p. 397. + +_ 57 Ut supra_, p. 48. + +_ 58 Ut supra_, p. 47. + + 59 Prebendary Scrivener, _ibid._ (ed. 1874), p. 429. + +_ 60 Ibid._ p. 470. + +_ 61 Ibid._ + +_ 62 Concilia_, i. 852. + +_ 63 Ut supra_, p. 47. + +_ 64 The New Testament in the Original Greek._ The Text revised by + Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., and Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D. + Cambridge and London, 1881. + + 65 From the Preface prefixed to the "limited and private issue" of + 1870, p. vi. + +_ 66 Ut supra_, p. xv. + +_ 67 Ibid._ p. xviii. + +_ 68 Ibid._ p. xvi. + +_ 69 Ibid._ pp. xviii., xix. + + 70 [_Note,--that I have thought it best, for many reasons, to retain the + ensuing note as it originally appeared; merely restoring [within + brackets] those printed portions of it for which there really was no + room. The third Article in the present volume will be found to + supply an ample exposure of the shallowness of Drs. Westcott and + Hort's Textual Theory._] + + While these sheets are passing through the press, a copy of the + long-expected volume reaches us. The theory of the respected authors + proves to be the shallowest imaginable. It is briefly + _this_:--Fastening on the two oldest codices extant (B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, both of + the IVth century), they invent the following hypothesis:--"That the + ancestries of those two manuscripts _diverged from a point near the + autographs, and never came into contact subsequently_." [No reason + is produced for this opinion.] + + Having thus secured two independent witnesses of what was in the + sacred autographs, the Editors claim that the _coincidence_ of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and + B must "mark those portions of text in which two primitive and + entirely separate lines of transmission had not come to differ from + each other through independent corruption:" and therefore that, "in + the absence of specially strong internal evidence to the contrary," + "the readings of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B combined _may safely be accepted as + genuine_." + + But what is to be done when the same two codices diverge _one from + the other_?--In all such cases (we are assured) the readings of any + "binary combination" of B are to be preferred; because "on the + closest scrutiny," they generally "have the _ring of genuineness_;" + hardly ever "_look suspicious_ after full consideration." "Even when + B stands quite alone, its readings must never be lightly rejected." + [We are not told why.] + + But, (rejoins the student who, after careful collation of codex B, + has arrived at a vastly different estimate of its character,)--What + is to be done when internal and external evidence alike condemn a + reading of B? How is "_mumpsimus_" for example to be + treated?--"_Mumpsimus_" (the Editors solemnly reply) as "the better + attested reading"--(by which they mean the reading attested by B,)--we + place in our margin. "_Sumpsimus_," apparently the _right_ reading, + we place in the text within {~DAGGER~}{~DAGGER~}; in token that it is probably "_a + successful ancient conjecture_." + + We smile, and resume:--But how is the fact to be accounted for that + the text of Chrysostom and (in the main) of the rest of the + IVth-century Fathers, to whom we are so largely indebted for our + critical materials, and who must have employed codices fully as old + as B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: how is it, we ask, that the text of all these, including + codex A, differs essentially from the text exhibited by codices B + and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}?--The editors reply,--The text of Chrysostom and the rest, we + designate "Syrian," and assume to have been the result of an + "editorial Revision," which we conjecturally assign to the second + half of the IIIrd century. It is the "_Pre-Syrian_" text that we are + in search of; and we recognize the object of our search in codex B. + + We stare, and smile again. But how then does it come to pass (we + rejoin) that the Peschito, or primitive _Syriac_, which is older by + full a century and a half than the last-named date, is practically + still the same text?--This fatal circumstance (not overlooked by the + learned Editors) they encounter with another conjectural assumption. + "_A Revision_" (say they) "of the Old Syriac version appears to have + taken place early in the IVth century, or sooner; and doubtless in + some connexion with the Syrian revision of the Greek text, the + readings being to a very great extent coincident." + + And pray, where _is_ "the _Old Syriac_ version" of which you + speak?--It is (reply the Editors) our way of designating the + fragmentary Syriac MS. commonly known as "Cureton's."--Your way (we + rejoin) of manipulating facts, and disposing of evidence is + certainly the most convenient, as it is the most extraordinary, + imaginable: yet is it altogether inadmissible in a grave enquiry + like the present. Syriac scholars are of a widely different opinion + from yourselves. Do you not perceive that you have been drawing upon + your imagination for every one of your facts? + + We decline in short on the mere conjectural _ipse dixit_ of these + two respected scholars to admit either that the Peschito is a + Revision of Cureton's Syriac Version;--or that it was executed about + A.D. 325;--or that the text of Chrysostom and the other principal + IVth-century Fathers is the result of an unrecorded "Antiochian + Revision" which took place about the year A.D. 275. + + [But instead of troubling ourselves with removing the upper story of + the visionary structure before us,--which reminds us painfully of a + house which we once remember building with playing-cards,--we begin + by removing the basement-story, which brings the entire + superstructure in an instant to the ground.] + + For we decline to admit that the texts exhibited by B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} can have + "diverged from a point near the sacred autographs, and never come + into contact subsequently." We are able to show, on the contrary, + that the readings they jointly embody afford the strongest + presumption that the MSS. which contain them are nothing else but + specimens of those "corrected," _i.e._ _corrupted_ copies, which are + known to have abounded in the earliest ages of the Church. From the + prevalence of identical depravations in either, we infer that they + are, on the contrary, derived from the same not very remote depraved + original: and therefore, that their coincidence, when they differ + from all (or nearly all) other MSS., so far from marking "two + primitive and entirely separate lines of transmission" of the + inspired autographs, does but mark what was derived from the same + corrupt common ancestor; whereby the supposed two independent + witnesses to the Evangelic verity become resolved into _a single + witness to a fabricated text of the IIIrd century_. + + It is impossible in the meantime to withhold from these learned and + excellent men (who are infinitely better than their theory) the + tribute of our sympathy and concern at the evident perplexity and + constant distress to which their own fatal major premiss has reduced + them. The Nemesis of Superstition and Idolatry is ever the same. + Doubt,--unbelief,--credulity,--general mistrust of _all_ evidence, is + the inevitable sequel and penalty. In 1870, Drs. Westcott and Hort + solemnly assured their brother Revisionists that "the prevalent + assumption, that throughout the N. T. the true text is to be found + _somewhere_ among recorded readings, _does not stand the test of + experience_;"[P. xxi.] and they are evidently still haunted by the + same spectral suspicion. They see a ghost to be exorcised in every + dark corner. "The Art of _Conjectural Emendation_" (says Dr. Hort) + "depends for its success so much on personal endowments, fertility + of resource in the first instance, and even more an appreciation of + language too delicate to acquiesce in merely plausible corrections, + that it is easy to forget its true character as a critical operation + founded on knowledge and method."[_Introd._ p. 71.] Specimens of the + writer's skill in this department abound. _One_ occurs at p. 135 + (_App._) where, _in defiance of every known document_, he seeks to + evacuate S. Paul's memorable injunction to Timothy (2 Tim. i. 13) of + all its significance. [A fuller exposure of Dr. Hort's handling of + this important text will be found later in the present volume.] May + we be allowed to assure the accomplished writer that IN BIBLICAL + TEXTUAL CRITICISM, "CONJECTURAL EMENDATION" HAS NO PLACE? + + 71 Scrivener, _Introduction_, p. 453.--Stunica, it will be remembered, + was the chief editor of the Complutensian, or _first printed_ + edition of the New Testament, (1514). + + 72 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~},--S. Matt. ix. 2. + + 73 Scrivener, _Plain Introd_. p. 472. + + 74 The words omitted are therefore the following 22:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}. + +_ 75 Companion to the Revised Version_, p. 61. + +_ 76 The last Twelve Verses of the Gospel according to S. Mark, + vindicated against recent critical Objectors and established_, by + the Rev. J. W. Burgon,--pp. 334, published by Parker, Oxford, 1871. + + 77 As Dr. Jacobson and Dr. Chr. Wordsworth,--the learned Bishops of + Chester and Lincoln. It is right to state that Bp. Ellicott + "_considers the passage doubtful_." (_On Revision_, p. 36.) Dr. + Scrivener (it is well known) differs entirely from Bp. Ellicott on + this important point. + +_ 78 Lectures on Bible Revision_, pp. 119-20. + + 79 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.--Clemens Rom., c. 45. + +_ 80 Should the Revised New Testament be authorized?_--p. 42. + +_ 81 Revised Version of the first three Gospels, considered,_--by Canon + Cook,--pp. 221-2. + + 82 At p. 34 of his pamphlet in reply to the first two of the present + Articles. + +_ 83 On Revision_, pp. 30 and 49. + +_ 84 Words of the N. T._ p. 193. + +_ 85 Companion to the Revised Version_, p. 63. + +_ 86 Ibid._ p. 62. + + 87 Viz. Eusebius,--Macarius Magnes,--Aphraates,--Didymus,--the Syriac _Acts + of the App._,--Epiphanius,--Ambrose,--Chrysostom,--Jerome,--Augustine. It + happens that the disputation of Macarius Magnes (A.D. 300-350) with + a heathen philosopher, which has recently come to light, contains an + elaborate discussion of S. Mark xvi. 17, 18. Add the curious story + related by the author of the _Paschal Chronicle_ (A.D. 628) + concerning Leontius, Bishop of Antioch (A.D. 348),--p. 289. This has + been hitherto overlooked. + + 88 Scrivener's _Introduction_, p. 515. + + 89 Tisch. specifies 7 Latin copies. Origen (iii. 946 _f._), Jerome + (vii. 282), and Leo (ap. Sabatier) are the only patristic quotations + discoverable. + + 90 i. 459 + + 91 i. 374; ii. 714; iv. 15. + + 92 vii. 47; viii. 13. + +_ 93 Dem. Ev._ pp. 163, 342. + + 94 i. 180, 385. + + 95 In loc. Also _in Luc._ xix. 29 (_Cat. Ox._ 141). + +_ 96 De Trin._ p. 84; Cord. _Cat. in Ps._ ii. 450, 745. + + 97 i. 845,--which is reproduced in the _Paschal Chronicle_, p. 374. + + 98 P. 180; cf. p. 162. + + 99 i. 154, 1047. + + 100 i. 355, 696, 6; 97 iii. 346. + + 101 Gr. iii. 434. + + 102 Ap. Galland. ix. 754. + + 103 i. 587; ii. 453, 454; vi. 393; vii. 311, 674; viii. 85; xi. 347. + Also _Cat. in Ps._ iii. 139. + + 104 Ap. Chrys. vi. 424; cf. p. 417. + +_ 105 In Luc._ pp. 12, 16, 502 ( = Mai, ii. 128). Also Mai, ii. 343, + _Hom. de Incarn._ p. 109. _Opp._ ii. 593; v.1 681, 30, 128, 380, + 402, 154; vi. 398. Maii, iii.2 286. + + 106 i. 290, 1298; ii. 18; iii. 480. + + 107 Ap. Galland. ix. 446, 476. _Concil._ iii. 1001, 1023. + +_ 108 Concil._ iii. 1002. + + 109 Ap. Galland. ix. 629. + +_ 110 Concil._ iii. 1095. + +_ 111 Concil._ iii. 829 = Cyr. _Opp._ vi. 159. + +_ 112 Nov. Auctar._ i. 596. + + 113 Montf. ii. 152, 160, 247, 269. + +_ 114 Hexaem._ ed. Migne, vol. 89, p. 899. + + 115 Ap. Galland. xii. 308. + + 116 Ed. Combefis, 14, 54; ap. Galland. xiii. 100, 123. + + 117 Ap. Galland. xiii. 235. + + 118 ii. 836. + + 119 Ap. Galland. xiii. 212. + +_ 120 E.g._ Chrys. _Opp._ viii.; _Append._ 214. + + 121 P. 6 D. + + 122 Ap. Galland. iii. 809. + + 123 ii. 602. + + 124 ii. 101, 122, 407. + + 125 iii. 447. + + 126 ii. 298. + + 127 ii. 804; iii. 783; v. 638, 670, 788; viii. 214, 285; x. 754, 821. + + 128 Cord. _Cat. in Ps._ ii. 960. + + 129 Of the ninety-two places above quoted, Tischendorf knew of only + _eleven_, Tregelles adduces only _six_.--Neither critic seems to have + been aware that "Gregory Thaum." is not the author of the citation + they ascribe to him. And why does Tischendorf quote as Basil's what + _is known_ not to have been his? + + 130 But then, note that C is only available for comparison down to the + end of ver. 5. In the 9 verses which have been lost, who shall say + how many more eccentricities would have been discoverable? + +_ 131 Companion to the Revised Version_, pp. 62, 63. _Words of the N. T._ + p. 193. + +_ 132 Words of the N. T._ p. 193. + + 133 Drs. Westcott and Hort (consistently enough) put them _on the + self-same footing_ with the evidently spurious ending found in L. + + 134 True, that a separate volume of Greek Text has been put forth, + showing every change which has been either actually accepted, or + else suggested for future possible acceptance. But (in the words of + the accomplished editor), "the _Revisers are not responsible for its + publication_." Moreover, (and this is the chief point,) it is a + sealed book to all but Scholars. + + It were unhandsome, however, to take leave of the learned labours of + Prebendary Scrivener and Archdeacon Palmer, without a few words of + sympathy and admiration. Their volumes (mentioned at the beginning + of the present Article) are all that was to have been expected from + the exquisite scholarship of their respective editors, and will be + of abiding interest and value. _Both_ volumes should be in the hands + of every scholar, for neither of them supersedes the other. Dr. + Scrivener has (with rare ability and immense labour) set before the + Church, _for the first time, the Greek Text which was followed by + the Revisers of 1611_, viz. Beza's N. T. of 1598, supplemented in + above 190 places from other sources; every one of which the editor + traces out in his _Appendix_, pp. 648-56. At the foot of each page, + he shows what changes have been introduced into the Text by the + Revisers of 1881.--Dr. Palmer, taking the _Text of Stephens_ (1550) + as his basis, presents us with the Readings adopted by the Revisers + of the "Authorized Version," and relegates the displaced Readings + (of 1611) to the foot of each page.--We cordially congratulate them + both, and thank them for the good service they have rendered. + + 135 The number is not excessive. There were about 600 persons aboard the + ship in which Josephus traversed the same waters. (_Life_, c. III.) + + 136 ii. 61 and 83. + + 137 Isaiah xiv. 15. + + 138 S. Matthew xxi. 1-3. S. Mark xi. 1-6. S. Luke xix. 29-34. + + 139 {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D L read--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: C*,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: B,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: + yscr--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}. + + 140 iii. 722, 740. + + 141 iii. 737, iv. 181. + + 142 S. Matt. xxi. 8. + + 143 Exod. x. 21-23. + + 144 S. Matth. xxvii. 45; S. Mark xv. 33; S. Lu. xxiii. 44. + + 145 Ap. Epiphan. i. 317 and 347. + +_ 146 Intenebricatus est sol_--a: _obscuratus est sol_--b: _tenebricavit + sol_--c. + + 147 Ap. Routh, _Opusc._ i. 79. + + 148 i. 90, 913; ap. Epiph. i. 1006. + +_ 149 Syr._ ii. 48. So also _Evan. Conc._ pp. 245, 256, 257. + + 150 Mai, _Scriptt. Vett._ vi. 64. + + 151 i. 305. + + 152 Ap. Mai, ii. 436; iii. 395. Also _Luc._ 722. + + 153 i. 288, 417. + + 154 P. 233. + + 155 Ed. by Wright, p. 16. + + 156 "Sol media die _tenebricavit_." _Adv. Jud._ c. xiii. + + 157 iii. 922-4. Read the whole of cap. 134. See also ap. Galland. xiv. + 82, append., which by the way deserves to be compared with Chrys. + vii. 825 a. + + 158 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Routh, + ii. 298. + + 159 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, p. 29. + + 160 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [sc. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.--vii. 825 a. + + 161 i. 414, 415; iii. 56. + + 162 Ap. Mai, iv. 206. But further on he says: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}.--Cyril of Jerusalem (pp. 57, 146, + 199, 201, 202) and Cosmas (ap. Montf. ii. 177 _bis_) were apparently + acquainted with the same reading, but neither of them actually + quotes Luke xxiii. 45. + + 163 "In quibusdam exemplaribus non habetur _tenebrae factae sunt, et + obscuratus est sol_: sed ita, _tenebrae factae sunt super omnem + terram, sole deficiente_. Et forsitan ausus est aliquis quasi + manifestius aliquid dicere volens, pro, _et obscuratus est sol_, + ponere _deficiente sole_, existimans quod non aliter potuissent + fieri tenebrae, nisi sole deficiente. Puto autem magis quod + insidiatores ecclesiae Christi mutaverunt hoc verbum, quoniam + _tenebrae factae sunt sole deficiente_, ut verisimiliter evangelia + argui possint secundum adinventiones volentium arguere illa." (iii. + 923 f. a.) + + 164 vii. 235. "_Qui scripserunt contra Evangelia_, suspicantur deliquium + solis," &c. + + 165 This rests on little more than conjecture. Tisch. _Cod. Ephr. Syr._ + p. 327. + + 166 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is only found besides in eleven lectionaries. + + 167 The Thebaic represents "the sun _setting_;" which, (like the mention + of "_eclipse_,") is only another _interpretation_ of the + darkness,--derived from Jer. xv. 9 or Amos viii. 9 ("_occidit_ sol + meridie"). Compare Irenaeus iv. 33. 12, (p. 273,) who says that these + two prophecies found fulfilment in "eum _occasum_ solis qui, + crucifixo eo, fuit ab hora sexta." He alludes to the same places in + iv. 34. 3 (p. 275). So does Jerome (on Matt. xxvii. 45),--"Et hoc + factum reor, ut compleatur prophetia," and then he quotes Amos and + Jeremiah; finely adding (from some ancient source),--"Videturque mihi + clarissimum lumen mundi, hoc est luminare majus, retraxisse radios + suos, ne aut pendentem videret Dominum; aut impii blasphemantes sua + luce fruerentur." + + 168 Our old friend of Halicarnassus (vii. 37), speaking of an eclipse + which happened B.C. 481, remarks: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 169 For it will be perceived that our Revisionists have adopted the + reading vouched for _only by codex_ B. What c* once read is as + uncertain as it is unimportant. + + 170 Bp. Ellicott's pamphlet, p. 60. + +_ 171 On the Revised Version_, p. 14. + + 172 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, as (probably) Victor of Antioch + (_Cat._ p. 128), explains the place. He cites some one else (p. 129) + who exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; and who explains it of Herod's difficulty + _about getting rid of Herodias_. + + 173 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, will have + been the reading of that lost venerable codex of the Gospels which + is chiefly represented at this day by Evann. 13-69-124-346,--as + explained by Professor Abbott in his Introduction to Prof. Ferrar's + _Collation of four important MSS._, etc. (Dublin 1877). The same + reading is also found in Evann. 28 : 122 : 541 : 572, and Evst. 196. + + Different must have been the reading of that other venerable + exemplar which supplied the Latin Church with its earliest Text. But + of this let the reader judge:--"_Et cum audisset illum multa facere, + libenter_," &c. (c: also "Codex Aureus" and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}, both at Stockholm): + "_et audito eo quod multa faciebat, et libenter_," &c. (g2 q): "_et + audiens illum quia multa faciebat, et libenter_," &c. (b). The + Anglo-Saxon, ("_and he heard that he many wonders wrought, and he + gladly heard him_") approaches nearest to the last two. + + The Peschito Syriac (which is without variety of reading here) in + strictness exhibits:--"_And many things he was hearing [from] him and + doing; and gladly he was hearing him._" But this, by competent + Syriac scholars, is considered to represent,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.--Cod. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} is peculiar in exhibiting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--omitting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.