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diff --git a/36883-8.txt b/36883-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05f361e --- /dev/null +++ b/36883-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2676 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +March 1865, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, March 1865 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 28, 2011 [EBook #36883] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + + + + + + +THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD + +MARCH, 1865. + + + + +THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE BIBLE. + + +There are few so foolish as to close their eyes against the brilliant +rays of the mid-day sun, and, at the same time, to assert deliberately +that the sun is not yet risen, and that the world is still enveloped in +darkness. + +Nevertheless, something like this has been done quite recently by an +estimable Protestant nobleman, who has assured his Irish fellow-countrymen +that the Catholic Church, before the Reformation, "neither furthered +the interests of science nor disseminated the knowledge of God's written +word".[1] There was a time, indeed, when such a calumny would have been +received by the British public with applause, and when it would have +been echoed from Protestant pulpits by the predecessors of Colenso, and +by the ancestors of many who now hold a place in the councils of her +Majesty. But that calumny has been long since abandoned, even by the +enemies of our holy faith. Our assailants have laid aside the mask, and +revealed to the world the important fact, that whilst they clamoured for +the Bible, they were themselves its true enemies; and that, combating +the Church, their secret aim was to sap the foundations of inspired truth, +and thus undermine the very citadel which they pretended to defend. It is +not in England alone, but in France and Italy, and throughout the whole +continent, that this striking fact is seen. Everywhere society presents +the singular phenomenon of a sifting of its elements; and whilst all that +aspires to the supernatural life, or clings to revelation, virtue, or +truth, is gathered into the bosom of our holy Church, all that is without +the Catholic pale is hurried down the inclined plane of Protestantism, +and cast into the abyss of infidelity and rationalism. And yet, in the +face of this social miracle, a Protestant peer is bold enough to assert +that the Catholic Church is opposed to the progress of science and +inspired truth;--thus insulting the memory of his own illustrious +forefathers, and outraging the feelings of his fellow-countrymen. It is +not, however, as a matter of controversy that we wish to enter on the +present inquiry: we wish to view it merely as a matter of pure historic +truth. In a future number we hope to consider the relations of the Church +to science; our remarks to-day will only regard her solicitude during the +ante-Reformation period to diffuse among her children a salutary knowledge +of inspired truth as contained in the Holy Scriptures. + +1. The first question that naturally suggests itself is, did the Church +seek to remove the sacred volume from the hands of her own ministers, +that is, of those whom she destined to teach her faithful children, and +to gather all nations into her hallowed fold? The whole daily life of +these sacred ministers of itself responds to such a question. Ask their +diurnal hours, or any page of the daily Liturgy of the Church; ask those +beautiful homilies which were delivered day by day in the abbeys of +Bangor, Westminster, or Certosa, all of which breathe the sweet language +of the inspired text; ask the myriad children of St. Columban, who in +uninterrupted succession, hour by hour, chanted the praises of God in +the accents of holy writ; ask the countless sanctuaries which decked the +hills and valleys not only of our own island, but of every land on which +the light of Christian faith had shone--the peaceful abodes of those who +renounced the world's smiles and vanities to devote themselves to the +service of God, and whose every orison recalled the teaching and the +words of inspired truth. Ask even the medieval hymns published by the +present Protestant Archbishop of Dublin, which, though shorn by the +editor of much of their Catholic beauty, yet bear in each remaining +strophe a deep impress of the language and imagery of the Bible, and prove +to conviction that, so devoted was the Church of the ante-Reformation +period to the study of the inspired text, that the very thoughts of her +clergy, their language, their daily life, seemed to be cast in its sacred +mould. + +2. About 1450, long before Lutheranism was thought of, the art of printing +appeared in Europe. Now some of the first efforts, as well of the wooden +types of Gutenberg, as of the more perfect models of Faust and Schoeffer, +were directed to disseminate accurate editions of the Bible: "No book", +says one of the leading Rationalists of Germany, "was so frequently +published, immediately after the first invention of printing, as the +Latin Bible, more than one hundred editions of it being struck off before +the year 1520".[2] And yet the number of editions thus commemorated is +far below the reality. Hain, in his late _Repertorium Bibliographicum_, +printed at Tubingen, reckons consecutively _ninety-eight distinct +editions_ before the year 1500, independently of _twelve other editions_, +which, together with the Latin text, presented the glossa ordinaria or +the postillas of Lyranus. Catholic Venice was distinguished above all +the other cities of Europe for the zeal with which it laboured in thus +disseminating the sacred text. From the year 1475, when the first Venetian +edition appeared, to the close of the century, that city yielded no fewer +than _twenty-two complete editions_ of the Latin Bible, besides some +others with the notes of Lyranus. Many other cities of Italy were alike +remarkable for their earnestness in the same good cause, and we find +especially commemorated the editions of Rome, Piacenza, Naples, Vicenza, +and Brescia. + +3. Italy, however, was not only remarkable for the number of its +editions; it deserves still greater praise for the solicitude with which +it compared the existing text with that of the ancient manuscripts, +and endeavoured to present to the public editions as accurate as the +then known critical apparatus would allow. One or two editions deserve +particular notice, and in our remarks we will take the learned Vercellone +for our guide, in his _Dissertazioni Accademiche_ (Roma, 1864, pag. 102, +seq. 9). + +The most famous edition of the fifteenth century was that of Rome in +1471. It was published under the guidance of John Andrew de Bossi, +Bishop of Aleria, and was dedicated to Pope Paul II. The printers were +Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Paunartz. Their press was in the princely +palace of the illustrious Massimi family. Five hundred and fifty copies +were struck off in the edition; and on the death of Pope Paul II., his +successor, Sixtus IV., was its zealous patron. + +The Venice edition of 1495 is also of great critical importance. The +religious superior of the Camaldolese of Brescia superintended its +publication. It consisted of four volumes in folio, and presented, +together with the Latin Bible, the gloss and notes of Lyranus. This +great work was dedicated to Cardinal Francis Piccolomini, who was soon +after raised to the popedom under the name of Pius III. From its preface +we learn that not only the best preceding editions, but also _five +ancient manuscripts_, were made use of in preparing this edition. + +Still more accurate, however, is another edition, published without name +of place in 1476, but which Pauzer and Vercellone refer to the city of +Vicenza. Its editor was the learned Leonard Acate. He first sought out +with great care the most ancient and correct manuscript of the Latin +text, and then he devoted all his care to have it accurately printed. +In a short preface, he merely says: "Lector, quisquis es, si Christiane +sentis, non te pigeat hoc opus sanctissimum ... Codex practiosissimus +in lucem emendatissimus venit"; and it must be confessed that this +statement was not made without reason, since, notwithstanding all the +critical researches of the last four centuries, that edition still holds +its place amongst the most accurate and most conformable to the ancient +Latin text. + +4. Thus, then, in regard to the Latin text at least, Lord Clancarty must +admit that the Church in the ante-Reformation period was not negligent +in disseminating the Bible. And here we must remark that Latin was the +literary language of that age, and that whosoever could read at all, +was sure to be versed in the Latin tongue. How justly, then, does Mr. +Hallam, when speaking of this period, state: "There is no reason to +suspect any intention in the Church of Rome to deprive the laity of the +scriptures";[3] and how truthful are the words of another eloquent man: +"The Catholic Church is not the enemy of the Bible. I affirm it, and +I shall prove it.... She has been the guardian of its purity and the +preserver of its existence through the chances and changes of eighteen +hundred years. In the gloom of the Catacombs, and the splendour of the +Basilica, she cherished that holy book with equal reverence. When she +saw the seed of Christianity sown in the blood of the martyrs, and +braved the persecutions of the despots of the world, and when those +despots bowed before the symbol of Redemption, and she was lifted from +her earthly humbleness, and reared her mitred head in courts and +palaces, it was equally the object of her unceasing care. She gathered +together its scattered fragments, separated the true word of inspiration +from the spurious inventions of presumptuous and deceitful men, made its +teachings and its history familiar to her children in her noble liturgy; +translated it into the language which was familiar to every one who +could read at all; asserted its divine authority in her councils; +maintained its canonical authority against all gainsayers; and transmitted +it from age to age as the precious inheritance of the Christian people. +The saints whom she most reveres were its sagest commentators; and of +the army of her white-robed martyrs whom she still commemorates on +her festal days, there are many who reached their immortal crowns by +refusing on the rack and in the flames to desecrate or deny the holy +book of God".[4] And yet, if we are to believe Lord Clancarty, it is +precisely this holy Church that is opposed to science and to the +dissemination of the written word of God! + +5. But perhaps Catholics were in dread at least of the original text +of the sacred Scriptures, and placed some obstacles in the way of its +diffusion. Here, again, we appeal to the testimony of facts. The only +editions of the Old Testament which appeared in the original Hebrew +language in the fifteenth century, were all printed beneath the shadow +of the Inquisition in the Catholic land of Italy. Soncino, near Cremona, +in 1488, Naples in 1491, and Brescia in 1494, are the cities to which +belongs the glory of thus giving birth to the first editions of the +Hebrew text. Bologna, too, was privileged in being the first to publish +the Chaldaic paraphrase of Onkelos: its edition appeared in 1482; and +for the next two editions, which appeared towards the close of the +century, we are indebted to Catholic Portugal.[5] + +As to the Greek text of the New Testament, its first edition was printed +in 1514, under the auspices of an illustrious Spanish Franciscan, +Cardinal Ximenes. Though the New Testament is only the fifth volume +in the great Polyglot of Ximenes, yet it was first of all in order of +time, its text being completed on the 10th of January, 1514. Five other +editions followed in quick succession, in 1516, 1519, 1522, 1527, 1535, +all bearing the name of Erasmus.[6] The only portions of the Greek text +of the Old Testament that were printed in the fifteenth century all had +their origin in Italy, and bear the date of 1481, 1486, and 1498. + +6. It is time, however, to refer to the first great Biblical +Polyglots--those vast repertories devised by master minds, and which, +presenting in parallel columns the original texts of the Old and +New Testaments, together with the various ancient versions, are +an incalculable aid in the study of Biblical criticism and in the +interpretation of the sacred books. Even in the publication of these +great works Protestants only came to glean where the Catholics had +already reaped an abundant harvest. It was the privilege of the +illustrious order of St. Dominick to give to the world the first +Polyglot edition of a portion of the sacred text. It was entitled +"_Psalterium Hebraicum Graecum, Arabicum, et Chaldaicum cum tribus +Latinis Interpretationibus et Glossis_". From the dedication we learn +that its author was "_Fr. Augustinus Giustiniani ord. Praed. Episcopus +Nabiensis_", who inscribes this fruit of his learned labours to the +reigning pontiff, Leo X. It was in the Giustiniani palace in Genoa that +this Polyglot was printed, under the immediate superintendence of the +bishop himself, and from the same city he addressed its dedication to +Pope Leo on 1st August, 1516. An extract from this dedicatory letter +will best serve to show that the sentiments of the Catholic bishops of +the ante-Reformation period were far different from what the Earl of +Clancarty would wish us to suppose. It thus begins: + + "Scio Pater Beatissime, perlatum ad aures tuas jam diu laborasse + nos quo utrumque sacrae legis instrumentum quinque praecipuis + linguis in unum redactum corpus ederemus: opus nimirum ut meis + viribus impar ita nostrae professioni vel maxime congruens. Nihil + enim aeque sacerdoti convenit quam sacrarum litterarum expositio + et interpretatio.... An vero noster hic labor fructum aliquem sit + pariturus in Catholica matre Ecclesia cui ipse digne praesides + libuit periculum facere hoc Davidico psalterio quod ex toto opere + nunc quasi delibamus tuo dicatum nomini". + +The learned linguist, Baptista Fliscus, was requested by Giustiniani +to revise the text of the oriental versions, and sending his list of +corrections, he prefaces it with the following words: + + "Tu vero perge divinum complere negotium et quod Psalterio + Davidico tribuisti confer caeteris quoque sacrae Scripturae + partibus ut eâ tot nationum auribus accommodatâ invitetur + universus orbis ad tantarum rerum notitiam.... Tum Leo ipse + Pont. Max. cui tu opus ipsum dicasti pro sua erga omnes + benignitate et munificentia non deerit tibi quoque in cunctis + operi necessariis praesertim adeo utiliter navanti operam ei + cujus vices gerit in terris". + +Surely such expressions breathe sentiments far different from those +of hostility to the dissemination of the genuine text of the Sacred +Scriptures. + +7. The second and far more important Polyglot was prepared under the +guidance and published at the expense of a Franciscan prime minister +of Spain, the illustrious Cardinal Ximenes. This great work, which was +begun in 1502, was completed only a few weeks before the death of the +Cardinal in 1517. When the son of the printer entered the apartment of +Ximenes, "bearing the last sheets of the Polyglot, the aged Cardinal +exclaimed: "I give thee thanks, O Lord! that thou hast enabled me to +bring to the desired end the great work which I undertook". And then +turning to those around him, he added: "Of the many arduous duties which +I have performed for the benefit of the country, there is nothing on +which you ought to congratulate me more than on the completion of this +edition of the Bible".[7] This Polyglot comprises all the books of the +Old and New Testaments in their original text, together with various +ancient versions. Its expense was wholly defrayed by the Cardinal, who +spared no pains to render it as complete as human efforts could effect. +His biographer especially commemorates how on one occasion he gave +the sum of £2,000 for _seven ancient Hebrew manuscripts_ which were +made use of in printing the Hebrew text; and the whole expense of the +publication amounted to £25,000, which at that period was equivalent +to four times that sum at the present day. "He made researches on all +sides", writes Hefele, "for manuscripts of the Old and New Testaments, +and sometimes was obliged to purchase them at an enormous expense, while +others generously hastened to lend them for his use, amongst whom must +be mentioned Pope Leo X. This pontiff honoured and revered Ximenes, and +still more he loved the fine arts. He therefore generously supported +him in the publication of the celebrated Polyglot. In return Ximenes +dedicated the work to his Holiness, and in the introduction gave him +public thanks in these words: 'Atque ex ipsis exemplaribus quidem, +Graeca Sanctitati Tuae debemus, qui ex ista Apostolica Bibliotheca +antiquissimos tam Veteris quam Novi Testamenti codices perquam humane +ad nos misisti': _i.e._ 'To your Holiness we are indebted for the Greek +manuscripts. You have sent us with the greatest kindness the copies +both of the Old and New Testament, the most ancient that the apostolic +library possessed".