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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Nicotiana, by Henry James Meller
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Nicotiana
+       Or The Smoker's and Snuff-Taker's Companion
+
+Author: Henry James Meller
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36879]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NICOTIANA ***
+
+
+
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+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
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+
+
+  NICOTIANA;
+
+  OR THE
+  SMOKER'S AND SNUFF-TAKER'S
+  COMPANION;
+
+  CONTAINING THE
+  HISTORY OF TOBACCO;
+
+  CULTURE--MEDICAL QUALITIES AND THE LAWS
+  RELATIVE TO ITS IMPORTATION AND
+  MANUFACTURE:
+
+  WITH AN
+  Essay in its Defence.
+
+  THE WHOLE ELEGANTLY EMBELLISHED AND INTERSPERSED
+  WITH
+  ORIGINAL POETRY AND ANECDOTES,
+  BEING INTENDED AS AN AMUSING AND INSTRUCTIVE VOLUME
+  FOR ALL
+  GENUINE LOVERS OF THE HERB,
+
+  BY HENRY JAMES MELLER, ESQ.
+
+
+  "I do assert and will affirm it before any prince in Europe,
+  to be the most sovereign and precious weed that ever the
+  earth tendered to the use of man."
+                      _Captain Bobadil.--Every Man in his Humour._
+
+  LONDON:
+  EFFINGHAM WILSON,
+  ROYAL EXCHANGE.
+  1832.
+
+
+
+
+  TO H. R. H. THE DUKE OF SUSSEX,
+  This little Work,
+  AS A
+  TRIFLING TOKEN OF VENERATION FOR HIS CHARACTER
+  AND ESTEEM FOR HIS TASTE,
+  IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Many an excellent cause has been lost through the want of sound arguments,
+founded on a knowledge of the case, to support and place it in its proper
+light. None, perhaps, more than _smoking_ and _snuff-taking_, the
+propriety of which, in the upper orders of life, have been and are,
+whether as regards their social or medicinal qualities, so frequently
+called in question by their enemies. These, the author is sorry to say, by
+the use of a few specious arguments, that chiefly pass current in refined
+society--the ladies in particular--have, strongly aided by prejudice,
+often made the defence succumb to the attack--an unpardonable weakness on
+the part of a _consumer_ of the herb, who is naturally enough expected to
+know the entire history of the favorite of his adoption. Unacquainted with
+the excellence of his subject, its importance and consequence in ancient
+and modern annals--its high worshippers and eulogists, medical, and
+non-medical, with its many endearing and social virtues acknowledged over
+the far greater part of the world; he, the Author asserts, unacquainted
+with the above _data_ and references, opposes but a feeble barrier to the
+sweeping and general assertions of his adversary.
+
+In the above glorious cause (i. e. Anti-Smokers and Snuff-Takers v. Lovers
+of the Herb) the Author himself holds a brief in the defence as counsel,
+and flattering himself he has made himself fully master of the case, he
+begs to impart it as a proper, if not an absolutely requisite
+accompaniment to all lovers of the 'soothing leaf.' The prejudices against
+smoking are numerous. Smoking that is called _unsocial_, the author
+affirms to be the common source of harmony and comfort,--the badge of good
+fellowship in almost every state, kingdom, and empire. Aye, from the
+English settlers in the wildernesses of America, where the _Calumet_ or
+Pipe of Peace is smoked by the natives, to the turbaned infidel of the
+East--from the burning zone of Africa to the icy regions of the North. In
+fact, in almost every clime and condition of society it is known as a
+common sign, or freemasonry of friendly feeling and social intercourse. In
+the East, the first act of hospitality is proffering the pipe with its
+invariable accompaniment coffee, which is more or less observed under
+various modifications over nearly the rest of the habitable world.
+
+Smoking that is termed _low_ and _vulgar_ was, and is, an occasional
+recreation with most of the crowned heads of Europe, among which may be
+named his late Majesty, and their Royal Highnesses the Dukes of Sussex and
+Cumberland--Ferdinand of Spain, and the Emperor Nicholas of
+Germany--besides very many of the nobility of either empires and
+kingdoms.
+
+Smoking that is termed _idle_, is singularly popular with mechanics, the
+most industrious classes of England.
+
+Smoking that is said to be _dirty_ and _filthy_, is in the greatest
+esteem, among the most moral and cleanly sect in Christianity--the Society
+of Friends or Quakers.
+
+Smoking that is affirmed to be _revolting_ and _disgusting_, is indulged
+in by the most rigidly kept women in the world--those of Turkey, who
+elevated in the dignity of the Haram, are taught to consider a whiff of
+their lord's _chibouque_ a distinction. Then the ladies of both Old and
+New Spain, who twining in the mazes of the giddy waltz, take the
+_cigarros_ from their own pretty lips to transfer to those of their
+favoured partners. If indeed, royalty be wanted in the female line, since
+the good old times of Elizabeth, who can be so lamentably ignorant in the
+annals of smoking, as not to know, that the late _Tumehemalee_, Queen
+Consort of _Tirahee_, king of the Sandwich Islands, was dotingly fond of a
+pipe--sensible woman and above all petty prejudices as she was, at our own
+honoured court.
+
+Now, in regard to snuff, that like smoking is so much abused, coming under
+the bans of the ignorant and prejudiced, _beastly_ is the word commonly
+given to its application, though used to the greatest excess in the famed
+land of _politesse_--France. The most polished and fascinating address is
+ever followed by the gracefully proffered snuff-box. What a vast deal does
+it not speak at once in a man's favor, begetting instantly a friendly
+sympathy in the head that gradually extends to the heart. What does not
+MOLIERE, their favorite author say, in favor of the herb? for the benefit
+of casuists we quote the sublime panegyric, which alone ought to confirm
+the bold lovers of the pipe and box, and 'inspire and fire' the diffident
+and wavering.
+
+"Quoi que puisse dire Aristote, et toute la philosophie, il n'est rien
+d'égal au tabac; c'est la passion des honnêtes gens, et qui vit sans
+tabac, n'est pas digne de vivre. Non seulement il réjouit et purge les
+cerveaux humains, mais encore il instruit les ames à la vertu et l'on
+apprend avec lui à devenir honnête homme. Ne voyez-vous pas bien, dès
+qu'on en prend, de quelle manière obligeante on en use avec tout le monde,
+et comme on est ravi d'en donner à droit et à gauche, par tout où l'on se
+trouve? On n'attend pas même que l'on en demande, et l'on court au devant
+du souhait des gens; tant il est vrai que le tabac inspire des sentimens
+d'honneur et de vertu à tous ceux qui en prennent."
+
+The pipe and the box are twin-brothers; they are the agents of friendship,
+conviviality, and mirth; they succour the distressed, and heal the
+afflicted; impartial and generous, they administer to all that sue for
+comfort, and the spirits of peace advance at their call; they live in
+charity with all men, unite them, and re-unite them, and they sympathise
+all hearts, entwining them in a cheerful and lasting community of soul and
+sentiment. The pipe and the box give a vigour to the mind, and a language
+to its ideas. They give harmony a tone, and discord a silence. They
+inspire the bold, and encourage the diffident. Yes! through their agency
+alone, all these benefits are received and experienced. In short, they
+express in one breath, superlative happiness. A few illustrations will
+suffice:
+
+A man in public company wishing to give utterance to some particular
+opinion or sentiment, invariably finds the pipe or the pinch the best
+prompter. A man wishing to be silent, in meditation finds the pipe his
+excuser. A man in anger with himself, his family, or the public, the pipe
+or the pinch will generally restore to kindness. A man desirous of meeting
+a friend, need but give him a "pinch," and the heart is at once opened to
+his reception. A man in misfortune, either in sickness or in
+circumstances, will learn philosophy from the pipe, and count upon the
+latter, at least, as his own: in this case, from both tobacco and snuff,
+he borrows an independent vigour, and a cheerfulness that shines even in
+the sadness of his heart. The impregnative spirit of tobacco will wind its
+way to the most secret recesses of the brain, and impart to the
+imagination a soft and gentle glow of heat, equally remote from the
+dullness of fervor, and the madness of intoxication; for to these two
+extremes, without the moderative medium of the pipe, an author's fancy
+will alternately expand itself. To the man of letters, therefore, the pipe
+is a sovereign remedy.
+
+Amongst the incidental benefits of the pipe and box, may also be noticed
+their great advantages in a converzatione; they smooth the arrogance of an
+apostrophe, and soften the virulence of a negative, give strength to an
+ejaculation, and confidence to a whisper. In short, they extract the
+sting, and purify the spirit, which are too frequently inhering
+concomitants, in the common associations of life.
+
+In conclusion, fully impressed with the sovereign consequence of his
+subject, the Author taketh his leave of the reader with the assurance, if
+his labours meet their due object, _viz._ imparting of the entire History
+of the much-aspersed, yet idolized herb, to its votaries, it will give him
+infinite pleasure. Should he not be so fortunate in upholding by that
+means,--
+
+      ----the grand cause,
+  I smokes--I snuffs--I chaws,--
+
+Philosophy still offers him consolation for the degeneracy of the times,
+in a pinch of _Lundyfoot_, or the fumes of his Merschaum.
+
+_Newington, Oct. 1831._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+
+  INVOCATION TO TOBACCO                                              1
+
+  The History of the Importation of the Tobacco Plant into
+  Europe, and the Origin of Smoking in England                       3
+
+  On Snuff and the Origin of the Lundyfoot                          18
+
+  SELECT POETRY:
+    Tobacco                                                         27
+    Snuff                                                           28
+    Thou art a Charm for Winter                                     30
+    All Nations Honour Thee                                         31
+    Walton and Cotton                                               34
+    On a Pipe of Tobacco                                            36
+    My Last Cigar                                                   37
+
+  A Review of the Laws and Regulations concerning Tobacco           38
+
+  The Importance of Smoking and Snuff-taking, exemplified in
+  a Grave Dissertation, dedicated to the Youth of the Rising
+  Generation                                                        48
+
+  The Medical Qualities of Tobacco                                  81
+
+  Botanical History and Culture of the Tobacco Plant                91
+
+  ORIGINAL POETRY.
+    New Words to an Old Tune                                       102
+    Ode on Tobacco                                                 104
+    Stanzas to a Lady                                              105
+    The Last Quid                                                  106
+
+  Anecdotes                                                        108
+
+  Divans                                                           117
+
+  Mems. for Smokers                                                123
+
+
+
+
+INVOCATION TO TOBACCO.
+
+
+  Weed of the strange pow'r,
+    Weed of the earth,
+  Killer of dullness--
+    Parent of mirth;
+  Come in the sad hour,
+    Come in the gay,
+  Appear in the night,
+    Or in the day:
+  Still thou art welcome
+    As June's blooming rose,
+  Joy of the palate,
+    Delight of the nose.
+
+  Weed of the green field,
+    Weed of the wild,
+  Foster'd in freedom,--
+    America's child;
+  Come in Virginia,
+    Come in Havannah,
+  Friend of the universe,
+    Sweeter than manna:
+  Still thou art welcome,
+    Rich, fragrant, and ripe.
+  Pride of the tube-case,
+    Delight of the pipe.
+
+  Weed of the savage,
+    Weed of each pole,
+  Comforting,--soothing,--
+    Philosophy's soul;
+  Come in the snuff-box,
+    Come in cigar,
+  In Strasburg and King's,
+    Come from afar:
+  Still thou art welcome,
+    The purest, the best,
+  Joy of earth's millions,
+    For ever carest!
+
+
+
+
+NICOTIANA.
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE IMPORTATION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT INTO EUROPE, AND THE
+ORIGIN OF SMOKING IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+The earth, perhaps, has never offered to the use of man a herb, whose
+history and adoption offer so varied a subject for thought and the mind's
+speculation, as tobacco. In whatever light we view it, there is something
+to interest the botanist, the physician, the philosopher, and even the
+historian, while, from the singularity of its discovery in a corner of the
+world where it had remained so long concealed, it would almost seem
+intended by Providence, to answer some especial purpose in the creation.
+Few things ever created a greater sensation than it did, on its first
+introduction into Europe. It was adopted with an avidity, so far from
+decreasing with time, that the experience of nearly three centuries has
+but rendered it universal. That the habits of snuffing, and smoking, are
+not beneficial to the human constitution, has been asserted as a fact by
+many _savans_, and more powerfully defended by others. Probably, after
+all, the most singular thing in favour of these habits is, that the
+practice of them, which should perfect our knowledge, advocates so
+strongly their use as agreeable stimulants, promoting cheerfulness, and
+mild and gentle in their operation when not adopted to too great an
+extent. This will be found the belief among the most enlightened, as well
+as the millions who echo its praises, from every clime and corner of the
+habitable globe.
+
+The precise introduction of the tobacco plant into Europe, from the varied
+and contradictory accounts that exist concerning it, is involved in some
+obscurity. That it was unknown to the Europeans, till the discovery of
+South America by that indefatigable voyager Columbus, is certain;
+although Don Ulloa,[1] a Spaniard, and a writer of celebrity in the last
+century, would fain have shown that the plant was indigenous to several
+parts of Asia; as China, Persia, Turkey, and Arabia. He asserts, with some
+ingenuity we grant, that the plant was known and used in smoking in those
+countries, long previous to the discovery of the New World. But, as the
+Old Testament and the Koran, books that treated of the most trifling
+Eastern customs, make not the slightest mention of it, and more especially
+as no travellers have ever recorded its existence previous to the
+discovery of America, we cannot but dismiss the supposition, for want of
+data, as idle in the extreme.
+
+Although we cannot, with the powers of observation Columbus is said to
+have possessed, but imagine the plant must have been known to him,
+particularly as it was so popular among the natives, yet no mention is
+made of that fact or of its introduction into Spain by him. On the
+contrary, one account furnished us, attributes it to Hernandez de Toledo,
+and another with a greater show of probability to Fernando Cortes.
+
+This latter adventurer, after the death of his great and ill-fated
+predecessor, succeeded to the command of a flotilla to prosecute those
+researches in the New World, as it was then called, that promised such an
+influx of wealth to the nation. It was in the year 1519 that Cortes,
+flushed with the sanguine expectations of an ambitious people, set out to
+take possession, in the name of the Spanish sovereignty, of a country
+whose treasures were deemed boundless.
+
+Coasting along for several days, he came to a part of the shore of a very
+rich and luxuriant description, which induced him to come to anchor, and
+land; the natives asserting that it abounded in gold and silver mines.
+This place was a province of _Yucatan_ in the Mexican Gulf, called
+_Tobaco_, the place from whence tobacco is supposed to have derived its
+present name. There it was that the plant was discovered, in a very
+thriving and flourishing state. Among the natives who held it in the
+greatest possible esteem and reverence, from the almost magical virtues
+they attached to it, it was called _petun_, and by those in the adjoining
+islands _yoli_. So singular a production of the country could not but
+draw the attention of the Spanish commander to it. The consequence was,
+that a specimen of it was shipped home with other curiosities of the
+country, with a long detail of its supposed astonishing virtues, in
+pharmacy. In the latter end of the year the plants arrived at their
+destination, and this may fairly be deemed to have been their first entry
+into the civilized portion of the world.
+
+A dreadful disease, first brought from America by the last return of
+Columbus, raged about this period with a fearful and unchecked virulency
+in Spain, committing dreadful devastations on the human frame, and finally
+ending in the most horrible death imagination could picture. This
+circumstance served to procure it a most sanguine welcome; for the sailors
+composing the fleet, having learnt it from the natives, had disseminated
+the belief, that it was the only known antidote against its ravages,--that
+it in fact answered the purposes of mercury in the present day, a belief
+welcomed with enthusiasm, and ending in despair.
+
+No sooner, however, was its inefficacy perceived, than it sunk in the
+estimation of its worshippers, as low as it previously had risen. Indeed,
+into such obscurity did it fall after the hopes it had vainly excited,
+that nearly forty years elapsed, ere it obtained any notice worth
+commemorating. At about the end of that period, however, we find that it
+had regained the ground it had previously lost, on a surer and better
+footing, as a soothing and gentle stimulant.
+
+From Spain, the plant was carried into Portugal; and from thence,
+gradually exported to the different kingdoms throughout Europe. Shortly
+after this, it was sent to the East, where it soon came into notice, as a
+narcotic, and consequently found a ready market. Peculiar facilities at
+this time too presented themselves to the Spaniards, above every other
+nation; for Vasco de Gama, another of its adventurers, had discovered and
+explored a great portion of the countries lying beyond the Cape of Good
+Hope. Among other articles, exchanged in the way of commerce with the
+natives, was tobacco: and this, despite of the reasoning of Don Ulloa
+mentioned some time back, was the first channel through which Hindostan,
+Arabia, and China, received the plants, now so common throughout the whole
+of the Eastern Empire. This occurred about the year 1560, shortly after it
+had been carried into France and Italy.
+
+While the nations of the Peninsula were thus distinguishing themselves,
+and in the meridian of their glory, extending their discoveries,
+conquests, and trade to the furthermost parts of that world which they had
+opened to the eyes of astonished Europe, England, for a time, was
+incapacitated from pursuing a similar course by intestine broils and
+factions at home. And even when Elizabeth ascended the throne, her
+naturally enterprising and ambitious spirit was almost solely confined to
+arranging domestic discords, and settling foreign quarrels.
