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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36870-h.zip b/36870-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..85e2bab --- /dev/null +++ b/36870-h.zip diff --git a/36870-h/36870-h.htm b/36870-h/36870-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dbefff --- /dev/null +++ b/36870-h/36870-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,813 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" lang="de" xml:lang="de" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cotton, its Progress from the Field to the Needle. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + h1,h2 {padding-top: 5em;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /*visibility: hidden;*/ + position: absolute; + left: 3%; + font-size: 10px; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; + letter-spacing: normal; + text-indent: 0em; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .titlepage {text-align: center; + line-height: 2em; + margin-top: 3em; + } + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; + text-align: center;} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cotton, Its Progress from the Field to the +Needle, by Anonymous + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Cotton, Its Progress from the Field to the Needle + Being a brief sketch of the culture of the plant, its + picking, cleaning, packing, shipment, and manufacture + +Author: Anonymous + +Release Date: July 27, 2011 [EBook #36870] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON *** + + + + +Produced by Constanze Hofmann and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="600" height="791" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + + +<h1>COTTON,<br /> +ITS PROGRESS FROM THE<br /> +FIELD TO THE NEEDLE:</h1> + +<p class="titlepage"> +BEING A BRIEF SKETCH OF<br /> +THE CULTURE OF THE PLANT,<br /> +ITS PICKING, CLEANING, PACKING, SHIPMENT, AND MANUFACTURE.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i001.png" width="600" height="327" alt="Publisher's Device" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="titlepage">NEW YORK:<br /> +PUBLISHED BY ROBERT LOGAN & CO.,<br /> +51 DEY-STREET.<br /> +1855. +</p> + + +<p class="titlepage"> +OLIVER & BROTHER, <span class="smcap">Steam Printers</span>,<br /> +No. 32 Beckman-Street, New-York.</p> + + + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +<a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>Among the utilitarian gifts of nature and art we know of none in more +general use, or of greater practical value, than sewing-cotton. The +taste which turns into graceful shapes the products of the loom, the +executive skill which converts them into convenient and elegant apparel, +would be powerless without this simple accessory. It is the food of the +needle, and might almost be called the thread of life to thousands of +the gentler sex. Yet as it passes through the delicate fingers of +mothers, wives, and daughters, ministering to so many wants, and +creating so many beautiful superfluities, little thought is bestowed +upon the labor, the care, the dexterity, and the scientific ability +required in producing the article. The cultivation of the raw material, +the processes of picking, ginning, packing, shipping, combing, spinning, +and twisting, are among the most interesting operations in the whole +range of agriculture and manufactures; and we think the ladies, for +whose especial convenience such a vast amount of industry, skill, and +talent is employed, will not be unwilling to trace with us in a familiar +way the progress of this great domestic staple from the field to the +needle.</p> + +<p>We therefore claim their attention to the following short treatise, from +which, without being fatigued by dry details, they may derive a +tolerably accurate idea of what capital, labor, and science have done to +bring to its present perfection the simple article of sewing-cotton.</p> + + + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span><a name="CULTIVATION_OF_THE_COTTON_PLANT" id="CULTIVATION_OF_THE_COTTON_PLANT"></a>CULTIVATION OF THE COTTON PLANT.</h2> + + +<p>The cotton-planting season in all the Southern States commences in +April. The seed is sown in drills, a negro girl following the light +plough which makes the furrow, and throwing the seed into the shallow +trench as she moves along. A harrow follows to cover up the deposits, +and the work of "planting" is completed. About two and a half bushels of +seed are required for an acre of ground.