[8] In the introductory remarks to the various +volumes, the learned editor more than once acquaints us with the motives +which impelled him to this gigantic undertaking, and repeats the same +expression of gratitude to the reigning pontiff for the kind assistance +afforded him. Thus in the prolegomena he writes: "No translation can +fully and exactly represent the sense of the original, at least in that +language in which our Saviour himself spoke. It is necessary, therefore, +as St. Jerome and St. Augustine desired, that we should go back to +the origin of the sacred writings, and correct the books of the Old +Testament by the Hebrew text, and those of the New Testament by the +Greek text. Every theologian should also be able to drink of that water +'which springeth up to life eternal', at the fountainhead itself. This +is the reason, therefore, why we have ordered the Bible to be printed +in the original language with different translations. To accomplish this +task we have been obliged to have recourse to the knowledge of the most +able philologists, and to make researches in every direction for the +best and most ancient Hebrew and Greek manuscripts". Again, in the +preface to the New Testament, we read: "Illud lectorem non lateat non +quaevis exemplaria impressioni huic archetypa fuisse sed antiquissima +emendatissimaque ac tantae praeterea vetustatis ut fidem eis abrogare +nefas videatur quae sanctissimus in Christo Pater et Dominus Nester +Leo X. Pontifex Max. huic instituto favere cupiens, ex Apostolica +Bibliotheca educta misit ad Reverendissimum D. Cardinalem Hispaniae". + +Such, then, were the sentiments, such the solicitude, of the reigning +Pontiff and of the Franciscan Cardinal in publishing the great +_Complutensian Polyglot_--for it is thus it was styled, from the city of +_Complutum_, better known by the modern name of _Alcalà_, in which it +was printed. Still, if we are to credit the assertion of Lord Clancarty, +they were the enemies of science, and opposed to the dissemination of +the Word of God! How far more justly was the character of Ximenes +appreciated by the two Protestant historians, Robertson and Prescott. +The former writes: "The variety, the grandeur, and the success of his +schemes, leaves it doubtful whether his sagacity in council, his +prudence in conduct, or his boldness in execution, deserve the highest +praise". The latter, still more to the point, observes: "The Cardinal's +Bible has the merit of being the first successful attempt at a Polyglot +version of the Scriptures ... Nor can we look at it in connection with +the age, and the auspices under which it was accomplished, without +regarding it as a noble monument of learning, piety, and munificence, +which entitles its author to the gratitude of the whole Christian +world".[9] + +8. Even these two great works did not suffice for the Catholic Biblical +scholars of that age. Another still more perfect Polyglot soon followed +the Complutensian edition. It was published at Antwerp in 1569-1572, +under the auspices of Philip II. of Spain, and under the superintendence +of Cardinal de Spinoza. The most learned men of the age concurred to +complete this edition, and amongst its editors are named _Sanctes_ +_Pagnini_, _Arias Montanus_, _Raphaelengius_, and others. + +9. The Polyglot of Le Jay, published at Paris, though later in point of +time, surpassed all preceding editions in magnificence, and is generally +reputed one of the most costly and splendid works that ever issued from +the press. The booksellers of London offered the editor large sums of +money, besides other advantageous terms, on condition that it should +be called the London Polyglot. This offer, however, was contemptuously +received by Le Jay, and this immense work appeared at his own individual +expense solely, under Catholic auspices, and for the first time, in +addition to the other texts, presented to the world the Samaritan +Pentateuch. + +10. Now all these great works appeared before a single attempt was made +by Protestants to publish a Polyglot Bible; they all appeared under the +patronage of the clergy, and show the ever active solicitude of the +Catholic Church to promote a true Christian interpretation, and to +diffuse an accurate text of the Sacred Scriptures. Even in regard to +versions into the various modern languages, Catholics were ever foremost +in the field. Of these we will speak on a future day, but we cannot +close this article without commemorating another characteristic Biblical +work of the ante-Reformation period, which might be justly styled the +"_Polyglot of the illiterate_", and which is commonly known by the name +of _Biblia Pauperum_. This consisted of a series of prints presenting +the facts of prophecy of the Old law, and generally accompanied with the +representation of their fulfilment in the facts of the New Testament. +Some of the very first xylographic efforts were devoted to diffuse these +_Biblia Pauperum_, and several editions appeared in the fifteenth and +the beginning of the sixteenth century.[10] Even before the art of +printing was discovered, this ingenious sort of Polyglot, suited to the +illiterate, of whatsoever nation they might be, was diffused through the +monasteries and Catholic sanctuaries of Europe. It was indeed a tedious +labour to achieve such a work with the pen; but for the monks of the +middle age such works were a labour of love. It was only in our own day, +however, that the existence of such manuscripts has been fully proved. +The learned Heider, in his _Christian Typology_ (Vienna, 1861), first +announced their discovery in the Viennese archives; and in 1863 a +complete edition was published by him, aided by Albert Camesina, from +a manuscript of the fourteenth century. + + ALPHA. + + + + +THE SEE OF DOWN AND CONNOR. + + +The united dioceses of Down and Connor present many themes of special +interest to the student of the ecclesiastical history of our island, +and have engaged more than any other diocese of Ireland the attention +of Irish antiquarians. Suffice it to mention the learned work of Dr. +Reeves, entitled _Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, etc._, published +in 1847, and presented by the author to the Irish Archaeological +Society. Nevertheless, even in this favoured see, the succession of +bishops, as published by Ware and Harris, and subsequently adopted, +with few variations, by Reeves and Cotton, abounds with errors and +anachronisms; and hence, that the reader may learn to receive with +caution the statements even of our most esteemed antiquarians when +they are unsupported by ancient records, we propose to present a more +accurate list of the bishops of this see, from the arrival of the +English, down to the close of Elizabeth's reign. + +When De Courcy invaded Ulster in 1177, he found the Diocese of +Dundalethglas, _i.e._ Down, governed by a Bishop Malachias, who was +third in succession from the great St. Malachy. This Bishop subsequently +accompanied De Courcy into England, and was instrumental in the donations +made by that nobleman to the Abbey of St. Werburga in Chester, and to +other religious houses. He died in 1201. + +Ralph, Abbot first of Kinloss and afterwards of Melross, in Scotland, +was chosen his successor, and was confirmed by Cardinal John de Salerno, +legate of Pope Innocent III. in 1202. Having governed this see for +eleven years, he had for his successor, in 1213, Bishop Thomas, during +whose episcopate many donations were made by Hugh de Lacy to the +monastery of Dundalethglas. Matthew Paris records some facts connected +with this prelate, and especially his having held an ordination in +the great monastery of St. Alban's; he also consecrated there three +churchyards, and dedicated an altar to St. Leonard. He died in 1242. + +A contest then arose between the abbeys of Down and Bangor as to which +belonged the right of electing the bishop of the see. The Abbot of +Bangor claimed it as an ancient privilege of that great monastery, +whilst on the other hand the Benedictine Monks of Dundalethglas put +forward their claim, as constituting the chapter of the Cathedral +Church. Rome referred the question to the decision of the Archbishop of +Armagh, who, with his suffragans, in 1243, pronounced judgment in favour +of the abbey of Down, and this sentence was ratified by Pope Innocent +IV., on the 3rd of the Nones of March, 1243/4--(Theiner, _Monumen. +Vat._, page 42). + +Randal (in Latin Ranulfis) was then appointed bishop of this see. He +died in 1253, and the chapter of Down chose, without delay, a successor +in the person of Thomas Liddell, who is styled in the brief of his +appointment _Rector Ecclesiae del Rathlonge, Carnotensis_ (a mistake +for Connorensis) _Dioecesis_. King Henry III. refused to sanction this +election, and nominated Reginald, Archdeacon of Down, to the vacant see. +The chapter could not be induced to ratify this nomination; nevertheless, +the king issued a writ, commanding the Archbishop of Armagh to +consecrate Reginald, who took possession of the see in 1258. The chapter +appealed to the tribunal of the successors of St. Peter, and after a +long and tedious examination of the whole controversy, judgment was +given by Pope Clement IV., in 1265, declaring that Dr. Liddell was the +canonically elected bishop, and that the appointment of Reginald had +been from the beginning null and void. Reginald submitted with alacrity +to the decree of Rome, and was soon after appointed to the Diocese of +Cloyne. The Holy See, moreover, was pleased to confirm all the parochial +appointments which Reginald had made during the period of his disputed +appointment, adding only the clause, that the clergy thus appointed by +him should otherwise be free from all canonical impediments, and capable +of discharging the functions confided to them. The brief of Pope Clement +IV. granting this favour is dated from Perugia, the 30th April, 1265, +and begins: "Tuae devotionis promeretur affectus, ut petitionibus tuis, +quantum cum Deo possumus, favorabiliter annuamus"--(_Mon. Vat._, page +96). Two months later the bull sanctioning the appointment of Dr. +Liddell to the See of Down, was published with due solemnity in Viterbo, +where the Pontiff then resided. It begins with the statement of the +controversy which had deprived that diocese of a chief pastor for so +many years, and terminates with the hope that "eadem Dunensis Ecclesia +per tune circumspectionis industriam salubria in spiritualibus et +temporelibus suscipiat incrementa"--(_Ibid._, page 101). Thus, then, +the name of Reginald, which stands so prominent in the lists of Ware, +Reeves, and Cotton, must be cancelled from the canonical order of +episcopal succession in the See of Down. + +In 1276 Dr. Liddell was summoned to his eternal reward, and had for +his successor, the same year, Nicholas, who, from being Prior of the +Monastery of Down and treasurer of Ulster, was elected bishop by the +chapter, and confirmed by Rome. During his episcopate a controversy +was carried on, as to the rights of the Archbishop of Armagh whilst +performing the visitation of his suffragan sees. Pope Nicholas III., in +1279, commissioned the Bishop of Clonfert to examine into the various +allegations which had been made, and authorised him to cite the +Archbishop to Rome, should it be discovered that the visitation of the +see had been uncanonically performed. From this letter of the Holy +Father it incidentally results that the Archbishop of Armagh had the +privilege not only of personally making the visitation of the suffragan +episcopal sees, but also, "should any necessity so demand", of deputing +a simple clergyman to make similar visitation in particular churches or +districts of such sees--(_Mon. Vatic._, pag. 121). + +Dr. Nicholas died in 1304. His successor was Thomas Kittel, pastor of +Lesmoghan, who received possession of the temporalities of the see on +the 1st of July, 1305, and died in 1313. The chapter of St. Patrick's, +according to their no-longer disputed privilege, made choice of Thomas +Bright, prior of the cathedral, who received consecration at the hands +of Roland De Jorse, Archbishop of Armagh, in 1314. He was, in 1322, +nominated by the Holy See to inquire into the various accusations which +had been made against the Primate by the English government and others. +He died in 1327, and was buried in his own cathedral of St. Patrick. + +Reeves commemorates as his successor John of Baliconingham, rector +of Arwhyn, and there is no doubt that this prelate was chosen by the +English king, and held for some time possession of the temporalities of +the see. However, he never was Bishop of Down. Ralph, or Rodulfus, of +Kilmessan, in the diocese of Meath, a Franciscan friar, was appointed +by Pope John XXII. on the 12th of December, 1328, and consecrated in +Avignon by Bertram, the Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum. Even the English +government made no opposition, and he received the temporalities of the +see on the 1st of April, 1329. The above pastor of Arwhyn was, however, +promoted by the same pontiff to the See of Cork, and when, towards the +close of 1329, both bishops petitioned the Holy Father to be allowed to +exchange their sees, a letter was addressed from Rome to the Archbishop +of Armagh, dated the Nones of January, 1330, empowering him to grant +this favour to these bishops, should they persist in desiring it, and +should he deem it beneficial to their respective sees--(_Mon. Vatican._, +pag. 249). Stephen Segrave then held the primatial see, and he seems to +have judged such an exchange of dioceses inopportune or unnecessary, and +hence Bishop Rodulfus continued to hold the See of Down till his death +in 1353. + +In the first year of Pope Innocent VI. (1353) it was represented that +the See of Down was vacant by the death of Rodulfus: "dicta Ecclesia per +obitum Rodulphi, qui in partibus illis, Praedecessore nostro vivente, +debitum naturae persolvit"; and hence Gregory, provost of Killala, was +appointed bishop on the 29th January, 1353, and was consecrated at +Avignon by Cardinal Peter, Bishop of Palestrina. The infirm Bishop +Rodulfus, however, was not yet deceased, and Gregory was immediately +promoted to some titular bishopric. When Rodulfus finally passed to a +better world, in August, 1353, the clergy and chapter of Down petitioned +to have Richard Calf, who was prior of the monastery, advanced to the +vacant see. This petition was readily granted, and the appointment of +Dr. Richard was registered on the 2nd of the Nones of December, the same +year. A few days later he was consecrated in Avignon, by order of his +Holiness, and on the 23rd of December the following beautiful letter was +addressed to him by the Holy Father: + + "Pridem Dunensi Ecclesia Pastoris solatio destituta, Nos ad + personam tuam claris virtutum titulis insignitam nostrae mentis + aciem dirigentes, te de fratrum nostrorum consilio eidem Ecclesiae + in Episcopum praefecimus et pastorem, curam et administrationem + ipsius Ecclesiae tibi in spiritualibus et temporalibus plenarie + committendo prout in litteris nostris inde confectis plenius + continetur. Cum autem postmodum per ven. fratrem nostrum Petrum + Episcopum Bottentonensem tibi fecerimus apud Sedem Apostolicam + munus consecrationis impendi, fraternitati tuae per apostolica + scripta mandamus, quatenus apostolicae sedis beneplacitis te + conformans, ad praedictam Ecclesiam cum nostrae benedictionis + gratia te personaliter conferens, sic te in administratione ipsius, + diligenter et sollicite gerere studeas, ut utilis administratoris + industriae non immerito gaudeat se commissam, ac famae laudabilis + tuae odor ex tuis probabiliter actibus latius diffundatur, et + praeter aeternae retributions praemium nostrae benevolentiae gratiam + et favorem exinde uberius consequaris"--(_Mon. Vatic._, p. 306). + +Dr. Richard governed the diocese till his death in 1365. His successor, +the Archdeacon William, hold the see only three years, and died in +August, 