--The + Coptic also renders, "_et audiebat multa ab eo, et anxio erat + corde_." From all this, it becomes clear that the actual _intention_ + of the blundering author of the text exhibited by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L was, to + connect {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}, _not_ with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, but with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. So the Arabian + version: but not the Gothic, Armenian, Sclavonic, or Georgian,--as + Dr. S. C. Malan informs the Reviewer. + + 174 Note, that tokens abound of a determination anciently to assimilate + the Gospels hereabouts. Thus, because the first half of Luke ix. 10 + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KOPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} / {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) and the whole of Mk. vi. 30 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} / {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) are bracketed together + by Eusebius, the former place in codex A is found brought into + conformity with the latter by the unauthorized insertion of the + clause {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--The parallelism of Mtt. xiv. 13 and Lu. ix. + 10 is the reason why D exhibits in the latter place {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}- (instead of + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--In like manner, in Lu. ix. 10, codex A exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; only because {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + is the order of Mtt. xiv. 13 and Mk. vi. 32.--So again, codex {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, in + the same verse of S. Luke, entirely omits the final clause {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}, only in order to assimilate its text to that of + the two earlier Gospels.--But there is no need to look beyond the + limits of S. Mark vi. 14-16, for proofs of Assimilation. Instead of + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} (in ver. 14), B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--only because those words are found in Lu. ix. 7. A + substitutes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~})--only because that word is found in + Lu. ix. 8. For {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, C substitutes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--only because S. Matth. so writes in ch. xiv. 2. D inserts {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} into ver. 17--only because of Mtt. xiv. 3 and Lu. + iii. 20. In {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}) stands in ver. + 24--only by Assimilation with ver. 14. (L is for assimilating ver. 25 + likewise), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}, the Syr., and copies of the old Latin, transpose + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (in ver. 14)--only because those words are + transposed in Mtt. xiv. 2.... If facts like these do not open men's + eyes to the danger of following the fashionable guides, it is to be + feared that nothing ever will. The foulest blot of all remains to be + noticed. Will it be believed that in ver. 22, codices {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} + conspire in representing the dancer (whose name is _known_ to have + been "Salome") as _another _"Herodias"--_Herod's own daughter_? This + gross perversion of the truth, alike of Scripture and of history--a + reading as preposterous as it is revolting, and therefore rejected + hitherto by _all_ the editors and _all_ the critics--finds undoubting + favour with Drs. Westcott and Hort. Calamitous to relate, _it also + disfigures the margin of our Revised Version of S. Mark_ vi. 22, _in + consequence_. + +_ 175 i.e._ "_And_" is omitted by B L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}: "_immediately_" by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} C: "_with + tears_" by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}: "_Lord_" by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} A B C D L.--In S. Mark vi. + 16--(viz. "But when Herod heard thereof, he said [This is] John whom + I beheaded. He is risen [from the dead],")--the five words in + brackets are omitted by our Revisers on the authority of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B (D) L + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}. But {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D further omit {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: C D omit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B D L omit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. To + enumerate and explain the effects of all the barbarous Mutilations + which the Gospels alone have sustained at the hands of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, of B, and + of D--_would fill many volumes like the present_. + + 176 Chrysostom, vii. 825. + +_ 177 On the Creed_, Art. iv. "Dead:" about half-way through. + + 178 The Coptic represents {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 179 Namely, of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, which is the reading of _every known copy + but two_; besides Origen, Eusebius, Cyril Jer., Chrysostom, &c. Only + B L read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~},--which Westcott and Hort adopt. + + 180 i. 261. + + 181 i. 936, 1363. + + 182 i. 158. + + 183 P. 301. + + 184 Ap. Galland. vi. 53. + + 185 P. 396. + + 186 vii. 431. + + 187 "Ut ab additamenti ratione alienum est, ita cur omiserint in promptu + est." + + 188 But then, 25 (out of 320) pages of D are lost: D's omissions in the + Gospels may therefore be estimated at 4000. Codex A does not admit + of comparison, the first 24 chapters of S. Matthew having perished; + but, from examining the way it exhibits the other three Gospels, it + is found that 650 would about represent the number of words omitted + from its text.--The discrepancy between the texts of B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D, thus _for + the first time brought distinctly into notice_, let it be distinctly + borne in mind, is a matter wholly irrespective of the merits or + demerits of the Textus Receptus,--which, for convenience only, is + adopted as a standard: not, of course, of _Excellence_ but only of + _Comparison_. + + 189 Viz. the 1st, the 7th to 12th inclusive, and the 15th. + + 190 Concerning "the _singular codex_ D,"--as Bp. Ellicott phrases it,--see + back, pages 14 and 15. + + 191 Bp. Ellicott _On Revision_,--p. 42. Concerning the value of the + last-named authority, it is a satisfaction to enjoy the deliberate + testimony of the Chairman of the Revisionist body. See below, p. 85. + + 192 i. 156. + + 193 ii. 254. + + 194 i. 344 + + 195 iv. 220, 1218. + +_ 196 In Luc._ 664 (Mai, iv. 1105). + + 197 ii. 653. + + 198 "In Luca legimus _duos calices_, quibus discipulis propinavit," vii. + 216. + + 199 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 200 P. 1062. + + 201 ii. 747. + + 202 i. 1516. See below, p. 82. + + 203 Abbott's _Collation of four important Manuscripts_, &c., 1877. + + 204 ii. 354. + + 205 Pp. 543 and 681 ( = ed. Mass. 219 and 277). + +_ 206 Contra Noet._ c. 18; also ap. Theodoret iv. 132-3. + + 207 Ap. Galland. xix.; _Append._ 116, 117. + +_ 208 Evan. Conc._ pp. 55, 235. + + 209 Ap. Epiph. i. 742, 785. + + 210 It is § 283 in his sectional system. + + 211 P. 1121. + + 212 ii. 43; v. 392; vi. 604. Also _Evan. Conc._ 235. And see below, p. + 82. + + 213 Pp. 394, 402. + + 214 i. 551. + + 215 [i. 742, 785;] ii. 36, 42. + + 216 v. 263; vii. 791; viii. 377. + + 217 ii. 39. + + 218 Ap. Theod. Mops. + + 219 In loc. bis; ap. Galland. xii. 693; and Mai, _Scriptt. Vett._ vi. + 306. + +_ 220 Concilia_, iii. 327 a. + + 221 Ap. Mai, iii. 389. + +_ 222 Concilia_, iii. 1101 d. + + 223 Schol. 34. + + 224 i. 692; iv. 271, 429; v. 23. _Conc._ iii. 907 e. + +_ 225 Concilia_, iii. 740 d. + + 226 Ap. Galland. vi. 16, 17, 19. + + 227 Ap. Cosmam, ii. 331. + + 228 i. 544. + + 229 In Dionys. ii. 18, 30. + + 230 Ap. Galland. xii. 693. + +_ 231 Ibid._ 688. + + 232 Pp. 108, 1028, 1048. + +_ 233 Epist._ 138 + + 234 P. 1061. + + 235 ii. 747. + + 236 iv. 901, 902, 1013, 1564. + + 237 P. 373. + + 238 Ap. Galland. ix. 40. + +_ 239 Ibid._ xi. 693. + + 240 Let their own account of the matter be heard:--"The documentary + evidence clearly designates [these verses] as _an early Western + interpolation_, adopted in eclectic texts."--"They can only be _a + fragment from the Traditions_, written or oral, which were for a + while at least _locally current_:"--an "evangelic Tradition," + therefore, "_rescued from oblivion by the Scribes of the second + century_." + + 241 Consider the places referred to in Epiphanius. + + 242 The Editors shall speak for themselves concerning this, the first of + the "Seven last Words:"--"We cannot doubt that _it comes from an + extraneous source_:"--"need not have belonged originally _to the book + in which it is now included_:"--is "_a Western interpolation_." + + Dr. Hort,--unconscious apparently that he is _at the bar_, not _on + the bench_,--passes sentence (in his usual imperial style)--"Text, + Western and Syrian" (p. 67).--But then, (1st) It happens that our + LORD'S intercession on behalf of His murderers is attested by + upwards of forty Patristic witnesses _from every part of ancient + Christendom_: while, (2ndly) On the contrary, the places in which it + is _not found_ are certain copies of the old Latin, and codex D, + which is supposed to be our great "Western" witness. + + 243 Dr. Hort's _N. T._ vol. ii. _Note_, p. 68. + + 244 Ap. Eus. _Hist. Eccl._ ii. 23. + + 245 P. 521 and ... [Mass. 210 and 277.] + + 246 Ed. Lagarde, p. 65 _line_ 3. + + 247 ii. 188. _Haer._ iii. 18 p. 5. + + 248 Ap. Gall. iii. 38, 127. + +_ 249 Ibid._ ii. 714. (_Hom._ xi. 20.) + +_ 250 Evan. Conc._ 275. + + 251 Ap. Routh, v. 161. + + 252 He places the verses in _Can._ x. + + 253 i. 1120. + + 254 iii. 289. + +_ 255 Cat. in Ps._ iii. 219. + + 256 i. 290. + + 257 15 times. + + 258 ii. 48, 321, 428; ii. (_syr._) 233. + +_ 259 Evan. Conc._ 117, 256. + + 260 i. 607. + + 261 Pp. 232, 286. + + 262 P. 85. + + 263 Pp. 11, 16. Dr. Wright assigns them to the IVth century. + +_ 264 Eph._ c. x. + + 265 ii. 166, 168, 226. + + 266 6 times. + + 267 Ap. Mai, ii. 197 ( = Cramer 52); iii. 392.--Dr. Hort's strenuous + pleading for the authority of Cyril on this occasion (who however is + plainly against him) is amusing. So is his claim to have the cursive + "82" on his side. He is certainly reduced to terrible straits + throughout his ingenious volume. Yet are we scarcely prepared to + find an upright and honourable man contending so hotly, and almost + on any pretext, for the support of those very Fathers which, when + they are against him, (as, 99 times out of 100, they are,) he treats + with utter contumely. He is observed to put up with any ally, + however insignificant, who even _seems_ to be on his side. + + 268 Ap. Theod. v. 1152. + + 269 Pp. 423, 457. + +_ 270 Cat. in Ps._ i. 768; ii. 663. + + 271 Pp. 1109, 1134. + + 272 i. 374. + + 273 P. 93. + + 274 ii. 67, 747. + + 275 i. 814; ii. 819; v. 735. + + 276 P. 88. + + 277 Ap. Chrys. vi. 191. + + 278 11 times. + + 279 P. 782 f. + + 280 12 times. + + 281 More than 60 times. + + 282 Ap. Cypr. (ed. Baluze), &c. &c. + +_ 283 On Revision_,--p. 42 _note_. See above, p. 78 _note_. + +_ 284 Eclog. Proph._ p. 89. + +_ 285 In Luc._ 435 and 718. + + 286 See pages 93 to 97. + + 287 i. 1528. + + 288 So Sedulius Paschalis, ap. Galland. ix. 595. + + 289 iii. 2. + + 290 Euseb. _Ecl. Proph._ p. 89: Greg. Nyss. i. 570.--These last two + places have hitherto escaped observation. + + 291 See above, pp. 49-50, note 2. + + 292 Viz., thus:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 293 Dean Alford, _in loc._ + + 294 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}.,--_ad Marinum_, ap. Mai, iv. 266. + + 295 Ps. i. 79. + +_ 296 Dem._ 492. + + 297 Ap. Mai, iv. 287, 293. + + 298 i. 364. + + 299 Ap. Mai, ii. 439. + + 300 Ap. Galland. xi. 224. + +_ 301 Cat. in Joann._ p. 453. + + 302 Ps.-Chrys. viii. 161-2. Johannes Thessal. ap. Galland. xiii. 189. + + 303 Ap. Mai, iv. 293 _bis_; 294 _diserte_. + + 304 i. 506, 1541. + + 305 iii. 91. + + 306 iv. 1108, and _Luc._ 728 ( = Mai, ii. 441). + + 307 iii.2 142; viii. 472. + + 308 So Tertullian:--"_Manus et pedes suos inspiciendos offert_" (_Carn._ + c. 5). "_Inspectui eorum manus et pedes suos offert_" (_Marc._ iv. + c. 43). Also Jerome i. 712. + +_ 309 De Resur._ 240 (quoted by J. Damascene, ii. 762). + + 310 Ap. Mai, iv. 294. + + 311 i. 906, quoted by Epiph. i. 1003. + + 312 Ap. Theodoret, iv. 141. + + 313 i. 49. + + 314 i. 510; ii. 408, 418; iii. 91. + + 315 iv. 1108; vi. 23 (_Trin._). Ap. Mai, ii. 442 _ter._ + + 316 iv. 272. + +_ 317 Cat. in Joan._ 462, 3. + + 318 i. 303. + + 319 See above, pp. 78 and 85. + + 320 iii. 579. + + 321 ii. 114 (ed. 1698). + + 322 ii. 9, 362, 622. + + 323 ii. 309; iv. 30; v. 531; vii. 581. + + 324 vi. 79. + +_ 325 Ep._ i. (ap. Gall. i. p. xii.) + + 326 ii. 464. + +_ 327 Text_, pp. 565 and 571. + +_ 328 Append._ p. 14. + + 329 We depend for our Versions on Dr. S. C. Malan: pp. 31, 44. + + 330 ii. 147. _Conc._ v. 675. + + 331 Cord. _Cat._ i. 376. + + 332 vii. 599, 600 _diserte_. + + 333 Ap. Photium, p. 644. + + 334 Three times. + + 335 i. 663, 1461, ii. 1137. + + 336 Pp. 367, 699. + + 337 vii. 139. + + 338 Ap. Galland. vi. 324. + + 339 iii. P. i. 760. + +_ 340 Text_, p. 572. + +_ 341 Append._ p. 14. + + 342 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 343 Viz. from ch. xix. 7 to xx. 46. + + 344 We take leave to point out that, however favourable the estimate + Drs. Westcott and Hort may have personally formed of the value and + importance of the Vatican Codex (B), nothing can excuse their + summary handling, not to say their contemptuous disregard, of all + evidence adverse to that of their own favourite guide. They _pass + by_ whatever makes against the reading they adopt, with the oracular + announcement that the rival reading is "_Syrian_," "_Western_," + "_Western and Syrian_," as the case may be. + + But we respectfully submit that "_Syrian_," "_Western_," "_Western + and Syrian_," as Critical expressions, are absolutely without + meaning, as well as without use to a student in this difficult + department of sacred Science. They supply no information. They are + never supported by a particle of intelligible evidence. They are + often demonstrably wrong, and _always_ unreasonable. They are + _Dictation_, not _Criticism_. When at last it is discovered that + they do but signify that certain words _are not found in codex_ + B,--they are perceived to be the veriest _foolishness_ also. + + Progress is impossible while this method is permitted to prevail. If + these distinguished Professors have enjoyed a Revelation as to what + the Evangelists actually wrote, they would do well to acquaint the + world with the fact at the earliest possible moment. If, on the + contrary, they are merely relying on their own inner consciousness + for the power of divining the truth of Scripture at a glance,--they + must be prepared to find their decrees treated with the contumely + which is due to imposture, of whatever kind. + + 345 Marcion (Epiph. i. 317);--Eusebius (Mai, iv. 266);--Epiphanius (i. + 348);--Cyril (Mai, ii. 438);--John Thessal. (Galland. xiii. 188). + + 346 [The discussion of this text has been left very nearly as it + originally stood,--the rather, because the reading of 1 Tim. iii. 16 + will be found fully discussed at the end of the present volume. See + _Index of Texts_.] + +_ 347 Companion to the Revised Version_, &c., by Alex. Roberts, D.D. (2nd + edit.), pp. 66-8. + + 348 Of this, any one may convince himself by merely inspecting the 2 + pages of codex A which are exposed to view at the British Museum. + + 349 For, of the 3 cursives usually cited for the same reading (17, 73, + 181), the second proves (on enquiry at Upsala) to be merely an + abridgment of OEcumenius, who certainly read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; and the last is + non-existent. + +_ 350 Concilia_, ii. 217 c. + + 351 viii. 214 b. + + 352 A single quotation is better than many references. Among a multitude + of proofs that CHRIST is GOD, Gregory says:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. ii. 693. + + 353 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. (i. 215 a.)--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}?... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. (i. 685 b.) + +_ 354 De Trin._ p. 83--where the testimony is express. + + 355 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.--_Concilia_, i. 853 d. + + 356 Cramer's _Cat. in Rom._ p. 124. + + 357 One quotation may suffice:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. i. 497. = Galland. xiv. 141. + + 358 The following may suffice:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. v. p. ii.; p. 154 c d.--In a newly-recovered treatise of + Cyril, 1 Tim. iii. 16 is quoted at length with {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, followed by a + remark on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This at least is decisive. + The place has been hitherto overlooked. + + 359 i. 92; iii. 657; iv. 19, 23. + + 360 Apud Athanasium, _Opp._ ii. 33, where see Garnier's prefatory note. + + 361 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [sc. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Cramer's _Cat._ iii. 69. + The quotation is from the lost work of Severus against Julian of + Halicarnassus. + + 362 Galland. xii. 152 e, 153 e, with the notes both of Garnier and + Gallandius. + + 363 i. 313; ii. 263. + + 364 Ap. Athanas. i. 706. + + 365 iii. 401-2. + + 366 Ap. Phot. 230. + +_ 367 Contra Haer. Noet._ c. 17. + + 368 Ap. Clem. Al. 973. + + 369 Cap. xii. + +_ 370 Ad Eph._ c. 19, 7; _ad Magn._ c. 8. + + 371 See Scrivener's _Plain Introd._ pp. 555-6, and Berriman's + _Dissertation_, pp. 229-263. Also the end of this volume. + + 372 i. 887 c. + + 373 ii. 74 b. + + 374 See above, p. 98. + + 375 As, that stupid fabrication, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}; (in S. + Matth. xix. 17):--the new incidents and sayings proposed for + adoption, as in S. Mark i. 27 (in the Synagogue of Capernaum): in S. + John xiii. 21-6 (at the last supper): in S. Luke xxiv. 17 (on the + way to Emmaus):--the many proposed omissions, as in S. Matth. vi. 13 + (the Doxology): in xvi. 2, 3 (the signs of the weather): in S. Mark + ix. 44 & 46 (the words of woe): in S. John v. 3, 4 (the Angel + troubling the pool), &c. &c. &c. + + 376 It cannot be too plainly or too often stated that learned Prebendary + Scrivener is _wholly guiltless_ of the many spurious "Readings" with + which a majority of his co-Revisionists have corrupted the Word of + GOD. He pleaded faithfully,--but he pleaded in vain.--It is right also + to state that the scholarlike Bp. of S. Andrews (Dr. Charles + Wordsworth) has fully purged himself of the suspicion of complicity, + by his printed (not published) remonstrances with his + colleagues.--The excellent Bp. of Salisbury (Dr. Moberly) attended + only 121 of their 407 meetings; and that judicious scholar, the Abp. + of Dublin (Dr. Trench) only 63. The reader will find more on this + subject at the close of Art. II.,--pp. 228-30. + + 377 Eusebius,--Basil,--Chrysostom (_in loc._),--Jerome,--Juvencus,--omit the + words. P. E. Pusey found them in _no_ Syriac copy. But the + conclusive evidence is supplied by the Manuscripts; not more than 1 + out of 20 of which contain this clause. + + 378 "Revised Text" of S. Luke vi. 48. + + 379 "Authorized Version," supported by A C D and 12 other uncials, the + whole body of the cursives, the Syriac, Latin, and Gothic versions. + + 380 "Revised Text" of S. Luke v. 39. + + 381 "Authorized Version," supported by A C and 14 other uncials, the + whole body of the cursives, and _all_ the versions except the + Peschito and the Coptic. + +_ 382 Address at Lincoln Diocesan Conference_,--p. 16. + +_ 383 On Revision_,--p. 99. + +_ 384 Dial._ capp. 88 and 103 (pp. 306, 310, 352). + + 385 P. 113. + + 386 Ap. Galland. iii. 719, c d. + + 387 iv. 15 (ap. Gall. iv. 296 b). + + 388 42 b, 961 e, 1094 a. + + 389 Ap. Galland. iv. 605 (ver. 365-6). + + 390 Ap. Aug. viii. 423 e. + + 391 "Vox illa Patris, quae super baptizatum facta est _Ego hodie genui + te_," (_Enchirid._ c. 49 [_Opp._ vi. 215 a]):-- + + "Illud vero quod nonnulli codices habent secundum Lucam, hoc illa + voce sonuisse quod in Psalmo scriptum est, _Filius meus es tu: ego + hodie genui te_, quanquam in antiquioribus codicibus Graecis non + inveniri perhibeatur, tamen si aliquibus fide dignis exemplaribus + confirmari possit, quid aliud quam utrumque intelligendum est + quolibet verborum ordine de caelo sonuisse?" (_De Cons. Ev._ ii. c. + 14 [_Opp._ iii. P. ii. 46 d e]). Augustine seems to allude to what + is found to have existed in the _Ebionite Gospel_. + + 392 Epiphanius (i. 138 b) quotes the passage which contains the + statement. + + 393 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: also--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 394 For my information on this subject, I am entirely indebted to one + who is always liberal in communicating the lore of which he is + perhaps the sole living depositary in England,--the Rev. Dr. S. C. + Malan. See his _Seven Chapters of the Revision of 1881, revised_,--p. + 3. But especially should the reader be referred to Dr. Malan's + learned dissertation on this very subject in his _Select Readings in + Westcott and Hort's Gr. Text of S. Matth._,--pp. 1 to 22. + + 395 So Dr. Malan in his _Select Readings_ (see above note 1),--pp. 15, + 17, 19. + + 396 "Liber _geniturae_ Jesu Christi filii David, filii Abraham" ... + "Gradatim ordo deducitur ad Christi _nativitatem_."