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+Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories of Old Kentucky
+
+Author: Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2011 [EBook #37498]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia, Ron Stephens and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  TO MY CHILDREN
+
+  EWART, LA VERNE, AND LOIS
+
+  WHO HAVE EVER BEEN MY
+
+  INSPIRING AUDIENCE
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: KENTUCKY
+  FROM ITS SETTLEMENT TO THE CIVIL WAR]
+
+
+
+  STORIES OF
+  OLD KENTUCKY
+
+  BY
+  MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL
+
+  AUTHOR OF "SETTLEMENTS AND CESSIONS OF LOUISIANA"
+
+  MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION
+  PADUCAH, KENTUCKY
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+  NEW YORK   CINCINNATI   CHICAGO
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
+  MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+  STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY.
+  E.P.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To be easily assimilated, our mental food, like our physical food,
+should be carefully chosen and attractively served.
+
+The history of the "Dark and Bloody Ground" teems with adventure and
+patriotism. Its pages are filled with the great achievements, the heroic
+deeds, and the inspiring examples of the explorers, the settlers, and
+the founders of our state. In the belief that a knowledge of their
+struggles and conquests is food that is both instructive and inspiring,
+and with a knowledge that a text on history does not always attract, the
+author sets before the youth of Kentucky these stories of some of her
+great men.
+
+This book is intended as both a supplementary reader and a text, for,
+though in story form, the chapters are arranged chronologically, and
+every fact recorded has been verified.
+
+Thanks are due to the many friends who have granted access to papers of
+historical value, to many others who have assisted in making this book a
+reality, and especially to my husband, Dr. Clyde Edison Purcell, for his
+valuable suggestions, careful criticisms, and untiring coöperation.
+
+                                              MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                    PAGE
+
+    WHEN THE OCEAN COVERED KENTUCKY                    9
+
+    THE ABORIGINES OF KENTUCKY                        10
+
+    SOME PREHISTORIC REMAINS                          16
+
+    THE DISCOVERY OF KENTUCKY                         18
+
+    INDIAN CLAIMS IN KENTUCKY                         22
+
+    SCOUWA                                            23
+
+    THE GRAVEYARD OF THE MAMMOTHS                     27
+
+    THE DRUID OF KENTUCKY                             28
+
+    A PIONEER NOBLEMAN                                33
+
+    EARLY KENTUCKY CUSTOMS                            37
+
+    BOONE'S ILLUSTRIOUS PEER                          41
+
+    BOONE'S TRACE                                     49
+
+    BOONE IN CAPTIVITY                                52
+
+    BOONESBOROUGH'S BRAVE DEFENSE                     56
+
+    THE LOST BABY                                     61
+
+    THE FIRST ROMANCE IN KENTUCKY                     64
+
+    A WEDDING IN THE WILDERNESS                       67
+
+    PIONEER CHILDREN                                  70
+
+    HOW THE PIONEERS MADE CHANGE                      72
+
+    A WOMAN'S WILL                                    73
+
+    WHEN THE WOMEN BROUGHT THE WATER                  76
+
+    THE RESULT OF ONE RASH ACT                        83
+
+    TWO KENTUCKY HEROES                               86
+
+    THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS                          89
+
+    THE FAITHFUL SLAVE AND HIS REWARD                 91
+
+    THE DOUBLE SHOT                                   94
+
+    A MAN OF STRATEGY AND SAGACITY                    96
+
+    THE KIND-HEARTED INDIAN                          100
+
+    SAVED BY THE HUG OF A BEAR                       101
+
+    A KENTUCKIAN DEFEATED THE BRITISH                105
+
+    A FAMOUS MARCH                                   110
+
+    THE FIRST CHRISTMAS PARTY                        113
+
+    FORT JEFFERSON                                   115
+
+    "THE HARD WINTER"                                118
+
+    WILDCAT MCKINNEY                                 119
+
+    HOW KENTUCKY WAS FORMED                          122
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE REVOLUTION                       123
+
+    KENTUCKY'S PIONEER HISTORIAN                     125
+
+    SPANISH CONSPIRACY                               128
+
+    A KENTUCKY INVENTOR                              135
+
+    OTHER KENTUCKY INVENTIONS                        138
+
+    THE MAN WHO KNEW ABOUT BIRDS                     140
+
+    A HERO OF HONOR                                  143
+
+    THE "PRIDE OF THE PENNYRILE"                     150
+
+    LUCY JEFFERSON LEWIS                             153
+
+    NATURAL CURIOSITIES IN KENTUCKY                  155
+
+    THE WORLD'S GREATEST NATURAL WONDER              159
+
+    HOW REELFOOT LAKE WAS FORMED                     161
+
+    KENTUCKY VALOR IN 1812-1815                      163
+
+    A TRIUMVIRATE OF ELOQUENCE                       166
+
+    KENTUCKIANS IN TEXAS AND MEXICO                  167
+
+    CLAY, THE GREAT COMMONER                         169
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES           171
+
+    WHY SOME CITIES WERE SO NAMED                    175
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE                 179
+
+    "BESSEMER STEEL" IN KENTUCKY                     182
+
+    KENTUCKY ARTISTS                                 184
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF LETTERS                 187
+
+    KENTUCKIANS IN HISTORY                           190
+
+
+
+
+A LIST OF BOOKS ABOUT KENTUCKY
+
+
+AUDUBON, LUCY: "Life and Journals of John James Audubon." Putnam.
+
+COLLINS, R.H.: "History of Kentucky." Collins & Co.
+
+EGGLESTON, E.: "Stories of American Life and Adventure." "Stories of
+Great Americans for Little Americans." American Book Co.
+
+HULBERT, A.B.: "Boone's Wilderness Road." Arthur H. Clark Co.
+
+JOHNSON, E.P.: "History of Kentucky and Kentuckians." Lewis Publishing
+Co.
+
+KINKEAD, E.S.: "History of Kentucky." American Book Co.
+
+MARSHALL, H.: "History of Kentucky." Frankfort.
+
+OTIS, JAMES: "Hannah of Kentucky." American Book Co.
+
+PRICE, S.W.: "Old Masters of the Blue Grass." Morton & Co.
+
+SHALER, N.S.: "Kentucky." Houghton Mifflin Co.
+
+SMITH, H.I.: "Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site." Amer. Museum of
+Nat. Hist.
+
+SMITH, Z.F.: "History of Kentucky." Courier-Journal Co.
+
+STOCKTON, F.R.: "Stories of New Jersey." American Book Co.
+
+THOMPSON, E.P.: "A Young People's History of Kentucky." A.R. Fleming
+Publishing Co.
+
+TOWNSEND, J.W.: "Kentuckians in History and Literature." Neale
+Publishing Co. "Kentucky in American Letters." Torch Press.
+
+YOUNG, B.H.: "Prehistoric Men of Kentucky." Filson Club.
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE OCEAN COVERED KENTUCKY
+
+
+Facts are stranger than fiction; and when we read the great volume of
+Nature, we find it more intensely interesting, instructive, and exciting
+than any "tale" told by our master minds.
+
+It is difficult enough for the youth of to-day to realize there was ever
+a time when Kentucky did not have a place on the map and in the march of
+events. Still more difficult is it for them to realize that there was a
+time when the ocean covered our state. Geological annals show that the
+surface of Kentucky was once the bed of the sea. This primitive ocean is
+supposed to have covered a large part of North America to the depth of
+several thousand feet. As we read the record in the soil and as we study
+the strata, we find evidence of a gradual retreat of the briny waters
+without proofs of any very violent or sudden disruptions of the ocean.
+The creation or appearance of sea animals, fishes, polyps, and the
+formation of limestone, sandstone, slate, grit, and pebble, are parts of
+the story here recorded.
+
+The retreat of the briny waters continued and continued for ages, until
+finally the Cumberland or Wasioto Mountains emerged, followed by the
+Black, Laurel, Pine, Long, and Galico Mountains; other lower elevations
+then rose until only an inland sea, surrounded by sandy hills, remained.
+Then the grasses, reeds, and mosses left their impress; land animals,
+insects, birds, and reptiles appeared; vegetation increased, and trees
+and shrubs grew.
+
+Still the waters receded; marshes, muddy swamps, licks, small lakes,
+ponds, clay and marl deposits were left; sinks and caves were formed;
+and land plants and animals increased.
+
+As the waters still slowly but surely receded, creeks, rivers, and
+valleys received their present shape, the ocean reached its actual
+level, and the American continent assumed its shape. The huge
+animals--the big bears, buffaloes, jaguars, elephants, and
+mastodons--roamed over what is now Kentucky, and left their impress at
+Big Bone Lick, Drennon's Lick, and other points where the savage, the
+settler, and the man of science have successively meditated and marveled
+over their prehistoric remains.
+
+
+
+
+THE ABORIGINES OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+When but a little girl one of my greatest delights was to sit at the
+feet of my maternal grandfather and listen to the tales of the olden
+times. Grandfathers and grandmothers always love to tell stories, and
+boys and girls love to hear them. Our grandparents were not the only
+ones that enjoyed telling stories of the great past; Indians also
+related many things to their children of what had happened in the long
+ago. But as the red men had no books in which to record these
+happenings, some of their stories may be of real incidents and a great
+deal may be purely imaginary, for we know the Indian was always very
+superstitious.
+
+[Illustration: The Indians loved to tell stories to their children.]
+
+There is a story told by the Lenni-Lenape Indians, who lived in eastern
+United States, that their ancestors in the very earliest times were
+mere animals living underground. One of them accidentally found a hole
+by which he came to the surface of the ground, and soon the whole tribe
+followed. These Indians believed that they gradually became human
+beings; so in remembrance of their ancestors, they chose such names as
+"Black Bear," "Black Hawk," "Red Horse," and "Sitting Bull." Some of the
+tribes believing in this tradition would not eat any underground animals
+like the rabbit, ground hog, and ground squirrel, for fear they would be
+eating their kinsmen.
+
+Another very interesting tradition told by these Lenni-Lenape, or
+Delawares, is that these ancestors came from west of the Mississippi and
+that when they tried to cross this stream the right of passage was
+disputed by a powerful force called the Alligewi, from whose name we get
+the word Allegheny. Being determined to cross this mighty stream and
+move eastward, the Lenni-Lenape joined with the Mengwe (Iroquois) in a
+war upon the Alligewi, overcame them, and almost exterminating them,
+drove the remnant of their tribe entirely from the country.
+
+General G.R. Clark, Colonel McKee, and Colonel James Moore at different
+times and places were told by Indians, among them the noted chiefs
+"Cornstalk" and "Tobacco," that before the red men came to
+Kentucky--named from Ken-tuck-ee, meaning in Indian language, "the river
+of Blood"--a white race, superior in many arts and crafts unknown to
+the red men, the builders of the many forts, and the inhabitants of the
+vast burying grounds, had been besieged by the early Indians in a great
+battle near the Falls of the Ohio. The remnant was driven into a small
+island below these rapids, where the entire race was "cut to pieces."
+
+In confirmation of this, there was found on Sandy Island, a vast burying
+ground and "a multitude of human bones was discovered." This traditional
+testimony has been in many instances confirmed by unmistakable traces of
+a terrible conflict throughout the Ohio Valley. The story of these
+bloody battles, handed down for generations, very probably caused the
+Indians to name this place the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Believing it to
+be filled with ghosts of its primitive people, it is no small wonder
+that this race, full of imagination and superstition, should use it so
+little as a permanent home.
+
+But who was this primitive race? Whence did they come and what did they
+accomplish? The works they built have lived after them, and from these
+silent memorials the people have been called Mound Builders. Beyond the
+bounds of memory, into the land of mystery we go when we strive to learn
+of them. They have left their imprint in the valleys of the Licking, the
+Kentucky, the Ohio, and the Cumberland. Their many mounds vary in size,
+shape, structure, location, contents, and use. Some cover only a small
+area, while others have a diameter of over one hundred feet and one
+covers fifteen acres. They display a considerable knowledge of geometry,
+engineering, and military skill.
+
+Because some have supposed these ancient people to have been sun
+worshipers, the "high places" for ceremonial worship are called temple
+mounds. The fact that these are more numerous in Kentucky than
+elsewhere, may have given rise to the expressions "sacred soil" or
+"God's country." Within or near these inclosures are mounds containing
+altars of stone or burned clay, known as altar mounds; the burial
+places, called mounds of sepulture, are isolated and contain human
+remains which shed more light on the character and achievements of this
+prehistoric race than any others. The military mounds, or works of
+defense, are usually near a waterway, often on a precipitous height, in
+a commanding position, and with an extension ditch or moat; the skill,
+the foresight, and the complete system shown by these would prove that
+there were fierce foes to be resisted and a vast population to be
+defended.
+
+It is possible that all agricultural work was done with "digging
+sticks." Fishing and hunting were accomplished by arrows, knives, and
+spears, chipped from stone or rubbed out of antlers, by fishhooks of
+bone, and by nets. There were also "animal calls" made from small mammal
+bones, and the hollow bones of the birds. The knives were probably
+chipped stone points, clamshells, or bear teeth; there were also awls
+of bones, strainers of pottery, hammerstones, whetstones, chisels of
+bone, and needles from bones of small animals. Modeling, impressing,
+twisting, knitting, painting, and sculpture were carried on; personal
+ornaments, rattles, whistles, and pipes were made. Moccasins, beads of
+pottery, bone, shell, teeth, and copper, and pottery of various sizes,
+shapes, and decoration were and sometimes are still found all along the
+streams of the state.
+
+[Illustration: Relics of the Mound Builders.]
+
+We know that they were an agricultural class because in some mounds were
+found remains of Indian corn and beans, also hickory nuts, butternuts,
+walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, and pawpaw seeds.
+
+While in some instances the graves were more or less surrounded by
+limestone slabs, in other places the dead were laid on skins or on the
+bare ground, and covered with skins and soil heaped above. As this soil
+had to be carried in baskets or skins, these immense mounds stand as
+mute memorials of their love for one another.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PREHISTORIC REMAINS
+
+
+There are many curious natural formations in Kentucky; yet the many
+artificial mounds also have added interest to the topography, and it is
+sometimes difficult to distinguish where nature ends and art begins.
+
+The noted scientist, C.S. Rafinesque, claimed to have discovered one
+hundred and forty-eight ancient sites and over five hundred monuments in
+this state.
+
+The greater number of the mounds were small cone-like structures from
+five to ten or sometimes forty feet in height; in several counties those
+of pyramid shape were found, and other counties contained unusual
+structures.
+
+In Bourbon were found several sites, forty-six monuments, a circus of
+fourteen hundred and fifty feet, and a town whose stretch of walls
+measured four thousand six hundred and seventy-five feet.
+
+Hickman County had a teocalli, or temple, ten feet high, thirty feet
+wide, and four hundred and fifty feet long.
+
+Livingston with several sites and monuments had also an octagon whose
+walls measured twenty-eight hundred and fifty-two feet in length.
+
+In McCracken was found a teocalli fourteen feet high and twelve hundred
+feet long.
+
+Rockcastle had a stone grave three feet high, five feet wide, and two
+hundred feet long.
+
+Warren claimed a ditched town, octagonal in shape, measuring in
+perimeter one thousand three hundred and eighty-five feet.
+
+In Trigg was found a walled town with a circumference of seven thousand
+five hundred feet.
+
+A mound more than twenty feet high with a diameter of over one hundred
+feet was located in Montgomery.
+
+In Estill was located one fifteen feet high, one hundred and ninety-two
+feet in diameter, and surrounded by a moat ten feet deep and thirty-five
+feet wide.
+
+A horseshoe-shaped fort of about ten acres in area was found in
+Caldwell. Its curve was bordered by a perpendicular bluff of sixty feet,
+and the two points of the shoe were connected by a stone wall ten feet
+high and six hundred feet long, with a gateway eight feet wide.
+
+In Hickman, O'Bryan's fort; in Madison, a stone fort containing four or
+five hundred acres; and in Greenup, an effigy mound representing a bear,
+"leaning forward, measuring fifty-three feet from the top of the back to
+the end of the fore leg and one hundred five and one half feet from the
+tip of the nose to the rear of the hind foot," with those already
+mentioned, give a faint idea of the variety of mounds in shape, size,
+and structure. Yet these are only a few of the many ancient remains in
+Kentucky of the Mound Builders who have left their imprint throughout
+our great central valley and whose wide range has left in the same mound
+"the mica of the Alleghenies, the obsidian of Mexico, the copper of the
+Great Lakes, and shells from the Gulf of the Southland."
+
+Since the location of these remains the plowshare has leveled many
+mounds, but several can yet be traced.
+
+
+
+
+THE DISCOVERY OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Do you ever feel, when reading of the deeds of the early European
+navigators, who braved the perils of the trackless deep only to find on
+this shore a tangled "forest primeval," that our own beloved Kentucky is
+in every way far removed historically from them?
+
+Since it is so interesting and edifying to find ourselves related to
+some noted personage, let us see if we can connect the "Dark and Bloody
+Ground" with the discoveries that opened up a new world.
+
+We must go back many, many years, yes, even to the Middle Ages, if we
+would see how and why we are at least a small link in the great chain of
+events that gradually gave to the western world one of its proudest
+commonwealths. Some one has said, "Westward the course of empire takes
+its way," but for centuries the people of Europe concerned themselves
+not with what lay to the west of them but with the people and problems
+of the East. This is easy to understand when we learn that the copper,
+lead, tin, and manufactures of Europe were carried by traders, partly by
+sea and partly by land, to Constantinople or to Egypt, where they were
+exchanged for the luxuries that Asia had sent by vessels or camels.
+India and the Spice Islands sent cloves, cinnamon, ginger, pepper, mace,
+nutmeg, camphor, musk, aloes, and sandalwood, also diamonds and pearls.
+Cathay (China) sent silks, while Cipango, the island of mystery, in the
+great ocean east of Cathay that no one had seen, was believed to be the
+richest of all.
+
+[Illustration: A caravan crossing the desert.]
+
+In 1453, while this exchange was at its height, the Turks conquered
+Constantinople, seized the caravan routes, and ruined the trade. Gold
+and pearls, ivory and diamonds, spices and silks, could no longer be
+secured unless a waterway could be found to the East.
+
+Prince Henry the Navigator, a Portuguese, though many of his captains
+thought that in the torrid zone the ocean was boiling and that flames
+filled the air, succeeded in reaching almost to the equator before his
+death in 1460. In 1487, Diaz continued the work to the Cape of Good
+Hope. Christopher Columbus, believing the earth a sphere, thought that
+by sailing due westward only two thousand five hundred miles he would
+reach China and India. So in August, 1492, after seeking aid in vain
+from Portugal, England, and his own country, he braved the "Sea of
+Darkness" in a Spanish ship. Though some Portuguese sailors had said,
+"You might as well expect to find land in the sky as in that waste of
+waters," in October of the same year he made the discovery that gave to
+the world a new continent.
+
+Then the spirit of adventure and aggrandizement dominated the Spanish
+race. Ponce de León, Fernando Cortez, Pizarro, and Fernando de Soto
+continued the work until June, 1543. Luis de Moscoso, the successor of
+de Soto, with a remnant of his once proud force, now reduced to about
+three hundred men, in boats descended the Mississippi River to its
+mouth; from the boats they were the first white men to behold the land
+that is now Kentucky.
+
+England, so far, had been very quiet and conservative about discovering,
+exploring, or settling. Finally, English fishermen came to Newfoundland.
+Sir John Hawkins traded negroes for hides and pearls, and Sir Francis
+Drake ravaged the Caribbean coast and in 1577-1580 sailed around the
+world. Soon Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted colonization, which was
+taken up by his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, who sent two ships
+under Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, who discovered the coast of
+North Carolina. Upon their return, Queen Elizabeth named it Virginia.
+Kentucky was included in the charter of this first colony, which was
+settled at Jamestown, 1607.
+
+The first Englishman to view what is now Kentucky was Colonel Wood, who
+in 1654, for commerce and not conquest, explored the northern boundary
+of Kentucky as far as the Mississippi River, then called the Meschacebe.
+Captain Bolt (or Batt) of Virginia in 1670 came from that state into
+what is now Kentucky. In 1673 Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, in
+company with Luis Joliet and five other Frenchmen in two canoes passed
+down the Mississippi along the western border of Kentucky and spent
+several days at the mouth of the Ohio, where Cairo, then called
+Ouabouskigou, now stands. Again in February, 1682, Robert de la Salle
+and his lieutenant, Henri de Tonti, in company with several other
+Frenchmen, descended the Illinois River, and passed down the
+Mississippi, or Colbert, to its mouth, claiming the country on both
+sides for the French king, Louis the Great, in whose honor they called
+this vast tract Louisiana.
+
+It was as a prisoner among the Indians in 1730 that the first white
+native American, John Sailing of Virginia, was taken to Kentucky. In
+1750 a party of Virginians, among them Dr. Thomas Walker, came by way
+of Powell's Valley through a gap in Laurel Mountain, into central
+Kentucky. He named both the mountain and the river (formerly the
+Shawnee) for England's "Bloody Duke" of Cumberland who defeated the
+Scottish forces at Culloden. Some say that near where they entered what
+is now the state of Kentucky these men built a rude cabin.
+
+But it was left for John Finley and party, 1767, to learn and love this
+wonderland of fertile soil, towering forests, luxuriant vegetation, and
+boundless supply of game. When he returned to North Carolina with such
+glowing accounts of this wilderness beyond the mountains, many were
+ready to leave the comforts of civilization for the dangers and
+privations of this land of promise.
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN CLAIMS IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Though the Indians at the time of the coming of the white men used
+Kentucky mainly as a hunting ground instead of a home, various tribes
+laid claim to it by prior possession.
+
+In 1768, at Fort Stanwix--now Rome, New York--the English government
+purchased the title to all the lands lying between the Ohio and
+Tennessee rivers from the tribes of Indians called the Six Nations. This
+tract included the present state of Kentucky.
+
+Shortly after the battle of Point Pleasant, 1774, the Shawnees entered
+into a treaty with Governor Dunmore of Virginia whereby they gave up all
+title to the lands south of the Ohio River.
+
+At the Sycamore Shoals, of the Watauga River, 1775, Colonel Richard
+Henderson, acting for the Transylvania Company, purchased the title of
+the Cherokees to this "hunting ground" for ten thousand pounds sterling.
+This purchase was afterwards declared null and void by the states of
+Virginia and North Carolina.
+
+Through the commissioners Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson, the general
+government in 1818 purchased from the Chickasaws, for an annuity of
+twenty thousand dollars to be paid for fifteen years, all their land
+lying in Tennessee and Kentucky between the Mississippi and Tennessee
+rivers. The part in Kentucky has since been called "Jackson's Purchase."
+
+Thus we see that Indian claims to Kentucky were relinquished only upon
+payment of money or blood.
+
+
+
+
+SCOUWA
+
+
+There lived in Pennsylvania in the early part of the eighteenth century
+a young man by the name of James Smith. A short while before General
+Braddock was defeated by the French and Indians, Smith was taken
+prisoner by a band of Indians, and carried to the French fort where the
+city of Pittsburgh now stands. Here he was made to run the gantlet; and
+so well did the Indians, ranged on either side, use their clubs and
+sticks and stones, that Smith was badly beaten and made ill for a long
+time.
+
+[Illustration: Scouwa was adorned by the Indians.]
+
+The Indians then carried him to their home in Ohio, where an old chief
+pulled out the prisoner's hairs one by one; only a scalp lock was left
+which was ornamented with feathers and silver brooches. His ears and
+nose were pierced and hung with silver rings, his face, head, and body
+were painted, and he was adorned with a breechcloth, chains of beads, a
+belt of wampum, and silver armlets.
+
+An old chief then made a speech to the other Indians, while he held
+Smith by the hand. The prisoner was then accompanied to the river by
+three young squaws who attempted to "duck" him. Fearful of being
+drowned, Smith resisted until one of the women in broken English cried,
+"No hurt you, no hurt you."
+
+After "scrubbing all the white blood out of him," they dressed him in a
+ruffled shirt, leggins, and moccasins, presented him with a pipe,
+tobacco, pouch, flint, steel, and tomahawk and told him he had been
+adopted in place of a brave young chief who had fallen.
+
+The Indians called Smith "Scouwa." They finally gave him a gun to use
+and trusted him fully, but because he once lost his way in the woods,
+his gun was taken from him and for a long while he was permitted to use
+only a bow and arrow.
+
+Smith had some exciting experiences while living the life of an Indian.
+At one time, during a snowstorm, he took refuge all night in a hollow
+tree, and when he tried to move the block by which he had closed up the
+opening in the side of the tree, he found the snow was piled so deep
+against it he could not move it. He was badly frightened, but by pushing
+with all his strength he finally succeeded in getting out.
+
+At another time Smith, an old chief, and a little boy were alone in
+their hut in midwinter and all came near starving, but Smith walked
+many, many miles, hunting game, and thus saved the lives of all three.
+
+In 1759 the Indians that had adopted Smith journeyed to Canada; and as
+Canada then belonged to the French, and as the French and Indians were
+fighting the English, who then owned Pennsylvania, Smith slipped away.
+Joining the prisoners that were to be sent back to Pennsylvania in
+exchange for some French the English held, he soon rejoined his family.
+He was a leader of the "Black Boys," served as lieutenant in General
+Henry Bouquet's expedition, and witnessed the Indian cruelties to the
+unfortunate British captives.
+
+In July, 1766, he learned that the king's agent, Sir William Johnson,
+had purchased from the Indians all the land west of the Appalachian
+Mountains, and between the Ohio and Cherokee (Tennessee) rivers. Having
+heard the red men tell of this rich land, Colonel James Smith,
+accompanied by Joshua Horton, Uriah Stone, William Baker, and a mulatto
+slave of Horton's named Jamie, passed through Cumberland Gap, explored
+the country south of the Kentucky River, and, striking the Cumberland,
+passed down its entire length to its junction with the Ohio. They were
+the first white men to explore southern and southwestern Kentucky,
+although not the first to visit it, for in 1730 John Salling of Virginia
+was brought a prisoner by the Cherokee Indians to the Tennessee. After
+reaching the mouth of the Cumberland, the others separated from Colonel
+Smith and the mulatto boy. These two were for a long time alone in the
+wilderness. When they again reached civilization they wore nothing that
+had been woven; and when they told of their experiences, people could
+hardly believe that any one could make that journey and live to return.
+
+A short distance below the mouth of the Cumberland the town of "Old
+Smithland" was named in honor of this first white man to explore that
+region, and later the town was built just at the junction of the
+Cumberland and Ohio and is now the capital of Livingston County.
+
+Smith spent the latter part of his life in Bourbon County, where he was
+as useful in state councils as he had been in Indian conflicts.
+
+
+
+
+THE GRAVEYARD OF THE MAMMOTHS
+
+
+There are many places within the present bounds of Kentucky where
+animals used to go to lick the ground, in order to secure the salt
+therein, and these places were therefore called "licks." The most noted
+of these is in Boone County, and is called Big Bone Lick from the many
+gigantic bones that have been found there.
+
+In 1773, while leading a surveying party, a man by the name of James
+Douglas, of Virginia, camped for several days at this point. There he
+found a surface of ten acres entirely without trees or vegetable life of
+any kind, while scattered around were many bones both of the mastodon
+and the arctic elephant. The size of these gigantic, prehistoric animals
+may be conjectured from the descriptions given of the remains.
+
+Tusks were found from seven to eleven feet long, the latter being at the
+larger end six or seven inches in diameter. Thigh bones, five feet in
+length; teeth weighing ten pounds with crowns seven by five inches;
+skulls, thought to be of young animals, measuring two feet between the
+eyes; ribs from three to four inches broad and so long that James
+Douglas and his party used them for tent poles, are some of the wonders
+that have given the name to this historic place. Scientists have decided
+from these remains that these ponderous animals belonged to the elephant
+family. Though possessing remarkable strength, they were so unwieldy
+that prehistoric man encountered little danger in combating them. It is
+the supposition that the early inhabitants who occupied this continent
+when these marvelous animals roamed the woods, must have planned to
+exterminate them on their periodic visits to the lick. By what means
+this was accomplished we can only conjecture, but that there was a
+wholesale slaughter is evident, for at no other place have so many
+mammoth remains been found.
+
+
+
+
+THE DRUID OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Daniel Boone was born in the almost unbroken forests of Pennsylvania, on
+February 11, 1735. Without his energy, caution, and daring, Kentucky
+would not have been settled so soon. In both his native state and in
+North Carolina, he received in his boyhood the training that was to fit
+him for the great work that was to be his.
+
+Truly "coming events cast their shadows before," for when barely large
+enough to shoulder the old family flintlock he found unbounded delight
+in roaming the woods and returning laden with his spoils, which at one
+time was the skin of an immense panther that he shot just as it was
+about to spring upon him.
+
+[Illustration: "They found Boone in camp."]
+
+While yet in his early teens he gave his family great alarm by being
+absent for two days and nights. A rescuing party was sent out, and they
+soon saw smoke rising in the distance; proceeding, they found Boone in
+camp, his floor carpeted with the skins of animals he had slain, while
+the delicious odor of roasted meat filled the air.
+
+Boone was in every way a typical backwoodsman. His education was limited
+to an imperfect knowledge of the "three R's," gained in the rude school
+cabin of round logs, puncheon seats, and dirt floor. Ever the solitude
+of the sylvan forests was far more enjoyable to him than the refinements
+of civilization.
+
+In 1755 he was married to Rebecca Bryan, who with him shared much of the
+danger and hardships of frontier life.
+
+In 1769, yielding to the siren song sung by John Finley of the far-famed
+cane land with its fertile soil, towering mountains, limpid streams, and
+rich meadowlands where the spoils of the chase were venison, bear, and
+buffalo, Boone left his family and friends on the Yadkin in North
+Carolina and came with Finley and four others to explore this marvelous
+land of "Kentuckee."
+
+Reaching the Red River, five miles from its junction with the Kentucky,
+these pioneers pitched their camp and from June until December reveled
+in the delights of hunting and exploring in this Eden of the wilderness;
+but one day, near Christmas, Boone and a companion named Stewart, while
+out hunting, were captured by the Indians and for six days and nights
+were marched and guarded. At length, believing their captives were
+contented, the savages relaxed their watchfulness, yielded to sleep, and
+Boone and Stewart escaped. Upon their return to camp they found it
+plundered and their companions gone. What became of them Boone never
+knew.
+
+Soon after, Boone and Stewart were surprised by meeting Squire Boone, a
+brother of Daniel, and another man from North Carolina. A few days later
+Stewart was shot and scalped; the man who came with Squire Boone tired
+of the perils and returned home. The two brothers were left alone in the
+vast wilderness, hundreds of miles from any settlement and with no
+weapon but the trusty rifle and tomahawk to protect them from the
+cunning savage, the ravenous wolf, and the crafty panther. When their
+ammunition began to run low, Squire Boone retraced his steps to Carolina
+for a fresh supply, while Daniel remained alone until July, when his
+brother returned. Together they roamed at will, tracing the streams,
+hunting game, and enjoying this romantic woodland.
+
+Having been absent from his family for three years, simply for the joys
+of the frontier, and having lived upon the meat of wild animals, the
+fruits and roots of the forest without either bread or salt, Boone
+returned in 1771 to the Yadkin and so thrilled all with his glowing
+description of this land of promise that, when two years later he
+started with his family to this forest, five other families and forty
+men accompanied them. The women riding, the children driving the cattle
+and hogs, with bedding and baggage strapped on pack horses, the men with
+trusty rifles forming both advance and rear guards, this little
+cavalcade started forth to conquer the wilderness. All went well for a
+while, but, when near the Cumberland Mountains, they were attacked by
+Indians, and six men were killed, among them Boone's oldest son.
+Yielding to the others, Boone returned with the party to the Clinch
+River in southwestern Virginia, where they remained until 1774.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone's little cavalcade started forth to conquer the
+wilderness."]
+
+For twenty years Boone was a notable figure in this untried forest,
+prudent, calm, honest, courageous, cunning; a stranger to fear, a
+devotee to duty, an honored leader, he has so left his impress upon our
+state that the record of this period of his life is Kentucky history.
+
+
+
+
+A PIONEER NOBLEMAN
+
+
+During the eighteenth century, many men, singly or in companies, enjoyed
+the beauties of the forest scenes of Kentucky. Always they carried back
+to the centers of civilization the most glowing accounts of hill and
+dale and stream, of the abundance of game and fish, of the fertility of
+the soil, and of the glorious monarchs of the forest. These hardy
+woodsmen had the inherent love of Nature in her wildest, most gorgeous
+aspects. They were pioneers, hunters, and trappers. To some these terms
+convey only the thought of rough, unsophisticated men with none of the
+benevolent qualities of head or heart, with no magnanimity of spirit
+for a friend and nothing but the most intense hatred for a foe. But the
+lives of some of these frontiersmen furnish incidents from which we
+might well take lesson.
+
+One of these, James Harrod, though unable to write his name, has so
+indelibly impressed it upon the annals of the early times that as long
+as history is read he will be famous. In May, 1774, Captain Harrod with
+about thirty men descended the Monongahela and the Ohio in canoes to the
+mouth of the Kentucky River. Penetrating the forest, they built the
+first log cabin ever erected in Kentucky, at the place where Harrodsburg
+now stands. Here a town was laid off and called Harrodstown. After four
+or five cabins had been built depredations of the Indians caused them to
+be deserted until the following spring, when Harrod with many of his
+former comrades and several others returned. This place was subsequently
+called Oldtown and later Harrodsburg, fittingly commemorating the grand
+pioneer who built not only the first cabin but the first town in our
+commonwealth.
+
+James Harrod was by nature endowed with all the qualities of a great
+leader; he is described as tall and commanding, energetic and fearless,
+honest and generous, ignorant yet intelligent. Inured to difficulties
+and dangers, familiar with the forest, skillful with his rifle, he was a
+success as a hunter, but a terror to his foes. He was a real leader of
+the pioneers. In the words of Marshall, "He always had a party, not
+because he wanted a party, but because the party wanted him."