1368. Ware and subsequent writers commemorate John Logan as the +next bishop. However, the bull of appointment of Richard, prior of the +Benedictine monastery of Down, which is dated 19th February, 1369, +styles him the immediate successor of William, and thus leaves no +room for Dr. Logan. The chapter was unanimous in presenting the name +of Richard to the Holy Father, and the proofs which were added "de +religionis zelo, litterarumque scientia", rendered delay unnecessary in +appointing him to the vacant see--(_Mon. Vatic._, p. 332). He ruled the +diocese till his death on the 16th of May, 1386. _Joannes Rossensis_, +from being prior of the monastery, was next elected by the chapter, and +confirmed by the Holy See. He died six years after his consecration, and +had for his successor John Dougan, who, in 1394, was translated to this +see, not from _Derry_, as Ware imagined, but from the diocese of the +Isle of Man, the Latin name for which see, _i.e._ _Sodorensis_, led the +learned author into this error. The Archives of Rome preserve several +documents connected with this prelate, some of which were published +by my esteemed friend Professor Munch, in his learned notes to the +_Chronicle of Man_, edited for the Royal University of Christiania, in +1860. The first letter which we find regarding him is a brief of Urban +V., dated January 23rd, 1367, which commences: "Probitatis et virtutum +merita super quibus apud nos fidedignorum commendaris testimonio, +nos inducunt ut tibi reddamur ad gratiam liberales". It subsequently +addresses Dr. Dougan as _Pastor of Camelyn_, in the Diocese of Down, and +appoints him Archdeacon of the see, the former Archdeacon, _William_, +having been elevated to the episcopacy early in the preceding year. The +office of Archdeacon of Down is further described as having attached to +it the care of souls, and as usually conferred on persons not belonging +to the cathedral chapter. Its annual revenue, too, is described as not +exceeding forty marks. Soon after, we find this Archdeacon appointed +Apostolic Nuncio for Ireland, and on 13th March, 1369, the privilege was +granted to him of choosing as his confessor any member of the secular +or regular clergy. The brief according this privilege thus begins: +"Benigno sunt tibi illa concedenda favore per quae sicut pie desideras +conscientiae pacem et salutem animae, Deo propitio consequi merearis. +Hinc est quod nos tuis devotis supplicationibus inclinati tibi Apostolica +auctoritate indulgemus ut quamdiu nostri et Ecclesiae Romanae servitiis +institeris aliquem idoneum et discretum in tuum possis eligere +confessorem, etc." (Dat. Romae ap. S. Petrum, 3º ld. Martii, Pontif. +N. an. septimo). + +The Bull appointing John Dougan, Archdeacon of Down, to the See of Man, +is dated November 6th, 1374, and addressed to "Joanni electo Sodorensi". +It mentions as a chief motive for this appointment, that the clergy and +people of Man had earnestly solicited it: "pro quo etiam dilecti filii, +clerus civitatis et Dioecesis Sodorensis per eorum patentes litteras +nobis super hoc humiliter supplicarunt". The Cardinal who consecrated +Dr. Dougan was the celebrated Simon de Langham, who held successively +the posts of Prior and Abbot of Westminster, Bishop of London and of +Ely, Chancellor of England, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Priest +of S. Prassede, and at the time of which we speak was Cardinal Bishop +of Palestrina. Of our prelate, it is recorded in the _Chronicle of Man_ +that he was elected Bishop on the feast of Corpus Christi, was confirmed +by the Pope on the feast of St. Leonard, and was consecrated on St. +Catherine's Day. When returning to his diocese he was arrested and +thrown into prison in the city of Boulogne, and only after several +months was liberated on the payment of a fine of five hundred marks. +The motive of this imprisonment has not been recorded. It was probably +in connection with his office of papal Nuncio, for he continued, even +when Bishop of Man, to exercise the duties of Nuncio of the Holy See for +Ireland--(_Mon. Vatican._ pag. 365: _Munch_, loc. cit. pag. 31). In 1395 +Dr. Dougan was, by Bull of Pope Boniface III., translated to Down. He +received many favours from King Henry IV., and on the 16th of September, +1405, we find a commission addressed to him (published by Rymer), +authorizing him and Jenico d'Artois to negociate a peace between the +Irish northern chieftains and the "Lord of the Isles". Dr. Dougan died +in 1412. + +The next Bishop of Down was John Sely, who had hitherto been a +Benedictine monk, and prior of the Cathedral of St. Patrick. He governed +this diocese from 1413 to 1441, when it was united to the See of Connor. +The bishops of both sees had more than once represented to the king and +to the Holy See the inadequacy of their respective revenues to support +with due decorum the episcopal dignity. On the 29th of July, 1438, a +royal decree was published permitting these bishops to sue in Rome +for a union of their sees: it states as the motive for granting this +permission that both sees, "uti fidedigna relatione suscepimus, adeo +tenues sunt et exiles ut ipsarum neutra in suis fructibus et proventibus +decentiae sufficiat Episcopali". Pope Eugene IV. lent a willing ear +to the petition of the Bishops, and no sooner had the Bishop of Down +resigned his see than John, Bishop of Connor, was by a special brief +constituted at the same time Bishop of Down, and in the following year a +papal constitution was published, instituting a real and perpetual union +of both sees. Many controversies subsequently arose, especially in +regard to the temporalities of the See of Down; Bishop John, however, +continued in undisturbed possession of the united dioceses till his +death, in 1450, and his successors have ever since retained the title +of Bishops of Down and Connor. + +The chapter of the united dioceses elected Robert Rochfort to fill +the vacant see. He was also strongly recommended to the Holy Father by +Primate Mey, who, writing to Pope Nicholas V., on 10th of April, 1451, +mentions among his other good qualities that he was "lingua Anglicana et +Hibernicâ facundus". Pope Nicholas, however, had already chosen another +pastor for that fold, and Richard Wolsey, of the order of St. Dominick, +was appointed Bishop of Down and Connor by brief of 21st June, 1451. +In this brief the See is described as vacated by the demise of "Thomas, +last Bishop of the canonically united Dioceses of Down and Connor". It +is added that the new bishop, Dr. Wolsey, was a professed member of the +order of St. Dominick, remarkable for his zeal, and prudence, and other +virtues--(_De Burgo_, pag. 474). He held the see for more than five +years, and had for his successor Thomas, prior of St. Catherine's, +Waterford, who was consecrated by Archbishop Mey on the 31st of May, +1456. His Episcopate lasted for thirteen years, and we find a letter of +Paul II. addressed to him on the 16th of April, 1469, empowering him +to grant to the friars observant of St. Francis some houses which had +been abandoned by the conventual branch of the Franciscan order. This +beautiful letter thus begins: "Inter caeteros ordines in agro dominico +plantatos sacrum ordinem beati Francisci gerentes in visceribus +caritatis, ad ea ex pastorali officio nobis Divina dispensatione +commisso libenter intendimus, per quae ordo ipse ad laudem Dei et +exaltationem fidei Catholicae ubilibet reflorescat"--(_Mon. Vatic._, +page 461). + +He was succeeded by _Thadeus_, who was consecrated at Rome, in the +Church of St. Mary _Supra Minervam_, on the 10th of September, 1469. +His death is registered in the year 1486, and his successor, _Tiberius_, +during along and eventful episcopate, governed this see till his death +in 1519. Ware, indeed, supposed that his episcopate continued till +_circa an._ 1526; but Reeves discovered an ancient record which describes +the see as vacant by our bishop's death in 1519--(_Ec. Antiq._, page 160). + +The historians of the Augustinian order mention a Bishop Thadeus, who +seems to have succeeded in 1520, and held the see till 1526. Robert +Blyth, a Benedictine and abbot of the monastery of Thorney, in +Cambridgeshire, received this diocese _in commendam_ by royal privilege +in 1526. Dr. Cromer, Archbishop of Armagh, refused to give his sanction +to this commendatory jurisdiction, and appointed to various benefices of +Down and Connor, assigning as his motive the absence of the bishop, "in +remotis agentis sine licentia summi Pontificis aut Metropolitani sui". +Dr. Blyth, however, continued to administer the diocese till 1540, when +he resigned this charge, and had for his successor Eugene Magennis, who +was proclaimed in consistory Bishop of Down and Connor in 1541. This +Bishop submitted his Bulls to the crown in 1542, and hence was admitted +not only to the temporalities of the see, but received in addition other +ecclesiastical benefices. On May 9th, 1543, a further writ of pardon was +issued in his favour (see _Morrin_, i. 91); but in all these acts of +submission no mention is made of the royal supremacy. The position of +his see rendered his submission in temporals too important to the crown +to introduce any such embittering clause, and, in fact, the northern +chieftains who submitted at the same time were exempted from all reference +to religion when professing their allegiance to the government. At all +events, no doubt can be entertained of the orthodoxy of this prelate, +and in addition to the proofs adduced by other writers, we may mention +the consistorial record for the appointment of his successor, in which +the see is described as vacant, not by the apostacy or deposition, but +simply as is usual in regard of the Catholic bishops, _per obitum +Eugenii Magnissae_. + +The precise date of Dr. Eugene's death cannot be fixed with certainty. +There is a petition addressed from Carrickfergus to the crown, printed +by Shirley (page 132), which is generally supposed to fix the see as +vacant in 1563. This petition, however, merely sets forth the desire +that, "for the better establishment and countenance of the religion of +the Gospel", her Majesty might prefer "some worthy learned man to the +Bishopric of Down, a goodly benefice, within the Pale ... who might with +special severity establish order in the Church". No mention is made of +the death of Dr. Eugene, or of the vacancy of the see; and the desire of +the petitioners to have a Protestant bishop, without mentioning such a +vacancy, seems to us rather to be a proof that the orthodox bishop was +still living. However, the petition bears no date, and Shirley merely +marks it as, "_supposed date, 1563_", under which heading he includes +the first month of 1564. + +Miler M'Grath, the next bishop, was appointed in consistory of 12th +Oct., 1565: "Referente Eminentissimo Cardinali Simonetta, Ecclesiae +Dunensi et Connorensi vacanti per obitum Eugenii Magnissae, praefectus +fuit fr. Milerius Macra eodem loco Dunii oriundus professus ord. S. +Francisci conventualium Presbyter", etc. The appointment of M'Grath had +been earnestly opposed by the holy Primate Dr. Creagh, as he himself +attests in his depositions made in the Tower of London. Indeed the only +recommendation which seems to have been made was from the northern +princes, many of whom solicited his appointment to the see, because he +was foster-brother of their cherished chieftain, Shane O'Neill. This +relationship between O'Neill and M'Grath is expressly mentioned in a +Vatican paper, and is the sole key to many documents of the period which +hitherto have been an enigma to our ecclesiastical historians. Though +M'Grath after a few years embraced a schismatical connection with the +Elizabethan government, Rome, through respect for his family, and in +hopes that reflection would bring him back from his iniquitous course to +the path of truth, delayed sentence of deposition against him till the +close of 1578/9. We make this statement on the authority of a Vatican +list of Irish sees, drawn up in 1579 or 1580, which expressly describes +the See of Down as vacant, "per depositionem Milerii ab hac sancta Sede +factam anno praeterito". + +Donatus O'Gallagher was appointed his successor, being translated +from the See of Killala to Down, in the first months of 1580. In less +than two years he was summoned to his eternal crown, and on 27th of +April, 1582, we find the following entry in the consistorial record: +"Cardinalis Senonensis proposuit Ecclesiam Dunensem et Connorensem +vacantem per obitum, de persona Cornelii O'Duibenid ord. min. de +observantia, praesentis in curia". Much might be said of the merits +of this great bishop. Whilst as yet a simple religious, he displayed +an ardent zeal for the conversion of souls to God. When consecrated +bishop, this ardour was increased an hundredfold. More than once he +was subjected to the hardships of imprisonment; nevertheless, he lived +to witness the triumph of the Irish Church over all the efforts of +Elizabeth, and having handed down to more youthful pastors the sacred +deposit of faith, his life of devotedness and charity merited for him +the martyr's crown, which he happily attained on the 11th of February, +1612. + +We must now give a glance at the claims of those whom the Established +Church reveres as its first fathers in this ancient see. It suffices +merely to state their claims, to discern whether they are to be reckoned +amongst the true shepherds of the flock, or amongst those wolves whose +mission it is to rend and scatter the sacred fold of Christ. + +On the 6th of January, 1565, instructions were sent to the Lord Justice +of Ireland to advance James MacCaghwell to the bishopric of Down. It +was, however, too perilous an experiment for a nominee of Elizabeth to +appear as bishop within the territory of Shane O'Neill; and hence we +find Loftus of Armagh, and Brady of Meath, petitioning Sir William +Cecil, on 16th May, 1565, to have MacCaghwell provided with some +other see, since "he durst not travel to Down through fear of bodily +harm"--(Shirley, pag. 192). + +For this reason it was not deemed expedient to have MacCaghwell +consecrated for the See of Down, and as Dr. Mant, the late Protestant +occupant of the see informs us, John Merriman was its first Protestant +bishop (vol. i., pag. 296). He was chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, and in +1568 was consecrated by Lancaster of Armagh, in St. Patrick's, Dublin. +As there was already a canonically appointed bishop holding the See +of Down, no doubt can be entertained as to the true nature of Dr. +Merriman's mission. He died in 1572, and Queen Elizabeth wrote to the +Lord Deputy Sydney, on 6th November, 1572, commanding him "_to prefer +one Brown, if he knew no better, to these sees_"--(Harris' Ware, pag. +205). Hugh Allen, however, a colonist of the Ards, was the individual +selected by the Lord Deputy, and in the month of November, 1573, he was +constituted successor of Dr. Merriman. The canonical bishop, however, +still held the see, and Dr. Allen must again be stigmatized as an +intruder. On his translation to Ferns, in 1582, the crown did not even +attempt to nominate a Protestant bishop till the year 1593; and Dr. +Mant adds that this vacancy shows "a neglect on the part of the +government rather to be lamented than explained". + +Thus, then, Dr. O'Deveny was not only the canonically appointed bishop, +but was for ten years in possession of his see, and engaged in feeding +there the flock of Christ, when Edward Edgeworth was nominated by +Elizabeth, in 1593, Bishop of Down and Connor. This dignitary, indeed, +seems never to have even seen his see; other crown nominees, however, +soon followed in rapid succession--John Charldon, in 1596; Robert +Humston, in 1602; and John Todd, in 1606, who, as Ware informs us, was, +in 1611, deposed for his public immorality and other crimes, and "soon +after died in prison in London, of poison, which he had prepared for +himself"--(Harris' Ware, pag. 207). The true pastor, Dr. O'Deveny, was +all this time at his perilous post, in season and out of season, ruling, +by divine authority, the spiritual fold assigned to his charge; and +whilst the Protestant nominee was so unhappily terminating his earthly +career, the faithful shepherd was in the very same year laying down his +life for his flock. We will conclude this hurried sketch with the words +of the Four Masters when commemorating the death of this holy bishop: +"There was not a Christian in the land of Ireland whose heart did not +shudder within him at the terror of the martyrdom which this chaste wise +divine, and perfect and truly meek righteous man