+
+Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a plain blunt soldier, instigated by feelings of
+emulation and national enterprise, was the first to direct the attention
+of the maiden queen towards the benefits that would naturally result from
+planting a British colony in America. At his request a patent was granted,
+empowering him to plant and colonize some of the southern districts. He
+accordingly fitted out a squadron at his own expense, and proceeded on his
+voyage, which, from different circumstances that occurred, miscarried. A
+similar fate attended two subsequent attempts, when Sir Humphrey's
+half-brother, the after-celebrated Sir Walter Ralegh or Raleigh, as it is
+now spelt, returned home from the wars in the Netherlands.
+
+Inspired by a restless ambition that ever distinguished this great man, he
+succeeded in persuading the knight to undertake a fourth voyage, offering
+to accompany him himself. Combining courage, enterprise, and perseverance,
+with a degree of knowledge little known at the period we treat of, few men
+were better qualified for the successful execution of such an enterprise
+than Raleigh. The sequel proved the truth of this remark, Newfoundland was
+discovered and taken; though the original gallant projector, Sir Humphrey
+Gilbert, we have recorded, was drowned on his passage home.
+
+In the year 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh applied for the renewal of the
+letters patent in his own name, which the queen immediately granted him.
+Having fitted out a squadron, he put to sea, and after a somewhat tedious
+voyage, discovered Wingandacoa, which he afterwards called _Virginia_, in
+honor of Elizabeth. On his return, he was received with peculiar favour by
+the queen, who testified her satisfaction by making him a knight, while
+she lent a willing ear towards the colonizing schemes Sir Walter opened to
+her aspiring view.
+
+In pursuance of some of these, Sir Richard Grenville, another relation of
+Sir Walter Raleigh's, was sent out with Captain Lane, whom he left in
+command of one hundred men in one of the southern districts of the
+country, appointing him at the same time to act as governor; and promising
+to return to him before the next spring with stores and fresh provisions.
+Circumstances, that have never yet been properly explained to this day,
+prevented Sir Richard from keeping his word, in consequence of which, the
+colony was reduced to great distress. Shortly afterwards, taking the
+advantage of Sir Francis Drake's return from the Spanish wars, they
+embarked on board his ships for England, where they arrived in the month
+of July, A. D. 1686, with their commander, Lane. Among the specimens of
+the productions and peculiarities of the country, they brought with them
+that which forms our subject, the tobacco plant.
+
+This, by some, is said to have been its first importation into Great
+Britain; Lobel, however, asserts, it was cultivated here in 1570, a
+statement plausible enough, we admit, considering the previous length of
+time the plant had been known in Spain and Portugal, but yet
+irreconcileable with the data our own historical research gives us. That
+it might indeed have been introduced from France previous to its
+importation from Virginia, and cultivated in trifling quantities, is
+highly probable, inasmuch as the French date its first appearance among
+them in 1560, just ten years previous to Lobel's affirmation. _Linnæus_
+likewise mentions that the plant became known in Europe the same year the
+French date from, and _Humboldt_ so far corroborates him, as to state that
+seeds of it were received from Yucatan in 1559.
+
+That it was known in France, some years previous to its being carried into
+England, from the above accounts handed down to us, we cannot doubt. The
+French history of the importation of the plant into their country,
+attributes it to _Jean Nicot_ of Nismes, who was their ambassador at the
+court of Lisbon in the reign of Francis II. Some of the seed, we are
+informed, was given him by a Dutchman, who had brought it with him from
+Florida. This, we imagine, must have been shortly after it had begun to
+regain notice in Spain.
+
+Impressed with the current account of its properties as a medicine and
+luxurious stimulant, he sent a portion of it home, where it arrived, and
+under high court patronage soon became popular.
+
+In England--and we shall now proceed to note our own accounts of the
+subject,--the first importer is very commonly thought to have been Sir
+Walter Raleigh, who is said to have brought it from Virginia in 1586--a
+period when the tobacco plant was known throughout nearly the whole of
+Europe, while whole fields of it were cultivated for commerce in Spain and
+Portugal. If it is to be attributed to an Englishman, few possess a better
+claim to the honor than Sir Francis Drake, as he had made several voyages
+to the _New_ World in 1570-2-7, ere Raleigh had undertaken his first. This
+idea is exactly in accordance, too, with the dates furnished us by
+_Lobel_, _Linnæus_ and _Humboldt_. Independent of this strong
+circumstantial evidence, Bomare[2] and Camden[3] both attribute its first
+appearance to him,--authority not to be disputed for a moment.
+
+That Sir Walter was the first distinguished individual that set the
+fashion of smoking, we have recorded, although this, we are again told,
+was taught him by the notorious Ralph Lane, whose adventure, we have a
+page or too back slightly touched upon. Lane had himself learnt the habit,
+from the Virginians, and having brought several of their pipes home with
+him, communicated it to Raleigh, who indulged in it greatly, as a pleasant
+pastime. It was during one of his pleasing reveries under the soothing
+influence of the pipe, that the well-known anecdote is said to have
+occurred of a lacquey drenching him with water, supposing from the smoke
+he saw issuing from his nose and mouth that he was internally on fire. To
+such a degree, indeed, did he adopt and set the fashion of smoking, that
+he was frequently in the habit of giving entertainments to his friends, in
+which the fare consisted of pipes of tobacco, and ale seasoned with
+nutmegs--a somewhat curious origin of smoking-parties, or divans, in
+England. The result was, the example of a man so justly celebrated and
+popular was soon imitated by the court, and in the course of years
+gradually became common among the lower orders of people.
+
+Elizabeth, notwithstanding her strong and powerful mind, possessed the
+sex's natural vanity and love of novelty to a great degree, and would
+seem to have very warmly patronized the custom; some writers of the period
+have gone as far as to affirm, in her own person. We are further borne out
+in this statement by the authority of the _Biographia Britannica_, that
+the _ladies_ of the court indulged in smoking the fragrant herb, as well
+as the noblemen and gentle men. That the queen therefore set a personal
+example, is by no means so strange. What a striking contrast does this
+afford, in regard to the taste expressed by the sex in the present day
+towards tobacco!
+
+In reference to the nomenclature of the tobacco plant, like that of most
+things handed down to posterity, it admits of many versions. As we have
+previously observed in America, it was termed among the natives, _petun_
+and _yoli_, besides other barbarous names, probably each appellation
+peculiar to a different tribe. On the appearance of the plant in England,
+it received the name it is still recognized by, namely, Tobacco. This
+word, by some writers, is supposed to have had its derivation from
+_Tobago_ in the West Indies, while others assert it is derived from
+_Tobaco_, a different place altogether; which latter, from its closer
+approximation to the word _tobacco_, we cannot but imagine correct. In
+botany it is more particularly known under the scientific appellation of
+_Herba Nicotiana_, so named on its introduction into France, in compliment
+to her ambassador, _Jean Nicot of Nismes_, from whom it was received. It
+was also well known under the imposing titles of _Herba Reginæ Catharinæ
+Medicæ_, and _Herba Reginæ_: the first given in honor of the queen, and
+the latter of a grand prior of the house of Lorraine, both of whom were
+the first receivers of the plant, and fostered it on account of the many
+virtues it was supposed to be possessed of in pharmacy. In different
+countries its names were various. In Italy at that time it was called _St.
+Crucis_, taken from _St. Croix_, an apostolic legate who brought it into
+the country, somewhere in the middle of the 16th century. The Dutch call
+it TABOC, or _Taboco_, indifferently. Some of the German writers describe
+it under the name of the _Holy_ or the _Indian Healing Herb--Heilig
+wundkraut_, or _Indianisch wundkraut_. In most other countries _Tobac_ or
+_Tabac_ prevails.
+
+Notwithstanding the extreme popularity that attended the introduction of
+the plant generally throughout Europe, there were not wanting those
+sovereigns who testified an antipathy at first to the tobacco plant,
+little short of that, for which king James was afterwards remarkable--of
+whom we shall have occasion to speak anon.
+
+Amurath the Fourth forbade its introduction in any form whatever within
+his dominions under very severe penalties. The Czar of Muscovy and the
+king of Persia issued edicts of a similar nature, while Pope Urban the
+Eighth made a bull to excommunicate all those who took tobacco into
+churches.
+
+
+
+
+ON SNUFF AND THE ORIGIN OF THE LUNDY FOOT.
+
+  Jove once resolv'd, the females to degrade,
+  To propagate their sex without their aid;
+  His brain conceiv'd, and soon the pangs and throes
+  He felt nor car'd the unnatural birth disclose:
+  At last when tried no remedy could do,
+  The god took _snuff_ and out the goddess flew.
+                                      JOE MILLER.
+
+
+Snuff was manufactured and consumed in great quantities in France, long
+previous to its adoption in England. For the account of its being
+introduced to Great Britain we are indebted to the once celebrated[4]
+Charles Lillie.
+
+Before the year 1702, when we sent out a fleet of ships under the command
+of Sir George Rook, with land forces commanded by the duke of Ormond, in
+order to make a descent on Cadiz, _snuff-taking_ was very rare, and
+indeed very little known in England; it being chiefly a luxurious habit
+among foreigners residing here, and a few English gentry, who had
+travelled abroad. Among these, the mode of taking snuff was with pipes the
+size of quills out of small spring boxes. These pipes let out a very small
+quantity of snuff, upon the back of the hand, and this was snuffed up the
+nostrils with the intention of producing the sensation of sneezing, which
+we need not say forms now no part of the design, or rather fashion of
+snuff-taking.
+
+But to return to our Cadiz expedition by sea. When the fleet arrived near
+Cadiz, our land forces were disembarked at a place called Port St. Mary,
+where after some fruitless attempts, it was resolved to embark the troops,
+and set sail for England. But previous to this, the port and several
+adjacent places were plundered. There, besides some very rich merchandize,
+plate, jewels, pictures, and a great quantity of cochineal, several
+thousand barrels and casks of fine snuffs were taken, which had been
+manufactured in different parts of Spain. Each of these contained four tin
+canisters of snuff of the best growth, and of the finest manufacture.
+
+With this plunder on board (which fell chiefly to the share of the land
+officers), the fleet was returning to England; but on the way, it was
+resolved to pay a visit to Vigo, a considerable port in Spain, where the
+admiral had advice that a number of galleons from the Havannah richly
+laden had put in: here, our fleet got in and destroyed the greater part of
+the Spanish shipping, and the plunder was exceedingly rich and valuable.
+
+It now came to the turn of the sea-officers and sailors to be snuff
+proprietors and merchants; for at Vigo they again became possessed of
+prodigious quantities of gross snuff from the Havannah in bales, bags, and
+scrows,[5] which were designed for sale in different parts of Spain.
+
+Thus, though snuff was very little known, as we have here remarked at that
+period, the quantities taken in this expedition, which were estimated at
+fifty tons weight, plainly show that in the other countries of Europe,
+snuff was held in great estimation, and that the taking of it was not at
+all unfashionable.
+
+The fleet having returned to England, and most of the ships been put out
+of commission, the officers and sailors brought their snuff--called by way
+of victorious distinction--"Vigo snuffs," to a very quick and cheap
+market: waggon loads being sold at Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Chatham, for
+not more than 4_d._ per lb. The purchasers were chiefly Spanish Jews, who
+in the present case, bought up almost the whole quantity at considerable
+advantage.
+
+The land officers who were possessed of the finer kinds of snuff, taken at
+Port St. Mary, had sold considerable portions at the ports where they had
+touched on their homeward voyage. Others, however, we are told, better
+understood the nature of the commodity which had fallen to their share,
+and kept it for several years; selling it off by degrees for very high
+prices.
+
+From the above-mentioned quantities of different snuffs, thus distributed
+throughout the kingdom, novelty being quickly caught in England, arose the
+custom and fashion of snuff-taking; and growing upon the nation by
+degrees, they are now as common here, as almost in any other part of
+Europe; France alone excepted.
+
+After giving us a somewhat elaborate account of the manufactures of
+different Spanish, Havannah and Brazilian snuffs, _Lillie_ proceeds to
+describe a snuff he calls '_Inferior Lisbon_,' that singularly enough,
+closely approximates to the celebrated Lundy Foot. "This kind," he says
+"from the great heat used in drying it, has an agreeable smell, like
+high-dried malt, and is often called snuff of the burnt flavour; but the
+smell soon goes off on exposure to the air, for which reason, it is
+advisable to put no more into the snuff-box than shall be used whilst
+fresh." Though we cannot but be aware, from the preceding account, that a
+snuff exactly resembling in all its attributes our own famous high-dried,
+called Lundyfoot, so named from the nominal inventor, existed; yet the
+history of its discovery is of too facetious a description to be omitted
+here.
+
+Lundy Foot, the celebrated snuff manufacturer, some six-and-twenty years
+ago, had his premises at Essex-bridge in Dublin, where he made the common
+scented snuffs then in vogue. In preparing the snuffs, it was usual to dry
+them by a kiln at night, which kiln was always left in strict charge of a
+man appointed to regulate the heat, and see the snuffs were not spoilt.
+The man usually employed in this business, Larey by name, a tight boy of
+Cork, chanced to get drunk over the 'cratur', (i. e. a little whiskey)
+that he had gotten to comfort him, and quite regardless of his watch, fell
+fast asleep, leaving the snuff drying away. Going his usual round in the
+morning, Lundy Foot found the kiln still burning, and its guardian lying
+snoring with the fatal bottle, now empty, in his right hand. Imagining the
+snuff quite spoilt, and giving way to his rage, he instantly began
+belabouring the shoulders of the sleeper with the stick he carried.
+
+"Och, be quiet wid ye, what the devil's the matter, master, that ye be
+playing that game," shouted the astounded Larey, as he sprung up and
+capered about under the influence of the other's walking cane.
+
+"You infernal scoundrel, I'll teach you to get drunk, fall asleep, and
+suffer my property to get spoilt," uttered the enraged manufacturer, as
+each word was accompanied by a blow across the dancing Mr. Larey's
+shoulders.
+
+"Stop! stop! wid ye, now; sure you wouldn't be afther spaking to ye'r ould
+sarvant that way,--the snuff's only a little dryer, or so, may be,"
+exclaimed 'the boy,' trying to soften matters.
+
+"You big blackguard you, didn't you get drunk and fall asleep?"
+interrogated his master, as he suspended his arm for a moment.
+
+"Och by all the saints, that's a good'un now, where can be the harum of
+slaaping wid a drop or so; besides--but hould that shilelah--hear a man
+spake raison."
+
+Just as Lundy Foot's wrath had in some degree subsided in this serio-comic
+scene, and he had given the negligent watcher his nominal discharge, who
+should come in but a couple of merchants. They instantly gave him a large
+order for the snuffs they were usually in the habit of purchasing, and
+requested to have it ready for shipping by the next day. Not having near
+so large a quantity at the time by him, in consequence of what had
+happened, he related the occurrence to them, at the same time, by way of
+illustration, pointing out the trembling Larey, occupied in rubbing his
+arms and back, and making all kinds of contortions.
+
+Actuated by curiosity, the visitors requested to look at the snuff,
+although Lundy Foot told them, from the time it had been drying, it must
+be burnt to a chip. Having taken out the tins, they were observed to emit
+a burnt flavour, anything but disagreeable, and on one of the gentlemen
+taking a pinch up and putting it to his nose, he pronounced it the best
+snuff he had ever tasted. Upon this, the others made a similar trial, and
+all agreed that chance had brought it to a degree of perfection before
+unknown. Reserving about a third, Lundy Foot sold the rest to his
+visitors. The only thing that remained now, was to give it a name: for
+this purpose, in a facetious mood, arising from the sudden turn affairs
+had taken, the master called his man to him who was lingering near, "Come
+here, you Irish blackguard, and tell these gentlemen what you call this
+snuff, of your own making."
+
+Larey, who did not want acuteness, and perceived the aspect of things,
+affected no trifling degree of sulky indignation, as he replied. "And is
+it a name ye'r in want of, Sir? fait I should have thought it was the last
+thing you couldn't give; without indeed, you've given all your stock to me
+already. You may even call it 'Irish blackguard,' stidd of one Michael
+Larey."
+
+'Upon this hint he spake,' and as many a true word is spoken in jest, so
+was it christened on the spot. The snuff was sent to England immediately,
+and to different places abroad, where it soon became a favorite to so
+great a degree, that the proprietor took out a patent and rapidly
+accumulated a handsome fortune. Such are the particulars connected with
+the discovery of the far-famed Lundy Foot or Irish Blackguard--for which
+we are indebted to a member of the Irish bar, who was a resident in Dublin
+at the time.
+
+With regard to the numerous varieties of snuffs that exist, we shall say
+nothing at present, merely observing that the principal kinds of their
+manufacture are under three classes. The first is the granulated, the
+second an impalpable powder, and the third the bran, or coarse part,
+remaining after sifting the second part.
+
+
+
+
+SELECT POETRY.
+
+
+TOBACCO.
+
+[_From a Book Published in 1618, called Texnotamia, or the Marriage of the
+Arts._]
+
+  Tobacco's a musician--and in a pipe delighteth
+  It descends in a close, thro' the organs of the nose,
+  With a relish that inviteth.
+
+    This makes me sing so-ho!--so-ho! boys--
+    Ho! boys, sound I loudly--
+    Earth ne'er did breed such a jovial weed,
+    Whereof to boast so proudly.
+
+  Tobacco is a lawyer--his pipes do love long cases,
+  When our brains it enters, our feet do make indentures,
+  While we scale with stamping paces.
+
+                          This makes me sing, &c.
+
+  Tobacco's a physician--good, both for sound and sickly,
+  'Tis a hot perfume that expels cold rheume,
+  And makes it flow down quickly.
+
+                          This makes me sing, &c.
+
+  Tobacco's a traveller, come from the Indies hither,--
+  It passed sea and land, ere it came to my hand,
+  And scaped the wind and weather.