--_De Carne + Christi_, c. 22. + + 397 A friendly critic complains that we do not specify which editions of + the Fathers we quote. Our reply is--This [was] a Review, not a + Treatise. We are _constrained_ to omit such details. Briefly, we + always quote _the best Edition_. Critical readers can experience + _no_ difficulty in verifying our references. A few details shall + however be added: Justin (_Otto_): Irenaeus (_Stieren_): Clemens Al. + (_Potter_): Tertullian (_Oehler_): Cyprian (_Baluze_): Eusebius + (_Gaisford_): Athanas. (1698): Greg. Nyss. (1638): Epiphan. (1622): + Didymus (1769): Ephraem Syr. (1732): Jerome (_Vallarsi_): Nilus + (1668-73): Chrysostom (_Montfaucon_): Cyril (_Aubert_): Isidorus + (1638): Theodoret (_Schulze_): Maximus (1675): John Damascene + (_Lequien_): Photius (1653). Most of the others (as Origen, Greg. + Nazianz., Basil, Cyril of Jer., Ambrose, Hilary, Augustine), are + quoted from the Benedictine editions. When we say "Mai," we always + mean his _Nova Biblioth. PP._ 1852-71. By "Montfaucon," we mean the + _Nov. Coll. PP._ 1707. It is necessity that makes us so brief. + +_ 398 Concilia_, iii. 521 a to d. + + 399 i.2 340. + + 400 P. 889 line 37 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + + 401 i. 943 c. + + 402 i. 735. + + 403 v.1 363, 676. + +_ 404 Concil._ iii. 325 ( = Cyril v.2 28 a). + + 405 vii. 48; viii. 314. + + 406 In Matth. ii. 16. + + 407 Ps.-Athanas. ii. 306 and 700: ps.-Chrysost. xii. 694. + + 408 P. 470. + + 409 Gall. ix. 215. + +_ 410 Trin._ 188. + + 411 i. 250 b. + + 412 i. 426 a ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). + + 413 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}.--Galland. xiv. _Append._ pp. 73, 74. + + 414 [dated 22 May A.D. 359] ap. Athan. i. 721 d. + + 415 i. 722 c. + + 416 P. 20 of the newly-recovered _Diatessaron_, translated from the + Armenian. The Exposition is claimed for Ephraem Syrus. + + 417 Dr. Malan, _Seven Chapters of the Revision, revised_, p. 7. + + 418 See below, note 13. + + 419 See p. 122, note 11. + + 420 i. 938, 952. Also ps.-Athan. ii. 409, excellently. + +_ 421 Trin._ 349. + + 422 P. 116. + + 423 i. 392; ii. 599, 600. + + 424 ii. 229. + + 425 See p. 122, note 11. + + 426 i. 426, 1049 (5 times), 1052-3. + + 427 vii. 76. + + 428 Galland. ix. 636. + + 429 P. 6 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: which is also the reading of Syrev and of the + Sahidic. The Memphitic version represents {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.) + + 430 i. 276. + + 431 Gal. xiii. 662. + +_ 432 In Cat._ + + 433 ii. 462. + + 434 "_Ex hoc loco quidam perversissime suspicantur et alios filios + habuisse Mariam, dicentes primogenitum non dici nisi qui habeat et + fratres_" (vii. 14). He refers to his treatise against Helvidius, + ii. 210. + +_ 435 Preface to Pastoral Epistles_,--more fully quoted facing p. 1. + + 436 The Preface (quoted above facing p. 1,) is dated 3rd Nov. 1868. + +_ 437 Lectures on Biblical Revision_, (1881) pp. 116 seqq. See above, pp. + 37-9. + +_ 438 On Revision_, pp. 30 and 49. + +_ 439 The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour JESUS CHRIST, translated + out of the Greek: being the Version set forth_ A.D. _1611, compared + with the most ancient Authorities, and Revised_ A.D. _1881_. Printed + for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 1881. + + _The New Testament in the Original Greek, according to the Text + followed in the Authorized Version, together with the Variations + adopted in the Revised Version._ Edited for the Syndics of the + Cambridge University Press, by F. H. A. Scrivener, M.A., D.C.L., + LL.D., Prebendary of Exeter and Vicar of Hendon. Cambridge, 1881. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}. _The Greek Testament, with the Readings adopted by + the Revisers of the Authorized Version._ [Edited by the Ven. + Archdeacon Palmer, D.D.] Oxford, 1881. + + _The New Testament in the Original Greek._ The Text revised by + Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., and Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D. + Cambridge and London, 1881. + + 440 Malan's _Gospel of S. John translated from the Eleven oldest + Versions_. + + 441 Int. ii. 72; iv. 622 dis. + +_ 442 C. Noet._ § 4. + + 443 i. 1275. + +_ 444 Trin._ 363. + + 445 Ap. Gall. v. 67. + + 446 i. 282. + + 447 i. 486. + +_ 448 Ep. ad Paul. Sam. Concil._ i. 872 e; 889 e. + + 449 Ap. Galland. iv. 563. + + 450 vii. 546; viii. 153, 154, 277. + + 451 iii. 570; iv. 226, 1049, 1153. + + 452 iv. 150 (text); vi. 30, 169. Mai, ii. 69. + +_ 453 Concilia_, iii. 1102 d. + + 454 Quoted by Leontius (Gall. xii. 693). + +_ 455 In Cat._ Cord. 96. + +_ 456 Ibid._ p. 94. + +_ 457 Cat. in Ps._ ii. 323 and 343. + + 458 Ap. Photium, p. 281. + + 459 Montf. ii. 286. + + 460 i. 288, 559, 567. + + 461 Ps.-Athan. ii. 464. Another, 625. Another, 630. Ps.-Epiphan. ii. + 287. + + 462 i. 863, 903, 1428. + + 463 Gall. iii. 296. + + 464 32 dis.; 514; 1045 dis. + + 465 Gall. vi. 192. + + 466 iv. 679. + + 467 Ap. Athan. ii. 646. + + 468 Gall. v. 124. + +_ 469 Ibid._ iii. 628, 675. + +_ 470 Ibid._ ix. 367. + +_ 471 Ibid._ ix. 493. + + 472 Let the Reader, with a map spread before him, survey the whereabouts + of the several VERSIONS above enumerated, and mentally assign each + FATHER to his own approximate locality: then let him bear in mind + that 995 out of 1000 of the extant MANUSCRIPTS agree with those + Fathers and Versions; and let him further recognize that those MSS. + (executed at different dates in different countries) must severally + represent independent remote originals, inasmuch as _no two of them + are found to be quite alike_.--Next, let him consider that, _in all + the Churches of the East_, these words from the earliest period were + read as _part of the Gospel for the Thursday in Easter week_.--This + done, let him decide whether it is reasonable that two worshippers + of codex B--A.D. 1881--should attempt to thrust all this mass of + ancient evidence clean out of sight by their peremptory sentence of + exclusion,--"WESTERN AND SYRIAN." + + Drs. Westcott and Hort inform us that "_the character of the + attestation_ marks" the clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), "as a WESTERN + GLOSS." But the "attestation" for retaining that clause--(_a_) Comes + demonstrably from every quarter of ancient Christendom:--(_b_) Is + more ancient (by 200 years) than the evidence for omitting it:--(_c_) + Is more numerous, in the proportion of 99 to 1:--(_d_) In point of + respectability, stands absolutely alone. For since we have _proved_ + that Origen and Didymus, Epiphanius and Cyril, Ambrose and Jerome, + _recognize_ the words in dispute, of what possible Textual + significancy can it be if presently (_because it is sufficient for + their purpose_) the same Fathers are observed to quote S. John iii. + 13 _no further than down to the words _"Son of Man"? No person, + (least of all a professed Critic,) who adds to his learning a few + grains of common sense and a little candour, can be misled by such a + circumstance. Origen, Eusebius, Proclus, Ephraim Syrus, Jerome, + Marius, when they are only insisting on the doctrinal significancy + of the earlier words, naturally end their quotation at this place. + The two Gregories (Naz. [ii. 87, 168]: Nyss. [Galland. vi. 522]), + writing against the Apolinarian heresy, of course quoted the verse + no further than Apolinaris himself was accustomed (for his heresy) + to adduce it.... About the _internal_ evidence for the clause, + nothing has been said; but _this_ is simply overwhelming. We make + our appeal to _Catholic Antiquity_; and are content to rest our + cause on _External Evidence_;--on COPIES, on VERSIONS, on FATHERS. + + 473 Pp. 798, 799. + + 474 iii. 414. + +_ 475 Ant._ c. 50; _Consum._ c. 28. + +_ 476 Hist. Eccl._ v. 8. + + 477 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~};--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Phavorinus, + quoted by Brueder. + + 478 Viz. S. Luke iv. 39: Acts x. 17: xi. 11: xxii. 20. + + 479 S. Luke ii. 9 (where "_came upon_" is better than "_stood by_ them," + and should have been left): xxiv. 4: Acts xii. 7: xxii. 13: xxiii. + 11. + + 480 S. Luke xx. 1: xxi. 34 (last Day): Acts iv. 1: vi. 12: xvii. 5 + ("assault"): xxiii. 27: xxviii. 2 (a rain-storm,--which, by the way, + suggests for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} a different rendering from "_the + present_"). + + 481 S. Luke ii. 38. + + 482 S. Luke x. 40. + + 483 Cf. ch. xi. 20. So in Latin, _Illa plurima sacrificia_. (Cic. _De + Fin._ 2. 20. 63.) + + 484 "The context" (says learned Dr. Field) "is too strong for + philological quibbles." The words "_can by no possibility bear any + other meaning_."--_Otium Norvicense_, p. 40. + + 485 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},--Theophylact, i. 201 e. Boys + quotes Seneca _De Ira_:--_Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere + gladium_ speculatorem _jussit_. + + 486 Trench, _Study of Words_, p. 106. + +_ 487 Otium Norvicense_, pars tertia, 1881, pp. 155. + + 488 Compare Xenophon (_Cyrop._ vii. 6. 8), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + The _plena locutio_ is found in Nehem. xiii. 24,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} + (quoted by Wetstein). + + 489 Cf. Acts i. 23; xvii. 31. The Latin is "_statuerunt_" or + "_constituerunt_." The Revisionists give "appointed" in the second + of these places, and "put forward" in the first. In both,--What + becomes of their uniformity? + + 490 P. 279. + + 491 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. x. 307 b. (= xii. 433 a). + + 492 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. ix. 391 a. + + 493 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. ii. 516 d. + + 494 iii. 399 d. + + 495 v. 930 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + + 496 MS. Note in his copy of the N. T. + + 497 And the Revisionists: for see Rom. xi. 4. + + 498 Yet even here they cannot abstain from putting in the margin the + peculiarly infelicitous alternative,--"_Why didst thou forsake Me?_" + + 499 As in Rom. vi. 2: ix. 13. 1 Cor. i. 27: vi. 20: ix. 11. Ephes. iv. + 20, &c. &c. + + 500 Comp. S. Matth. viii. 1, 5, 23, 28; ix. 27, 28; xxi. 23. + + 501 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 502 ii. 155. + + 503 Routh, _Rell_. iii. 226 _ad calc._ + + 504 Ap. Mai, iv. 266. + + 505 ii. 1324. + + 506 ii. 380. + + 507 Ap. Greg. Nyss. iii. 403. + + 508 So also Heb. xi. 17, 28. And see the Revision of S. James i. 11. + + 509 Comp. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in S. Lu. xi. 4. In the case of certain Greek verbs, + the _preterite_ in form is invariably _present_ in signification. + See Dr. Field's delightful _Otium Norvicense_, p. 65. + + 510 See above, pp. 98-106. Also _infra_, towards the end. + + 511 As in S. Matth. xi. 11 and 2 Tim. iv. 17, where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} is rendered + "notwithstanding:"--Phil. i. 24 and Heb. xii. 11, where it is + "nevertheless." + +_ 512 Eight_ times in succession in 1 Cor. xii. 8-10, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} is not + represented in the A. V. The ancients _felt_ so keenly what Tyndale, + Cranmer, the Geneva, the Rheims, and the A. V. ventured to exhibit, + that as often as not they leave out the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~},--in which our + Revisionists twice follow them. The reader of taste is invited to + note the precious result of inserting "and," as the Revisionists + have done six times, where according to the genius of the English + language it is not wanted at all. + + 513 38 times in the Genealogy, S. Matth. i. + + 514 Rom. xiv. 4: xv. 20. + + 515 Rom. ix. 22. + + 516 1 Cor. xii. 27. + + 517 Gal. ii. 4. + + 518 Act xxvii. 26. + + 519 Rom. iii. 22. + + 520 Ephes. iv. 1. + + 521 2 Cor. v. 8. + + 522 S. Mark xv. 31. + + 523 S. Mark vi. 29. + + 524 1 Cor. x. 1. + + 525 S. Matth. vi. 30. + + 526 S. John xx. 4. + + 527 2 Cor. i. 23. + + 528 2 Cor. vii. 13. + + 529 2 Cor. ii. 12. + + 530 2 Pet. iii. 13. + + 531 S. Matth. ii. 22. + + 532 1 Cor. xii. 20. + + 533 1 S. John i. 3. + + 534 S. Matth. xxv. 39. + + 535 Acts viii. 3. + + 536 Rom. xii. 6. + + 537 S. Matth. vi. 29. + + 538 As in S. Matth. vii. 9: xii. 29: xx. 15. Rom. iii. 29. + + 539 S. Matth. xx. 15: xxvi. 53. Rom. iii. 29: vi. 3: vii. 1. + + 540 S. John xvi. 32. + + 541 S. Luke xix. 23. + + 542 2 Cor. xiii. 1. + + 543 S. Luke xii. 2. + + 544 S. Luke xviii. 7. + + 545 S Luke xiv. 21. + + 546 1 S. John ii. 27. + + 547 1 S. John i. 2. + + 548 S. Mark ix. 39. + + 549 Acts xxiii. 3. + + 550 Consider S. Matth. iii. 16,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: and ver. + 6,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 551 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 552 Galland. iv. 6 b _bis_. + + 553 P. 279. + + 554 ix. 400. + + 555 ii. 707. + + 556 The circumstance is noticed and explained in the same way by Dr. + Field in his delightful _Otium Norvicense_. + +_ 557 Concilia_, iv. 79 e. + + 558 Thus Cyril addresses one of his Epistles to Acacius Bp. of + Melitene,--_Concilia_, iii. 1111. + + 559 See Dr. Field's delightful _Otium Norvicense_ (Pars tertia), 1881, + pp. 1-4 and 110, 111. This masterly contribution to Sacred Criticism + ought to be in the hands of every student of Scripture. + + 560 See Hesychius, and the notes on the place. + +_ 561 Notes designed to illustrate some expressions in the Gk. Test. by a + reference to the_ LXX., &c. By C. F. B. Wood, Praecentor of + Llandaff,--Rivingtons, 1882, (pp. 21,)--p. 17:--an admirable + performance, only far too brief. + + 562 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}? + + 563 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 564 [Pointed out to me by Professor Gandell,--whose exquisite familiarity + with Scripture is only equalled by his readiness to communicate his + knowledge to others.] + + 565 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--S. Mark xiv. 3 and 8: S. John + xii. 3 and 7. Hear Origen (apud Hieron. iii. 517):--"Non de nardo + propositum est nunc Spiritui Sancto dicere, neque de hoc quod oculis + intuemur, Evangelista scribit, unguento; sed _de nardo spirituali_." + And so Jerome himself, vii. 212. + + 566 Ps. xxxiii. 18 ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): Is. + lvii. 15. + + 567 Consider Ignatius, _ad Ephes._ c. xvii. Also, the exquisite remark + of Theod. Heracl. in Cramer's _Cat._ + + 568 We prefer that readers should be reminded, by the varied form, of + the _Greek_ original. In the extreme case (Acts vii. 45: Hebr. iv. + 8), is it not far more edifying that attention should be in this way + directed to the identity of the names "_Joshua_" and "_Jesus_," than + that the latter word should be entirely obliterated by the + former;--and this, only for the sake of unmistakeably proclaiming, + (what yet must needs be perfectly manifest, viz.) that "_Joshua_" is + the personage spoken of? + + 569 So, in S. Luke xxiii. 25, and Acts iii. 14: xiii. 28,--still + following Tyndale. + + 570 Acts xii. 20. + + 571 Eph. iii. 13. + + 572 For, as the story plainly shows (2 Sam. vii. 2, 3; 1 Chron. xvii. 1, + 2), it was only "_in his heart_" to build GOD an house (1 Kings + viii. 17, 18). Hence Cranmer's "_he would fain_" have done so. + + 573 Acts xvi. 29. + + 574 Col. i. 9. + + 575 S. Matth. xiv. 15, 22, 23 (= S. Mark vi. 36, 45, [and note the + substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in ver. 46]: S. Luke ix. 12): and xv. + 32, 39 (= S. Mark viii. 9). + + 576 S. Matt. xiii. 36: and S. Mark iv. 36. + + 577 Acts xii. 13. + + 578 Acts xvi. 16. + + 579 Verses 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31. + + 580 Twice he calls it {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 581 Ch. xxvii. 61, 64, 66; xxviii. 1. + + 582 Except in 2 Tim. iii. 16,--where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is rendered _ad + docendum_. + + 583 Except in Rom. xii. 7,--where {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} is rendered "_on + teaching_." + + 584 Except in Rom. xvi. 17, where they render it "_doctrine_." + + 585 And yet, since upwards of 50 times we are molested with a marginal + note to inform us that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means "_Teacher_"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + (rather than {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) might have claimed to be rendered "_teaching_." + + 586 Viz. Rom. xii. 7: 1 Tim. iv. 13, 16: v. 17: 2 Tim. iii. 10, 16.--Rom. + xv. 4. + + 587 Eight times in Rev. xvi. + + 588 S. Matth. xxvi. 7. S. Mark xiv. 3. S. Luke vii. 37. + + 589 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Consider the LXX. of 2 Chron. xxiv. 8, 10, 11. + + 590 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 591 E.g._ S. Matth. xxvi. 48. S. Luke ii. 12. + + 592 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is rendered "miracle" in the R. V. about half-a-dozen times. + + 593 Acts iv. 16, 22.--On the other hand, "sign" was allowed to represent + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} repeatedly in the A. V., as in S. Matth. xii. 38, &c., and + the parallel places: S. Mark xvi. 17, 20: S. John xx. 30. + + 594 Canon Cook's _Revised Version of the first three Gospels + considered_, &c.--p. 26: an admirable performance,--unanswered, + because _unanswerable_. + + 595 Dr. Vance Smith's _Revised Texts and Margins_,--p. 45. + + 596 S. Matth. xvii. 15: S. Mk. ix. 18, 20, 22, 26: S. Lu. ix. 39, 42. + + 597 Consider our LORD'S solemn words in Mtt. xvii. 21,--"_But this kind + goeth not out save by prayer and fasting_,"--12 words left out by the + R. V., though witnessed to by _all the Copies but_ 3: by the Latin, + Syriac, Coptic, and Armenian Versions: and by the following + Fathers:--(1) Origen, (2) Tertullian, (3) the Syriac Clement, (4) the + Syriac _Canons of Eusebius_, (5) Athanasius, (6) Basil, (7) Ambrose, + (8) Juvencus, (9) Chrysostom, (10) _Opus imp._, (11) Hilary, (12) + Augustine, (13) J. Damascene, and others. Then (it will be asked), + why have the Revisionists left them out? Because (we answer) they + have been misled by B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, Cureton's Syriac and the Sahidic,--as + untrustworthy a quaternion of witnesses to the text of Scripture as + could be named. + + 598 The word is only not banished entirely from the N. T. It occurs + twice (viz. in Rom. i. 20, and Jude ver. 6), but only as the + rendering of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 599 S. Matth. xxv. 46. + + 600 Clemens Al. (p. 71) says:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Tertullian,--_Legimus omnem Scripturam aedificationi + habilem, divinitus inspirari._ Origen (ii. 443),--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Gregory Nyss. (ii. 605),--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Dial. (ap. Orig. i. 808),--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. So Basil, Chrysostom, Cyril, + Theodoret, &c. + + 601 See Archdeacon Lee _on Inspiration_, pp. 261-3, reading his notes. + + 602 S. John xvi. 15. + + 603 Study by all means Basil's letter to Amphilochius, (vol. iii. p. 360 + to 362.)--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.