+Unremitting in the care of his companions, unrelenting in his attacks on
+the "red rascals," untiring in services to his neighbors and friends, he
+was truly a nobleman, with a lofty yet gentle spirit. "If news came of
+an Indian massacre, he snatched his gun and ran at the head of the
+party; if he knew of a family left destitute, he shouldered his rifle
+and ranged the forest till he found the game to supply their needs; if
+he heard of a horse being lost he stopped not till he drove him to his
+owner's gate." Thus he was known by his contemporaries. Yet he seemed
+not to be ambitious. Only as a delegate from Harrodstown and as a
+colonel of the militia is he found in civil affairs. But the magnanimity
+of his spirit shone forth at all times.
+
+There is one incident related of him that proves him as chivalrous as
+any knight of old. He was at one time so closely pursued by some Indians
+that he plunged into a swollen stream and, holding his rifle above the
+water with one hand and swimming with the other, reached the farther
+shore in safety. Two of the redskins, bolder than the others, followed.
+When the foremost was about midstream a shot from Harrod's rifle caused
+him to disappear with a cry of pain beneath the rushing torrent; the
+other gave up the chase.
+
+[Illustration: "With arms extended, Harrod stepped in view."]
+
+Several hours afterward, when Harrod had reached a point a few miles
+below where he had crossed the stream, he was astonished to see a
+warrior slowly and painfully draw himself upon a pile of driftwood and
+attempt to apply a rude bandage to his shoulder down which the blood was
+flowing. Harrod at once knew that this was the same Indian who had hotly
+pursued him and that the wound was from his own rifle shot. Most men at
+such a time would have relentlessly shot their adversary. Such a thought
+never entered the mind of James Harrod. He at once resolved to assist
+his disabled foe. Cautiously he stole to one of the trees on the bank a
+few yards from where the Indian sat, and, laying aside rifle, tomahawk,
+and knife, he stepped suddenly in view, with arms extended to show he
+was unarmed and meant no harm. The startled Indian was about to plunge
+again into the water, when a second glance assured him no immediate harm
+was meant, for not only was the white man unarmed but his kindly
+countenance convinced the Indian no wrong was intended. Yet so strange
+was such a proceeding to the savage, that while he permitted his former
+enemy to approach, yet he watched him as would a wounded wild animal,
+ready at any moment to seek refuge in the rushing waters.
+
+Harrod, finding the Indian weak from loss of blood, gently assisted him
+to the shore, tore off a bandage from his own clothing, dressed the
+wound, and taking him upon his back, carried him several miles to a
+cave, where he nursed him until he was able to rejoin his tribe.
+
+
+
+
+EARLY KENTUCKY CUSTOMS
+
+
+When the bands of hardy pioneers pushed into the wilderness and prepared
+a way into Kentucky they brought with them only the trusty rifle, the
+ax, the tomahawk, and the "long knife" for protecting themselves from
+the wily savages and securing food from the game that roamed the woods.
+
+When their families came, a few more articles were brought along; but
+their outfits were necessarily meager. When they stopped to prepare
+their food, a flat stone was used for cooking the "journey cake," while
+bark served for dishes.
+
+As soon as the destination was reached, a log cabin of rough unhewn
+timbers was built, containing a long pen of split logs placed in a row,
+which, filled with fresh boughs, was a welcome resting place for those
+who were wearied from traveling. Later the feathers of wild pigeons,
+ducks, and geese were made into feather beds.
+
+Usually several people settled at the same place and built a fort of
+cabins, stockades, and blockhouses, arranged in a hollow square. The
+blockhouses were two stories high, the upper story projecting over the
+lower one for eighteen or more inches. The places of entrance to the
+fort were closed by large folding gates of thick slabs, and the entire
+outer wall made bullet proof, all without a single nail or piece of
+iron. Some of the cabins had puncheon floors while others had only the
+bare earth.
+
+There were very few metal utensils; tin cups, iron forks, and spoons
+were very rare. Nearly all their tools were fashioned of wood, by their
+own hands.
+
+There were no mills, but each family had a hominy block or wooden bowl
+with pestle, in which the Indian corn was pounded, or a rough homemade
+grater on which it was grated. Their brooms were made of hickory
+saplings split at one end into fine splinters for several inches; these
+were bound together at the top with a green withe, while the other end
+of the pole served as a handle.
+
+[Illustration: Making brooms.]
+
+Their lye was all made at home by pouring water several times through a
+hopper of ashes until it became a reddish-brown; bear's grease was added
+to this and the mixture boiled until it became a soft mass called soap.
+We of to-day would dislike very much to use it in bathing.
+
+Their salt was precious, for eight hundred gallons of salt water boiled
+down made only one bushel; if that amount was bought, it cost twenty
+dollars.
+
+In the spring they bored holes in the maple trees, from which flowed a
+sap or sweet water that when boiled down made maple sirup and maple
+sugar.
+
+In those days of danger the men built the cabins, garrisoned the forts,
+hunted the game, felled the trees, mauled the rails, grubbed the roots
+and bushes, and tilled the soil.
+
+[Illustration: Pioneers building a log palisade.]
+
+The women did the household duties, brought the water, gathered the wild
+nettles, and from the silky fibers in the leaves spun and wove the flax
+from which they made their clothing. They tanned the deerskins by means
+of hardwood ashes and from them made moccasins and shoepacks, for there
+was no place to buy shoes; they made for the men the historical hunting
+shirt of deerskin, linsey-woolsey, or coarse, home-woven linen. This
+garment served various purposes; the bosom was so designed as to form a
+wallet in which to carry bread, jerk, parched corn, or tow for cleaning
+guns. This shirt was held together by a belt which was tied behind; in
+the front of this belt they carried their bullet bags and mittens, while
+on one side hung the scalping knife in its leather sheath, and on the
+other, the tomahawk. Breeches, leggins, and moccasins of deerskin and
+hats or caps of fur, often adorned with the animal's tail, completed the
+costume of the men. The women wore dresses of linsey-woolsey and coarse
+flax.
+
+So the rude pioneer home, with its lack of conveniences and space and
+its few rude, imperfect tools, was the factory where were prepared not
+only the clothing and food, but also the furniture and the medicine.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE'S ILLUSTRIOUS PEER
+
+
+Among the hardy backwoodsmen, fearless hunters, and brave fighters,
+there looms no nobler figure than that of Simon Kenton, born of humble,
+Scotch-Irish parents in Virginia, April 13, 1755. At sixteen he was a
+stalwart youth with scarcely any education, with a kind heart but
+unrestrained emotions. Having fallen very much in love with a beautiful
+girl of his neighborhood, and having lost her to a successful rival, he
+went as an uninvited guest to the wedding festivities, where he made
+himself so disagreeable that the infuriated groom and his brothers gave
+him a severe beating.
+
+Shortly after this, meeting his former rival, William Veach, Kenton
+provoked a fight and was so much the physical superior that soon his
+adversary fell bruised, bleeding, and unconscious; kind-hearted Kenton,
+feeling that he had been cruel in his treatment, lifted up the head of
+his insensible victim, spoke to him, but receiving no reply, thought him
+dead. Much alarmed, he left the seemingly lifeless body and fled to the
+woods. Feeling himself a murderer and a fugitive from justice, he warily
+made his way to Cheat River, where he changed his name to Simon Butler,
+and worked long enough to secure a gun and ammunition.
+
+In order to lose himself and forget his trouble in the western
+wilderness, he joined a party to Fort Pitt, where he hunted for the
+garrison and forts, and met Simon Girty, who afterwards saved his life.
+Two others, George Yeager and John Strader, came with him that autumn on
+his first visit to Kentucky, lured on by the glowing accounts of the
+"cane land" that Yeager had heard of from the Indians. They came down
+the Ohio to the mouth of the Kentucky, but soon returned to the Big
+Kanawha, where they camped, hunted, and trapped until March, 1773.
+Yeager was killed by the Indians, and Kenton and Strader fled to the
+woods barefooted and almost naked, with no food and no weapons. For six
+days they wandered weary, footsore, and hungry, until finally in despair
+they lay down to die. Gathering hope anew, they pressed on and near the
+Ohio met some hunters who gladly gave them food and clothing.
+
+Going with them, Kenton worked for another rifle and in the summer of
+the same year went down the Ohio with a party in search of Captain
+Bullitt. They failed to find him and the party returned through the
+wilds of Kentucky to Virginia with Kenton as guide.
+
+During the winter of 1773-1774, Kenton hunted on the Big Sandy, but
+volunteered and soon saw active service as a scout and spy in the armies
+of Lord Dunmore and General Lewis in the Miami Indian War. He received
+an honorable discharge in the autumn, and the next spring, yielding to
+the longing for the "cane land," he came down the Ohio and one night
+reached Cabin Creek a few miles above Maysville. The next day, when he
+beheld the far-famed land, he was entranced, and soon encamped near the
+present site of Washington, in Mason County, where he and his companion
+cleared an acre of ground and planted it with corn which they had bought
+from a French trader.
+
+They found this place a veritable "hunter's paradise" where the hills
+were covered with herds of deer, elk, and buffalo.
+
+One day meeting two men, Hendricks and Fitzpatrick, who were without
+food or guns, Kenton invited them to join his station. Hendricks
+accepted, but his companion, desiring to return to Virginia, was
+accompanied by Kenton and Williams to the Ohio. They left Hendricks
+alone at the camp. On returning they found the camp in disorder and
+Hendricks gone; the next day his charred remains told the story of his
+sufferings at the hands of the savages.
+
+Though Kenton left this place the following autumn, he returned nine
+years later and, building a blockhouse here, established Kenton's
+Station.
+
+Simon Kenton was ever alert, ever ready to respond to the call for help,
+ever ready to encounter danger, and ever ready to give his services to
+the settlers whether at Harrodstown or Hinkson's, whether in aid of
+Boone or Clark.
+
+At one time Kenton was one of six spies who, two at a time, each week
+ranged up and down the Ohio and around the deserted stations, watching
+for Indian signs; for the red savage had become infuriated because the
+"long knife"[1] had taken possession of his beloved "Kaintuckee," and
+the Indian invasions were frequent and bloody.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone was borne on Kenton's shoulders into the fort."]
+
+One morning as Kenton with two companions was standing in the gate at
+Boonesborough ready for a hunt, the Indians fired on some men in the
+field, who fled to the fort. One man, however, was overtaken,
+tomahawked, and scalped within seventy yards of the gate. Kenton shot
+the savage dead and in the battle which ensued killed two other Indians,
+one of whom was about to tomahawk Colonel Boone, who had been crippled.
+The unerring rifle of Kenton stayed his savage hand, and Boone was borne
+on Kenton's shoulders into the fort. When the gate was barred and all
+was secure, the usually reserved Boone said, "Well, Simon, you have
+behaved yourself like a man to-day; indeed you are a fine fellow."
+
+Kenton accompanied General George Rogers Clark in his expedition against
+Kaskaskia in 1778, then proceeded to Vincennes, where, by a three days'
+secret observation, he secured an accurate description of the place
+which he sent to General Clark.
+
+Kenton returned to Harrodstown, aided Boone in defending the stations,
+and in September, 1778, was taken a prisoner, a few miles below
+Maysville, by the Indians, who beat him until their arms were too tired
+to indulge in this amusing pastime any longer. They then placed him upon
+the ground on his back, drew his feet apart, lashed each to a strong
+sapling, laid a pole across his breast, tied his hands to each end, and
+lashed his arms to it with thongs which were tied around his body; then
+they tied another thong around his neck and fastened it to a stake
+driven in the ground. Thus he was forced to pass the night. The next
+morning he was painted black and carried toward Chillicothe, where they
+said they would burn him at the stake.
+
+As a diversion they one day tied him securely on an unbroken horse,
+which they turned loose to run through the woods at will. Through
+undergrowth, among trees and patches of briers, the horse capered,
+pranced, plunged, and ran, trying in vain to discharge his load until
+finally he stopped from sheer exhaustion. Kenton was destitute of
+clothing, bruised, bleeding, and almost lifeless. Arriving at the
+village, they tied their distinguished prisoner to the stake, where he
+was left for twenty-four hours, expecting every moment that the torch
+would be applied. After enduring this agony he was forced to run the
+gantlet, where six hundred Indians were ranged on either side with
+switches, clubs, and sticks, and each gave him a blow as he passed.
+Kenton had been told if he reached the council house he would be set
+free. When he had almost reached the door of deliverance he was knocked
+insensible. Again he was made a prisoner, was taken from town to town,
+eight times was compelled to run the gantlet, three times tied to the
+stake, and once almost killed by a powerful blow with an ax.
+
+Once Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, remembering their former
+friendship, saved him from the flames; again Logan, the Mingo chief,
+interposed, stayed the fury of the savages, and persuaded a Canadian
+trader named Drury to buy him from his captors. Drury took him to
+Detroit, and delivered him to the British commander, where he received
+humane treatment until 1779. Then a Mrs. Harvey, the wife of an Indian
+trader, while a crowd of Indians were drunk, took three of their guns
+and hid them in a patch of peas in her garden. At midnight Kenton,
+following her directions, secured them, and with two other Kentucky
+prisoners hastened to a hollow tree some distance from the town, where
+ammunition, food, and clothing had been placed by the same
+benefactress. The three fugitives after thirty-three days of incredible
+suffering reached Louisville.
+
+Later, with General George Rogers Clark in command, Kenton, the great
+scout and spy, piloted the Kentuckians, when in 1780 they carried the
+war into the Indian's own country.
+
+During all these dangers there had ever been the horrible feeling that
+he was a fugitive and a murderer; but meeting by chance some one from
+his boyhood home, Simon Kenton learned that his former rival, William
+Veach, was still alive. He resumed his rightful name, hastened home,
+made friends with Veach, and started with his father and family again to
+this great paradise of the West.
+
+[Illustration: Simon Kenton]
+
+Kenton, so great in all the qualifications of the pioneer, was not
+schooled in the arts of civilization. His ignorance, coupled with his
+great confidence in men, which amounted almost to credulity, caused him
+to lose most of his valuable lands; but at last the legislature of
+Kentucky made some reparation to the old, heroic soldier whose deeds and
+daring will ever furnish ennobling themes for song and story.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] The name given the white men by the Indians on account of the long
+knives they carried in their belts.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE'S TRACE
+
+
+Though Kentucky was not the home, but merely the hunting grounds, of
+most of the Indians, yet there were varied and conflicting claims.
+
+While the Six Nations sold their title to this vast area to the British,
+and the Shawnees at last relinquished their rights, still the Cherokees
+pressed their claim until Henderson's company, composed of nine men of
+education and ability from North Carolina, purchased from them, in 1775,
+at the Watauga River, about seventeen million acres of land for ten
+thousand pounds ($50,000). This company hoped to found a colony and sell
+land to immigrants. They named this region Transylvania--"beyond the
+woods."
+
+Later, this purchase was declared by both Virginia and North Carolina to
+be null and void, and the plan was abandoned. Before this, however,
+Daniel Boone had been sent to open up a trace or road from the Holston
+River to the mouth of Otter Creek on the Kentucky River, where later
+Boonesborough was built and the first legislature in Kentucky was held.
+
+This road was to be for the travel of men and pack horses, the pioneer's
+train. Hastening forward with his brother, Squire Boone, Colonel Richard
+Calloway, and several others--thirty in all--Daniel Boone began to
+"blaze the way" in the wilderness for the countless thousands who were
+to come after them.
+
+Beginning at Watauga, the trace led to the Cumberland Gap, where it
+joined the "Warrior's Path," which it followed for about fifty miles
+northward; from this place it followed a buffalo trace to the northwest
+until it reached the Kentucky River.
+
+Blazing the trees with their hatchets, cutting their way through dead
+brush, removing undergrowth, chopping through cane and reed, the party
+proceeded on their perilous journey. Within about fifteen miles of their
+destination, while asleep in camp, they were attacked by the Indians.
+Later they were again fired upon by the savages, when two of the white
+men were killed and three wounded. Here, five miles south of Richmond,
+from necessity was erected the first fort in Kentucky. This stockade
+fort was called Fort Twetty, as here Captain Twetty died and was buried.
+
+Pushing on, Boone and his companions reached the site selected, and soon
+constructed a stockade fort of two cabins, connected by palisades. This
+formed the nucleus of the fort, which was completed in about two months
+and which was named Boonesborough.
+
+The trace or road opened by Boone has had various names; it has been
+called "Boone's Trace" or "Boone's Trail," "the Virginia Road," "the
+Road to Caintuck," "the Kentucky Road," and "the Wilderness Road." This
+last name was given from the great wilderness of laurel thickets between
+the Cumberland Gap and the settlements in Kentucky, a length of two
+hundred miles without a single habitation.
+
+Along this difficult highway a narrow and often zigzag path in the
+forest, six hundred miles in length, came the countless men, women, and
+children from Virginia who were to found this great commonwealth of
+Kentucky, a worthy daughter of a most worthy mother.
+
+When the legislature of Kentucky in 1795 passed an act for enlarging to
+the width of thirty feet that part of Boone's Trace between Crab Orchard
+and Cumberland Gap, and advertised for bids on it, the old pioneer, who
+had been the "Pathfinder" of the West in this new Eldorado, sent to
+Governor Isaac Shelby the following characteristic letter:
+
+                                                _feburey the 11th 1796,_
+
+  _Sir_
+
+    _after my Best Respts to your Excelancy and famyly I wish to inform
+    you that I have sum intention of undertaking this New Rode that is
+    to be cut through the Wilderness and I think My self intiteled to
+    the ofer of the Bisness as I first Marked out that Rode in March
+    1775 and Never Re'd anything for my trubel and Sepose I am No
+    statesman I am a Woodsman and think My self as capable of Marking
+    and Cutting that Rode as any other man Sir if you think with Me
+    I would thank you to Wright Mee a Line By the Post the first
+    opportuneaty and he Will Lodge it at Mr. John Miler son hinkston
+    fork as I wish to know where and when it is to be laat (let) So
+    that I may atend at the time_
+
+                              _I am Deer Sir your very omble sarvent_
+                                                          _Daniel Boone_
+
+  _To his Excelancy governor Shelby._
+
+The grim old veteran did not secure the contract, but his name is
+inseparably linked with this thoroughfare, the opening of which was of
+inestimable value to the infant empire beyond the mountains.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE IN CAPTIVITY
+
+
+On New Year's Day, 1778, Daniel Boone with thirty companions left
+Boonesborough for the Blue Licks, to make a year's supply of salt for
+the garrisons.
+
+A few weeks later, while hunting several miles from the camp, he was
+overtaken by a party of one hundred Indians and attempted to escape. The
+fleet warriors, needing a white captive to give them information about
+Boonesborough, instead of shooting Boone as he ran, gave chase and
+captured the hardy backwoodsman.
+
+Now all the cunning of Boone was sorely needed. He wished to prevent if
+possible the capture of the salt makers and to postpone the march of the
+savages on the garrison. How the wily old hunter managed we do not know.
+But he finally secured the promise of the Indians that if the party at
+Blue Licks would surrender, they would be well treated as prisoners and
+their lives spared. Arriving at Blue Licks, Boone made signs to the
+white men to surrender without resistance; this they did, and the
+promise made by the Indians to Boone was sacredly kept.
+
+Three of the white men managed to escape; when the Indians had gone,
+they returned, hid the kettles, and carried home the salt, as well as
+the news of the captivity of Boone and his companions.
+
+The prisoners were marched through severe weather to the principal
+Shawnee town, old Chillicothe, on the Little Miami River in Ohio. In
+March, Boone and ten others were carried to Detroit, where the British
+commander, Governor Hamilton, offered the Indians £100 sterling for
+Boone, intending to send him home on parole. But Boone had so won the
+hearts of his dusky captors that they would not patiently listen to any
+plan that would take him from among them. The great hunter had to feign
+contentment and not wound the feelings or excite the suspicion of his
+captors.
+
+Leaving the other prisoners at Detroit, the savages returned to their
+capital with Boone, whom they soon adopted into one of the principal
+families. Although they plucked out his hairs, one by one, except the
+scalp lock of about three inches on the crown; although he was taken
+into the river and given a scrubbing, "to take out all his white blood";
+although he was harangued by the chief about the great honor shown him;
+and although he was frightfully painted and bedecked in
+feathers,--through it all he appeared content and thus still more
+endeared himself to the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone was frightfully painted and bedecked in
+feathers."]
+
+After this the Indians would challenge him to shooting matches, in which
+he was cautious not to excel them too often, for fear of arousing their
+envy or jealousy, but would beat them often enough to excite their
+admiration.
+
+Boone was very careful to show respect and loyalty to the leading chief,
+to favor him often with the spoils of the hunt, and thus lead all to
+believe that he was happy to have cast his lot among them.
+
+This apparent contentment was only another evidence of what a silent
+stoic Boone could be, for his every thought was with his family and
+friends; but to serve them as well as to save himself, he must pretend
+pleasure in his lot.
+
+Returning one day in June from where a party of the Indians had carried
+him to make salt for them, the old hunter found a party, of nearly five
+hundred warriors ready to march on his beloved Boonesborough. Now Boone
+felt that his captivity served a good purpose, for he determined at all
+hazards to escape and warn the garrison.
+
+The Indians had so relaxed their vigilance over him that he was able to
+effect this resolve. Rising at the usual hour on June 16, he went out
+ostensibly to hunt, but so great was his anxiety that he made no attempt
+to kill anything to eat, but hastened on over the perilous trip of one
+hundred and sixty miles and reached home in four days. During this time
+he ate only one meal, the food he had hidden in his blanket. He was
+joyfully received like one risen from the dead, though his family,
+thinking him killed, had returned to North Carolina.
+
+The fort was in a defenseless condition, but the return of their old
+leader, the news he brought, and the confidence he inspired, soon put
+all in readiness to receive the enemy.
+
+
+
+
+BOONESBOROUGH'S BRAVE DEFENSE
+
+
+Finding their captive gone, the Indians delayed their march on
+Boonesborough, until, impatient to fight the foe, Colonel Boone with
+nineteen others, among whom was Simon Kenton, started in August to
+attack the Indians at Paintcreektown, in Ohio. When within about four
+miles of the place, Kenton, who was in advance, was surprised and
+startled by hearing loud laughter from a canebrake just before him. He
+had scarcely secreted himself when two Indians, seated on a pony, one
+facing the animal's head, the other his tail, dashed by his place of
+concealment. Kenton fired, both savages fell, one killed, the other
+severely wounded. As Kenton was taking the latter's scalp he was
+suddenly surrounded by about thirty Indians, who were at once dispersed
+by the arrival of Boone and his party.
+
+Boone, dispatching spies, at once learned that the Indian town was
+deserted; so he lost no time in retracing his steps to Boonesborough,
+which he reached one day in advance of the Indian army, led by Captain
+Duquesne, a Canadian Frenchman. The invading army, four hundred strong,
+appeared flying the British colors. The savage warriors, painted in
+hideous colors, paraded in two lines, giving the most bloodcurdling
+yells and brandishing their guns. It was enough to try the stoutest
+heart.
+
+Soon a large negro stepped in front of the line and in English called
+for "Captain Boone," but there was no reply. Again he said he wanted to
+speak to Captain Boone, and if he would come out, he would not be hurt.
+
+The men in the fort objected to their leader's going, but Boone, armed
+with a pipe and a flag, went out alone, leaving instructions that if he
+was made prisoner his men should shut the fort and defend it to the
+last.
+
+In about one hour he returned, telling his companions that the Indians
+had promised that if he would surrender the fort he and his companions
+would not be hurt. To pacify the Indians he had seemed to assent to this
+plan, promising to return the next day, and inform them of the result of
+his conference with his companions.
+
+When the little band of less than fifty fighting men met in council and
+learned that they could make a manly defense with small chance of
+success, and if defeated they would become victims of savage barbarity,
+or they could surrender at once, become prisoners, and be stripped of
+their effects, the deliberation was short, the answer prompt, and voiced
+by each:
+
+"We are determined to defend our fort as long as a man of us lives."
+
+The next day Boone again met the assaulters and asked for another day in
+which to secure the assent of the remainder in the fort, to surrender.
+
+The time thus gained was improved by making every preparation possible;
+they collected the cattle and horses, fastened the gate with bars, and
+in every way made ready for the conflict.
+
+The next morning, from one of the bastions of the fort, Colonel Boone
+made known to the commander of his adversaries the determination of the
+garrison, at the same time thanking them for the time in which to
+prepare his defense.
+
+Disappointment was plainly evident in the countenance of Duquesne; he
+did not at once give up hope of a capitulation, but decided if possible
+to entrap Boone. He declared that in his order from Governor Hamilton he
+was told simply to take the white people as prisoners of war, neither to
+rob nor destroy them. If nine of the principal men would come out and
+treat with them, there would be no violence; they would only return with
+the prisoners or, if they would swear allegiance and accept the
+protection of the British king, they would be set free.
+
+Boone felt this was one more chance to save his men from slaughter. The
+conference was called about sixty yards from the gate of the fort; the
+articles were read, agreed upon, and signed. Then the commander said
+that among the Indians it was customary on such occasions to show their
+sincerity by two Indians shaking each white man by the hand. Boone
+agreed to this. At once two Indians approached each of the nine white
+men and as they took his hand attempted to seize and make him prisoner.
+The white men with great strength sprang away, and fled to the fort amid
+a shower of bullets from Indians in ambush, who came rushing up with the
+most terrifying yells. All reached the fort in safety with the exception
+of one wounded man.
+
+[Illustration: "The fight now began in earnest."]
+
+The fight now began in earnest, and lasted nine days. The enemy tried
+various ways to overcome the garrison. At one time they secreted a part
+of their force under the bank of the Kentucky, attacked the fort on the
+opposite side, and finally pretended to retreat; this ruse failing, they
+began to undermine the houses by excavating under the river bank and
+digging toward the fort. This was discovered by the muddy water caused
+by the great quantity of the loose earth they were compelled to throw
+into the river. Boone at once began to dig a trench within the fort, and
+as the loose dirt was taken up it was thrown over the fort wall. Finding
+their plan was discovered, the Indians abandoned it, but that night
+attempted to fire the fort by pitching torches of cane and hickory bark
+upon it. A rain had fallen a few hours before and the wet logs did not
+burn easily, and the flames were soon extinguished by the whites. Next
+day finding that they could not conquer by "force or fraud" and that
+their stock of provisions was almost exhausted, they paraded and
+withdrew after thirty-seven had been killed in sight of the fort and
+many others wounded. In the fort there were only four wounded.
+
+After the savages had gone the white men picked up one hundred and
+twenty-five pounds of leaden bullets which had fallen near the fort
+walls, besides the vast number that had lodged in the walls and
+palisades.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOST BABY
+
+
+If your baby brother or sister should be lost, even though our country
+is thickly peopled and we have a perfect network of telephones and
+telegraphs across it, think how alarmed you would feel! Yet think how
+much more anxious a mother would be if her baby were lost in a
+wilderness where wolves, wildcats, and panthers roamed hungry and
+fierce.
+
+This really happened to a baby boy named Bennie Craig. His father,
+Benjamin Craig, who presented his commission as a magistrate at the
+first county court held in Gallatin County, 1799, left Virginia in 1781
+with his wife and three children. In those early days people traveled on
+foot or horseback, carrying with them what household necessities they
+could by means of pack horses.
+
+The men and larger boys generally walked ahead, to be sure no Indians
+lurked in ambush; the smaller boys and girls drove the cows and sheep,
+and watched to keep them from wandering off through the woods; while the
+women rode horseback, having tied on the backs of the horses all the
+absolutely necessary household utensils.
+
+In this party the usual plan of travel prevailed. Mrs. Craig and baby
+Bennie were on one horse, followed by another loaded with meal, bacon,
+salt, and skillets and tools; another one of these pack horses had,
+strapped across its back, some hickory withes holding on each side a
+basket made of the boughs of the same tree. These baskets carried what
+bedding and clothing were needed for the new homes. In one of these
+baskets was placed also a little boy of six, in the other a little girl
+of four. Sometimes the mother permitted baby Bennie to ride in the
+basket with his little sister. All three children found many things of
+interest as they rode along in this strange, new land.
+
+One morning Mrs. Craig laid baby Bennie, who was asleep, on a bed of
+leaves amid the boughs of a fallen tree, while she helped pack the
+things to start. As Mr. Craig was anxious to overtake some travelers who
+were ahead of him, because in numbers there was greater safety, he
+hurried Mrs. Craig on her horse; when she called for the baby, the
+little sister begged that it be allowed to ride again with her. The
+mother consented, rode on, and the father began to load the other horse;
+he safely tucked the little boy and girl away in the baskets, but in the
+excitement of overtaking the other travelers both father and children
+forgot baby Bennie.
+
+About an hour later Mrs. Craig, looking back, saw only two children and
+cried out, "Where is the baby?" All were frantic with fear when they
+realized that the baby had been left behind.
+
+Mr. Craig hastily stripped the pack from one of the horses, sprang up on
+its back with gun in hand, and with all possible speed hurried back. For
+nearly two hours the rest waited and watched, wept and prayed. Finally
+the sound of the horse's hoofs was heard and Mr. Craig came at full
+gallop, shouting, "Here he is, safe and sound! The little rascal hadn't
+waked up."
+
+[Illustration: "Here he is, safe and sound!"]
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST ROMANCE IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Difficulties, suffering, and danger beset the early pioneers. Yet none
+of these prevented love, love-making, and marriage. The earliest romance
+was that of Samuel Henderson and Betsey Calloway, at Boonesborough, in
+1776. There came near being no wedding, for late in the afternoon of
+Sunday, July 14, when the midsummer sun caused each one to hunt a cooler
+place, Elizabeth and Frances Calloway and Jemima Boone, the oldest
+daughter of Daniel Boone, started out for a boat ride on the river. They
+were drifting along in their canoe, unconsciously near the opposite
+shore, when they were suddenly surprised and terrified at the appearance
+of five Indians who waded into the water and dragged their canoe ashore.
+
+The three girls screamed with fright, but Betsey Calloway showed herself
+a true pioneer by gashing the head of one of her assailants with her
+paddle. Before dragging them from the boat the Indians forced Frances
+Calloway and Jemima Boone to put on Indian moccasins, but Elizabeth, or
+Betsey, again showed her courage by refusing to do so. We can well
+imagine the horror when the people at the fort realized that the girls
+were in the hands of the savages. Both Boone and Calloway were absent,
+but soon returned and lost no time in starting for rescue and revenge.
+Two parties set out: one on foot with Colonel Boone and the three lovers
+of the three girls, Samuel Henderson, John Holder, and Flanders
+Calloway, respectively; another on horseback.
+
+As soon as they reached the north side of the river, Boone drew them up
+in line, placing the middle man at the trail, and pressed forward in
+pursuit. His daring was equaled only by his discretion, for should the
+pursuers be seen by the Indians, it was highly probable the three
+maidens would suffer death by the tomahawk. Betsey Calloway came near
+suffering thus when the savages discovered her breaking off twigs by
+which she could be trailed. Though the upraised tomahawk with a threat
+to use it caused her to desist from this, she slyly tore off bits of her
+linsey-woolsey dress, and occasionally pressed the heel of her shoepack
+into the soft earth, thus leaving a trail.
+
+By these signs, in the reading of which Colonel Boone was almost as wary
+as the Indians, the rescuing party hardly lost sight of the direction
+taken, although the captors compelled the girls to walk apart through
+the thick cane and wade up and down the streams of water, in an effort
+to hide their trail. On Tuesday morning, when about forty miles from
+Boonesborough, the whites came upon the captors just as they had kindled
+a fire to cook some buffalo meat. The two parties saw each other about
+the same time, but as their weapons were piled at the foot of a tree,
+and the whites fired at once and rushed upon them, the Indians hastily
+fled without knife, tomahawk, or even moccasins. The three girls were
+unharmed.
+
+[Illustration: "The whites fired and rushed upon them."]
+
+Betsey Calloway, a brunette much tanned by exposure, was mistaken by one
+of the rescuing party for an Indian, as she sat with the two wearied
+maidens asleep with their heads in her lap. Just as he was about to
+dash out her brains with the butt of his gun his arm was arrested by one
+who recognized her, and a most horrible tragedy was averted. Amid
+rejoicing they returned to the fort.
+
+On the seventh of the next month Squire Boone, a Baptist minister,
+performed the first marriage ceremony in Kentucky, when Betsey Calloway
+became the wife of Samuel Henderson. The other two couples soon followed
+their example.
+
+
+
+
+A WEDDING IN THE WILDERNESS
+
+
+The boys and girls in the early days of Kentucky usually married very
+young; and a wedding was an event so important that every one in the
+entire community felt a personal interest in the affair. The ceremony
+was usually performed just before noon.
+
+On the morning of the appointed day the groom and his attendants met at
+the home of his father and proceeded to the home of the bride. The
+gentlemen wore only clothes that were homemade; linsey shirts, leather
+breeches and leggins, moccasins or shoepacks, and caps of mink or
+raccoon skin with the tail hanging down the back completed their
+costume.
+
+The ladies were beautiful in linsey-woolsey, coarse shoes, or moccasins
+embroidered with beads and quills, and buckskin gloves. Just after the
+ceremony there was a feast of venison and bear, beef and pork, turkeys
+and geese, potatoes and cabbage, cornmeal mush with milk and maple
+sugar, ash cake and dodgers.
+
+[Illustration: "As soon as dinner was over, the dancing began."]
+
+As soon as dinner was over the dancing began and lasted not only through
+the afternoon but through the night until dawn. The square dance, the
+reel, and the jig were the figures that gave most joy to their flying
+feet.