+
+                          This makes me sing, &c.
+
+  Tobacco is a critticke, that still old paper turneth--
+  Whose labour and care is as smoke in the aire,
+  That ascends from a ray when it burneth.
+
+                          This makes me sing, &c.
+
+  Tobacco is an _ignis fatuus_--a fat and fyrie vapour,
+  That leads men about till the fire be out,
+  Consuming like a taper.
+
+                          This makes me sing, &c.
+
+  Tobacco is a whyffler, and cries huff, snuff, with furie;
+  His pipes, his club, once linke--he's the wiser that does drinke,--
+  Thus armed I fear not a furie.
+
+    This makes me sing so-ho!--so-ho!--boys--
+    Ho! boys sound I loudly;
+    Earth ne'er did breed such a jovial weed,
+    Whereof to boast so proudly.
+
+
+SNUFF.
+
+  --A delicate pinch! oh how it tingles up
+  The titillated nose, and fills the eyes
+  And breast, till, in one comfortable sneeze
+  The full collected pleasure bursts at last!
+  Most rare Columbus! thou shalt be, for this,
+  The only Christopher in my kalendar.
+  Why but for thee the uses of the nose
+  Were half unknown, and its capacity
+  Of joy. The summer gale, that, from the heath,
+  At midnoon glittering with the golden furze,
+  Bears its balsamic odours, but provokes,
+  Not satisfies the sense, and all the flowers,
+  That with their unsubstantial fragrance, tempt
+  And disappoint, bloom for so short a space,
+  That half the year the nostrils would keep Lent,
+  But that the kind tobacconist admits
+  No winter in his work; when nature sleeps,
+  His wheels roll on, and still administer
+  A plenitude of joy, a tangible smell.
+
+    What is Peru, and those Brazilian mines,
+  To thee, Virginia! miserable realms;
+  They furnish gold for knaves, and gems for fools;
+  But thine are _common_ comforts! to omit
+  Pipe-panegyric and tobacco-praise,
+  Think what a general joy the snuff-box gives
+  Europe, and far above Pizarro's name
+  Write Raleigh in thy records of renown!
+  Him let the school-boy bless if he behold
+  His mother's box produced, for when he sees
+  The thumb and finger of authority
+  Stuffed up the nostrils, when hot head and wig
+  Shake all; when on the waistcoat black, the dust
+  Or drop falls brown, soon shall the brow severe
+  Relax, and from vituperative lips,
+  Words that of birch remind not, sounds of praise
+  And jokes that _must_ be laughed at must proceed.
+                                      _Anthology_, Vol. II. p. 115.
+
+
+THOU ART A CHARM FOR WINTER.
+
+  Nor here to pause--I own thy potent power,
+    When chilling blasts assail our frigid clime,
+  While flies the hail or rudely beats the shower,
+    Or sad impatience chides the wings of time.
+
+  Come, then, my pipe, and let thy savoury cloud,
+    Now wisdom seldom shews her rev'rend mien,
+  Spread round my head a bland and shelt'ring shroud,
+    When riot mingles mischief with the scene.
+
+  Shield me at evening from the selfish fool,
+    The wretch who never felt for human woes,
+  And while my conduct's framed by virtue's rule,
+    Let only peace and honour interpose.
+
+  Shield me by day from hatred's threat'ning frowns,
+    Still let thine aromatic curtains spread,
+  When bold presumption mounts to put me down,
+    And hurls his maledictions round my head.
+
+  Do this, my pipe, and till my sand's run out,
+    I'll sing thy praise among the sons of wealth,
+  Blest weed that bids the glutton lose his gout,
+    And gains respect among the drugs of health.
+
+  No shrew shall harm thee, no mundungus foul
+    Shall stain thy lining, as the ermine white;
+  My choicest friends shall revel o'er thy bowl,
+    And charm away the terrors of the night.
+
+  From ample hoards I'll bring the fragrant spoils,
+    The richest herb from Kerebequa's shores,
+  That grateful weed, that props the British Isles,
+    And Sussex,[6] England's Royal Duke adores.
+                                      _The Social Pipe._
+
+
+ALL NATIONS HONOR THEE.
+
+  'Tis not for me to sing thy praise alone,
+    Where'er the merchant spreads his wind-bleach'd sails;
+  Wherever social intercourse is known,
+    There too thy credit, still the theme prevails.
+
+  The bearded Turk, majestically grand,
+    In high divan upholds the jointed reeds;
+  And clearer reasons on the case in hand,
+    Till opposition to his lore concedes.
+
+  Thy potent charms delight the nabob's taste,
+    Fixt on his elephant (half reasoning beast);
+  He twines the gaudy hookah round his waist,
+    And puffs thy incense to the breezy east.
+
+  The grave Bavarian, midst his half year's frost,
+    Delights to keep thy ruby fins awake;
+  And as in traffic's maze his fancy's tost,
+    Light skims the icy surface of the lake.
+
+  The Indian Sachem at his wigwam-gate,
+    By chiefs surrounded when the warfare ends,
+  Seated in all the pomp of savage state,
+    Circles the calumet[7] to cheer his friends.
+
+  The Frenchman loves thee in another way,
+    He grinds thy leaves to make him scented snuff;
+  Boasts of improvements, and presumes to say,
+    France still the polish gives and we the _rough_.
+
+  Still let him boast, nor put John Bull to shame,
+    His Gascon tales shall Englishmen divert;
+  France for her trifles has been _dear_ to fame,
+    From her the ruffle sprung, from us the shirt.
+
+  The lib'ral Spaniard and the Portuguese,
+    Spread richest dainties brought from realms afar;
+  Nor think their festive efforts form'd to please,
+    Unless redundant breathes the light cigar.
+
+  So when our Druids inspiration sought,
+    They burnt the misletoe to fume around;
+  Th' inspiring vapours gave a strength to thought,
+    They dealt out lore impressive and profound.
+
+  Methinks I see them with the mental eye,
+    I hear their lessons with attention's ear;
+  Of early fishing with the summer fly,
+    And many a pleasing tale to anglers dear.
+
+  The while they draw from the inspiring weed,
+    They boast a charm the smoker owns supreme;
+  And now diverted with the polish'd reed,
+    Forego the little fish-house by the stream.
+
+  Tho' this be fancy, still it serves to shew,
+    That Wisdom's sons have lov'd Columbia's pride;
+  And shall, while waters round our island flow,
+    Tho' fools and fops its healing breath deride.
+
+  Mem'ry still hold me in thy high esteem,
+    For lonely setting upon the day's decline;
+  Visions sublime, before my fancy gleam,
+    And rich ideas from her stores combine.
+                                      _The Social Pipe._
+
+
+WALTON AND COTTON.[8]
+
+  Our sires of old esteemed this healing leaf,
+    Sacred to Bacchus and his rosy train;
+  And many a country squire and martial chief,
+    Have sung its virtues mid a long campaign.
+
+  Methinks I see Charles Cotton and his friend,
+    The modest Walton from Augusta's town;
+  Enter the fishing house an hour to spend,
+    And by the marble[9] table set them down.
+
+  Boy! bring me in the jug of Derby ale,
+    My best tobacco and my smoking tray;
+  The boy obedient brings the rich regale,
+    And each assumes his pipe of polish'd clay.
+
+  Thus sang young Cotton, and his will obey'd,
+    And snug the friends were seated at their ease;
+  They light their tubes without the least parade,
+    And give the fragrance to the playful breeze.
+
+  Now cloud on cloud parades the fisher's room,
+    The Moreland ale rich sparkles to the sight;
+  They draw fresh wisdom from the circling gloom,
+    And deal a converse pregnant with delight.
+
+  The love-sick Switzer from his frozen lake,
+    Lights thee to cheer him thro' the upland way;
+  To her who sighs impatient for his sake,
+    And thinks a moment loiter'd, is a moon's delay.
+
+  The hardy Scot amidst his mountain snow,
+    When icy fetters bind the dreary vale,
+  Draws from his muse the never-failing glow,
+    And bids defiance to the rushing gale.
+
+  The honest Cambrians round their cyder cask,
+    In friendship meet the moments to solace;
+  Tell all thy worth as circles round the ask,
+    And cheerly sing of "Shenkin's noble race."
+
+  The hardy tar in foamy billows hid,
+    While fiery flashes all around deform;
+  Clings to the yard and takes his fav'rite _quid_,
+    Smiles at the danger and defies the storm;
+
+  And when the foe with daring force appears,
+    Recurrent to the sav'ry pouch once more,
+  New vigour takes and three for George he cheers,
+    As vict'ry smiles, and still the cannons roar.
+
+  The soldier loves thee on his dreary march,
+    And when in battle dreadful armies join;
+  'Tis thou forbids his sulphur'd lips should parch,
+    And gives new strength to charge along the line.
+
+  Thy acrid flavour to new toil invites
+    The ploughman, drooping 'neath the noon-day beam;
+  Inspir'd by thee, he thinks of love's delights,
+    And down the furrow whistles to his team.
+
+  Thus all admire thee: search around the globe,
+    The rich, the poor, the volatile, the grave;
+  Save the SWEET fop, who fears to taint his robe,
+    The smock-fac'd fribble, and the henpeck'd slave.
+
+  Thus all esteem thee, and to this agree,
+    Thou art the drug preferr'd in ev'ry clime;
+  To clear the head, and set the senses free,
+    And lengthen life beyond the wonted time.
+                                      _The Social Pipe._
+
+
+ON A PIPE OF TOBACCO.
+
+BY ISAAC HAWKINS BROWN, ESQ.
+
+  Pretty tube of mighty power!
+  Charmer of an idle hour;
+  Object of my hot desire,
+  Lip of wax and eye of fire;
+  And thy snowy taper waist,
+  With my fingers gently brac'd;
+  And thy lovely swelling crest,
+  With my bended stopper prest;
+  And the sweetest bliss of blisses,
+  Breathing from thy balmy kisses;
+  Happy thrice and thrice agen--
+  Happiest he of happy men!
+
+  Who, when again the night returns,
+  When again the taper burns;
+  When again the crickets gay,
+  Little crickets full of play;
+  Can afford his tube to feed,
+  With the fragrant Indian weed;
+  Pleasure for a nose divine,
+  Incense of the god of wine!
+  Happy thrice and thrice agen--
+  Happiest he of happy men!
+
+
+MY LAST CIGAR.
+
+  The mighty Thebes, and Babylon the great,
+  Imperial Rome, in turn, have bowed to fate;
+  So this great world, and each 'particular star',
+  Must all burn out, like you, my last cigar:
+  A puff--a transient fire, that ends in smoke,
+  And all that's given to man--that bitter joke--
+  Youth, Hope, and Love, three whiffs of passing zest,
+  Then come the ashes, and the long, long, rest.
+
+
+
+
+A REVIEW OF THE LAWS AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING TOBACCO.
+
+
+During the reign of Elizabeth, a facility had been afforded to the
+dissemination of tobacco, that was soon destined to receive a check, on
+the accession of her successor, James the First, to the throne. This arose
+from a prejudice, that, with many others, rendered this weak and
+vacillating monarch remarkable. Whether it arose, as many have supposed,
+from his dislike to Sir Walter Raleigh, so despicably and cruelly shown,
+and that the source of his peculiar feelings turned with bitterness to the
+plant of that great man's adoption, can only be left to the imagination to
+decide; but that he exerted all the powers of his mind for its entire
+suppression, is certain.
+
+In the first place, the importation duty had been, up to this period, but
+2_d._ per lb., and this, by the first law James passed, was increased to
+6_s._ 10_d._, thus adding the comparatively enormous sum of 6_s._ 8_d._ to
+the previously existing trifle. In consequence of this, nearly a
+stagnation of the trade took place; and _Stith_ informs us, that so low
+was it reduced in 1611, that only 142,085 lbs. weight were imported from
+Virginia, not amounting to one-sixth of the previous annual supply.
+
+One of two things now only remained to be done, as the traders could have
+no interest to gratify in shipping it under the existing law; they were
+either compelled to give it up or cultivate it at home. The latter
+alternative was adopted, and till the year 1620, the tobacco-plant was
+cultivated to a very considerable extent. But the obduracy of its royal
+enemy was not to be so eluded, an act was passed especially prohibiting
+its culture at home. The crisis of the plant's fate seemed now to
+approach. Determining on the other hand, not to forfeit an indulgence,
+that habit in a great degree had made necessary, it was examined and found
+in the reading of the act made in 1604, that though it particularly
+provided 6_s._ 10_d._ duty should be levied on all tobacco _from
+Virginia_, no mention was made of its importation from any other colony.
+
+Taking advantage of this omission, recourse was immediately had to the
+Spanish and Portuguese districts, and the consequence was an influx of
+the favorite herb at the old duty of 2_d._ The only real sufferers through
+adopting this new channel of commerce, were the planters of Virginia, who
+made a representation of their loss to the throne, when another law was
+passed, lessening the duty and prohibiting the importation from any other
+place.
+
+To this effect an act was passed in 1624, and though it was some time
+previous to the trade regaining any thing like its pristine vigour, it had
+but just began to do so, when, as if the sight was doubly hateful to
+James, he had a new law passed. This was to the effect, that none, under
+very heavy penalties, should deal in the article without holding letters
+patent from himself. A blow so sudden and unexpected, occasioned the ruin,
+we are told, of many thousands, and the trade went rapidly to decay.
+
+So uncertain and precarious did the law at this period seem with regard to
+tobacco, and so well was the irritable monarch's antipathy to it known, by
+the celebrated "Counterblaste" he had written against it, of which we
+shall treat hereafter, that few cared to speculate in the traffic.
+Although the act James had made in 1620 was not repealed, the cultivation
+of the plant was still carried on clandestinely to a very great extent.
+Most of the laws, indeed, since James's time, have an evident tendency to
+banish tobacco from the kingdom. An act was made 12th Car. II. cap. 34.
+This law, embracing the prohibitory portions of the preceding acts,
+confiscated the tobacco so found, with a fine of 100 shillings for every
+pole of land so planted.
+
+Another shortly followed after this, the 15th Car. II. cap. 17, wherein
+the previous one was enforced, and the penalty fixed at 10_l._ for every
+rod. By this we may infer, that the former of these acts had not, in the
+estimation of the legislature, been sufficiently powerful to restrain the
+practice of the secret culture of the plant at home.
+
+Turning aside from the perusal of these laws, which probably arose from
+the pique of a learned though imbecile monarch, we cannot but reflect with
+a feeling of surprise, that our own _enlightened_ regulations have their
+origin distinctly traced to them. This is an assumption I think we may
+fairly maintain, when we state that the duty is now 3_s._[10] per lb. on
+the importation of the raw material; a sum that forms no less than
+_fifteen times its prime cost_ in the countries where it is produced. On
+the leaf manufactured it is immense, the duty on cigars being 9_s._ the
+lb. (5th Geo. IV. cap. 48,) and on snuff 6_s._
+
+That tobacco, as a luxury, is a fit article for taxation we are not
+disposed to deny, but a little reflection must convince any one, that a
+tax so exceedingly high, instead of adding to the revenue, can but have an
+opposite effect; for what can be a greater incentive to the contraband
+trade that is notoriously known to exist in this article of home
+consumption?
+
+If the duty were lowered, the great cause of smuggling in this line would
+no longer remain, and at the same time a much greater quantity would
+doubtless be consumed. If we but look back in other instances of a similar
+kind, we shall generally find it so. The duty on spirits in Ireland and
+Scotland was decreased from 5_s._ 6_d._ the wine-gallon down so low as
+2_s._, which instead of lowering the amount of the annual tax, very
+considerably added to it. Then again, in regard to the duty formerly
+levied on French wines, it was lowered from 11_s._ 5-1/2_d._ down to 6_s._
+the gallon, a reduction that also greatly tended to increase the amount of
+the year's revenue. The duty on coffee is another proof we shall cite: in
+1823 it was 1_s._ per lb. and the goverment derived from it that year
+393,708_l._ Whereas when half of the amount levied was taken off, leaving
+it but 6_d._, in 1825 the gross receipt amounted to 426,187_l._ Thus may
+we see, with very numerous other instances that might be named, the
+advantages arising from a low tax, which we affirm, with few exceptions,
+will ever be found to benefit the country at large.
+
+Nor is this the only evil we have to complain of as regards the tobacco
+regulations; while the whole system is defective, there is one that more
+imperatively calls for the attention of the legislature. What we allude to
+is, the glaring impolicy of obliging our merchant service to traverse
+different portions of the globe, at a consequently large expence, in
+search of an article we have the means of producing at home, and whose
+very production would furnish constant employment to some of the millions
+now a burthen to the country.
+
+Perhaps it would scarcely be credited, that in 1826, no less a quantity of
+tobacco and snuff was imported than 40,074,447 lbs. Now out of this, only
+18,761,245 lbs. paid duty; yet to the serious amount of 3,310,375_l._
+sterling. The rest we suppose sought a market elsewhere.
+
+As a proof of the evident want of policy in our regulations concerning
+tobacco, we shall give our readers a slight abstract to judge for
+themselves.
+
+No tobacco shall be imported but from America on pain of forfeiture, with
+the vessel and its contents, except from Spain, Portugal, and Ireland,
+from which it may be imported under certain regulations. (29 Geo. III. c.
+68.) But tobacco of the territories of Russia or Turkey may be imported
+from thence in British-built ships and warehoused, and may be exported or
+entered for home consumption on payment of the like duties as tobacco of
+the United States of America; and on its being manufactured in Great
+Britain and exported, shall be entitled to the drawbacks. (43 Geo. III. c.
+68.)