--(p. 362 + c.) Basil says of this interpretation--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +_ 604 Notes_, p. 109. + +_ 605 Celebre effugium_, (as Dr. Routh calls it,) _quod ex falsa verborum + constructione Critici quidam haereticis pararunt._ _Reliqq._ iii. + 322-3. + + 606 C alone has a point between {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. But this is an entirely different thing from what is + noted in the margin. + + 607 MS. communication from the Rev. S. C. Malan. + + 608 i. 506. + +_ 609 Opusc._ i. 52, 58; _Phil._ 339. + + 610 iv. 612. + + 611 Routh, _Reliqq. Sac._ iii. 292, and 287. (_Concil._ i. 845 b. c.) + +_ 612 Concilia_, i. 873 d: 876 a. + + 613 vi. c. 26. + + 614 i. 414, 415, 429, 617, 684, 908. + + 615 i. 282. And in _Cat._ 317. + +_ 616 Trin._ 21, 29, 327, 392. Mai, vii. 303. + + 617 ii. 596 a, (quoted by the Emp. Justinian [_Concil._ v. 697] and the + _Chronicon Paschale_, 355), 693, 697; iii. 287. Galland. vi. 575. + + 618 i. 481, 487, 894, 978; ii. 74. + + 619 Ap. Cyril (ed. Pusey), v. 534. + + 620 Ap. Gall. iii. 805. + + 621 Ap. Gall. iv. 576. + + 622 Ap. Phot. col. 761, 853. + + 623 Ap. Gall. vi. 8, 9, 80. + + 624 Ap. Gall. vii. 618, and ap. Hieron. i. 560. + +_ 625 Concilia_, iii. 522 e ( = iv. 297 d = ap. Gall. viii. 667). Also, + _Concilia_ (Harduin), i. 1413 a. + + 626 Ap. Gall. ix. 474. + + 627 Ap. Gall. ix. 690, 691 ( = _Concil._ iii. 1230, 1231). + +_ 628 Homilia_ (Arm.), p. 165 and 249. + + 629 i. 464, 483; vi. 534; vii. 51; viii. 191; ix. 604, 653; x. 172. + + 630 v.1 20, 503, 765, 792; v.2 58, 105, 118, 148; vi. 328. Ap. Mai, ii. + 70, 86, 96, 104; iii. 84 _in Luc._ 26. + +_ 631 Concilia_, iii. 1099 b. + + 632 i. 103; ii. 1355; iii. 215, 470; iv. 17, 433, 1148, 1264, 1295, + 1309; v. 67, 1093. + + 633 Cramer's _Cat._ 160. + +_ 634 Ibid. in Act._ 40. + + 635 P. 166. + +_ 636 Concilia_, ii. 195. + + 637 Ap. Gall. xii. 251. + + 638 Ap. Gall. xii. 682. + + 639 ii. 64. + + 640 i. 557; ii. 35, 88. + + 641 Prax. 13, 15--"Christum autem et ipse Deum cognominavit, _Quorum + patres, et ex quibus Christus secundum carnem, qui est super omnia + Deus benedictus in aevum_." + + 642 P. 287. + + 643 Ap. Gall. iii. 296, 313. + + 644 i. 1470; ii. 457, 546, 609, 790. + +_ 645 Concilia_, ii. 982 c. + + 646 78, 155, 393, 850, 970, 1125, 1232. + + 647 i. 870, 872. + + 648 Ap. Gall. viii. 157. + + 649 Ap. Gall. vii. 589, 590. + + 650 Ap. Gall. viii. 627. + + 651 709, 711. + + 652 Ap. Gall. x. 722. + + 653 Ap. Gall. xi. 233, 237. + +_ 654 Concilia_, iii. 1364, 1382. + + 655 Ap. Gall. 352, 357. + +_ 656 Ibid._ 674. + + 657 ii. 16, 215, 413. + + 658 i. 839; v. 769; xii. 421. + + 659 Those of our readers who wish to pursue this subject further may + consult with advantage Dr. Gifford's learned note on the passage in + the _Speaker's Commentary_. Dr. Gifford justly remarks that "it is + the natural and simple construction, which every Greek scholar would + adopt without hesitation, if no question of doctrine were involved." + + 660 Note, that this has been the language of the Church from the + beginning. Thus Tertullian,--"Aquam adituri ... contestamur nos + renuntiare diabolo, _et pompae et angelis ejus_" (i. 421): and + Ambrose,--"Quando te interrogavit, Abrenuntias diabolo _et operibus + ejus_, quid respondisti? Abrenuntio. Abrenuntias _saeculo et + voluptatibus ejus_, quid respondisti? Abrenuntio" (ii. 350 c): and + Ephraem Syrus,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + (ii. 195 and iii. 399). And Caesarius of Arles,--"Abrenuntias diabolo, + _pompis et operibus ejus_ ... Abrenuntio" (Galland. xi. 18 e). + + 661 2 Tim. iv. 18. + + 662 S. John xvii. 24. + + 663 P. 140. + + 664 Marcell. p. 192. + +_ 665 In loc. diserte._ + +_ 666 Eth._ ii. 297. + + 667 viii. 485. + +_ 668 Text_, iv. 1003; _Comm._ 1007, which are _two distinct + authorities_, as learned readers of Cyril are aware. + +_ 669 Concilia_, iii. 356 d. + + 670 iv. 450. + + 671 Pp. 235, 321. + + 672 i. 412; ii. 566, 649. + + 673 Pp. 1017, 1033. + + 674 Victricius ap. Gall. viii. 230. Also ps.-Chrys. v. 680. + + 675 iii. 966 _dis._ + +_ 676 Dem._ 92. + + 677 i. 319. + +_ 678 Trin._ 190. + + 679 v. 1039, 1069. + + 680 ii. 460. + + 681 v. 615. + + 682 ii. 584. Cyril read the place both ways:--v.2 156, and _in Luc._ p. + 52. + + 683 i. 720. + + 684 ii. 381; iii. 962; iv. 601. + + 685 Ap. Galland. vii. 183. + + 686 Ap. Montf. ii. 67. + + 687 iii. 333; v. 444; x. 498, 620; xii. 329. + + 688 ii. 77; iii. 349. + + 689 ii. 252. + + 690 "Deseruimus fere quos sequi solemus codices." + + 691 P. 38 ( = Gall. vii. 26). + + 692 i. 298, 613. + + 693 viii. 351, 352. + + 694 iv. 652 c, 653 a, 654 d. + + 695 i. 748; iv. 274, 550. + +_ 696 In Dionys. Ar._ ii. 192. + + 697 As these sheets are passing through the press, we have received a + book by Sir Edmund Beckett, entitled, _Should the Revised New + Testament be Authorized?_ In four Chapters, the author discusses + with characteristic vigour, first, the principles and method of the + Revisers, and then the Gospel of S. Matthew, the Epistle to the + Hebrews, and the Apocalypse, as fair samples of their work, with a + union of sound sense, forensic skill, and scholarship more skilful + than to deserve his cautious disclaimer. Amidst details open, of + course, to discussion, abundant proofs are set forth, in a most + telling style, that the plea of "necessity" and "faithfulness" + utterly fails, in justification of a mass of alterations, which, in + point of English composition, carry their condemnation on their + face, and, to sum up the great distinction between the two Versions, + illustrate "the difference between working by _discretion_ and by + _rules_--by which no great thing was ever done or ever will be." Sir + Edmund Beckett is very happy in his exposure of the abuse of the + famous canon of preferring the stranger reading to the more obvious, + as if copyists never made stupid blunders or perpetrated wilful + absurdities. The work deserves the notice of all English readers. + + 698 It has been objected by certain of the Revisionists that it is not + fair to say that "they were appointed to do one thing, and have done + another." We are glad of this opportunity to explain. + + That _some_ corrections of the Text were necessary, we are well + aware: and had those _necessary_ changes been made, we should only + have had words of commendation and thanks to offer. But it is found + that by Dr. Hort's eager advocacy two-thirds of the Revisionists + have made a vast number of _perfectly needless changes_:--(1) Changes + which _are incapable of being represented in a Translation_: as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. Again, since {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + at least as much as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, means "_birth_," _why_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in S. + Matth. i. 18? Why, also, inform us that instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, they prefer {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}? + and instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}? Now this they have done + _throughout_,--at least 341 times in S. Luke alone. But (what is far + worse), (2) They suggest in the margin changes which yet they _do + not adopt_. These numerous changes are, _by their own confession_, + not "necessary:" and yet they are of a most serious character. In + fact, it is of these we chiefly complain.--But, indeed (3), _How + many_ of their _other_ alterations of the Text will the Revisionists + undertake to defend publicly on the plea of "_Necessity_"? + + [A vast deal more will be found on this subject towards the close of + the present volume. In the meantime, see above, pages 87-88.] + + 699 "We meet in every page" (says Dr. Wordsworth, the learned Bishop of + Lincoln,) "with small changes which are vexatious, teasing, and + irritating; even the more so because they are small (as small + insects sting most sharply), _which seem almost to be made merely + for the sake of change_."--p. 25. + +_ 700 On the Revision of the English Version_, &c. (1870), p. 99. + + 701 Bp. Ellicott, _Diocesan Progress_, Jan. 1882,--p. 19. + + 702 Bp. Ellicott, _On Revision_,--p. 49. + + 703 "_Qui_ LXX _interpretes non legit, aut minus legit accurate, is + sciat se non adeo idoneum, qui Scripta Evangelica Apostolica de + Graeco in Latinum, aut alium aliquem sermonem transferat, ut ut in + aliis Graecis scriptoribus multum diuque fuerit versatus_." (John + Bois, 1619.)--"_Graecum N. T. contextum rite intellecturo nihil est + utilius quam diligenter versasse Alexandrinam antiqui Foederis + interpretationem_, E QUA UNA PLUS PETI POTERIT AUXILII, QUAM EX + VETERIBUS SCRIPTORIBUS GRAECIS SIMUL SUMTIS. _Centena reperientur in + N. T. nusquam obvia in scriptis Graecorum veterum, sed frequentata in + Alexandrina versione._" (Valcknaer, 1715-85.) + +_ 704 On the Authorized Version_,--p. 3. + +_ 705 Preface_, p. xiv. + +_ 706 Quarterly Review_, No. 304. + +_ 707 Quarterly Review_, No. 305. + + 708 At the head of the present Article, as it originally appeared, will + be found enumerated Dr. Scrivener's principal works. It shall but be + said of them, that they are wholly unrivalled, or rather + unapproached, in their particular department. Himself an exact and + elegant Scholar,--a most patient and accurate observer of Textual + phenomena, as well as an interesting and judicious expositor of + their significance and value;--guarded in his statements, temperate + in his language, fair and impartial (even kind) to all who come in + his way:--Dr. Scrivener is the very best teacher and guide to whom a + beginner can resort, who desires to be led by the hand, as it were, + through the intricate mazes of Textual Criticism. His _Plain + Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament for the use of + Biblical Students_, (of which a third edition is now in the press,) + is perforce the most generally useful, because the most + comprehensive, of his works; but we strenuously recommend the three + prefatory chapters of his _Full and Exact Collation of about twenty + Greek Manuscripts of the Gospels_ [pp. lxxiv. and 178,--1853], and + the two prefatory chapters of his _Exact Transcript of the Codex + Augiensis_, &c., to which is added a full Collation of Fifty + Manuscripts, [pp. lxxx. and 563,--1859,] to the attention of + students. His Collation of _Codex Bezae_ (D) is perhaps the greatest + of his works: but whatever he has done, he has done best. It is + instructive to compare his collation of Cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} with Tischendorf's. + No reader of the Greek Testament can afford to be without his + reprint of Stephens' ed. of 1550: and English readers are reminded + that Dr. Scrivener's is the only _classical_ edition of the English + Bible,--_The Cambridge Paragraph Bible_, &c., 1870-3. His Preface or + "Introduction" (pp. ix.-cxx.) passes praise. Ordinary English + readers should enquire for his _Six Lectures on the Text of the N. + T._, &c., 1875,--which is in fact an attempt to popularize the _Plain + Introduction_. The reader is referred to note 1 at the foot of page + 243. + + 709 "Agmen ducit Carolus Lachmannus (_N. T. Berolini_ 1842-50), ingenii + viribus et elegantia doctrinae haud pluribus impar; editor N. T. + audacior quam limatior: cujus textum, a recepto longe decedentem, + tantopere judicibus quibusdam subtilioribus placuisse jamdudum + miramur: quippe qui, abjecta tot caeterorum codicum Graecorum ope, + perpaucis antiquissimis (nec iis integris, nec per eum satis + accurate collatis) innixus, libros sacros ad saeculi post Christum + quarti normam restituisse sibi videatur; versionum porro (cujuslibet + codicis aetatem facile superantium) Syriacae atque AEgyptiacarum + contemptor, neutrius linguae peritus; Latinarum contra nimius fautor, + prae Bentleio ipso Bentleianus."--Scrivener's Preface to _Nov. Test, + textus Stephanici_, &c. See above, p. 238, _note_. + + 710 Scrivener's _Introduction_, p. 429. + + 711 N. T. Part II. p. 2. + + 712 No one who attends ever so little to the subject can require to be + assured that "_The New Testament in the Original Greek, according to + the text followed in the Authorized Version, together with the + variations adopted in the Revised Version_," edited by Dr. Scrivener + for the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1881, does not by + any means represent his own views. The learned Prebendary merely + edited the decisions of the two-thirds majority of the + Revisionists,--_which were not his own_. + + 713 Those who have never tried the experiment, can have no idea of the + strain on the attention which such works as those enumerated in p. + 238 (_note_) occasion. At the same time, it cannot be too clearly + understood that it is chiefly by the multiplication of _exact_ + collations of MSS. that an abiding foundation will some day be laid + on which to build up the _Science_ of Textual Criticism. We may + safely keep our "_Theories_" back till we have collated our + MSS.,--re-edited our Versions,--indexed our Fathers. They will be + abundantly in time _then_. + +_ 714 Introduction_, p. 18. + + 715 See lower part of page 17. Also note at p. 75 and middle of p. 262. + + 716 P. 13, cf. p. viii. + + 717 They are as follows:-- + + [1st] S. Mark (vi. 33) relates that on a certain occasion the + multitude, when they beheld our SAVIOUR and His Disciples departing + in order to cross over unto the other side of the lake, ran on foot + thither,--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) "_and outwent them_--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) _and came together unto Him_" + (_i.e._ on His stepping out of the boat: not, as Dr. Hort strangely + imagines [p. 99], on His emerging from the scene of His "retirement" + in "some sequestered nook"). + + Now here, A substitutes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [_sic_] for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B with + the Coptic and the Vulg. omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}).--D omits clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), but + substitutes "_there_" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}) for "_unto Him_" in clause + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}),--exhibits therefore a fabricated text.--The Syriac condenses the + two clauses thus:--"_got there before Him_."--L, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}, 69, and 4 or 5 of + the old Latin copies, read diversely from all the rest and from one + another. The present is, in fact, one of those many places in S. + Mark's Gospel where all is contradiction in those depraved witnesses + which Lachmann made it his business to bring into fashion. Of + _Confusion_ there is plenty. "Conflation"--as the Reader sees--there + is none. + + [2nd] In S. Mark viii. 26, our SAVIOUR (after restoring sight to the + blind man of Bethsaida) is related to have said,--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) "_Neither enter + into the village_"--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) "_nor tell it to any one_--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}) _in the + village_." (And let it be noted that the trustworthiness of this way + of exhibiting the text is vouched for by A C N {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} and 12 other + uncials: by the whole body of the cursives: by the Peschito and + Harklensian, the Gothic, Armenian, and AEthiopic Versions: and by the + only Father who quotes the place--Victor of Antioch. [Cramer's _Cat._ + p. 345, lines 3 and 8.]) + + But it is found that the "two false witnesses" ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B) omit clauses + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) and ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}), retaining only clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). One of these two however + ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}), aware that under such circumstances {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} is intolerable, [Dr. + Hort, on the contrary, (only because he finds it in B,) considers + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} "_simple and vigorous_" as well as "unique" and "peculiar" (p. + 100).] substitutes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}. As for D and the Vulg., they substitute and + paraphrase, importing from Matt. ix. 6 (or Mk. ii. 11), "_Depart + unto thine house_." D proceeds,--"_and tell it to no one_ [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from Matth. viii. 4,] _in the village_." Six copies of the + old Latin (b f ff-2 g-1-2 l), with the Vulgate, exhibit the + following paraphrase of the entire place:--"_Depart unto thine house, + and if thou enterest into the village, tell it to no one._" The same + reading exactly is found in Evan. 13-69-346: 28, 61, 473, and i, + (except that 28, 61, 346 exhibit "_say nothing_ [from Mk. i. 44] _to + no one_.") All six however add at the end,--"_not even in the + village_." Evan. 124 and a stand alone in exhibiting,--"_Depart unto + thine house; and enter not into the village; neither tell it to any + one_,"--to which 124 [not a] adds,--"_in the village_."... _Why_ all + this contradiction and confusion is now to be called + "Conflation,"--and what "clear evidence" is to be elicited therefrom + that "Syrian" are posterior alike to "Western" and to "neutral" + readings,--passes our powers of comprehension. + + We shall be content to hasten forward when we have further informed + our Readers that while Lachmann and Tregelles abide by the Received + Text in this place; Tischendorf, _alone of Editors_, adopts the + reading of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): while Westcott and Hort, + _alone of Editors_, adopt the reading of B ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),--so ending the sentence. What else however but calamitous + is it to find that Westcott and Hort have persuaded their fellow + Revisers to adopt the same mutilated exhibition of the Sacred Text? + The consequence is, that henceforth,--instead of "_Neither go into + the town, nor tell it to any in the town_,"--we are invited to read, + "_Do not even enter into the village_." + + [3rd] In S. Mk. ix. 38,--S. John, speaking of one who cast out devils + in CHRIST'S Name, says--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) "_who followeth not us, and we forbad + him_--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) _because he followeth not us_." + + Here, {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} the Syriac, Coptic, and AEthiopic, omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), + retaining ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}). D with the old Latin and the Vulg. omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}), + but retain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).--Both clauses are found in A N with 11 other uncials + and the whole body of the cursives, besides the Gothic, and the only + Father who quotes the place,--Basil [ii. 252].--Why should the + pretence be set up that there has been "Conflation" here? Two + Omissions do not make one Conflation. + + [4th] In Mk. ix. 49,--our SAVIOUR says,--"_For_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) _every one shall + be salted with fire_--_and_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) _every sacrifice shall be salted with + salt_." + + Here, clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) is omitted by D and a few copies of the old Latin; + clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}. + + But such an ordinary circumstance as the omission of half-a-dozen + words by Cod. D is so nearly without textual significancy, as + scarcely to merit commemoration. And do Drs. Westcott and Hort + really propose to build their huge and unwieldy hypothesis on so + flimsy a circumstance as the concurrence in error of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~},--especially in S. Mark's Gospel, which those codices exhibit more + unfaithfully than any other codices that can be named? Against them, + are to be set on the present occasion A C D N with 12 other uncials + and the whole body of the cursives: the Ital. and Vulgate; both + Syriac; the Coptic, Gothic, Armenian, and AEthiopic Versions; besides + the only Father who quotes the place,--Victor of Antioch. [Also + "Anon." p. 206: and see Cramer's _Cat._ p. 368.] + + [5th] S. Luke (ix. 10) relates how, on a certain occasion, our + SAVIOUR "_withdrew to a desert place belonging to the city called + Bethsaida_:" which S. Luke expresses in six words: viz. [1] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [2] + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [3] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [4] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [5] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [6] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}: of which + six words,-- + + (_a_)--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and Syrcu retain but three,--1, 2, 3. + + (_b_)--The Peschito retains but four,--1, 2, 3, 6. + + (_c_)--B L X {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~} D and the 2 Egyptian versions retain other four,--1, 4, + 5, 6: but for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} D exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + (_d_)--The old Latin and Vulg. retain five,--1, 2, 3, 5, 6: but for + "_qui_ (or _quod_) _vocabatur_," the Vulg. _b_ and _c_ exhibit + "_qui_ (or _quod_) est." + + (_e_)--3 cursives retain other five, viz. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6: while, + + (_f_)--A C {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} E, with 9 more uncials and the great bulk of the + cursives,--the Harklensian, Gothic, Armenian, and AEthiopic + Versions,--retain _all the six words_. + + In view of which facts, it probably never occurred to any one before + to suggest that the best attested reading of all is the result of + "conflation," _i.e._ of _spurious mixture_. Note, that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and D have, + this time, changed sides. + + [6th] S. Luke (xi. 54) speaks of the Scribes and Pharisees as ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) + "_lying in wait for Him_," ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) _seeking_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}) _to catch something out + of His mouth_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}) "_that they might accuse Him_." This is the + reading of 14 uncials headed by A C, and of the whole body of the + cursives: the reading of the Vulgate also and of the Syriac. What is + to be said against it? + + It is found that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L with the Coptic and AEthiopic Versions omit + clauses ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) and ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}), but retain clauses ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) and ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}).