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i004.png" width="400" height="331" alt="Cotton Plant" title="Cotton Plant" /> +</div> + +<p>In a week or ten days the cotton is "up," when a small plough is run +along the drills, throwing the earth <i>from</i> the tender plants. The next +process is "scraping;" in other words, thinning out and earthing up the +plants, so as to leave each in the centre of a little hill, some two +feet distant from its nearest neighbors. The dexterity and accuracy with +which this feat is accomplished are wonderful; and there are few +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>spectacles more animated and picturesque than that of a hundred active +field-hands flourishing their bright hoes among the young vegetation, +each striving to outstrip the others in "hoeing out his row." Several +ploughings and hoeings intervene between the first of May and the last +of June.</p> + +<p>In July the cotton fields burst into bloom, <i>creaming</i> the landscape +with a sea of blossoms, the flower being very nearly of the same tint as +the ultimate product in its unbleached state. The new beauty thus +imparted to the scenery is, however, ephemeral. The blossoms unfold in +the night, are in their full glory in the morning, and by noon have +begun to fade. On the following day their cream-color has changed to a +dull red, and before sunset the petals have fallen, leaving inclosed in +the calyx the germ or "form" of the filamental fruit.</p> + +<p>The cotton plant, in its progress towards maturity, is liable to the +assaults of as many enemies as the young crocodile on the banks of the +Nile; but among them all, the "army-worm" is the most destructive. This +worm is produced from the eggs of a chocolate-colored moth of +particularly harmless and demure appearance; but its name is legion, its +ravages terrific. No one who has beheld an invasion of these +caterpillars can ever forget it. Deep trenches are dug to arrest their +progress, but these are soon filled up by the accumulating myriads; and +onward move the living destroyers over the bodies of the buried masses. +Huge logs are drawn through the trenches by yokes of oxen, and the +multitudinous swarms crushed to a paste, of which the effluvium taints +the air for miles; but still the incursion, if checked, is not arrested. +When the planter sees the army-worm in his fields, he is ready to give +up his crop in despair.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i006.png" width="476" height="600" alt="Cotton Harvest" title="Cotton Harvest" /> +</div> + +<p>By the middle of July the "bolls" or "forms" begin to open; and the +cotton fields, when viewed from a short distance, present the appearance +of being covered with ridges of white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> surf. Toward the close of the +month the <i>picking</i> season commences, and is continued without +intermission until the Christmas holidays. Each field-hand is supplied +with a basket and a bag. The basket is placed at the end of the cotton +row, and the bag, as fast as filled, is emptied into it. It is a +pleasant sight, on "the old plantation," to see the pickers returning at +nightfall from their work, with their well-filled baskets picturesquely +poised upon their woolly heads. Falling into line with the stoutest in +the van, they move along through the twilight, too tired to talk or +sing, anxious only to deposit their store in the packing-house, and +retire to their "quarters" to rest. A first-rate hand will pick from +three hundred to three hundred and fifty pounds of cotton per day.</p> + +<p>The next process is the "ginning," or separation of the cotton from the +seeds. The invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney, a New England +youth, in 1793, marked a new epoch in the cotton trade, and at once more +than quadrupled the value of the article as a national staple. Arkwright +had already introduced the spinning-frame, and through the genial +influence of these two great inventions, a pound of cotton, formerly +spun tediously by hand into a thread of five hundred feet, was +lengthened into a filament of <i>one hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> and fifty miles</i>; and the +value of our cotton exports was increased in sixty years from fifty +thousand to one hundred and twelve millions of dollars!</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i007.png" width="800" height="515" alt="PACKING PRESS." title="PACKING PRESS." /> +<p class="caption">PACKING PRESS.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>After the "ginning" comes the "baling" of the cotton, which ends the +labor bestowed upon it on the plantation. In this process powerful +screw-presses are employed. The cotton is inclosed in Kentucky bagging, +and the contents of each bale are compressed by the screw almost to the +solidity of stone. The cotton is now ready for market.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i008.png" width="400" height="442" alt="Cotton Bale" title="Cotton Bale" /> +</div> + +<p>Toward the close of the packing season there are jolly times on the +plantation. Fox-hunting and racing are the order of the day. The +Southern planter, like the "fine old English gentleman," opens house to +all, and all goes "merry as a marriage bell." Sambo rubs up his old +musket, and is out after the ducks, while Dinah's shining face wears an +extra gloss in anticipation of the holidays. Throughout the holidays +there is high festival in the negro quarters. "The shovel and the hoe" +are laid down, and the fiddle is continually going. So ends the cotton +season.