suffered for the reward +of his soul. The faithful of Dublin contended with each other to see +which of them should have one of his limbs; and not only of his limbs, +but they had fine linen in readiness to prevent his blood from falling +to the ground, for they were convinced that he was one of the holy +martyrs of the Lord"--(iii. p. 2,371). + + + + +DR. COLENSO AND THE OLD TESTAMENT. + + +NO. I. + + _The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined._ By the + RIGHT REV. JOHN WILLIAM COLENSO, D.D., Bishop of Natal. London: + Longman and Co., 1862-64. + + +For three hundred years the Catholic Church has been denounced as the +enemy of the Bible. This cry was first raised by Luther; it was taken up +by Protestant sects of every denomination; it resounded through Germany, +through France, through England; it passed from generation to generation; +even at the present day its echoes are still ringing in our ears. No +defence would be admitted; no arguments would be heard. The calumny, when +once disseminated, was received by the enemies of the Church as a fact so +patent, so elementary, that any inquiry would be superfluous, any proof +unnecessary. It was taught by the preacher in his pulpit, by the divine +in his writings, by the pedagogue in his school. Little children learned +it on their mothers' knee; young men found it interwoven with history and +romance; old men clung to it as a truth impressed upon their minds in +tender infancy, and confirmed in the riper years of manhood. + +Meanwhile we were told that the Bible had found a home and a refuge +in the heart of the Protestant Church. From the Bible, as from a pure +fountain, the Protestant drank in the refreshing waters of divine faith; +in the Bible he discovered a sure antidote against the idolatry and +superstitions of Popery. To the Protestant, therefore, the Bible became +an object of that religious veneration which was due to its sacred +character. Not alone did he receive its doctrine, its history, its facts +of every kind, but every word, every syllable, every letter, he regarded +as stamped with the impress of Eternal Truth. + +But a great change seems to be now impending, and has, indeed, already +commenced. The teaching of the first Reformers is forgotten, or neglected, +by their disciples. The Bible has lost its charm. As Protestantism has +advanced in years it has increased in boldness. The same spirit which +three centuries ago _protested_ against the authority of the Pope, rises +up to-day to _protest_ against the authority of the Bible. And once again +it devolves on the Catholic Church to defend that sacred book, which has +been preserved to the world by the blood of her martyrs, and illustrated +by the eloquence of her confessors and her doctors. + +As in the great revolt of the sixteenth century, so likewise in our +time, the first murmurs of rebellion are heard in Germany. It is there +that the spirit of free inquiry is first let loose; it is there that +the Bible is first suspected and brought to trial. The various human +sciences are, in turn, summoned as witnesses against it. It is hastily +judged and rashly condemned. Little heed is paid to the venerable +antiquity of the book, to the consent of all civilized nations, to the +voice of immemorial tradition. True it is that the simple story of +the Hebrew lawgiver contains a more profound wisdom than the proudest +productions of Greek and Roman philosophy. True it is that, when the +whole world was buried in darkness and error, it gave to man a religion +which alone was pure and bright and holy. True it is that for ages it +has withstood unshaken the attacks of hostile criticism. Yet must we now +abandon it for ever as false and delusive, because, forsooth, it seems +to clash with the scarcely intelligible babblings of infant sciences. + +The contagion of these principles has, within the last few years, +reached the shores of England. They seem to touch a secret chord of +sympathy in the Protestant bosom. They have met with a ready welcome +from the press. They have penetrated into the hallowed solitudes of +the universities. And now, to the glory of free-thinkers and the shame +of all orthodox believers, they have duly taken their place on the +episcopal bench. + +Amongst the advocates of the new opinion in England, there is none more +popular in his style, none more plausible in his arguments, none more +earnest in the cause, than John William Colenso, Protestant Bishop of +Natal. Distinguished among his clerical brethren for his eminent skill +in figures, he became, some few years ago, the chosen candidate for the +see over which he now presides. He set out for his new mission armed +with the Bible, and full of zeal for the conversion of the Zulus. His +first thought was to make himself master of their tongue, and then to +give them a translation of the Bible. While engaged in this latter task, +he is asked by a "simple-minded but intelligent native, 'Is all that +true?' 'Do you really believe that all this happened thus?'"--(Part 1. +Preface, p. vii.). This very captious and subtle question seems to have +taken the bishop by surprise. He is led to reflect and to examine; and +the result of his labours is laid before us in the book to which, for a +brief space, we invite the attention of our readers. + +The position assumed by Dr. Colenso is simply this:--That the traditional +reverence with which the Bible has hitherto been received, is no reason +why it should not be submitted to the test of critical and scientifical +investigation: that he has himself applied that test to the Pentateuch +and the Book of Josue: that by that test he has proved the leading facts +in both these books to be false: that the narrative, in general, cannot +be regarded otherwise than as fabulous and legendary; nay, that, even +as a fable, it is inconsistent, impossible, and self-contradictory. So +much for those parts of the Bible to which the bishop's researches have +hitherto extended. He means to proceed with his studies in the same +spirit through the rest of the sacred books; and he is quite prepared +for any consequences to which these studies may lead him. + +Such is the general scope and character of a work which we cannot but +regard as one of the most remarkable productions of the age. It has +gained for its author a wide-spread celebrity. His ingenious arguments +are discussed in every literary circle; they find an honoured place in +our own periodical press; they are not unknown on 'change; and even in +our clubs they have been for a time the topic of the day. It is meet, +therefore, that a Catholic should be furnished with the means of +defence, and thus, in the language of St. Peter, be "ever ready to give +a reason of the hope which is in him". + +But what an arduous task this would seem even to the most learned; how +utterly beyond the reach of the simple and lowly! Here is an able and +accomplished scholar, who presses into his service Hebrew, and Greek, +and statistics, and history, and books of travels. These are formidable +weapons, which few possess, and fewer still are skilled to use. Yet we +need not, therefore, shrink from the encounter. The Catholic Church has +provided a defence for all; for the unlettered mechanic, no less than +the learned theologian. The one may take shelter beneath the protecting +shield of an infallible authority; the other need not fear to venture +into the open field, and meet the foe upon his own ground and with his +own weapons. + +Every Catholic firmly believes that, in virtue of a divine promise, +the Church is reserved free from all error in her teaching. Now, on the +subject before us, the Church has pronounced her judgment in clear and +simple words. In the Council of Trent it is defined that "God is the +author of all the books of the Old and of the New Testament"--(sessio +quarta). And, surely, it would be nothing short of blasphemy to ascribe +to God such a book as the Bible would be in the theory of Dr. Colenso. +Therefore, that theory cannot be true, and the arguments by which it is +supported must be false and delusive. + +It may be that the unlettered Catholic cannot cope with these arguments +in detail; cannot tell whether it is that the facts are untrue, or that +the logic is unsound. But he well knows that the grace of faith was +meant for all, though all have not the learning or the power to unravel +the sophistry of error. He may, therefore, in safety cling fast to +that Church which is "the pillar and the ground of Truth", and pass by +unheeded the eloquence and the subtlety of those who would fain draw +him into the arena of controversy. Conscious that he has truth upon his +side, he has nothing to fear from the progress of human learning. New +sciences may, in their infant struggles, seem for a time to clash with +that Revelation which, in God's design, they were meant to confirm, +to illustrate, and to adorn. But he may calmly await the issue of the +conflict, with a firm conviction that, in the end, the cause of truth +must triumph; that, when proof shall have taken the place of conjecture, +when theories shall have been tested by facts, when doubt and uncertainty +shall have been dispelled by new discoveries, science will then prove +to be, as she has ever been, not the enemy of religion, but her friend, +and faithful ally. + +It is not fit, however, that all should remain idle spectators of +the struggle between science and Revelation. There are many whose +intellectual acquirements, and whose opportunities, will permit them to +gird on their armour, and to go forth to battle in the cause of truth. +The rich treasures of learning and science which they have amassed +cannot be better employed, than for the ornament and defence of the +Church of God. Such men, if we may borrow a beautiful figure from the +early Fathers, are like the Hebrews of old, who, having carried away the +precious spoils of Egypt, laid them, with a profuse generosity, at the +feet of Moses for the service of the Tabernacle. As for ourselves, we +are sensible that, from our scanty means, we have little to offer. But, +in the temple of God, each one may contribute according to the measure +of his abilities. While others, therefore, bring their gold, and their +silver, and their precious stones, we may humbly venture to make our +simple offering at least of hair and skins.[11] + +We do not mean to examine in detail all the views of Dr. Colenso, nor +to refute all his arguments. Such a task would trespass too much on +our limited space, and perhaps we may add also, on the patience of our +readers. It will be more satisfactory to select a few examples, which +may fairly represent the general tone of his book and the peculiar +character of his reasoning. He is undoubtedly an agreeable and a +plausible writer. His style is graceful and simple; his logic is homely +and forcible; his manner is frank and earnest. Above all, he possesses +that peculiar tact of a clever and experienced advocate,--when his cause +is weak he can disguise its weakness; when it is strong he knows how to +exhibit its strength with clearness and vigour. Yet we hope to satisfy +our readers that his arguments cannot stand the test of rigid scrutiny. +They may indeed attract and amuse that numerous class which is ever in +search of what is novel and startling; they may bewilder and perplex +the superficial and careless reader; they may even bring conviction to +the minds of many who hold the gift of faith with an infirm grasp, and +who, in the words of the Apostle, are "carried about by every wind of +doctrine". But when submitted to a minute and careful analysis, they +will be found to be made up, for the most part, of false assumptions +and unsound reasoning. + +Let us, in the first place, clearly understand what is the issue we are +called upon to discuss. It must be remembered that we have the most +convincing, unanswerable proofs that the Pentateuch is a trustworthy +history; nay, more, that it is the Word of Eternal Truth. These proofs +have for ages stood the test of critical inquiry, and have been accepted +as valid by the great bulk of the civilized world. They are not impugned +by Dr. Colenso; they are left unshaken, untouched. But he says the +history cannot be true, for it contains "many absolute impossibilities", +and "a series of manifest contradictions and inconsistencies"--(Part i. +p. 11). + +Now we certainly admit that if any history relate as a fact that +which is _absolutely impossible_, or if it relate two facts which are +_manifestly inconsistent_ with each other, it is so far untrue. And if +these impossibilities and contradictions are of frequent occurrence, it +must forfeit the character of a truthful narrative. But it would be a +great mistake to reject as impossibilities those facts which we are +simply unable to explain. It often happens that we cannot tell _how_ +an event took place, though we are quite sure that it _did_ take place. +No one, for example, has ventured to explain _how_ Franz Müller made +his escape from the railway carriage on the evening that he murdered +Mr. Briggs; and yet all must admit that he _did_ escape. When a fact is +established by indisputable proof, we must accept that fact, even though +we may not be able to point out the means by which it was accomplished. +This is a principle so simple and plain that our readers may, perhaps, +wonder why we stop to enforce it so strongly. We can only say in reply, +that, plain and simple though it is, this principle is often overlooked +by Dr. Colenso, as the sequel of our paper will show. + +Again, while we reject as false what is _absolutely impossible_, we +must not regard as _impossible_ what is only _improbable_. Every one is +familiar with the common axiom, that it is _very probable_ a great many +_improbable_ things will come to pass. History abounds with examples to +confirm the truth of this saying. Take, for instance, the exploits of +the first Napoleon, or the career of his nephew, the present Emperor of +the French, or the vicissitudes of the ill-fated Louis Philippe. Here +the history of a single country, and for a very short period, presents +to us a tissue of startling improbabilities. And yet, we all accept the +leading facts of that history, because the evidence by which they are +established is convincing and overwhelming. Now, the evidence in support +of the Pentateuch is of the same character, and of equal weight. Hence, +nothing less than an "absolute impossibility", "a manifest contradiction", +can at all shake our belief in the truth of the story. If Dr. Colenso +prove that such impossibilities and contradictions are to be found in the +Pentateuch, he has established his point; if he fail in this, he has done +nothing. + +The first charge against the historical accuracy of the Bible which we +propose to examine, is found in chap. ix. part. i. of Dr. Colenso's work. +We shall let the author speak for himself:-- + + "'_The children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of + Egypt_'--(_Ex._, xiii. 18). + + "The word [Hebrew: chamushim], which is here rendered 'harnessed', + appears to mean 'armed', or, 'in battle array', in all the other + passages where it occurs. * * * It is, however, inconceivable that + these down-trodden, oppressed people should have been allowed by + Pharaoh to possess arms, so as to turn out at a moment's notice six + hundred thousand armed men. If such a mighty host--nearly nine times + as great as the whole of Wellington's army at Waterloo--had had arms + in their hands, would they not have risen long ago for their liberty, + or, at all events, would there have been no danger of their rising? + * * Are we to suppose, then, that the Israelites acquired their arms + by 'borrowing' on the night of the Exodus? Nothing whatever is said + of this, and the idea itself is an extravagant one. But, if even in + this, or any other way, they had come to be possessed of arms, is + it conceivable that six hundred thousand armed men, in the prime of + life, would have cried out in panic terror, 'sore afraid' (_Ex._, + xiv. 10), when they saw that they were being pursued?"