--Cod. D, in + conjunction with Cureton's Syriac and the old Latin, retains clause + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}), and _paraphrases all the rest of the sentence_. How then can it + be pretended that there has been any "Conflation" here? + + In the meantime, how unreasonable is the excision from the Revised + Text of clauses ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) and ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~})--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})--which are attested by A C D and 12 other uncials, together + with the whole body of the cursives; by all the Syriac and by all + the Latin copies!... Are we then to understand that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B, and the + Coptic Version, outweigh every other authority which can be named? + + [7th] The "rich fool" in the parable (S. Lu. xii. 18), speaks of ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. (So A Q and 13 other + uncials, besides the whole body of the cursives; the Vulgate, Basil, + and Cyril.) + + But {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D (with the old Latin and Cureton's Syriac [which however + drops the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}]), retaining clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}).--On the + other hand, B T, (with the Egyptian Versions, the Syriac, the + Armenian, and AEthiopic,) retaining clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}), substitute {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + (a gloss) for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). Lachmann, Tisch., and + Alford, accordingly retain the traditional text in this place. So + does Tregelles, and so do Westcott and Hort,--only substituting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Confessedly therefore there has been no + "Syrian conflation" _here_: for all that has happened has been _the + substitution_ by B of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and the omission of + 4 words by {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} D. This instance must therefore have been an + oversight.--Only once more. + + [8th] S. Luke's Gospel ends (xxiv. 53) with the record that the + Apostles were continually in the Temple, "({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) _praising and_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}) + _blessing _GOD." Such is the reading of 13 uncials headed by A and + every known cursive: a few copies of the old Lat., the Vulg., + Syraic, Philox., AEthiopic, and Armenian Versions. But it is found + that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B C omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}): while D and seven copies of the old + Latin omit clause ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}). + + And this completes the evidence for "Conflation." We have displayed + it thus minutely, lest we should be suspected of unfairness towards + the esteemed writers on _the only occasion_ which they have + attempted argumentative proof. Their theory has at last _forced + them_ to make an appeal to Scripture, and to produce some actual + specimens of their meaning. After ransacking the Gospels for 30 + years, they have at last fastened upon _eight_: of which (as we have + seen), several have really no business to be cited,--as not + fulfilling the necessary conditions of the problem. To prevent cavil + however, let _all but one_, the [7th], pass unchallenged. + + 718 The Reader is referred to pp. 17, 75, 249. + +_ 719 E.g._ pp. 115, 116, 117, 118, &c. + + 720 Referred to below, p. 296. + + 721 See above, pages 257 (bottom) and 258 (top). + + 722 See above, pp. 37 to 38. + +_ 723 Ibid._ p. 39. + + 724 To speak with entire accuracy, Drs. Westcott and Hort require us to + believe that the Authors of the [imaginary] Syrian Revisions of A.D. + 250 and A.D. 350, interpolated the genuine Text of the Gospels, with + between 2877 (B) and 3455 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) spurious words; mutilated the genuine + Text in respect of between 536 (B) and 839 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) words:--substituted + for as many genuine words, between 935 (B) and 1114 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) uninspired + words:--licentiously transposed between 2098 (B) and 2299 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}):--and in + respect of number, case, mood, tense, person, &c., altered without + authority between 1132 (*B*) and 1265 ({~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) words. + + 725 Quoted by Canon Cook, _Revised Version Considered_,--p. 202. + +_ 726 i.e._ say from A.D. 90 to A.D. 250-350. + + 727 See above, p. 269. + + 728 "If," says Dr. Hort, "an editor were for any purpose to make it his + aim to restore as completely as possible the New Testament of + Antioch in A.D. 350, he could not help taking the approximate + consent of the cursives as equivalent to _a primary documentary + witness_. And he would not be the less justified in so doing for + being unable to say precisely by what historical agencies THE ONE + ANTIOCHIAN ORIGINAL"--[note the fallacy!]--"_was multiplied into the + cursive hosts of the later ages_."--Pp. 143-4. + + 729 Preface to the "limited and private issue" of 1870, p. xviii.: + reprinted in the _Introduction_ (1881), p. 66. + +_ 730 Ibid._ + + 731 P. 65 (§ 84). In the Table of Contents (p. xi.), "_Personal + instincts_" are substituted for "_Personal discernment_." + +_ 732 The Revisers and the Greek Text_,--p. 19. + +_ 733 Introduction_,--p. xiii. + +_ 734 Notes_, p. 22. + +_ 735 Notes_, p. 88. + +_ 736 Notes_,--p. 51. + + 737 Scrivener's _Plain Introduction_,--pp. 507-8. + + 738 Scrivener's "_Introduction_," pp. 513-4. + + 739 In S. MATTH. i. 25,--the omission of "_her first-born_:"--in vi. 13, + the omission of the _Doxology_:--in xii. 47, the omission of _the + whole verse_:--in xvi. 2, 3, the omission of our LORD'S memorable + words concerning the _signs of the weather_:--in xvii. 21, the + omission of the mysterious statement, "_But this kind goeth not out + save by prayer and fasting_:"--in xviii. 11, the omission of the + precious words "_For the Son of man came to save that which was + lost_." + + In S. MARK xvi. 9-20, the omission of the "_last Twelve + Verses_,"--("the contents of which are _not such as could have been + invented_ by any scribe or editor of the Gospel,"--W. and H. p. 57). + All admit that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} is an impossible ending. + + In S. LUKE vi. 1, the suppression of the unique {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}; ("the + very obscurity of the expression attesting strongly to its + genuineness,"--Scrivener, p. 516, and so W. and H. p. 58):--ix. 54-56, + the omitted _rebuke to the_ "_disciples James and John_:"--in x. 41, + 42, the omitted _words concerning Martha and Mary_:--in xxii. 43, 44, + the omission of the _Agony in the Garden_,--(which nevertheless, "_it + would be impossible to regard_ as a product of the inventiveness of + scribes,"--W. and H. p. 67):--in xxiii. 17, a memorable clause + omitted:--in xxiii. 34, the omission of our Lord's _prayer for His + murderers_,--(concerning which Westcott and Hort remark that "_few + verses of the Gospels bear in themselves a surer witness to the + truth of what they record than this_"--p. 68):--in xxiii. 38, the + statement that the Inscription on the Cross was "_in letters of + Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew_:"--in xxiv. 12, _the visit of S. Peter + to the Sepulchre_. Bishop Lightfoot remarks concerning S. Luke ix. + 56: xxii. 43, 44: and xxiii. 34,--"_It seems impossible to believe + that these incidents are other than authentic_,"--(p. 28.) + + In S. JOHN iii. 13, the solemn clause "_which is in heaven_:"--in v. + 3, 4, the omitted incident of _the troubling of the pool_:--in vii. + 53 to viii. 11, _the narrative concerning the woman taken in + adultery_ omitted,--concerning which Drs. W. and H. remark that "_the + argument which has always told most in its favour in modern times is + its own internal character_. The story itself has justly seemed _to + vouch for its own substantial truth_, and the words in which it is + clothed to harmonize with those of other Gospel narratives"--(p. 87). + Bishop Lightfoot remarks that "_the narrative bears on its face the + highest credentials of authentic history_"--(p. 28). + + 740 To some extent, even the unlearned Reader may easily convince + himself of this, by examining the rejected "alternative" Readings in + the margin of the "Revised Version." The "Many" and the "Some + ancient authorities," there spoken of, _almost invariably + include_--sometimes _denote_--codd. B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, one or both of them. These + constitute the merest fraction of the entire amount of corrupt + readings exhibited by B {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}; but they will give English readers some + notion of the problem just now under consideration. + + Besides the details already supplied [see above, pages 16 and 17:--30 + and 31:--46 and 47:--75:--249:--262:--289:--316 to 319] concerning B and + {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~},--(the result of laborious collation,)--some particulars shall now + be added. The piercing of our SAVIOUR'S side, thrust in after Matt. + xxvii. 49:--the eclipse of the sun when the moon was full, in Lu. + xxiii. 45:--the monstrous figment concerning Herod's daughter, thrust + into Mk. vi. 22:--the precious clauses omitted in Matt. i. 25 and + xviii. 11:--in Lu. ix. 54-6, and in Jo. iii. 13:--the wretched glosses + in Lu. vi. 48: x. 42: xv. 21: Jo. x. 14 and Mk. vi. 20:--the + substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in Matt. xxvii. 34,--of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (for + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in Jo. i. 18,--of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) in ix. 35,--of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) + in Rom. iv. 8:--the geographical blunder in Mk. vii. 31: in Lu. iv. + 44:--the omission in Matt. xii. 47,--and of two important verses in + Matt. xvi. 2, 3:--of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Acts i. 19:--of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in iii. + 6;--and of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} in Lu. vi. 1:--the two spurious clauses in Mk. + iii. 14, 16:--the obvious blunders in Jo. ix. 4 and 11:--in Acts xii. + 25--besides the impossible reading in 1 Cor. xiii. 3,--make up a heavy + indictment against B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} jointly--which are here found in company + with just a very few disreputable allies. Add, the plain error at + Lu. ii. 14:--the gloss at Mk. v. 36:--the mere fabrication at Matt. + xix. 17:--the omissions at Matt. vi. 13: Jo. v. 3, 4. + + B (in company with others, but apart from {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}) by exhibiting + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Matt. xxviii. 19:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Mk. ix. + 1:--"seventy-_two_," in Lu. x. 1:--the blunder in Lu. xvi. 12:--and the + grievous omissions in Lu. xxii. 43, 44 (CHRIST'S Agony in the + Garden),--and xxiii. 34 (His prayer for His murderers),--enjoys + unenviable distinction.--B, singly, is remarkable for an obvious + blunder in Matt. xxi. 31:--Lu. xxi. 24:--Jo. xviii. 5:--Acts x. 19--and + xvii. 28:--xxvii. 37:--not to mention the insertion of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in + Jo. vii. 39. + + {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} (in company with others, but apart from B) is conspicuous for its + sorry interpolation of Matt. viii. 13:--its substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in S. John i. 4:--its geographical blunder in S. Luke xxiv. + 13:--its textual blunder at 1 Pet. i. 23.--{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, singly, is remarkable + for its sorry paraphrase in Jo. ii. 3:--its addition to i. 34:--its + omissions in Matt. xxiii. 35:--Mk. i. 1:--Jo. ix. 38:--its insertion of + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} in Matt. xiii. 35:--its geographical blunders in Mk. i. + 28:--Lu. i. 26:--Acts viii. 5:--besides the blunders in Jo. vi. 51--and + xiii. 10:--1 Tim. iii. 16:--Acts xxv. 13:--and the clearly fabricated + narrative of Jo. xiii. 24. Add the fabricated text at Mk. xiv. 30, + 68, 72; of which the object was "so far to assimilate the narrative + of Peter's denials with those of the other Evangelists, as to + suppress the fact, vouched for by S. Mark only, that the cock crowed + twice." + + 741 Characteristic, and fatal beyond anything that can be named are, (1) + The _exclusive_ omission by B and {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} of Mark xvi. 9-20:--(2) The + omission of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, from Ephes. i. 1:--(3) The blunder, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in James i. 17:--(4) The nonsensical {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in + Matt. xvii. 22:--(5) That "vile error," (as Scrivener calls it,) + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in Acts xxviii. 13:--(6) The impossible order of words + in Lu. xxiii. 32; and (7) The extraordinary order in Acts i. 5:--(8) + The omission of the last clause of the LORD'S prayer, in Lu. xi. 4; + and (9) Of that solemn verse, Matt. xvii. 21; and (10) Of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in + Matt. xiv. 30:--(11) The substitution of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in Matt. + xi. 29:--(12) Of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) in Jo. xix. 39,--and (13) of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) in John xix. 41. Then, (14) The thrusting of + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} into Matt. xvi. 21,--and (15) Of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} into vi. 8:--besides + (16) So minute a peculiarity as {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} in Matt. x. 35: xii. 24, + 27: Lu. xi. 15, 18, 19. (17) Add, the gloss at Matt. xvii. 20, and + (18) The omissions at Matt. v. 22: xvii. 21.--It must be admitted + that such peculiar blemishes, taken collectively, constitute a proof + of affinity of origin,--community of descent from one and the same + disreputable ancestor. But space fails us. + + The Reader will be interested to learn that although, in the + Gospels, B combines exclusively with A, but 11 times; and with C, + but 38 times: with D, it combines exclusively 141 times, and with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, + 239 times: (viz. in Matt. 121,--in Mk. 26,--in Lu. 51,--in Jo. 41 + times). + + Contrast it with A:--which combines exclusively with D, 21 times: + with {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} 13 times: with B, 11 times: with C, 4 times. + + 742 The Reviewer speaks from actual inspection of both documents. They + are essentially dissimilar. The learned Ceriani assured the Reviewer + (in 1872) that whereas the Vatican Codex must certainly have been + written _in Italy_,--the birthplace of the Sinaitic was [_not_ Egypt, + but] _either Palestine or Syria_. Thus, considerations of time and + place effectually dispose of Tischendorf's preposterous notion that + the Scribe of Codex B wrote _six leaves_ of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}: an imagination which + solely resulted from the anxiety of the Critic to secure for his own + cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} the same antiquity which is claimed for the vaunted cod. B. + + This opinion of Dr. Tischendorf's rests on the same fanciful basis + as his notion that _the last verse_ of S. John's Gospel in {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} was not + written by the same hand which wrote the rest of the Gospel. There + is _no manner of difference_: though of course it is possible that + the scribe took a new pen, preliminary to writing that last verse, + and executing the curious and delicate ornament which follows. + Concerning S. Jo. xxi. 25, see above, pp. 23-4. + + 743 Tischendorf's narrative of the discovery of the Sinaitic manuscript + ("_When were our Gospels written?_"), [1866,] p. 23. + + 744 "Papyrus Inedit de la Bibliotheque de M. Ambroise Firmin-Didot. + Nouveaux fragments d'Euripide et d'autres Poetes Grecs, publies par + M. Henri Weil. (Extrait des _Monumens Grecs publies par + l'Association pour l'encouragement des Etudes Grecques en France_. + Annee 1879.)" Pp. 36. + + 745 The rest of the passage may not be without interest to classical + readers:--"Ce n'est pas a dire qu'elle soit tout a fait sans interet, + sans importance: pour la constitution du texte. Elle nous apprend + que, au vers 5, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, pour {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (correction de Wakefield) + etait deja l'ancienne vulgate; et que les vers 11 et 12, s'ils sont + alteres, comme l'assurent quelques editeurs d'Euripide, l'etaient + deja dans l'antiquite. + + "L'homme ... etait aussi ignorant que negligent. Je le prends pour + un Egyptien n'ayant qu'une connoissance tres imparfaite de la langue + grecque, et ne possedant aucune notion ni sur l'orthographe, ni sur + les regles les plus elementaires du trimetre iambique. Le plus + singulier est qu'il commence sa copie au milieu d'un vers et qu'il + la finisse de meme. Il oublie des lettres necessaires, il en ajoute + de parasites, il les met les unes pour les autres, il tronque les + mots ou il les altere, au point de detruire quelquefois la suite de + la construction et le sens du passage." A faithful copy of the + verses in minuscule characters is subjoined for the gratification of + Scholars. We have but divided the words and inserted capital + letters:-- + + "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}." + + An excellent scholar (R. C. P.) remarks,--"The fragment must have + been written from dictation (of small parts, as it seems to me); and + by an illiterate scribe. It is just such a result as one might + expect from a half-educated reader enunciating Milton for a + half-educated writer." + + 746 See p. 324 _note_ 1.--Photius [cod. 48] says that "Gaius" was a + presbyter of Rome, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See Routh's _Reliqq._ ii. + 125. + + 747 Eusebius, _Hist. Ecol._ v. 28 (ap. Routh's _Reliqq._ ii. 132-4). + + 748 Tregelles, Part ii. p. 2. + + 749 Scrivener's prefatory _Introduction_,--p. xix. + +_ 750 Ibid._ p. iii. + +_ 751 On Revision_,--p. 47. + + 752 Singular to relate, S. Mark x. 17 to 31 _exactly_ fills two columns + of cod. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}. (See Tischendorf's reprint, 4to, p. 24*.) + + 753 Clemens Al. (ed. Potter),--pp. 937-8.... Note, how Clemens begins § + v. (p. 938, line 30). This will be found noticed below, viz. at p. + 336, note 3. + + 754 "This Text" (say the Editors) "is _an attempt to reproduce at once + the autograph Text_."--_Introduction_, p. xxviii. + + 755 Westcott and Hort's _Introduction_, pp. 112-3. + + 756 Besides,--All but L. conspire 5 times. + All but T. 3 times. + All but Tr. 1 time. + Then,--T. Tr. WH. combine 2 times + T. WH. RT. 1 time + Tr. WH. RT. 1 time + L. Tr. WH. 1 time + Then,--L. T. stand by themselves 1 time + L. Tr. 1 time + T. WH. 1 time + Lastly,--L. stands alone 4 times. + Total: 21. + +_ 757 Twice_ he agrees with all 5: viz. omitting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in ver. + 21; and in omitting {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (in ver. 29):--_Once_ he agrees with + only Lachmann: viz. in transposing {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (in ver. 20). + + 758 On the remaining 5 occasions (17 + 3 + 5 = 25), Clemens exhibits + peculiar readings of his own,--sides with _no one_. + +_ 759 Q. R._ p. 360. + + 760 Article xx. § 1. + + 761 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--S. John xvi. 13. + + 762 Theodoret, _Opp._ iv. 208.