+
+By the 45 Geo. III. c. 57, tobacco the production of the West Indies or
+the continent of America, belonging to any foreign European state, may be
+imported into certain ports specified in the act, and exported to any port
+of the United Kingdom subject to the regulations of the act; and such
+tobacco shall pay the same duties as that which is the growth of the
+British West Indies, or of the United States of America.
+
+By the 49 Geo. III. c. 25, unmanufactured tobacco may be imported from any
+place in British vessels navigated according to law, or in foreign ships
+navigated in any manner whatever belonging to any state in amity with
+Great Britain; and such tobacco shall be liable to the same regulations as
+tobacco from the British plantations. But no tobacco or snuff shall be
+imported in any vessel of less burthen than 120 tons; nor any
+tobacco-stalks, tobacco-stalk flower, or snuff work in any vessel
+whatever; nor any tobacco or snuff in casks less than 450 lbs. on the like
+penalty; except loose tobacco for the crew not exceeding five lbs. for
+each person; nor shall the vessel be forfeited, if proof be made, from the
+smallness of the quantity, that such tobacco or snuff was on board without
+the knowledge of the owner or master. (29 G. III. c. 68.)
+
+And no tobacco or snuff shall be imported, except at London, Bristol,
+Liverpool, Lancaster, Cowes, Falmouth, Whitehaven and Hull, (and by 31
+Geo. III. c. 47, Newcastle-upon-Tyne), on the like forfeiture.
+
+Every manufacturer of tobacco or snuff shall take out a licence from the
+officers of excise, for which he shall pay, if the quantity of tobacco and
+snuff-work weighed by him for manufacture within the year ending the 10th
+of October, previous to his taking out such licence
+
+           did not exceed 20,000 lbs.  £. 2 0 0
+  Above 20,000, and under 30,000          3 0 0
+        30,000            40,000          4 0 0
+        40,000            50,000          5 0 0
+        50,000            60,000          6 0 0
+        60,000            70,000          7 0 0
+        70,000            80,000          8 0 0
+        80,000            90,000          9 0 0
+        90,000           100,000         10 0 0
+       100,000           120,000         12 0 0
+       120,000           150,000         15 0 0
+       150,000           ------          20 0 0
+
+Every person who shall first become a manufacturer of tobacco or snuff,
+shall pay for every such licence 2_l._, and within ten days after the 10th
+of October next, after taking out such licence, such further additional
+sum as, with the said 2_l._, shall amount to the duty hereinbefore
+directed to be paid, according to the quantity of tobacco and snuff-work
+weighed for manufacture.
+
+And every dealer in tobacco and snuff shall take out a licence in like
+manner, for which he shall pay within the liberties of the chief office in
+London 5_s._, elsewhere 2_s._ 6_d._ (43 Geo. III. c. 69.) But persons
+licensed as manufacturers who shall not sell tobacco in a less quantity
+than four pounds, nor snuff than two pounds, need not be licensed as
+dealers. (29 Geo. III.)
+
+Every person who shall manufacture or deal in tobacco or snuff without
+taking out such licence, or shall not renew the same ten days at least
+before the end of the year, shall forfeit, if a manufacturer 200_l._, and
+if a dealer 50_l._
+
+Persons in partnership need not take out more than one licence for one
+house. Every manufacturer and dealer shall make entry in writing of his
+house or place intended to be made use of for manufacturing, keeping, or
+selling tobacco or snuff, three days previous to his beginning, on pain of
+forfeiting 200_l._, and also the tobacco and snuff there found, together
+with the casks and package which may be seized by the officers of the
+customs or excise.
+
+
+
+
+THE IMPORTANCE OF SMOKING AND SNUFF-TAKING, EXEMPLIFIED IN A GRAVE
+DISSERTATION, DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF THE RISING GENERATION.
+
+    What soothes the peasant when his toil is done?
+      He cheerly sits beside his cottage door,
+    In the sweet light of ev'ning's parting sun,
+      His young ones sporting o'er the sanded floor:--
+
+    What cheers the seaman, when the fight is won,
+      And vict'ry smiles upon our naval band?
+    Toiling no longer at the murd'rous gun,
+      His thoughts are proudly of his native land.
+
+    What charms the Turk, Greek, Frenchman, fop or sage,
+      In this enlighten'd comfort-loving age;
+    Since health, and pleasure's cheerful reign began,
+      But lov'd tobacco, sovereign friend of man?--M. S.
+
+
+    "For the taking of fumes by pipes, as in tobacco and other things, to
+    dry and comfort."--_Bacon._
+
+    "Bread or tobacco may be neglected: but reason at first recommends
+    their trial, and custom makes them pleasant."--_Locke._
+
+
+Hail! inspirers of the profoundest and the brightest things that have been
+said and done since the creation, and, in the strength and plenitude of
+our recollections of thy divine virtues, aid us to sing thy praises! What
+though there be those, who, in the whim, caprice or ignorance of thy
+merits, would run ye down in the plenitude of their prejudices--have ye
+not stood the test of time, that criterion of excellence? Are ye not, most
+sublime of pleasures, independent of your other numerous claims upon
+public and private favour--are ye not immortalized by the hallowed names
+of the great, the good, the wise, the witty and the learned, whose
+encomiums of your worth shall descend with you, through the future ages of
+unborn posterity.
+
+What! shall it ever be said that the disaffected to the great public
+cause, the innovators upon common taste, shall be allowed to progress in
+their rash undertaking, of seeking to undervalue the importance of those
+gentle consolers through life, the snuff-box and pipe. Never! while
+there's a Woodville--nay, even a Dhoodeen,[11] to smoke them to defiance,
+or a pinch of 'high dried,' to father a witty reply.
+
+Much-injured and defrauded of habits--friends of past and present
+learning and genius--of every land and every clime--sought by rich, as
+well as poor, and alike soothing to the king as slave, how have ye not
+been calumniated by the weak and designing! As the poet saith, "Envy doth
+merit as its shade pursue," and so is it with you. Oh that those standing
+highest in the popular favour--the 'tried and trusty'--should ever be the
+objects of attack to the discontented!
+
+Most delectable of companions! how many tender reminiscences and
+recollections are associated with you, from the last pipe of the murdered
+Raleigh in Newgate, to the dernier pinch of the equally unfortunate Louis
+XVI, ere they mounted scaffolds, it is hoped, for a better world. If we
+turn to the imagination, how many endearing recollections connected with
+our subject throng upon us, even from the once happy days of our boyhood,
+when in secret we pored over the pages of genius in preference to
+scholastic lore. Rise up before us, thou soul of philanthropy, and
+humorous eccentricity, my uncle Toby! with thy faithful and humble
+serviteur the corporal.[12] Methinks, indeed, we now see ye together in
+the little cottage parlour, lighted up by the cheerful fire, discoursing
+of past dangers and campaigns under the soothing influence of the narcotic
+weed, whose smoke, as it rises in fantastic curls from either pipe,
+harmonizes together like your kindred souls. And thou, too, poor monk,[13]
+offspring of the same pervading mind, yet picturing many a sad reality,
+must thou be forgotten, absorbed as thou art from all the grosser passions
+of our nature? Our memory paints thee, impelled by the courtesy of thy
+gentle nature, proffering thine humble box of horn, thy pale and
+intellectual face, so sensitive, half-shrinking from the fear of 'pride's
+rebuff:' whilst thou thyself, from the sneers of the affluent, seekest
+consolation in--a pinch of snuff!
+
+Good Vicar of Wakefield![14] man of many sorrows, we greet thee in our
+reminiscences, sitting in thine happier days beneath the elm that shades
+thy rustic roof, as, under the influence of thy much loved pipe, thou
+inculcatest to the youthful circle around thee maxims of truth and piety.
+What peculiar feelings of veneration must we attach to these pipes and
+snuff-boxes. Without them, indeed--with such a true knowledge of life are
+they introduced--the stories would lose half their force, and nearly all
+their effect. How naturally do we associate with a smoker, a blandness and
+evenness of voice and gesture, which we can by no means ascribe to men in
+common. The same almost in regard to the snuff-box: the mind seems to
+acquire a polish and fire at its very sight. Nay, absolutely such is our
+profound respect for the sympathising herb, that even the _quids_ of poor
+Lieutenant Bowling[15] himself would appear venerable in our eyes were
+they but in existence.
+
+Lowering our Pegasus a peg or two from the loftier flights of conception,
+we will proceed more immediately to analyze the merits of these legitimate
+offsprings of the parent plant, smoking and snuff-taking; first of all,
+however, having recourse to a pinch of Welsh, to clear our head for so
+arduous an undertaking. That smoking and snuff-taking have, as habits
+pernicious to the health, been attacked repeatedly by the heads of
+science, is no less true than that they have escaped each intended
+flagellation, and thrived under the fostering lip and nose of a discerning
+public. Previous, however, to proceeding further, we shall take a review
+of the different enemies arrayed against the good old customs we have had
+handed down to us from our fathers. These may most generally, we think, be
+divided into three classes--the ladies,--physicians, and a certain class
+of thin and pallid gentlemen, remarkable for the delicate susceptibility
+of their noses.
+
+The ladies of England designate smoking and snuffing, filthy and dirty
+habits. If you chance, dear reader, to ask why--because--because--they are
+vile and dirty habits, and thereby--'hangs a tale.' Then, as a matter of
+course, comes to be cited a list of the most gentlemanly men, young and
+old, who are never guilty of committing the sin. Now, what does all this
+come to?--that they do dislike the habits, and therefore none but brutes,
+among the more refined orders, would think of annoying them by practising
+either in their sweet presence. The understandings of women generally, in
+comparison with those of men, are proverbially weak. Following the erratic
+course of the first of their sex, who brought misery and woe upon the
+devoted head of man, they in turn would fain deprive him of his two
+cheapest comforts, left to console him in this vale of sorrow.
+
+Reader, if thou should'st chance to be a married man, when thy rib--so
+vulgarly called in epitome, though perchance the better half of
+thyself--rails against thy only consolation in domestic
+broils,--smoking--answer not, we beseech thee. No, not a word of the
+volume of eloquence we fancy rising indignantly in thy throat, against the
+cruel calumnies levelled at thy favorite Virginia, as thou valuest the
+safety of thy tube, whether Dutch or Merschaum. The voice of an angel
+would not avail thee in thy cause.
+
+With reference to the _faculty_, though divided in opinions, we shall only
+notice those arrayed against the plant divine. Indeed, the enmity of a
+physician dependent upon his profession for support may be always known;
+he detests anything cheap and soothing, conducive to health, and thence
+his frequent antipathy to tobacco in smoking. In regard to snuff he is
+wisely meek; for what were he himself without the stimulating dust in his
+pocket? In former times, indeed, its influence perhaps was greater and
+more respected than the wig and cane together, as Swift says:--
+
+  "Sir Plume, of Amber snuff-box, justly vain,
+  And the nice conduct of a clouded cane."
+
+Well, and what do the faculty say with reference to smoking? Some will
+tell you it is hurtful to the lungs; others, that the head and heart are
+more particularly affected by it; very few of them agreeing precisely as
+to ill effects to be attributed to it.
+
+Grant us patience to bear such ingratitude! While they are indebted for
+their consequence and fluency of discourse, to the wit-inspiring influence
+of the herb in grain, they are running it down in another and not less
+delightful preparation and form. Then, by way of conclusion, like a crier
+of last dying speeches, comes to be related the death of some very
+promising young man, who, through the frequent habit of smoking, which he
+practised against the continued advice of the grave Monitor--made his exit
+in a consumption. So if a man habituated to the pleasures of a pipe goes
+off in a consumption, the anti-smokers must immediately assert it was
+brought on by the use of tobacco. How do we know, indeed, but that its
+magic influence kept him alive much longer than he would have been,
+without it: supposing--and we suppose it only for the sake of argument,
+that one or two, nay, say twenty in the thousand, suffer in their health
+through smoking,--the abuse and not the use of which we candidly admit
+may slightly impair some peculiar constitutions,--where is the recreant
+who does not, feeling the joys of smoking, say with us, a "short life and
+a merry one!" What, after all, are a few years in the scale of human
+existence! Is the fear of losing one or two of their number, to deter us
+from availing ourselves of innocent pleasures within our reach?--if so,
+London, methinks, would soon be deserted by the scientific and intelligent
+portion of its inhabitants, merely because the Thames water chances to be
+a little poisonous, or so, and the air of the town notoriously unhealthy.
+
+By the same silly fear, too, the gourmand must abstain from the pleasures
+of the table,--fashionables from late hours, and the army and navy from
+hard drinking; in all of which the aforesaid, like true spirits,
+exclusively delight and take a pride; doubtless, inspired in seeking to
+indulge in what our own bard, Byron, says:
+
+                    "aught that gave,
+  Hope of a pleasure, or peril of a grave."
+
+An evident proof, if any be wanting, that beings of a pacific disposition
+are as careless of facing death as those who have served an apprenticeship
+to it. Once more, taking the most virulent of the medical enemies of
+smoking, on their own assertions, and supposing people are killed outright
+by smoking, why should this deter others from practising it? What is more
+common, than that each year presents us with numerous deaths in every
+department of recreation, whether riding, sailing, shooting or bathing;
+and yet we should be surprised to learn that ever it deterred others from
+following similar pursuits; then, wherefore, on their own shewing, should
+the harmless happy recreation (that to the poor comprehends all the above
+amusements) be excepted?--Why, indeed?--O! ye sons of the 'healing art,'
+we throw reason away upon ye, and _we_ have too much reason to fear that
+the true lights of science are lost to ye for ever, when ye attack that
+which is so beneficial to man.
+
+The next, and in fact the most excusable of the triumvirate confederacy
+against smoking and snuff-taking, the former more particularly, that now
+calls for our attention, are the gentlemen of weak palates. These, first
+caught by the look of the thing, from perceiving the mild serenity ever
+attendant upon a smoker, and marking the sententious discourse of wisdom
+flowing like honey from his lips, have essayed the practice, without
+effect. At length, finding their nerves could never sustain the
+delightful fumes, without certain inward admonitions, that were not to be
+neglected or trifled with, they gave up all thoughts of that, which seemed
+to make so many happy. Now, nothing is more common in metaphysics, than to
+know that when a fancy or love is not returned by the object of affection,
+it generally turns into as great a hatred. Nothing, therefore, is more
+easily exemplified than the violence of the dislike expressed by this
+order of 'tobacco's foemen.' Although the efforts of the above, with the
+exception of an occasional treatise against the pernicious effects of
+tobacco from the medical department, are confined to oral discussion of
+the subject; the genial herb has enemies of a more aspiring and determined
+cast. These parties are not contented with throwing their antipathies on
+the sympathy of their own friends, but they must even occasionally cast
+them upon the public in the awful form of a printed sheet. Some of these,
+though written in a very grave style, are really amusing, and we shall
+note a couple of them, among many other originals before us, in proof. The
+first of these is the celebrated Counterblaste by King James the First,
+written apparently in all the rancour of prejudice, and occupying rather
+a curious place among his learned works. The second is a tract (published
+in 1824) entitled, "An Appeal to Humanity, in behalf of the Brethren of
+the Heathen World: particularly addressed to Snuff-takers and
+Tobacco-smokers in all Christian Lands.--Second Edition."
+
+The application and tendency of this most facetious of pamphlets is,
+neither more nor less, than to induce the world at large to abstain from
+tobacco and snuff-taking altogether, and bestow the money formerly applied
+for that purpose, to the promotion of the missionary society to convert
+our 'heathen brethren.'
+
+Such is the benevolent object of this barbarian himself--for what else can
+we, in the indignation that almost overwhelms us at his audacious attempt,
+call him. When we reflect but for a moment, if he succeeded by the
+powerful and charitable arguments he uses, the national wealth, powers,
+and consequences of the kingdom would be undermined. For what, we say,
+were Englishmen without tobacco?--no more than a Turk without his opium, a
+Frenchman without his snuff, or any man without an agreeable stimulant to
+the mind. Had he now only sought to deprive us of a meal in the day, our
+dinner even, for instance, we could have borne patiently with him; but to
+seek,--to conceive,--to attempt, banishing one of the most
+soothing,--sympathising, and truest friends from the mansions of John
+Bull, is an atrocity we scarcely can credit; did not the identical
+barbarous proposition glare us in the face in good long-primer. Write of
+the heathen, indeed! he wants converting himself to a just and proper
+sense of the darkness in which he walks, or rather we should say, writes,
+when he could conceive such an enormity. However, after thus premising, we
+shall allow him an opportunity of speaking for himself.
+
+In the first instance, he states, that he had long seriously thought, that
+the abuse of tobacco in every form is altogether inconsistent with the
+grand rule of the inspired volume--"Whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory
+of God." (I Cor. x. 31.)
+
+After stating what truly astonishing large sums of money are annually
+expended in tobacco and snuff, he details the following anecdote.