</p> + + + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><a name="Shipment_on_the_Mississippi" id="Shipment_on_the_Mississippi"></a>Shipment on the Mississippi.</h2> + + +<p>The cotton, being packed, is to be sent to market. For this purpose it +is "hauled," generally by oxen, to the nearest landing on the river, +where the bales are rolled down the banks and stowed on board freight +boats bound to New Orleans or Mobile. This process is technically called +"bumping." There are certain plantations famous for the tenacious and +beautiful quality of their cotton, from which the supplies for <span class="smcap">Dick & +Sons'</span> celebrated sewing-cotton mills at Glasgow are principally derived.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i009.png" width="600" height="493" alt="Shipping" title="Shipping" /> +</div> + + + +<h2><a name="Delivery_and_Re-shipment_at_New_Orleans" id="Delivery_and_Re-shipment_at_New_Orleans"></a>Delivery and Re-shipment at New Orleans.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i010.png" width="800" height="491" alt="Levee at New Orleans" title="Levee at New Orleans" /> +</div> + +<p>It would be difficult to describe the scene of bustle and seeming +confusion presented by the levee at New Orleans when the bulk of the new +crop begins to come in. The songs and clamor of the negro stevedores, at +work in the holds and on the decks of the vessels; the sharp +authoritative expletives of the overseers and masters; the eager +conversations of the merchants, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> preternatural activity into +which the occasion seems to have spurred all the energies of Southern +life, are to Northern ears and eyes at once amusing and confounding. But +order reigns amidst this seeming chaos. The Mississippi boats are +rapidly relieved of their bulky cargoes, and the cotton is warehoused or +re-shipped, as the case may be, with marvellous celerity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> Generally the +shipments for the Clyde Mills, Glasgow, are among the first of the +season; and the primest article in the market is always selected for +<span class="smcap">Dick & Sons</span> by the New Orleans agents of the firm.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="Arrival_at_Glasgow" id="Arrival_at_Glasgow"></a>Arrival at Glasgow.</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i011.png" width="800" height="484" alt="DICK & SONS' CLYDE THREAD-MILLS." title="DICK & SONS' CLYDE THREAD-MILLS." /> +<p class="caption">DICK & SONS' CLYDE THREAD-MILLS.</p> +</div> + +<p>The view of the <span class="smcap">Clyde Thread-Mills</span>, furnished by our engraver from +accurate drawings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> taken on the spot, affords a very good idea of the +extensive manufactory of <span class="smcap">Dick & Sons</span>, from which this country is now +supplied with the most perfect, even, and tenacious sewing-cotton made +in the world. The cotton for the mills, after having been unloaded and +inspected by the revenue officers, is conveyed at once to the mills, +where there is an immense amount of warehouse room for the raw material, +independent of the space devoted to machinery and the storage of the +manufactured article. Of the latter, however, there is never a large +accumulation, the active and ever-increasing demand taxing to the utmost +the facilities of production, great as they are.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="The_Manufacturing_c" id="The_Manufacturing_c"></a>The Manufacturing, &c.</h2> + + +<p>A full description of the processes of scutching, carding, spinning, +twisting, bleaching, and spooling, through all of which the cotton +passes before it is packed for exportation in the form of thread, would +require more space than we can devote to them in this treatise, and, +moreover, would be rather dry reading for the ladies, for whose +information and amusement this little publication is intended. It is +sufficient to say, that all the latest improvements in machinery, in +each of the above branches, have been introduced at the Clyde Works; and +that as regards the perfection of their mechanical facilities, as well +as in point of capacity, they have no rivals in the United Kingdom.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2><a name="Manufactured_Article_in_New_York" id="Manufactured_Article_in_New_York"></a>Manufactured Article in New York.