--Comp. Clinton, _F. R._ ii. _Appendix_, p. + 473. + + 763 The reader is invited to enquire for Bp. Kaye (of Lincoln)'s + _Account of the writings of Clement of Alexandria_,--and to read the + vith and viiith chapters. + + 764 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. (§ v.),--p. 938. + + 765 Alford's N. T. vol. i. proleg. p. 92. + + 766 See p. 197 (§ 269): and p. 201 (§ 275-9):--and p. 205 (§ 280). + +_ 767 Preface_ (1870), p. xv. + + 768 See above, pp. 79 to 85. + + 769 Pp. 359-60. + + 770 P. 210 to p. 287. See the Contents, pp. xxiii.-xxviii. + + 771 Pp. 91-119 and pp. 133-146. + + 772 "I perceived _a large and wide basket_ full of old parchments; and + the librarian told me that two heaps like this had been already + _committed to the flames._ What was my surprise to find amid this + heap of papers," &c.--(_Narrative of the discovery of the Sinaitic + Manuscript,_ p. 23.) + + 773 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--1 Tim. vi. 20. + + 774 [While this sheet is passing through the press, I find among my + papers a note (written in 1876) by the learned, loved, and lamented + Editor of Cyril,--Philip E. Pusey,--with whom I used to be in constant + communication:--"It is not obvious to me, looking at the subject from + outside, why B C L, constituting a class of MSS. allied to each + other, and therefore nearly = 1-1/2 MSS., are to be held to be + superior to A. It is still less obvious to me why ---- showing up (as + he does) very many grave faults of B, should yet consider B superior + in character to A."] + +_ 775 Introduction_, p. 567. + + 776 Let the following places be considered: S. Jo. i. 13; iii. 3, 5, 6, + 7, 8; 1 Jo. ii. 29; iii. 9 _bis_, iv. 7; v. 1 _bis_, 4, 18 _bis_. + _Why_ is it to be supposed that on this last occasion THE ETERNAL + SON should be intended? + + 777 A*, B, 105. + + 778 The paraphrase is interesting. The Vulgate, Jerome [ii. 321, 691], + Cassian [p. 409],--"_Sed generatio Dei conservat eum_:" Chromatius + [Gall. viii. 347], and Vigilius Taps. [ap. Athanas. ii. 646],--"_Quia + (quoniam) nativitas Dei custodit (servat) illum._" In a letter of 5 + Bishops to Innocentius I. (A.D. 410) [Galland. viii. 598 b], it + is,--"_Nativitas quae ex Deo est._" Such a rendering (viz. "_his + having been born of_ GOD") amounts to an _interpretation_ of the + place. + + 779 From the Rev. S. C. Malan, D.D. + + 780 iv. 326 b c. + + 781 Gall. viii. 347,--of which the Greek is to be seen in Cramer's _Cat._ + pp. 143-4. Many portions of the lost Text of this Father, (the + present passage included [p. 231]) are to be found in the Scholia + published by C. F. Matthaei [N. T. xi. 181 to 245-7]. + + 782 i. 94, 97. + + 783 In _Cat._ p. 124, repeated p. 144. + + 784 iii. 433 c. + + 785 ii. 601 d. + + 786 By putting a small uncial {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~} above the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +_ 787 Diocesan Progress_, Jan. 1882.--[pp. 20] p. 19. + +_ 788 Introduction_, p. 283. _Notes_, pp. 3, 22, and _passim_. + + 789 Sermons, vol. i. 132,--("_A form of sound words to be used by + Ministers._") + + 790 Quoted by ps.-Ephraem _Evan. Conc._ p. 135 l. 2:--Nonnus:--Chrys. + viii. 248:--Cyril iv. 269 e, 270 a, 273:--Cramer's _Cat._ p. 242 l. 25 + (which is _not_ from Chrys.):--_Chron. Paschale_ 217 a + (_diserte_).--Recognized by Melito (A.D. 170):--Irenaeus (A.D. + 177):--Hippolytus (A.D. 190):--Origen:--Eusebius:--Apollinarius Laod., + &c. + + 791 This is the _true_ reason of the eagerness which has been displayed + in certain quarters to find {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, (not {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in 1 Tim. iii. 16:--just + as nothing else but a determination that CHRIST shall not be spoken + of as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, has occasioned the supposed doubt as to + the construction of Rom. ix. 5,--in which we rejoice to find that Dr. + Westcott refuses to concur with Dr. Hort. + + 792 See Dr. W. H. Mill's _University Sermons_ (1845),--pp. 301-2 and + 305:--a volume which should be found in every clergyman's library. + + 793 Rev. xxii. 18, 19. + + 794 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 795 This happens not unfrequently in codices of the type of {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} and B. A + famous instance occurs at Col. ii. 18, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--"_prying into the things he hath not seen_"); where {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}* A + B D* and a little handful of suspicious documents leave out the + "_not_." Our Editors, rather than recognize this blunder (so obvious + and ordinary!), are for conjecturing {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}; which (if it means anything at all) may as well + mean,--"proceeding on an airy foundation to offer an empty + conjecture." Dismissing that conjecture as worthless, we have to set + off the whole mass of the copies--against some 6 or 7:--Irenaeus (i. + 847), Theodoras Mops, (in _loc_.), Chrys. (xi. 372), Theodoret (iii. + 489, 490), John Damascene (ii. 211)--against no Fathers at all (for + Origen once has {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} [iv. 665]; once, has it not [iii. 63]; and once + is doubtful [i. 583]). Jerome and Augustine both take notice of the + diversity of reading, _but only to reject it_.--The Syriac versions, + the Vulgate, Gothic, Georgian, Sclavonic, AEthiopic, Arabic and + Armenian--(we owe the information, as usual, to Dr. Malan)--are to be + set against the suspicious Coptic. All these then are with the + Traditional Text: which cannot seriously be suspected of error. + + 796 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 797 Augustin, vii. 595. + + 798 ii. 467: iii. 865:--ii. 707: iii. 800:--ii. 901. _In Luc_. pp. 428, + 654. + + 799 ii. 347. + + 800 Preface to "Provisional issue," p. xxi. + +_ 801 Introduction_, p. 210. + +_ 802 Ibid_. p. 276. + + 803 Apud Mai, vi. 105. + +_ 804 Opp._ vii. 543. Comp. 369. + + 805 Ap. Cramer, _Cat._ vi. 187. + + 806 So, Nilus, i. 270. + +_ 807 Interp._ 595: 607. + +_ 808 Dem. Evan._ p. 444. + + 809 P. 306. + +_ 810 Epist. ad Zen._ iii. 1. 78. Note, that our learned Cave considered + this to be a _genuine_ work of Justin M. (A.D. 150). + +_ 811 Cantic._ (an early work) _interp._ iii. 39,--though elsewhere (i. + 112, 181 [?]: ii. 305 _int._ [but _not_ ii. 419]) he is for leaving + out {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}. + + 812 Gall. iii. 72 and 161. + + 813 ii. 89 b and e (partly quoted in the _Cat._ of Nicetas) _expressly_: + 265. + + 814 i. 818 _expressly_. + + 815 ii. 312 (preserved in Jerome's Latin translation, i. 240). + + 816 i. 132; iii. 442. + + 817 472, 634. + + 818 Ap. Chrys. + + 819 iii. 768: _apud Mai_, ii. 6 and iii. 268. + + 820 i. 48, 664; iv. 946. + + 821 Cramer's _Cat._ viii. 12, line 14. + + 822 128, 625. + + 823 Gall. vi. 181. + + 824 Gall. x. 14. + + 825 Gall. vii. 509. + + 826 i. 27, written when he was 42; and ii. 733, 739, written when he was + 84. + + 827 vii. 26,--"_Radendum est ergo_ sine causa." And so, at p. 636. + + 828 1064. + + 829 ii. 261. + + 830 ii. 592. + +_ 831 Amphilochia_, (Athens, 1858,)--p. 317. Also in _Cat._ + +_ 832 Apophthegm. PP._ [ap. Cotel. _Eccl. Gr. Mon._ i. 622]. + + 833 S. Matth. xv. 14. + +_ 834 Gospel of the Resurrection_,--p. vii. + +_ 835 Introduction_, pp. 300-2. + +_ 836 Ibid._ p. 299. + +_ 837 Appendix_, p. 66. + + 838 See Scrivener's _Introduction_, p. 432. + +_ 839 On Revision_,--p. 99. + +_ 840 Speech in Convocation_, Feb. 1870, (p. 83.) + +_ 841 On Revision_,--p. 205. + +_ 842 Address to Lincoln Diocesan Conference_,--p. 25. + +_ 843 Ibid._,--p. 27. + +_ 844 Considerations on Revision_,--p. 44. The Preface is dated 23rd May, + 1870. The Revisers met on the 22nd of June. + + We learn from Dr. Newth's _Lectures on Bible Revision_ (1881), + that,--"As the general Rules under which the Revision was to be + carried out had been carefully prepared, no need existed for any + lengthened discussion of preliminary arrangements, and the Company + upon its first meeting was able to enter at once upon its work" (p. + 118) ... "The portion prescribed for the first session was Matt. i. + to iv." (p. 119) ... "The question of the spelling of proper names + ... being settled, the Company proceeded to the actual details of + the Revision, and in a surprisingly short time settled down to an + established method of procedure."--"All proposals made at the first + Revision were decided by simple majorities" (p. 122) ... "_The + questions which concerned the Greek Text were decided for the most + part at the First Revision._" (Bp. Ellicott's _Pamphlet_, p. 34.) + +_ 845 The Revisers and the Greek Text of the New Testament, by two + Members of the New Testament Company_,--1882. Macmillan, pp. 79, + price two shillings and sixpence. + + 846 "To these two articles--so far, at least, as they are concerned with + the Greek Text adopted by the Revisers--our Essay is intended for an + answer."--p. 79. + + 847 See above, pages 235 to 366. + + 848 Article III.,--see last note. + +_ 849 Pamphlet_, p. 79. + +_ 850 The Revised Version of the first three Gospels, considered in its + bearings upon the record of our __LORD'S__ Words and of incidents in + His Life_,--(1882. pp. 250. Murray,)--p. 232. Canon Cook's temperate + and very interesting volume will be found simply unanswerable. + + 851 P. 40. + +_ 852 Ibid._ + + 853 As at p. 4, and p. 12, and p. 13, and p. 19, and p. 40. + + 854 See above, pp. 348-350. + + 855 P. 40. + + 856 P. 40. + + 857 P. 77. + + 858 P. 41, and so at p. 77. + + 859 P. 41. + + 860 P. 5. + + 861 P. 3. + + 862 P. 77. + +_ 863 On Revision_, pp. 47-8. + + 864 Scrivener's _Introduction_,--p. 423. + +_ 865 Ibid._ p. 421. + + 866 "Non tantum totius Antiquitatis altum de tali opere suscepto + silentium,--sed etiam frequentes Patrum, usque ad quartum seculum + viventium, de textu N. T. liberius tractato, impuneque corrupto, + deque summa Codicum dissonantia querelae, nec non ipsae corruptiones + inde a primis temporibus continuo propagatae,--satis sunt documento, + neminem opus tam arduum, scrupulorum plenum, atque invidiae et + calumniis obnoxium, aggressum fuisse; etiamsi doctiorum Patrum de + singulis locis disputationes ostendant, eos non prorsus rudes in + rebus criticis fuisse."--_Codd. MSS. N. T. Graecorum &c. nova + descriptio, et cum textu vulgo recepto Collatio, &c._ 4to. Gottingae, + 1847. (p. 4.) + + 867 He proceeds:--"Hucusque nemini contigit, nec in posterum, puto, + continget, monumentorum nostrorum, tanquam totidem testium + singulorum, ingens agmen ad tres quatuorve, e quibus omnium + testimonium pendeat, testes referre; aut e testium grege innumero + aliquot duces auctoresque secernere, quorum testimonium tam plenum, + certum firmumque sit, ut sine damno ceterorum testimonio + careamus."--_Ibid._ (p. 19.) + +_ 868 Commentarius Criticus in N. T._ (in his Preface to the Ep. to the + Hebrews). We are indebted to Canon Cook for calling attention to + this. See by all means his _Revised Text of the first three + Gospels_,--pp. 4-8. + + 869 It requires to be stated, that, (as explained by the Abbe to the + present writer,) the "Post-scriptum" of his Fascic. IV., (viz. from + p. 234 to p. 236,) is a _jeu d'esprit_ only,--intended to enliven a + dry subject, and to entertain his pupils. + + 870 It seems to have escaped Bishop Ellicott's notice, (and yet the fact + well deserves commemoration) that the claims of Tischendorf and + Tregelles on the Church's gratitude, are not by any means founded on + _the Texts_ which they severally put forth. As in the case of Mill, + Wetstein and Birch, their merit is that they _patiently accumulated + evidence_. "Tischendorf's reputation as a Biblical scholar rests + less on his critical editions of the N. T., than on the texts of the + chief uncial authorities which in rapid succession he gave to the + world." (Scrivener's _Introduction_,--p. 427.) + + 871 P. 12. + + 872 P. 13. + + 873 See above, pp. 12: 30-3: 34-5: 46-7: 75: 94-6: 249: 262: 289: 319. + + 874 P. 40. + + 875 P. 19. + + 876 P. 4. + + 877 Acts xix. 35. + +_ 878 Supra_, pp. 339-41. + + 879 P. 13. + + 880 Bp. Ellicott, _On Revision_, &c.--p. 30. + + 881 P. 15. + + 882 P. 16. + + 883 P. 17. + + 884 P. 18. + + 885 P. 19. + + 886 P. 19. + + 887 P. 20. + + 888 P. 21. + + 889 Pp. 23-4. + +_ 890 Supra_, pp. 258-266. + + 891 Pp. 25-7. + + 892 See _Art._ III.,--viz. from p. 235 to p. 366. + + 893 You refer to such places as pp. 87-8 and 224, where see the Notes. + +_ 894 Chronicle of Convocation_, Feb. 1870, p. 83. + + 895 See above, p. 368. + + 896 The clause ("and sayest thou, Who touched me?") is witnessed to by A + C D P R X {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~} and _every other known uncial except three of + bad character: by every known cursive but four_:--by the Old Latin + and Vulgate: by all the four Syriac: by the Gothic and the AEthiopic + Versions; as well as by ps.-Tatian (_Evan. Concord_, p. 77) and + Chrysostom (vii. 359 a). It cannot be pretended that the words are + derived from S. Mark's Gospel (as Tischendorf coarsely + imagined);--for the sufficient reason that _the words are not found + there_. In S. Mark (v. 31) it is,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}; in S. + Luke (viii. 45), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. Moreover, this + delicate distinction has been maintained all down the ages. + + 897 Page 154 to p. 164. + + 898 You will perhaps remind me that you do not read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. I am + aware that you have tacitly substituted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--which is only + supported by _four_ manuscripts of bad character: being disallowed + by _eighteen uncials_, (with A C D at their head,) and _every known + cursive but one_; besides the following Fathers:--Marcion (Epiph. i. + 313 a, 327 a.) (A.D. 150),--Origen (iii. 466 e.),--the author of _the + Dialogus_ (Orig. i. 853 d.) (A.D. 325),--Epiphanius (i. 327 + b.),--Didymus (pp. 124, 413.), in two places,--Basil (iii. 8 + c.),--Chrysostom (vii. 532 a.),--Cyril (Opp. vi. 99 e. Mai, ii. 226.) + in two places,--ps.-Athanasius (ii. 14 c.) (A.D. 400),--ps.-Chrysostom + (xiii. 212 e f.).... Is it tolerable that the Sacred Text should be + put to wrongs after this fashion, by a body of men who are avowedly + (for see page 369) unskilled in Textual Criticism, and who were + appointed only to revise the authorized _English Version_? + + 899 This I make the actual sum, after deducting for marginal notes and + variations in stops. + + 900 I mean such changes as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (ix. 7),--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (xv. 23), &c. These are generally the result of a change + of construction. + + 901 MS. communication from my friend, the Editor + + 902 I desire to keep out of sight the _critical impropriety_ of such + corrections of the text. And yet, it is worth stating that {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} B L are + _the only witnesses discoverable_ for the former, and _almost the + only_ witnesses to be found for the latter of these two utterly + unmeaning changes. + + 903 Characteristic of these two false-witnesses is it, that they are not + able to convey even _this_ short message correctly. In reporting the + two words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, they contrive to make two blunders. B + substitutes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~},--which latter + eccentricity Tischendorf (characteristically) does not allude to in + his note ... "These be thy gods, O Israel!" + + 904 Rev. xxii. 19. + + 905 iv. 28, c. 1 (p. 655 = Mass. 265). Note that the reference is _not_ + to S. Matt. x. 15. + + 906 P. 123. + + 907 Viz. vi. 7-13. + + 908 i. 199 and 200. + +_ 909 In loc._ + + 910 See above, pp. 347-9. + + 911 See above, pp. 79-85. + + 912 See above, pp. 409-411. + + 913 See above, p. 399. + + 914 Bp. Ellicott _on Revision_, p. 30. + + 915 The Bp. attended _only one meeting_ of the Revisers. (Newth, p. + 125.) + + 916 Page 4. + + 917 See above, pp. 41 to 47. + + 918 Pages 17, 18. + + 919 See above, p. 37, note 1. + + 920 Pages 98-106. + + 921 Pages 64-76. + + 922 The exceptions are not worth noticing _here_. + + 923 N. T. ed. 2da. 1807, iii. 442-3. + + 924 i. 887 c. + + 925 Called _Ancoratus_, written in Pamphylia, A.D. 373. The extract in + _Adv. Haer._ extends from p. 887 to p. 899 (= _Ancor._ ii. 67-79). + + 926 ii. 74 b. Note, that to begin the quotation at the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + was a frequent practice with the ancients, especially when enough + had been said already to make it plain that it was of the SON they + were speaking, or when it would have been nothing to the purpose to + begin with {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Thus Origen, iv. 465 c:--Didymus on 1 John _apud_ + Galland. vi. 301 a:--Nestorius, _apud_ Cyril, vi. 103 e:--ps-Chrysost. + x. 763 c, 764 c:--and the Latin of Cyril v.1 785. So indeed + ps-Epiphanius, ii. 307 c. + + 927 i. 894 c. + +_ 928 Apud_ Theodoret, v. 719. + + 929 iv. 622 a,--_qui apparuit in carne, justificatus est in spiritu_. + +_ 930 De incarn. Unig._ v. part i. 680 d e = _De recta fide_, v. part ii. + b c. + +_ 931 Ibid._ 681 a = _ibid._ 6 d e. + + 932 Page 98. + + 933 Note at the end of Bishop Ellicott's Commentary on 1 Timothy. + + 934 Berriman's MS. Note in the British Museum copy of his + _Dissertation_,--p. 154. Another annotated copy is in the Bodleian. + + 935 "Certe quidem in exemplari Alexandrino nostro, linea illa transversa + quam loquor, adeo exilis ac plane evanida est, ut primo intuitu haud + dubitarim ipse scriptum _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_, quod proinde in variantes lectiones + conjeceram.... Verum postea perlustrato attentius loco, lineolae, quae + primam aciem fugerat, ductus quosdam ac vestigia satis certa + deprehendi, praesertim ad partem sinistram, quae peripheriam literae + pertingit," &c.--_In loco._ + +_ 936 Clem. Rom._ ed. Wotton, p. 27. + + 937 Berriman, pp. 154-5. + +_ 938 Ibid._ (_MS. Note._) Berriman adds other important testimony, p. + 156. + +_ 939 Dissertation_, p. 156. Berriman refers to the fact that some one in + recent times, with a view apparently to establish the actual reading + of the place, has clumsily thickened the superior stroke with common + black ink, and introduced a rude dot into the middle of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}. There + has been no attempt at fraud. Such a line and such a dot could + deceive no one. + + 940 "Quanquam lineola, quae {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} compendiose scriptum ab {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} distinguitur, + sublesta videtur nonnullis."--N. T. p. 710. + + 941 Griesbach in 1785 makes the same report:--"Manibus hominum inepte + curiosorum ea folii pars quae dictum controversum continet, adeo + detrita est, ut nemo mortalium hodie certi quidquam discernere + possit ... Non oculos tantum sed digitos etiam adhibuisse videntur, + ut primitivam illius loci lectionem eruerent et velut exsculperent." + (_Symb. Crit._ i. p. x.) The MS. was evidently in precisely the same + state when the Rev. J. C. Velthusen (_Observations on Various + Subjects_, pp. 74-87) inspected it in 1773. + + 942 As C. F. Matthaei [N. T. m. xi. _Praefat._ pp. lii.-iii.] + remarks:--"_cum de Divinitate_ CHRISTI _agitur, ibi profecto sui + dissimilior deprehenditur_." Woide instances it as an example of the + force of prejudice, that Wetstein "apparitionem lineolae alii causae + adscripsisse, _quia eam abesse volebat_." [_Praefat._ p. xxxi.] + + 943 "Patet, ut alia mittamus, e consensu Versionum," &c.--ii. 149. + + 944 Woide, _ibid._ + +_ 945 Supra_, p. 100. + +_ 946 Introduction_, p. 553. + +_ 947 Introd._ p. 553. + + 948 Any one desirous of understanding this question fully, should + (besides Berriman's admirable _Dissertation_) read Woide's + _Praefatio_ to his edition of Codex A, pp. xxx. to xxxii. (§ + 87).--"Erunt fortasse quidam" (he writes in conclusion) "qui + suspicabuntur, nonnullos hanc lineolam diametralem in medio {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~} + vidisse, quoniam eam videre volebant. Nec negari potest praesumptarum + opinionum esse vim permagnam. Sed idem, etiam Wetstenio, nec + immerito, objici potest, eam apparitionem lineolae alii causae + adscripsisse, quia eam abesse volebat. Et eruditissimis placere + aliquando, quae vitiosa sunt, scio: sed omnia testimonia, omnemque + historicam veritatem in suspicionem adducere non licet: nec mirum + est nos ea nunc non discernere, quae, antequam nos Codicem + vidissemus, evanuerant." + +_ 949 Prolegomena_ to his ed. of Cod. C,--pp. 39-42. + + 950 "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} habet codex C, ut puto; nam lineola illa tenuis, quae ex {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} facit + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}, non apparet." (_In loc._) And so Griesbach, _Symb. Crit._ i. p. + viii. (1785). + + 951 "Quotiescunque locum inspiciebam (inspexi autem per hoc biennium + saepissime) mihi prorsus apparebat." "Quam [lineolam] miror hucusque + omnium oculos fugisse." [_Prolegg._ p. 41].... Equidem miror sane. + + 952 Page 75. + + 953 Pages 64, 69, 71, 75.