--(pp. 48, 49). + +He afterwards proceeds to argue on other grounds that, according to the +Scripture narrative, the Israelites must have been possessed of arms +when they went up out of Egypt:-- + + "Besides, if they did not take it with them out of Egypt, where + did they get the armour with which, about a month afterwards, + they fought the Amalekites (_Ex._, xvii. 8-13), and 'discomfited + them with the edge of the sword'? It may, perhaps, be said that + they had stripped the Egyptians whom they 'saw lying dead upon + the sea-shore' (_Ex._, xiv. 30). And so writes Josephus (_Ant._, + ii. 16, 6):--'On the next day Moses gathered together the weapons + of the Egyptians, which were brought to the camp of the Hebrews + by the current of the sea, and the force of the winds assisting + it. And he conjectured that this, also, happened by Divine + Providence, that so they might not be destitute of weapons'. * * + The Bible story, however, says nothing about this stripping of the + dead, as surely it must have done if it really took place. * * * + And even this supposition will not do away with the fact that the + stubborn word [Hebrew: chamushim] exists in the text before us. + Besides, we must suppose that the _whole body_ of six hundred + thousand warriors were armed when they were numbered (_N._, i. 3) + under Sinai. They possessed arms, surely, at that time, according + to the story. How did they get them unless they took them out of + Egypt? + + "If, then, the historical veracity of this part of the Pentateuch + is to be maintained, we must believe that six hundred thousand + armed men (though it is inconceivable how they obtained their + arms), had, by reason of their long servitude, become so debased + and inhuman in their cowardice (and yet they fought bravely enough + with Amalek a month afterwards), that they could not strike a single + blow for their wives and children, if not for their own lives and + liberties, but could only weakly wail and murmur against Moses, + saying: 'It had been better for us to serve the Egyptians than that + we should die in the wilderness' (_Ex._, xiv. 12)--(pp. 50, 51.) + +The substance of this objection may be compressed into a few words. It +is stated in the Pentateuch that the Israelites went up _armed_ out of +Egypt. Furthermore it is stated that the number of armed men among them +was 600,000. But these statements are utterly inconsistent with other +facts contained in the same book. Therefore the narrative cannot be +regarded as historically true. + +To estimate the value of this argument, it will be necessary to inquire +if Dr. Colenso has proved that these two statements are really to be +found in the Pentateuch. We maintain that he has not. For the first, he +appeals to the words of _Exodus_, xiii. 18: "The children of Israel went +up harnessed out of the land of Egypt". This text is indeed conclusive, +if it be shown that the Hebrew word [Hebrew: chamushim] (Chamushim), which +is here translated _harnessed_, must mean _armed_, and can mean nothing +else. But has Dr. Colenso adduced any satisfactory evidence to establish +this point, so essential to his argument? Far from it. In the whole +Hebrew language there is not a single word of which the meaning is more +uncertain. It occurs but four times in the Old Testament, and never +later than in the Book of Judges. We must, therefore, be content to +conjecture its meaning partly from its etymology, partly from the +authority of early versions, and partly from the context of those +passages in which it is found. We do not, however, mean to inflict upon +our readers the dry details of a philological discussion. Nor could we +presume to set up our own judgment in these matters against the opinion +of Dr. Colenso. It will be less tedious, and more satisfactory, to +appeal to the authority of those who have made the Hebrew language the +subject of their special study, and who have availed themselves of all +the means which the science of philology can supply, to determine the +precise signification of every word in the Bible. + +It is quite clear, notwithstanding the ingenious shifts of Dr. Colenso, +that the authors of the English Protestant version regarded the word +[Hebrew: chamushim] (Chamushim) as one of obscure and doubtful meaning. +In the text it is here rendered _harnessed_, and elsewhere (_Jos._, i. +14; _Jud._, vii. 11) _armed_. But in the margin a very different idea is +suggested,--"by five in a rank", "marshalled by five". The Septuagint is +by far the oldest translation we possess of the Hebrew text. It dates +almost from a time when the Hebrew was still a spoken language; and +therefore the biblical scholars by whom it was produced must have enjoyed +many advantages, which all the learning and research of modern times +cannot supply. No one, certainly, will maintain that, if the meaning +of an important Hebrew word were clear and certain, that meaning could +have remained unknown to the authors of this celebrated version. Yet +the seventy interpreters appear to have been curiously perplexed about +the very word on which Dr. Colenso is so flippant and so confident. +Four times it occurs in the text, and each time we find a different +translation. Nay, of the four translations, not one corresponds with +the translation of Dr. Colenso. First it is rendered _in the fifth +generation_--[Greek: pemptê de genea] (_Ex._, xiii. 18). Next, _girt +as for a journey_--[Greek: euzônoi] (_Jos._, i. 14). Then, _prepared_, +_furnished_--[Greek: dieskeuasmenoi] (_Jos._, iv. 12). And in the fourth +place it is translated _of the fifty_--[Greek: tôn pentêkonta] (_Jud._, +vii. 11). + +Perhaps, however, Dr. Colenso would appeal to the authority of modern +Hebrew scholars. If so, we can assure him he would appeal in vain. +Amongst lexicographers we may refer to GESENIUS. Under the root +[Hebrew: chamesh] (Chamash) we find the following explanation:--"Hence, +part. pass. plur. [Hebrew: chamushim] (a word the etymology of which +has long been sought for) _i.e. the eager_, _active_, _brave_, _ready +prepared_ for fighting". Again, ROSENMÜLLER in his Commentary, though +he does not reject _armati_, seems to prefer the interpretation generally +adopted by the Jews, and supported by the authority of their paraphrasts. +Here are his words: "Nec igitur rejiciendum, quod Hebraei [Hebrew: +chamushim] _ad quintam costam_;--_i.e._ circa lumbos _accinctos_ proprie +significare dicunt, et hoc Exodi loco Israelitas dici exiisse expeditos +et accinctos paratosque omnibus ad iter necessariis. Quod ipsum +expresserunt Onkelos et duo reliqui Chaldaei paraphrastae", etc. + +It would be easy to cite a host of distinguished authorities unfavourable +to Dr. Colenso's interpretation. But we may well be content with these +two. They certainly deserve a place in the very foremost rank of Hebrew +scholars. Moreover, their testimony on the present question is above all +suspicion; for it is well known that they share largely in the opinions +of Dr. Colenso and his school. Nothing, therefore, could be farther from +their purpose than to sacrifice the principles of philology with a view +to defend the historical accuracy of the Bible. We beg to remind our +readers that we express no opinion as regards the genuine meaning of +this disputed word. Our position is simply this: Dr. Colenso's argument +is _totally devoid of foundation_ unless he _prove_ that the word must +mean _armed men_; and we maintain that he has utterly failed to do so; +that, after all he has written, the meaning of the word still remains +uncertain. + +He attempts, however, to support his opinion by a fact recorded in the +Pentateuch itself: "If they did not take it with them out of Egypt, +where did they get the armour, with which, about a month afterwards, +they fought the Amalekites (_Ex._, xvii. 8-13), and 'discomfited them +with the edge of the sword'?" Dr. Colenso undertakes to prove that the +Israelites are represented by Moses to have gone up _armed_ out of +Egypt. And here is his proof. If they did not bring the arms with them, +where did they get them afterwards? That is to say, after the lapse of +thirty-three centuries, when we have nothing to assist us but the very +brief and summary narrative of Moses, he asks us to explain in what way +the Israelites were supplied with arms. And if, with such scanty means +of information, we cannot tell him _how_ that fact took place, he infers +that it was therefore _impossible_. Such is the flimsy reasoning by +which he vainly hopes to shake the foundations of Christian faith. + +It seems to us that nothing could be more satisfactory than the +explanation suggested by Josephus, to whom Dr. Colenso has himself +referred. But such conjectures, however probable in themselves, and well +supported by authority, are unnecessary for our purpose. It is not for +us to explain _how_ the facts actually occurred, but for our adversary +to make good his assertion, that they are _absolute impossibilities_ or +_manifest contradictions_. + +If the first assumption in Dr. Colenso's argument is uncertain, the +second is manifestly false. He maintains that, not only are the +Israelites said to have been _armed_, but that they are represented +as having 600,000 armed men. It is the existence of _such a mighty +host_--_nearly nine times as great as the whole of Wellington's army at +Waterloo_--_with arms in their hands_, that seems to him irreconcileable +with the condition of a _down-trodden, oppressed people_. It is because +the children of Israel had 600,000 _armed men in the prime of life_ +that he cannot conceive it possible they would have _cried out in panic +terror_ "_sore afraid_". + +Now let us grant, for a moment, the point which we have just been +disputing, and let us suppose Moses explicitly to declare that the +children of Israel went up armed out of Egypt. Would this statement +convey that there were 600,000 armed men? We know, indeed, that this was +the number of the adult male population. But when we say that a people +is armed, we do not mean that every man of twenty years old and upwards +is under arms. Within the last two years how often have we heard it said +that the Poles were armed against Russia? And yet the number of Poles +actually bearing arms was not one-twentieth part of the adult male +population. Just in the same way, if it were said that the Israelites +were armed, we should understand nothing more than that a certain +proportion of the people was armed for the protection of the whole. It +would, then, be no matter for surprise that such a collection of armed +men, without organisation, without training, should be struck with terror +at the sight of the numerous and well-disciplined troops of Pharaoh, fully +equipped, and provided with horses and chariots and all the accoutrements +of war. + +Dr. Colenso, as if anticipating this reply, next appeals to the Book of +Numbers: "Besides, we must suppose that the _whole body_ of 600,000 +warriors were armed, when they were numbered (_Num._, i. 3.) under +Sinai. They possessed arms, surely, at that time, according to the +story". Here we join issue with the bishop on two points. First, he +insinuates that Moses makes mention somewhere of 600,000 _warriors_. +Secondly, he asserts that, _according to the story_, all these warriors +_possessed arms_. Now we challenge him to produce a single text from the +Pentateuch in which there occurs any mention of 600,000 _warriors_. We +are told that the Israelites numbered 600,000 _men_ of twenty years old +and upward. But where are these men called _warriors_? And again, where +is it said that all _possessed arms_? These are points which certainly +demand clear and unmistakable evidence. It would be a fact unparalleled +in history that every single man over twenty years of age, in the entire +nation, should have been _a soldier fully equipped for war_. Our author +tells us, indeed, that _we must suppose_ they were armed; that they +_possessed arms, surely_, at that time. But when we look for his proofs, +we find nothing but a naked reference to the third verse in the first +chapter in Numbers. + +Let us then look into this passage, and see if it corroborates the +assertion of Dr. Colenso. Here is the text as we find it in the English +Protestant version, to which we must suppose the bishop to have +referred:--"Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of +Israel * * from twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go +forth to war in Israel"--(_Numbers_, i. 2, 3). The people were numbered +accordingly by Moses and Aaron, and the result is given to us in the +same chapter:--"So were all those that were numbered of the children of +Israel * * from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go +forth to war in Israel; even all that were numbered were six hundred +thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty"--(vv. 45, 46). +If we are to rely upon this version, it is clear that Moses does not say +there were 600,000 _warriors_, nor 600,000 men _possessed of arms_, nor +600,000 men that _went to war_, but, simply, 600,000 men _fit_ to go to +war,--in other words, 600,000 men in the prime of life. + +But perhaps Dr Colenso would prefer to be judged by the authority of +the Hebrew text. Those who were numbered are described by the words +[Hebrew: kol yatza tsaba] (kol yotze tzaba)--_every one going forth +to the host_. In the opinion of Dr. Colenso this must mean every one +belonging to the army--every _armed warrior_. Let us see if this +interpretation is borne out by the use of the same phrase in other +passages. We find it prescribed (_Numbers_, viii. 25) that at the age of +fifty the Levites shall return from the _host_ ([Hebrew: tsaba]--tzaba) +of the service". Now, it is well known that the Levites were not +permitted to serve in the +army. Therefore, the word _host_ ([Hebrew: tsaba]) does not here mean the +_army_, but, as all commentators explain it, the body of Levites engaged +in the active service of the Tabernacle. Again, we read (_Gen._ ii. 1). +"The heavens and the earth were finished, and all the _host_ ([Hebrew: +tsaba]) of them". In this passage the word manifestly refers to the works +of the creation which had just been completed. It is also frequently +applied by the prophets to the heavenly bodies,[12] and to the choirs +of angels.[13] This word, therefore, in its primary sense, would seem +to represent a collection of men or things _marshalled in order_. +Frequently, indeed, and most fitly, it was used to designate an army; +but we deny that it was employed exclusively in that signification. + +If, then, we seek to ascertain its exact meaning in the first chapter +of _Numbers_, we must examine the context in which it is found, and the +circumstances to which it refers. Moses is commanded by God to number +the people, and the way in which he executed that command is accurately +described. There is not a word, in this, or the following chapters, +about soldiers, or arms, or warfare. The object of the census was simply +to distribute the people of Israel, according to their tribes and +families, around the Tabernacle which stood in the midst of the camp. +The position of each tribe was clearly defined, with a view to the +preservation of strict order and regularity. May we not, then, fairly +infer that by the _host_ is here meant the whole people of Israel +_marshalled_, as they were, _in order_ around the Tabernacle? It is +probable that those only were numbered who were responsible members of +the community, that is to say, all the fathers of families. + +We conclude that the argument of Dr. Colenso fails to establish any +inconsistency in the sacred narrative: first, because it is quite +uncertain that the Israelites are said to have been _armed_; secondly, +because it is simply false that they are represented to have had 600,000 +_armed warriors_. + +Our readers will perhaps be disappointed to find that they have reached +the end of our paper, and that out of the many objections of Dr. Colenso, +we have answered but one. We confess, indeed, we have done but little. +Yet it is something if we have parried even a single blow that was aimed +at the Ark of God. It is something if we have struck down even one of +that daring and defiant host with which Dr. Colenso has essayed to storm +the citadel of truth. + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. + + +From among the many questions with which we have been favoured, our +space allows us to attend in this number only to the following. For the +others we shall find place next month. + + +I. + +1º. Can _black_ or _violet_ vestments be used _indifferently_ at +_Requiem_ Masses, as stated in the _Ceremonial_ of Baldeschi, edited by +Vavaseur? (page 14), _Paris_, 1859. + +2º. "Rubrica de coloribus paramentorum non est praeceptiva, sed +directiva, unde non inducit rigorosam obligationem; quia praeceptum +S. Pii V. latum in bulla missalis, ex quo rubricae vim obligandi habent, +non se extendit ad hanc rubricam de coloribus". Ferraris, in voc. +Paramenta Sacra. + +Can a priest, therefore, use at _Requiem_ Masses vestments of any +colour, when, on any occasion, the number of priests to celebrate are +many, and the black or violet vestments few? Can we conclude that, in +such circumstances, the obligation of the rubric ceases? + +3º. Must the _ciborium_ containing particles to be consecrated, be +placed not merely on the corporal, but also on the altar stone? What is +to be done when the altar-stone is too small to contain the chalice and +large host? Can the ciborium be placed outside the stone, or should the +particles be taken from the ciborium and arranged on the corporal, so as +to rest on the altar-stone? + + * * * * * + +In reply to the first question, we beg to state that black or violet +vestments, in our opinion, cannot be used indiscriminately. The Rubric +of the Missal clearly lays down that black vestments are to be used, +and we are not aware of any authoritative decree stating the general +principle that one or the other can be used at discretion. The custom, +no doubt, has been introduced of using the violet colour in many places; +but in several instances this was done and sanctioned by authority, +through a necessity which would justify a departure from the Rubric, +inasmuch as there might not be a supply of black vestments; in other +instances, it may have been done in consequence of the opinion gradually +gaining ground that black or violet could be used indifferently. It +appears to us more correct to say, that in case of necessity the violet +can be used without much difficulty. + +But our reverend correspondent gives, as his authority, the _Ceremonial_ +of Baldeschi, edited by Vavaseur, 1859. We have consulted this author, +and we find that he refers the reader to the _Ordo Divini Officii_, Roma. +In this ordo it is stated that the colour in Missa Defunctorum is niger +vel violaceus. And the following note is appended: "S. R. C. Ann. 1670. +21 Jun. v. Cardellini in Nota ad quaest. 