+
+Either the next day, or very soon thereafter, the neighbors helped the
+newly married couple "settle." A party of choppers felled and trimmed
+the trees, others hauled them to the site, while others made the
+clapboards for the roof, and puncheons for floor and door. If any
+windows were made, they were covered with oiled doeskin and had thick
+shutters. No one had windows filled with glass in those days.[2]
+
+The neighbors helped not only to raise and cover the house, but to make
+the furniture also. A table was made from a slab of wood with four legs
+driven into auger holes; some three-legged stools were made of like
+material. Sticks driven into auger holes in the wall supported clapboard
+shelves where various articles were kept. A few pegs were likewise
+driven in the wall where the wearing apparel of both men and women was
+hung. A pair of buck horns or two small forks fastened to the logs held
+the ever trusty rifle and shot pouch.
+
+Nor did they stop here. Through a fork placed with its lower end in a
+hole in the floor and its upper end fastened to a joist, they placed
+poles with their ends through cracks in the walls. Over these,
+clapboards were laid. When the whole had been covered with skins of bear
+and deer, this made a most comfortable bed.
+
+At these house raisings, log rollings, and harvest homes there was much
+merriment coupled with the hard labor. Any man who failed to perform his
+part of the work was dubbed "Lazy Lawrence" and was denied similar help
+when he needed it.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] There is a story of a little boy who, upon seeing a house with glass
+windows for the first time, rushed home crying, "O Ma, there is a house
+down town with specs on!"
+
+
+
+
+PIONEER CHILDREN
+
+
+The boys and girls of to-day with all the comforts and luxuries
+surrounding them often pity the pioneer children and wonder how they
+spent their time. However, they doubtless were as happy and ambitious as
+we are. The boys early learned to chop, to grub bushes up by the roots,
+maul rails, trap turkeys, tree coons, and shoot a rifle. When severe
+weather kept them in the fort, there were not only the duties of making
+brooms and brushes but also the wrestling, leaping, and shooting matches
+where each strove to excel the other. How proud was the youth when he
+could "bark a squirrel," that is, shoot off the bark so near the
+squirrel that the force killed it, without inflicting a wound.
+
+The girls also had their work and play. They watched the cattle to keep
+them from straying too far away, they hunted flat rocks on which to bake
+"journey cakes," they helped to pound hominy, bring water, gather wild
+nettles, and assisted in soap making, sugaring, sewing, candle molding,
+and wool carding. There were likewise near-by excursions for hickory
+nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapes, pawpaws, honey locusts, hackberries,
+huckleberries, blackberries, dewberries, and raspberries.
+
+But you say, "All this sounds like fun. Boy Scouts and Camp-Fire Girls
+do many of these things and count them sport. The boys and girls of the
+early days in Kentucky must have had one long holiday with no thought
+of school or school work." There you are mistaken, for scarcely had the
+first women and children come to Harrodstown when Mrs. William Coomes
+taught in the fort, in 1776, the first school in Kentucky. In 1777, John
+May taught at McAfee's Station, and two years later Joseph Doniphan was
+teaching at Boonesborough.
+
+[Illustration: "There were excursions for nuts and berries."]
+
+So these boys and girls of those far-away days, although they had no
+well-warmed, well-lighted, well-ventilated schoolhouses; although their
+teachers were not always so scholarly and cultured as one could wish;
+although often in the earliest days they had no attractive textbooks,
+and their only means of learning to read, write, and calculate was from
+copies set by their teachers; although instead of paper they used smooth
+boards on which to write, with the juice of the oak balls for ink;
+although when they could read there were no absorbing storybooks,--yet
+they made progress and perhaps studied as hard as some children of
+to-day.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE PIONEERS MADE CHANGE
+
+
+We of to-day, with half dollars, quarter dollars, dimes, nickels, and
+pennies, often find it difficult to "make change." Still more difficult
+was it for the early settlers to do so.
+
+As the Indians used wampum and the early settlers of Virginia, tobacco,
+so the pioneers of Kentucky used the skins of wild animals as their
+first currency. While immigrants continued to come to this region,
+Spanish silver dollars came gradually into circulation. Still there was
+no small change.
+
+As "Necessity is the mother of invention," our forefathers actually made
+change by cutting the dollar into four equal parts, each worth
+twenty-five cents. These were again divided, each part worth twelve and
+one half cents, called bits. People sometimes became careless in the
+work of making change and often cut the dollar into five "quarters" or
+into ten "eighths." On account of the wedge shape of these pieces of cut
+money, they were called "sharp shins."
+
+If change was needed for a smaller sum than twelve and one half cents,
+merchants gave pins, needles, writing paper, and such things.
+
+This cut silver gradually found its way back to the mint for recoinage,
+usually to the loss of the last owner. As late as 1806, a business house
+in Philadelphia received over one hundred pounds of cut silver, brought
+on by a Kentucky merchant, which was sent on a dray to the United States
+Mint for recoinage.
+
+
+
+
+A WOMAN'S WILL
+
+
+"Where there is a will, there is a way" is an oft-quoted proverb, and
+the first white woman of whom we have any record of entering Kentucky
+proved it true. In 1756 Mrs. Mary Draper Inglis, her two small sons, and
+a sister-in-law, Mrs. Draper, were taken from their homes in Virginia by
+the Shawnee Indians and carried some distance down the Kanawha, where
+they halted a few days to make salt, thence to the Indian village at the
+mouth of the Scioto, which is the site now of Portsmouth, Ohio. Mrs.
+Inglis won her way into the favor of the savages by making shirts of
+material that French traders had brought from Detroit. She was soon held
+in such high esteem by her captors that she was not subjected to the
+peril of running the gantlet, though a greater grief was put upon
+her,--that of being separated from her two sons at the division of the
+prisoners.
+
+After spending a few weeks at the mouth of the Scioto, a number of the
+savages proceeded to Big Bone Lick, over a hundred miles away. With them
+they took Mrs. Inglis and an old Dutch lady who had been in captivity
+for a long while. Not being daunted by fear or distance from home, these
+pioneer women planned and effected an escape. On the pretext of
+gathering grapes they started from camp one afternoon with only a
+blanket, knife, and tomahawk.
+
+With eager feet they reached the Ohio, and followed its windings, until
+after five days' journeying they found themselves opposite the mouth of
+the Scioto. Fortune favored them, for a horse was grazing there and also
+some corn was close at hand. Although near Indian villages, they loaded
+the horse with corn and pressed on to the mouth of the Big Sandy, but
+were compelled to go farther up that stream to effect a crossing. After
+going some distance, the women crossed on driftwood, but the horse,
+falling among the logs, was finally abandoned, and with only a scanty
+store of corn they pursued their dangerous journey.
+
+[Illustration: They crossed the river on driftwood.]
+
+Had it not been for walnuts, grapes, and pawpaws, hunger would have
+stayed their steps. Even with these the Dutch woman was not long
+satisfied and, driven to desperation, she threatened and attempted the
+life of Mrs. Inglis. But the latter succeeded in escaping from her
+frantic companion and, finding a canoe, took a broad splinter for a
+paddle and reached the Ohio shore. When morning dawned and the Dutch
+woman saw Mrs. Inglis on the other bank, she pleaded with her to return
+to her rescue. But fearing a repetition of her late fury, Mrs. Inglis
+turned a deaf ear to entreaties and hastened, as fast as her exhausted
+condition permitted, towards home. At last, after more than forty days
+of dire suffering and destitution, she reached a cabin where careful
+attention soon restored her to health and from there she was taken to a
+near-by fort and restored to her husband. A party went in search of the
+Dutch woman and brought her safely to the settlement. One of the little
+sons died soon after being separated from his mother, while thirteen
+years elapsed before the father found and rescued the other.
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE WOMEN BROUGHT THE WATER
+
+
+The women of Kentucky have never been known to falter whatever demand
+duty might make upon them; yet at no period in the history of our
+commonwealth has there been any more severe test of the courage of her
+daughters than occurred on the morning of August 15, 1782, at a point
+about five miles northeast of Lexington on the present road from that
+city to Maysville.
+
+This post had been settled in 1779 by four brothers from North Carolina,
+named Bryan, hence the name "Bryan's Station." About forty cabins had
+been "placed in parallel lines and connected by strong palisades." This
+fort and the station at Lexington had been selected as special places on
+which to visit the wrath and retaliation for massacre of some Indians
+upon the Sandusky; and as the savages and their renegade allies had been
+successful, they were easily incited to a general attack and inspired
+with the idea of regaining their hunting grounds and driving the
+paleface across the Alleghenies.
+
+Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, was at the height of his glory
+when, in response to requests of runners sent to various tribes, there
+began at Chillicothe, August 1, 1782, a gathering of Cherokees,
+Shawnees, Miamis, Wyandots, and Potawatamis.
+
+Ere the march began, the party numbered nearly six hundred warriors.
+With great secrecy and rapidity they descended the Little Miami, crossed
+the Ohio, and reached central Kentucky. In the hope of drawing away the
+fighting forces from the stations warned, Girty sent a party of
+Wyandots, who harassed Hoy's Station, and captured two boys. Captain
+Holder, gathering what men he could, pushed forward in pursuit, but was
+defeated August 12, at Upper Blue Licks. When runners spread the news to
+the various forts, the call to rally to Holder's assistance was as
+quickly responded to as if it had been imperative.
+
+Girty knew of the common custom of rallying to the needs of neighboring
+settlements, so he expected to find a defenseless fort at Bryan's
+Station when he and his band of savages reached there on the night of
+the 14th. Instead, all within seemed awake and alert; lights were
+shining and fires burning brightly. Girty at once suspected that his
+coming had been heralded. The truth was that it was the preparation for
+the morrow's march that caused such activity; not one suspected that
+such a horde of murderous savages was so near. So when at the early dawn
+the men started from their fort, they were much surprised at a heavy
+fire from ambuscade, but they were so near the gates that they soon
+retreated within and prepared for a stormy siege. Couriers carried the
+news of the attack to Lexington, Todd's, St. Asaph's, and Boonesborough.
+While awaiting reinforcements from these stations, the sixty
+backwoodsmen prepared to protect themselves and their families.
+
+Knowing the siege would be severe and perhaps long, they began to
+consider seriously the question of securing water; for, by an oversight,
+the men who built the fort placed it at some distance from the spring
+which supplied their wants. As cunning as the Indians, and equally as
+strategic, were the men opposed to them. Instinctively they felt that
+the savages were ambushed near the spring expecting the men to come for
+a supply of water, when it would be the work of only a very few moments
+to fire upon them, and through the gateway gain admittance to the fort.
+
+After talking over the matter the men within the fort called together
+all the women, disclosed their suspicions concerning the location of a
+part of the enemy, but told them they felt no violence would be offered
+women and urged them to go in a body to bring water. The women hesitated
+and said that they were not bullet-proof and that savages scalped alike
+the male and the female. In reply the men said that the women usually
+carried the water, and that if the men should go, the Indians would know
+that their ambuscade had been discovered and would at once rush upon the
+whites and gain admittance to the fort; but if the women went as usual,
+the savages would think their hiding secure and would longer delay the
+attack. The women knew that water they must have, if the garrison
+withstood the inevitable siege; they also knew that the views of the men
+were correct and that the request for them to bring the water arose from
+no desire on the part of their husbands and brothers, sons and fathers,
+to shirk duty or shift danger.
+
+So when the Spartan-like mothers agreed to the plan, the younger women
+followed their example, and everyone, matron and maid, with pail in hand
+or piggin on head, marched down to the spring, while they "feared each
+bush" an Indian. Though vainly striving to appear calm, when returning
+
+    "The way seemed long before them,
+    And their hearts outran their footsteps";
+
+so the nearer the gate they came, the quicker was their walk until it
+finally ended in a very brisk run and very few entered the fort with
+full vessels. Tradition says that as the last entered so hastily and
+spilled the water so freely the Indians broke into a laugh. But the
+women had "been tried and not found wanting"; they had proved themselves
+to be true helpmates of those sturdy men who were striving to gain a
+home in the western wilds.
+
+[Illustration: "The walk finally ended in a very brisk run."]
+
+Erelong the arrangements for defense were completed and thirteen men
+marched out to form a decoy party on the Lexington road; their orders
+were to fire rapidly, make all possible noise, but not to pursue the
+savages too far. They obeyed orders well and as soon as the guns sounded
+in the distance, five hundred warriors, led by Girty, rushed from the
+ambush near the spring, expecting to force their way over defenseless
+walls. The greater part of the sixty men had resolved themselves into a
+reception committee, expecting just such a call. So, when "their deadly
+balls whistled free," wild cries of terror came from Girty's ranks and
+"in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen," while the thirteen
+reëntered through the opposite gateway, very jubilant over the success
+of their little ruse.
+
+The attack was renewed, but nothing of marked importance occurred unless
+it was the supreme coöperation that went on within the fort. Every
+breech was repaired, every gate and loophole manned; men, women, and
+even children were busily engaged in firing at the foe, molding bullets,
+or quenching the flames that the burning arrows from the bows of the
+savages had lighted. At two in the afternoon, just at a time when the
+firing had ceased, about fifty men, from various stations, one third on
+horse, the rest afoot, came in reply to the request sent out that
+morning.
+
+As the Indians knew that runners had been dispatched for reënforcements,
+they had planned to receive them. On one side of the road "stood the
+forest primeval," while on the other side was a vast field of one
+hundred acres of luxuriant corn, ten feet high, whose long green banners
+formed a dense thicket. Here on each side lay warriors within range of
+the road over which they knew the men would come. As soon as the
+horsemen appeared, shots from the guns of the savages rang out; but
+quickly spurring their horses, the recruiting party escaped within the
+fort through such a cloud of dust that not one was wounded.
+
+Had the foot soldiers been more cautious, they too might have fared
+better; but hearing the firing on their friends, they rushed forward
+into the presence of the great crowd of savages, who, having emptied
+their guns, began to advance with tomahawk; but in many instances they
+were held at bay by the muzzle of the frontiersman's gun. Thus for an
+hour, the savages pursued the flying soldiers, who when too hard pressed
+turned and aimed, but did not fire until absolutely forced to do so, as
+they could have no time to reload.
+
+In a skirmish, a ball from a rifle brought Girty to the ground, but when
+the warriors gathered around him, they found that it was only the force
+that had caused him to fall, as the ball had struck a thick piece of
+leather in his shot pouch. Despairing of success, Girty crawled to the
+protection of a huge stump, hailed the fort, and attempted
+negotiations. He spoke in commendatory terms of their courage, but
+assured them that to pursue such policy further was madness, as in
+addition to his six hundred warriors he would soon have reënforcements
+with cannons, when their weak walls would no longer protect them. He
+urged an immediate surrender, pledged his honor to protect them as
+prisoners of war, and inquired if they knew him, Simon Girty.
+
+Some were rather anxious at the news of artillery, but a young man named
+Aaron Reynolds inspired the weaker ones with courage when he derisively
+told the speaker to bring on his reënforcements; that they too were
+expecting reënforcements and if Girty and his savage allies remained
+much longer, their scalps would grace his cabin. He said Girty was "very
+well known," that he himself owned a cur, so worthless that he called
+him "Simon Girty."
+
+Offended at such language, Girty rejoined his chiefs. The night passed
+without interruption, but daylight showed camp fires burning, meat
+roasting, and not an Indian in sight. They had evidently departed just
+before dawn.
+
+
+
+
+THE RESULT OF ONE RASH ACT
+
+
+After the retreat of the savages from Bryan's Station it did not take
+long for the Kentucky riflemen to gather and go in pursuit. In the
+afternoon of the same day the savages had retreated from the fort, one
+hundred and eighty-two men from the various stations assembled. Fearing
+that the Indians would escape across the river, they started at once to
+overtake them, without waiting for the arrival of Colonel Logan, who was
+coming with three hundred more men.
+
+Colonel John Todd was put in command, while many commissioned officers
+took their places in the ranks. On they pressed, until on the second
+day, as they reached the Lower Blue Licks, they saw the Indians
+leisurely ascending the farther bank.
+
+The pioneers halted and held a conference in which all officers took
+part. The veteran Boone was asked for his opinion which all valued. He
+counseled either waiting for Colonel Logan's reënforcements or so
+dividing their numbers that part could cross above and fall in the rear
+of the enemy, while others could fight from the front.
+
+Some preferred the first plan, others wished to adopt the second. In the
+midst of the consultation the rash, undisciplined nature of Colonel Hugh
+McGary, daring but with no deference to authority, oblivious to peril
+but not prudent, caused him to exchange some hot words with Todd and
+Boone; then giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream, holding
+his hat above his head, and shouting, "All who are not cowards follow
+me."
+
+[Illustration: "Giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream."]
+
+The effect was electric. Horse and foot rushed headlong, each trying to
+be foremost. No order was given, none observed. In their unreasonable
+enthusiasm they heeded no command. In vain the officers tried to check
+them, then finally followed. Reaching the farther bank, by great
+difficulty a halt was secured and spies sent ahead to examine a ravine
+where Boone feared an ambush; as they returned and reported no sign of
+the enemy, the pioneers moved forward in three divisions. By the time
+they came to this ravine Girty's Indians had so placed themselves that
+from their murderous fire many fell. Still the pioneers maintained their
+ground, until at last all hope lay in retreat. On the bank of the river
+there was soon a seething mass of horsemen, foot soldiers, and Indians.
+Sixty of Kentucky's bravest fell, and sorrow filled every home.
+
+Colonel Logan and his soldiers came next day and buried their dead,
+among whom were many of the leaders in both public and private life as
+well as a son of the aged Boone.
+
+There is a tradition that when the Indians saw four more of their own
+among the slain than of the whites, they barbarously put to death four
+of the seven pioneers they had taken and subjected the others many times
+to the most cruel and inhuman treatment.
+
+Through this rash act of McGary nearly one tenth of all the fighting men
+in Kentucky fell. Distress and discouragement were general; and the
+greatest disaster that had yet befallen the country had been brought
+about.
+
+
+
+
+TWO KENTUCKY HEROES
+
+
+In the latter part of the year 1779, David Rogers was making his way
+from New Orleans to Pittsburgh with two boats full of military stores.
+On nearing the four-mile bar above the present site of Cincinnati, he
+discovered a great number of Indians emerging from the mouth of the
+Little Miami. Hastily landing, his men cautiously crept through the
+underbrush, expecting to take the Indians unawares, when they were
+suddenly surprised by a large force of savages, who with rifle and
+tomahawk made such a terrible onslaught that more than half of the
+whites met an almost instantaneous death.
+
+The crew, in a panic, rushed forward to their boats only to find one in
+the possession of the enemy and the other too far from shore to reach
+its friendly shelter. With a courage born of despair they rushed through
+the enemy's lines, and some escaped in the darkness to Harrodstown,
+while others were so severely wounded that they barely existed until
+they were rescued by their friends.
+
+Among these was Robert Benham, who, after being shot through the hips,
+managed to crawl to a large fallen tree and hide among its foliage.
+There he quietly lay until the battle was ended, and the Indians had
+returned and gathered the spoils from the dead whites. Thinking the
+coast clear once more and suffering pangs of hunger, Benham could not
+resist shooting a raccoon that came within his range, trusting to
+providence to reach it after it fell. Scarcely had the sound of his gun
+died away when he heard some one speak. He instantly reloaded and sat
+quietly, expecting an Indian every moment.
+
+Finally some one said, "Whoever you are, answer me."
+
+He then, realizing that it was no savage, readily answered; and soon one
+of his former comrades, John Watson, appeared with both arms broken.
+
+Never was there a happier combination. From that time the arms of
+Benham and the legs of Watson each did duty for both. Benham could
+easily load his gun and kill the game, while Watson could readily kick
+it within reach of his companion, who could dress and cook it. Thus they
+subsisted until the game in their vicinity grew scarce; then the man
+with the sound legs would walk around a drove of wild turkeys until he
+got them within range of Benham's gun, who was such a splendid marksman
+that he never failed to kill two or three of the number.
+
+Their greatest difficulty was in securing water; but as in all things,
+"where there is a will there is a way," so even this difficulty was
+obviated. Benham would place his hat rim between the teeth of Watson,
+who would wade into the river up to his chin, duck his head, and thus
+fill the hat with water which he securely delivered to the man without
+legs, who could use it as needed. Benham was thus enabled to cook, dress
+his own and his comrade's wounds, and feed the latter also.
+
+For several weeks they lived thus, until they grew stronger and traveled
+to the Licking River. After a great deal of difficulty in making
+themselves known to some passing boats, they were rescued, and taken to
+the Falls of the Ohio, where both recovered. Benham afterwards
+participated in several expeditions, and, after peace, returned to the
+scenes of his sufferings, bought land there, and passed his remaining
+days peacefully where he had so nearly met death.
+
+
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS
+
+
+From time immemorial women have been accused of possessing an unusual
+amount of curiosity, but an incident of the early days, in what is now
+Mercer County, will prove that some men also belong to the curious
+class.
+
+In 1783, the same year that saw the treaty of peace between Great
+Britain and the thirteen colonies go into effect, Kentucky, still a part
+of Virginia, was a dense forest, infested by roving bands of Indians who
+plundered and murdered the pioneers; hence caution was still the
+watchword of the white inhabitants. During this year, three men in the
+early dawn left Harrod's Station to hunt for some horses that had
+strayed off while grazing. For some time, over many miles, through dense
+cane and tangled pea vine, they pursued the trail, until, as a refuge
+from the darkness and a cold, drenching rain, the pioneers took shelter
+in an old, deserted log cabin, in the midst of a canebrake.
+
+Having seen signs of Indians during the day and knowing that the red men
+also knew of the cabin, they decided to endure the cold, rather than
+light a fire. Finally they concluded a still further precaution would be
+to take refuge in the "loft" of the cabin for fear the savage foes might
+also take shelter therein and dispute the right of possession.
+
+They at once climbed up into the loft, the floor of which was
+clapboards, lying loose upon some round poles. Here, with their trusty
+rifles, they lay quietly for a short time, when to their terror six
+armed savages entered the cabin. Placing their guns and tomahawks in a
+corner, they built a fire and began a scene of hilarity characteristic
+of their tribe.
+
+[Illustration: "The Indians built a fire."]
+
+One of the men was anxious to know the number of the Indians. So, though
+he was lying on his back, and was the middle man, he determined to turn
+over and peep at the crowd below. The other two white men determined he
+should keep still; so they held him, but as he quietly struggled, a pole
+broke and with a terrible crash, clapboards, men, and guns fell upon the
+frightened savages, who with yells of terror fled into the forest and
+never returned. Though almost as much terrified as the Indians, the
+white men quietly enjoyed the fire till morning, when they returned to
+the station with their trophies of what they laughingly called "The
+Battle of the Boards."
+
+
+
+
+THE FAITHFUL SLAVE AND HIS REWARD
+
+
+If we search the annals of both ancient and modern times we can find no
+record that shows greater fidelity from slave to master than was
+exhibited by a negro to one of Kentucky's most noted pioneers.
+
+In 1782, March 19, people living in the vicinity of Boonesborough
+discovered some empty rafts floating down the river. They at once knew
+that Indians had used them to cross the stream so as to attack the
+unprotected settlements. News was sent to the various stations warning
+the settlers. Colonel Logan dispatched fifteen men to Estill's Station,
+where they were joined by twenty-five from that fort. Under the command
+of Captain James Estill, they started to pursue and punish the invaders.
+
+Early in the morning of the 20th, Miss Jennie Gass, with a slave, Monk,
+as protector, went just outside the fort at Estill's Station to milk the
+cows. Her mother, seeing the savages approaching, called loudly for her
+to run, but the warning came too late. Ere her daughter could reach the
+gate, her mother saw her tomahawked and scalped.
+
+Monk was captured and asked about the force of the fort. Like the
+half-witted boy who was questioned by the Tories, Monk exaggerated the
+situation, saying there were forty men in the fort then molding bullets
+in anticipation of an attack. The truth is that aside from the women and
+children, there were only four men, who were too disabled to march. The
+savages accordingly thought it best to retreat.
+
+No sooner had they withdrawn from the vicinity of the fort than two boys
+were dispatched to find Captain Estill's band and tell them of the
+tragedy. In a few hours the messengers found the men, and so uneasy were
+some of the party for their families that five returned to help protect
+the fort, while the other thirty-five began to search for the trail of
+the Indians. A part of the horses became so jaded that ten more dropped
+from the ranks, while the remaining twenty-five pushed forward with a
+grim determination to find the savages.
+
+About an hour before sunset they discovered some Indians preparing a
+meal from a buffalo. When Captain Estill fired his gun, the Indians
+fled, and had it not been that their leader was wounded, the retreat
+would have been permanent and the battle of Little Mountain would never
+have been fought. With almost superhuman strength the chieftain dragged
+himself to a place of safety and with a defiance that meant death he
+commanded his warriors who were too loyal to retreat without their
+wounded leader. There, in a space not more than two hundred yards in
+diameter, was fought one of the world's fiercest battles.
+
+On the one hand there were twenty-five Wyandot warriors who defied
+death. On the other side there were twenty-five pioneers, aroused to
+vengeance by the cruelties the red men had visited upon them. Well did
+they obey the command of Estill, "Every man to his man, and every man to
+his tree." At one time in the fiercest of the fight, the rallying tones
+of confidence rang out above the crack of the rifles as Monk, who was
+still held prisoner by the savages, shouted, "Don't give way, Massa Jim,
+you can whip the redskins."
+
+For nearly two hours the combat lasted, neither side advancing nor
+retreating. But when Captain Estill sent Lieutenant William Miller with
+six men to gain the rear of the enemy, that seven ingloriously fled and
+then the savages began to gain on the whites. Finally Captain Estill and
+a brawny Indian clutched in mortal combat. For a time their strength
+seemed equal, but Estill's broken arm giving way, the savage instantly
+plunged a knife into his breast and a moment later, pierced by a bullet
+from Joseph Proctor's unerring gun, fell dead across his victim's body.
+
+There the battle ended, the pioneers taking their wounded comrades and
+leaving the dead upon the field. Proctor carried one, a Mr. Irvine, a
+great distance of forty miles upon his back, while the faithful Monk
+carried another. A few days later a party of whites visited the scene
+and buried their dead. The Indians had carefully removed their slain but
+left the whites unmolested. Wallace Estill, Monk's young master, gave
+him his freedom and cared for him the remainder of his life. He lived to
+a ripe old age and was the father of thirty children.
+
+The little city of Mount Sterling is near the battleground where such
+heroism was displayed by both savage and civilian.
+
+
+
+
+THE DOUBLE SHOT
+
+
+Daniel Boone, the famous hunter, fighter, and pioneer, regarded himself
+as a special agent intended by providence to convert forests into fields
+and to carry civilization to the wilderness. When we remember his many
+exciting adventures and marvelous successes, we are inclined almost to
+believe that he was a child of destiny.
+
+[Illustration: "He took aim at the foremost."]
+
+One of the most singular experiences in his warfare on the savages
+occurred about 1780, when about two miles south of Owingsville. Boone
+was making one of his solitary journeys from Boonesborough to the Upper
+Blue Licks. As he came near a deserted station about twelve miles east
+of the present site of Mount Sterling, he perceived fresh signs of
+Indians; so he continued his journey cautiously until he came to a clear
+spring near the bank of Slate Creek. Here, as he was quenching his
+thirst, a ball whistled by and broke the bark from the beech that shaded
+the spring. Boone lost no time in reaching the creek, swimming to the
+opposite bank, and concealing himself in a convenient canebrake. He then
+cautiously parted the cane until he had gone about one hundred yards,
+when he observed two Indians coming warily towards the creek. He had
+slain so many savages that he was not satisfied with the thought of
+killing one of his adversaries, but determined that one shot should kill
+both. He therefore took aim at the foremost and as the other came in
+range he fired; and as one fell dead, the other, dropping his gun, fled
+with frantic yells of pain, for the ball had passed through the body of
+one and struck the other's shoulder.
+
+Boone then very calmly crossed the creek, selected one of the guns left
+by the savages, threw the other in the creek, where it was found
+afterwards, and proceeded on his way to the Blue Licks.
+
+
+
+
+A MAN OF STRATEGY AND SAGACITY
+
+
+His father having died when he was only fourteen, Benjamin Logan found
+himself, according to the laws of Virginia, at the head of a family, and
+in possession of his father's estate. With his mother's consent he sold
+the land and divided the proceeds among his brothers and sisters. Since
+he wished to see his mother comfortably settled, he united funds with
+that of a brother and bought a small home, which was secured to her
+during her life.
+
+Bidding his mother farewell, he soon made for himself a home on the
+Holston River. Here he remained a few years and after having served with
+both Colonel Bouquet and Colonel Dunmore in the expeditions against the
+Indians, resolved to try the western wilds of Kentucky. With two or
+three slaves, he came, traversed a great part of the wilderness with
+Boone and Henderson, and pitched his camp and built his fort in Lincoln
+County near the present city of Stanford. Bringing out his family the
+next year, he deemed it prudent to place them in the more securely
+fortified Harrodstown. But early in 1777 feeling more assurance of
+safety, he removed all his household to his new home.
+
+Early in the morning of May 20, while some of the men were guarding the
+women as they were outside milking, Indians fired on them from a near-by
+canebrake. All fled toward the fort, but one of the white men fell dead,
+another was mortally wounded, and a third, Burr Harrison, was severely
+crippled. There were now only twelve fighting men to defend the fort,
+while the enemy numbered one hundred. Harrison ran staggering towards
+the fort, when he fell and lay all day within range of the rifles of the
+Indians, and in sight of his agonized wife; her pleas for help and cries
+of distress, as from her own place of safety she saw her husband wounded
+and helpless, touched the sympathy and tried the heroism of all.
+
+[Illustration: "Amid a shower of arrows they entered the gate."]
+
+All hesitated until twilight came, and it grew so dark the Indians could
+not distinguish objects moving around the stockade. As there were a
+great many large hogs in the vicinity, Logan covered himself with a
+small feather bed, made from the feathers of the numerous wild pigeons,
+turkeys, and geese, and leaving the gate crept hither and thither, on
+all fours, grunting and acting as if in search of something to eat.
+Finally he reached Harrison, apparently by accident. He suddenly seized
+him in his arms, sprang to his feet, and darted toward the fort before
+the surprised Indians sufficiently recovered to take sure aim. Amid a
+shower of bullets and arrows he and Harrison entered the gate in safety.
+
+Enraged at the deception practiced upon them, the Indians vigorously
+assaulted the fort, while the inmates as vigorously defended it. Under
+Logan's lead they resolved to fight to the last, but the powder and ball
+began to run low. What should be done? These men, made of "sterner
+stuff," faced another danger. If the siege was continued, they must
+perish or procure ammunition.
+
+Again the heroism of Logan shone forth. Assuring his wife and friends of
+a safe and speedy return, he, with two trusty companions, under the
+cover of the night, left the fort. They crept through the Indian lines,
+avoided the regular route through Cumberland Gap, rapidly traversed
+mountains and valleys, crossed rivers, pushed through brush and cane,
+reached the Holston, procured "powder and ball," and on the tenth night
+Logan reëntered the fort, having traveled more than three hundred miles.
+His companions soon arrived with the ammunition, reënforcements were
+brought, and the Indians retired.
+
+
+
+
+THE KIND-HEARTED INDIAN
+
+
+[Illustration: "Mr. Rowan turned the butt of his gun."]
+
+About 1784, a party of pioneers left the Falls of the Ohio with the
+intention of descending the river. Reaching Yellow Banks, the boat
+stopped for a while. One of the party, a Mr. Rowan, taking a loaded gun,
+but no ammunition, wandered some distance from the shore and upon his
+return was astonished to find the boat gone. The crew had cause to
+believe a party of Indians was near, so hastened away without waiting
+for their comrade. The nearest settlement was at Vincennes, one hundred
+miles distant. So thither Mr. Rowan bent his steps until after three
+weary days of exposure and exhaustion he abandoned all hope and lay
+down to die. It was not long, however, before, hearing the report of a
+gun, he again took courage, rose, and made his way in the direction of
+the sound. When he came in sight, an Indian raised his gun to fire, but,
+seeing Mr. Rowan turn the butt of his gun, knew he meant to be friendly;
+so with a politeness that would have done honor to a civilian the savage
+promptly turned the butt of his also.
+
+Learning the destitute condition of Rowan, the Indian hospitably took
+him to his wigwam, cared for him until his strength was restored, and
+then conducted him to Vincennes. Anxious to reward such unusual
+kindness, Rowan tried to prevail on the savage to accept a gift of $300;
+of this the Indian nobly refused every penny, but in order to please his
+recent guest finally accepted a new blanket, saying, "When I wrap myself
+in it, I will think of you."
+
+
+
+
+SAVED BY THE HUG OF A BEAR
+
+
+Though the records of pioneer life teem with startling encounters with
+wild animals, there really occurred a very unusual incident, when the
+life of a young man, named Downing, was saved by the hug of a bear.
+
+In those early days, the people of that part of the country that is now
+Kentucky had to content themselves with very rough cabins and forts for
+their families, and with no outbuildings or inclosures whatever for
+their stock.
+
+Instead of well-kept stables and excellent pastures, the stockade
+protected the cows, sheep, and horses at night, and the near-by forest
+was their home and grazing ground during the day. Although as close
+watch as possible was kept over these animals, they sometimes strayed so
+far away that it was necessary to bring them back or the Indians would
+take them for their own.
+
+In the year 1786, in what is now Bath County, a horse had strayed off,
+and a young man named Yates requested another occupant of the fort, a
+mere lad named Downing, to go with him in search of the animal.
+
+They traversed the woods in every direction all day, but in vain. About
+sundown, when nearly seven miles from the fort, in a wild valley,
+Downing became very anxious concerning sounds that seemed to follow his
+footsteps regardless of the direction he took. He repeatedly said that
+he heard sticks breaking and that he believed Indians were following
+them.
+
+Yates, who was older, more experienced, and more inured to the perils of
+frontier life, laughed heartily at the fears of his companion, often
+inquired at what price he rated his scalp, and jokingly offered to
+insure it at a sixpence.