--Some have pointed out that opposite _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in + F--above _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}_ in G,--is written "quod." Yes, but not "_qui_." The + Latin version is independent of the Greek. In S. Mark xi. 8, above + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} is written "_arboribus_;" and in 1 Tim. iv. 10, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} is + translated by F "_maledicimur_,"--by G, "_exprobramur vel + maledicimur_." + +_ 954 Introduction to_ Cod. Augiensis, p. xxviij. + +_ 955 E.g._ Out of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} [2 Tim. ii. 19], they both make {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. For {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [Tit. i. 13], both write {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} . + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}:--for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [2 Cor. v. 17] both give {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} . + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}:--for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [1 Tim. iii. 10], both exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} . + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("nullum crimen habentes"):--for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} [2 Tim. ii. 17], both exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} . {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} . (F G) + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, (G, who writes above the words "_sicut cancer ut + serpat_"). + + 956 He must be held responsible for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} in place of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} [1 + Tim. iv. 2]: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [2 Cor. v. 19]: + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} [2 Tim. ii. 25]. And he was the author + of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~} in Phil. iv. 3: as well as of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in 1 Tim. iv. + 1. + + But the scribes of F and G also were curiously innocent of Greek. G + suggests that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (in 1 Tim. ii. 10) may be "infinitivus"--(of + course from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}). + +_ 957 Introduction_, p. 155. + + 958 Thirteen times between Rom. i. 7 and xiii. 1. + +_ 959 E.g._ Gal. iii. 1; 1 Cor. xv. 55; 2 Cor. vi. 11 (_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}_). + Those who have Matthaei's reprint of G at hand are invited to refer + to the last line of fol. 91: (1 Tim. vi. 20) where {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} is + exhibited thus:--_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 960 Col. ii. 22, 23: iii. 2. + + 961 As 1 Tim. iii. 1: iv. 14: vi. 15. Consider the practice of F in 1 + Thess. i. 9 (_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}_; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}): in 2 Cor. viii. 11, 14 (_{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}_; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}). + + 962 Rarest of all are instances of this mark over the Latin "e": but we + meet with "_spe_" (Col. i. 23): "_se_" (ii. 18): _repentes_ (2 Tim. + iii. 6), &c. So, in the Greek, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} written _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}_ are most + unusual.--A few instances are found of "u" with this appendage, as + "_domus_" (1 Tim. v. 13): "_spiritu_" (1 Cor. iv. 21), &c. + + 963 This information is obtained from a photograph of the page procured + from Dresden through the kindness of the librarian, Counsellor Dr. + Forstemann. + + 964 See Rettig's _Prolegg._ pp. xxiv.-v. + + 965 "You will perceive that I have now succeeded in identifying every + Evangelium hitherto spoken of as existing in Florence, with the + exception of Evan 365 [Act. 145, Paul 181] (Laurent vi. 36), &c., + which is said to 'contain also the Psalms.' I assure you no such + Codex exists in the Laurentian Library; no, nor ever did exist + there. Dr. Anziani devoted full an hour to the enquiry, allowing me + [for I was very incredulous] to see the process whereby he convinced + himself that Scholz is in error. It was just such an intelligent and + exhaustive process as Coxe of the Bodleian, or dear old Dr. Bandinel + before him, would have gone through under similar circumstances. + Pray strike that Codex off your list; and with it 'Acts 145' and + 'Paul 181.' I need hardly say that Bandini's Catalogue knows nothing + of it. It annoys me to be obliged to add that I cannot even find out + the history of Scholz's mistake."--_Guardian_, August 27, 1873. + + 966 "_Whose_ word on such matters is entitled to most credit,--the word + of the Reviewer, or the word of the most famous manuscript collators + of this century?... Those who have had occasion to seek in public + libraries for manuscripts which are not famous for antiquity or + beauty or completeness (_sic_), know that the answer '_non est + inventus_' is no conclusive reason for believing that the object of + their quest has not been seen and collated in former years by those + who profess to have actually seen and collated it. That 181 'is + non-existent' must be considered unproven."--Bp. Ellicott's + _Pamphlet_, p. 72. + + 967 The learned Abbe Martin, who has obligingly inspected for me the 18 + copies of the "Praxapostolus" in the Paris library, reports as + follows concerning "Apost. 12" ( = Reg. 375),--"A very foul MS. of + small value, I believe: but a curious specimen of bad Occidental + scholarship. It was copied for the monks of S. Denys, and exhibits + many Latin words; having been apparently revised on the Latin. The + lection is assigned to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} (not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}) in this codex." + + 968 "_Codices Cryptenses seu Abbatiae Cryptae Ferratae in Tusculano, + digesti et illustrati cura et studio_ D. Antonii Rocchi, + Hieromonachi Basiliani Bibliothecae custodis,"--_Tusculani_, fol. + 1882.--I have received 424 pages (1 May, 1883). + + 969 Not a few of the Basilian Codices have been transferred to the + Vatican. + + 970 In an APPENDIX to the present volume, I will give fuller + information. I am still (3rd May, 1883) awaiting replies to my + troublesome interrogatories addressed to the heads of not a few + continental libraries. + + 971 Rufinus, namely (_fl._ A.D. 395). _Opp._ iv. 465 + + 972 MS. letter to myself, August 11, 1879. + + 973 MS. letter from the Rev. Henry Deane, of S. John's College, Oxford. + + 974 See above, page 429. + + 975 Page 71. And so p. 65 and 69. + + 976 MS. letter to myself. + + 977 See above, page 429. + +_ 978 Ulfilas. Veteris et Novi Test. Versionis Goth. fragmenta quae + supersunt_, &c. 4to. 1843. + + 979 "Si tamen Uppstroem '_obscurum_' dixit, non '_incertum_,' fides illi + adhiberi potest, quia diligentissime apices omnes investigabat; me + enim praesente in aula codicem tractabat."--(Private letter to + myself.) + + Ceriani proceeds,--"Quaeris quomodo componatur cum textu 1 Tim. iii. + 16, nota 54 _Proleg._ Gabelentz Gothicam versionem legens {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + Putarem ex loco Castillionaei in notis ad Philip. ii. 6, locutos + fuisse doctos illos Germanos, oblitos illius Routh praecepti '_Let me + recommend to you the practice of always verifying your references, + sir_.' " + + The reader will be interested to be informed that Castiglione, the + former editor of the codex, was in favour of "GOD" in 1835, and of + "_soei_" (_quae_ [ = {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}], to agree with "_runa_," _i.e._ "mystery," + which is feminine in Gothic) in 1839. Gabelentz, in 1843, ventured + to print "_saei_" = {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. "Et 'saei' legit etiam diligentissimus + Andreas Uppstroem nuperus codicis Ambrosiani investigator et editor, + in opere _Codicis Gothici Ambrosiani sive Epist. Pauli, &c._ Holmiae + et Lipsiae, 1868." + + 980 Stuttgard, 1857. + + 981 Of the department of Oriental MSS. in the Brit. Mus., who derives + his text from "the three Museum MSS. which contain the Arabic + Version of the Epistles: viz. _Harl._ 5474 (dated A.D. + 1332):--_Oriental_ 1328 (Xth cent.):--_Arundel Orient._ 19 (dated A.D. + 1616)."--Walton's Polyglott, he says, exhibits "a garbled version, + quite distinct from the genuine Arabic: viz. '_These glories + commemorate them in the greatness of the mystery of fair piety. + _GOD_ appeared in the flesh_,' " &c. + + 982 See above, pp. 271 to 294. + + 983 i. 387 a: 551 a: 663 a _bis_.--ii. 430 a: 536 c: 581 c: 594 a, 595 b + (these two, of the 2nd pagination): 693 d [ = ii. 265, ed. 1615, + from which Tisch. quotes it. The place may be seen in full, _supra_, + p. 101.]--iii. 39 b _bis_: 67 a b.--_Ap. Galland._ vi. 518 c: 519 d: + 520 b: 526 d: 532 a: 562 b: 566 d: 571 a. All but five of these + places, I believe, exhibit {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--which seems to have been the + reading of this Father. The article is seldom seen in MSS. Only four + instances of it,--(they will be found distinctly specified below, + page 493, _note_ 1),--are known to exist. More places must have been + overlooked. + + Note, that Griesbach only mentions Gregory of Nyssa (whose name + Tregelles omits entirely) to remark that he is not to be cited for + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; seeing that, according to him, 1 Tim. iii. 16 is to be read + thus:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. Griesbach borrowed that + quotation and that blunder from Wetstein; to be blindly followed in + turn by Scholz and Alford. And yet, the words in question are _not + the words of Gregory Nyss. at all_; but of Apolinaris, against whom + Gregory is writing,--as Gregory himself explains. [_Antirrh. adv. + Apol._ apud Galland. vi. 522 d.] + +_ 984 De Trin._ p. 83. The testimony is express. + + 985 i. 92: iii. 657.-iv. 19, 23. + + 986 i. 313:--ii. 263. + + 987 i. 497 c d e.--viii. 85 e: 86 a.--xi. 605 f: 606 a b d e.--(The first + of these places occurs in the Homily _de Beato Philogonio_, which + Matthaei in the main [viz. from p. 497, line 20, to the end] edited + from an independent source [_Lectt. Mosqq._ 1779]. Gallandius [xiv. + _Append._ 141-4] reprints Matthaei's labours).--Concerning this place + of Chrysostom (_vide supra_, p. 101), Bp. Ellicott says (p. + 66),--"The passage which he [the Quarterly Reviewer] does allege, + deserves to be placed before our readers in full, as an illustration + of the precarious character of patristic evidence. If this passage + attests the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in 1 Tim. iii. 16, does it not also attest + the reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Heb. ii. 16, where no copyist or translator + has introduced it?"... I can but say, in reply,--"No, certainly not." + May I be permitted to add, that it is to me simply unintelligible + how Bp. Ellicott can show himself so _plane hospes_ in this + department of sacred Science as to be capable of gravely asking such + a very foolish question? + + 988 i. 215 a: 685 b. The places may be seen quoted _supra_, p. 101. + + 989 The place is quoted in Scrivener's _Introduction_, p. 59. + +_ 990 Antirrheticus_, ap. Galland. vi. 517-77. + + 991 The full title was,--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. _Ibid._ 518 b, c: 519 a. + + 992 Apolinaris did not deny that CHRIST was very GOD. His heresy (like + that of Arius) turned upon the nature of the conjunction of the + Godhead with the Manhood. Hear Theodoret:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}? {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. _Dial._ + vi. _adv. Apol._ (_Opp._ v. 1080 = Athanas. ii. 525 d.) + + 993 Cramer's _Cat. in Actus_, iii. 69. It is also met with in the Catena + on the Acts which J. C. Wolf published in his _Anecdota Graeca_, iii. + 137-8. The place is quoted above, p. 102. + + 994 Cramer's _Cat. in Rom._ p. 124. + + 995 P. 67. + + 996 P. 65. + + 997 P. 65. + + 998 See above, p. 429. + + 999 Bentley, Scholz, Tischendorf, Alford and others adduce + "_Euthalius_." + +_ 1000 Concilia_, i. 849-893. The place is quoted below in note 3. + + 1001 "Verum ex illis verbis illud tantum inferri debet false eam + epistolam Dionysio Alexandrino attribui: non autem scriptum non + fuisse ab aliquo ex Episcopis qui Synodis adversus Paulum + Antiochenum celebratis interfuerant. Innumeris enim exemplis constat + indubitatae antiquitatis Epistolas ex Scriptorum errore falsos + titulos praeferre."--(Pagi ad A.D. 264, apud Mansi, _Concil._ i. + 1039.) + + 1002 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}--_Concilia_, i. 853 a. + + 1003 Cap. xi. + +_ 1004 Ad Ephes._ c. 19: c. 7. _Ad Magnes._ c. 8. + + 1005 Cap. xii. + +_ 1006 Contra Haeresim Noeti_, c. xvii. (Routh's _Opuscula_, i. 76.) Read + the antecedent chapters. + +_ 1007 Dialog._ ii. '_Inconfusus._'--_Opp._ iv. 132. + + 1008 Cod. 230,--p. 845, line 40. + + 1009 vii. 26, _ap. Galland_. iii. 182 a. + + 1010 iii. 401-2, _Epist._ 261 ( = 65). A quotation from Gal. iv. 4 + follows. + + 1011 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Vol. v. Part ii. 48 e. + + 1012 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--_Opp._ V. Part 2, p. 124 c d. (= + _Concilia_, iii. 221 c d.) + + 1013 N. T. vol. xi. _Praefat._ p. xli. + + 1014 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.--_De Incarnatione Domini_, Mai, + _Nov. PP. Bibliotheca_, ii. 68. + + 1015 Earlier in the same Treatise, Cyril thus grandly paraphrases 1 Tim. + iii. 16:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.--_Ibid._ p. 37. + + 1016 P. 153 d. (= _Concilia_, iii. 264 c d.) + +_ 1017 Ibid_, d e. + + 1018 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. Presently,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. p. 154 a b c.--In a subsequent page,--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--_Ibid._ p. 170 d e. + + 1019 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}.--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}.--vi. 148 a. + +_ 1020 Ibid._ b, c, down to 149 a. (= _Concilia_, iii. 815 b-e.) + + 1021 Preserved by OEcumenius in his _Catena_, 1631, ii. 228. + + 1022 Ellis, p. 67. + + 1023 In loc. + +_ 1024 Variae Lect._ ii. 232. He enumerates ten MSS. in which he found + it,--but he only quotes down to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 1025 In loc. + + 1026 P. 227 _note_. + + 1027 Pointed out long since by Matthaei, _N. T._ vol. xi. _Praefat._ p. + xlviii. Also in his ed. of 1807,--iii. 443-4. "Nec ideo laudatus est, + ut doceret Cyrillum loco {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} legisse {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, sed ideo, ne quis si Deum + factum legeret hominem, humanis peccatis etiam obnoxium esse + crederet." + + 1028 See Berriman's _Dissertation_, p. 189.--(MS. note of the Author.) + + 1029 Not from the 2nd article of his _Explanatio xii. capitum_, as + Tischendorf supposes. + + 1030 See how P. E. Pusey characterizes the "Scholia," in his _Preface_ to + vol. vi. of his edition,--pp. xii. xiii. + + 1031 Cyril's Greek, (to judge from Mercator's Latin,) must have run + somewhat as follows:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 1032 Opp._ vol. v. P. i. p. 785 d.--The original scholium (of which the + extant Greek proves to be only a garbled fragment, [see Pusey's ed. + vi. p. 520,]) abounds in expressions which imply, (if they do not + require,) that {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} went before: _e.g._ ___quasi Deus homo + factus:____--____erant ergo gentes in mundo sine Deo, cum absque + Christo essent:____--____Deus enim erat incarnatus:____--____in + humanitate tamen Deus remansit: Deus enim Verbum, carne assumpta, + non deposuit quod erat; intelligitur tamen idem Deus simul et + homo,___ &c. + + 1033 P. 67. + +_ 1034 Opp._ vi. 327. + + 1035 ii. 852. + + 1036 Matthaei, N. T. xi. _Praefat._ pp. lii.-iii. + + 1037 Vol. V. P. ii. pp. 55-180. + + 1038 "How is the Godhead of Christ proved?" (asks Ussher in his _Body of + Divinity_, ed. 1653, p. 161). And he adduces out of the N. T. only + Jo. i. 1, xx. 28; Rom. ix. 5; 1 Jo. v. 20.--He _had_ quoted 1 Tim. + iii. 16 in p. 160 (with Rom. ix. 5) to prove the union of the two + natures. + + 1039 Burgon's _Last Twelve Verses_, &c., p. 195 and note. See Canon Cook + on this subject,--pp. 146-7. + +_ 1040 Supra_, p. 102. + + 1041 Pp. 68-9. + +_ 1042 Proleg. in N. T._,--§ 1013. + +_ 1043 Opp._ (ed. 1645) ii. 447. + +_ 1044 Concilia_, v. 772 a. I quote from Garnier's ed. of the + _Breviarium_, reprinted by Gallandius, xii. 1532. + + 1045 iv. 465 c. + +_ 1046 Concilia_, vi. 28 e [= iii. 645 c (ed. Harduin)]. + + 1047 "Ex sequentibus colligo quaedam exemplaria tempore Anastasii et + Macedonii habuisse {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; ut, mutatione facta {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + intelligeretur _ut esset Deus_." (Cotelerii, _Eccl. Gr. Mon._ iii. + 663)--"Q. d. Ut hic homo, qui dicitur Jesus, esset et dici posset + Deus," &c. (Cornelius, _in loc._ He declares absolutely "olim + legerunt ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.")--All this was noticed long since by Berriman, + pp. 243-4. + + 1048 "Apost. 83," is "_Crypta-Ferrat._ A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. iv." described in the + APPENDIX. I owe the information to the learned librarian of Crypta + Ferrata, the Hieromonachus A. Rocchi. It is a pleasure to transcribe + the letter which conveyed information which the writer knew would be + acceptable to me:--"Clme Rme Domine. Quod erat in votis, plures loci + illius Paulini non modo in nostris codd. lectiones, sed et in his + ipsis variationes, adsequutus es. Modo ego operi meo finem imponam, + descriptis prope sexcentis et quinquaginta quinque vel codicibus vel + MSS. Tres autem, quos primum nunc notatos tibi exhibeo, pertinent ad + Liturgicorum ordinem. Jam felici omine tuas prosoquere + elucubrationes, cautus tantum ne studio et labore nimio valetudinem + tuam defatiges. Vale. De Tusculano, xi. kal. Maias, an. R. S. + MDCCCLXXXIII. ANTONIUS ROCCHI, Hieromonachus Basilianus." + + For "Paul 282," (a bilingual MS. at Paris, known as "Armenien 9,") I + am indebted to the Abbe Martin, who describes it in his + _Introduction a la Critique Textuelle du N. T._, 1883,--pp. 660-1. + See APPENDIX. + + 1049 Prebendary Scrivener (p. 555) ably closes the list. Any one desirous + of mastering the entire literature of the subject should study the + Rev. John Berriman's interesting and exhaustive _Dissertation_,--pp. + 229-263. + + 1050 The reader is invited to read what Berriman, (who was engaged on his + "_Dissertation_" while Bp. Butler was writing the "Advertisement" + prefixed to his "_Analogy_" [1736],) has written on this part of the + subject,--pp. 120-9, 173-198, 231-240, 259-60, 262, &c. + + 1051 Apud Athanasium, _Opp_. ii. 33; and see Garnier's introductory Note. + + 1052 "Audi Paulum magna voce clamantem: _Deus manifestatus est in carne_ + [down to] _assumptus est in gloria_. O magni doctoris affatum! + _Deus_, inquit, _manifestatus est in carne_," &c.--_Concilia_, vii. + p. 618 e. + + 1053 Theodori Studitae, _Epistt_. lib. ii. 36, and 156. (Sirmondi's _Opera + Varia_, vol. v. pp. 349 e and 498 b,--Venet. 1728.) + + 1054 Paul 113, (Matthaei's a) contains two Scholia which witness to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}:--Paul 115, (Matthaei's d) also contains two Scholia.--Paul + 118, (Matthaei's h).--Paul 123, (Matthaei's n). See Matthaei's N. T. + vol. xi. _Praefat._ pp. xlii.-iii. + + 1055 ii. 228 a. + + 1056 ii. 569 e: 570 a. + +_ 1057 Panoplia_,--Tergobyst, 1710, fol. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}. p. 2, col. 1. + + 1058 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1059 But in Apost. 12 (Reg. 375) it is the lection for the 30th ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}) + Saturday.--In Apost. 33 (Reg. 382), for the 31st ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}).--In Apost. 26 + (Reg. 320), the lection for the 34th Saturday begins at 1 Tim. vi. + 11.--Apostt. 26 and 27 (Regg. 320-1) are said to have a peculiar + order of lessons. + + 1060 For convenience, many codices are reckoned under this head (viz. of + "Apostolus") which are rather {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Many again which + are but fragmentary, or contain only a very few lessons from the + Epistles: such are Apostt. 97 to 103. See the APPENDIX. + + 1061 No. 21, 28, 31 are said to be Gospel lessons ("Evstt."). No. 29, 35 + and 36 are Euchologia; "the two latter probably Melchite, for the + codices exhibit some Arabic words" (Abbe Martin). No. 43 and 48 must + be erased. No. 70 and 81 are identical with 52 (B. M. _Addit._ + 32051). + + 1062 Viz. Apost. 