+
+"Travelling some time ago in a stage-coach, an elderly lady and a
+gentleman sat opposite to me. It was not long before the old gentleman
+pulled out his snuff-box, and, giving it a tap with his finger as the
+manner is, asked the lady if she would take a pinch; but she declined. As
+the lady particularly eyed me, I could scarcely refrain from
+smiling.--(_most facetious!_) 'Perhaps, ma'am, you do not decline taking a
+pinch, because you think there is any sin in snuff-taking?' 'Oh no. I do
+take snuff: do YOU think there is sin in it, Sir?' 'Yes ma'am,' said I, 'I
+think in _some cases_ it is sinful,' (_as cases are in italics we should
+feel happy to know whether they are of tin or composition he alludes to,
+but to proceed_.) At this, the lady expressed great surprise (_as well she
+might_) and would not be satisfied, unless I would assign some reason for
+thinking that snuff-taking was sinful. At length, for she teazed me, I
+said to her, 'Pray ma'am, (_cannot he drop the field-preacher and write
+Madam_) how much in the week may you spend in snuff?' 'Perhaps 7_d._' 'And
+how many years have you been in the habit of taking snuff?' 'Well, I
+suppose,' she replied, 'upwards of forty years.' 'Seven-pence a week, you
+say,--that is something more than thirty shillings in the year,--and if
+you have taken snuff at this rate for forty years, the same will amount to
+more than 60_l._' 'You surprise me,--you must be mistaken, Sir.' 'No,
+Ma'am,' said I, 'I am not mistaken. It amounts to more than 60_l._
+without the interest (_profound calculation!_) Now, do you think that God
+will reward you for taking snuff?' 'Reward me for taking snuff!' said she,
+'No, Sir, I do not expect that.' 'But suppose, instead of spending this
+60_l._ in snuff, you had spent it in feeding the hungry, clothing the
+naked;'"--we really can follow these opinions no further, as we have more
+than one old maiden lady within our ken, that would have actually
+_fainted_ outright at such a want of modesty.
+
+Trusting our reader will bear with us, we shall notice a little more of
+this self-created minister's appeal in favour of the heathens, who,
+doubtless, if favoured with the knowledge, could not but feel highly
+indebted for the exertions of so powerful an advocate in their cause. At
+the same time we strongly suspect, from the love he has of showing his
+knowledge of the tables of pence, that the writer was formerly an
+officiating deputy in a huckster's or chandler's shop, until seduced by
+the influence of the "spirit that moves" for a nobler call of action. The
+following is another specimen of his _figurative_ powers.
+
+"A few days ago, I mentioned the above anecdote in the house of a farmer.
+'Why,' said the farmer, 'I could never have thought that 7_d._ a week
+would have come to so much.--Do you know my wife and I can assure you,
+that awhile back, we smoked an ounce a day.' 'An ounce a day,' said I,
+(_the echo!_) 'What is tobacco an ounce?' (_ignoramus!--we thought he knew
+not the value of what he attempts to depreciate_). 'Four-pence,' said he.
+'Four-pence an ounce, and an ounce in the day, that is 2_s._ 4_d._ per
+week, and 52 weeks in the year will be the sum of 6_l._ and 4_d._
+annually.--O Sir!--I am very sorry for you.'"--(_kind hearted soul!_)
+
+Pursuing his system, apparently, of poking his head into the affairs of
+country farmers, he gives us another trite anecdote, too rich a _morceau_
+to be passed in silence; since it so admirably serves to shew the
+estimation the pipe is held in by the true representatives of John Bull.
+
+"Since I commenced writing of this, I had occasion to call upon a
+respectable farmer, who is a member of your society--(_we smell a
+rat_)--and a leader I suppose, greatly esteemed by his neighbours, who
+certainly have the best opportunity of knowing him as a truly pious, and
+useful man. Almost immediately after we were seated, he called for his
+pipe (for some people cannot be cheerful or make a wise bargain--_symptoms
+of the shop_)--unless their heads are enveloped in smoke. 'Now, Sir,' said
+he, 'can you smoke any, will you have a pipe?' 'No, Sir,' said I, 'I
+never smoked a pipe in all my life;'--(_miserable man! this he says
+doubtless by way of shewing his Christian self-denial_). 'I have for a
+long time considered it sinful, and therefore I never smoke.' 'Sinful,'
+said he, laughing--(_jolly fellow!_)--'how can it be sinful?' 'Because,'
+said I, 'it wastes our power of doing good. Did you never consider that.'
+Upon this his wife who was sitting by, pleasantly observed, 'Our John is a
+terrible smoker'--(_worthy man!_)--'For goodness sake don't make him
+believe that it is sinful to smoke. If he can't get his pipe, we shall
+have no peace: he'll be quite out of temper.' 'Nay,' said I, 'surely not
+out of temper.' 'Yes, for sure, out of temper enough,--quite peevish and
+fretful.' 'Now,' said John, 'how thou talks my dear.' 'Talk! why is it not
+true? Thou wants it first thing in the morning--then again at breakfast
+time--then again at noon, and then again at night--just as it happens.
+Why, I'll warrant you (turning to me) he has seven or eight pipes in a
+day, and sometimes more,'--(_sensible man!_)--'Perhaps,' said I, 'he's
+sick, and smokes for his health.' 'Nay, nay, sick, bless him! he's none
+sick, he has got a habit of it you see, and so he thinks he wants it. Oh,
+he must have his pipe--he can't do without his pipe--sin in it! nay,
+surely it cannot be sinful.' (_He concludes with his favorite
+computation_). Upon inquiry, I found, that though the only smoker in the
+family, yet at a moderate reckoning, he contrives to consume about 5_l._
+worth of tobacco every year."
+
+This would, doubtless, have been better employed in the hands of the good
+promoter of the Missionaries, of whom we now take our leave; and to whom,
+we wish no further punishment for his cruel attempt at seeking to banish
+the cheerful companionship of the pipe from mansions of peace, than being
+compelled to the smoking of a pipe of the oldest shag himself.
+
+In reference to King James' Counterblaste, although, from its antiquity,
+as well as the rank and learning of the author, it occupies a serious
+claim upon our attention, yet, upon the whole, it may be termed nearly as
+ridiculous as the foregoing, although not in its application. It, indeed,
+fully bears the stamp of those antipathies that, once conceived, the
+monarch was seldom or never known to waive. This is more singular, as they
+were formed against a plant, received into the greatest favour and esteem
+among all ranks, and, as a medicine, was in far greater request than it
+is even now. Facts like these plainly establish, that James' dislike,
+however acquired, proceeded from prejudice and _prejudice_ alone.
+
+In the first paragraph, he tells us, that it was first introduced into
+England from the Indians, who used it as an antidote against "a filthy
+disease, whereunto these barbarous people (as all people know) are very
+much subject."
+
+After bestowing a volley of abuse upon smoking, not of the most elegant
+description, he refers to the acquiring of the fashion that certainly
+generally applies in all things now, as well as it did in his own times.
+
+"Do we not daily see, that a man can no sooner bring ouer from beyond the
+seas any new forme of apparell, but that he cannot be thought a man of
+spirit that would not presently imitate the same? and so, from hand to
+hand it spreads, till it be practised by all; not from any commodity that
+is in it, but only because it is come to be the fashion."
+
+Of the popularity of smoking in his time, he says himself, "You are not
+able to ride, or walk, the journey of a Jew's Sabbath, but you must have a
+reekie cole brought you from the next poor-house, to kindle your tobacco
+with?"
+
+"It is become in place of a care, a point of good fellowship, and hee that
+will refuse to take _a pipe_ of tobacco among his fellowes, though by his
+owne election he would rather not feel the savor of the stinke, is
+accounted peevish and no good company; even as they do tippling in the
+COLD Eastern countreys."
+
+Of the consequences then often attending the habit of smoking, he
+observes, "Now how you are by this custome disabled in your goods, let the
+gentry of this land beare witness; some of them bestowing THREE, some FOUR
+HUNDRED POUNDS A YEERE upon this precious stinke, which I am sure might be
+bestowed upon far better vses."
+
+Than the assertion of the above individual enormous expenditure, nothing
+perhaps is better calculated to display James's exaggeration, which
+actually here can only be considered hyperbolical. The idea, the bare
+possibility, is scarcely conceivable for a moment, that in those days,
+three hundred pounds, at least equal to nine hundred of our present money,
+was ever laid out by a single individual in smoking; excepting, indeed,
+perhaps, as a very rare and singular occurrence. King James concludes his
+Counterblaste in the following piece of declamation.
+
+"Have you not reason then to be ashamed, and to forbeare this filthie
+noveltie so basely grounded, so foolishly received, and so grossly
+mistaken, in the right use thereof? In your abuse thereof, sinning against
+God, harming yourselves both in persons and goods, and raking also
+thereby, the markes and vanities vpon you: by the custome thereof, making
+yourselves to be wondered at by all forreinne civill nations, and by all
+strangers that come among you, to be scorned and contemned: a custome
+loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmefull to the braine,
+dangerous to the lungs, and in the black, stinking fume thereof, nearest
+resembling the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomlesse."
+
+What a pity it is, James never smoked; instead of this long tirade against
+the most cheerful of all pastimes, we should have had an eulogy, glowing
+with the warmth and feeling of truth from the head and heart. From the
+very gall perceivable at times, one could easily know he was an utter
+stranger to the gentle sympathy of a pipe. He ridicules and condemns that,
+which, like many others, he knows not, and therefore cannot appreciate.
+Had he but put the pipe fairly upon its trial, and found it guilty of the
+mischiefs ascribed to it, then could we have excused him; but to conceive
+ideas not founded upon truth and justice and the welfare of the kingdom he
+was called upon to govern, and to act upon those ideas, by the framing of
+arbitrary laws, repressing the tastes of the nation at large, raises in
+its remembrance an indignation in our mind, that takes repeated whiffs of
+our 'German' to quell.
+
+Now the truly immense extent of the benefits Europe is indebted to for the
+introduction of the tobacco-plant, is by no means generally known. For the
+instruction of our _fellow_ creatures--we say instruction, because
+probably our numerous readers may never have met with them before,--we
+shall proceed to enlighten the world upon the subject. If we look backward
+to the earlier periods of History, what barbarous and savage manners do we
+not mark characterizing the people and the times. Rapine and murder
+stalking hand in hand among them, and scarce at all repressed by laws,
+divine or human. Now mark, sweet readers, especially if true lovers of the
+invaluable herb, whose praises we are about singing! Mark what "great
+effects from little causes spring." No sooner did tobacco make its
+appearance and get into notice and use, than the passions of all men
+wooing its soothing influence, gradually began to receive a change. As it
+got more generally diffused, its influence might almost be termed magical;
+the sword, in a great degree, was exchanged for the quill, the wine-cup
+for the coffee-cup (thence its use in Turkey always with smoking), and
+letters began to flourish--the first grand step towards that civilization
+I shall prove it was gradually destined to effect in the world. Doubtless,
+like many other great writers, who open out a new light to the world, we
+shall have enough of sceptics, as opponents, to contend with; but we are
+sanguine from the facts we shall clearly establish, that far more is to be
+attributed to the powers of tobacco, than millions dream of.
+
+In the first place, it is too well known to admit of much doubt, that
+tobacco, whether smoked or taken as snuff, exercises a very considerable
+power upon the mind, more especially when taken in considerable
+quantities. When such is the case, the faculties are refined and exalted
+to a degree of spirited buoyancy, that forms a strange and pleasing
+contrast to the usual unstimulated lethargic state of the mind. We can
+only compare it, though in a much milder, and more inoffensive degree, to
+the species of delirium the Turks so vividly describe, when labouring
+under the effects of opium. The intellectual senses, more particularly
+that part of them forming the imagination, become so much more powerful
+and pervading, that its conceptions receive a warmth and strength of
+colouring they never can, under common excitement.
+
+Now tobacco, as we have recorded, was first brought to England in the
+reign of Elizabeth, who greatly patronized it among the nobles and poorer
+orders, by whom it came speedily into general use. Most mighty herb!--the
+effects of thy worship were soon visible, for where do we find a reign so
+great and glorious either for victories by land and sea, or the
+distinguished talent and genius, whether in the camp or cabinet, it
+fostered at home. Then was it, that Shakespeare--the magnificent
+Shakespeare, (blest and honored was the reign in which he drew life) burst
+forth like a star destined to excite the astonishment of the world he came
+to throw the effulgent light of his genius upon. He was a smoker.
+
+Then, to sketch forth the gigantic march of intellect, in the ages of
+which we write, came forth those luminaries of the world; Hobbes, the
+parent of Locke's philosophy, the profound philosopher Lord Bacon, the
+most illustrious mathematician and philosopher, Sir Isaac Newton, and the
+singularly talented metaphysician Locke, each and all of whom were
+celebrated for their devotion to the soothing and stimulating powers of a
+pipe! It is related of Hobbes, who was one of the most profound thinkers
+of his time, that as soon as the dinner was over, he used to retire to his
+study and had his candle with _ten or twelve_ pipes of tobacco laid by
+him; then shutting the door he fell to smoking, thinking and writing for
+several hours together. Locke and Bacon smoked much for recreation; the
+latter of whom probably was indebted to the practice for the preservation
+of his life in the plague of 1665, from whose contagious influence in
+London he sought safety in the country and his pipe.
+
+Now, to what, we should like to know, are to be attributed the mighty and
+successful efforts of these wonderful men, who may justly be considered
+the founders of modern civilization and literature, but the all--the far
+pervading fumes of the sovereign tobacco-leaf they worshipped with such
+devotion. To its exhilarating influence and invigorating aid, exciting the
+imagination to realms of undiscovered beauties, are we indebted for those
+works that shall live, while time is,--the wonder of this and all future
+ages.
+
+Are we singular in our opinion? Mark, learn, and inwardly digest, ye
+unbelievers, what the learned Dr. Raphael Thorious says on the subject:--
+
+    "Of cheering bowls I mean to sing the praise,
+  And of the herb that can the poet's fancy raise;
+  Aid me, O! father Phoebus I invoke,
+  Fill me a pipe (boy) of that fragrant smoke,
+  That I may drink the God into my brain;
+  And so enabled, write a noble strain.
+  For nothing great or high can come from thence,
+  Where that blest plant denies its influence."
+
+Smile on, ye critics; but let us ask ye, if those works that have so
+strong a claim to our respect, would ever have come into existence had
+there been no tobacco, to rarify and stimulate the mind. No!--must be your
+candid answer, if only in verification of the old saying, '_No pipe, no
+Parr_.' Then, what mighty blessings are we not indebted for to the
+much-aspersed, calumniated, and insulted herb. Nor is the fact of its
+consequence in regard to these first great discoverers in science, the
+only proofs that exist of its reputation; successive generations, under
+the weed's cheering auspices, have but continued what they so ably began.
+
+Dr. Johnson,[16] Dr. Thorious, Dr. Aldrich, Dr. Parr, Pope, Swift,
+Addison, Steele, and a host of other approved writers of celebrity,
+independent of those of the present day, are all similarly indebted to the
+genial influence of tobacco, under one preparation or another, for the
+stimulus of their inspiration. The fact is incontrovertible. Where was
+transcendant literary ability before the introduction of
+tobacco?--Nowhere--it was unknown:--but, no sooner, we repeat, did IT
+become known and in use, than its generative powers became quickly
+visible: the minds of men, though previously barren, became fructified by
+its influence, and letters flourished. With truth it is observed, we
+formerly were a nation of readers; but, who is so ignorant as not to know,
+that as tobacco has become diffused, with knowledge, we are now a nation
+of smokers and writers. It may, indeed, be fairly set down as an axiom we
+may rely upon, that nearly every one occasionally gets a penchant for
+scribbling who smokes or snuffs; from the cobler, whose "_soul_ on higher
+things is bent," that composes a ditty to the measure of some admired
+production gracing his stall, to the peer of the realm, who, lounging on
+an ottoman under the inspiration of prince's mixture, dictates a sonnet,
+or a novel, to his secretary, as the humour may chance to be of the
+moment. That tobacco has effected wonders in the promotion and
+promulgation of knowledge, we flatter ourselves we have plausibly shown;
+that it is equally distinguished in _diplomacy_ and _war_, is a fact we
+shall now proceed to demonstrate. To commence then: who ever knew or heard
+of a plenipotentiary without his jewelled _snuff-box_?--The thing were out
+of nature: without _it_, indeed, he were but an automaton--a body without
+a head--a mere 'cypher in the great account,' unbacked and unsupported. So
+well aware, indeed, are civilized governments of this fact, that
+snuff-boxes set with brilliants to the value of a _thousand pounds_ are
+given them, that they may be stimulated to business; diving into the
+cabals and intrigues of the state,--concealing their own, and, in a word,
+never be deserted at a PINCH. Nay, so much is snuff the fashion, that a
+courtier in most European countries without it were a sort of curiosity.
+Many of the greatest of men, have been remarkable for the snuff they took.
+Napoleon was among this number; he (acute and penetrating) _was up to
+snuff_, disdaining your common methods of worshipping that "spirit
+stirrer" of the human mind, he took it out of his waistcoat-pocket, and
+when vexed or thwarted by any unexpected occurrence, was always observed
+to have recourse to it, previous to exerting his mind on the subject. The
+greatness of his fortunes was commensurate with the quantity he consumed:
+the greatest snuff-taker in the French territories, it is by no means
+singular to relate, he became the first in grandeur and consequence, as
+well as the most idolized of men. At the same time, he was by no means
+insensible of the powers of smoking, for we find it recorded, that his
+greatest relief from extreme fatigue (as he used to declare) arose from "a
+CIGAR, _a cup of coffee, and a warm bath_;" three things, we affirm,
+highly creditable to the taste of so great a genius. Nor did Buonaparte
+confine the use of it solely to his own person: fully impressed with its
+powers, he ordered its use throughout the whole of the French army. The
+immediate consequence was, that under his influence and that of the
+stimulating weed, they conquered all before them, and became renowned
+throughout Europe for their discipline and determined bravery. This may,
+by those who dive no further than the surface, be attributed to the
+ability of their general, to a certain degree we in our candour
+acknowledge; but the grand secret and mover of it was tobacco--sovereign
+tobacco! What sceptic so rash, dares breathe a doubt of the truth of this
+statement? Does he require additional evidence?--If so! let him turn his
+eyes to the British navy. What is it, ever since the time of Elizabeth,
+from the defeat of the Spanish Armada up to the victory at Trafalgar, has
+rendered them invincible and the terror of the world?--what, we exclaim,
+but tobacco! To quids! quids! alone is their success to be attributed; but
+deprive them of these, and you take the spirit of the men away. Immortal,
+godlike pigtail! And well too does government know this fact, and wisely
+institute an allowance to each man. Hunger, thirst, and every hardship is
+borne without a murmur by each gallant tar, so long as there is pigtail in
+the locker. Go seek the man, whether _topman_, _afterguard_, or _idler_,
+who has ever been upon a seven or three years' station, and ask him whence
+his chief consolation in the watch of safety, or peril, and he, if a true
+sailor, shall answer with an indescribable roll of the jaw--"Pigtail!!!"