+
+Oblivious to all danger, enjoying the discomfort of his companion, and
+wishing to display his daring, Yates began a rollicking tune as he
+boldly passed along; but young Downing, feeling "the better part of
+valor is discretion," and being sure from the ominous sounds that they
+were being followed, decided to discover if possible the hidden foe. He
+gradually slackened his pace, until his companion was about twenty or
+thirty yards in advance; then just after descending a small hill,
+Downing quickly stepped from the path and secreted himself behind some
+bushes. He was horrified a few moments later to see two Indians
+cautiously put aside the canebrake and peer in the direction taken by
+his companion.
+
+Downing, fearful lest the savages knew his own hiding place, decided to
+fire upon them at once; but his hand was so unsteady from the
+excitement, that his gun went off before he took aim. Terror-stricken he
+fled in the direction taken by his friend, whom he soon met, returning
+to learn the cause of the firing. There was no need to inquire, for in
+full view the two savages were rapidly pursuing them.
+
+True Kentucky chivalry was soon evident, for though he could easily have
+saved himself, Yates would not outrun his young companion, but kept by
+his side.
+
+It so happened that a path diverged from the one taken by the whites,
+but rejoined it at a distant point. Knowing the country well, the
+Indians took this divergent path, expecting to intercept the pioneers at
+the point of reunion. Passing this point in safety, the white men soon
+came to a deep gully. Mr. Yates easily cleared it, but his companion,
+being very much exhausted, fell against the farther bank and rolled at
+full length to the bottom. He gave himself up for lost. Over went the
+two Indians like deer, so intent upon catching the foremost man they
+apparently did not notice Downing.
+
+[Illustration: "The bear growled and hugged him close."]
+
+For a while fear kept him still, but finally thinking the Indians were
+far away, the young man walked to the shallow part of the ditch. Just as
+he reached a place so shallow that he was no longer concealed, to his
+astonishment and dismay he beheld one of the savages returning,
+apparently in search of him.
+
+Having neglected to reload his gun, and seeing the Indian advancing upon
+him, he threw it away and again trusted to flight. The white man ran and
+the Indian ran. It was a race for life, but as they ascended the long
+ridge, so steadily did the Indian gain upon him that when Downing ran
+along one side of a big fallen poplar, the Indian passed along the
+other, evidently expecting to seize him at the upturned root. However,
+just there lay a huge mother bear and her cubs. So rapidly was the
+Indian running that by the time he had discovered Mrs. Bruin, she had
+discovered him; and though his salutation was an exclamation of horror
+and a plunge of his great knife, the bear only growled and hugged him
+close.
+
+So happy was Downing over this timely meeting of his two enemies, that
+he joyfully fled to the fort, where he found his companion resting from
+his exciting race. Those in the fort soon received a vivid account of
+how Downing's life, providentially, had been saved by the hug of a bear.
+
+
+
+
+A KENTUCKIAN DEFEATED THE BRITISH
+
+
+There was born in Virginia, on November 19, 1752, a light-haired,
+blue-eyed baby boy who was destined to become the founder of our
+commonwealth, the father of Kentucky, and the captor of England's
+important outposts.
+
+Leaving his home one spring morning in 1775, and stopping at the bend of
+the road to wave farewell to his mother, sister, and brother, George
+Rogers Clark, a young soldier-surveyor of twenty-two who had seen active
+service in Dunmore's war, started out for the wilds of Kentucky.
+
+More than six feet in height, dignified, affable, manly, brave,
+determined, yet gentle, he at once commanded not only the attention, but
+respect, friendship, and leadership of all. Whether or not he came with
+an official commission, his military bearing, his superior intelligence,
+and his indomitable spirit caused him by common consent to be placed at
+the head of the irregular militia of this section.
+
+George Rogers Clark returned to Virginia in the autumn, but in the
+memorable year of '76 came again to Kentucky to make it his permanent
+home.
+
+He opposed the plans of the Transylvania Company, urged the settlers to
+try to effect a more certain connection with Virginia, and went over
+mountains, through mud, and amid difficulties and dangers, as a
+representative to the Virginia legislature, which had adjourned before
+he reached the capital.
+
+Not to be deterred, he visited Governor Patrick Henry, who was at home
+sick, and impressed upon him the necessity of protecting the settlements
+in Kentucky. He then went before the executive council of the state and
+asked for 500 pounds of gunpowder to be used in defense of the stations.
+The council agreed to lend this to the colonists as friends, but said
+they could not give it to them as fellow citizens. At this Clark refused
+to accept the gunpowder and intimated intentions of appealing for
+assistance elsewhere, saying that, "A country that is not worth
+defending is not worth having." This reply caused the recall of Clark to
+the presence of the council, and the gunpowder was conveyed to
+Pittsburgh and delivered to Clark for the colonists.
+
+At the next session of the legislature, through the splendid services of
+this same useful citizen, the territory which later became our
+commonwealth was erected into Kentucky County, of Virginia.
+
+From this time on Clark was, by common consent, the moving master spirit
+in all the daring plans of his adopted state. With a seeing eye and an
+unsurpassed judgment he concluded that the Indian invasions were
+inspired by the British and that to stop this terrible warfare the
+colonists should strike at the fountain head. Accordingly he laid and
+perfected his plans for attacking the posts of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and
+Saint Vincents (now Vincennes). Virginia voted to defray the expenses
+and gave Clark two sets of instructions, one public, ordering him to
+proceed to the defense of Kentucky, the other private, ordering an
+attack on Kaskaskia.
+
+Descending the Ohio on flatboats or pirogues, he landed, May, 1778,
+three companies of troops and several families on Corn Island, near the
+Falls of the Ohio. He drilled his raw recruits, reënforced with
+volunteers from the country, and a few weeks later, amid a total eclipse
+of the sun, set out with his frail fleet of four companies of one
+hundred and thirty-five fighting men.
+
+[Illustration: "On the night of July 4, they captured Kaskaskia."]
+
+Landing on Owen's Island near the mouth of the Tennessee River, and
+striking across the country from Fort Massacre, or Massac, he began that
+wonderful march which won him undying fame.
+
+Meeting a party of hunters recently from Kaskaskia, Clark secured from
+them important intelligence and an offer to guide his forces where by a
+sudden surprise they believed the place could be easily captured. On the
+night of July 4, he took the town of two hundred and fifty inhabitants
+without the loss of one drop of blood.
+
+Most of the people were of French descent and had been taught by the
+British that the Kentuckians waged savage warfare. They were therefore
+terror-stricken until General Clark assured them that their own king,
+whose rule over them had been exchanged for that of the British by the
+treaty of Paris, 1763, had joined hands with America to stop the cruel
+war of the British and Indians. The French colonists were then
+overjoyed, said their French king had come to life, and offered to
+accompany the division that was to march to Cahokia.
+
+On July 6, that post was also surprised and taken; the inhabitants were
+dreadfully alarmed at the sight of the "big knife," but were soon
+reassured by their relatives and friends from Kaskaskia.
+
+Not satisfied with these brilliant successes, General Clark felt that he
+must also capture Vincennes, but M. Gibault, the village priest of both
+that place and Kaskaskia, volunteered to inform the people of Vincennes
+that the king of France had become an ally of the American colonists.
+Soon the American flag floated over that fort and from the Lakes to the
+Mississippi the powerful arm of the British was broken, and the many
+Indian invasions of Kentucky were discontinued.
+
+
+
+
+A FAMOUS MARCH
+
+
+News came to General Clark in January of 1779, that the British under
+Governor Hamilton from Detroit had recaptured Vincennes and were waiting
+only till spring to advance with hundreds of Indian allies on Kaskaskia,
+obliterate the Kentuckians, and break the power of Virginia west of the
+Alleghenies. Learning at the same time that Hamilton had only about
+eighty regular soldiers with three cannons and some swivels, Clark
+decided not to wait to be attacked, but to take the aggressive. He at
+once sent forty-five men on a boat to proceed to a point near the mouth
+of the White River with instructions, to allow nothing to pass, and to
+wait further orders.
+
+Nine days after the important information reached him, General Clark
+with one hundred and seventy men started across flooded prairies,
+swollen streams, and inundated valleys. There is no more daring march
+recorded. Trudging through rain and mud, fording small streams, wading
+most of the time in deep water ofttimes to the armpits, they traveled
+without tents, depending on parched corn and the securing of game for
+food; at last they went for days with no nourishment whatever.
+
+[Illustration: Clark and his men crossing a swollen stream.]
+
+It took all the ingenuity of General Clark to keep up the courage of the
+soldiers. Sometimes he would plunge into the deep water singing a
+favorite song, when all would join in, fall in line, and sing as they
+waded. At another time, seeing the discouragement and despair in their
+faces, he blackened his face with gunpowder, gave an Indian-like war
+whoop, and plunged into the stream; again all followed. At another place
+a little drummer boy was placed on the shoulders of a tall man and told
+to beat as if for his life. The enthusiasm of the boy and his stirring
+music quickly renewed the courage of the soldiers. A division was placed
+in the rear with orders to shoot any who "dropped out," and the march
+was continued through the freezing waters.
+
+Near Vincennes, they captured a Frenchman who had been duck shooting,
+and sent a letter by him to the French inhabitants saying that the fort
+would be stormed that night and they could choose between remaining
+quietly in their homes and receiving the friendly protection of the
+assaulters, or of going into the British fort and of abiding results.
+
+All was then commotion and people rushed out from their houses to learn
+the news. By a stratagem of Clark's his men were so marching in a circle
+behind an elevation that as they passed and repassed, flying many
+"colors," each man was counted dozens of times, and the inhabitants of
+the place thought there was an attacking force of many hundreds of
+people at their gates.
+
+For two days and nights, Clark's men besieged the fort. Their ammunition
+ran alarmingly low, yet Clark, Napoleon-like, was very demanding. At
+last the "Stars and Stripes" floated again over Vincennes, and thus was
+secured to our nation that vast tract out of which have been carved
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, while the value to the
+colonists in Kentucky could not be easily estimated.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST CHRISTMAS PARTY
+
+
+When General George Rogers Clark had conquered the British and Indians
+in their stronghold in the Illinois country, he felt it safe for the few
+families he had left on Corn Island, near the Falls of the Ohio, to
+remove to the mainland, and so ordered that a fort be built there.
+
+Rows of log cabins joined together around a hollow square constituted
+this structure; at one corner there was a cabin, double the size of the
+others, that was to serve as a storeroom. In this building took place
+the first Christmas dinner and dance in Kentucky, as far as any record
+shows.
+
+The men ranged the forest and brought home rabbits, turkeys, deer,
+bears, and buffaloes. The women baked corn pone, hoecake and johnnycake,
+boiled and fried hominy, and prepared milk, butter, and cheese.
+
+Forks were driven into the earthen floor of the storehouse. On rough,
+unhewn, uncovered boards laid above poles stretched between the forks,
+the feast was served. Wooden platters held the meats, wooden plates the
+bread, and wooden bowls the hominy. The centerpiece that decorated the
+table and proved the great dish of the banquet was an opossum baked
+whole, hanging by its tail on a stick of wood, which was suspended over
+the center.
+
+The fiddler of the fort, an old negro named Cato, as well as every man,
+woman, and child, had been downcast for some time because the fiddle
+had only one string left. Patient Cato had tried horsehair and deer
+sinews, but no music could thus be made. Fortunately on Christmas eve a
+small boat landed near the fort and on it was a Frenchman with a violin.
+
+[Illustration: "The Frenchman retired in a rage."]
+
+It did not take old Cato long to inquire if the musician had any extra
+strings he would sell; learning that he had, Cato joyfully exchanged
+raccoon skins for the coveted strings, and gave the stranger an extra
+skin to tell nothing about the trade. Cato was intending to give the
+settlers a great surprise. Alas for his dreams! The traders from the
+boat being invited to the feast, the Frenchman happened to speak of an
+accident to his fiddle; whereupon he was besieged with requests to get
+his instrument and play, so they could dance. He reluctantly yielded,
+the table was cleared away, the older people and children ranged
+themselves around the walls, and the younger men and women impatiently
+waited on the smooth, dirt floor, until the music began.
+
+The Frenchman tried in vain to teach the fashionable dances of his
+homeland to the backwoods boys and girls. At last, becoming discouraged
+and disgusted, he retired in a rage. Then the old darkey approached him
+and politely asked if he might play while his honor rested. He was told
+to "play on."
+
+Soon to the music of old Cato's fiddle, the boys and girls were making
+merry by dancing the Virginia reel. Not till the midnight hour did
+either the dancers or fiddler weary or pause.
+
+
+
+
+FORT JEFFERSON
+
+
+Thomas Jefferson, the Sage of Monticello, the originator of many plans
+for the defense and perpetuation of our country, deserves a place of
+honor in the records of Kentucky, for the interest shown in this, the
+then remote part of Virginia.
+
+In a message in 1778, Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia suggested that
+a post be established and fortified on the Mississippi; but it was
+Governor Jefferson of the same state who later expressly said that the
+plan must be executed.
+
+Spain and France for years were zealous in their efforts to check the
+extension of the infant republic, control the great Mississippi, and
+make of Kentucky a Spanish province. Her geographical position and great
+river frontage caused them to realize her wonderful resources. So, to
+fortify the claim of the United States to the Mississippi as its western
+boundary, Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, engaged Dr. Thomas
+Walker with an able corps of surveyors to ascertain the point on the
+Mississippi River intersected by the southern limit of Virginia. He
+then, in 1780, instructed General George Rogers Clark to establish a
+fort and garrison near that point and afterwards to extend a line of
+forts to the north, both to offer protection and to establish
+possession. So in the summer of 1780, General Clark with 200 soldiers
+erected and manned with cannons a fort at a point about five miles below
+where Cairo now is and near Wickliffe, Kentucky. Adverse criticisms fell
+from many because of this division and depletion of forces, but as in
+all other enterprises with which he was connected, Jefferson built not
+for the present alone but for the future as well.
+
+By an oversight Clark and his soldiers failed to follow Jefferson's
+instructions to secure from the Chickasaw Indians, who owned the land
+west of the Tennessee River, the consent to the erection of the fort.
+They thereby aroused a spark of resentment that erelong became such a
+flame that the Indians began harassing and killing the families outside
+the fort. By threat of death, they forced one captive to describe the
+true state of the fort, in which, to their surprise, they learned there
+were only about thirty men and two thirds of these were sick with
+malaria. Soon the Indians marched, one thousand two hundred strong,
+under the command of a Scotchman named Colbert; but for five days these
+weakened frontiersmen with little water and less food, except green
+pumpkins, held the fort.
+
+Finally Captains Clark and Colbert met under a flag of truce, but failed
+to agree to terms. The fort even refused a demand to surrender, though
+told that the assistance they expected would not reach them. As night
+fell the Indians made a desperate assault, but the firing from one of
+the blockhouses so depleted and demoralized their ranks that they
+retreated. Reënforcements arrived soon after and the siege was
+abandoned.
+
+Though Fort Jefferson from its isolated position was finally forsaken,
+yet "its evacuation was a signal for peace," and the Indians here no
+longer molested the white settlers.
+
+
+
+
+"THE HARD WINTER"
+
+
+From November to March, 1779-1780, the settlers of Kentucky suffered
+untold anguish from the severity of the weather and the scarcity of
+food. More pioneers had come into the wilderness the preceding summer
+and so increased the population that the products of garden, field, and
+forest were soon exhausted.
+
+Deep, unmelting snow covered the land; many families coming by river
+were caught in the masses of ice, compelled to abandon their primitive
+boats, and encamp on the frozen shore; while the traveler by land found
+trails blocked with snow, creeks frozen solid, and the forest desolate.
+Horses, cattle, and many wild animals froze or died from want of
+nourishment, while so great was the extremity that the settlers were
+forced to eat the flesh of the animals that had thus fallen, and for
+months had to go without bread. In this severe cold, through the deep
+snow and over the solid ice, there could be little traveling. To secure
+supplies from elsewhere was impossible; and even when spring began to
+bring some relief, one bushel of corn brought, in the continental
+currency, from fifty to one hundred and seventy-five dollars. Complete
+relief could not come until the seedtime and the harvest home were over.
+
+The Pilgrims were not more grateful on their first Thanksgiving Day than
+were the Kentucky frontiersmen when plenty again abounded.
+
+
+
+
+WILDCAT McKINNEY
+
+
+Though the pioneers of Kentucky endured many murderous attacks from the
+Indians, there were other dangers which were not trifling. One of the
+most exciting of these incidents was the experience of a man named John
+McKinney, who was employed at an early day by the people of Lexington,
+as their first teacher.
+
+At that time Kentucky had no newspaper, and items of interest from the
+states beyond the mountains were eagerly greeted by all. In May, 1783, a
+traveler passing through the embryo city of what is now the capital of
+our famed blue-grass section, brought with him a newspaper containing
+the Articles of Peace with Great Britain. All were anxious to read them.
+The fact that the Articles had not yet been ratified did not lessen the
+interest of the citizens. A copy of any paper was a treat, and such news
+as the Articles meant great hope for the struggling settlers. As the
+gentleman would resume his journey the following day and take with him
+the much-prized paper, some of the citizens appealed to McKinney to copy
+the Articles of Peace.
+
+At that time Lexington was only a cluster of about thirty cabins, and
+one which stood just outside the fort, near the present site of the
+courthouse, was used as a schoolroom.
+
+Thither, the next morning, the teacher went to copy the precious news of
+peace. While busily writing, he heard a noise and glancing up saw a
+very unusual and unwelcome guest. A ferocious wildcat with bristles
+erect, tail curled, and eyes flashing, had paused on the threshold and
+was peering around the room. At first she did not see McKinney, but by
+some involuntary movement he attracted her attention, and she soon
+exhibited other than friendly emotions.
+
+[Illustration: "The wildcat was not to be frowned down."]
+
+Having been accustomed to subdue the backwoods boys and girls by the
+awfulness of his frown, the teacher tried the same tactics now; but the
+cat was not to be frowned down. As the teacher reached for a rule she,
+with the ferocity of a lion, sprang upon him, fastened her claws in his
+side, and began tearing his clothes, mangling his flesh, and inflicting
+such serious wounds that the blood flowed copiously.
+
+Knowing he could not long withstand her power and despairing of aught
+else to do, he threw his weight upon her and pressed her against the
+sharp corner of the table. Soon her weird cries were mingled with his
+calls of distress, and erelong the citizens knew something unusual was
+happening in the little schoolhouse. The women were first to answer the
+cry of alarm. Reaching the door, they paused to discover the cause of
+the commotion and seeing Mr. McKinney bending over the table, writhing
+and groaning, they at first glance thought that he had a severe attack
+of cramp, but quickly seeing the cat, one lady exclaimed, "Why, Mr.
+McKinney, what is the matter?"
+
+He very gravely replied, "Madam, I have caught a cat."
+
+By this time the cat was lifeless; but her teeth were so deeply imbedded
+in his side that the neighbors, many of whom had gathered by this time,
+had great difficulty in disengaging her.
+
+The shock, the wound, and the loss of blood made McKinney very sick and
+weak, and for several days he was confined to his bed while the boys
+and girls enjoyed a holiday.
+
+He lived to a ripe old age and was often heard to say he would rather
+fight two Indians than one wildcat.
+
+
+
+
+HOW KENTUCKY WAS FORMED
+
+
+When "the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the
+world," Kentucky was that portion of the "Old Dominion" that was
+destined to be the happy homes of so many men, valorous in the field and
+eloquent in the forum. The state to be, whose toast and boast has ever
+been her noble sons and fair daughters, was still called Fincastle
+County, Virginia.
+
+The last day of 1776, the year that saw the sons of the colonies rise in
+the majesty of their manhood and declare they would no longer submit to
+the rule of King George, the Virginia legislature divided Fincastle
+County into three counties, and called one of them Kentucky. This so
+remained until May, 1780, when Kentucky County was divided into
+Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln. Then the name of Kentucky was abandoned
+until in 1783, when an act of the Virginia legislature united the three
+counties into Kentucky District. On March 3, 1783, the first court
+convened at Harrodstown; but no house there being large enough, a
+church, six miles distant, was the home of the first judicial
+proceedings.
+
+An act of this court caused a log jail and courthouse to be built where
+Danville now stands. Immigrants continued to come to this "Eden of the
+West" and the three original counties were divided and subdivided until
+June 1, 1792, when Kentucky became the fifteenth star in the
+constellation. There were then nine counties with a total population of
+100,000; from this embryo has come a commonwealth of one hundred and
+twenty counties, with an area of four thousand square miles, rich in
+minerals and timber, factories and fields.
+
+From the mountains of the east and the blue grass of the central part,
+even to the "Pennyrile" of the far west, each son of the "Dark and
+Bloody Ground" loves the land settled by Boone, Kenton, and Clark.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE REVOLUTION
+
+
+The youth of our state may feel that because Kentucky was not one of the
+original Thirteen Colonies to make the heroic struggle for freedom, that
+she played no part in establishing and extending our national
+government.
+
+During this period, remote as was this part of Virginia from the centers
+of civilization, every road blazed, every settlement made, every victory
+over the red savage, had a far-reaching effect, not alone for the state
+in embryo, but for the national government.
+
+Had not the pioneers of Kentucky, with the heroism of the Romans of old,
+subdued the savages, stopped their depredations, and secured to the
+mother state of Virginia that vast tract out of which have been carved
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the power of England,
+to-day, might cut our continent in two.
+
+Kentuckians waited not for opportunity but made it.
+
+At the battle of Point Pleasant, in October, 1774, where the noted
+"Cornstalk" met defeat, there were with General Andrew Lewis men whose
+name and fame furnish much of Kentucky history. There were Harrod, the
+Shelbys, the Boones, and other intrepid leaders who afterwards brought
+out from chaos our infant commonwealth.
+
+The effect of this battle was more than local. It gave peace to the
+frontiersmen at the time the colonies were beginning the crucial contest
+with England and for a while prevented that barbaric warfare waged by
+the British and Indians united. So severe was the slaughter, it is said,
+that blood was found on each tree behind which the Indians and pioneers
+were posted.
+
+In 1780 one of our pioneers who afterwards became our first governor,
+Colonel Isaac Shelby, was again in Kentucky locating lands that some
+time before he had marked out and improved, when he heard of the
+surrender of Charleston. A man with a soul so fired with patriotism
+could not be contented not to answer his country's call. He hurried
+home, secured volunteers, and did signal service in both North and South
+Carolina, and in Georgia. In a measure he overcame the defeat of Gates
+at Camden; by his momentous move, though not in supreme command,
+Colonel Shelby will ever be known as the hero of Kings Mountain, where
+the enemy surrendered after Ferguson with seventy-five officers and men
+had been killed.
+
+This was at the darkest hour of the Revolution and has been called "the
+first link in the great chain of events in the South that established
+the independence of the United States." These conquests by Shelby in the
+South, coupled with those of Clark at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,
+were as important in both immediate and future results as any that
+illumine the pages of the Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY'S PIONEER HISTORIAN
+
+
+To view Kentucky in its primeval beauty and rugged grandeur; to talk
+face to face with Boone, Harrod, Todd, Cowan, and Kennedy, those hardy
+hunters who blazed the way and changed the uncertain trail to a broad
+thoroughfare through the western wilds; to experience the difficulties
+and encounter the dangers of those dreadful days--were experiences for
+one who would essay to write a history of the country, the times, and
+the people. Yet such were the advantages enjoyed by Kentucky's earliest
+historian, John Filson.
+
+Born in Pennsylvania in 1747, given a common school and academic
+education, lured either by the spirit of adventure, the locating of
+lands, or the enthusiastic reports of the far-famed "second paradise"
+with its "happy climate and plentiful soil," Filson reached Lexington in
+1782. Here he succeeded "Wildcat McKinney" as the second teacher in this
+"Athens of the West."
+
+While engaged in teaching, Filson was securing information that was to
+give to the world, not only the first history of Kentucky, but the first
+authentic account of that vast, transmontane wilderness about which so
+many exciting experiences had been recounted.
+
+It has been said, "he could ask more questions and answer fewer than any
+one of his time."
+
+Active, observant, accurate, he gave, in his "Discovery, Settlement, and
+Present State of Kentucky," in 1784, a work of much merit. It contained
+the first map ever drawn of this state, showing the three original
+counties of Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln.
+
+As this was before any printing presses had been set up in Kentucky or
+at any other point in the West, Filson carried his map to Philadelphia
+and his manuscript to Wilmington, Delaware.
+
+This little book of one hundred and eighteen pages was deemed of such
+consequence that one year after its appearance, it was translated into
+French and published by M. Parraud at Paris. Three editions were printed
+in England by Gilbert Imlay, Kentucky's first novelist, who incorporated
+it in his "Topographical Description of the Western Territory."
+
+Not only was Filson a historian, biographer, and teacher, but he was
+also a practical, skillful surveyor.
+
+He led a restless, strenuous life. Soon after his first visit to
+Kentucky he was back on his native heath, again in the state of his
+adoption, next in the Illinois country gathering data for a history of
+that section, the manuscripts of which are now the property of the
+Wisconsin Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: John Filson.]
+
+In 1788 Filson was associated with Mathias Denman and Robert
+Patterson, the founder of Lexington, in the purchase of a tract of
+eight hundred acres opposite the mouth of the Licking River, where
+they planned a town, now the city of Cincinnati, but named by Filson,
+Losantiville,--the "city opposite the mouth of the Licking."
+
+As the party deferred surveying and staking off lots for a while,
+Filson's restless spirit again urged him on; and, after surveying the
+Great Miami with a party, he ventured still farther alone and was never
+seen again. His friends supposed he was killed by the Indians; but
+there is no record of the time, place, or manner of his death, and
+nothing to mark his grave. His name has been aptly given to that body of
+earnest, eminent workers of Louisville, the Filson Club, who have done
+so much to collect and preserve the many interesting facts about
+Kentucky's early days.
+
+
+
+
+SPANISH CONSPIRACY
+
+
+Kentucky, the land of soldiers and statesmen, has erected in the hearts
+of her patriotic sons a monument, ever enduring, to Clark, Logan,
+Bowman, Scott, Shelby, Hardin, and scores of others whose work and
+courage won for us this fair domain. It can be truly said of each:
+
+    "An empire is his sepulcher,
+    His epitaph is fame."
+
+Though these brave men had conquered the wild beasts and barbarous red
+men, there were still other forces to meet. When this far-away West,
+between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi River, began to prosper,
+homes were built, forests became fields, and products sought a market.
+As railroads were undreamed of, nature's method of transportation was
+their only outlet. To be able to load a flatboat with corn and other
+Kentucky crops, and float down the Ohio and the "Father of Waters" to
+New Orleans, would have made that city a great haven for the western
+pioneers. But Spain owned the mouth, and though Great Britain had ceded
+us free navigation of the river, Spain in the early nineties refused the
+free navigation and the right to deposit at New Orleans. Subsequent
+events will disclose how long this privilege was withheld.
+
+We have elsewhere told how out of Fincastle County, Virginia, 1776, the
+county of Kentucky was erected, while in 1780 it was divided into the
+counties of Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln, and in 1783 they were
+united into a Kentucky District. But so far removed was this district
+from the capital of the commonwealth, so insurmountable were the natural
+barriers at that time, so inadequate was the mother state to protect the
+pioneers, that they began seriously to consider a separation and the
+erection of another member of the general government. Yet so great was
+their love for Virginia, it was only with the most delicate suggestion
+they began. Convention after convention met and adjourned with nothing
+more accomplished than a postponement of the desire nearest their
+hearts.
+
+Vainly the people who had subdued this wilderness petitioned. Futile
+were the efforts of the national Congress or of the commonwealth of
+Virginia to grant their prayers. We can scarcely censure General James
+Wilkinson for wishing to cut the "Gordian knot of difficulty" by
+immediate separation and the erection of an independent government. At
+the same time the subtle music of the siren's song fell upon the ears of
+those who had won their homes through privations.
+
+In June, 1785, Don Gardoqui was sent by the Spanish government to treat
+with the American government on any subject of dispute. The Honorable
+John Jay was commissioned to meet him, but the far-seeing members of
+Congress fortunately put the following check upon Mr. Jay: "That he
+enter into no treaty, compact, nor convention whatever with the said
+representative of Spain, which did not stipulate the right of the United
+States to the navigation of the Mississippi and boundaries as
+established by their treaty with Great Britain."
+
+In a few months, Jay urged upon Congress a commercial treaty, which
+would, he claimed, redound to the benefit of the United States; the
+consideration on her part was "she should forbear the use of the
+navigation of the Mississippi for twenty-five or thirty years." Jay,
+that had stood "like a stone wall" at Madrid and Paris, was now willing
+to barter away the privileges of the nation for a mere sectional gain.
+Happily, only seven of the requisite nine states voted favorably, and
+the chimerical plot failed. The facilities for knowing the actions of
+Congress were not nearly so great then as now; so when a communication
+was made, 1787, from Pittsburgh by "A Committee of Correspondence for
+Western Pennsylvania" to Kentucky pioneers, viz.: "That John Jay, the
+American Secretary for Foreign Affairs, had made a proposition to Don
+Gardoqui, the Spanish minister to the United States, to cede the
+navigation of the Mississippi to Spain for twenty-five or thirty years,
+in consideration of some commercial advantages to be granted to the
+United States; but such as the western country could derive no profit
+from," the effect may be easily imagined.
+
+The people sent out a circular letter and prepared to hold a convention
+to oppose such oppression; but learning that the project had failed,
+after merely meeting and discussing the subject, they adjourned without
+any action upon it.
+
+In June, 1787, General James Wilkinson secured the privilege from
+General Miro, Commandante, of shipping a vast quantity of tobacco to New
+Orleans annually and of depositing it in the government's warehouse.
+More than ever he now urged the importance to Kentuckians of the free
+navigation of this great river, and the right to deposit at New Orleans.
+Meanwhile, the Honorable John Brown of Danville had been chosen to
+represent the Kentucky District in Congress. Again the frontiersmen were
+doomed to disappointment when news came that the government had
+postponed the admittance of Kentucky, indeed, would refer the question
+to the new government.
+
+As Don Gardoqui had failed in his scheme with John Jay, he now very
+opportunely sought Representative Brown; with what effect may be read in
+this part of a letter from Mr. Brown to Samuel McDowell, president of
+the various Kentucky conventions: "In a conversation I had with Mr.
+Gardoqui, the Spanish minister, relative to the navigation of the
+Mississippi, he stated that, if the people of Kentucky would erect
+themselves into an independent state and appoint a proper person to
+negotiate with him, he had authority for that purpose, and would enter
+into an arrangement with them for the exportation of their produce to
+New Orleans on terms of mutual advantage." In a letter to Judge Muter,
+Mr. Brown sets forth the same, and in addition says: "This privilege can
+never be extended to them while part of the United States, by reason of
+commercial treaties existing between that court and other powers of
+Europe."
+
+In 1788, at Danville, sat the seventh convention earnestly endeavoring
+to be loyal to both the people and the parent state. In this assembly
+General Wilkinson said: "There is one way and but one way, that I know
+for obviating these difficulties, and that is so fortified by
+constitutions and guarded by laws, that it is dangerous of access and
+hopeless of attainment, under present circumstances." He dilated on the
+population, production, and prosperity of the country and its
+inalienable rights to the Mississippi. With natural adroitness, he
+caused the Honorable John Brown to tell the convention, "That provided,
+we are unanimous, everything we could wish for is within our reach."
+Wilkinson also read a message he had addressed to the "Intendant of
+Louisiana" wherein he urged that should Spain persist in her refusal of
+the navigation of the Mississippi and cause a resort to arms, Great
+Britain would join the western people in securing it, and thus all
+Spanish-America would be endangered. Whatever individual profit
+Wilkinson derived from his connection with the Spanish authorities may
+be forgotten when we realize that he and the court party he represented
+would forever have fought any act to lose to Kentucky the navigation of
+the Mississippi.
+
+June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state, and at last some of
+her trials were over. Still the British retained their forts and the
+Indians continued their depredations. At this time, the Revolution was
+shaking France from center to circumference. Remembering the aid of the
+French allies in our war for liberty and hating England with an
+implacable hatred, many of our people, especially the Kentuckians, were
+prepared to rally around the French flag.
+
+Democratic clubs, modeled after the Jacobean clubs of France, sprang up;
+and the one at Lexington was so urgent as to pass the following
+resolution:
+
+"That the right of the people on the waters of the Mississippi to the
+navigation thereof was undoubted, and it ought to be peremptorily
+demanded of Spain by the United States."
+
+In November, 1793, the persons sent to Kentucky by Genêt to arrange an
+expedition against the Spaniards at the mouth of the Mississippi, found
+a field ripe for harvest. They raised a company of two thousand men and
+induced General George R. Clark, at the head of the expedition, to
+accept the position of "Major general in the armies of France and
+commander in chief of the revolutionary legions on the Mississippi." He
+then proceeded to call for volunteers to reduce the Spanish forts on
+the Mississippi, and open it for free navigation. Flattering offers were
+made to all who would engage. Governor Shelby of Kentucky felt it was
+beyond his jurisdiction to attempt to restrain these forces. So, early
+in 1794, President Washington warned the people of the unlawfulness of
+such an undertaking, and the dangers of such an expedition. General
+Wayne was ordered to Fort Massac, to prevent the descent of armed men.
+Soon after, Genêt was recalled, and his acts disavowed, and Washington's
+"friendship for all, but entangling alliances with none" was the policy
+of the hour.
+
+In the summer of 1795, Governor Carondelet of Louisiana sent a messenger
+to Judge Benjamin Sebastian of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky,
+requesting him to send agents to New Madrid to negotiate with Colonel
+Gayoso on the subject of the Mississippi and regulation of commerce
+between the local authorities at New Orleans and the people of Kentucky.
+In the latter part of the year, Judge Sebastian went to New Madrid,
+thence to New Orleans, where he secured the promise of the navigation of
+the Mississippi and New Orleans as a place of deposit, with duty payable
+only on imports. Fortunately for posterity, news came that in October,
+1795, a treaty was consummated with Spain which acknowledged the United
+States as extending southward to 31°, and westward to the middle of the
+Mississippi. It granted us the free navigation of that stream and the
+right of deposit at New Orleans for a period of three years, and a
+promise to continue these privileges longer.