</h2> + + +<p>The consignments of <span class="smcap">Dick & Sons'</span> spool-cotton to this city are on a +scale of magnitude which those who have never reflected upon the immense +and universal consumption of the article would scarcely believe. The +bulk of the importations is received by the Collins' line of steamers, +and delivered at the Collins' wharf, whence it is conveyed to the New +York agency of the firm, <span class="smcap">51 Dey-street</span>. To the trade it is unnecessary +to say, that <span class="smcap">Dick & Sons'</span> <i>six-cord spool-cotton</i> is the best in the +market; and ladies generally are aware that in strength, uniformity of +thickness, and closeness of fibre, it is superior to any other +sewing-thread in use.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i013.png" width="600" height="318" alt="Steamship" title="Steamship" /> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Dick, senior, has probably had more experience as a manufacturer of +the article than any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> other man living. Prior to commencing business on +his own account he had been for nearly thirty years the manager of a +factory celebrated for producing a superior description of +sewing-cotton, also well known in the United States. Hence the cotton of +<span class="smcap">Dick & Sons</span> came into the market with a ready-made popularity. The name +of Mr. <span class="smcap">Dick</span> was a guarantee of its excellence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> and a large demand for +it spontaneously sprang up in the United States, Canada, the West +Indies, and the British possessions in India, and throughout the world.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i014.png" width="800" height="507" alt="View of New York City" title="View of New York City" /> +</div> + +<p>Infinite pains are taken to retain for the article the celebrity it has +acquired. Every spool is inspected before it leaves the factory at +Glasgow, so that no defective specimens can possibly reach the hands of +consumers.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION"></a>CONCLUSION.</h2> + + +<p>The history of the culture of cotton, and of its application to the uses +of man, forms an almost romantic episode in the annals of agriculture, +commerce, and manufactures. We have already mentioned the extraordinary +impetus given to its production, sale, and use by the introduction of +Whitney's saw-gin, for separating the seeds from the wool, in the years +1793 and 1794. Since that time the progress of the demand and +consumption has been no less wonderful.</p> + +<p>In 1794 the export rose from 187,000 lbs., the sum total for the +previous year, to 1,601,760 lbs. The next year it was over 6,000,000 +lbs. In 1800 it had advanced to about 18,000,000 lbs., and in 1810 to +upwards of 93,000,000 lbs. The last returns before us are for 1852, when +the export of the short staple variety alone exceeded one thousand one +hundred millions of pounds! To this aggregate we suppose about one +hundred millions of pounds may be added for the sea-island and other +long-fibred cottons.</p> + +<p>It may well be doubted whether among all the fabrics into which this +enormous amount of raw material is converted there is one more valuable +than sewing-cotton. We think if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> question were put to the ladies +to-morrow, whether the textile fabrics produced from cotton, or cotton +sewing-thread, were the most indispensable to their comfort and +convenience, every thimbled hand would be held up in favor of the +latter. Sewing-silk is too expensive for ordinary exigencies, and linen +thread cannot be spun of the same smooth and even fibre as cotton +thread; and besides, being liable to knot and twist, is apt to cut the +lighter and more fragile products of the loom. Abolish sewing-cotton, +and you abolish muslin embroidery and innumerable delicate and +fairy-like embellishments of female loveliness, which taste and fashion +have endorsed.</p> + +<p>Every lady is by habit a connoisseur in the article. She examines the +spools with a critical eye; she tries the strength of the thread; she +passes it through her fingers to test its evenness and compactness, and +when seated at her work, detects in a moment any defects which may have +been overlooked by the manufacturer.</p> + +<p>To this ordeal the six-cord cotton-thread of <span class="smcap">Dick & Sons</span> is cheerfully +submitted. It challenges inspection and comparison. There is little +necessity, however, for an appeal to the ladies in relation to its good +qualities, for they have them already at their fingers' ends.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cotton, Its Progress from the Field to +the Needle, by Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON *** + +***** This file should be named 36870-h.htm or 36870-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/8/7/36870/ + +Produced by Constanze Hofmann and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Cotton, Its Progress from the Field to the Needle + Being a brief sketch of the culture of the plant, its + picking, cleaning, packing, shipment, and manufacture + +Author: Anonymous + +Release Date: July 27, 2011 [EBook #36870] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON *** + + + + +Produced by Constanze Hofmann and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + +COTTON, +ITS PROGRESS FROM THE +FIELD TO THE NEEDLE: + +BEING A BRIEF SKETCH OF +THE CULTURE OF THE PLANT, +ITS PICKING, CLEANING, PACKING, SHIPMENT, +AND MANUFACTURE. + +[Illustration] + +NEW YORK: +PUBLISHED BY ROBERT LOGAN & CO., +51 DEY-STREET. + +1855. + + +OLIVER & BROTHER, STEAM PRINTERS, +No. 32 Beckman-Street, New-York. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Among the utilitarian gifts of nature and art we know of none in more +general use, or of greater practical value, than sewing-cotton. The +taste which turns into graceful shapes the products of the loom, the +executive skill which converts them into convenient and elegant apparel, +would be powerless without this simple accessory. It is the food of the +needle, and might almost be called the thread of life to thousands of +the gentler sex. Yet as it passes through the delicate fingers of +mothers, wives, and daughters, ministering to so many wants, and +creating so many beautiful superfluities, little thought is bestowed +upon the labor, the care, the dexterity, and the scientific ability +required in producing the article. The cultivation of the raw material, +the processes of picking, ginning, packing, shipping, combing, spinning, +and twisting, are among the most interesting operations in the whole +range of agriculture and manufactures; and we think the ladies, for +whose especial convenience such a vast amount of industry, skill, and +talent is employed, will not be unwilling to trace with us in a familiar +way the progress of this great domestic staple from the field to the +needle. + +We therefore claim their attention to the following short treatise, from +which, without being fatigued by dry details, they may derive a +tolerably accurate idea of what capital, labor, and science have done to +bring to its present perfection the simple article of sewing-cotton. + + + + +CULTIVATION OF THE COTTON PLANT. + + +The cotton-planting season in all the Southern States commences in +April. The seed is sown in drills, a negro girl following the light +plough which makes the furrow, and throwing the seed into the shallow +trench as she moves along. A harrow follows to cover up the deposits, +and the work of "planting" is completed. About two and a half bushels of +seed are required for an acre of ground. + +[Illustration] + +In a week or ten days the cotton is "up," when a small plough is run +along the drills, throwing the earth _from_ the tender plants. The next +process is "scraping;" in other words, thinning out and earthing up the +plants, so as to leave each in the centre of a little hill, some two +feet distant from its nearest neighbors. The dexterity and accuracy with +which this feat is accomplished are wonderful; and there are few +spectacles more animated and picturesque than that of a hundred active +field-hands flourishing their bright hoes among the young vegetation, +each striving to outstrip the others in "hoeing out his row." Several +ploughings and hoeings intervene between the first of May and the last +of June. + +In July the cotton fields burst into bloom, _creaming_ the landscape +with a sea of blossoms, the flower being very nearly of the same tint as +the ultimate product in its unbleached state. The new beauty thus +imparted to the scenery is, however, ephemeral. The blossoms unfold in +the night, are in their full glory in the morning, and by noon have +begun to fade. On the following day their cream-color has changed to a +dull red, and before sunset the petals have fallen, leaving inclosed in +the calyx the germ or "form" of the filamental fruit. + +The cotton plant, in its progress towards maturity, is liable to the +assaults of as many enemies as the young crocodile on the banks of the +Nile; but among them all, the "army-worm" is the most destructive. This +worm is produced from the eggs of a chocolate-colored moth of +particularly harmless and demure appearance; but its name is legion, its +ravages terrific. No one who has beheld an invasion of these +caterpillars can ever forget it. Deep trenches are dug to arrest their +progress, but these are soon filled up by the accumulating myriads; and +onward move the living destroyers over the bodies of the buried masses. +Huge logs are drawn through the trenches by yokes of oxen, and the +multitudinous swarms crushed to a paste, of which the effluvium taints +the air for miles; but still the incursion, if checked, is not arrested. +When the planter sees the army-worm in his fields, he is ready to give +up his crop in despair. + +By the middle of July the "bolls" or "forms" begin to open; and the +cotton fields, when viewed from a short distance, present the appearance +of being covered with ridges of white surf. Toward the close of the +month the _picking_ season commences, and is continued without +intermission until the Christmas holidays. Each