3. Decret. 4440. Cujus tamen +coloris (violacei) parcus admodum erit usus, et fortasse solum in aliquali +necessitate; sic Cavalieri". The decree of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites here referred to, is as follows: Oritana--"Sacra Congregatio censuit +servandum esse decretum vicarii in Ecclesia Cathedrali ne in posterum +celebrentur Missae defunctorum nisi cum colore nigro vel saltem violaceo +... Hoc die 21 Junii, 1670". + +The word _saltem_ appears to us not to allow the indiscriminate use +of black or violet, but rather the use of the violet, when the black +vestments are not at hand. + +It may not be out of place to observe here, that there are two decrees +of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences which illustrate this subject. + + Dub. 1. "Utrum qui privilegium habet personale pro quatuor + Missis in hebdomadis singulis debeat cum paramentis coloris nigri + celebrare diebus non impeditis ut possit indulgentiam Plenariam + pro Animabus Defunctorum lucrari? + + Dub. 2. "Utrum qui celebrat in Altari Privilegiato pro singulis + diebus debeat semper uti paramentis nigris diebus non impeditis + ut indulgentiam Privilegii consequatur? + + "Ad primum dubium resp. Affirmative. Ad secundum pariter ut in primo. + + "Ita decrevit sub die 11 Aprilis, 1840". + +From these two decrees it is quite clear that it is indispensable for a +priest to celebrate in black vestments on the days allowed, of course, +in order to gain the plenary indulgence, _ut possit indulgentiam +plenariam pro animabus defunctorum lucrari_. If the black or violet +could be used indifferently, there exists no reason for confining this +important privilege of a plenary indulgence to a Requiem Mass said in +black vestments. We are of opinion, therefore, that, as a general rule, +the black vestments are to be used, and the violet only _ex aliquali +necessitate_, as has been remarked in a directory which we have before +us. 'We must, however, observe that in the _Caeremoniale Episcoporum_ it +is stated that the bishop assisting at a Requiem Mass can use a black +or violet cope: "Si Episcopus noluerit celebrare, sed hujusmodi missae +pro defunctis per alium celebratae interesse eadem norma in omnibus +servabitur, quae expressa est in capite praecedenti; ipse vero Episcopus +cum cappa, vel cum pluviali nigro seu violaceo facta confessione cum +celebrante ibit cum suis assistentibus ad sedem suam"--_Caeremoniale +Episcoporum_, libro 2º, cap. 12, no. i. + +This, however, only applies to the bishop. + +Again, the _Caeremoniale_, in the same book, chapter 25th, no. vi., +treating of the function of Good Friday, says: "Episcopus et omnes +utuntur paramentis nigris si haberi possint et deficientibus nigris +coloris violacei". + +We now come to the second question, and in our answer we shall probably +have to make some observations closely connected with the subject matter +of the first question. We hold that the rubric de coloribus paramentorum +is _praeceptiva_. There are two decrees of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites bearing on this subject. + + 1. "Inter postulata a Reverendissimo Episcopo Vicen. in visitatione + ad Limina transmissa unum extat, quo ipse jure conqueritur de + confusione colorum in paramentis sacrosancto Missae sacrificio, + aliisque functionibus deservientibus, quae etiamsi sacris ritibus + opposita in dicta tamen civitate et in ceteris Episcopatus Ecclesiis + conspicitur. Huic propterea abusui providere, imo de medio tollere + volens, humillime supplicavit idem Episcopus pro opportuno remedio. + Et Sac. Rituum. Congregatio in ordinario coetu ad Vaticanum coacto + respondendum censuit _Serventur omnino rubricae generales_: facta + tamen potestate Episcopo indulgendi ut in Ecclesiis pauperibus + permittat illis uti donec consumantur". 19 Decemb., 1829. in Vicen. + + 2. "Potestne continuari usus illarum Ecclesiarum quae pro colore + tam albo, quam rubro, viridi et violaceo utuntur paramentis flavi + coloris vel mixtis diversis coloribus, praesertim si colores a + rubrica praescripti in floribus reperiantur? Resp. Servetur strictim + Rubrica quoad colorem indumentorum, 12 Nov., 1831. Marsor. ad dub. + 54. Vide _Manuale Decretorum S. Rituum Congregationis_". + +In these two decrees, the observance of the Rubric with regard to the +colour of the vestments is prescribed, "_servetur strictim Rubrica quoad +colorem indumentorum_". Such a form of words appears to us inconsistent +with the opinion that the said rubric is merely _directiva_. + +We may also observe that even the use of many colours, or rather the +mixture of them, is laid down as an abuse to be abolished, and power +is granted to the bishop to allow the use of such vestments in _poor +churches_ until they shall be no longer fit for use. If it be an abuse +to use many colours, how much greater the abuse if a colour be used +quite opposed to the rubric! It therefore seems to us that the opinion +of Ferraris is at variance with what the Sacred Congregation of Rites +lays down on this subject. He holds that the bull of St. Pius V., "_non +se extendit ad hanc rubricam de coloribus_", and the Congregation of +Rites says, "_servetur strictim Rubrica quoad colorem indumentorum_". +Indeed we must say that all discussion appears to us to be set aside on +this point by these decrees, particularly if we keep in view a decree +of the Sacred Congregation of Rites dated 23rd. May, 1846, which was +afterwards approved and confirmed by the present Pope on the 17th July, +1848, and which is as follows: "Decreta a Sacra Congregatione emanata +et responsiones quaecumque ab ipsa propositis dubiis scripto formiter +editae, eamdem habeant auctoritatem, ac si immediate ab ipso summo +Pontifice promanarent, quamvis nulla facto, fuerit de iisdem relatio +Sanctitati Suae". We hold, therefore, that the rubric is _praeceptiva_, +and ought not to be departed from unless in such cases where a real +necessity would warrant us to do so; and we may add that we would not +consider it lawful to use white vestments in a Requiem Mass, inasmuch +as we cannot conceive what necessity could turn up to justify such a +departure from the rubric. Much better would it be, in such a case, to +say the Mass of the day occurring, or some other votive Mass. + +With regard to the third question, we beg to say that the ciborium or +particles ought to be placed on the altar-stone, and that not only +during the consecration, but to the communion. The chalice and host must +be placed on it, according to the rubric; of the missal, and we see no +reason why the same thing is not to be done with the small particles +which are to be consecrated. St. Alphonsus Liguori is clearly of +this opinion: "Non igitur licet ante communionem ponere particulas +consecratas extra aram". La Croix, treating of the same subject, says: +"Post communionem sacerdotis possunt parvae hostiae ab eo consecratae +poni extra aram in corporali"; and he gives the following reason: "Quia +omnes sunt unica victima et per modem unius offeruntur". Indeed La +Croix, for the same reason, states that it would be unlawful to have +a second altar-stone, in case the one would not be large enough to +hold the small particles together with the chalice and host: "Si unum +portatile non possit cum hostia et calice capere omnes particulas +consecrandas, illicitum esset has collocare et consecrare in alio +portatili vicino". The best, and indeed the only remedy we can suggest, +especially where there are many communicants, is to procure a large +altar-stone. We have heard of some bishops declining to consecrate +any stone that was under fourteen inches in length, and twelve inches +in width, at least. It is unnecessary to observe that there is great +danger, and irreverence too, in placing a large number of particles on +a very small space or corner of an altar-stone, where an accident, and +that of the most serious nature, is likely to take place at any moment. +Perhaps it may not be amiss to remark, also, that those theologians who +hold the opinion that the rubrics are merely _directivae_, except always +such rubrics as are closely connected with the Most Blessed Sacrament, +and maintain that those are _praeceptivae_. We conclude, therefore, that +the ciborium or particles ought to be placed on the altar-stone, and if +the altar-stone be too small for the chalice and host, it ought not to +be used. + + +II. + +1º. At High Mass, ought the celebrant to elevate the Host before the +choir has terminated the singing of the Sanctus and following words? + +_Answer_: The _Caeremoniale Episcop._ lib. ii. no. 70, gives the answer: +"Chorus prosequitur cantum usque ad _Benedictus qui venit_ exclusive: +quo _finito et non prius_ elevatur sacramentum. Tunc silet chorus et +cum aliis adorat. Organum vero, si habetur, cum omni tunc melodia et +gravitate pulsandum est". The celebrant ought to proceed slowly with the +canon, so as to give time to the choir to terminate their part before he +comes to the elevation. The choir ought to be cautioned not to protract +the singing of the Sanctus too much. + +2º. At High Mass, when the celebrant has sung "Et ne nos inducas in +tentationem", in the Pater Noster, is he bound to wait until the choir +has finished singing "Sed libera nos a malo", before he says Amen? + +_Answer:_ According to a ceremonial much esteemed in Rome, published by +a missionary of St. Vincent, in Bologna, 1854, l. iv. no. 1484, the +priest is bound to wait. The choir _agit partem ministri_ in its answers +at High Mass, and on that account the priest must wait until it responds +to him, as on other occasions he waits until the server or clerk +terminates his answers. + +After the priest has sung "Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum", he must also +wait until the choir has sung "Et cum spiritu tuo", before he says "Haec +commixtio", etc. + +3º. When the deacon has sung "Ite Missa est", can the celebrant, without +waiting for the choir to answer "Deo gratias", turn to the altar and say +the prayer "Placeat"? + +_Answer_: The _Caeremoniale_, Ep. l. ii. c. viii. no. 78, says: "Diaconus +vertit faciem ad populum, renes autem celebranti ... et cantat (Ite missa +est) ... quo dicto, _ipse_ et _celebrans simul_ vertunt se per latus +epistolae ad altare, et celebrans dicit (Placeat tibi, S. Trinitas, +etc)". As the singing of "Deo gratias" occupies so short a time, it will +terminate before the priest can turn to the altar; in any case, he ought +not to commence the Placeat until the choir has responded. + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + + + Kilkee, February 7th, 1865. + +_To the Editors of the Irish Ecclesiastical Record._ + + GENTLEMEN, + + Be pleased to allow me to bring under your notice a slight mistake + noticeable in the January issue of your _Record_, and in doing so + I may be permitted to express my great satisfaction, and that of + all those who spoke to me on the subject, with the interesting and + varied matter in your _Record_. Your high character, not to speak + of stronger reasons, will secure for your statements a ready + acceptance with Catholics, and this, coupled with the very faultless + character of your extensively read periodical, renders me anxious + to have it the medium of correction to its own mistakes, however + slight. The learned writer on the Irish sees of the sixteenth + century, speaking of the vicissitudes of Clonmacnois, and of its + subjection to the metropolitical see of Tuam, says, in p. 158 of + the _Record_: "This change probably took place during the episcopate + of Bishop Symon of the Order of St. Dominick, who, though omitted + in the lists of Ware and De Burgo, was appointed to the see on + the death of Dr. Henry in 1349". Now, Symon was never Bishop of + Clonmacnois. Indeed, as remarked by the learned writer in the + _Record_, Theiner gives, in page 291, the bull of his appointment. + But the appointment was null, as the see was not vacant by the death + of Dr. Henry. Hence, by looking to the next page of Theiner, you + will see how good Pope Clement VI. acknowledges and rectifies the + mistake by appointing Symon to the see of Kildare, then vacant. + The report of Dr. Henry's death was unfounded; therefore, as + the bull of Pope Clement declares, Symon was not, and in the + circumstances could not have been, Bishop of Clonmacnois. "Cum + autem sicut postea vera relatio ad nos perduxit", etc., the Pope + says, addressing Symon, "tu nullius Ecclesiae remansisti". + + I remain, Gentlemen, + Your obedient servant, + + SYLVESTER MALONE. + + +[We feel much obliged to our learned and reverend correspondent for the +interest he takes in the success and the accuracy of the _Record_, and +we beg to assure him that the greatest attention will be paid to every +communication and suggestion from him, or from any other promoter of the +study of Irish ecclesiastical literature or antiquities. In publishing +the _Record_, our only desire is to illustrate and uphold truth, and +thus to promote the interests of religion. + +We regret that, our colleague who treated of the See of Clonmacnoise +in the January number being at present absent, we have not been able +to communicate to him the remarks contained in the above letter; we +can therefore only state that, as he was not treating of the fourteenth +century, he referred only incidentally to the appointment of Bishop +Symon in order to fix the period at which a change had been "_probably_" +effected in a matter of ecclesiastical jurisdiction connected with the +See of Clonmacnoise, and that he had no intention of giving the history +of the bishops of that diocese, or of entering into a question which +was not connected with his subject; so that, having fixed the date in +question with accuracy--as he does by referring to the appointment of +Bishop Symon to Clonmacnoise, as given by Theiner--it did not appear +necessary for him to proceed farther. + +However that may be, we can safely promise in the name of our colleague, +that he will be happy to correct any mistake into which he may have +fallen. He will be able to do so the more readily because he has been +requested to publish in a separate volume all he has written on the +succession of the Bishops in the various Sees of Ireland. When corrected +and completed, these articles will be a valuable accession to our +ecclesiastical history, whilst they will supply a triumphant answer to +an assertion of the learned Dr. Todd in the preface to his _Life of St. +Patrick_, viz.: that the original Irish Church, having merged into the +Church of the English Pale, adopted the Reformation in the sixteenth +century. That assertion undoubtedly was made hastily and without +sufficient reflection. Any one who reads the articles of the _Record_ +will find that it has no foundation in fact. Penal laws, indeed, and +brute force were employed to propagate the Reformation in Ireland, but +the true