+
+Whether or not the proposals of Don Gardoqui and Baron Carondelet were
+merely a commercial consideration on the part of Spain, yet dastardly in
+the extreme were the futile attempts she made in 1797 to have Kentucky
+withdraw from the Union, seize Fort Massac, and become an independent
+government.
+
+Money and arms galore were promised those infamous enough to enter into
+this conspiracy to extend the northern boundary of Spain's possessions
+east of the Mississippi to the Yazoo. Again Spanish conspiracy received
+a blow.
+
+
+
+
+A KENTUCKY INVENTOR
+
+
+Though the stalwart pioneers, dressed in their primitive suits of
+deerskin or homespun, pushed farther and farther into Kentucky, stopping
+not for privation or peril, danger or disaster, climbing cliffs, fording
+streams, fighting savages, yet they were not all merely unlettered
+backwoodsmen hunters and fighters. Though the education of nearly all
+was more or less limited, a number of these early courageous Kentuckians
+have made unusual contributions to the useful sciences. If not the
+birthplace, Kentucky was the home and the burial place of a trio who can
+claim priority in the invention of the steamboat.
+
+In 1778 there came to Kentucky from Connecticut a man of vigorous
+intellect and remarkable powers of perseverance, John Fitch. He had
+formerly been a silversmith, clock maker, and lieutenant in the
+Revolutionary forces from New Jersey. Though made captive by the Indians
+and held prisoner for a year, yet in 1780, as he gazed upon the
+beautiful Ohio, he had the first conception of overcoming currents by a
+new mode of navigation. Retiring to his surveyor's camp he pondered,
+and, remembering the work of Watt with steam, concluded that boats could
+be propelled by the same power.
+
+[Illustration: Fitch's steamboat.]
+
+The story of his struggles, in petitions and disappointments, reminds
+one of Columbus, as he so long in vain sought aid to make his first
+voyage to America. In 1787, 1788, and 1789, Fitch built several boats,
+that made from four to seven and one half miles per hour between
+Philadelphia and Burlington. He petitioned the legislatures of a number
+of states as well as England, France, and Spain, and obtained not
+money, but the exclusive privileges of navigating certain streams by
+boats propelled by fire or steam. He became discouraged and finally
+despaired; he died at Bardstown, 1798, where his remains rest.
+
+A pathetic circumstance connected with his invention is related. He
+wrote three volumes of manuscript, sealed them, and placed them in the
+Philadelphia Library to be opened thirty years after his death. When
+opened, they touchingly related his disappointments, brilliantly
+foretold the perfection of his plans, and sorrowfully and bitterly said,
+"The day will come when some more powerful man will get fame and riches
+from my invention; but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do
+anything worthy of attention."
+
+By a coincidence two others, who chose Kentucky as their home, James
+Rumsey and Edward West, also were pioneers in this work. Both Fitch and
+Rumsey in 1784 exhibited their plans to General Washington. While Rumsey
+made his project public first, by means of a model, Fitch successfully
+plied a boat on the Delaware in 1785 and Rumsey on the Potomac the
+following year. Fitch claimed that he told Rumsey of his own plans to
+effect navigation by steam. In 1794, in the presence of hundreds of
+citizens, a miniature boat invented by Edward West, who had removed from
+Virginia to Lexington in 1785, proudly moved through the waters of the
+town branch of the Elkhorn, which had been dammed up near the center of
+the city.
+
+In 1802 Mr. West secured a patent not only for his steamboat invention,
+but for a gun lock and a nail cutting and heading machine, the first
+invention of the kind in the world, reputed to cut five thousand three
+hundred and twenty pounds of nails in twelve hours. The patent of it
+sold for $10,000 and its operation enabled Lexington to export nails of
+her own manufacture to Louisville, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh.
+
+So, while it remained for Robert Fulton in 1807 to gain honor from his
+invention, yet when in 1813 he brought suit to establish his claims as
+the inventor of steam navigation, he was defeated by a pamphlet of John
+Fitch's, which proved conclusively there were inventions that antedated
+the _Clermont_.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER KENTUCKY INVENTIONS
+
+
+In 1792, the year that Kentucky became a state, there came to Lexington
+a man named Nathan Burrows, who was a pioneer, not only as a settler,
+but as an inventor of the manufacture of hemp and a machine for cleaning
+it. He failed to reap any real benefit from this, but later manufactured
+a mustard that took a premium at the World's Fair in England in 1851.
+
+Another resident of Lexington, John Jones, in 1803 invented a machine
+for sawing stone, and a speeder spindle.
+
+It remained for a Kentuckian, Dr. Joseph Buchanan, while a student of
+medicine at Lexington in 1805, to originate the conception of the music
+of light to be accomplished by means of harmonific colors, luminously
+displayed, and to invent an instrument that produced its music from
+glasses of different chemical composition.
+
+Lexington, then the Athens of the West, was for many years the home of a
+native Kentuckian, a Mr. Barlow, whose fertile mind made him the most
+celebrated of this group of interesting inventors. Having built a
+steamboat at Augusta, after his removal to Lexington, he invented in
+1826-1827 a steam locomotive for a railroad with a car attached for two
+passengers, with power to ascend an elevation of eighty feet to a mile.
+An oval track was constructed for it in a room. It was opened to the
+public for exhibition and several took rides at fifty cents a ticket on
+the first "railroad train" ever run successfully in western America.
+This was sold to a Mr. Samuel Robb, who exhibited the novelty at various
+cities including Louisville, Nashville, Memphis, and New Orleans; at the
+latter place it was burned while on exhibition. In 1837 Mr. Barlow built
+another locomotive and likewise sold it to a person who traveled and
+exhibited it.
+
+The versatile mind of Mr. Barlow also produced a nail and tack machine,
+which was at once purchased and put into use by some capitalists. His
+rifled cannon, invented in 1840, patented later, caused Congress to
+appropriate three thousand dollars for an experimental gun, which, when
+finished and tested, was of greater accuracy and range than was even
+expected, and which is believed to have suggested most of the rifled
+guns since patented in both America and Europe.
+
+The crowning invention of this great genius was his wonderfully complex
+production, a planetarium, that perfectly imitated the motions of the
+solar system, the first and only instrument of the kind in the world.
+This was so perfected as to produce the minute relative revolutions of
+the planets. The first instrument was sold to Girard College,
+Philadelphia. A number of small ones were later made for colleges and
+institutions, and one large one for the Military Academy at West Point,
+one for the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and one for New Orleans.
+
+Some of these brought two thousand dollars each. One was exhibited at
+the World's Fair Exhibition, Paris, France, 1867, as Kentucky's
+contribution, and received the highest premium awarded any illustrative
+apparatus.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN WHO KNEW ABOUT BIRDS
+
+
+Kentucky is noted for her great hunters, Indian fighters, orators, and
+statesmen. But there also lived in this state for awhile--some of the
+time at Louisville, part of the time at Henderson--a man who knew more
+about birds than any one had ever learned before.
+
+This was John James Audubon. He was born in Louisiana near New Orleans,
+and lived several years in France, where he enjoyed every luxury. In
+after life, when he spent many years traveling through the forest,
+hunting, and studying the birds,--their homes and their habits,--he
+often went for days and days with very primitive food. He said his first
+recollections were of his home in the South, where he would lie among
+the flowers and listen to the songs of the mocking birds. While yet a
+boy he gathered birds' nests, birds' eggs, curious stones, and moss. He
+would kill and stuff the birds; but these failed to satisfy him, as
+their plumage was not bright like that of the live birds. So he began to
+make _pictures_ of the birds instead. This was done many, many times
+before he was satisfied, for he wanted lifelike pictures of his
+feathered friends.
+
+He married a young lady in Pennsylvania, and brought her down the Ohio
+in a flat-bottomed float called an ark,--a rather tiresome method for a
+wedding trip.
+
+He entered into business in Louisville with bright prospects, but
+hunting and studying birds had more fascination for Audubon than trade.
+Finally, competition becoming too strong, he and his partner shipped
+their goods to Henderson or Hendersonville; but business not being good,
+and the roving instinct strong, the stay was brief, and Audubon made
+another change.
+
+A few years later he returned to Henderson when he, with several
+partners, attempted to operate a steam mill; but the place was not
+suitable, every one concerned lost his money, and Audubon departed with
+only his sick wife, gun, drawings, and dog. Still he never despaired.
+
+Audubon spent most of his time in Kentucky, rambling in the wilds, and
+persons in both Louisville and Henderson have often spoken of seeing him
+come in with his great quota of game. He said Kentucky was a "sort of
+promised land for all sorts of wandering adventurers."
+
+[Illustration: John James Audubon.]
+
+While Audubon enjoyed, to the fullest, studying his favorite subject,
+birds, yet there were many difficulties to encounter and many
+deprivations to undergo. He had to travel many thousand miles, sometimes
+using the breasts of wild turkeys for bread and bear's grease for
+butter, sometimes living on only fruits and roots, sometimes having to
+quit this enchanting work for a while and turn dancing master or artist
+to procure funds.
+
+After Audubon had traveled, studied, written, and made many hundred
+drawings, rats got into his box and cut up all his papers; for a while
+he was almost heartbroken and could scarcely eat or sleep. Finally, with
+true courage, he said, "I will make more drawings and make them better
+than any the rats cut up." So he persevered and, with the aid of his
+wife, who encouraged and inspired him in his great work, and gladly gave
+of her salary as a teacher to defray expenses, he at last went to Europe
+to arrange for its publication.
+
+He was made a member of the Royal Society at Edinburgh, concerning which
+he wrote his faithful wife, "So, poor Audubon, if not rich, thou wilt be
+honored at least and held in high esteem among men." In another letter
+he said, "I have run the gantlet of Europe and may be proud of two
+things,--I am considered the first ornithological painter and the first
+practical naturalist of America." His "Birds of America" contains
+pictures of one thousand sixty-five birds, natural size. His work has
+been called the "most magnificent monument that has been erected to
+ornithology," and all over our land Audubon Societies have been formed
+to protect our friends in feathers.
+
+
+
+
+A HERO OF HONOR
+
+
+It takes neither the excitement of war nor the curious conditions of the
+far Orient to prove a man a hero of the highest type. Martial music, the
+roar of the cannon, the thud of the musket, and the flash of the saber
+have inspired many men to deeds of valor. We find incontrovertible
+evidence of this in every battle's record. These are accepted as facts
+with no fancy interwoven. But when we read of how Damon offered to stay
+in the place of his friend, Pythias, condemned to death, with the
+knowledge that if Pythias did not return by the hour appointed for the
+execution, he, himself, would be called upon to make the sacrifice; how
+he prayed that his friend would fail to come, but how that friend, by
+every conceivable plan, purposely came in time to accept his fate,--we
+sometimes wonder if any friendship could withstand such a test or any
+person's pledge be held in such exalted estimation.
+
+In the early days of Kentucky, when the shrill whistle of the locomotive
+had not yet reverberated among the hills, when the red schoolhouse was
+not found in every locality, nor the moonlight schools had wiped out
+illiteracy among the mountaineers, there dwelt in Lewis County a man by
+the name of Larkin Liles. He was the hardy son of a hardy race, who
+hunted and trapped, lived and loved; and while he knew not a letter of
+the alphabet, had never attended school a day in his life, nor heard the
+golden rule, yet his rugged honesty and high sense of honor can never be
+surpassed. The "benevolent qualities of head and heart by a primeval
+decree are not dependent on education, for although it enlightens and
+enlarges the mind of man, it does not always ennoble it." So this man,
+versed in naught but the backwoodsman's lore, gave the world a lesson in
+honor.
+
+On one occasion, when at Vanceburg in the above-named county, and while
+under the influence of whiskey, he became involved in a rough-and-tumble
+fight with very serious results. For this offense he was tried, found
+guilty, and sentenced to serve one year in the penitentiary. It so
+happened that the sheriff of Lewis County at this time was a personal
+friend of "Jay-bird" Liles, and knew the soul of honor hidden by this
+rough exterior.
+
+After leaving the courtroom, the prisoner, in a voice husky with
+emotion, said, "Uncle Buck,"--everyone called the sheriff of Lewis
+County by this title,--"Uncle Buck, won't you let me go home and get in
+my winter's wood and fix to have my corn crap gathered, to fatten my
+hogs, to keep the young-uns on? Then I's come over to Clarksburg and go
+with ye to the penitentiary."
+
+Sheriff Parker asked, "How long will it take ye, Jay-bird?"
+
+"About two weeks," he replied.
+
+Then the magnanimity of the man shone forth,--some might say overcame
+the discretion of the officer,--when the sheriff replied, "Go ahead and
+do it." But so well did he know the pride with which "Jay-bird" Liles
+kept a promise, that he was as confident of his return at the promised
+time, as was Damon that Pythias would return.
+
+The wood was cut, an arrangement was made concerning the crop, the
+good-by kiss was given to his weeping wife and helpless babes, and,
+feeling he was going on such a distant trip that he would never again
+return, Larkin Liles, just two weeks to the day and hour from the time
+of the above conversation, walked into the sheriff's office ready to be
+taken to Frankfort.
+
+When he told "Uncle Buck" that he was ready to start, the sheriff shook
+his hand and told him to spend the night with him, and on the morrow
+they would take the boat for Maysville, and from there go by stage to
+Lexington, and on to Frankfort. Again "Jay-bird's" voice trembled as he
+thought of the disgrace of being publicly taken by the sheriff to the
+penitentiary; and again he made a most singular request. "Say, Uncle
+Buck, I'd rather not do it. You go that way; but let me take my gun and
+walk through the mountains to Frankfort, won't ye? I'd rather do that,
+and maybe I might kill some game on the road. I'll meet you on any spot,
+on any day you appoint."
+
+What do you suppose the sheriff replied? Looking him straight in the eye
+he answered, "All right, Jay-bird, suit yourself. Frankfort lies right
+in yon direction; you can't miss it. When you reach Frankfort, go
+straight to the governor's office and tell him what you are there for,
+if I don't get there first."
+
+Then this rugged mountaineer, this unlettered, unpolished son of the
+hills, with honor as his watchword, dressed in the primitive style of
+the time and place, with his trusty rifle, started over the hills,
+through vales, and across streams to meet the sheriff at Frankfort, one
+hundred and fifty miles away, where he would hear the lock snap as it
+closed the door that would shut him in from freedom and friends.
+
+Early one June morning, two days later, before the people of Frankfort
+were abroad, a tall, gaunt, determined-looking backwoodsman, in buckskin
+clothes and a coonskin cap, looking as if he belonged to the days of
+Daniel Boone, made his way to the governor's mansion and quietly seated
+himself on a stone. As Governor Clark started from the mansion after
+breakfast, he was astonished to see this man of the mountains, who
+quickly inquired, "Say, Mister, be you the governor?"
+
+"Yes, my man, I am the governor. What can I do for you?"
+
+"Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles, and I come up here from Lewis
+County to get into the penitentiary for one year. Hed you saw anything
+of Buck Parker?"
+
+Utterly astounded, Governor Clark asked, "Who is Buck Parker?"
+
+"Why, Buck Parker is the high sheriff of Lewis County, Kaintucky. I
+thought everybody knowed that. We all call him 'Uncle Buck' Parker. He
+was to come by stage and meet me here. I walked through."
+
+While Governor Clark was eying him and trying to realize that such
+unheard-of proceedings had actually happened, "Jay-bird" said anxiously,
+"Say, Governor, the sheriff ain't here yit, and I don't want to lose no
+time. Can't you let me into the penitentiary and tell Buck Parker whar
+he can find me when he comes?"
+
+[Illustration: "Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles."]
+
+More astonished than ever, Governor Clark said, "Have you had your
+breakfast, Mr. Liles?"
+
+With a shake of the head, "Jay-bird" said that he had traveled all night
+and upon reaching the city had come straight to the governor. The
+governor at once took him in, gave him his breakfast, and told him to go
+over to the capitol, until he could learn more about the case.
+
+Ten hours later, the sheriff came by stage and soon found "Jay-bird" at
+the governor's office. When the sheriff introduced himself to Governor
+Clark, the governor immediately asked if it was a fact that this man,
+condemned to a year of confinement and hard work in the penitentiary,
+had trudged on foot alone all the way from Lewis County. When told it
+was just as "Jay-bird" had said, the governor, in amazement, asked, "Is
+the man crazy? Couldn't he have escaped?"
+
+"Easily, and all the sheriffs, constables, and rewards could never have
+caught him. No, 'Jay-bird' is not simple; he is only honest." The
+governor was so interested he asked for all the details.
+
+Then "Uncle Buck" told of the fight, the trial, and the conviction, of
+how "Jay-bird" had kept his word when permitted to go to say good-by to
+his loved ones, of his long life of honesty and hospitality, and of how
+he had begged to come alone on foot to Frankfort, rather than as a
+common, convicted felon.
+
+With a heart heaving with emotion and eyes dim with tears, the executive
+hastily affixed his name and the seal of the commonwealth to a small
+piece of paper, and, handing it to Larkin Liles, said in a husky voice,
+"Mr. Liles, go home to your family and kiss the little ones for me. You
+shall never enter the penitentiary while Clark is governor of Kentucky."
+
+
+
+
+THE "PRIDE OF THE PENNYRILE"[3]
+
+
+It is eminently proper that the metropolis of "Jackson's Purchase"
+should bear a name of Indian origin. Although the greater part of
+Kentucky, with its fertile meadowlands, towering forests, and tangled
+cane-brakes, was only the hunting ground of the red men, yet all that
+territory in Kentucky and Tennessee lying between the Tennessee and
+Mississippi rivers was the home of the Chickasaw Indians. This large
+tribe had their main town at Chickasaw Bluffs, where Memphis now stands,
+with a number of other settlements scattered throughout this seven
+million acres of fertile lands.
+
+As Kentucky was once a part of Virginia, and as the "Old Dominion" was a
+British colony, this section was once claimed by Great Britain. After
+the Revolutionary War, Virginia, relying on the former policy of the
+mother country, that,
+
+    "They should take who have the power,
+     And they should keep who can,"
+
+allowed George Rogers Clark, in recognition of his services in the
+Northwest Territory, to enter several thousand acres of land, including
+the present site of the capital of McCracken County.
+
+At that time there were no white settlements in this section; but as
+early as the year 1806 or 1807 there was a flatboat landing and woodyard
+at the mouth of the Tennessee River, kept by a genial Irishman named Pat
+Dugan. The first name given the place, and the one by which it was known
+for many years, was Pekin.
+
+On October 19, 1818, through Governor Isaac Shelby and General Andrew
+Jackson, commissioners, the United States bought from the Chickasaw
+Indians their tract referred to above, which in the present state of
+Kentucky includes the counties of Ballard, Calloway, Carlisle, Fulton,
+Graves, Hickman, Marshall, and McCracken.
+
+For many years the hero of Kaskasia, Cahokia, and Vincennes had been
+infirm and poor. We all remember the touching scene when the Virginia
+commission presented him a sword in recognition of his great services to
+the United States; the old soldier listened in gloomy silence for a
+while and, finally, thrusting the sword into the ground and breaking it,
+he exclaimed, "When Virginia needed a sword I found one. Now I want
+bread!" By the treaty just mentioned the title of George Rogers Clark
+was made clear, but as he had died a few months previous to this his
+tract passed to his brother, General William Clark, of St. Louis, who
+had accompanied Meriwether Lewis on the noted Lewis and Clark
+Expedition.
+
+A few years after, General William Clark came to the little town of
+Pekin accompanied by an Indian chief who had become a friend of his
+while on his Western trip.
+
+In Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia," he speaks of a tribe of Indians
+called "Paducahs." In the "Handbook of American Indians" we find that
+the "Paducahs" belonged to the warlike Comanches, this being the name
+given them by the Spaniards. There is in Texas a small town of about one
+thousand five hundred inhabitants, named Paducah from this tribe of
+Indians.
+
+Paducah, Kentucky, is named, not from the tribe, but from an individual
+Indian. In his diary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, General William
+Clark speaks more than once of the kindness shown his party by a
+scattered branch of the Paducahs, and of how their chief became his
+friend. Dr. Catlin tells, in speaking of the tribes of the West, of a
+chief of the Mandans, Indians that often intermarried with the
+Comanches, named "Paducheyeh," meaning "tall or upstanding chestnut
+tree." Whether or not he was the one who became the friend of General
+Clark we do not know, but when the Comanches came southward, their old
+chief, called Paducah, went to St. Louis, and then came with General
+Clark on a visit to the town of Pekin, where he died with fever, and was
+buried near Third Street just beyond Tennessee.
+
+A log cabin was placed around his grave, and pioneer residents have told
+of a party of Indians coming from beyond the Mississippi and holding
+ceremonies over Paducah's grave. These were Comanches, or to use their
+tribal name, Paducahs.
+
+Whether the individual name of the old chief who had befriended General
+Clark was one of the many varied spellings of Paducah, or whether
+General Clark called him by his tribal name instead, we know not. Yet
+there was a real chief in recognition of whose kindness the "Pride of
+the Pennyrile" was named Paducah.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] For some of the facts in this chapter, the author is indebted to Mr.
+Irvin S. Cobb.
+
+
+
+
+LUCY JEFFERSON LEWIS
+
+
+As travelers on the waters of "La Belle Rivière" pass between the
+historic town of Smithland and the unpretentious hamlet of Birdsville,
+few are aware that they are within a mile or two of the grave of a
+younger sister of the writer of our Magna Charta.
+
+Though Lucy Jefferson Lewis was the sister of the man to whom we owe our
+American decimal coinage system, our statute for religious freedom, our
+Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia, and the
+Democratic party; though she was the wife of Dr. Charles L. Lewis,
+brother of the noted Meriwether Lewis; and though she was blessed with
+wealth, culture, love, and family; yet to-day she sleeps in an unmarked
+grave in Livingston County.
+
+Filled with enthusiasm for the then far West, the Lewis family, in 1808,
+ten years after Livingston County was formed, moved to Kentucky,
+purchased a tract of land about three miles from Smithland, and on a
+lonely, rocky hill overlooking the beautiful Ohio, raised their
+rooftree, and with their Virginia slaves, began a home in the
+wilderness.
+
+Some say that Dr. Lewis came with his wife, children, and servants;
+others, that he did not come until eight or nine months after the family
+arrived. Be that as it may, all agree that he was unsociable and moody,
+and that he soon tired of his primitive abode and left, they supposed,
+for his former Virginia home. All alone with her children and servants
+in the Western wilds, is it any marvel that Lucy Jefferson Lewis should
+sigh for the happy home of her youth?
+
+On a lonely, rocky promontory, where she could gaze far up the river,
+she would sit day after day, straining her eyes to see if there might be
+a "broadhorn" coming with news from her dearly beloved Virginia. If one
+was spied, a servant was at once sent out in a small boat to bring to
+her the long-wished-for papers. But this rare Virginia flower did not
+long survive transplantation, and in 1811 she was buried near her new
+home, with only a rough stone from the hillside to mark her last resting
+place.
+
+Only a few short months afterward, there was enacted by two of her sons,
+Lilburn and Isham, a most revolting tragedy. Then Lilburn died and it
+is said Isham, under an assumed name, entered the volunteer army and
+fell at the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
+
+The other son and three daughters left on file, in the county clerk's
+office at Smithland, a writing dated August 29, 1814, conferring upon
+Thomas Jefferson the power of attorney to recover certain lands for them
+in Albemarle County, Virginia. They subsequently married, moved into
+other states, and nothing is left to mark the homestead but a pile of
+rocks. Three sunken places, overgrown with the wild wood, show the last
+resting place of Lucy Jefferson Lewis, her son Lilburn, and his wife,
+while the cold autumnal winds, sighing through the treetops, chant a sad
+requiem above the lonely, deserted spot.
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL CURIOSITIES IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Kentucky, rich in minerals, fertile soil, varied forests, and
+diversified products, is also a land where Nature has been lavish with
+her curiosities.
+
+Some of the most important natural curiosities are the following: In
+Boone County there is Split Hill, where a deep zigzag path of great
+extent has been formed; in Breckinridge County there is Sinking Creek, a
+stream so large and powerful that it drives machinery the entire year;
+at a point about six miles from its source it disappears and shows no
+trace for more than five miles, when it reappears and flows into the
+Ohio. As early as 1847, a Mr. Huston utilized, for a mill erected on
+this stream, a natural dam of rock, eight feet in height and forty feet
+in width.
+
+In Carter County there are also two smaller streams that flow for some
+distance underground. In the same county, in early days, there was an
+artesian well that threw up a jet, about the size of a barrel, to a
+height of four feet.
+
+Christian County contains also some sinking streams, forks of Little
+River, beside Pilot Rock, which rests upon elevated ground, has a
+comparatively level summit, covers about one half acre of ground, and is
+about two hundred feet high. This county also contains a natural bridge,
+which crosses a deep ravine with an artistic arch of sixty feet, and is
+thirty feet in height.
+
+Picturesque falls, ninety feet high, are found in Clinton County, while
+"Rock House," forty feet high and about sixty feet square, is located in
+Cumberland.
+
+In Edmonson County, besides the wonderful Mammoth Cave, there is "Dismal
+Rock," almost perpendicular and one hundred and sixty-three feet high.
+
+In Grant County, for many years an object of great curiosity, was an
+immense poplar tree, nine feet in diameter; it is said a man on
+horseback, after it lay prostrate, could barely touch the top of the
+trunk with the tips of his fingers.
+
+A natural fortification, a circular tableland, from fifty to one hundred
+and twenty-five feet high, impossible of ascent except in one place, is
+an object of great interest in Hancock County.
+
+In Jessamine County, amid awful grandeur and gloom, the Devil's Pulpit
+is found, with a total elevation of three hundred feet.
+
+In Lincoln County the Knobs, some with a base one hundred and fifty
+yards in diameter, two hundred feet high, and entirely destitute of
+vegetation, attract great attention.
+
+Mantel Rock, or Natural Bridge, in Livingston County, in picturesqueness
+rivals the far-famed Natural Bridge of Virginia. This rock, resting
+against the hillside, is eight and three fourths feet thick and twenty
+feet wide; its arch spans two hundred and twenty feet. One of the
+paintings that attracted most attention in the Kentucky building at the
+St. Louis World's Fair was the artistic reproduction of this picturesque
+place by Mrs. Georgia McGrew Edwards.
+
+In Lyon County, near Eddyville, 1848, several men explored a cavern for
+half a mile, where a large stream of water, an underground river, was
+found to be flowing.
+
+About three miles from Benton, in Marshall County, on a high hill, there
+is a lake about sixty yards in diameter, whose depth is unknown; its
+waters neither rise nor fall, but stand about fifty feet above the bed
+of the creek below.
+
+In Meade County, between Salt River and Sinking Creek, are several knobs
+and groves that the pioneers used as points of observation from which to
+detect the movements of the Indian parties just after they crossed to
+the south side of the Ohio River.
+
+Bardstown, in Nelson County, is built on an elevation under which is a
+natural tunnel, several feet in diameter, of circular form, reaching
+from the eastern to the western extremity of the eminence.
+
+Owen County has several objects of interest, among them being Point of
+Rocks, about seventy-five feet high, overhanging Deep Hole, whose depth
+has never been ascertained.
+
+In Rockcastle County, Bee Cliff rears its summit three hundred and
+fifty-five feet above the river; there are also a number of saltpeter
+caves where large quantities of saltpeter were manufactured during the
+War of 1812. The largest, called Great Saltpeter Cave, with its many
+rooms, some of which cover an area of several acres, with its
+subterranean river and weird grandeur, is a rival in all respects but
+size to the noted Mammoth Cave of Edmonson County. The Fall Cliffs, at
+some points three hundred feet in height, are unsurpassed in grandeur.
+
+Among the places of interest in Union County there is, standing upon
+level bottom land, a rock two feet thick, twenty feet wide, and fifty
+feet high which, on account of its spur resembling the horn of an anvil,
+is called Anvil Rock. In the same county a large flat rock, deeply
+indented with impressions of the human foot of various sizes as well as
+the distinct footprints of the dog is found.
+
+In Warren County, Wolf Sink, one hundred and fifty feet wide by three
+hundred feet long and in depth varying from twenty feet on the south
+side to one hundred and fifty feet on the north side, is an interesting
+place.
+
+The Cumberland River in its passage through Whitley County has a
+perpendicular fall of more than sixty feet, forming Cumberland Falls, a
+picturesque cascade, the roar of which can be heard sometimes for more
+than twelve miles both above and below the cataract. Behind the sheet of
+falling water one can pass nearly across the river bed.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S GREATEST NATURAL WONDER
+
+
+In Edmonson County, near Green River, was discovered in 1809, by a Mr.
+Hutchins, while in pursuit of a wounded bear, that matchless
+subterranean palace,--the Mammoth Cave.
+
+It consists, not of one chamber, but of many magnificent rooms, winding
+avenues, towering domes, bottomless pits, picturesque cataracts, mystic
+rivers, gloomy seas, and crystal lakes, on five different levels.
+Geologists agree that this immense cavern was carved out of the
+limestone ages ago, by both the mechanical and chemical action of the
+water. Viewing the huge columns that have been formed by depositing the
+almost infinitesimal amount of lime dissolved from the rock, one stands
+in awe at the thought of the great span of time required for this
+marvelous work.
+
+[Illustration: A view in the Mammoth Cave.]
+
+Here no ray of sunshine lights up the darkness; here no sound breaks the
+silence; here no seasons come and go; here no living creature--save the
+torpid bat, the sluggish lizard, the silent cricket, the shy rabbit-like
+rat, and eyeless fish--exists.
+
+Among the many picturesque spots in this cave are the Bridal Altar,
+formed of several pillars grouped into arches; the Old Arm Chair, in
+which Jenny Lind once sat and sang; the Giant's Coffin, a massive stone,
+forty feet long, twenty feet wide, and nine feet thick, that fell, ages
+ago, from above; Audubon Avenue; the Bat Chamber, where thousands of
+bats spend the winter clinging to the ceiling, in most places smooth
+and white as if made by a master hand; the Devil's Arm Chair, a large
+stalagmite in which is a comfortable seat; Napoleon's Breast Works;
+Lover's Leap, and Gatewood's Dining Table; Fat Man's Misery, River Hall,
+and Bacon Chamber, the last looking like a part of a pork-packing house;
+the Dead Sea, the Corkscrew, the Holy Sepulcher, Martha Washington's
+Statue, Shelby's Dome; the rivers Lethe, Echo, and Styx; and last the
+Star Chamber, sixty feet wide, seventy feet high, and four hundred feet
+long. Here the guide leaves you in absolute darkness for a while, until
+from his vantage ground he so illuminates the high ceiling that when you
+look upward, the heavens seem studded with stars; a comet with its
+blazing tail appears, clouds cross over, midnight with its utter
+darkness comes, and finally day begins to dawn.
+
+
+
+
+HOW REELFOOT LAKE WAS FORMED
+
+
+About two o'clock in the morning of December 16, 1811, the inhabitants
+of southwestern Kentucky, especially those in Fulton County, were
+aroused and alarmed by a most destructive earthquake shock that shook
+the Mississippi Valley throughout. It extended all along the Ohio beyond
+Pittsburgh, passed the Alleghenies, and died on the far-away coast of
+the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+The first sign of the catastrophe was distant, rumbling sounds,
+succeeded by continued discharges as of unnumbered pieces of artillery.
+Then the earth rocked, chasms yawned, columns of coal, sand, and water
+shot up, while electric flashes, shooting through the otherwise
+impenetrable darkness, added horror to the scene. Twenty-seven distinct
+shocks were experienced before dawn. Then shock followed shock, the land
+was overshadowed by a dense, black cloud of vapor to which the light
+imparted a purplish tinge, but no sunbeam penetrated the pall that
+overhung all.
+
+Lakes appeared where hills had been; elevations of land were found
+instead of lakes; the land in many places, miles in extent, was sunk
+below the level of the surrounding country. The current of the
+Mississippi was driven upstream for several hours, on account of an
+elevation in its bed; the waters boiled up in huge swells and violently
+tossed the boats thereon; sandbars gave way; huge trees crashed and
+disappeared in the maddening billows; the shores opened in wide
+fissures, closed, and threw huge jets of water, sand, and mud high above
+the treetops. The water of the river was changed to a reddish hue, thick
+with mud thrown up from its bottom, while the trembling surface was
+covered with huge masses of foam.
+
+From this temporary barrier, made by the upheaval of the bottom and the
+sinking of the sandbars and banks, the river rose five or six feet in a
+few minutes; then the booming waters with redoubled fury rushed forward
+with resistless power and carried everything before them. Boats, with
+horror-struck crews, shot down the declivity "like arrows from the bow,"
+and were overwhelmed or wrecked on snags, that had been thrown up from
+the bottom of the river, or were carried down in the vortexes. These
+shocks continued every day until December 21, and occasionally until
+February of the succeeding year.
+
+It was during this extensive and exciting convulsion that Reelfoot Lake,
+in Fulton County, made its first appearance. This great and singular
+body of water was formed by sand, blown out of a chasm opened by the
+earthquake, damming the waters of a creek, which spread over the
+territory and formed a lake twenty feet deep, from three fourths to two
+and a half miles wide, and seventeen miles long. For many years the tops
+of immense trees could be seen in the water by boatmen as they hunted
+the waterfowls or cast line for the fish with which it abounds.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY VALOR IN 1812-1815
+
+
+The young republic of the United States tried to follow the warning of
+Washington, "Friendship to all, entangling alliances with none."
+Although France had aided us in our struggle for independence, we
+remained neutral when war was carried on between her and England.