+'Tis the essence, in fact, the very quintessence of the man, and its
+consideration in his mind may be sufficiently gleaned from the following
+well-known epistle--at once an irrefutable proof, if any be needed.
+
+    "Warren Hastings East Indyman,
+      off Gravesend.
+
+    March 24, 1813.
+
+    Dear Brother Tom;
+
+    This comes hopein to find you in good health as it leaves me safe
+    anckor'd here yesterday at 4 P. M. arter a pleasant voyage tolerable
+    short and a few squalls.--Dear Tom--hopes to find poor old father
+    stout, and am quite out of pig-tail.--Sights of pig-tail at Gravesend,
+    but unfortinly not fit for a dog to chor. Dear Tom, Captain's boy will
+    bring you this, and put pig-tail in his pocket when bort. Best in
+    London at the Black Boy in 7 diles, where go acks for best
+    pig-tail--pound a pig-tail will do, and am short of shirts. Dear Tom,
+    as for shirts ony took 2 whereof one is quite wored out and tuther
+    most, but don't forget the pig-tail, as I a'n't had a quid to chor
+    never since Thursday. Dear Tom, as for the shirts, your size will do,
+    only longer. I liks um long--get one at present; best at Tower-hill,
+    and cheap, but be particler to go to 7 diles for the pig-tail at the
+    Black Boy, and Dear Tom, acks for pound best pig-tail, and let it be
+    good. Captain's boy will put the pig-tail in his pocket, he likes
+    pig-tail, so ty it up. Dear Tom, shall be up about Monday there or
+    thereabouts. Not so perticuler for the shirt as the present can be
+    washed, but don't forget the pig-tail without fail, so am your loving
+    brother."
+
+        "T. P."
+
+    "P. S.--Don't forget the pig-tail."
+
+Treating of the milder virtues of tobacco, who ever knew a smoker--one of
+your twenty years' standing,--ill tempered; or a veteran snuff-taker, who
+did not occasionally give utterance to witty sayings?--the thing were
+against reason. In conclusion, what can we say more for thee, omnipotent,
+prolific herb! than in the inspired lines of thy true admirer Byron?
+
+  Sublime tobacco, which from east to west,
+  Cheers the tar's labours or the Turkman's rest;
+  Which on the moslems' ottomans divides
+  His hours, and rivals opium and his brides:
+  Magnificent in Stamboul, but less grand,
+  Though not less lov'd, in Wapping or the Strand.
+  Divine in hookas; glorious in a pipe,
+  When tipped with amber, mellow, rich and ripe;
+  Like other charmers, wooing thy caress,
+  More dazzling fair and glaring in full dress;
+  Yet thy true lovers more admire, by far,
+  Thy naked beauties--give me a cigar?
+
+
+
+
+THE MEDICAL QUALITIES OF TOBACCO.
+
+
+Of the properties attributable to the plant in the _Materia Medica_, a
+variety of opinions prevail, and have done, indeed, since its first
+appearance in the civilized portion of the globe. It certainly cannot but
+strike the reader as a fact to be very greatly lamented, that science
+should be so unfixed, even in this much boasted-of-enlightened æra, that
+some medical men should be found to ascribe every bad and pernicious
+quality to the use of tobacco; and others, equally celebrated for their
+professional knowledge, recommend it as a panacea for many ills.
+Reflection makes this still more dreadful, when we consider these are the
+men to whose abilities we are frequently compelled to look up, for the
+preservation of our healths and lives. It would be well, indeed, if this
+lamentable difference of opinion among the facult existed only in
+reference to our present subject.
+
+We shall now, however, proceed to note some of the ideas of the learned
+that have been expressed concerning the qualities of the herb, in
+pharmacy, and quote our first specimen in the following poem, by the
+famous Dr. Thorious, who most sagely recommends it as an antidote for
+every evil under the sun.
+
+
+A LATIN POEM,
+
+By Raphael Thorious.
+
+(_Translated into English by the Rev. W. Bewick._)
+
+  The herb which borrows Santa Croce's name,
+  Sore eyes relieves and healeth wounds; the same
+  Discusses the kings evil, and removes
+  Cancers and boils; a remedy it proves
+  For burns and scalds, repels the nauseous itch,
+  And straight recovers from convulsive fits;
+  It cleanses, dries, binds up, and maketh warm;
+  The head-ach, tooth-ach, cholic, like a charm
+  It easeth soon; an ancient cough relieves,
+  And to the reyns and milt and stomach gives
+  Quick riddance from the pains which each endures,
+  Next the dire wounds of poison'd arrows cures;
+  All bruises heals, and when the gum once sore,
+  It makes them sound and healthy as before:
+  Sleep it procures, our anxious sorrows lays,
+  And with new flesh the naked bone arrays;
+  No herb hath greater pow'r to rectify
+  All the disorders in the breast that lie;
+  Or in the lungs. Herb of immortal fame,
+  Which hither first by Santa Croce came;
+  When he (his time of nunclature expir'd)
+  Back from the court of Portugal retir'd,
+  Even as his predecessors, great and good.
+  All Christendom now with its presence blesses,
+  And still the illustrious family possesses
+  The name of Santa Croce, rightly given,
+  Since they in all respects resemble heaven:
+  Procure as much as mortal men can do,
+  The welfare of our souls and bodies too.
+
+
+_Dr. Cullen_ observes, that tobacco is generally recognized for its
+narcotic powers, as well as being a very considerable stimulant, with
+respect to the whole system, but more especially the stomach and
+intestines, and acts even in small doses as an emetic and purgative.
+
+The editors of the Edinburgh Dispensary also remark, that of late, tobacco
+under the form of a vinous or watery infusion, given in small quantities,
+so as to produce little effect by its action on the stomach, has been
+found a very useful and powerful diuretic.
+
+_Dr. Fowler_ published some cases of dropsy and dysury, in which its
+application was attended with the best effects, and this has been
+confirmed by the practice of others. Beaten into a mash with vinegar or
+brandy, it has sometimes proved highly serviceable for removing hard
+tumours of the _hypochondres_. Two cases of cure are published in the
+'Edinburgh Essays.'
+
+Considerable reliance has also been placed upon it, by some of the most
+eminent practitioners, as an injection by the anus of the smoke, in cases
+of obstinate constipation, threatening _Ileus_, of _incarcerated hernia_,
+of spasmodic asthma, and of persons apparently dead from drowning or other
+causes.
+
+_Dr. Strother_ speaks of its being beneficial in smoking, to persons
+having defluxions on the lungs. By long boiling in water, its deleterious
+power is said to be neutralized, and at length destroyed: an extract made
+by long decoction, is recommended by _Stubb_ and other German physicians,
+as the most efficient and safe aperient detergent, expectorant and
+diuretic.--_Lewis Mat. Med._
+
+_Bates_ and _Fuller_ give many encomiums on its powers in asthmatic
+cases.
+
+_Boyle_ asserts the juice and the plant to be very excellent in curing
+ulcers and mortifications, although its operation, in this respect, is
+stated by numerous other authorities, to be deleterious in the extreme. As
+regarding, indeed, many of the virtues attributed to its use by Lewis and
+others, in decoctions and poultices, candour obliges us to declare, though
+with great deference to those opinions which have been expressed by the
+most eminent of the medical profession, that we cannot consider it of any
+particular efficacy. We shall, therefore, forbear tiring our readers with
+recipes of the different forms in which it is prescribed for many
+illnesses.
+
+Taken as snuff, tobacco is generally allowed to be a mild and inoffensive
+stimulant, which, indeed, in many cases, is prescribed as a most effectual
+errhine for clearing the nostrils and head. When taken, however, as it
+frequently is, in excessive quantities, its consequences become often
+visible, and tumours and secretions in the nose are said to be the result.
+It is likewise said by some, when taken immoderately, to greatly tend to
+weaken the sight and bring on apoplexy.
+
+_Revenus_ and _Chenst_ likewise wrote against the habit of smoking; but
+like more modern writers, among whom may be named _Dr. Adam Clarke_, with
+little or no effect; for it may be set down as a fact, proved in many
+other instances, as well as this illustrates,--that where a people have
+the facilities of judging for themselves, they invariably will do so. In
+this case, practice and precept peculiarly go together.
+
+Of the medical qualities of tobacco, as an antidote against contagion, its
+inestimable efficacy was never better proved, than in the period of the
+plagues[17] that have at times visited England.
+
+_Dr. Willis_ says, in his very able treatise, that its power in repelling
+the infectious air during the plague of 1665 was truly astonishing; so
+much so, that the shops of the tobacconists remained quite uninfected.
+
+It is also very favourably mentioned by _Richard Barker_, a physician, at
+the period of the pestilence, who gives it in the following recipe against
+the plague: "Carry about with you a leaf of tobacco rolled up in tiffiny
+or lawn, so dipt in vinegar. Smell often to it, and sometimes clap it to
+the temples for some few minutes of time. For those that smoke tobacco,
+let them use it with one-fourth part of flower of sulphur, and seven or
+eight drops of oil of amber for one pipe."
+
+Among very many celebrated physicians, who have also recorded and
+recommended the use of tobacco against the poisonous influence of the
+plague, may be mentioned _Gideon Hovey_, M.D.,[18] _Dr. Fowler_,[19] and
+_Diemerbroek_, a distinguished Dutch medical practitioner; besides
+numerous pamphlets that have been published on the subject of the plague.
+
+One account, published in 1663 by W. Kemp, professing to recommend the
+best means to the public to avoid the infection, mentions tobacco in a
+way, that reminds us somewhat of its warm panegyrist, Dr. Thorious, and is
+too facetious to be here omitted. The following is the literal
+transcript:--
+
+"The American silver weed[20] or tobacco, is an excellent defence against
+bad air, being smoked in a pipe, either by itself or with nutmeg shred,
+and rew seeds mixed with it; especially if it be nosed, for it cleanseth
+the air and choaketh and suppresseth and disperseth any venemous vapour;
+it hath both singular and contrary effects; it is good to warm one being
+cold, and will cool one being hot. All ages, all sexes and constitutions,
+young and old, men and women, the sanguine, the choleric, the melancholy,
+the phlegmatic, take it without any manifest inconvenience; it giveth
+thirst, and yet will make one more able and fit to drink; it chokes
+hunger, and yet will give one a good stomach; it is agreeable with mirth
+or sadness, with feasting and with fasting; it will make one rest that
+wants sleep, and will keep one waking that is drowsy; it hath an offensive
+smell, and is more desirable than any perfume to others; that it is a most
+excellent preservative, both experience and reason teach; it corrects the
+air by fumigation, and avoids corrupt humours by salivation; for when one
+takes it by chewing it in the leaf, or smoking it in the pipe, the humours
+are brought and drawn from all parts of the body to the stomach, and from
+thence rising up to the mouth of the TOBACCONIST, as to the helm of a
+sublunatory, are voided and spitted out."
+
+Of the poisonous qualities of tobacco, we are informed that a drop or two
+of the chemical oil of tobacco, being put upon the tongue of a cat or dog,
+produces violent convulsions, and death itself, in the space of a few
+minutes; yet, the same oil used on lint, applied to the teeth, has been
+found of the utmost service in the tooth-ach.[21]
+
+A very common opinion prevails among those who do not smoke, that it is
+bad for the teeth: a belief founded upon any thing but experience, and
+resulting generally from prejudice. For preserving the gums and the enamel
+of the teeth, in a healthy and sound state, few remedies can operate
+better than the smoke of tobacco. In the first instance, it renders
+nugatory the corruptive power of the juices that invariably set into the
+interstices of the teeth, and unless brushed away, remain after meals;
+and, in the second place, it destroys the effluvia arising at times from
+the breath that, in some constitutions, so quickly brings about a
+corrosion of the outer surface or enamel. The benefits that have resulted
+from smoking, in cases of the tooth-ache, have been too commonly
+experienced to admit of doubt. In a pamphlet that was published some
+thirty years ago, detailing the adventures of the Pretender; an anecdote
+is related of its excellence. While taking refuge in the mansion of Lady
+Kingsland, in the Highlands of Scotland, from his enemies, after having
+had recourse to many things, he smoked a pipe to free himself from this
+'curse o' achs;' and after a short time, received the wished-for relief.
+
+As another and concluding instance of the preservative power of tobacco
+upon the teeth, it is related in the life of the great Sir Isaac Newton,
+who was remarkable for the quantity of tobacco he smoked, that though he
+lived to a good old age, he never lost but ONE TOOTH.
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.
+
+
+Tobacco is a genus of the class _pentandria_. Order _monogynia_; natural
+order of luridæ (solaneæ, _Juss._)--GENERIC CHARACTERS--Calyx; perianthium
+one-leafed, ovate, half five-cleft, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled
+funnel-form.--_Essential Character_--Corolla funnel-form, with a plaited
+border, stamina inclined; capsule two-valved and two-celled.
+
+There are six kinds of tobacco peculiar to America: which we shall proceed
+to notice in their relative order.
+
+1. Nicotiana Fruticosa, or shrubby tobacco: leaves lanceolate,
+subpetioled, embracing; flowers acute, stem frutescent. This rises with
+very branching stalks, about five feet high. Lower leaves a foot and a
+half long, broad at the base, where they half embrace the stalks, and
+about three inches broad in the middle, terminating in long acute points.
+
+2. Nicotiana Alba, or white-flowered tobacco. This rises about five feet
+high: the stalk does not branch so much as that of the former. The leaves
+are large and oval, about fifteen inches long and two broad in the middle,
+but diminish gradually in size to the top of the stalk, and with their
+base half embrace it. The flowers grow in closer bunches than those of the
+former, and are white: they are succeeded by short oval obtuse
+seed-vessels. It flowers and perfects seeds about the same time with the
+former. It grows naturally in the woods of Tobago, whence the seeds were
+sent to Mr. Philip Miller by Mr. Robert Miller.
+
+3. Nicotiana Tabacum or Virginian tobacco: leaves lanceolate, ovate,
+sessile, decurrent, flowers acute. Virginian tobacco has a large, long
+annual root; an upright, strong, round, hairy stalk, branching towards the
+top; leaves numerous, large, pointed, entire, veined, viscid, pale green;
+flowers in loose clusters or panicles.
+
+4. Nicotiana Latissima, the great broad-leaved or Oroonoko; formerly, as
+Mr. Miller says, sown in England, and generally taken for the common
+broad-leaved tobacco of Caspar Bauhin, and others, but is very different
+from it. The leaves are more than a foot and a half long, and a foot
+broad; their surfaces very rough and glutinous, and their bases half
+embrace the stalk. In a rich moist soil the stalks are more than ten feet
+high, and the upper part divides into small branches, which are terminated
+by loose bunches of flowers, standing erect: they have pretty long tubes,
+and are of a pale purplish colour. It flowers in July and August, and the
+seeds ripen in autumn. This is the sort which is commonly brought to the
+market in pots.
+
+5. Nicotiana Tabacum, broad-leaved, or sweet-scented. The stalks of this,
+which is the broad-leaved tobacco of Caspar Bauhin, seldom rise more than
+five or six feet high, and divide into more branches. The leaves are about
+ten inches long, and three and a half broad, smooth, acute, sessile; the
+flowers are rather larger, and of a brighter purple colour.
+
+6. Nicotiana Angustifolia, or narrow-leaved Virginian tobacco; rises with
+an upright branching stalk, four or five feet high. The lower leaves are a
+foot long, and three or four inches broad: those on the stalks are much
+narrower, lessening to the top, and end in very acute points, sitting
+close to the stalks.
+
+Besides these, it must be remarked, there are many other kinds of tobacco
+peculiar to different countries.
+
+_Nicotiana undulata_, or New Holland tobacco: radical leaves obovate,
+obtuse, somewhat wavy; stem-leaves sharp-pointed. It came to Kew in 1800,
+and is perennial in the green-house, flowering all summer long. The
+settlers at Port Jackson are said to use this herb as tobacco.
+
+_Nicotiana plumbaginifolia_, or lead-wort-leaved tobacco: radical leaves
+ovate, contracted at the base; stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping the stem;
+all undulated; corolla salver-shaped, acute. The native country of this
+species is unknown. It has been cultivated in some Italian gardens, and
+there were flowering specimens in May 1804, in the store of the late lady
+Amelia Hume.
+
+_Nicotiana axillaris_, or axillary tobacco: leaves opposite, ovate, flat,
+nearly sessile; stalk axillary, solitary single-flowered; corolla obtuse;
+segments of the calyx deep, spatulate. Gathered by Commerson at Monte
+Video, and communicated by Thouin to the younger Linnæus. Leaves rather
+above an inch long, and near an inch wide, downy, and apparently viscid,
+like the rest of the herbage. Fruits unknown.