faith was so deeply rooted in the minds of the clergy and laity +of the "original Irish Church" that all the powers of Hell could not +exterminate it. + +As to Bishop Symon, mentioned by our correspondent, it appears that he +was appointed in 1349 by Clement VI. to Derry, not to Kildare. According +to Ware, there was no vacancy in that year in this last see, as it was +occupied from 1334 to 1365 by Richard Hulot and Thomas Giffard. But in +the list of the Bishops of Derry given by Ware, a Bishop Symon, of some +order of friars, is mentioned as filling that see in 1367 and 1369. The +historian states that he could not discover to what religious order that +prelate belonged, or what was the date of his consecration. The valuable +documents published by the Archivist of the Vatican, F. Theiner, show that +Bishop Symon was of the Order of St. Dominick, that he was consecrated +by Talleyrand, Bishop of Albano, that he was appointed to Derry in 1349, +and that he succeeded a Bishop Maurice who was unknown to Ware. A copy +of the brief appointing Bishop Symon to Derry, was sent to the Archbishop + of Armagh, as appears from Theiner, p. 292. This shows that the +_Ecclesia Darensis_ conferred on Bishop Symon belonged to the province +of Armagh. Kildare, indeed, was called by the same name, but it belonged +to a different province. Theiner gives the appointment of a Bishop of +Kildare at page 261, in which reference is made to his metropolitan of +Dublin. At page 64 _Ecclesia Darensis_ is mentioned again, but it is +stated to belong to the metropolitan of Armagh. Thus, although Derry and +Kildare went by the same name, it is not difficult to determine to which +see the papal Bulls regarding them belong, because mention is generally +made of the metropolitan to whose suffragan the document is addressed.] + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + +I. + +LETTER OF THE IRISH BISHOPS TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENRY GRATTAN, M.P. + +We publish the following letter, addressed by the Irish Bishops to Mr. +Grattan in the year 1795. It shows how anxious those Prelates always +were to unite education and religion, and to preserve the sources of +knowledge from being contaminated by error and infidelity. + + + Sir, + + We, the under-written Roman Catholic prelates of Ireland, having, + on behalf of ourselves and absent brethren, already expressed our + wants and wishes respecting clerical education, in the minutes + submitted to your revision and correction, take the liberty at + present to explain some of them more particularly, in order to + remove misapprehensions which may furnish an occasion of perplexity + or equivocation. + + As the principle of our application to parliament seems universally + admitted, we shall confine ourselves to those parts only of the + detail to which, as we hear, objections have been made. + + It is said, that as our plan extends to the education of the laity, + the appointment of professors to lecture on philosophy, mathematics, + rhetoric, and the languages, which are common to clergy and laity, + should not be vested in the bishops only, because these branches of + learning are not intimately connected with religion and morality, + and much less with the peculiar duties of ecclesiastics. + + We cannot subscribe to this position, as experience has convinced + us of the fatal impressions made on youth in all times and places, + particularly in France, by infidel, seditious, or immoral professors + even of grammar, and proved the necessity of scrupulous attention + to the principles and conduct of every teacher previous to his + admission into any seminary or school. It is always more advisable + to prevent evil in this manner, than punish the whisperers of + atheism and Jacobinism by a controlling power in the bishops to + expel them. Moreover, the exercise of this control will appear + odious to many, must occasion clamour, and would frequently excite + disputes between the bishops and lay friends of those unworthy + professors or lecturers. + + These observations, as you will perceive, are grounded on a + supposition that the intended colleges are to be regulated on the + precise plan presented to your consideration. We extended it to + _general instruction_ on the suggestion of our zealous and patriot + agent at London, who constantly assured us, that it was the earnest + wish of the Duke of Portland, Earl Fitzwilliam, Mr. Burke, and + others, that the laity should not be excluded from the benefit of + public instruction in the proposed colleges. + + It appears from our printed memorial to Lord Westmoreland, of + which we enclose a copy, that our original views were confined + to clerical education only. + + This continues to be the great object of our anxious wishes and + solicitude; and as no one, to our knowledge, controverts the + exclusive competency of the bishops to superintend and regulate + it, we are perfectly satisfied to arrange the education of persons + not destined for the sacred ministry on another proper plan, to be + hereafter concerted. + + As four hundred _clerical_ students are absolutely necessary to + preserve the succession of Roman Catholic Clergy in this kingdom, + we have, after very mature deliberation, judged it expedient to + establish one house in each province for their education. It is + needless now to enter into a detail of our motives. They are many + and weighty. We shall mention one. By our having a college in each + province, the opulent and religious Catholics will be more strongly + excited to grant donations to an establishment in their own + neighbourhood, than they would be to others at a great distance, + which many of them may view with jealousy, and feel hurt at not + being equally accommodated. + + We confidently hope that these four colleges will equally partake + of the national bounty in whatever time it may be granted by + Parliament. It never was our wish or intention that you should + introduce our plan of education or any part of it into Parliament, + until the Bill on general Emancipation shall be disposed of, as we + always considered the success of this to depend in a great measure + on that of the other. + + We understand that the appointment by us of a Medical and Chymical + Lecturer is objected to from our incompetency to judge of his + knowledge in these sciences. + + It was our design to consult learned professional men on the choice + of such lecturers, after ascertaining their principles and conduct; + neither did this measure of a Chymical or Medical Professor + originate with us. It was likewise suggested by our agent at London + to Government from motives of humanity. We shall most readily give + up that point, if required, as it made no part of our own plan. + + With the firmest reliance on your brilliant exertions in promoting + the measure we have so much at heart for the advantage of society + in this kingdom, and with due deference to your instructions in + conducting it on our parts, we have the honour to remain, etc. + + Dublin, 2nd February, 1795. + + Signed by eighteen Prelates. + + [+] JOHN THOMAS TROY, of Dublin. + [+] THOMAS BRAY, of Cashel. + [+] FRANCIS MOYLAN, of Cork. + [+] GERARD TEAHAN, of Kerry. + [+] WM. COPPINGER, of Cloyne and Ross. + [+] JAMES CAULFIELD, of Ferns. + [+] DANIEL DELANY, of Kildare and Leighlin. + [+] DOMINICK BELLEW, of Killala. + [+] EDMUND TRENCH, of Elphin. + [+] RICHARD O'REILLY, of Armagh. + [+] BOETIUS EGAN, of Tuam. + [+] P. J. PLUNKETT, of Meath. + [+] HUGH O'REILLY, of Clogher. + [+] MATT. LENNAN, of Dromore. + [+] JOHN CRUISE, of Ardagh. + [+] M'MULLEN, of Down and Connor. + [+] CHARLES O'REILLY, Coadjutor of Kilmore. + [+] DILLON, Coadjutor of Kilfenora and Kilmacduagh. + + +II. + +LETTER OF CARDINAL ANTONELLI TO THE ARCHBISHOPS OF IRELAND IN 1791 +REGARDING THE CHANGE IN THE CONSECRATION OATH OF BISHOPS. + + + PER-ILLUSTRES ET REVERENDISSIMI DOMINI UTI FRATRES, + + Ex literis vestris sub die 17 Novembris anni 1789 scriptis summopere + Vos commoveri intelleximus, quod cum in lucem prodierit quidam + libellus a Pseudo-Episcopo Cloynensi conscriptus, _De praesenti + Statu Ecclesiae_, occasionem inde ceperint obtrectatores nostri, + veteris calumniae adversus Catholicam Religionem acrius refricandae + nullo scilicet, modo posse hanc, salva Regum, ac Rerumpublicarum + incolumitate, consistere. Cum enim, inquiunt, Romanus Pontifex omnium + Catholicorum Pater ac Magister sit, ac tanta praeditus auctoritate, + ut alienorum Regnorum subditos a fide, ac Sacramento Regibus ac + principibus praestito relaxare possit, eumdem facili negotio turbas + ciere, ac publicae regnorum tranquillitati nocere posse propugnant. + + Miramur his vos querelis turbari potuisse, cum praesertim + praeclarissimus iste Frater vester, et consors Apostolici muneris + Archiepiscopus Caselliensis, aliique strenui jurium Apostolicae Sedis + Defensores maledica ista convicia egregiis scriptis refutarint plane + ac diluerint. Quid igitur proderit, novam nunc quemadmodum petitis, + edi ab hac Apostolica Sede declarationem, ut sua jura tueatur, + explicet, atque a criminationibus vindicet? Nihil hoc esset aliud, + quam adversus ipsammet Catholicam Fidem novos excitare hostes. Ea + enim est hujus nostri temporis improborum hominum mens, atque animus, + ut dum certare se simulant adversus Apostolicae Sedis jura, contra + ipsam tamen Fidem intentant aciem, eamque unitatem, quam Catholicae + universi Orbis Ecclesiae cum Apostolica Petri Cathedra firmissime + retinent, convellere, ac labefactare conantur. + + Itaque ad hujusmodi conatus nolite expavescere; jam enim toties + eorum calumniae repulsae sunt, ut nihil nunc agant, quam vetera ut + nova proponere, instaurare disjecta, detecta retexere. Probe jam + noverat Sanctissimus ille, nec sapientia minus, quam pietatis laude + clarissimus Antistes Franciscus Salesius, nonnisi ad ciendas turbas, + atque ad imbecilles animos commovendos, agitari haec passim, ac in + vulgus jactari. Qua de re luculentissimum ille testimonium edidit + epistola 764, tom. 6, edit. Parisien., an. 1758; quam vobis, non + perlegendam modo, sed ut providam adhibendae moderationis normam, + prae oculis habendam valde consulimus. Eodem exemplo, vos quoque + insidias detegite, et populos vestrae solicitudini commissos docete, + quae recta sunt, ut a laqueis, quos ante pedes struunt, declinare + discant, ne in transversum agantur. Id sane cum vestra pietate dignum, + tum etiam a vestra auctoritate profectum, multo magis Fidelium + vestrae Pastorali curae concreditorum mentibus insidebit atque ab + obtrectatorum calumniis vindicabit. Minime enim vobis pro vestra + doctrina ignotum esse arbitramur, quaenam sint Apostolicae Sedis + jura, quibusque argumentis propugnare possint. In hac causa illud + accuratissime est distinguendum, quae sibi jure optimo vindicet + Apostolica Sedes ab iis, quae ad inferendam calumniam a Novatoribus + hujus saeculi eidem affiguntur. Nunquam Romana Sedes docuit + haeterodoxis fidem non esse servandam, violari quacumque ex causa + posse juramentum, Regibus a Catholica communione disjunctis + praestitum; Pontifici Romano licere temporalia eorum jura, ac dominia + invadere. Horrendum vero, ac detestabile facinus etiam apud nos est, + si quis unquam, atque etiam religionis praetextu in Regum ac Principum + vitam audeat quidpiam, aut moliatur. Non haec consectaria sunt ejus + auctoritatis, qua valeat Romanus Pontifex in extremo religionis + discrimine, jurisjurandi vinculum solvere, quam tamen satis vobis + compertum est nec inter fidei dogmata recenseri, nec pro haereticis + haberi, qui ab ea dissentiunt. + + Verum neque etiam in nullo pretio haberi voluit postulationes vestras + Sanctissimus Pontifex Pius VI. ut enim omnis carpendi, ac calumniandi + eradicetur occasio, quam quidam, ut scribitis, sumunt ex iis verbis + formulae juramenti obedientiae Apostolicae Sedi praestandae et ab + Episcopis in eorum consecratione adhibendae, _Haereticos pro posse + persequar et impugnabo_, et quam quasi classicum ad bellum iis + indicendum, et tamquam hostes persequendos, atque impugnandos malevole + interpretantur, non intelligentes, eam persecutionem, atque + impugnationem, quam contra haereticos Episcopi suscipiunt, ad illud + studium, ac conatum referri, quo eos ad saniorem mentem perducere, + ac Ecclesiae Catholicae reconciliare nituntur, Sanctitas Sua benigne + annuit, ut loco precedentis juramenti formulae, altera subrogetur quae + ab Archiepiscopo Mohiloviensi, tota plaudente Petropolitana Aula, + ipsaque Imperatrice adstante palam perlecta est, quamque his litteris + alligatam ad vos transmittimus. + + Ceterum Praesules Amplissimi, qui isthic agitis excubias Domini + florentissimasque istas Hiberniae Ecclesias, divina gratia adspirante + ex Apostolice Sedis gratia administrandas suscepistis, huic Petri + Cathedra in qua Dominus posuit verbum veritatis, firmiter adhaerete, + praedicate Evangelium Christi in omni patientia, ac doctrina: in + omnibus praebete vosmetipsos exemplum bonorum operum, in doctrina, + in integritate, in gravitate, verbum sanum, irreprehensibile. Haec + si feceritis, quemadmodum jam fecisse, et deinceps incensius facturos + non dubitamus, non modo vestra virtute, ac constantia male contextas + calumnias propulsabitis, verum etiam qui _ex adverso sunt verebuntur, + nihil habentes malum dicere de vobis_. + + Enim vero, quis est, cui non perspicua sint illa, quae Ecclesia + Romana omnium mater et magistra de praestanda a subditis saeculi + potestatibus obedientia, praedicat, docet, ac praecipit? + + Ab ipso nascentis Ecclesiae exordio Apostolorum Princeps B. Petrus, + Fideles instruens, ita eos hortabatur--_Subjecti estote omni humanae + creaturae propter Deum: sive Regi, quasi praecellenti, sive Ducibus, + tamquam ab eo missis ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem vero bonorum, + quia sic est voluntas Dei, ut benefacientes obtumescere faciatis + imprudentium hominum ignorantiam._ His praeceptis instituta Catholica + Ecclesia, quum Gentiles furentibus odiis adversus Christianos, tamquam + Imperii hostes, debacharentur, praeclarissimi Christiani nominis + defensores respondebant--_Precantes_ (Tertul. _In Apologet._, c. 30) + _sumus omnes semper pro omnibus Imperatoribus, vitam illis prolixam, + imperium securum, Domum tutam, exercitum fortem, senatum fidelem, + populum probum, Orbem quietum_--Id ipsum saepius Romani Pontifices + Petri successores inculcare non destiterunt, praesertim ad + missionarios, ne ulla Catholicae fidei cultoribus, ab hostibus + Christiani nominis crearetur invidia. + + Praeclarissima in hanc rem veterum Romanorum Pontificum monumenta + proferre pretermittimus, quae vos ipsi non ignoratis. Verum nuperrimum + sapientissimi Pontificis Benedicti XIV. monitum vobis in memoriam + revocare arbitramur, qui in iis regulis, quas pro Missionibus + Anglicanis observandas proposuit, quaeque vobis etiam communes sunt, + ita inquit--_Sedulo incumbant Vicarii Apostolici, ut missionarii + saeculares probe honesteque in omnibus se gerant, quo aliis bono + exemplo sint, et in primis sacris officiis celebrandis, opportunisque + institutionibus populo tradendis, atque infirmis opera sua + sublevandis praesto sint, ut a publicis otiosorum coetibus, et + cauponis omnimode caveant ... at potissimum ipsimet vicarii, omni + qua possunt ratione, severe tamen illos puniant, qui de publico + regimine cum honore sermonem non haberent_. + + Testis autem ipsamet Anglia esse potest, quam alte istius modi + monita in Catholicorum animis radicitus egerint. In nupero enim, + qua tota fere America conflagravit bello, cum florentissimae + Provinciae, in quibus universa fere gens a Catholica Ecclesia + disjuncta immoratur, Magnae Britanniae Regis imperium abjecissent, + sola Canadensis Provincia, quae Catholicis pene innumeris constat, + quamquam callidis artibus tentata, atque etiam aviti Gallorum + dominii haud immemor, in obsequio tamen Anglorum perstitit + fidelissime. Haec vos, egregii Antistites, crebris usurpate + sermonibus, haec Episcopis Suffraganeis vestris saepius in memoriam + revocate. Cum ad populum pro concione verba facitis, iterum, atque + iterum illum admonete, _omnes honorare_, _fraternitatem diligere_, + _Deum timere_, _Regem honorificare_. Quae quidem Christiani hominis + officia cum in omni Regno, atque imperio colenda sunt, tum maxime + in isto vestro Britannico, in quo Regis sapientissimi, aliorumque + praeclarissimorum Regni procerum ea est in Catholicos voluntas, ut + non asperum, ac grave jugum imponant cervicibus vestris, sed leni, + ac blando regimine ipsi etiam Catholici utantur. Hanc agendi + rationem si unanimes retinueritis, si omnia vestra in charitate + fiant, si