+Although it was said of our President, that he "could not be kicked into
+a fight," yet, when our commerce was well-nigh destroyed, our sailors
+taken from our vessels and forced to serve in the British navy, and our
+vessels fired upon by England's, we followed the policy of two of our
+most gifted Southern sons, Clay and Calhoun, and on June 18, 1812, again
+declared war against Great Britain.
+
+When the call came for volunteers to aid the regular army, although
+Kentucky's quota was only five thousand five hundred men, from mountains
+and glens, from field and farm, from bench and bar, from every walk of
+life, came her best blood, seven thousand strong, volunteering their
+services to their country's cause.
+
+When one thousand five hundred men were required to join General Hull in
+his expedition against the savages, in the Northwest, two thousand
+answered the call, only to learn, after crossing the Ohio, that Hull had
+cowardly surrendered his army and the whole of Michigan territory to the
+British, although his army numbered nearly double the enemy.
+
+For several months, at various times and places, the Kentucky troops did
+special and efficient service. In January of the succeeding year,
+Colonel Lewis with from seven hundred to one thousand Kentuckians,
+marched against a combined force of British and Indians at Frenchtown on
+the river Raisin, and drove them from the village. Three days later,
+General Winchester was told that a large force of the enemy was on its
+way to attack the victors. As the night was bitter cold, the precaution
+of stationing pickets was neglected, and early the next morning, two
+thousand British and Indians under General Proctor suddenly attacked the
+camp. The Kentucky riflemen fought stubbornly for hours. Their
+ammunition ran low, but still they fought. Even when summoned to
+surrender they, Spartanlike, preferred death. But, being promised that
+their wounded would be safely guarded and humanely treated, they laid
+down their arms. History records how this promise on the part of Proctor
+was not kept, how the drunken Indians burned and tomahawked the helpless
+men and officers, until long afterward the rallying cry of the
+Kentuckians was, "Remember the river Raisin--Raisin and Revenge."
+
+At Fort Stephenson, one hundred and sixty men under Colonel Croghan of
+Kentucky repulsed Proctor with nearly four thousand. When the idolized
+General Isaac Shelby went at the head of the Kentuckians, all felt that
+he would lead them to victory.
+
+It is said that when Commodore Perry wrote, "We have met the enemy and
+they are ours," after his memorable victory on Lake Erie, that one
+hundred sharpshooters from Kentucky had aided in the capture.
+
+At the battle of the Thames nearly all the American troops were
+Kentuckians, and that gallant soldier, Colonel Richard M. Johnson, did
+noble service in the killing of the noted Tecumseh. When Jackson,
+barricaded behind cotton bales at New Orleans, defeated Pakenham with
+his veteran forces, more than one fifth of the American soldiers were
+Kentucky riflemen.
+
+
+
+
+A TRIUMVIRATE OF ELOQUENCE
+
+
+Kentuckians, past and present, have ever been distinguished for their
+brilliant, persuasive oratory on the stump, at the bar, or in the forum.
+
+Three of the most eloquent men our state claimed in the nineteenth
+century were Clay, Marshall, and Menefee.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas F. Marshall.]
+
+Wherever Thomas F. Marshall, a native of Kentucky, lifted up his voice,
+he entranced all with his profound logic, flight of fancy, stinging
+satire, and beauty of language. Had his powers of self-control been as
+great as his genius, learning, and eloquence, no position in the dizzy
+heights would have been beyond his reach. But his brilliancy, his worth,
+and his work were all obscured by that dreadful blight, intemperance.
+Mr. Marshall's tribute to another orator and statesman, Richard H.
+Menefee, is pronounced by all to be one of the most graceful and
+eloquent passages in our literature.
+
+Born in obscurity, rising rapidly by his own energy and eloquence, at
+twenty-three Menefee was the commonwealth's attorney. At the bar his
+success was phenomenal. In the state legislature and in the United
+States Congress, where he served one term each, he, from the first, was
+recognized as a student and a statesman surpassed by none. His strength
+of character, his courage of conviction, his surpassing eloquence,
+brought praise from all. When at the height of fame, when men eagerly
+sought his counsel, and throngs hung upon his words, consumption closed
+his brief but brilliant life in his thirty-second year.
+
+[Illustration: Richard H. Menefee.]
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKIANS IN TEXAS AND MEXICO
+
+
+Among the volunteers that flocked to the support of Texas when she threw
+off the yoke of oppression there were many hundred Kentuckians. However,
+our state was not aggressive about the annexation of the new republic,
+which all saw might lead to war with Mexico.
+
+After the annexation, General Zachary Taylor, an adopted Kentuckian, was
+sent with troops to protect Texas, and soon war began. When Kentucky
+called for thirty companies, one hundred and five were organized.
+
+At Monterey some of our bravest fell, among them being Major Philip N.
+Barbour. General William O. Butler was among the number severely
+wounded. In honor of their bravery on this battlefield, the Kentucky
+legislature passed complimentary resolutions on the Louisville Legion,
+and presented swords to General Taylor, General Butler, and the widow of
+Major Barbour.
+
+At the bloody battle of Buena Vista, where General Taylor had nearly
+five thousand men, one fifth of the troops were from Kentucky. The
+Mexicans had a force more than five times the number of the Americans,
+still the victory was ours. As the killed and wounded were eighteen per
+cent of the enlistment, Kentucky paid dearly for the glory won.
+
+Among the fallen were Colonel William R. McKee, Lieutenant Colonel Henry
+Clay, oldest son of the great statesman Henry Clay, and Adjutant Vaughn.
+
+When many, who had given their lives for the cause, were reinterred at
+Frankfort and a fitting monument was erected, on it was inscribed this
+quotation from the immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of the Dead," by our
+soldier-poet, Theodore O'Hara:
+
+    "The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
+      The soldier's last tattoo!
+    No more on life's parade shall meet
+      That brave and fallen few;
+    On Fame's eternal camping ground
+      Their silent tents are spread,
+    And Glory guards, with solemn round,
+      The bivouac of the dead."
+
+
+
+
+CLAY, THE GREAT COMMONER
+
+
+In Hanover County, Virginia, April 12, 1777, was born Henry Clay, the
+"Millboy of the Slashes," who in after years became the idol of our
+state, and one of the most notable figures in the entire Union.
+
+Left fatherless at the age of five years, his teaching and training
+devolved upon his mother. So well did she perform her part that much of
+her illustrious son's greatness may rightfully be ascribed to maternal
+influence.
+
+At the early age of twenty-one Henry Clay became a member of the bar at
+Lexington, and it was not long before his genius, his eloquence, and his
+versatile powers made for him a name that will ever endure.
+
+[Illustration: The "Millboy of the Slashes."]
+
+He served the state of his adoption in the lower house of the state
+legislature for several terms. Part of that time he was speaker of the
+house, in which position the zeal, energy, dignity, and decision
+characteristic of him distinguished his every act. Later he was elected
+representative to the lower house of the United States Congress, was
+re-elected several times, and during the entire time was Speaker of the
+House, having received the very high and unusual compliment of being
+thus chosen on the first day he appeared as a member of that body.
+
+He served as a valuable member of the commission which met at Ghent,
+Belgium, to arrange the treaty of peace between this country and Great
+Britain in 1814.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Clay's Home, "Ashland."]
+
+He served with marked success in the United States Senate; his great
+genius, his high patriotism, his boundless energy, and fiery eloquence
+so swayed the people that more than once civil war for a time was
+averted, sections were reconciled, and he won the title of the "Great
+Pacificator."
+
+Convinced of his duty, Henry Clay was conscientious in discharging it,
+and when he thus lost the highest office in the gift of the nation he
+uttered the memorable words, "I would rather be right than be
+President."
+
+He did not need this office to confer honor on him; he would have
+conferred honor on the office.
+
+His fame was world-wide. His service as a statesman, his power as an
+orator, his courage as an antagonist, his cogency of reasoning, his
+untiring efforts as a peacemaker, spread from ocean to ocean and even
+beyond the seas. When he was laid to rest at his beloved Ashland, high
+potentates, distinguished persons, and the great common people alike
+bowed their heads.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
+
+
+From Kentucky cabin homes came the two men who were destined to be the
+political leaders in the greatest conflict that ever shook our
+continent.
+
+In 1808, Jefferson Davis, who became the President and idol of the
+Confederacy, first saw the light in that part of Christian County that
+was afterwards erected into Todd.
+
+In 1809, Abraham Lincoln, the war President of the United States, was
+born in that part of Hardin County that afterwards became Larue.
+
+The gifted Kentuckian, Henry Clay, had by his pacific measures postponed
+war, but it was not to be averted. When it came, our governor, Beriah
+Magoffin, attempted neutrality, and refused to raise troops for either
+army. From many homes, however, went soldiers to each side; friend was
+arrayed against friend, brother against brother, and father against son.
+The hour of patriotism, danger, and privation had come. When the first
+gun in the war was fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, a native
+Kentuckian, Major Robert Anderson of the United States army, commanded
+the garrison.
+
+On our soil both Confederate and Federal forces were raised. Various
+towns were occupied and fortified by soldiers, at some places under the
+Stars and Bars, at other places under the Stars and Stripes.
+
+The boys that wore the gray entered Kentucky and fortified themselves at
+Columbus and Hickman under Major General Leonidas Polk, and at
+Cumberland Gap under General Zollicoffer. The boys in blue, acting under
+orders from Brigadier General U.S. Grant, invaded the state at Paducah.
+
+General Albert Sidney Johnston of Kentucky took command of the
+Confederate "Central Army of Kentucky," and under his orders General
+Simon B. Buckner fortified Bowling Green.
+
+At Wildcat Mountain, near London, a bloody conflict took place, General
+Zollicoffer leading the Confederates, and Colonel T.T. Garrard and
+General Schoepff the Federals. The Confederates, being outnumbered,
+withdrew, after a loss to each side.
+
+At Sacramento, Colonel Forrest defeated a company of Federals two days
+after Christmas, 1861.
+
+Early the next year General Zollicoffer and General George B.
+Crittenden encountered General Thomas at Mill Springs; reënforcements
+came to the Federals, the gallant Zollicoffer fell, and the Confederates
+were forced to retreat.
+
+At Big Hill, in Rockcastle County, the Federals were defeated; at
+Richmond the Confederates were again victorious, while at Munfordville
+they were repulsed.
+
+At Augusta a bloody battle between Colonel Basil Duke's men and the home
+guards under Dr. Joshua T. Bradford resulted in another victory for the
+Confederates.
+
+In the severe battle of Perryville, where 25,000 Federals, under General
+A. McCook, met 16,000 Confederates under General William J. Hardee, the
+Federal loss was more than four thousand and the Confederate, one
+thousand less. This was one of the most desperately contested battles of
+the war.
+
+[Illustration: Gen. John H. Morgan.]
+
+That daring Confederate cavalryman, General John H. Morgan, the "Francis
+Marion" of the Confederacy, captured Glasgow, Elizabethtown, and the
+blockhouses at Muldraugh's Hill, where he tore up the railroad track.
+Colonel Cluke defeated the Federals at Mount Sterling, destroyed
+railway trains, and captured supplies.
+
+At Bardstown, Maysville, Tompkinsville, Cynthiana, and Paducah, the two
+sides met in deadly conflict. At the latter place the daring Confederate
+cavalryman, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, entered with his troops.
+Here also General A.P. Thompson, while gallantly leading his troops in a
+charge on Fort Anderson, fell pierced by a cannon ball.
+
+At Murfreesboro, Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga, Vicksburg, Donelson,
+Shiloh, Baton Rouge, Stone River, indeed, on almost every battlefield,
+Kentucky courage was tested and never found wanting.
+
+At the close of the crucial conflict more than thirty thousand of the
+flower of our Kentucky manhood had fallen, and thousands more were
+crippled.
+
+More than forty thousand Kentuckians followed the fortunes of the
+Confederacy. Among them were: General Albert Sidney Johnston; Lieutenant
+Generals Simon B. Buckner and John B. Hood; Major Generals John C.
+Breckinridge, William Preston, and George B. Crittenden; Brigadier
+Generals John Hunt Morgan, Humphrey Marshall, Ben Hardin Helm, Basil W.
+Duke, Roger W. Hanson, Lloyd Tilghman, John S. Williams, George B.
+Hodge, Thomas H. Taylor, Henry B. Lyon, Adam R. Johnson, and Richard S.
+Gano.
+
+More than one hundred thousand of the white men of our state and eleven
+thousand negroes enlisted in the Federal cause. Among the former were
+numbered: Major Generals Thomas L. Crittenden, Cassius M. Clay, Don
+Carlos Buell, William Nelson, Lovell H. Rousseau, and Thomas J. Wood;
+Brigadier and Brevet Major Generals Robert Anderson, Richard W. Johnson,
+Stephen G. Burbridge, W.T. Ward, Walter C. Whittaker, John T. Croxton,
+and Eli Long; Brigadier Generals James M. Shackelford, James S. Jackson,
+Green Clay Smith, Speed S. Fry, Jerry T. Boyle, Edward H. Hobson, T.T.
+Garrard, L.P. Watkins, and W.P. Sanders.
+
+Of the Kentuckians engaged we can truly say no braver men were found on
+either side; no better citizens have helped to develop our state since
+the conflict closed. Now only a few veterans are left on either side.
+Most of them are
+
+    "Under the sod and the dew
+      Waiting the judgment day;"
+
+so let all unite in
+
+    "Love and tears for the blue
+      Tears and love for the gray."
+
+
+
+
+WHY SOME CITIES WERE SO NAMED
+
+
+When a baby is christened we at once wonder why it was so named,
+especially if the name be a new or odd one. When we hear a new name for
+an invention we begin to look up the etymology of the word to see why it
+is so called. So it is with places, for there is a reason for their
+names being what they are. Take the beautiful capital of the blue-grass
+section of our state, and we find an interesting romance concerning its
+origin. In the year 1775, when
+
+    "The first oath of Freedom's gun
+    Came on the blast from Lexington,"
+
+a party of hunters, while in camp on one of the branches of the Elkhorn,
+learned that the first battle between the British and Americans had
+taken place. To commemorate the important event they called the place of
+their encampment Lexington. William McConnell, Francis McConnell, Alex
+McClelland, John McClelland, David Perry, and Charles Lecompt came down
+the Ohio in a large canoe as far as the mouth of the Kentucky, thence up
+that stream to the Elkhorn region, where they explored and made some
+improvements, between April and June of 1775.
+
+Another party--Joseph Lindsay, William Lindsay, Patrick Jordan, Garret
+Jordan, and John Vance--explored the country and made some improvements
+in the vicinity of the present site of Lexington, and Joseph Lindsay,
+here, at the spring, built an "improver's cabin" and raised the first
+corn and beans in that country.
+
+Lexington was not permanently settled until a few years later, by
+Colonel Robert Patterson and others.
+
+In the summer of 1773 two parties from Virginia came down the Ohio River
+to explore the rich lands of Kentucky. One of these made the first
+survey and settlement at what is now the metropolis of our state. In
+August, Captain Thomas Bullitt laid off a town at this site, which was
+occasionally visited by different persons. No permanent settlement was
+made until in the spring of 1778, when General George Rogers Clark
+brought a few families and left them on an island near the Kentucky
+shore, which was called Corn Island from the circumstance that the
+settlers raised their first Indian corn there. In the fall of the same
+year, after Clark had captured the British posts that had served as the
+fountain head for the Indian incursions, the settlers felt more secure
+and removed from the island to the mainland. In 1780 the legislature of
+Virginia passed an act to establish the town of Louisville at the Falls
+of the Ohio, naming it in honor of Louis XVI of France, whose troops
+were at that time aiding the Americans in their fight for liberty.
+
+In 1780, on the Kentucky River, where our capital now stands, a party,
+among whom was Stephen Frank, on their way from Bryan's Station to the
+fort at Lexington to secure salt, encamped and were attacked by the
+Indians. Two were wounded, and Frank instantly killed. In memory of
+Frank the place was ever after called Frankfort.
+
+Covington was named in honor of General Leonard Covington, who
+distinguished himself at Fort Recovery, 1749. The name of Colonel
+Richard Henderson, the head of the Transylvania Company, is perpetuated
+in Henderson, or, as it was formerly known, Hendersonville. Bowling
+Green, denoting a plat for bowling, probably came from the name found
+in Yorkshire, England.
+
+Hopkinsville perpetuates the name of the Revolutionary hero, General
+Samuel Hopkins. Owensboro was named in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen,
+who fell at Tippecanoe. Ashland gained its name from the vast amount of
+ash timber in that region. Maysville bears the name of its founder, John
+May. Georgetown and Washington both took their names from our first
+President.
+
+The first part of Mount Sterling was named from the many mounds in the
+vicinity, the latter from a city in Scotland. Richmond was named for a
+city in Virginia, and Shelbyville for our first governor. Smithland was
+named for Captain James Smith, the first white man to explore that
+region. Catlettsburg and Danville were called respectively from their
+founders, Horatio Catlett and Walker Daniel. Lebanon, with its abundance
+of cedar trees, was named for the mountain in Palestine, where such
+trees abound.
+
+Paris, from the city in France, Versailles, from the royal palace in
+that city, and Glasgow, from a city in Scotland, bear transatlantic
+names. Eminence from its elevated position, and Eddyville from the
+eddies in the Cumberland River near there, bear names descriptive of the
+places. Kuttawa, or Cuttawa, the red man's first name for the Kentucky
+River, is the only town in the state, besides Paducah, bearing an Indian
+name. Carrollton, from Charles Carroll, Franklin, from the great
+philosopher, Ludlow, from Israel Ludlow, and Princeton, from William
+Prince, its first settler, perpetuate names noted in history, science,
+and frontier days.
+
+Cynthiana, for Cynthia and Anna, daughters of the proprietor, and
+Elizabethtown, for the wife of Colonel John Hardin, are the only towns
+in the state named for women.
+
+Morganfield, for General Daniel Morgan, Nicholasville, for Colonel
+George Nichols, and Greenville, for General Nathanael Greene,
+commemorate, respectively, three Revolutionary officers. Bardstown,
+Campbellsville, Flemingsburg, and Hawesville perpetuate the names of
+their founders, David Baird, Adam Campbell, John Fleming, and Richard
+Hawes, respectively. Berea is from the ancient city in Macedonia,
+Columbus from the great navigator, and Lancaster from a town in
+Pennsylvania; Adairville and Morehead from two former governors,
+Governor John Adair and Governor James Morehead. Captain Paschal
+Hickman, Honorable John L. Murray, Colonel T.D. Owings, and the
+Wickliffes are remembered respectively by the towns of Hickman, Murray,
+Owingsville, and Wickliffe.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
+
+
+Whether we consider the valuable additions to scientific literature,
+note the practical, useful inventions, or record the actual activities
+in various scientific lines, many Kentuckians will be found on the
+eminent roll.
+
+A Louisville woman, Ellen C. Semple, has given us "American History and
+its Geographic Conditions." James N. Baskett, while a novelist, has also
+contributed some scientific papers that have won him fame in many lands.
+John Uri Lloyd,--both novelist and scientist,--though a native of New
+York, was reared in Kentucky. He is a noted chemist and has written much
+along his line.
+
+Elsewhere, we have spoken of Kentucky inventors, and also given a sketch
+of the great ornithologist, John James Audubon. We are indebted for
+facts about prehistoric Kentucky to "Ancient History or Annals of
+Kentucky" published as an introduction to Marshall's "History of
+Kentucky," by the eccentric naturalist, C.S. Rafinesque. Though born in
+Constantinople, he spent seven years as professor of the natural
+sciences, and of the French, Spanish, and Italian languages in
+Transylvania University in Lexington. It was Rafinesque who, amid all
+the privations of pioneer traveling, explored Kentucky in the early part
+of the nineteenth century, from Greenup on the east to McCracken County
+on the west. He covered nearly the entire area of the blue grass, and
+also included in his itinerary the remote counties, Adair, Clay, Harlan,
+Perry, Pulaski, and Rockcastle, and located one hundred and forty-eight
+sites and five hundred and five ancient remains or monuments of the
+Mound Builders.
+
+Audubon tells of his first meeting with this great antiquarian, whose
+dress, if not fashionable, was at least remarkable. He wore, says
+Audubon, "a long, loose coat of yellow nankeen which hung loosely about
+him like a sack, much the worse for the many rubs it had got in its time
+and stained all over with the juice of plants. A waistcoat of the same,
+with enormous pockets, reached over a pair of tight pantaloons, the
+lower part of which was buttoned down to the ankles." In this attire,
+with a bundle of dried plants on his back, Rafinesque accidentally
+approached Audubon and asked where the noted naturalist lived. Upon
+learning it was the great Audubon to whom he was speaking, Rafinesque
+handed him a letter of introduction in which the writer recommended an
+"odd fish" which might not have been described in any published
+treatise. Audubon at once asked to be shown the "odd fish," but soon
+realized that Rafinesque answered to that name. It was during this
+visit, that, in his excitement to secure a new species of bat,
+Rafinesque demolished Audubon's favorite violin. His versatility, his
+energy, and his achievements stamp him as one of the most remarkable of
+men in many lines of thought and activity.
+
+[Illustration: Rafinesque, the Naturalist.]
+
+In the field of medical science, also, Kentucky in both past and
+present has been noted. In 1806, Doctor Brashear of Bardstown
+successfully performed an amputation at the hip joint, the first
+operation of the kind in the United States. In 1809, Doctor Ephraim
+McDowell of Danville performed one which was the first of its kind in
+the world, and of which Doctor Gross in his "Lives of Eminent American
+Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century" says, "Had McDowell
+lived in France, he would have been elected a member of the Royal
+Academy of Surgery, received from the king the cross of the Legion of
+Honor, and obtained from the government a magnificent reward as an
+acknowledgment of the services rendered his country, his profession, and
+his fellow creatures."
+
+
+
+
+"BESSEMER STEEL" IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+One most important invention or discovery of the nineteenth century was
+made by William Kelly, who came from Pittsburgh and located near
+Eddyville, in Lyon County, in 1846. Here he operated both the Union and
+the Suwanee furnaces, mostly by slave labor, until he conceived the plan
+of using Chinese workers, which he secured through a New York tea house.
+As these Celestials, with their pigtails, were the first in this
+section, they created a great deal of curiosity. Mr. Kelly, having a
+special knowledge of chemistry and metallurgy, investigated and
+experimented in the manufacture of iron, and concluded that the crude
+metal could be converted into steel without fuel; that by placing the
+fluid metal in a suitable furnace and forcing powerful blasts of air
+through the molten mass, he could produce the desired result.
+
+His veteran forgemen could not conceive of metal being "boiled" by
+simply blowing air through it, for it had been their experience that air
+blown over its surface chilled it. They knew nothing of the affinity of
+oxygen with carbon for producing heat; they had always consumed
+quantities of charcoal to secure this greater heat; they had buried bars
+of wrought iron in charcoal in a furnace, where, the air being shut off,
+the charcoal was slowly burned for two or more weeks. Then the product
+was taken out and melted, forming "cast steel." So they were completely
+surprised when forcing the currents of air through the mass of iron
+intensified it to incandescence and refined the metal.
+
+The experiment was made in 1851 and used by Mr. Kelly advantageously for
+many years. Being almost isolated in practically a wilderness, thirty
+miles from even the nearest country press, the inventor failed to
+advertise and take proper advantage of his invention. In 1855, however,
+many of the steamboats plying the Ohio River were using boiler plates
+made from iron prepared by "Kelly's air-boiling process." The next year
+Henry Bessemer, an iron manufacturer of England, took out a patent for
+this pneumatic process, to which his name has been given; but, although
+Mr. Kelly was delayed in securing his patent by his attorney, when the
+claim was heard by the commissioner of the Patent Office in this
+country, it was decided that Mr. Kelly was the inventor and his patent
+was at once granted. For many years Mr. Kelly received a royalty on his
+interest in the inventions. In time the patents of Kelly, Bessemer, and
+Mushet were combined. Prior to this discovery, steel cost five times as
+much as iron; now steel rails, wearing four times as long as iron, cost
+only a few dollars more per ton. Thus we see the incalculable importance
+of another Kentucky invention, for now steel is made directly from pig
+iron in about thirty minutes, instead of as formerly in almost as many
+days.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY ARTISTS
+
+
+While Kentucky's sons and daughters have enriched the field of science
+by inventions and discoveries, they have not neglected the fine arts.
+
+Among the painters, Matthew H. Jouett of Mercer County from early
+childhood displayed a talent by drawing sketches with a lead pencil. He
+became a pupil of Gilbert Stuart, who always called him "Kentucky."
+Jouett, on the occasion of La Fayette's visit, painted the noted
+general, and from that sketch painted the life-sized one that hangs in
+the State House. His pictures were on exhibition at the World's Fair at
+Chicago and compared favorably with those of the best foreign painters.
+It is said that Thomas S. Noble, another native of Kentucky who has won
+fame with his brush, exclaimed after viewing Jouett's portraits,
+"Rembrandt is next to God and Jouett is next to Rembrandt." The
+Honorable Charles Summers, who had made a study of foreign artists, on
+seeing one of Jouett's portraits, examined it closely and exclaimed,
+"What a glorious Van Dyck!" Richard Jouett Menefee made a catalogue a
+few years ago of three hundred and thirty-four paintings by his
+grandfather.
+
+[Illustration: Matthew H. Jouett.]
+
+In Frankfort was born another boy, Joseph H. Bush, whose talents at an
+early age caused him to use his mother's hearth and a piece of charcoal
+to sketch a profile of his father. Among his noted works are portraits
+of General Zachary Taylor, Benjamin W. Dudley, and Governor John Adair.
+
+John Grimes, who lived many years in this state, is noted for a
+portrait, "The Country Lad," and "Suicide," a composition. Oliver Frazer
+first saw the light in Fayette County. He studied under Jouett and
+Thomas Sully, and later at Paris, Florence, Berlin, and Ludlow, where he
+and P.R. Healy, fellow students, became fast friends.
+
+Though he was born in Pennsylvania, so much of the work of Louis Morgan
+was done in Kentucky that we class him with her artists. His "Simon
+Kenton" was the most prominent picture at an exhibition in the Academy
+of Fine Arts at Philadelphia.
+
+As a boy, Samuel W. Price also exhibited artistic talent; among his
+portraits being "Old King Solomon" and one of Chief Justice George
+Robertson. Among his works in composition are "Caught Napping" and "Gone
+Up." There are also W.C. Allen, Mrs. Eliza Brown, Aaron H. Corwine, Paul
+Sawyier, Nevill Cain, and others who have done creditable work.
+
+The poet-sculptor, Joel T. Hart, when only five years old modeled
+figures of animals in clay, molded a button out of pewter, and carved in
+wood. His first work of note was a bust from life of General Cassius M.
+Clay; among other noted men of whom he made busts were General Andrew
+Jackson, the Honorable John H. Crittenden, Robert Wickliffe, and the
+Reverend Alexander Campbell. His statue of Henry Clay now stands on the
+capitol grounds at Richmond. Louisville and New Orleans each ordered a
+statue of Clay. After that came Hart's masterpiece, "Woman Triumphant,"
+which stood for years at Lexington, Kentucky.
+
+The Kentucky legislature appropriated twelve hundred dollars for
+removing the remains of Joel T. Hart from Florence, Italy, and
+reinterring them at Frankfort.
+
+Although born in California, Mrs. Mary Anderson de Navarro, an artist in
+another line, spent her girlhood in Louisville, so Kentuckians have ever
+claimed her as "Our Mary." Her brilliant stage career is known to all.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF LETTERS
+
+
+Kentucky, rich in themes for song and story, has attracted the attention
+of some of the master minds of literature. Sir Walter Scott in "Marmion"
+sings of
+
+    "Kentucky's wood-encumbered brake."
+
+George Gordon (Lord Byron) in "Don Juan" names
+
+    "The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky,"
+
+while Alfred Tennyson tells of
+
+    "Kentucky's chambers of eternal gloom."
+
+Her own sons and daughters, native and adopted, have also sung her
+glories, and in many other themes have made a great contribution to
+American Literature. Gilbert Imlay was our first novelist. Since him it
+is impossible to name all who have brought honor to their state by their
+works, but among the writers of prose are the noted novelists James Lane
+Allen and John Fox, Jr. Gertrude Atherton's writings include "The Bell
+in the Fog," "Rulers of Kings" and "Rezanov." Alice Hegan Rice has
+delighted many with "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch" and "Lovey Mary."
+Ingram Crockett's "A Year Book of Kentucky Woods and Fields" and "A
+Brother of Christ" give him a place in this group. Edwin C. Listey's
+"Love Story of Abner Stone" and "The Race of the Swift" are honors to
+their creator.
+
+Abbie Carter Goodloe's "At the Foot of the Rockies" has been favorably
+compared with some of Kipling's works. Frank Waller Allen in "Back to
+Arcady" has given a pastoral romance. Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews has
+distinguished herself in "A Kidnapped Colony" and "The Perfect Tribute."
+
+[Illustration: James Lane Allen.]
+
+Young and old delight in the "Little Colonel Stories" by Mrs. Annie
+Fellows Johnston, "Emmy Lou" by Mrs. George Madden Martin, and Eva A.
+Madden's "Two Royal Foes." John Bacon gave us "The Pursuit of Phyllis";
+Nancy Huston Banks, "Oldfield"; Eleanor T. Kinkead, "The Invisible
+Bond"; and Mrs. H.D. Pittman, "The Belle of the Blue-grass Country."
+Hallie Erminie Rives-Wheeler has given "Hearts Courageous" and "Tales
+from Dickens."
+
+John Uri Lloyd has described mountain life in "Redhead" and "Stringtown
+on the Pike," while his "Etidorhpa" shows a master mind.
+
+James Tandy Ellis has delighted all with his dialect stories in "Sprigs
+o' Mint." Mrs. Fannie Caldwell Macauley (Frances Little) has written
+"The Lady of the Decoration," while "Aunt Jane of Kentucky" by Mrs.
+Eliza Calvert Obenchain (Eliza Calvert Hall) has attracted universal
+attention.
+
+John Wilson Townsend in "Kentuckians in History and Literature" and
+"Kentucky in American Letters" has done a great work for an appreciative
+public.
+
+William C. Watts' "Chronicles of a Kentucky Settlement" is a great pen
+picture of early times; and Irvin S. Cobb's "Back Home" and "Cobb's
+Anatomy" have won him undying fame as a story teller and humorist.
+
+In other lines of prose we find John Bradford's "Notes on Kentucky,"
+histories of the state by Marshall, Lewis and R.H. Collins, Z.F. Smith,
+Elizabeth Kinkead, and Ed Porter Thompson; also the works of Humphrey
+Marshall, Mann Butler, Thomas Corwin, Fornatus Cosby, Samuel D. Gross,
+Henry Watterson, Bennett H. Young, and others.
+
+Since our first poet, Thomas Johnson, there have been many who have won
+credit in verse.
+
+Theodore O'Hara's immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of the Dead" is known to
+all. John Wilson Townsend has called Madison Cawein the successor of
+Sidney Lanier; Edmund Gosse calls him the "hermit thrush," while others
+have named him the "Kentucky Keats." Cale Young Rice has won fame in
+dramatic verse. Thomas H. Chivers, a native of Georgia, spent some time
+in Kentucky. He accused Poe of stealing some of his words in "The Raven"
+from him.
+
+Robert Burns Wilson, the poet-painter, has published several volumes of
+the highest merit. Bishop John L. Spalding, William O. Butler, Fornatus
+Cosby, Jr., George D. Prentice, Sarah T. Bolton, Mary E. Betts, Henry T.
+Stanton, Sarah N. Piatt, and a host of others have written verse that
+will compare favorably with that of many writers more renowned.
+
+[Illustration: Madison Cawein.]
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKIANS IN HISTORY
+
+
+Whether we write of the hardy pioneer facing danger and privation, of
+the volunteer soldier freely offering up his life on the altar of his
+country, of the great general leading his men to victory, of the
+mature-minded statesman helping to guide the ship of state, or of the
+brilliant orator swaying thousands by his eloquence, we find Kentuckians
+in every rôle. Likewise we find the skillful surgeon severing the
+diseased part from that aglow with health, the learned lawyer tactfully
+pleading his client's cause, the able heads of our government
+discharging well their duty, the learned judge of our highest court
+presiding with wisdom and justice, and the consul to foreign countries
+shedding luster upon the post he holds. Again we note the scholarly
+heads of universities training the youth of the land, the sound business
+man striving for a better city, the patriot answering in any form his
+country's call, the great naturalist finding the many secrets of mother
+Nature, the historian cautiously collecting data and describing
+important incidents, and the sweet singer bringing cheer into every
+place. Further we find the humorist bringing smiles to every face, the
+consecrated minister leading thousands to a new life, the inventor
+bringing comfort and ease, and the artist skillfully using his brush or
+chisel to imitate Nature. Indeed, the roll call of eminent Kentuckians
+will show that they have played such important parts in both military
+and civil affairs that one or more, and often many, Kentuckians have
+filled each of these posts with credit to themselves and glory to their
+state.
+
+None have been found braver, none more brilliant, and none more beloved,
+whether serving in their native or their adopted state.
+
+More than eighty have represented us in foreign countries; more than
+fifty have been governors in other states; more than thirty have been
+United States senators from other states; and more than eighty have
+been representatives in Congress from other states.
+
+Scanning the pages of our national history, you will find the names of
+Henry Clay, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, John C.