field-hand is supplied +with a basket and a bag. The basket is placed at the end of the cotton +row, and the bag, as fast as filled, is emptied into it. It is a +pleasant sight, on "the old plantation," to see the pickers returning at +nightfall from their work, with their well-filled baskets picturesquely +poised upon their woolly heads. Falling into line with the stoutest in +the van, they move along through the twilight, too tired to talk or +sing, anxious only to deposit their store in the packing-house, and +retire to their "quarters" to rest. A first-rate hand will pick from +three hundred to three hundred and fifty pounds of cotton per day. + +[Illustration] + +The next process is the "ginning," or separation of the cotton from the +seeds. The invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney, a New England +youth, in 1793, marked a new epoch in the cotton trade, and at once more +than quadrupled the value of the article as a national staple. Arkwright +had already introduced the spinning-frame, and through the genial +influence of these two great inventions, a pound of cotton, formerly +spun tediously by hand into a thread of five hundred feet, was +lengthened into a filament of _one hundred and fifty miles_; and the +value of our cotton exports was increased in sixty years from fifty +thousand to one hundred and twelve millions of dollars! + +[Illustration: PACKING PRESS.] + +After the "ginning" comes the "baling" of the cotton, which ends the +labor bestowed upon it on the plantation. In this process powerful +screw-presses are employed. The cotton is inclosed in Kentucky bagging, +and the contents of each bale are compressed by the screw almost to the +solidity of stone. The cotton is now ready for market. + +[Illustration] + +Toward the close of the packing season there are jolly times on the +plantation. Fox-hunting and racing are the order of the day. The +Southern planter, like the "fine old English gentleman," opens house to +all, and all goes "merry as a marriage bell." Sambo rubs up his old +musket, and is out after the ducks, while Dinah's shining face wears an +extra gloss in anticipation of the holidays. Throughout the holidays +there is high festival in the negro quarters. "The shovel and the hoe" +are laid down, and the fiddle is continually going. So ends the cotton +season. + + + + +Shipment on the Mississippi. + + +The cotton, being packed, is to be sent to market. For this purpose it +is "hauled," generally by oxen, to the nearest landing on the river, +where the bales are rolled down the banks and stowed on board freight +boats bound to New Orleans or Mobile. This process is technically called +"bumping." There are certain plantations famous for the tenacious and +beautiful quality of their cotton, from which the supplies for DICK & +SONS' celebrated sewing-cotton mills at Glasgow are principally derived. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Delivery and Re-shipment at New Orleans. + + +[Illustration] + +It would be difficult to describe the scene of bustle and seeming +confusion presented by the levee at New Orleans when the bulk of the new +crop begins to come in. The songs and clamor of the negro stevedores, at +work in the holds and on the decks of the vessels; the sharp +authoritative expletives of the overseers and masters; the eager +conversations of the merchants, and the preternatural activity into +which the occasion seems to have spurred all the energies of Southern +life, are to Northern ears and eyes at once amusing and confounding. But +order reigns amidst this seeming chaos. The Mississippi boats are +rapidly relieved of their bulky cargoes, and the cotton is warehoused or +re-shipped, as the case may be, with marvellous celerity. Generally the +shipments for the Clyde Mills, Glasgow, are among the first of the +season; and the primest article in the market is always selected for +DICK & SONS by the New Orleans agents of the firm. + +[Illustration: DICK & SONS' CLYDE THREAD-MILLS.] + + + + +Arrival at Glasgow. + + +The view of the CLYDE THREAD-MILLS, furnished by our engraver from +accurate drawings taken on the spot, affords a very good idea of the +extensive manufactory of DICK & SONS, from which this country is now +supplied with the most perfect, even, and tenacious sewing-cotton made +in the world. The cotton for the mills, after having been unloaded and +inspected by the revenue officers, is conveyed at once to the mills, +where there is an immense amount of warehouse room for the raw material, +independent of the space devoted to machinery and the storage of the +manufactured article. Of the latter, however, there is never a large +accumulation, the active and ever-increasing demand taxing to the utmost +the facilities of production, great as they are. + + + + +The Manufacturing, &c. + + +A full description of the processes of scutching, carding, spinning, +twisting, bleaching, and spooling, through all of which the cotton +passes before it is packed for