+
+_Nicotiana tristis_, or dull-purple tobacco: leaves lanceolate, wavy,
+clasping the stem; corolla salver-shaped, its tube not twice the length of
+the calyx, and scarcely longer than the obtuse limb. Gathered also by
+Commerson at Monte Video.
+
+_Nicotiana rustica_, common English tobacco: leaves petioled, ovate, quite
+entire; flowers obtuse. The stalks of this seldom rise more than three
+feet high. Leaves smooth, alternate, upon short foot-stalks. Flowers in
+small loose bunches on the top of the stalks, of an herbaceous
+yellow-colour, appearing in July, and succeeded by roundish capsules,
+ripening in the autumn. This is commonly called English tobacco, from its
+having been first introduced here, and being much more hardy than the
+other sorts, insomuch that it has become a weed in many places.
+
+_Nicotiana rugosa_ of Miller, rises with a strong stalk near four feet
+high; the leaves are shaped like those of the preceding, but are greatly
+furrowed on their surface, and near twice the size, of a darker green, and
+no longer on footstalks.
+
+_Nicotiana urens_, or stinging tobacco: leaves cordate, crenate; racemes
+recurved; stem hispid, stinging. Fructification in racemes directed one
+way and revolute, with bell-shaped corollas, and cordate leaves like those
+of Nicotiana rustica; but crenate, and the whole tree prickly. Native of
+South America.
+
+_Nicotiana glutinosa_, or clammy-leaved tobacco: leaves petioled, cordate
+quite entire; flowers in racemes, pointing one way, and ringent. Stalk
+round, near four feet high, sending out two or three branches from the
+lower parts. Leaves large, heart-shaped, and a little waved.
+
+_Nicotiana pusilla_, or primrose-leaved tobacco: leaves of oblong oval,
+radical; flowers in racemes, acute. This has a pretty thick taper root
+that strikes deep in the ground; at the top of it come out six or seven
+leaves spreading on the ground, about the size of those of the common
+primrose, but a deeper green. This kind was discovered by Dr. Houstoun at
+Vera Cruz, and he sent the seed to England.
+
+_Tabacum Minimum_ (Gen. Em. 358.) appears to be another species, hitherto
+unsettled, with a branched leafy stem, a span high; leaves ovate on
+footstalks, opposite; and stalked acute, greenish-yellow flowers. The N.
+minima of Molina (Poir. in Lum. Diet. iv. 481.), is probably another
+species, or perhaps the same.
+
+Culture.--Tobacco thrives best in a warm, kindly rich soil, that is not
+subject to be over-run with weeds. In Virginia, the soil in which it
+thrives best is warm, light, and inclining to be sandy; and, therefore, if
+the plant is to be cultivated in Britain, it ought to be planted in a soil
+as nearly of the same kind as possible. Other kinds of soil might probably
+be brought to suit it, by a surface of proper manure; but we must
+remember, whatever manure is made use of, must be thoroughly incorporated
+with the soil. The best situation for a tobacco plantation is the southern
+declivity of a hill, rather gradual than abrupt, or a spot that is
+sheltered from the north winds: but at the same time it is necessary that
+the plants enjoy a free air; for without this they will not prosper.
+
+As tobacco is an annual plant, those who intend to cultivate it ought to
+be as careful as possible in the choice of the seeds; in which, however,
+with all their care, they may sometimes be deceived. The seed should be
+sown in the middle of April, or rather sooner in a forward season, in a
+bed prepared for this purpose, of such soil that has been already
+described, mixed with some warm rich manure. In a cold spring, hot beds
+are most eligible for that purpose; and gardeners imagine that they are
+always necessary: but Mr. Carver[22] tells us, that he is convinced, when
+the weather is not very severe, the tobacco seeds may be raised
+without-doors: and for this purpose gives us the following directions:
+
+"Having sown the seed in the manner above directed, on the least
+apprehension of a frost after the plants appear, it will be necessary to
+spread mats over the beds, a little elevated from the ground by poles laid
+across, that they may not be crushed. These, however, must be removed in
+the morning, soon after the sun appears, that they may receive as much
+benefit as possible from its warmth and from the air. In this manner
+proceed till the leaves have attained about two inches in length and one
+in breadth, which they will do in about a month after they are sown, or
+near the middle of May, when the frosts are usually at an end. One
+invariable rule for their being able to bear removal is, when the fourth
+leaf is shrouded, and the fifth just appears. Then take the opportunity of
+the first rains or gentle showers to transplant them into such a soil and
+situation as before described; which must be done in the following
+manner:--The land must be ploughed or dug up with spades, and made as
+mellow and light as possible. When the plants are to be placed, raise with
+the hoe small hillocks at the distance of two feet or a little more from
+each other, taking care that no hard sods or lumps are in it; and then
+just indent the middle of each, without drilling holes, as for some other
+plants.
+
+"In some climates the top is generally cut off when the plant has fifteen
+leaves; but if the tobacco is intended to be a little stronger than usual,
+this is done when it has only thirteen; and sometimes, when it is designed
+to be remarkably powerful, eleven or twelve are only allowed to expand. On
+the contrary, if the planter is desirous of having his crop very mild, he
+suffers it to put forth eighteen or twenty.
+
+"This operation, called _topping_, is much better performed by the finger
+and thumb than with any instrument, because the grasp of the fingers
+closes the pores of the plant: whereas, when it is done by instruments,
+the juices are in some degree exhausted. Care must also be taken to rip
+off the sprouts that will be continually springing up at the junction of
+the leaves with the stalks. This is termed _succouring_ or _suckering_
+the tobacco, and ought to be repeated as often as occasion requires.
+
+"When the plantation comes to a proper growth, it should then be cut down
+and placed in a barn, or covered house, where it cannot be affected by
+rain or too much air, thinly scattered over the floor; and if the sun does
+not appear for several days, they must be allowed to _milt_ in that
+manner; but in this case the quality of the tobacco is not so good."
+
+"_Cure._--After the plants have been transferred, and hung sometime,
+pressing or SMOKING, as it is technically termed, they should be taken
+down, and again laid in a heap and pressed with heavy logs of wood for
+about a week: but this climate may probably require a longer time. While
+they remain in this state it will be necessary to introduce your hand
+frequently into the heap, to discover whether the heat be not too intense;
+for in large quantities this will sometimes be the case, and considerable
+damage will be occasioned by it. When they are found to heat too much,
+that is, when the heat exceeds a moderate glowing warmth, part of the
+weight, by which they are pressed, must be taken away; and the cause being
+removed, the effect will cease. This is called the second or last
+sweating; and when completed, the leaves must be stripped from the stalks
+for use. Many omit this last sweating; but Mr. Carver thinks it takes away
+its remaining harshness, and makes it more mellow. The strength of the
+stalk is also diffused by it through the leaves, and the whole mass
+becomes equally meliorated. When the leaves are stripped from the stalks,
+they are to be tied up in bunches or _hands_, and kept in a cellar or
+other damp place. At this period the tobacco is thoroughly cured, and as
+proper for manufacturing as that imported from the colonies.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGINAL POETRY.
+
+
+NEW WORDS TO AN OLD TUNE.
+
+A COMIC DITTY.
+
+  Lieutenant Fire was fond of smoke,
+    And cash he ow'd a deal;
+  Tho' some said he'd a heart of OAK,
+    For others it could feel:
+  With wit he was,--not money stor'd,--
+    His landlord thought it meet,
+  As he'd liv'd free so long on board,
+    Why he should join the FLEET.
+
+  The station he lik'd not at all,
+    And wish'd the duty o'er;
+  He saw some fights, and many ball,
+    But ne'er saw such before.
+  To banish care, he sought a rod,
+    And smok'd like any mid,
+  But unlike some,--altho' in quod,--
+    Disdain'd to take a QUID.
+
+  And though a man, both short and stout,
+    All knew him in a crowd;
+  For oh, he never mov'd, without
+    His head was in a CLOUD:
+  In pris'n he met a friend he'd known
+    Full many years ago,
+  In 'four in hand' his cash had flown,
+    And now he'd come to WOE.
+
+  Poor Brown, alas! he had been GREEN,
+    And so his hopes had marr'd;
+  But thought it strange in turn, I ween,
+    He should be driven HARD.
+  Now he took snuff, in _quantum suff._,
+    He thought it calm'd his woes,--
+  While one friend blew the light cigar,
+    The other blew his NOSE.
+
+  "As we have bask'd in fortune's calm,
+    Now squalls come we'll not flinch,"
+  Thus spoke the tar, and gave his arm,
+    And Brown gave him a PINCH.
+  "Now, Fire, all snuffs are good, we know,
+    Except when ill-prepar'd,
+  I love a BOX and you a BLOW,
+    But keep me from BLACKGUARD.
+
+  At _Lundyfoot_ I am no hand,
+    Seldom its dust I take, ah!
+  Each day or so, by turns, I go
+    From STRASBURG to JAMAICA."
+  "'Tis well, my boy," return'd the tar,
+    "Such journeys you can wend,
+  For fuel here don't go so far,
+    Here's plenty of WALLS-END."
+
+  Of future scenes of happiness,
+    The tar he often spoke;
+  But they, indeed, as you may guess,
+    But ended all in SMOKE.
+  At length there money came one day,--
+    Each left the walls unkind;
+  The tar went out--yet strange to say,
+    His ASHES left behind!
+
+
+ODE ON TOBACCO.
+
+  Gently o'er my senses stealing,
+    Indian-weed, I love thee well;
+  Raising, soothing, passion's feeling,
+    Who can all thy magic tell:
+  Who can paint the soft entrancing,
+    All thy virtues who can know?
+  Moving visions, sweetly glancing,
+    Giving joy and calming woe.
+
+  Tell me, do the proud ones scorn ye,
+    Does the monarch on his throne,
+  In the countries where are born ye,
+    In the lands of either zone;
+  Prince and beggar, both caress thee,
+    And to thee their homage pay;
+  From Ind to Lapland, myriads bless thee,
+    All bow to thy sovereign sway.
+
+  True, there are some soft ones ever,
+    Like a drop within the sea;
+  Weak in nerves, yet vastly clever,
+    Who have vainly 'countered thee:
+  But thy strength, their own excelling,
+    Moves the wrath they cannot quell;
+  Envy makes their breast its dwelling,
+    And the grapes are sour as[23]----
+
+
+STANZAS TO A LADY.
+
+IN DEFENCE OF SMOKING.
+
+  What taught me first sweet peace to blend,
+  With hopes and fears that knew no end,
+  My dearest, truest, fondest friend?
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+  What cheer'd me in my boyhood's hour,
+  When first I felt Love's witching power,
+  To bear deceit,--false woman's dow'r?
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+  What still upheld me since the guile,
+  Attendant on false friendship's smile,
+  And I in hope, deceiv'd the while?
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+  What cheer'd me when misfortunes came,
+  And all had flown me?--still the same,
+  My only true and constant flame,
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+  What sooth'd me in a foreign land,
+  And charm'd me with its influence bland,
+  Still whisp'ring comfort, hand in hand?
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+  What charm'd me in the thoughts of past,
+  When mem'ry's gleam my eyes o'ercast,
+  And burns to serve me to the last?
+                                    My pipe, love!
+
+
+THE LAST QUID.
+
+  He seiz'd the quid,--'twas hard and dry,
+    The last one in its nook;
+  The beggar'd sailor heav'd a sigh,--
+    Despair was in his look.
+  And have I fought, and bled in vain,
+    Are all my comforts o'er--
+  When shall I see thy like again,
+    Thou last one of my store.
+
+  High and dry I've kept thee here,
+    In hopes of getting aid;
+  My cruise, alas, is lost, I fear--
+    Oh why was BACCE made!
+  I've borne all weathers, wind and rain,
+    And patiently I bore--
+  When shall I see thy like again,
+    Thou last one of my store.
+
+  His gaze was on the muddy ground,
+    And mis'ry in his eye;
+  Sudden he sprang with eager bound,
+    On something glitt'ring nigh:
+  A sovereign's aid, 'tis very plain,
+    Thank heaven, I ask no more;
+  Soon shall I see thy like again,
+    Thou last one of my store.
+
+
+
+
+ANECDOTES.
+
+
+_The Precious Pipe._--Napoleon greatly patronized the habit of smoking in
+the French army, so that it soon became actually indispensable for the
+continuance of that _gaité du coeur_, for which his troops were
+remarkable, even in the moments of severest peril. Under the cheering
+influence of the pipe, they surmounted all difficulties; and, under its
+consoling power, bore fatigue, and hunger, and thirst with a fortitude and
+philosophy, remarkable in the annals of military record. During the latter
+end of their march to Moscow, and after the burning of the Russian
+capital, they endured severe privations from the loss of their favourite
+herb, the stock of which was all expended: nor was this all; they suffered
+exceedingly through want of food and the inclemency of the weather, with
+many other evils, the smoking of tobacco had hitherto consoled them for.
+Such was the general state of the army, when a private of the _Garde
+Imperiale_, being out with a detachment on a foraging party, chanced to
+stray from the rest, and, in the skirt of a wood, came upon a little low
+deserted hut. Overjoyed in the hopes that he might find something to
+relieve his necessities, he stove in the door with the butt end of his
+musquet, and instantly commenced a scrutiny, to see if anything had been
+left behind by those who had evidently lately quitted it. The few articles
+of comfort it had formerly contained seemed, however, all to have been
+carried away in the flight of its late inmates, and he was about
+abandoning his search, when he perceived something stuffed up between the
+rafters of the ceiling. Thrusting it with his bayonet, a dark bundle fell
+at his feet: his joy may be better imagined than expressed, when, on
+untying the rag that bound it, he found a quantity of coarse tobacco.
+After filling his pouch with it, and stowing the rest of the (to him)
+invaluable treasure about his person, he pulled forth a short clay pipe,
+whose late empty bowl he had so often contemplated with melancholy regret,
+and, having struck a light, filled it with his darling herb, and commenced
+smoking immediately. "Never," said the soldier, who himself narrated the
+tale to us in Paris, "since the campaign began, when we started with the
+certainty, almost, of returning with plunder to enrich the rest of our
+lives, did I feel half the pleasurable emotions I did, the hour I spent,
+sitting in the darkened room of that hut, whiffing the grateful fumes from
+my short pipe. Indulging in visions that for a long time had been a
+stranger to me, the much-boasted pleasures of the opium eaters, were
+nothing in comparison to mine.--I seemed in heaven, sir."
+
+After having regained the camp, it soon became a subject of remark and
+discussion, how Faucin (the soldier's name) got his tobacco to smoke, and
+looked so cheerful, when his comrades would have given all they were worth
+for the same luxury. Knowing his extreme danger if it should be discovered
+he had any quantity of tobacco in his possession, he took every
+opportunity, when questioned, as he often was closely on the subject, to
+state that it was only a trifling remnant he had preserved. Under this
+pretence, he refused the numerous applications that were made him for
+portions, however small. At length, as his short pipe was still perceived
+week after week, emitting its savoury steam, on their toilsome march
+homewards, it was generally suspected, and he was openly told, he had
+plenty of tobacco in his knapsack, and he was threatened, in case of his
+refusal to divide a share. Firmly believing he should be robbed, if not
+murdered, by some of his comrades, who watched him with selfish eyes for
+the sake of the tobacco he carried, he was obliged by prudence to confess
+the secret to two corporals and a serjeant, and divide a quantity among
+them. While their line of march was daily and nightly strewed with the
+dead and dying, and many a gallant fellow breathed his last on the cold
+beds of snow, they were wonderfully sustained by the tobacco, that kept up
+their spirits throughout the scene of famine and desolation, and he
+reached France with the few wretched remnants of the fine troops, who had
+quitted it with the eagle's flight, amid the shouts of _vive Napoleon_.
+
+
+_An old Quiddist._--A late messenger in a certain public law-office had
+rendered himself remarkable for the very excellent economy he pursued in
+the consumption of tobacco. In term time he had always plenty to do, and
+picked up a sufficient sum to supply the deficiency of business in the
+short vacations, which enabled him to obtain as much shag as he could well
+chew at those times, but he never lost sight of the 'rainy day.' He
+frequently got drunk but never forgot the miseries of the 'LONG VACATION,'
+and accordingly acted upon the following plan, which, for its genius, has
+never been equalled in the annals of chawing:--He would begin, for
+instance, the first day of Michaelmas term, which succeeds the long
+vacation, with a NEW QUID, which he would keep only about half the usual
+time in his mouth, and extract only a portion of its nectarine sweets.
+This quid, instead of casting it at his feet, he would then transfer to a
+certain snug little shelf in the office, with the most reverential
+caution, and obtain another. This practice he would repeat five or six
+times in the course of the same day, and every day during the times before
+mentioned, and what was the result? When the long vacation commenced, and
+he had nothing to do, he had collected the amazing quantity of between 14
+and 1500 quids!!! These he worked upon, _de novo_, during the long recess,
+and 'rich and rare' indeed was the collection; it was the poor messenger's
+only comfort.
+
+
+_Dr. Aldrich._--His excessive love for smoking was well known to his
+associates; but a young student of his college, finding some difficulty
+to bring a fellow collegian to the belief of it, laid him a wager that the
+Dean Aldrich was smoking at that time (about ten o'clock in the morning).
+Away went the latter to the deanery; when, being admitted to the dean in
+his study, he related the occasion of his visit. The dean, instead of
+being disconcerted, replied in perfect good humour, "You see, sir, your
+friend has lost his wager, for I am not now smoking, but only filling my
+pipe!"