+Breckinridge, Linn Boyd, John G. Carlisle, Adlai Stevenson, Thomas
+Corwin, Isaac Shelby, John M. Harlan, Ninian Edwards, Roger Q. Mills,
+and hundreds of others of the native or adopted sons of our
+commonwealth. Without their worth and works many chapters could not have
+been written, many policies could not have been perfected, and many
+victories could not have been won.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+
+Title: Stories of Old Kentucky
+
+Author: Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2011 [EBook #37498]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia, Ron Stephens and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 432px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="432" height="660" alt="Cover" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<h4>TO MY CHILDREN</h4>
+
+<h3>EWART, LA VERNE, AND LOIS</h3>
+
+<h5>WHO HAVE EVER BEEN MY</h5>
+
+<h5>INSPIRING AUDIENCE</h5>
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0006.jpg" width="660" height="398" alt="KENTUCKY FROM ITS SETTLEMENT" title=""/><br />
+<span class="caption">KENTUCKY<br />
+<small>FROM ITS SETTLEMENT<br />
+TO THE CIVIL WAR</small><br /></span></div>
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h1>STORIES OF</h1>
+<h1>OLD KENTUCKY</h1>
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL</h2>
+
+<h4>AUTHOR OF "SETTLEMENTS AND CESSIONS OF LOUISIANA"</h4>
+<h5>MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION<br />
+PADUCAH, KENTUCKY</h5>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 160px;">
+<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" title=""/><br />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY<br />
+NEW YORK  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    CINCINNATI   &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;   CHICAGO<br />
+</p>
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1915, by</span></h5>
+<h4>MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.</h4>
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1915, in Great Britain.</span><br /></h5>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<h5>STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY.<br />
+E.P.</h5>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>To be easily assimilated, our mental food, like our
+physical food, should be carefully chosen and attractively
+served.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the "Dark and Bloody Ground"
+teems with adventure and patriotism. Its pages are
+filled with the great achievements, the heroic deeds,
+and the inspiring examples of the explorers, the settlers,
+and the founders of our state. In the belief that
+a knowledge of their struggles and conquests is food
+that is both instructive and inspiring, and with a
+knowledge that a text on history does not always
+attract, the author sets before the youth of Kentucky
+these stories of some of her great men.</p>
+
+<p>This book is intended as both a supplementary
+reader and a text, for, though in story form, the chapters
+are arranged chronologically, and every fact recorded
+has been verified.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks are due to the many friends who have
+granted access to papers of historical value, to many
+others who have assisted in making this book a reality,
+and especially to my husband, Dr. Clyde Edison
+Purcell, for his valuable suggestions, careful criticisms,
+and untiring coöperation.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">When the Ocean Covered Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#WHEN_THE_OCEAN_COVERED_KENTUCKY">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Aborigines of Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_ABORIGINES_OF_KENTUCKY">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Some Prehistoric Remains</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#SOME_PREHISTORIC_REMAINS">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Discovery of Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_DISCOVERY_OF_KENTUCKY">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Claims in Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#INDIAN_CLAIMS_IN_KENTUCKY">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scouwa</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#SCOUWA">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Graveyard of the Mammoths</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_GRAVEYARD_OF_THE_MAMMOTHS">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Druid of Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_DRUID_OF_KENTUCKY">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Pioneer Nobleman</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_PIONEER_NOBLEMAN">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Early Kentucky Customs</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#EARLY_KENTUCKY_CUSTOMS">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boone's Illustrious Peer</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#BOONES_ILLUSTRIOUS_PEER">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boone's Trace</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#BOONES_TRACE">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boone in Captivity</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#BOONE_IN_CAPTIVITY">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Boonesborough's Brave Defense</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#BOONESBOROUGHS_BRAVE_DEFENSE">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Lost Baby</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_LOST_BABY">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The First Romance in Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_FIRST_ROMANCE_IN_KENTUCKY">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Wedding in the Wilderness</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_WEDDING_IN_THE_WILDERNESS">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pioneer Children</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#PIONEER_CHILDREN">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">How the Pioneers Made Change</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_THE_PIONEERS_MADE_CHANGE">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Woman's Will</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_WOMANS_WILL">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">When the Women Brought the Water</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#WHEN_THE_WOMEN_BROUGHT_THE_WATER">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Result of One Rash Act</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_RESULT_OF_ONE_RASH_ACT">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Two Kentucky Heroes</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#TWO_KENTUCKY_HEROES">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Battle of the Boards</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_BATTLE_OF_THE_BOARDS">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Faithful Slave and His Reward</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_FAITHFUL_SLAVE_AND_HIS_REWARD">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Double Shot</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_DOUBLE_SHOT">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><span class="smcap">A Man of Strategy and Sagacity</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_MAN_OF_STRATEGY_AND_SAGACITY">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Kind-hearted Indian</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_KIND-HEARTED_INDIAN">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saved by the Hug of a Bear</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#SAVED_BY_THE_HUG_OF_A_BEAR">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Kentuckian Defeated the British</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_KENTUCKIAN_DEFEATED_THE_BRITISH">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Famous March</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_FAMOUS_MARCH">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The First Christmas Party</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_FIRST_CHRISTMAS_PARTY">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fort Jefferson</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#FORT_JEFFERSON">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">"The Hard Winter</span>"</td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_HARD_WINTER">118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wildcat McKinney</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#WILDCAT_McKINNEY">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">How Kentucky was Formed</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_KENTUCKY_WAS_FORMED">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky in the Revolution</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_IN_THE_REVOLUTION">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky's Pioneer Historian</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKYS_PIONEER_HISTORIAN">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Spanish Conspiracy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#SPANISH_CONSPIRACY">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Kentucky Inventor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_KENTUCKY_INVENTOR">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Other Kentucky Inventions</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#OTHER_KENTUCKY_INVENTIONS">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Man who Knew about Birds</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_MAN_WHO_KNEW_ABOUT_BIRDS">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Hero of Honor</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_HERO_OF_HONOR">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The "Pride of the Pennyrile" </span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_PRIDE_OF_THE_PENNYRILE3">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#LUCY_JEFFERSON_LEWIS">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Natural Curiosities in Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#NATURAL_CURIOSITIES_IN_KENTUCKY">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The World's Greatest Natural Wonder</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#THE_WORLDS_GREATEST_NATURAL">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">How Reelfoot Lake Was Formed</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#HOW_REELFOOT_LAKE_WAS_FORMED">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky Valor in 1812-1815</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_VALOR_IN_1812-1815">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Triumvirate of Eloquence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#A_TRIUMVIRATE_OF_ELOQUENCE">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentuckians in Texas and Mexico</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKIANS_IN_TEXAS_AND_MEXICO">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clay, the Great Commoner</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#CLAY_THE_GREAT_COMMONER">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky in the War between the States&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_IN_THE_WAR_BETWEEN">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Why Some Cities were so Named</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#WHY_SOME_CITIES_WERE_SO_NAMED">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky in the Field of Science</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_SCIENCE">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">"Bessemer Steel" in Kentucky</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#BESSEMER_STEEL_IN_KENTUCKY">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky Artists</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_ARTISTS">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky in the Field of Letters</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_LETTERS">187</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentuckians in History</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#KENTUCKIANS_IN_HISTORY">190</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>A LIST OF BOOKS ABOUT KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Audubon, Lucy</span>: "Life and Journals of John James Audubon."
+Putnam.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Collins, R.H.</span>: "History of Kentucky." Collins &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Eggleston, E.</span>: "Stories of American Life and Adventure."
+"Stories of Great Americans for Little Americans." American
+Book Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Hulbert, A.B.</span>: "Boone's Wilderness Road." Arthur H. Clark Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Johnson, E.P.</span>: "History of Kentucky and Kentuckians." Lewis
+Publishing Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Kinkead, E.S.</span>: "History of Kentucky." American Book Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Marshall, H.</span>: "History of Kentucky." Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Otis, James</span>: "Hannah of Kentucky." American Book Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Price, S.W.</span>: "Old Masters of the Blue Grass." Morton &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Shaler, N.S.</span>: "Kentucky." Houghton Mifflin Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Smith, H.I.</span>: "Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site." Amer.
+Museum of Nat. Hist.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Smith, Z.F.</span>: "History of Kentucky." Courier-Journal Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Stockton, F.R.</span>: "Stories of New Jersey." American Book Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Thompson, E.P.</span>: "A Young People's History of Kentucky."
+A.R. Fleming Publishing Co.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Townsend, J.W.</span>: "Kentuckians in History and Literature."
+Neale Publishing Co. "Kentucky in American Letters."
+Torch Press.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Young, B.H.</span>: "Prehistoric Men of Kentucky." Filson Club.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h1>STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY</h1>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="WHEN_THE_OCEAN_COVERED_KENTUCKY" id="WHEN_THE_OCEAN_COVERED_KENTUCKY"></a>WHEN THE OCEAN COVERED KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Facts are stranger than fiction; and when we read
+the great volume of Nature, we find it more intensely
+interesting, instructive, and exciting than any "tale"
+told by our master minds.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult enough for the youth of to-day to
+realize there was ever a time when Kentucky did not
+have a place on the map and in the march of events.
+Still more difficult is it for them to realize that there
+was a time when the ocean covered our state. Geological
+annals show that the surface of Kentucky was
+once the bed of the sea. This primitive ocean is
+supposed to have covered a large part of North America
+to the depth of several thousand feet. As we read
+the record in the soil and as we study the strata, we
+find evidence of a gradual retreat of the briny waters
+without proofs of any very violent or sudden disruptions
+of the ocean. The creation or appearance of
+sea animals, fishes, polyps, and the formation of limestone,
+sandstone, slate, grit, and pebble, are parts of
+the story here recorded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The retreat of the briny waters continued and continued
+for ages, until finally the Cumberland or Wasioto
+Mountains emerged, followed by the Black, Laurel,
+Pine, Long, and Galico Mountains; other lower elevations
+then rose until only an inland sea, surrounded
+by sandy hills, remained. Then the grasses, reeds,
+and mosses left their impress; land animals, insects,
+birds, and reptiles appeared; vegetation increased,
+and trees and shrubs grew.</p>
+
+<p>Still the waters receded; marshes, muddy swamps,
+licks, small lakes, ponds, clay and marl deposits were
+left; sinks and caves were formed; and land plants
+and animals increased.</p>
+
+<p>As the waters still slowly but surely receded, creeks,
+rivers, and valleys received their present shape, the
+ocean reached its actual level, and the American continent
+assumed its shape. The huge animals&mdash;the big
+bears, buffaloes, jaguars, elephants, and mastodons&mdash;roamed
+over what is now Kentucky, and left their
+impress at Big Bone Lick, Drennon's Lick, and other
+points where the savage, the settler, and the man of
+science have successively meditated and marveled over
+their prehistoric remains.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_ABORIGINES_OF_KENTUCKY" id="THE_ABORIGINES_OF_KENTUCKY"></a>THE ABORIGINES OF KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>When but a little girl one of my greatest delights
+was to sit at the feet of my maternal grandfather
+and listen to the tales of the olden times. Grandfathers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+and grandmothers always love to tell stories,
+and boys and girls love to hear them. Our grandparents
+were not the only ones that enjoyed telling
+stories of the great past; Indians also related many
+things to their children of what had happened in the
+long ago. But as the red men had no books in which
+to record these happenings, some of their stories may
+be of real incidents and a great deal may be purely
+imaginary, for we know the Indian was always very
+superstitious.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0015.jpg" width="660" height="525" alt="The Indians loved to tell stories to their children." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">The Indians loved to tell stories to their children.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a story told by the Lenni-Lenape Indians,
+who lived in eastern United States, that their ancestors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+in the very earliest times were mere animals living
+underground. One of them accidentally found a hole
+by which he came to the surface of the ground, and
+soon the whole tribe followed. These Indians believed
+that they gradually became human beings; so in remembrance
+of their ancestors, they chose such names
+as "Black Bear," "Black Hawk," "Red Horse," and
+"Sitting Bull." Some of the tribes believing in this
+tradition would not eat any underground animals
+like the rabbit, ground hog, and ground squirrel, for
+fear they would be eating their kinsmen.</p>
+
+<p>Another very interesting tradition told by these
+Lenni-Lenape, or Delawares, is that these ancestors
+came from west of the Mississippi and that when
+they tried to cross this stream the right of passage
+was disputed by a powerful force called the Alligewi,
+from whose name we get the word Allegheny. Being
+determined to cross this mighty stream and move
+eastward, the Lenni-Lenape joined with the Mengwe
+(Iroquois) in a war upon the Alligewi, overcame them,
+and almost exterminating them, drove the remnant
+of their tribe entirely from the country.</p>
+
+<p>General G.R. Clark, Colonel McKee, and Colonel
+James Moore at different times and places were told
+by Indians, among them the noted chiefs "Cornstalk"
+and "Tobacco," that before the red men came to
+Kentucky&mdash;named from Ken-tuck-ee, meaning in
+Indian language, "the river of Blood"&mdash;a white
+race, superior in many arts and crafts unknown to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+the red men, the builders of the many forts, and the
+inhabitants of the vast burying grounds, had been
+besieged by the early Indians in a great battle near
+the Falls of the Ohio. The remnant was driven into
+a small island below these rapids, where the entire
+race was "cut to pieces."</p>
+
+<p>In confirmation of this, there was found on Sandy
+Island, a vast burying ground and "a multitude
+of human bones was discovered." This traditional
+testimony has been in many instances confirmed by
+unmistakable traces of a terrible conflict throughout
+the Ohio Valley. The story of these bloody battles,
+handed down for generations, very probably caused
+the Indians to name this place the "Dark and Bloody
+Ground." Believing it to be filled with ghosts of its
+primitive people, it is no small wonder that this race,
+full of imagination and superstition, should use it so
+little as a permanent home.</p>
+
+<p>But who was this primitive race? Whence did
+they come and what did they accomplish? The
+works they built have lived after them, and from
+these silent memorials the people have been called
+Mound Builders. Beyond the bounds of memory,
+into the land of mystery we go when we strive to learn
+of them. They have left their imprint in the valleys
+of the Licking, the Kentucky, the Ohio, and the Cumberland.
+Their many mounds vary in size, shape,
+structure, location, contents, and use. Some cover
+only a small area, while others have a diameter of over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+one hundred feet and one covers fifteen acres. They
+display a considerable knowledge of geometry, engineering,
+and military skill.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0019.jpg" width="300" height="362" alt="Relics of the Mound Builders." title="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">Relics of the Mound Builders.</span></div>
+
+<p>Because some have supposed these ancient people
+to have been sun worshipers, the "high places" for
+ceremonial worship are called temple mounds. The
+fact that these are more numerous in Kentucky than
+elsewhere, may have given rise to the expressions
+"sacred soil" or "God's country." Within or near
+these inclosures are mounds containing altars of stone
+or burned clay, known as altar mounds; the burial
+places, called mounds of sepulture, are isolated and
+contain human remains which shed more light on the
+character and achievements of this prehistoric race
+than any others. The military mounds, or works of
+defense, are usually near a waterway, often on a precipitous
+height, in a commanding position, and with
+an extension ditch or moat; the skill, the foresight,
+and the complete system shown by these would prove
+that there were fierce foes to be resisted and a vast
+population to be defended.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that all agricultural work was done
+with "digging sticks." Fishing and hunting were
+accomplished by arrows, knives, and spears, chipped
+from stone or rubbed out of antlers, by fishhooks of
+bone, and by nets. There were also "animal calls"
+made from small mammal bones, and the hollow bones
+of the birds. The knives were probably chipped stone
+points, clamshells, or bear teeth; there were also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+awls of bones, strainers of pottery, hammerstones,
+whetstones, chisels of bone, and needles from bones
+of small animals. Modeling, impressing, twisting,
+knitting, painting, and sculpture were carried on;
+personal ornaments,
+
+
+rattles, whistles, and
+pipes were made.
+Moccasins, beads of
+pottery, bone, shell,
+teeth, and copper, and
+pottery of various
+sizes, shapes, and
+decoration were and
+sometimes are still
+found all along the
+streams of the state.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>We know that they
+were an agricultural
+class because in some
+mounds were found remains of Indian corn and beans,
+also hickory nuts, butternuts, walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts,
+and pawpaw seeds.</p>
+
+<p>While in some instances the graves were more or less
+surrounded by limestone slabs, in other places the
+dead were laid on skins or on the bare ground, and
+covered with skins and soil heaped above. As this soil
+had to be carried in baskets or skins, these immense
+mounds stand as mute memorials of their love for one
+another.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="SOME_PREHISTORIC_REMAINS" id="SOME_PREHISTORIC_REMAINS"></a>SOME PREHISTORIC REMAINS</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are many curious natural formations in
+Kentucky; yet the many artificial mounds also have
+added interest to the topography, and it is sometimes
+difficult to distinguish where nature ends and
+art begins.</p>
+
+<p>The noted scientist, C.S. Rafinesque, claimed to
+have discovered one hundred and forty-eight ancient
+sites and over five hundred monuments in this state.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of the mounds were small cone-like
+structures from five to ten or sometimes forty
+feet in height; in several counties those of pyramid
+shape were found, and other counties contained unusual
+structures.</p>
+
+<p>In Bourbon were found several sites, forty-six monuments,
+a circus of fourteen hundred and fifty feet,
+and a town whose stretch of walls measured four
+thousand six hundred and seventy-five feet.</p>
+
+<p>Hickman County had a teocalli, or temple, ten feet
+high, thirty feet wide, and four hundred and fifty feet
+long.</p>
+
+<p>Livingston with several sites and monuments had
+also an octagon whose walls measured twenty-eight
+hundred and fifty-two feet in length.</p>
+
+<p>In McCracken was found a teocalli fourteen feet
+high and twelve hundred feet long.</p>
+
+<p>Rockcastle had a stone grave three feet high, five
+feet wide, and two hundred feet long.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Warren claimed a ditched town, octagonal in shape,
+measuring in perimeter one thousand three hundred
+and eighty-five feet.</p>
+
+<p>In Trigg was found a walled town with a circumference
+of seven thousand five hundred feet.</p>
+
+<p>A mound more than twenty feet high with a diameter
+of over one hundred feet was located in Montgomery.</p>
+
+<p>In Estill was located one fifteen feet high, one hundred
+and ninety-two feet in diameter, and surrounded
+by a moat ten feet deep and thirty-five feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>A horseshoe-shaped fort of about ten acres in area
+was found in Caldwell. Its curve was bordered by a
+perpendicular bluff of sixty feet, and the two points
+of the shoe were connected by a stone wall ten feet
+high and six hundred feet long, with a gateway eight
+feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>In Hickman, O'Bryan's fort; in Madison, a stone
+fort containing four or five hundred acres; and in
+Greenup, an effigy mound representing a bear, "leaning
+forward, measuring fifty-three feet from the top of
+the back to the end of the fore leg and one hundred
+five and one half feet from the tip of the nose to the
+rear of the hind foot," with those already mentioned,
+give a faint idea of the variety of mounds in shape,
+size, and structure. Yet these are only a few of the
+many ancient remains in Kentucky of the Mound
+Builders who have left their imprint throughout our
+great central valley and whose wide range has left
+in the same mound "the mica of the Alleghenies, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+obsidian of Mexico, the copper of the Great Lakes,
+and shells from the Gulf of the Southland."</p>
+
+<p>Since the location of these remains the plowshare
+has leveled many mounds, but several can yet be
+traced.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_DISCOVERY_OF_KENTUCKY" id="THE_DISCOVERY_OF_KENTUCKY"></a>THE DISCOVERY OF KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Do you ever feel, when reading of the deeds of the
+early European navigators, who braved the perils
+of the trackless deep only to find on this shore a tangled
+"forest primeval," that our own beloved Kentucky
+is in every way far removed historically from them?</p>
+
+<p>Since it is so interesting and edifying to find ourselves
+related to some noted personage, let us see if
+we can connect the "Dark and Bloody Ground" with
+the discoveries that opened up a new world.</p>
+
+<p>We must go back many, many years, yes, even to
+the Middle Ages, if we would see how and why we are
+at least a small link in the great chain of events that
+gradually gave to the western world one of its proudest
+commonwealths. Some one has said, "Westward the
+course of empire takes its way," but for centuries
+the people of Europe concerned themselves not with
+what lay to the west of them but with the people
+and problems of the East. This is easy to understand
+when we learn that the copper, lead, tin, and manufactures
+of Europe were carried by traders, partly
+by sea and partly by land, to Constantinople or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+Egypt, where they were exchanged for the luxuries
+that Asia had sent by vessels or camels. India and
+the Spice Islands sent cloves, cinnamon, ginger, pepper,
+mace, nutmeg, camphor, musk, aloes, and sandalwood,
+also diamonds and pearls. Cathay (China) sent silks,
+while Cipango, the island of mystery, in the great
+ocean east of Cathay that no one had seen, was
+believed to be the richest of all.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0023.jpg" width="660" height="412" alt="" title="A caravan crossing the desert." />
+<br /><span class="caption">A caravan crossing the desert.</span></div>
+
+<p>In 1453, while this exchange was at its height, the
+Turks conquered Constantinople, seized the caravan
+routes, and ruined the trade. Gold and pearls, ivory
+and diamonds, spices and silks, could no longer be secured
+unless a waterway could be found to the East.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Henry the Navigator, a Portuguese, though
+many of his captains thought that in the torrid zone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+the ocean was boiling and that flames filled the air,
+succeeded in reaching almost to the equator before
+his death in 1460. In 1487, Diaz continued the work
+to the Cape of Good Hope. Christopher Columbus,
+believing the earth a sphere, thought that by sailing
+due westward only two thousand five hundred miles
+he would reach China and India. So in August, 1492,
+after seeking aid in vain from Portugal, England,
+and his own country, he braved the "Sea of Darkness"
+in a Spanish ship. Though some Portuguese sailors
+had said, "You might as well expect to find land in
+the sky as in that waste of waters," in October of the
+same year he made the discovery that gave to the
+world a new continent.</p>
+
+<p>Then the spirit of adventure and aggrandizement
+dominated the Spanish race. Ponce de León, Fernando
+Cortez, Pizarro, and Fernando de Soto continued
+the work until June, 1543. Luis de Moscoso,
+the successor of de Soto, with a remnant of his once
+proud force, now reduced to about three hundred men,
+in boats descended the Mississippi River to its mouth;
+from the boats they were the first white men to behold
+the land that is now Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>England, so far, had been very quiet and conservative
+about discovering, exploring, or settling.
+Finally, English fishermen came to Newfoundland.
+Sir John Hawkins traded negroes for hides and pearls,
+and Sir Francis Drake ravaged the Caribbean coast
+and in 1577-1580 sailed around the world. Soon Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+Humphrey Gilbert attempted colonization, which was
+taken up by his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, who
+sent two ships under Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe,
+who discovered the coast of North Carolina.
+Upon their return, Queen Elizabeth named it Virginia.
+Kentucky was included in the charter of
+this first colony, which was settled at Jamestown,
+1607.</p>
+
+<p>The first Englishman to view what is now Kentucky
+was Colonel Wood, who in 1654, for commerce and not
+conquest, explored the northern boundary of Kentucky
+as far as the Mississippi River, then called the Meschacebe.
+Captain Bolt (or Batt) of Virginia in 1670
+came from that state into what is now Kentucky. In
+1673 Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, in
+company with Luis Joliet and five other Frenchmen
+in two canoes passed down the Mississippi along the
+western border of Kentucky and spent several days at
+the mouth of the Ohio, where Cairo, then called Ouabouskigou,
+now stands. Again in February, 1682,
+Robert de la Salle and his lieutenant, Henri de Tonti,
+in company with several other Frenchmen, descended
+the Illinois River, and passed down the Mississippi, or
+Colbert, to its mouth, claiming the country on both
+sides for the French king, Louis the Great, in whose
+honor they called this vast tract Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p>It was as a prisoner among the Indians in 1730 that
+the first white native American, John Sailing of
+Virginia, was taken to Kentucky. In 1750 a party of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+Virginians, among them Dr. Thomas Walker, came by
+way of Powell's Valley through a gap in Laurel
+Mountain, into central Kentucky. He named both
+the mountain and the river (formerly the Shawnee)
+for England's "Bloody Duke" of Cumberland who
+defeated the Scottish forces at Culloden. Some say
+that near where they entered what is now the state of
+Kentucky these men built a rude cabin.</p>
+
+<p>But it was left for John Finley and party, 1767, to
+learn and love this wonderland of fertile soil, towering
+forests, luxuriant vegetation, and boundless supply
+of game. When he returned to North Carolina with
+such glowing accounts of this wilderness beyond the
+mountains, many were ready to leave the comforts of
+civilization for the dangers and privations of this land
+of promise.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="INDIAN_CLAIMS_IN_KENTUCKY" id="INDIAN_CLAIMS_IN_KENTUCKY"></a>INDIAN CLAIMS IN KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Though the Indians at the time of the coming of
+the white men used Kentucky mainly as a hunting
+ground instead of a home, various tribes laid claim to
+it by prior possession.</p>
+
+<p>In 1768, at Fort Stanwix&mdash;now Rome, New York&mdash;the
+English government purchased the title to all
+the lands lying between the Ohio and Tennessee
+rivers from the tribes of Indians called the Six Nations.
+This tract included the present state of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the battle of Point Pleasant, 1774, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+Shawnees entered into a treaty with Governor Dunmore
+of Virginia whereby they gave up all title to the
+lands south of the Ohio River.</p>
+
+<p>At the Sycamore Shoals, of the Watauga River,
+1775, Colonel Richard Henderson, acting for the
+Transylvania Company, purchased the title of the
+Cherokees to this "hunting ground" for ten thousand
+pounds sterling. This purchase was afterwards declared
+null and void by the states of Virginia and
+North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Through the commissioners Isaac Shelby and
+Andrew Jackson, the general government in 1818
+purchased from the Chickasaws, for an annuity of
+twenty thousand dollars to be paid for fifteen years, all
+their land lying in Tennessee and Kentucky between
+the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers. The part in
+Kentucky has since been called "Jackson's Purchase."</p>
+
+<p>Thus we see that Indian claims to Kentucky were
+relinquished only upon payment of money or blood.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="SCOUWA" id="SCOUWA"></a>SCOUWA</h2>
+
+
+<p>There lived in Pennsylvania in the early part of
+the eighteenth century a young man by the name of
+James Smith. A short while before General Braddock
+was defeated by the French and Indians, Smith
+was taken prisoner by a band of Indians, and carried
+to the French fort where the city of Pittsburgh now
+stands. Here he was made to run the gantlet; and so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+well did the Indians, ranged on either side, use their
+clubs and sticks and stones, that Smith was badly
+beaten and made ill for a long time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0028.jpg" width="660" height="462" alt="" title="Scouwa was adorned by the Indians." />
+<br /><span class="caption">Scouwa was adorned by the Indians.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Indians then carried him to their home in Ohio,
+where an old chief pulled out the prisoner's hairs one
+by one; only a scalp lock was left which was ornamented
+with feathers and silver brooches. His ears
+and nose were pierced and hung with silver rings, his
+face, head, and body were painted, and he was adorned
+with a breechcloth, chains of beads, a belt of wampum,
+and silver armlets.</p>
+
+<p>An old chief then made a speech to the other Indians,
+while he held Smith by the hand. The prisoner was
+then accompanied to the river by three young squaws<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+who attempted to "duck" him. Fearful of being
+drowned, Smith resisted until one of the women in
+broken English cried, "No hurt you, no hurt you."</p>
+
+<p>After "scrubbing all the white blood out of him,"
+they dressed him in a ruffled shirt, leggins, and moccasins,
+presented him with a pipe, tobacco, pouch,
+flint, steel, and tomahawk and told him he had been
+adopted in place of a brave young chief who had
+fallen.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians called Smith "Scouwa." They finally
+gave him a gun to use and trusted him fully, but because
+he once lost his way in the woods, his gun was
+taken from him and for a long while he was permitted
+to use only a bow and arrow.</p>
+
+<p>Smith had some exciting experiences while living the
+life of an Indian. At one time, during a snowstorm,
+he took refuge all night in a hollow tree, and when he
+tried to move the block by which he had closed up
+the opening in the side of the tree, he found the snow
+was piled so deep against it he could not move it.
+He was badly frightened, but by pushing with all his
+strength he finally succeeded in getting out.</p>
+
+<p>At another time Smith, an old chief, and a little
+boy were alone in their hut in midwinter and all came
+near starving, but Smith walked many, many miles,
+hunting game, and thus saved the lives of all three.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759 the Indians that had adopted Smith journeyed
+to Canada; and as Canada then belonged to the
+French, and as the French and Indians were fighting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+the English, who then owned Pennsylvania, Smith
+slipped away. Joining the prisoners that were to be
+sent back to Pennsylvania in exchange for some French
+the English held, he soon rejoined his family. He
+was a leader of the "Black Boys," served as lieutenant
+in General Henry Bouquet's expedition, and witnessed
+the Indian cruelties to the unfortunate British captives.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1766, he learned that the king's agent,
+Sir William Johnson, had purchased from the Indians
+all the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, and
+between the Ohio and Cherokee (Tennessee) rivers.
+Having heard the red men tell of this rich land, Colonel
+James Smith, accompanied by Joshua Horton, Uriah
+Stone, William Baker, and a mulatto slave of Horton's
+named Jamie, passed through Cumberland Gap, explored
+the country south of the Kentucky River, and,
+striking the Cumberland, passed down its entire length
+to its junction with the Ohio. They were the first
+white men to explore southern and southwestern
+Kentucky, although not the first to visit it, for in
+1730 John Salling of Virginia was brought a prisoner
+by the Cherokee Indians to the Tennessee. After
+reaching the mouth of the Cumberland, the others
+separated from Colonel Smith and the mulatto boy.
+These two were for a long time alone in the wilderness.
+When they again reached civilization they wore nothing
+that had been woven; and when they told of their
+experiences, people could hardly believe that any one
+could make that journey and live to return.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A short distance below the mouth of the Cumberland
+the town of "Old Smithland" was named in honor
+of this first white man to explore that region, and later
+the town was built just at the junction of the Cumberland
+and Ohio and is now the capital of Livingston
+County.</p>
+
+<p>Smith spent the latter part of his life in Bourbon
+County, where he was as useful in state councils as
+he had been in Indian conflicts.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_GRAVEYARD_OF_THE_MAMMOTHS" id="THE_GRAVEYARD_OF_THE_MAMMOTHS"></a>THE GRAVEYARD OF THE MAMMOTHS</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are many places within the present bounds
+of Kentucky where animals used to go to lick the
+ground, in order to secure the salt therein, and these
+places were therefore called "licks." The most noted
+of these is in Boone County, and is called Big Bone
+Lick from the many gigantic bones that have been
+found there.</p>
+
+<p>In 1773, while leading a surveying party, a man
+by the name of James Douglas, of Virginia, camped
+for several days at this point. There he found a surface
+of ten acres entirely without trees or vegetable
+life of any kind, while scattered around were many
+bones both of the mastodon and the arctic elephant.
+The size of these gigantic, prehistoric animals may be
+conjectured from the descriptions given of the remains.</p>
+
+<p>Tusks were found from seven to eleven feet long,
+the latter being at the larger end six or seven inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+in diameter. Thigh bones, five feet in length; teeth
+weighing ten pounds with crowns seven by five inches;
+skulls, thought to be of young animals, measuring
+two feet between the eyes; ribs from three to four
+inches broad and so long that James Douglas and his
+party used them for tent poles, are some of the wonders
+that have given the name to this historic place.
+Scientists have decided from these remains that these
+ponderous animals belonged to the elephant family.
+Though possessing remarkable strength, they were
+so unwieldy that prehistoric man encountered little
+danger in combating them. It is the supposition
+that the early inhabitants who occupied this continent
+when these marvelous animals roamed the woods,
+must have planned to exterminate them on their
+periodic visits to the lick. By what means this was
+accomplished we can only conjecture, but that there
+was a wholesale slaughter is evident, for at no other
+place have so many mammoth remains been found.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_DRUID_OF_KENTUCKY" id="THE_DRUID_OF_KENTUCKY"></a>THE DRUID OF KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Daniel Boone was born in the almost unbroken
+forests of Pennsylvania, on February 11, 1735. Without
+his energy, caution, and daring, Kentucky would
+not have been settled so soon. In both his native
+state and in North Carolina, he received in his boyhood
+the training that was to fit him for the great
+work that was to be his.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Truly "coming events cast their shadows before,"
+for when barely large enough to shoulder the old
+family flintlock he found unbounded delight in roaming
+the woods and returning laden with his spoils,
+which at one time was the skin of an immense panther
+that he shot just as it was about to spring upon him.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0033.jpg" width="660" height="640" alt="&quot;They found Boone in camp.&quot;" title="" />
+<br /><span class="caption">&quot;They found Boone in camp.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>While yet in his early teens he gave his family great
+alarm by being absent for two days and nights. A
+rescuing party was sent out, and they soon saw smoke
+rising in the distance; proceeding, they found Boone
+in camp, his floor carpeted with the skins of animals
+he had slain, while the delicious odor of roasted meat
+filled the air.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Boone was in every way a typical backwoodsman.
+His education was limited to an imperfect
+knowledge of the "three R's," gained in the rude
+school cabin of round logs, puncheon seats, and dirt
+floor. Ever the solitude of the sylvan forests was
+far more enjoyable to him than the refinements of
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p>In 1755 he was married to Rebecca Bryan, who
+with him shared much of the danger and hardships
+of frontier life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1769, yielding to the siren song sung by John
+Finley of the far-famed cane land with its fertile soil,
+towering mountains, limpid streams, and rich meadowlands
+where the spoils of the chase were venison, bear,
+and buffalo, Boone left his family and friends on the
+Yadkin in North Carolina and came with Finley and
+four others to explore this marvelous land of "Kentuckee."</p>
+
+<p>Reaching the Red River, five miles from its junction
+with the Kentucky, these pioneers pitched their
+camp and from June until December reveled in the
+delights of hunting and exploring in this Eden of the
+wilderness; but one day, near Christmas, Boone and
+a companion named Stewart, while out hunting,
+were captured by the Indians and for six days and
+nights were marched and guarded. At length, believing
+their captives were contented, the savages
+relaxed their watchfulness, yielded to sleep, and Boone
+and Stewart escaped. Upon their return to camp<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+they found it plundered and their companions gone.