exportation in the form of thread, would +require more space than we can devote to them in this treatise, and, +moreover, would be rather dry reading for the ladies, for whose +information and amusement this little publication is intended. It is +sufficient to say, that all the latest improvements in machinery, in +each of the above branches, have been introduced at the Clyde Works; and +that as regards the perfection of their mechanical facilities, as well +as in point of capacity, they have no rivals in the United Kingdom. + + + + +Manufactured Article in New York. + + +The consignments of DICK & SONS' spool-cotton to this city are on a +scale of magnitude which those who have never reflected upon the immense +and universal consumption of the article would scarcely believe. The +bulk of the importations is received by the Collins' line of steamers, +and delivered at the Collins' wharf, whence it is conveyed to the New +York agency of the firm, 51 DEY-STREET. To the trade it is unnecessary +to say, that DICK & SONS' _six-cord spool-cotton_ is the best in the +market; and ladies generally are aware that in strength, uniformity of +thickness, and closeness of fibre, it is superior to any other +sewing-thread in use. + +[Illustration] + +Mr. Dick, senior, has probably had more experience as a manufacturer of +the article than any other man living. Prior to commencing business on +his own account he had been for nearly thirty years the manager of a +factory celebrated for producing a superior description of +sewing-cotton, also well known in the United States. Hence the cotton of +DICK & SONS came into the market with a ready-made popularity. The name +of Mr. DICK was a guarantee of its excellence, and a large demand for +it spontaneously sprang up in the United States, Canada, the West +Indies, and the British possessions in India, and throughout the world. + +[Illustration] + +Infinite pains are taken to retain for the article the celebrity it has +acquired. Every spool is inspected before it leaves the factory at +Glasgow, so that no defective specimens can possibly reach the hands of +consumers. + + + + +CONCLUSION. + + +The history of the culture of cotton, and of its application to the uses +of man, forms an almost romantic episode in the annals of agriculture, +commerce, and manufactures. We have already mentioned the extraordinary +impetus given to its production, sale, and use by the introduction of +Whitney's saw-gin, for separating the seeds from the wool, in the years +1793 and 1794. Since that time the progress of the demand and +consumption has been no less wonderful. + +In 1794 the export rose from 187,000 lbs., the sum total for the +previous year, to 1,601,760 lbs. The next year it was over 6,000,000 +lbs. In 1800 it had advanced to about 18,000,000 lbs., and in 1810 to +upwards of 93,000,000 lbs. The last returns before us are for 1852, when +the export of the short staple variety alone exceeded one thousand one +hundred millions of pounds! To this aggregate we suppose about one +hundred millions of pounds may be added for the sea-island and other +long-fibred cottons. + +It may well be doubted whether among all the fabrics into which this +enormous amount of raw material is converted there is one more valuable +than sewing-cotton. We think if the question were put to the ladies +to-morrow, whether the textile fabrics produced from cotton, or cotton +sewing-thread, were the most indispensable to their comfort and +convenience, every thimbled hand would be held up in favor of the +latter. Sewing-silk is too expensive for ordinary exigencies, and linen +thread cannot be spun of the same smooth and even fibre as cotton +thread; and besides, being liable to knot and twist, is apt to cut the +lighter and more fragile products of the loom. Abolish sewing-cotton, +and you abolish muslin embroidery and innumerable delicate and +fairy-like embellishments of female loveliness, which taste and fashion +have endorsed. + +Every lady is by habit a connoisseur in the article. She examines the +spools with a critical eye; she tries the strength of the thread; she +passes it through her fingers to test its evenness and compactness, and +when seated at her work, detects in a moment any defects which may have +been overlooked by the manufacturer. + +To this ordeal the six-cord cotton-thread of DICK & SONS is cheerfully +submitted. It challenges inspection and comparison. There is little +necessity, however, for an appeal to the ladies in relation to its good +qualities, for they have them already at their fingers' ends. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cotton, Its Progress from the Field to +the Needle, by Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON *** + +***** This file should be named 36870.txt or 36870.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/8/7/36870/ + +Produced by Constanze Hofmann and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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