id unum respexeritis in regenda plebe Domini, salutem + nimirum animarum; verebuntur (iterum confirmamus), adversarii + quidpiam dicere de vobis, ultroque fatebuntur, Catholicam fidem + non modo ad beatam vitam assequendam, sed etiam (Epis. 138) ut + B. Augustinus inquit in epistola ad Marcellinum, ad terrenae hujus + Civitatis firmissimam pacem, atque ad Regnorum columen, ac praesidium + tutissimum a caelo esse delapsam: _qui doctrinam Christi_, verba sunt + S. Doctoris, _adversum dicunt esse Reipublicae dent exercitum talem, + quales doctrina Christi esse milites jussit, dent tales provinciales, + tales maritos, tales conjuges, tales parentes, tales filios, tales + dominos, tales servos, tales reges, tales judices, tales denique + debitorum redditores, et exactores ipsius fisci, quales esse praecipit + doctrina Christiana, et audeant eam dicere adversam esse Reipublicae, + imo vero non dubitent eam confiteri magnam, si ei obtemperetur, + salutem esse Reipublicae_. Hujus porro salutaris doctrinae constantem, + ac firmam integritatem nonnisi in Catholica Societate consistere, + ac vigere, quae videlicet communione cum Romana Sede velut sacro + unitatis vinculo divinitus adstricta per totum Orbem diffunditur, + ac sustentatur, idem S. Doctor, caeterique unanimi consensu Ecclesiae + Patres invictis plane argumentis apertissimè demonstrant. Deus Opt. + Max. Vos incolumes diutissime servet quemadmodum enixe optamus + pro summo nostro erga vos studio ac voluntate. Valete. + + Amplit. Vestrarum. Romae 23 Junii 1791. + Uti Frater Studiosissimus. + L. CARD. ANTONELLUS, Praef. + + A. Archiep. Adven. Secretarius. + Dominis Archiepiscopis Regnis Hiberniae. + + +III. + +RESCRIPT PERMITTING A LOW MASS DE REQUIEM TO BE SAID EVEN ON DOUBLES +_PRAESENTE CADAVERE_. + + +PERMISSIO LEGENDI MISSAM DE REQUIEM IN FESTIS DUPL. + + BEATISSIME PATER, + + Vicarii Apostolici Angliae atque eorum nomine Nicolaus Wiseman, + Episcopus Melipotamensis et in districtu, centrali vicarii + Apostolici coadjutor, ad pedes Sanctitatis Tuae provoluti humillime + supplicant ut benigne dignetur concedere, indultum in Scotia jam + existens ut scilicet in eis locis in quibus ob Sacerdotum inopiam + missa cantari non possit, legi possint etiam in festis duplicibus + missae privatae _de Requiem_ praesente cadavere. Quare, etc. + + +EX AUDIENTIA SANCTISSIMI HABITA DIE 7 MARTII 1847. + + Sanctissimus Dominus Noster Pius divina providenta PP. IX. + referente me infrascripto Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda + Fide Secretario, perpensis expositis indultum jam alias concessum + Vicariatibus Apostolicis Scotiae, benigne extendit ad omnes + vicariatus Apostolicos Angliae servatis in reliquis tenore ac + forma indulti memorati Contrariis quibuscunque non obstantibus. + + Datum Romae, ex aedib. dic. Sac. Congregationis die et anno quibus + supra. + + Gratis sine ulla omnino solutione quocunque titulo, + JOANNES ARCH. THESSALONICENSIS, Secretarius. + + LOCO [+] SIGILLI. + + + BEATISSIME PATER, + + Episcopi Hiberniae, ad pedes Beatitudinis Tuae provoluti, humillime + supplicant ut facultatem concedere digneris, qua, in iis locis in + quibus ob Sacerdotum inopiam Missa solemnis celebrari non possit, + legi possint etiam in festis duplicibus Missae Privatae _de Requiem_ + praesente cadavere. + + Quare, etc. + + +EX AUDIENTIA SANCTISSIMI HABITA DIE 29 JUNII 1862. + + Sanctissimus Dominus Noster Pius Divina Providentia Papa IX. + referente me infrascripto S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide + Secretario benigne annuit pro gratia juxta preces, exceptis + duplicibus primae vel secundae classis, festis de praecepto + servandis, feriis, vigiliis, et octavis privilegiatis. + + Datum Romae ex aedibus dictae S. Congnis. die et anno praedictis. + + Gratis sine ulla solutione quovis titulo. + + H. CAPALTI Secretarius. + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + +_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae + ex Vaticanis, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabulis deprompsit et ordine + chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, etc. Ab Honorio Pp. III. + usque ad Paulum Pp. III. 1216-1547. Romae, Typis Vaticanis, 1864. + + +When first we introduced to the notice of our readers Mgr. Theiner's +_Vetera Monumenta_, we promised to make early return to the subject, +and to furnish some account of the treasures of ecclesiastical history +contained therein. That promise we now set ourselves to fulfil. The +chief difficulty in the way of our present undertaking is created by +the rich superabundance of the varied materials which Mgr. Theiner's +industry has reunited and given to the world. A collection of one +thousand and sixty-four documents, in which are registered the shifting +phases of most of the important events in Church and State in Ireland +and Scotland which occupied the attention of thirty-seven Roman +Pontiffs, from 1216 to 1547, offers to research so vast a field, and +so boundless, that we may well be pardoned if we feel puzzled where to +begin. Our attention is, however, arrested on the very threshold of +the work by a question than which few others are more interesting to +Irishmen; namely, what position did the Roman Pontiffs take up in the +questions between Ireland and England at the beginning of the thirteenth +century? Did they, as has often been alleged, leave unreproved the +iniquities perpetrated in this country by the English, and, forgetful of +their own proper duties as Fathers of Christendom, did they shut their +heart against the cries wrung by oppression from a persecuted race? or +did they, on the contrary, stand forth in defence of the weak against +the strong, and here, as everywhere else, with apostolic justice, judge +the poor of the people, and save the children of the poor, and humble +the oppressor? The documents published in the first pages of the work +under notice supply us with materials to answer this question in the +sense most favourable to the Apostolic See. An examination of these +documents shall form the subject of our present notice. + +Before we enter upon the question we have selected, the dedication of +the book claims from us some notice, and much gratitude towards the +author. The work is dedicated to Archbishop Cullen, to whose frequent +conversations on Ireland, during pleasant summer walks with the author +in the neighbourhood of Tivoli, and to whose requests, oft repeated in +after days, Mgr. Theiner declares his collection of Irish ecclesiastical +documents to be due. He tells us, moreover, that the Archbishop's words +found him a willing labourer for the sake of Ireland; deep feelings of +admiration and compassion had long since touched his heart, and won his +pen to the cause of that stricken nation. "Who can sufficiently admire", +asks he, "that almost incredible piety and unflinching hereditary +constancy in the profession of the Catholic faith, in which, from the +earliest times, the Irish have been so firmly rooted that no assaults +could ever weaken or shake them, even though they had to struggle +against tyrannical laws, or the violence and cunning of perverse men? +How glorious a thing this is, all history is the witness; witnesses are +our ancestors and ourselves; witnesses are all the nations of Europe, +who with one accord proclaim the Irish nation a spectacle of fortitude, +so that among all Christian peoples it is deservedly styled a nation of +martyrs". + +The troubles that clouded the early years of the reign of the youthful +King Henry III. were watched with anxiety by Honorius III. In a letter +to the Archbishop of Dublin (_Theiner_, n. 4, p. 2), that Pontiff +enumerates the reasons why he felt so much solicitude for the welfare of +the English monarch. The king was a vassal of the Roman Church, and a +ward of the same; he had taken the Cross, and the Pope was apprehensive +of aught that could impede the Crusade; besides, both his kingdom and +his person had been solemnly confided to the protection of the Pope by +his father, King John, when on his death-bed in the castle at Newark. +The dangers that threatened the boy-king (he was but nine years of +age when he succeeded) were of such a nature as to demand from his +well-wishers strenuous exertions on his behalf. With the crown he had +inherited a war with Louis, afterwards Louis VIII. of France, who on +English soil had received the homage of the English barons at London, +June 2, 1216; and to this was added the bitter hostility of the barons +themselves, whom King John's perfidy had disgusted. These perils were +increased by disturbances in Scotland, where Louis had allies, and in +Ireland, where there existed a formidable party hostile to the king. On +the same day, January 17, 1217, Honorius III. wrote to Scotland and to +Ireland in the hope of calming these commotions by his authority, and of +bringing into submission those who were in arms against Henry. In his +letter to the Archbishop of Dublin he appointed that prelate delegate of +the Apostolic See, with a command to use the powers which that position +gave him to bring back harmony between the king and his subjects in +Ireland. These legatine faculties were withdrawn by another letter (n. +34, pag. 15), dated July 6, 1220, in which the Pontiff states that as +peace had been fully restored in the kingdoms of England and Ireland, +it was no longer necessary that the Archbishop should continue to act +as legate. But on the 31st of the same month letters were issued to the +Irish prelates, announcing to them the appointment of a new legate for +Ireland and Scotland, in the person of James, the Pope's chaplain and +penitentiary. On the same day, and to the same effect, letters were +issued to the King of Scotland, as well as to the Irish princes, who are +addressed thus: _Regibus Ultonie_, _Corcaie_, _Limrith_, _Connatie_, +_Insularum_. In one week after his appointment, the new legate was +commanded to exercise his authority against the English king, on behalf +of the Irish, in a matter of the greatest importance, the documents in +connection with which we will now place before our readers. + +We said before that on the 17th January, 1216, Pope Honorius III. had +written to the Archbishop of Dublin appointing him legate during the +then existing troubles. On the 14th January, 1217, just three days +before the papal letter was written, Henry III., or his adviser, the +Earl of Pembroke, wrote the following letter[14] to the justiciary of +Ireland (_Rot. Pat._ i. _Hen._ III, _m._ 14): + + "Rex, justiciario suo Hiberniae, salutem. Mandamus vobis quod, in + fide quâ nobis tenemini non permittatis quod aliquis Hiberniensis + eligatur vel praeficiatur in aliquâ ecclesiâ cathedrali in terra + nostra Hiberniae, quoniam ex hoc posset terra nostra, quod absit, + perturbari. Et quoniam, etc.... Teste ipso comite apud Oxoniam + xivº die Januarii". + +This most iniquitous design of excluding Irish ecclesiastics, no matter +how fit they might otherwise be, from the government of the Irish sees, +and from the spiritual care of their own people, provoked the indignation +of the Pope, notwithstanding the deep interest he took in Henry's +fortunes. As soon as he was informed of the plan, he at once wrote +to the legate the letter alluded to above, commanding him to declare +publicly that this law of the king was unjust, null, and void, and that, +as heretofore, deserving Irish ecclesiastics should be proposed for +vacant sees. The following is the text of the letter (_n._ 36, _p._ 16): + + "Honorius Episcopus etc. Dilecto filio Magistro Jacobo Capellano, + et penitentiario nostro, Apostolicae Sedis legato salutem etc. + Pervenit ad audientiam nostram, quosdam Anglicos inauditae + temeritatis audacia statuisse, ut nullus clericus de Ibernia, + quantumcunque litteratus et honestus existat, ad aliquam dignitatem + ecclesiasticam assumatur. Nolentes igitur tantae temeritatis et + iniquitatis abusum surdis auribus pertransire, presentium tibi + auctoritate mandamus, quatinus statutum hujusmodi publice denuntians + irritum et inane, ac inhibens ipsis Anglicis, ne vel inherere illi, + vel simile decetero attemptare presumant. Ibernienses clericos, + quibus vitae ac scientiae merita suffragantur, denunties ad + ecclesiasticas dignitates, si electi canonice fuerint, libere + admittendos. Datum apud Urbemveterem, viii. Idus Augusti, Pontificatus + nostri anno quinto". + +What the result of the legate's condemnation may have been we do not +know; what is certain is, that four years later Honorius III. found it +necessary to condemn, by his own authority, the same abuse. His letter +to the Irish clergy runs as follows (_Theiner_, _n._ 55, _p._ 23): + + "Honorius Episcopus etc. Dilectis filiis Clero Ybernensi, salutem + etc. Sicut ea, que rite ac laudabiliter fiunt, decet per Sedem + Apostolicam roborari, ut solidius in sui roboris firmitate consistant, + sic ea, que temere ac illicite presumuntur, infirmari convenit per + eandem, ne processu temporis robur indignae firmitatis assumant. + Sane nostris est jam frequenter auribus intimatum, quosdam Anglicos + inauditae temeritatis audacia statuisse, ut nullus clericus de + Ybernia, quantumcunque honestus et litteratus existat, ad aliquam + dignitatem ecclesiasticam assumatur: Nolentes igitur tantae + presumptionis et iniquitatis abusum sub dissimulatione transire, + statutum hujusmodi, omni juris et honestatis auxilio destitutum, + presentium auctoritate decernimus irritum et inane, districtius + inhibentes, ne quis vel inherere illi, vel decetero simile attemptare + presumat. Nulli etc. nostrae constitutionis et inhibitionis etc. + Si quis etc. Datum Laterani vi. Kalendas Maii P. n. an. octavo". + +Thus did the Roman Pontiffs resist this attempt to enslave the Irish +Church. + + * * * * * + + + + +FOOTNOTES. + + +[Footnote 1: _Ireland, her present condition, and what it might be._ +By the Earl of Clancarty. Dublin: 1864.] + +[Footnote 2: Ed. Reuss, "_Die Geschichte der heiligen schriften, N. T._". +Brunswick, 1853, pag. 458.] + +[Footnote 3: _View of Europe during the Mid. Ages._] + +[Footnote 4: Speech of O'Hagan on the trial of F. Petcherine.] + +[Footnote 5: See _Catalogo di opere Ebraiche_, etc., by Gustavo Zaccaria, +Fermo, 1863.] + +[Footnote 6: Erasmus's edition of 1516 was the first _published_ Greek +Testament. Its dedication to Leo X., and its publication at the expense +of the Archbishop of Canterbury, sufficiently disclose to us the +Catholic auspices under which it appeared. In the dedication, which is +dated the 1st of February, 1516, Erasmus commemorates the many glories +of the house of Medici, and especially the zeal of Pope Leo in promoting +religion and literature, and adds: "Quamquam ut ingenue dicam, quidquid +hoc est operis videri poterat humilius quam ut ei dicandum esset quo +nihil majus habet hic orbis, nisi conveniret, ut quidquid ad religionem +instaurandam pertinet haud alii consecretur quam summo religionis +principi et eidem assertori". As regards the Archbishop of Canterbury, +Erasmus writes of him that he deservedly held the post of _legate_ of +his Holiness: "Cui meipsum quoque quantus sum debeo non modo universum +studii mei proventum".] + +[Footnote 7: _Hefele_, pag. 157, and _Gomez_, pag. 38.] + +[Footnote 8: Pag. 140, seq.] + +[Footnote 9: Chap. xxi., pag. 522.] + +[Footnote 10: See Brunet. _Manuel de libraire_, Brux. 1888, tom. 2, +pag. 444] + +[Footnote 11: St. Jerome, _Prologus Galeatus_.] + +[Footnote 12: _Isaias_, xxxiv. 4 _Id._, xl. 26. _Id._, xlv. 12, _Jer._, +xxxiii. 22. _Dan._, viii. 10.] + +[Footnote 13: _Ps._, cxlviii. 2. III. _Kings_, xxii. 19. II. _Paral._, +xviii. 18.] + +[Footnote 14: Shirley's royal and other historical letters illustrative +of the reign of Henry III., vol. i., pag. 4.] + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +The Hebrew fragments transliterated in the section "Dr. Colenso and the +Old Testament may be further reviewed in Strong's Numbers as follows +(using the modern transliterations): + + chamushim: 2571. + chamesh: 2568. + kol: 3605. + yatsa: 3318. + tsaba: 6635. + +In the "Documents" section, the symbol for a "Maltese Cross" has been +represented using [+]. + +Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. + +Inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and ligatures +are preserved as printed. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, +Volume 1, March 1865, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD *** + +***** This file should be named 36883-8.txt or 36883-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/8/8/36883/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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