1: 3: 6: 9 & 10 (which are Menologies with a few Gospel + lections): 15: 16: 17: 19: 20: 24: 26: 27: 32: 37: 39: 44: 47: 50: + 53: 55: 56: 59: 60: 61: 63: 64: 66: 67: 68: 71: 72: 73: 75: 76: 78: + 79: 80: 87: 88: 90. + + 1063 Viz. Apost. 4 at Florence: 8 at Copenhagen: 40, 41, 42 at Rome: 54 + at St. Petersburg: 74 in America. + + 1064 Viz. Apost. 2 and 52 (Addit. 32051) in the B. Mus., also 69 (Addit. + 29714 verified by Dr. C. R. Gregory): 5 at Gottingen: 7 at the + Propaganda (verified by Dr. Beyer): 11, 22, 23, 25, 30, 33 at Paris + (verified by Abbe Martin): 13, 14, 18 at Moscow: 38, 49 in the + Vatican (verified by Signor Cozza-Luzi): 45 at Glasgow (verified by + Dr. Young): 46 at Milan (verified by Dr. Ceriani): 51 at Besancon + (verified by M. Castan): 57 and 62 at Lambeth, also 65 B-C (all + three verified by Scrivener): 58 at Ch. Ch., Oxford: 77 at Moscow: + 82 at Messina (verified by Papas Matranga): 84 and 89 at Crypta + Ferrata (verified by Hieromonachus Rocchi). + + 1065 Viz. Apost. 34 (Reg. 383), a XVth-century Codex. The Abbe Martin + assures me that this copy exhibits {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; | {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. Note + however that the position of the point, as well as the accentuation, + proves that nothing else but {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was intended. This is very + instructive. What if the same slip of the pen had been found in Cod. + B? + + 1066 Viz. Apost 83 (Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. iv.) + + 1067 Viz. Praxapost. 85 and 86 (Crypta Ferrata, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. vii. which exhibits + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} | {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}; and A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. viii., which exhibits + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} | {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}. [_sic._]). Concerning these + codices, see above, pp. 446 to 448. + +_ 1068 Concilia_, ii. 217 c ( = ed. Hard. i. 418 b). + + 1069 He wrote a history of the Council of Nicaea, in which he introduces + the discussions of the several Bishops present,--all the product (as + Cave thinks) of his own brain. + + 1070 viii. 214 b. + + 1071 Cited at the Council of CP. (A.D. 553). [_Concilia_, ed. Labbe et + Cossart, v. 447 b c = ed. Harduin, iii. 29 c and 82 e.] + +_ 1072 Concilia_, Labbe, v. 449 a, and Harduin, iii. 84 d. + + 1073 Harduin, iii. 32 d. + + 1074 A Latin translation of the work of Leontius (_Contra Nestor. et + Eutych._), wherein it is stated that the present place was found in + _lib._ xiii., may be seen in Gallandius [xii. 660-99: the passage + under consideration being given at p. 694 c d]: but Mai (_Script. + Vett._ vi. 290-312), having discovered in the Vatican the original + text of the excerpts from Theod. Mops., published (from the xiith + book of Theod. _de Incarnatione_) the Greek of the passage [vi. + 308]. From this source, Migne [_Patr. Gr._ vol. 66, col. 988] seems + to have obtained his quotation. + + 1075 Either as given by Mai, or as represented in the Latin translation + of Leontius (obtained from a different codex) by Canisius [_Antiquae + Lectt._, 1601, vol. iv.], from whose work Gallandius simply + reprinted it in 1788. + +_ 1076 Theodori Mops. Fragmenta Syriaca, vertit_ Ed. Sachau, Lips. + 1869,--p. 53.--I am indebted for much zealous help in respect of these + Syriac quotations to the Rev. Thomas Randell of Oxford,--who, I + venture to predict, will some day make his mark in these studies. + +_ 1077 Ibid._ p. 64. The context of the place (which is derived from + Lagarde's _Analecta Syriaca_, p. 102, top,) is as follows: "Deitas + enim inhabitans haec omnia gubernare incepit. Et in hac re etiam + gratia Spiritus Sancti adjuvabat ad hunc effectum, ut beatus quoque + Apostolus dixit: '_Vere grande ... in spiritu_;' quoniam nos quoque + auxilium Spiritus accepturi sumus ad perfectionem justitiae." A + further reference to 1 Tim. iii. 16 at page 69, does not help us. + + 1078 I owe this, and more help than I can express in a foot-note, to my + learned friend the Rev. Henry Deane, of S. John's. + + 1079 Pages 437-43. + + 1080 See above, p. 444. + + 1081 See above, pp. 446-8; also the _Appendix_. + + 1082 See pp. 426-8. + + 1083 See pp. 480-2. + + 1084 N. T. 1806 ii. _ad calcem_, p. [25]. + + 1085 Page 76. + + 1086 See above, pp. 376-8. + + 1087 Viz. from p. 431 to p. 478. + + 1088 See above, pp. 462-4. + + 1089 Viz. Acts iii. 12; 1 Tim. iv. 7, 8; vi. 3, 5, 6; 2 Tim. iii. 5; Tit. + i. 1; 2 Pet. i. 3, 6, 7; iii. 11. + + 1090 From the friend whose help is acknowledged at foot of pp. 450, 481. + + 1091 Scholz enumerates 8 of these copies: Coxe, 15. But there must exist + a vast many more; as, at M. Athos, in the convent of S. Catharine, + at Meteora, &c., &c. + + 1092 In explanation of this statement, the reader is invited to refer to + the APPENDIX at the end of the present volume. [Since the foregoing + words have been in print I have obtained from Rome tidings of about + 34 more copies of S. Paul's Epistles; raising the present total to + 336. The known copies of the book called "_Apostolus_" now amount to + 127.] + + 1093 Viz. Paul 61 (see Scrivener's _Introduction_, 3rd ed. p. 251): and + Paul 181 (see above, at pp. 444-5). + + 1094 Viz. Paul 248, at Strasburg. + + 1095 Viz. Paul 8 (see Scrivener's _Introduction_): 15 (which is not in + the University library at Louvain): 50 and 51 (in Scrivener's + _Introduction_): 209 and 210 (which, I find on repeated enquiry, are + no longer preserved in the Collegio Romano; nor, since the + suppression of the Jesuits, is any one able to tell what has become + of them). + + 1096 Viz. Paul 42: 53: 54: 58 (_Vat._ 165,--from Sig. Cozza-Luzi): 60: 64: + 66: 76: 82: 89: 118: 119: 124: 127: 146: 147: 148: 152: 160: 161: + 162: 163: 172: 187: 191: 202: 214: 225 (_Milan_ N. 272 _sup._,--from + Dr. Ceriani): 259: 263: 271: 275: 284 (_Modena_ II. A. 13,--from Sig. + Cappilli [Acts, 195--_see Appendix_]): 286 (_Milan_ E. 2 _inf._--from + Dr. Ceriani [_see Appendix_]): 287 (_Milan_ A. 241 _inf._--from Dr. + Ceriani [_see Appendix_]): 293 (_Crypta Ferrata_, A. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. vi.--from the + Hieromonachus A. Rocchi [_see Appendix_]): 302 (_Berlin, MS. Graec._ + 8vo. No. 9.--from Dr. C. de Boor [_see Appendix_]). + + 1097 Viz. Paul 254 (restored to CP., see Scrivener's _Introduction_): and + Paul 261 (Muralt's 8: Petrop. xi. 1. 2. 330). + + 1098 I found the reading of 150 copies of S. Paul's Epistles at 1 Tim. + iii. 16, ascertained ready to my hand,--chiefly the result of the + labours of Mill, Kuster, Walker, Berriman, Birch, Matthaei, Scholz, + Reiche, and Scrivener. The following 102 I am enabled to contribute + to the number,--thanks to the many friendly helpers whose names + follow:-- + + In the VATICAN (Abbate Cozza-Luzi, keeper of the library, whose + friendly forwardness and enlightened zeal I cannot sufficiently + acknowledge. See the _Appendix_) No. 185, 186, 196, 204, 207, 294, + 295, 296, 297.--PROPAGANDA (Dr. Beyer) No. 92.--CRYPTA FERRATA (the + Hieromonachus A. Rocchi. See the _Appendix_,) No. 290, 291, + 292.--VENICE (Sig. Veludo) No. 215.--MILAN (Dr. Ceriani, the most + learned and helpful of friends,) No. 173, 174, 175, 176, 223, 288, + 289.--FERRARA, (Sig. Gennari) No. 222.--MODENA (Sig. Cappilli) No. + 285.--BOLOGNA (Sig. Gardiani) No. 105.--TURIN (Sig. Gorresio) No. 165, + 168.--FLORENCE (Dr. Anziani) No. 182, 226, 239.--MESSINA (Papas + Filippo Matranga. See the _Appendix_,) No. 216, 283.--PALERMO (Sig. + Penerino) No. 217.--The ESCURIAL (S. Herbert Capper, Esq., of the + British Legation. He executed a difficult task with rare ability, at + the instance of his Excellency, Sir Robert Morier, who is requested + to accept this expression of my thanks,) No. 228, 229.--PARIS (M. + Wescher, who is as obliging as he is learned in this department,) + No. 16, 65, 136, 142, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157, 164.--(L'Abbe + Martin. See the _Appendix_) No. 282. ARSENAL (M. Thierry) No. + 130.--S. GENEVIEVE (M. Denis) No. 247.--POICTIERS (M. Dartige) No. + 276.--BERLIN (Dr. C. de Boor) No. 220, 298, 299, 300, 301.--DRESDEN + (Dr. Forstemann) No. 237.--MUNICH (Dr. Laubmann) No. 55, 125, 126, + 128.--GOTTINGEN (Dr. Lagarde) No. 243.--WOLFENBUTTEL (Dr. von + Heinemann) No. 74, 241.--BASLE (Mons. Sieber) No. 7.--UPSALA (Dr. + Belsheim) No. 273, 274.--LINCOPING (the same) No. 272.--ZURICH (Dr. + Escher) No. 56.--Prebendary Scrivener verified for me Paul 252: 253: + 255: 256: 257: 258: 260: 264: 265: 277.--Rev. T. Randell, has + verified No. 13.--Alex. Peckover, Esq., No. 278.--Personally, I have + inspected No. 24: 34: 62: 63: 224: 227: 234: 235: 236: 240: 242: + 249: 250: 251: 262: 266: 267: 268: 269: 270: 279: 280: 281. + + 1099 Viz. Paul 37 (the _Codex Leicest._, 69 of the Gospels):--Paul 85 + (Vat. 1136), observed by Abbate Cozza-Luzi:--Paul 93 (Naples 1. B. + 12) which is 83 of the Acts,--noticed by Birch:--Paul 175 (Ambros. F. + 125 _sup._) at Milan; as I learn from Dr. Ceriani. See above, p. 456 + _note_ 1. + + 1100 Viz. Paul 282,--concerning which, see above, p. 474, note 1. + + 1101 The present locality of this codex (Evan. 421 = Acts 176 = Paul 218) + is unknown. The only Greek codices in the public library of the + "Seminario" at Syracuse are an "Evst." and an "Apost." (which I + number respectively 362 and 113). My authority for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Paul 218, + is Birch [_Proleg._ p. xcviii.], to whom Munter communicated his + collations. + + 1102 For the ensuing codices, see the APPENDIX. + + 1103 Vat. 2068 (Basil. 107),--which I number "Apost. 115" (see APPENDIX.) + + 1104 Viz. by 4 uncials (A, K, L, P), + (247 Paul + 31 Apost. = ) 278 + cursive manuscripts reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: + 4 (Paul) reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: + 2 (1 + Paul, 1 Apost.) reading {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: + 1 (Apost.) reading {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA~} = 289. (See + above, pp. 473-4: 478.) + + 1105 The Harkleian (see pp. 450, 489): the Georgian, and the Slavonic (p. + 454). + + 1106 See above, pp. 487-490,--which is the summary of what will be found + more largely delivered from page 455 to page 476. + + 1107 See above, pp. 448-453: also p. 479. + + 1108 See above, pp. 479-480. + + 1109 See above, pp. 452-3. + + 1110 See above, pp. 482, 483. + + 1111 See above, page 436, and middle of page 439. + + 1112 See his long and singular note. + +_ 1113 Fresh Revision_, p. 27. + +_ 1114 Printed Text_, p. 231. + + 1115 P. 226. + + 1116 "_Forte_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."--Bentleii _Critica Sacra_, p. 67. + +_ 1117 Developed Criticism_, p. 160. + + 1118 Thus Augustine (viii. 828 f.) paraphrases,--"_In carne manifestatus + est_ FILIUS DEI."--And Marius Victorinus, A.D. 390 (ap. Galland. + viii. 161),--"_Hoc enim est magnum sacramentum, quod_ DEUS + _exanimavit semet ipsum cum esset in_ DEI _forma:_" "_fuit ergo + antequam esset in carne, sed manifestatum dixit in carne_."--And + Fulgentius, A.D. 513, thus expands the text (ap. Galland. xi. + 232):--"_quia scilicet Verbum quod in principio erat, et apud_ DEUM + _erat, et_ DEUS _erat, id est_ DEI _unigenitus Filius_, DEI _virtus + et sapientia, per quem et in quo facta sunt omnia, ... idem_ DEUS + _unigenitus_," &c. &c.--And Ferrandus, A.D. 356 (_ibid._ p. + 356):--"_ita pro redemtione humani generis humanam naturam credimus + suscepisse, ut ille qui Trinitate perfecta_ DEUS _unigenitus + permanebat ac permanet, ipse ex Maria fieret primogenitus in multis + fratribus_," &c. + +_ 1119 MS. note in his interleaved copy of the N. T._ He adds, "Haec + addenda posui Notis ad S. Hippolytum contra Noetum p. 93, vol. i. + _Scriptor. Ecclesiast. Opusculorum._" + + 1120 Page 29. + + 1121 P. 29. + + 1122 P. 30. + +_ 1123 Address_, on the Revised Version, p. 10. + + 1124 See above, pp. 37 to 39. + + 1125 Bp. Ellicott's pamphlet, p. 34. + + 1126 P. 231. + + 1127 Fifth Rule of the Committee. + + 1128 Bp. Ellicott's pamphlet, p. 30. + + 1129 No fair person will mistake the spirit in which the next ensuing + paragraphs (in the Text) are written. But I will add what shall + effectually protect me from being misunderstood. + + Against the respectability and personal worth of any member of the + Revisionist body, let me not be supposed to breathe a syllable. All, + (for aught I know to the contrary,) may be men of ability and + attainment, as well as of high moral excellence. I will add that, in + early life, I numbered several professing Unitarians among my + friends. It were base in me to forget how wondrous kind I found + them: how much I loved them: how fondly I cherish their memory. + + Further. That in order to come at the truth of Scripture, we are + bound to seek help at the hands of _any_ who are able to render + help,--_who_ ever doubted? If a worshipper of the false prophet,--if a + devotee of Buddha,--could contribute anything,--_who_ would hesitate + to sue to him for enlightenment? As for Abraham's descendants,--they + are our very brethren. + + But it is quite a different thing when Revisionists appointed by the + Convocation of the Southern Province, co-opt Separatists and even + Unitarians into their body, where they shall determine the sense of + Scripture and vote upon its translation on equal terms. Surely, when + the Lower House of Convocation accepted the 5th "Resolution" of the + Upper House,--viz., that the Revising body "shall be at liberty to + invite the co-operation of any eminent for scholarship, to whatever + nation or religious body they may belong;"--the Synod of Canterbury + did not suppose that it was pledging itself to sanction _such_ + "co-operation" as is implied by actual _co-optation_! + + It should be added that Bp. Wilberforce, (the actual framer of the + 5th fundamental Resolution,) has himself informed us that "in + framing it, it never occurred to him that it would apply to the + admission of any member of the Socinian body." _Chronicle of + Convocation_ (Feb. 1871,) p. 4. + + "I am aware," (says our learned and pious bishop of Lincoln,) "that + the ancient Church did not scruple to avail herself of the + translation of a renegade Jew, like Aquila; and of Ebionitish + heretics, like Symmachus and Theodotion; and that St. Augustine + profited by the expository rules of Tychonius the Donatist. But I + very much doubt whether the ancient Church would have looked for a + large outpouring of a blessing from GOD on a work of translating His + Word, where the workmen were not all joined together in a spirit of + Christian unity, and in the profession of the true Faith; and in + which the opinions of the several translators were to be counted and + not weighed; and where everything was to be decided by numerical + majorities; and where the votes of an Arius or a Nestorius were to + be reckoned as of equal value with those of an Athanasius or a + Cyril." (_Address on the Revised Version_, 1881, pp. 38.) + +_ 1130 The Bible and Popular Theology_, by G. Vance Smith, 1871. + +_ 1131 An Unitarian Reviser of our Authorized Version, intolerable: an + earnest Remonstrance and Petition_,--addressed to yourself by your + present correspondent:--Oxford, Parker, 1872, pp. 8. + + 1132 See letter of "One of the Revisionists, G. V. S." in _the Times_ of + July 11, 1870. + +_ 1133 Protest against the Communion of an Unitarian in Westminster Abbey + on June_ 22nd, 1870:--Oxford, 1870, pp. 64. + + 1134 See the _Chronicle of Convocation_ (Feb. 1871), pp. 3-28,--when a + Resolution was moved and carried by the Bp. (Wilberforce) of + Winchester,--"That it is the judgment of this House that no person + who denies the Godhead of our LORD JESUS CHRIST ought to be invited + to join either company to which is committed the Revision of the + Authorized Version of Holy Scripture: and that it is further the + judgment of this House that any such person now on either Company + should cease to act therewith. + + "And that this Resolution be communicated to the Lower House, and + their concurrence requested:"--which was done. See p. 143. + + 1135 The Reader is invited to refer back to pp. 132-135. + + 1136 The Reader is requested to refer back to pp. 210-214. + + 1137 S. Mark x. 21. + + 1138 S. Luke xxii. 64. + + 1139 S. Luke xxiii. 38. + + 1140 S. Luke xxiv. 42. + + 1141 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is "_to command_" in S. Matth. (and S. Luke) iv. 3: in S. + Mark v. 43: viii. 7, and in many other places. On the other hand, + the Revisers have thrust "_command_" into S. Matth. xx. 21, where + "_grant_" had far better have been let alone: and have overlooked + other places (as S. Matth. xxii. 24, S. James ii. 11), where + "_command_" might perhaps have been introduced with advantage. (I + nothing doubt that when the Centurion of Capernaum said to our Lord + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} [Mtt. viii. 8 = Lu. vii. 7], he entreated Him "only + to give _the word of command_.") + + We all see, of course, that it was because {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is rendered "_grant_" + in the (very nearly) parallel place to S. Matth. xx. 21 (viz. S. + Mark x. 37), that the Revisers thought it incumbent on them to + represent {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} in the earlier Gospel differently; and so they + bethought themselves of "_command_." (Infelicitously enough, as I + humbly think. "_Promise_" would evidently have been a preferable + substitute: the word in the original ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) being one of that + large family of Greek verbs which vary their shade of signification + according to their context.) But it is plainly impracticable to + _level up_ after this rigid fashion,--to translate in this mechanical + way. Far more is lost than is gained by this straining after an + impossible closeness of rendering. The spirit becomes inevitably + sacrificed to the letter. All this has been largely remarked upon + above, at pp. 187-206. + + Take the case before us in illustration. S. James and S. John with + their Mother, have evidently agreed together to "_ask a favour_" of + their LORD (cf. Mtt. xx. 20, Mk. x. 35). The Mother begins {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~},--the + sons begin, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Why are we to assume that the request is made by + the Mother in _a different spirit_ from the sons? Why are we to + impose upon her language the imperious sentiment which the very + mention of "_command_" unavoidably suggests to an English ear? + + A prior, and yet more fatal objection, remains in full force. The + Revisers, (I say it for the last time,) were clearly going beyond + their prescribed duty when they set about handling the Authorized + Version after this merciless fashion. Their business was to correct + "_plain and clear errors_,"--_not_ to produce a "New English + Version." + + 1142 Take the following as a sample, which is one of the Author's proofs + that the "Results of the Revision" are "unfavourable to + Orthodoxy:"--"The only instance in the N. T. in which the religious + worship or adoration of CHRIST was apparently implied, has been + _altered_ by the Revision: '_At_ the name of JESUS every knee shall + bow,' [Philipp. ii. 10] is now to be read '_in_ the name.' Moreover, + no alteration of text or of translation will be found anywhere to + make up for this loss; as indeed it is well understood that the N. + T. contains neither precept nor example which really sanctions the + religious worship of JESUS CHRIST."--_Texts and Margins_,--p. 47. + +_ 1143 Supra_, p. 424 to p. 501. + + 1144 See above, pp. 272-275, pp. 278-281. + + 1145 See above, p. 275. + + 1146 See above, pp. 276-7. + + 1147 See above, pp. 303-305. + + 1148 See above, p. 304. + + 1149 See above, pp. 339-42; also pp. 422, 423. + + 1150 See above, pp. 391-7. + + 1151 See above, pp. 36-40: 47-9: 422-4. + + 1152 See above, pp. 41-7: 420-2. + + 1153 See above, pp. 98-106: 424-501. + + 1154 Evan. 738 belongs to Oriel College, Oxford, [xii.], small 4to. of + 130 foll. slightly _mut._ Evan. 739, Bodl. Greek Miscell. 323 + [xiii.], 8vo. _membr._ foll. 183, _mut._ Brought from Ephesus, and + obtained for the Bodleian in 1883. + + 1155 Evst. 415 belongs to Lieut. Bate, [xiii.], _chart._ foll. 219, + mutilated throughout. He obtained it in 1878 from a Cyprus villager + at Kikos, near Mount Trovodos (_i.e._ Olympus.) It came from a + monastery on the mountain. + + 1156 Apost. 128 will be found described, for the first time, below, at p. + 528. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVISION REVISED*** + + + +CREDITS + + +July 13, 2011 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Colin Bell, Daniel J. 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