+
+
+_Chinese Arrogance._--As a precursor to the following, it will only be
+proper to relate, that in China the use of smoking and snuff-taking is
+general, although buildings are not thought requisite for curing tobacco,
+as in the West Indies, there being little apprehension of rain to injure
+the leaves when plucked. Thus the Chinese grow tobacco enough for their
+own consumption, and will not allow any to be imported, so as to
+discourage their own cultivation. This prohibition, which has long existed
+in that country, was some years ago notified to Mr. Wilkodes, the American
+consul, then at Canton, in the following manner:
+
+"May he be promoted to great powers! We acquaint you that the foreign
+opium, the dirt which is used for smoking, is prohibited by command. It
+is not permitted that it shall come to Canton. We beg you, good brother,
+to inform the honoured president of your country of the circumstance, and
+to make it known, that the dirt used for smoking is an article prohibited
+in the celestial empire."--_Paunkbyquia Mowqua, &c. Kai Hing, 22nd year,
+5th Month, 22nd day, Canton, May 22nd, 1818._
+
+
+_Sir Isaac Newton._--This illustrious individual was remarkable for
+smoking and temporary fits of mental abstraction from all around him;
+frequently being seized with them in the midst of company. Upon one
+occasion, it is related of him, that a young lady presenting her hand for
+something across the table, he seized her finger, and, quite
+unconsciously, commenced applying it as a tobacco-stopper, until awoke to
+a sense of his enormity by the screams of the fair one.
+
+
+_Extraordinary Match._--Some years ago, in a public room at Langdon Hills,
+in Essex, the conversation chancing to turn on smoking, a farmer of the
+name of _Williams_ boasting of the great quantity of tobacco he could
+consume at a sitting, challenged the room to produce his equal. Mr.
+_Bowtell_, the proprietor of the great boot-shop, Skinner-street, and
+remarkable for smoking "pipes beyond computation," travelling his round at
+that time, chanced to be present, and immediately agreed to enter the
+lists with him for five pounds a-side. A canister of the strongest shag
+tobacco was placed by the side of each at eight o'clock in the evening,
+when they began the match. Smoking very fast, by the time the clock had
+struck twelve, they had each finished sixteen pipes, when the farmer,
+through the dense atmosphere, was observed to turn pale. He still
+continued, however, dauntlessly on, but, at the end of the eighteenth
+pipe, fell stupefied off his chair, when the victory was adjudged to his
+opponent, who, calling for an extra glass of grog, actually finished his
+twentieth pipe before he retired for the night!
+
+
+
+
+DIVANS.
+
+  Nor ball, nor concert, nor theatre can boast,
+    With all their frippery and senseless fun;
+  Nor broiling taverns, when they shine the most,
+    By hot unruly spirits overrun;--
+  In dance, or song, or drunken laugh, and toast,
+    With elegance and comfort, cheaply won,--
+  To cheer the spirits and to refine the man:
+  Hail! books and mocha,--cigars and the divan!
+
+
+It is with feelings of pleasure we have remarked of late years the change
+that has gradually taken place in regard to places of public nightly
+amusement. Formerly, the metropolis had no other allurements than were
+comprised in the theatre or the tavern,--the former of these being but too
+frequently a precursor to the latter; and that latter, in its turn, among
+young men in general, to scenes of a worse, and, in the end, more fatal
+description. As a preventative in a great degree to the above incentives
+to dissipation, must we welcome the appearance of divans amongst us,
+forming, as they do, in their quiet and elegant seclusion, a pleasing and
+intellectual contrast to their more boisterous contemporaries. Divan, or
+more properly speaking, _Diwan_, by some writers is said to be of eastern
+origin, and the plural of _diw_, a devil. The appellation, says a Persian
+lexicographer, was first bestowed by a sovereign of Persia, who, on
+observing his crafty counsellors in high conclave, exclaimed, _Inan diwan
+end_--"these men are devils." _Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur_, may
+be pertinently applied, in this instance, to the councils of more
+sovereigns than those of Ispahan. Another derivation, and a more probable
+one, perhaps, is the Turkish word for sopha,--a luxury abundantly supplied
+in every divan in Turkey. In that country it is a chamber of council held
+by the Grand Seignior, his pashas, or other high tributaries, in which all
+the councillors assembled smoke their chibouques during the debate in all
+the sedate pomp of eastern magnificence. The interiors of these divans are
+represented by travellers as superbly grand, falling little short of the
+far-famed description of their harems. Coffee, it must be remarked, is the
+common beverage used by the Turks whilst smoking, and is commonly handed
+round with little or no milk or sugar, in small china cups. Taken thus,
+perhaps, nothing harmonizes with smoking so well on the palate; as the
+Rev. Dr. Walsh says, in his Travels in Turkey, speaking of tobacco, and in
+whose judicious remarks we cannot but concur, "I do not wonder at the
+general use of this most indispensable of Turkish luxuries; it is always
+the companion of coffee (mocha), and there is something so exceedingly
+congenial in the properties of both, that nature seems to have intended
+them for inseparable associates. We do not know how to use tobacco in this
+country, but defile and deteriorate it with malt liquor. When used with
+coffee, and after the Turkish fashion, it is singularly grateful to the
+taste, and refreshing to the spirits; counteracting the effects of fatigue
+and cold, and appeasing the cravings of hunger, as I have experienced."
+
+The popularity of divans in England may be best known by the rapid
+increase of their numbers since their first adoption here.
+
+At the present period there are no less than six popular divans
+(independent of several obscure ones) in London.
+
+These are,--
+
+  The Oriental Divan, Regent-street.
+  The Private Subscription Divan, Pall Mall.
+  The Royal City Divan, St. Paul's Churchyard.
+  The Royal Divan, King-street, Covent Garden.
+  The Royal Divan, Strand.
+  The Divan, Charing Cross.
+
+The whole of these divans are fitted up in a style of Asiatic splendour
+and comfort, that produces to the uncultivated eye a very novel and
+pleasing effect; while, upon a closer examination, the other senses are no
+less delighted.
+
+The Journals of every nation in Europe are a general attraction to
+linguists and foreigners, while the cream of our own ever fertile press
+leaves the English reader nothing to wish for in the way of literature.
+Indeed, no means of entertainment are found wanting at these delightful
+_soirées_; chess invites the player, pictures the eye, and occasional
+music the ear; while lounging on a sopha with a cigar in the mouth, the
+gazer might almost fancy himself in the land of the crescent.
+
+The divans in Regent-street and Pall Mall, are considered the most
+oriental of any in town, though the saloon in the Strand is perhaps the
+largest.
+
+A refinement that peculiarly distinguishes the divan in King-street, is an
+admirably laid-out garden; at night lit by numerous parti-coloured lamps;
+in the day during the summer-time it forms a pleasing attraction to all
+lovers of the cooling shade.
+
+Of the Royal City Divan, of whose elegant interior our frontispiece
+engraving presents so correct a view, we can only say that its allurements
+are peculiarly attractive. In the first place, the saloon has an advantage
+in being situated--unlike all the other divans--on the first-floor, and is
+fitted up in a very superior manner. It likewise possesses, from the
+extent and spaciousness of the premises, the additional advantage of
+private refreshment rooms, to which parties of friends can retire from the
+busy hum of the grand saloon, and enjoy the pleasures of a convivial
+glass.
+
+Altogether, we cannot help observing, ere we conclude, that great merit is
+due to the several proprietors of the divans for the tasteful and
+expensive way in which they have furnished their different saloons; while,
+from the extreme moderation of their charges, they cannot but have strong
+claims to the patronage of a discerning public.
+
+
+
+
+MEMS. FOR SMOKERS.
+
+
+Cigars.--The best and most approved cigars consumed among our nobility and
+gentry, are those brought from the Havanah in the West Indies. The
+Woodville, so called from the name of the importer, are held in the
+greatest estimation. In form, these should gradually decline from the
+middle to long and tapering ends. Color, a clear raw sienna brown,
+variegated with bright brown yellow spots. In flavour they should be light
+and spicy, draw free, leaving a firm white ash. An excellence too, that
+should distinguish these cigars from the common kind, independent of their
+taste, should be the length of time they are capable of retaining their
+light without being drawn.
+
+The strong flavoured Cuba, by smokers of long standing, when indeed a pipe
+has not altogether superseded the cigar, are in the greatest request.
+These vary in color from black to brown, according to the strength or age
+of the leaf; and like the Woodville, are also distinguished when properly
+seasoned, and kept by mildew spots, though of a darker hue.
+
+The tobacco of the Cubas growth is very frequently made up into cheroots,
+a form some prefer to the cigar, and are sold under the denomination of
+Manilla.
+
+Without entering into a description of the numerous kinds of cigars vended
+in the United Kingdom, we can only remark, as a fact well authenticated,
+that the greater and more common part, sold from eight to thirteen
+shillings the hundred; are prepared from the cabbage-leaf, soaked in a
+strong solution of tobacco-water. Cigars, so composed, are generally
+passed off under the names of _Hambro'_, _Maryland_, and _Virginia_. The
+same deceptions may be said to exist, in respect to the small cheroots,
+whether scented or not: they are, with comparatively trifling exceptions,
+nearly all of British make.
+
+The reason is obvious, why these deceits are practised: in a former part
+of this little work, we stated the duty on the imported raw leaf of
+tobacco to be three shillings per lb., while on the _manufactured_, it is
+just thrice that amount: at once a reason why a good price must needs be
+given for the genuine foreign article.
+
+A great saving is effected in purchasing cigars by the weight or box as
+imported, while from a respectable shop you may be always sure of their
+being made abroad, as they are sent under seal in boxes from the West
+Indies.
+
+
+_Tobaccos._--An idea prevails among young smokers, that tobacco,
+independent of its fancied vulgarity, is always much stronger than cigars;
+an error that is very common. Like cigars, indeed, it is of various growth
+and quality, and like them, may be had weak, or strong. The smoker, if he
+desires it, can have tobacco as weak as the mildest Havanahs. The only
+difference in their manufacture is, the leaf is cut into shreds to form
+the one, and wrapt up to form the other. The Persian, Turkish, and
+Maryland tobacco, are the mildest. The shag and twists, the strongest; the
+latter of which, as its name implies, is manufactured uncut; its
+excellence may always be told by a shining cut and an agreeable smell.
+Besides these, we have tobaccos under an infinite number of appellations,
+with all the variations in their nature, incident to climate, growth,
+age, and method of being prepared for use.
+
+The tobacco held in the greatest esteem in the East, is the Persian. The
+Turks, notwithstanding their own excellent growth of the plant, give very
+high prices to possess it; especially that which comes from, _Shiraz_.
+This is accounted the best. The moslems are also much in the habit of
+smoking a composition of opium and rose leaves with their tobacco through
+scented waters. A similar practice is common in India among the higher
+class; the same materials are made into a thick consistency and rolled
+into balls, which they term _Jugeny_. To the unpractised palate, the
+smoking of this composition has a strangely exhilarating and intoxicating
+effect.
+
+A singular habit also prevails in the island of Ceylon. Some of the
+natives wrap the leaf of a strong tobacco they call _Kapada_ into a
+lengthened form, and then covering it with the leaf of the _Wattakan_
+tree, light one end of it, and smoke by the other, till the whole is
+consumed.
+
+Besides the tobacco of the West Indies, Persia and Turkey, considerable
+quantities are cultivated in the Levant, the coasts of Greece, the
+Archipelago, the island of Malta, and Italy.
+
+_Pipes._--In reference to these essentials to smoking tobacco, a great
+variety of tastes are displayed, while that of each country forms an
+amusing contrast to that of its neighbour. In the Eastern portion of the
+globe, the gorgeous hookah or superb chibouque with their serpent train
+are caressed: in France, the short twisted pipe: in Germany, the
+merschaum: in Holland, the long slender black pipe: in America, the short
+red clay pipe, or the ingeniously manufactured, yet murderous tomahawk,
+bears the tube of comfort; while in England--happy England--all, or any of
+these, are attainable.
+
+The portable pipes the Turks are in the habit of using have their bowls
+generally made of a peculiar kind of red clay; and the tube part of
+jasmine and cherry sticks. The most expensive and those which from their
+exceeding size, and costliness, are regarded as the most sumptuous
+furniture of the mansion, are composed of a variety of materials.
+
+The tubes, which sometimes have been known to exceed twenty yards in
+length, are commonly made of leather covered with the richest velvets,
+and bound with gold or silver wire; this is generally terminated at the
+one end by a gold, silver, or amber mouth-piece; while the other (when
+used as it almost always is with scented water) tipped with a reed of a
+foot long, is placed in a decanter containing the water, through which the
+smoke is to be drawn; it is then met and joined by a similar reed, bearing
+the chafing dish; this is of silver, very large, with a fretwork cover of
+the same metal, through which the fumes of the aromatics used arise.
+
+It is by no means an uncommon thing in the East to have these tubes (which
+are remarkably flexible) carried through the wall of one apartment into
+another, that the apparatus may not be in the way of the smoker.
+
+The merschaum or German pipes, in Europe, are celebrated for the virtues
+of their bowls, which are of a very porous quality. These are composed of
+a substance thrown upon the shore by the sea in Germany, and being called
+_Ecume de Mer_ form the origin of the word Merschaum. In Germany they are
+commonly set in copper, with leather and horn tubes, but in England they
+are variously formed and ornamented with chains and tassels.
+
+_Tubes_, when they are used for cigars (whose flavour we think they
+greatly tend to spoil) should be short, and composed of amber.
+
+
+_Lights for Smoking._--The advantage of obtaining an instantaneous light,
+is perhaps seldom more appreciated than by smokers. The articles used
+until lately for the purpose of igniting cigars, when out, or travelling,
+were the Amadou, with the flint and steel--the phosphorus box, and
+pneumatic cylinder:--all of which were, more or less, uncertain or
+inconvenient, until the ingenious invention of Jones's Prometheans. These
+may very fairly be said to possess a never-failing facility in producing
+an instantaneous light.
+
+The Promethean is composed of a small bulb of glass, hermetically sealed,
+containing a small part of sulphuric acid, and surrounded by a composition
+of chlorate of potash and aromatics. This is enclosed in paper prepared
+for the purpose. The light is simply effected by giving the promethean a
+smart tap that breaks the bulb, when the acid, coming in contact with the
+composition, causes instant ignition. It must be remarked however, the
+Lucifers or chlorate matches that ignite, by drawing the match through
+sand paper, introduced by the same inventor, is decidedly bad for a cigar;
+the fumes arising from the combustion being offensive, are too apt to
+spoil the flavour of the leaf.
+
+In divans, burners called Jos-sticks, are generally used for lighting
+cigars, as they smoulder in their light, like the promethean.
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+London: Printed by Littlewood and Co. Old Bailey.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Memoires Philosophiques, Historiques, Physiques, concernant lá
+Decouverte de l'Amerique, &c. Par Don Ulloa. Traduit avec des observations
+par M----._ Paris, 1787. Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+[2] _M. Valmont de Bomare_, formerly director of the cabinets of Natural
+History, Medicine, &c. to the prince of Conde.
+
+[3] The British Historian.
+
+[4] A well-known perfumer in his day who resided in Beaufort's Buildings,
+London, A. D. 1740.
+
+[5] Scrows are the untanned hides of buffaloes, sewed with thongs of the
+same, and made up into bags or bales for the exportation of several kinds
+of American produce, as indigo, snuff, tobacco, &c. &c. The fleshy side of
+the skin is turned outwards, whilst the hairy side, partly scraped, comes
+into anything but an agreeable contact with the commodity.
+
+[6] Independent of His Royal Highness's attachment to the Columbian weed,
+the Duke has a repository where are to be seen, in curious arrangement,
+all the smoking tubes in use by the civilized inhabitants of the world,
+from the slender pipe used by the Hollander, to the magnificent Hookah
+used by the Indian prince in his Court, or on the back of his elephant;
+and so attentive is the prince to this healthy amusement, that even in his
+travelling carriage a receptacle is formed for the pipe, the tinder, the
+flint, and the steel.
+
+[7] The Pipe of Peace.
+
+[8] The two celebrated anglers.
+
+[9] See Walton's complete Angler. Charles Cotton of Beresford Hall, his
+little Fishing House.
+
+[10] Except from British possessions in America, and then it is 2_s._
+9_d._
+
+[11] A short pipe smoked by the lower orders, and generally rendered black
+by time and the frequent use of the commonest shag tobacco.
+
+[12] Sterne's Tristram Shandy.
+
+[13] Sterne's Sentimental Journey.
+
+[14] By Goldsmith.
+
+[15] Smollett's Peregrine Pickle.
+
+[16] Antiquarian fact: The identical Pipe and Chair used by the celebrated
+author of the Rambler are still in being, and are exhibited as relics of
+no ordinary value, at the house he used formerly to frequent in
+Bolt-court, Fleet-street. It now goes under the very appropriate
+appellation of Dr. Johnson's Coffee-house.
+
+[17] We more particularly refer to this fact from the reports concerning
+the Cholera Morbus that are now in circulation.
+
+[18] Discourse on the Plague, A. D. 1678--recommends tobacco smoked in a
+pipe.
+
+[19] Physician to the General Infirmary of the county of Stafford, A. D.
+1785.
+
+[20] At that time frequently so called.
+
+[21] Vide Experiments on the Effects of Oil of Tobacco on Pigeons, &c.
+&c.--Phil. Trans. Vol. xx. Part I. Append, p. 38. Fonbine sur les
+poissons, Florence. Quarto.
+
+[22] Treatise on the Culture of Tobacco.
+
+[23] I am sorry to say our leading black primer is all out; I have been
+down below, but they cannot spare any there.--_Printer's Devil._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nicotiana, by Henry James Meller
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