+What became of them Boone never knew.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after, Boone and Stewart were surprised by
+meeting Squire Boone, a brother of Daniel, and another
+man from North Carolina. A few days later Stewart
+was shot and scalped; the man who came with Squire
+Boone tired of the perils and returned home. The
+two brothers were left alone in the vast wilderness,
+hundreds of miles from any settlement and with no
+weapon but the trusty rifle and tomahawk to protect
+them from the cunning savage, the ravenous wolf,
+and the crafty panther. When their ammunition
+began to run low, Squire Boone retraced his steps to
+Carolina for a fresh supply, while Daniel remained
+alone until July, when his brother returned. Together
+they roamed at will, tracing the streams, hunting
+game, and enjoying this romantic woodland.</p>
+
+<p>Having been absent from his family for three years,
+simply for the joys of the frontier, and having lived
+upon the meat of wild animals, the fruits and roots
+of the forest without either bread or salt, Boone returned
+in 1771 to the Yadkin and so thrilled all with
+his glowing description of this land of promise that,
+when two years later he started with his family to
+this forest, five other families and forty men accompanied
+them. The women riding, the children driving
+the cattle and hogs, with bedding and baggage
+strapped on pack horses, the men with trusty rifles
+forming both advance and rear guards, this little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>cavalcade started forth to conquer the wilderness.
+All went well for a while, but, when near the Cumberland
+Mountains, they were attacked by Indians, and
+six men were killed, among them Boone's oldest son.
+Yielding to the others, Boone returned with the party
+to the Clinch River in southwestern Virginia, where
+they remained until 1774.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0036.jpg" width="660" height="462" alt="&quot;Boone&#39;s little cavalcade started forth to conquer the wilderness.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Boone&#39;s little cavalcade started forth to conquer the wilderness.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For twenty years Boone was a notable figure in
+this untried forest, prudent, calm, honest, courageous,
+cunning; a stranger to fear, a devotee to duty, an
+honored leader, he has so left his impress upon our
+state that the record of this period of his life is Kentucky
+history.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_PIONEER_NOBLEMAN" id="A_PIONEER_NOBLEMAN"></a>A PIONEER NOBLEMAN</h2>
+
+
+<p>During the eighteenth century, many men, singly
+or in companies, enjoyed the beauties of the forest
+scenes of Kentucky. Always they carried back to
+the centers of civilization the most glowing accounts
+of hill and dale and stream, of the abundance of game
+and fish, of the fertility of the soil, and of the glorious
+monarchs of the forest. These hardy woodsmen
+had the inherent love of Nature in her wildest, most
+gorgeous aspects. They were pioneers, hunters, and
+trappers. To some these terms convey only the
+thought of rough, unsophisticated men with none of
+the benevolent qualities of head or heart, with no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+magnanimity of spirit for a friend and nothing but
+the most intense hatred for a foe. But the lives of
+some of these frontiersmen furnish incidents from
+which we might well take lesson.</p>
+
+<p>One of these, James Harrod, though unable to write
+his name, has so indelibly impressed it upon the annals
+of the early times that as long as history is read he
+will be famous. In May, 1774, Captain Harrod with
+about thirty men descended the Monongahela and
+the Ohio in canoes to the mouth of the Kentucky
+River. Penetrating the forest, they built the first
+log cabin ever erected in Kentucky, at the place where
+Harrodsburg now stands. Here a town was laid off
+and called Harrodstown. After four or five cabins
+had been built depredations of the Indians caused
+them to be deserted until the following spring, when
+Harrod with many of his former comrades and several
+others returned. This place was subsequently called
+Oldtown and later Harrodsburg, fittingly commemorating
+the grand pioneer who built not only the first
+cabin but the first town in our commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>James Harrod was by nature endowed with all the
+qualities of a great leader; he is described as tall
+and commanding, energetic and fearless, honest and
+generous, ignorant yet intelligent. Inured to difficulties
+and dangers, familiar with the forest, skillful with
+his rifle, he was a success as a hunter, but a terror to
+his foes. He was a real leader of the pioneers. In the
+words of Marshall, "He always had a party, not because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+he wanted a party, but because the party wanted him."
+Unremitting in the care of his companions, unrelenting
+in his attacks on the "red rascals," untiring in services
+to his neighbors and friends, he was truly a
+nobleman, with a lofty yet gentle spirit. "If news
+came of an Indian massacre, he snatched his gun
+and ran at the head of the party; if he knew of a
+family left destitute, he shouldered his rifle and ranged
+the forest till he found the game to supply their needs;
+if he heard of a horse being lost he stopped not till
+he drove him to his owner's gate." Thus he was
+known by his contemporaries. Yet he seemed not
+to be ambitious. Only as a delegate from Harrodstown
+and as a colonel of the militia is he found in
+civil affairs. But the magnanimity of his spirit shone
+forth at all times.</p>
+
+<p>There is one incident related of him that proves
+him as chivalrous as any knight of old. He was at
+one time so closely pursued by some Indians that
+he plunged into a swollen stream and, holding his
+rifle above the water with one hand and swimming
+with the other, reached the farther shore in safety.
+Two of the redskins, bolder than the others, followed.
+When the foremost was about midstream a shot from
+Harrod's rifle caused him to disappear with a cry of
+pain beneath the rushing torrent; the other gave
+up the chase.</p>
+
+<p>Several hours afterward, when Harrod had reached
+a point a few miles below where he had crossed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 592px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0040.jpg" width="592" height="660" alt="&quot;With arms extended, Harrod stepped in view.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;With arms extended, Harrod stepped in view.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>stream, he was astonished to see a warrior slowly
+and painfully draw himself upon a pile of driftwood
+and attempt to apply a rude bandage to his
+shoulder down which the blood was flowing. Harrod
+at once knew that this was the same Indian who
+had hotly pursued him and that the wound was from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+his own rifle shot. Most men at such a time would
+have relentlessly shot their adversary. Such a thought
+never entered the mind of James Harrod. He at once
+resolved to assist his disabled foe. Cautiously he
+stole to one of the trees on the bank a few yards from
+where the Indian sat, and, laying aside rifle, tomahawk,
+and knife, he stepped suddenly in view, with
+arms extended to show he was unarmed and meant
+no harm. The startled Indian was about to plunge
+again into the water, when a second glance assured
+him no immediate harm was meant, for not only was
+the white man unarmed but his kindly countenance
+convinced the Indian no wrong was intended. Yet
+so strange was such a proceeding to the savage, that
+while he permitted his former enemy to approach, yet
+he watched him as would a wounded wild animal,
+ready at any moment to seek refuge in the rushing
+waters.</p>
+
+<p>Harrod, finding the Indian weak from loss of blood,
+gently assisted him to the shore, tore off a bandage
+from his own clothing, dressed the wound, and taking
+him upon his back, carried him several miles to a
+cave, where he nursed him until he was able to rejoin
+his tribe.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="EARLY_KENTUCKY_CUSTOMS" id="EARLY_KENTUCKY_CUSTOMS"></a>EARLY KENTUCKY CUSTOMS</h2>
+
+
+<p>When the bands of hardy pioneers pushed into the
+wilderness and prepared a way into Kentucky they
+brought with them only the trusty rifle, the ax, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+tomahawk, and the "long knife" for protecting themselves
+from the wily savages and securing food from
+the game that roamed the woods.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0043.jpg" width="300" height="460" alt="Making brooms." title="" />
+<br /><span class="caption">Making brooms.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When their families came, a few more articles were
+brought along; but their outfits were necessarily
+meager. When they stopped to prepare their food,
+a flat stone was used for cooking the "journey cake,"
+while bark served for dishes.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the destination was reached, a log cabin
+of rough unhewn timbers was built, containing a long
+pen of split logs placed in a row, which, filled with
+fresh boughs, was a welcome resting place for those
+who were wearied from traveling. Later the feathers
+of wild pigeons, ducks, and geese were made into
+feather beds.</p>
+
+<p>Usually several people settled at the same place
+and built a fort of cabins, stockades, and blockhouses,
+arranged in a hollow square. The blockhouses were
+two stories high, the upper story projecting over the
+lower one for eighteen or more inches. The places
+of entrance to the fort were closed by large folding
+gates of thick slabs, and the entire outer wall made
+bullet proof, all without a single nail or piece of iron.
+Some of the cabins had puncheon floors while others
+had only the bare earth.</p>
+
+<p>There were very few metal utensils; tin cups, iron
+forks, and spoons were very rare. Nearly all their
+tools were fashioned of wood, by their own hands.</p>
+
+
+<p>There were no mills, but each family had a hominy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+block or wooden bowl with pestle, in which the Indian
+corn was pounded, or a rough homemade grater on
+which it was grated.
+Their brooms were made
+of hickory saplings split
+at one end into fine
+splinters for several
+inches; these were
+bound together at the
+top with a green withe,
+while the other end of
+the pole served as a
+handle.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Their lye was all
+made at home by pouring
+water several times
+through a hopper of
+ashes until it became a
+reddish-brown; bear's
+grease was added to this
+and the mixture boiled until it became a soft mass
+called soap. We of to-day would dislike very much
+to use it in bathing.</p>
+
+<p>Their salt was precious, for eight hundred gallons
+of salt water boiled down made only one bushel; if
+that amount was bought, it cost twenty dollars.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring they bored holes in the maple trees,
+from which flowed a sap or sweet water that when
+boiled down made maple sirup and maple sugar.</p>
+
+<p>In those days of danger the men built the cabins,
+garrisoned the forts, hunted the game, felled the
+trees, mauled the rails, grubbed the roots and bushes,
+and tilled the soil.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 582px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0044.jpg" width="582" height="660" alt="Pioneers building a log palisade." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Pioneers building a log palisade.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The women did the household duties, brought the
+water, gathered the wild nettles, and from the silky<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+fibers in the leaves spun and wove the flax from which
+they made their clothing. They tanned the deerskins
+by means of hardwood ashes and from them
+made moccasins and shoepacks, for there was no
+place to buy shoes; they made for the men the historical
+hunting shirt of deerskin, linsey-woolsey, or
+coarse, home-woven linen. This garment served various
+purposes; the bosom was so designed as to form
+a wallet in which to carry bread, jerk, parched corn,
+or tow for cleaning guns. This shirt was held together
+by a belt which was tied behind; in the front
+of this belt they carried their bullet bags and mittens,
+while on one side hung the scalping knife in its leather
+sheath, and on the other, the tomahawk. Breeches,
+leggins, and moccasins of deerskin and hats or caps
+of fur, often adorned with the animal's tail, completed
+the costume of the men. The women wore
+dresses of linsey-woolsey and coarse flax.</p>
+
+<p>So the rude pioneer home, with its lack of conveniences
+and space and its few rude, imperfect tools,
+was the factory where were prepared not only the
+clothing and food, but also the furniture and the
+medicine.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BOONES_ILLUSTRIOUS_PEER" id="BOONES_ILLUSTRIOUS_PEER"></a>BOONE'S ILLUSTRIOUS PEER</h2>
+
+
+<p>Among the hardy backwoodsmen, fearless hunters,
+and brave fighters, there looms no nobler figure than
+that of Simon Kenton, born of humble, Scotch-Irish
+parents in Virginia, April 13, 1755. At sixteen he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+was a stalwart youth with scarcely any education,
+with a kind heart but unrestrained emotions. Having
+fallen very much in love with a beautiful girl of his
+neighborhood, and having lost her to a successful
+rival, he went as an uninvited guest to the wedding
+festivities, where he made himself so disagreeable that
+the infuriated groom and his brothers gave him a
+severe beating.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this, meeting his former rival, William
+Veach, Kenton provoked a fight and was so much the
+physical superior that soon his adversary fell bruised,
+bleeding, and unconscious; kind-hearted Kenton, feeling
+that he had been cruel in his treatment, lifted
+up the head of his insensible victim, spoke to him,
+but receiving no reply, thought him dead. Much
+alarmed, he left the seemingly lifeless body and fled
+to the woods. Feeling himself a murderer and a
+fugitive from justice, he warily made his way to Cheat
+River, where he changed his name to Simon Butler,
+and worked long enough to secure a gun and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>In order to lose himself and forget his trouble
+in the western wilderness, he joined a party to Fort
+Pitt, where he hunted for the garrison and forts, and
+met Simon Girty, who afterwards saved his life. Two
+others, George Yeager and John Strader, came with
+him that autumn on his first visit to Kentucky, lured
+on by the glowing accounts of the "cane land" that
+Yeager had heard of from the Indians. They came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+down the Ohio to the mouth of the Kentucky, but
+soon returned to the Big Kanawha, where they camped,
+hunted, and trapped until March, 1773. Yeager
+was killed by the Indians, and Kenton and Strader
+fled to the woods barefooted and almost naked, with
+no food and no weapons. For six days they wandered
+weary, footsore, and hungry, until finally in
+despair they lay down to die. Gathering hope anew,
+they pressed on and near the Ohio met some hunters
+who gladly gave them food and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>Going with them, Kenton worked for another rifle
+and in the summer of the same year went down the
+Ohio with a party in search of Captain Bullitt. They
+failed to find him and the party returned through the
+wilds of Kentucky to Virginia with Kenton as guide.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1773-1774, Kenton hunted on
+the Big Sandy, but volunteered and soon saw active
+service as a scout and spy in the armies of Lord Dunmore
+and General Lewis in the Miami Indian War.
+He received an honorable discharge in the autumn,
+and the next spring, yielding to the longing for the
+"cane land," he came down the Ohio and one night
+reached Cabin Creek a few miles above Maysville.
+The next day, when he beheld the far-famed land, he
+was entranced, and soon encamped near the present
+site of Washington, in Mason County, where he and
+his companion cleared an acre of ground and planted
+it with corn which they had bought from a French
+trader.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They found this place a veritable "hunter's paradise"
+where the hills were covered with herds of deer,
+elk, and buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>One day meeting two men, Hendricks and Fitzpatrick,
+who were without food or guns, Kenton invited
+them to join his station. Hendricks accepted,
+but his companion, desiring to return to Virginia,
+was accompanied by Kenton and Williams to the
+Ohio. They left Hendricks alone at the camp. On
+returning they found the camp in disorder and Hendricks
+gone; the next day his charred remains told
+the story of his sufferings at the hands of the savages.</p>
+
+<p>Though Kenton left this place the following autumn,
+he returned nine years later and, building a blockhouse
+here, established Kenton's Station.</p>
+
+<p>Simon Kenton was ever alert, ever ready to respond
+to the call for help, ever ready to encounter danger,
+and ever ready to give his services to the settlers
+whether at Harrodstown or Hinkson's, whether in aid
+of Boone or Clark.</p>
+
+<p>At one time Kenton was one of six spies who, two
+at a time, each week ranged up and down the Ohio
+and around the deserted stations, watching for Indian
+signs; for the red savage had become infuriated because
+the "long knife"<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> had taken possession of his
+beloved "Kaintuckee," and the Indian invasions
+were frequent and bloody.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0049.jpg" width="660" height="538" alt="&quot;Boone was borne on Kenton&#39;s shoulders into the fort.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Boone was borne on Kenton&#39;s shoulders into the fort.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>One morning as Kenton with two companions was
+standing in the gate at Boonesborough ready for a
+hunt, the Indians fired on some men in the field, who
+fled to the fort. One man, however, was overtaken,
+tomahawked, and scalped within seventy yards of
+the gate. Kenton shot the savage dead and in the
+battle which ensued killed two other Indians, one
+of whom was about to tomahawk Colonel Boone,
+who had been crippled. The unerring rifle of Kenton
+stayed his savage hand, and Boone was borne on
+Kenton's shoulders into the fort. When the gate was
+barred and all was secure, the usually reserved Boone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+said, "Well, Simon, you have behaved yourself like
+a man to-day; indeed you are a fine fellow."</p>
+
+<p>Kenton accompanied General George Rogers Clark
+in his expedition against Kaskaskia in 1778, then
+proceeded to Vincennes, where, by a three days' secret
+observation, he secured an accurate description of
+the place which he sent to General Clark.</p>
+
+<p>Kenton returned to Harrodstown, aided Boone in
+defending the stations, and in September, 1778, was
+taken a prisoner, a few miles below Maysville, by the
+Indians, who beat him until their arms were too tired
+to indulge in this amusing pastime any longer. They
+then placed him upon the ground on his back, drew
+his feet apart, lashed each to a strong sapling, laid a
+pole across his breast, tied his hands to each end, and
+lashed his arms to it with thongs which were tied
+around his body; then they tied another thong around
+his neck and fastened it to a stake driven in the ground.
+Thus he was forced to pass the night. The next morning
+he was painted black and carried toward Chillicothe,
+where they said they would burn him at the
+stake.</p>
+
+<p>As a diversion they one day tied him securely on
+an unbroken horse, which they turned loose to run
+through the woods at will. Through undergrowth,
+among trees and patches of briers, the horse capered,
+pranced, plunged, and ran, trying in vain to discharge
+his load until finally he stopped from sheer exhaustion.
+Kenton was destitute of clothing, bruised, bleeding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+and almost lifeless. Arriving at the village, they tied
+their distinguished prisoner to the stake, where he was
+left for twenty-four hours, expecting every moment
+that the torch would be applied. After enduring this
+agony he was forced to run the gantlet, where six
+hundred Indians were ranged on either side with
+switches, clubs, and sticks, and each gave him a blow
+as he passed. Kenton had been told if he reached
+the council house he would be set free. When he had
+almost reached the door of deliverance he was knocked
+insensible. Again he was made a prisoner, was taken
+from town to town, eight times was compelled to run
+the gantlet, three times tied to the stake, and once
+almost killed by a powerful blow with an ax.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0052.jpg" width="200" height="281" alt="Simon Kenton" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Simon Kenton</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Once Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, remembering
+their former friendship, saved him from the
+flames; again Logan, the Mingo chief, interposed,
+stayed the fury of the savages, and persuaded a
+Canadian trader named Drury to buy him from his
+captors. Drury took him to Detroit, and delivered him
+to the British commander, where he received humane
+treatment until 1779. Then a Mrs. Harvey, the
+wife of an Indian trader, while a crowd of Indians
+were drunk, took three of their guns and hid them
+in a patch of peas in her garden. At midnight Kenton,
+following her directions, secured them, and with
+two other Kentucky prisoners hastened to a hollow
+tree some distance from the town, where ammunition,
+food, and clothing had been placed by the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+benefactress. The three fugitives after thirty-three
+days of incredible suffering reached Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>Later, with General George Rogers Clark in command,
+Kenton, the great scout and spy, piloted the
+Kentuckians, when in 1780 they carried the war into
+the Indian's own country.</p>
+
+<p>During all these dangers there had ever been the
+horrible feeling that he was a fugitive and a murderer;
+but meeting by chance some one from his boyhood
+home, Simon Kenton learned that his former rival,
+William Veach, was still alive.
+He resumed his rightful name,
+hastened home, made friends
+with Veach, and started with
+his father and family again
+to this great paradise of the
+West.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Kenton, so great in all the
+qualifications of the pioneer,
+was not schooled in the arts
+of civilization. His ignorance,
+coupled with his great confidence
+in men, which amounted
+almost to credulity, caused him to lose most of his
+valuable lands; but at last the legislature of Kentucky
+made some reparation to the old, heroic soldier
+whose deeds and daring will ever furnish ennobling
+themes for song and story.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BOONES_TRACE" id="BOONES_TRACE"></a>BOONE'S TRACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Though Kentucky was not the home, but merely
+the hunting grounds, of most of the Indians, yet there
+were varied and conflicting claims.</p>
+
+<p>While the Six Nations sold their title to this vast
+area to the British, and the Shawnees at last relinquished
+their rights, still the Cherokees pressed their
+claim until Henderson's company, composed of nine
+men of education and ability from North Carolina,
+purchased from them, in 1775, at the Watauga River,
+about seventeen million acres of land for ten thousand
+pounds ($50,000). This company hoped to found a
+colony and sell land to immigrants. They named
+this region Transylvania&mdash;"beyond the woods."</p>
+
+<p>Later, this purchase was declared by both Virginia
+and North Carolina to be null and void, and the plan
+was abandoned. Before this, however, Daniel Boone
+had been sent to open up a trace or road from the
+Holston River to the mouth of Otter Creek on the
+Kentucky River, where later Boonesborough was built
+and the first legislature in Kentucky was held.</p>
+
+<p>This road was to be for the travel of men and pack
+horses, the pioneer's train. Hastening forward with
+his brother, Squire Boone, Colonel Richard Calloway,
+and several others&mdash;thirty in all&mdash;Daniel Boone
+began to "blaze the way" in the wilderness for the
+countless thousands who were to come after them.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning at Watauga, the trace led to the Cumberland Gap,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+where it joined the "Warrior's Path,"
+which it followed for about fifty miles northward;
+from this place it followed a buffalo trace to the
+northwest until it reached the Kentucky River.</p>
+
+<p>Blazing the trees with their hatchets, cutting their
+way through dead brush, removing undergrowth,
+chopping through cane and reed, the party proceeded
+on their perilous journey. Within about fifteen miles
+of their destination, while asleep in camp, they were
+attacked by the Indians. Later they were again
+fired upon by the savages, when two of the white men
+were killed and three wounded. Here, five miles
+south of Richmond, from necessity was erected the first
+fort in Kentucky. This stockade fort was called Fort
+Twetty, as here Captain Twetty died and was buried.</p>
+
+<p>Pushing on, Boone and his companions reached the
+site selected, and soon constructed a stockade fort of
+two cabins, connected by palisades. This formed the
+nucleus of the fort, which was completed in about
+two months and which was named Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>The trace or road opened by Boone has had various
+names; it has been called "Boone's Trace" or "Boone's
+Trail," "the Virginia Road," "the Road to Caintuck,"
+"the Kentucky Road," and "the Wilderness Road."
+This last name was given from the great wilderness of
+laurel thickets between the Cumberland Gap and the
+settlements in Kentucky, a length of two hundred
+miles without a single habitation.</p>
+
+<p>Along this difficult highway a narrow and often zigzag<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+path in the forest, six hundred miles in length, came the
+countless men, women, and children from Virginia who
+were to found this great commonwealth of Kentucky,
+a worthy daughter of a most worthy mother.</p>
+
+<p>When the legislature of Kentucky in 1795 passed
+an act for enlarging to the width of thirty feet that
+part of Boone's Trace between Crab Orchard and
+Cumberland Gap, and advertised for bids on it, the
+old pioneer, who had been the "Pathfinder" of the
+West in this new Eldorado, sent to Governor Isaac
+Shelby the following characteristic letter:</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align:right"><br />
+<i>feburey the 11th 1796,</i><br />
+</p><p>
+<i>Sir</i><br />
+</p>
+<blockquote><p><i>after my Best Respts to your Excelancy and famyly
+I wish to inform you that I have sum intention of undertaking
+this New Rode that is to be cut through the Wilderness
+and I think My self intiteled to the ofer of the
+Bisness as I first Marked out that Rode in March 1775
+and Never Re'd anything for my trubel and Sepose I
+am No statesman I am a Woodsman and think My
+self as capable of Marking and Cutting that Rode as
+any other man Sir if you think with Me I would thank
+you to Wright Mee a Line By the Post the first opportuneaty
+and he Will Lodge it at Mr. John Miler son
+hinkston fork as I wish to know where and when it is
+to be laat (let) So that I may atend at the time</i></p></blockquote>
+<p style="text-align:right"><i>I am Deer Sir your very omble sarvent</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
+
+<i>Daniel Boone</i><br />
+</p><p>
+<i>To his Excelancy governor Shelby.</i><br /><br />
+</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The grim old veteran did not secure the contract,
+but his name is inseparably linked with this thoroughfare,
+the opening of which was of inestimable value
+to the infant empire beyond the mountains.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BOONE_IN_CAPTIVITY" id="BOONE_IN_CAPTIVITY"></a>BOONE IN CAPTIVITY</h2>
+
+
+<p>On New Year's Day, 1778, Daniel Boone with
+thirty companions left Boonesborough for the Blue
+Licks, to make a year's supply of salt for the garrisons.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks later, while hunting several miles from
+the camp, he was overtaken by a party of one hundred
+Indians and attempted to escape. The fleet warriors,
+needing a white captive to give them information
+about Boonesborough, instead of shooting Boone as
+he ran, gave chase and captured the hardy backwoodsman.</p>
+
+<p>Now all the cunning of Boone was sorely needed.
+He wished to prevent if possible the capture of the
+salt makers and to postpone the march of the savages
+on the garrison. How the wily old hunter managed
+we do not know. But he finally secured the promise
+of the Indians that if the party at Blue Licks would
+surrender, they would be well treated as prisoners
+and their lives spared. Arriving at Blue Licks, Boone
+made signs to the white men to surrender without
+resistance; this they did, and the promise made by the
+Indians to Boone was sacredly kept.</p>
+
+<p>Three of the white men managed to escape; when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+the Indians had gone, they returned, hid the kettles,
+and carried home the salt, as well as the news of the
+captivity of Boone and his companions.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were marched through severe weather
+to the principal Shawnee town, old Chillicothe, on
+the Little Miami River in Ohio. In March, Boone
+and ten others were carried to Detroit, where the
+British commander, Governor Hamilton, offered the
+Indians £100 sterling for Boone, intending to send
+him home on parole. But Boone had so won the
+hearts of his dusky captors that they would not
+patiently listen to any plan that would take him
+from among them. The great hunter had to feign
+contentment and not wound the feelings or excite
+the suspicion of his captors.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the other prisoners at Detroit, the savages
+returned to their capital with Boone, whom they soon
+adopted into one of the principal families. Although
+they plucked out his hairs, one by one, except the
+scalp lock of about three inches on the crown; although
+he was taken into the river and given a scrubbing,
+"to take out all his white blood"; although he was
+harangued by the chief about the great honor shown him;
+and although he was frightfully painted and bedecked
+in feathers,&mdash;through it all he appeared content and
+thus still more endeared himself to the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>After this the Indians would challenge him to shooting
+matches, in which he was cautious not to excel
+them too often, for fear of arousing their envy or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+jealousy, but would beat them often enough to excite
+their admiration.</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0058.jpg" width="421" height="660" alt="&quot;Boone was frightfully painted and bedecked in feathers.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Boone was frightfully painted and bedecked in feathers.&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>Boone was very careful to show respect and loyalty
+to the leading chief, to favor him often with the spoils
+of the hunt, and thus lead all to believe that he was
+happy to have cast his lot among them.</p>
+
+<p>This apparent contentment was only another evidence
+of what a silent stoic Boone could be, for his
+every thought was with his family and friends; but
+to serve them as well as to save himself, he must
+pretend pleasure in his lot.</p>
+
+<p>Returning one day in June from where a party of
+the Indians had carried him to make salt for them,
+the old hunter found a party, of nearly five hundred
+warriors ready to march on his beloved Boonesborough.
+Now Boone felt that his captivity served a good purpose,
+for he determined at all hazards to escape and
+warn the garrison.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had so relaxed their vigilance over
+him that he was able to effect this resolve. Rising
+at the usual hour on June 16, he went out ostensibly
+to hunt, but so great was his anxiety that he made
+no attempt to kill anything to eat, but hastened on
+over the perilous trip of one hundred and sixty miles
+and reached home in four days. During this time
+he ate only one meal, the food he had hidden in his
+blanket. He was joyfully received like one risen
+from the dead, though his family, thinking him killed,
+had returned to North Carolina.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The fort was in a defenseless condition, but the
+return of their old leader, the news he brought, and
+the confidence he inspired, soon put all in readiness
+to receive the enemy.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BOONESBOROUGHS_BRAVE_DEFENSE" id="BOONESBOROUGHS_BRAVE_DEFENSE"></a>BOONESBOROUGH'S BRAVE DEFENSE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Finding their captive gone, the Indians delayed
+their march on Boonesborough, until, impatient to
+fight the foe, Colonel Boone with nineteen others,
+among whom was Simon Kenton, started in August
+to attack the Indians at Paintcreektown, in Ohio.
+When within about four miles of the place, Kenton,
+who was in advance, was surprised and startled by
+hearing loud laughter from a canebrake just before
+him. He had scarcely secreted himself when two
+Indians, seated on a pony, one facing the animal's
+head, the other his tail, dashed by his place of concealment.
+Kenton fired, both savages fell, one killed,
+the other severely wounded. As Kenton was taking
+the latter's scalp he was suddenly surrounded by about
+thirty Indians, who were at once dispersed by the
+arrival of Boone and his party.</p>
+
+<p>Boone, dispatching spies, at once learned that the
+Indian town was deserted; so he lost no time in retracing
+his steps to Boonesborough, which he reached
+one day in advance of the Indian army, led by Captain
+Duquesne, a Canadian Frenchman. The invading
+army, four hundred strong, appeared flying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+the British colors. The savage warriors, painted in
+hideous colors, paraded in two lines, giving the most
+bloodcurdling yells and brandishing their guns. It
+was enough to try the stoutest heart.</p>
+
+<p>Soon a large negro stepped in front of the line and
+in English called for "Captain Boone," but there
+was no reply. Again he said he wanted to speak
+to Captain Boone, and if he would come out, he would
+not be hurt.</p>
+
+<p>The men in the fort objected to their leader's going,
+but Boone, armed with a pipe and a flag, went out
+alone, leaving instructions that if he was made prisoner
+his men should shut the fort and defend it to the last.</p>
+
+<p>In about one hour he returned, telling his companions
+that the Indians had promised that if he would
+surrender the fort he and his companions would not
+be hurt. To pacify the Indians he had seemed to
+assent to this plan, promising to return the next day,
+and inform them of the result of his conference with
+his companions.</p>
+
+<p>When the little band of less than fifty fighting men
+met in council and learned that they could make a
+manly defense with small chance of success, and if defeated
+they would become victims of savage barbarity,
+or they could surrender at once, become prisoners, and
+be stripped of their effects, the deliberation was short,
+the answer prompt, and voiced by each:</p>
+
+<p>"We are determined to defend our fort as long as a
+man of us lives."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The next day Boone again met the assaulters and
+asked for another day in which to secure the assent
+of the remainder in the fort, to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>The time thus gained was improved by making every
+preparation possible; they collected the cattle and
+horses, fastened the gate with bars, and in every way
+made ready for the conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, from one of the bastions of the
+fort, Colonel Boone made known to the commander
+of his adversaries the determination of the garrison,
+at the same time thanking them for the time in which
+to prepare his defense.</p>
+
+<p>Disappointment was plainly evident in the countenance
+of Duquesne; he did not at once give up
+hope of a capitulation, but decided if possible to
+entrap Boone. He declared that in his order from
+Governor Hamilton he was told simply to take the
+white people as prisoners of war, neither to rob nor
+destroy them. If nine of the principal men would
+come out and treat with them, there would be no
+violence; they would only return with the prisoners
+or, if they would swear allegiance and accept the
+protection of the British king, they would be set
+free.</p>
+
+<p>Boone felt this was one more chance to save his men
+from slaughter. The conference was called about sixty
+yards from the gate of the fort; the articles were read,
+agreed upon, and signed. Then the commander said
+that among the Indians it was customary on such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+occasions to show their sincerity by two Indians shaking
+each white man by the hand. Boone agreed to this.
+At once two Indians approached each of the nine white
+men and as they took his hand attempted to seize and
+make him prisoner. The white men with great strength
+sprang away, and fled to the fort amid a shower of
+bullets from Indians in ambush, who came rushing
+up with the most terrifying yells. All reached the fort
+in safety with the exception of one wounded man.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0063.jpg" width="660" height="628" alt="&quot;The fight now began in earnest.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The fight now began in earnest.&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The fight now began in earnest, and lasted nine
+days. The enemy tried various ways to overcome
+the garrison. At one time they secreted a part of
+their force under the bank of the Kentucky, attacked
+the fort on the opposite side, and finally pretended
+to retreat; this ruse failing, they began to undermine
+the houses by excavating under the river bank and
+digging toward the fort. This was discovered by
+the muddy water caused by the great quantity of
+the loose earth they were compelled to throw into the
+river. Boone at once began to dig a trench within
+the fort, and as the loose dirt was taken up it was
+thrown over the fort wall. Finding their plan was
+discovered, the Indians abandoned it, but that night
+attempted to fire the fort by pitching torches of cane
+and hickory bark upon it. A rain had fallen a few
+hours before and the wet logs did not burn easily,
+and the flames were soon extinguished by the whites.
+Next day finding that they could not conquer by
+"force or fraud" and that their stock of provisions
+was almost exhausted, they paraded and withdrew
+after thirty-seven had been killed in sight of the fort
+and many others wounded. In the fort there were
+only four wounded.</p>
+
+<p>After the savages had gone the white men picked
+up one hundred and twenty-five pounds of leaden
+bullets which had fallen near the fort walls, besides
+the vast number that had lodged in the walls and
+palisades.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_LOST_BABY" id="THE_LOST_BABY"></a>THE LOST BABY</h2>
+
+
+<p>If your baby brother or sister should be lost, even
+though our country is thickly peopled and we have a
+perfect network of telephones and telegraphs across
+it, think how alarmed you would feel! Yet think
+how much more anxious a mother would be if her
+baby were lost in a wilderness where wolves, wildcats,
+and panthers roamed hungry and fierce.</p>
+
+<p>This really happened to a baby boy named Bennie
+Craig. His father, Benjamin Craig, who presented
+his commission as a magistrate at the first county
+court held in Gallatin County, 1799, left Virginia
+in 1781 with his wife and three children. In those
+early days people traveled on foot or horseback, carrying
+with them what household necessities they could
+by means of pack horses.</p>
+
+<p>The men and larger boys generally walked ahead,
+to be sure no Indians lurked in ambush; the smaller
+boys and girls drove the cows and sheep, and watched
+to keep them from wandering off through the woods;
+while the women rode horseback, having tied on the
+backs of the horses all the absolutely necessary household
+utensils.</p>
+
+<p>In this party the usual plan of travel prevailed.
+Mrs. Craig and baby Bennie were on one horse,
+followed by another loaded with meal, bacon, salt,
+and skillets and tools; another one of these pack
+horses had, strapped across its back, some hickory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+withes holding on each side a basket made of the
+boughs of the same tree. These baskets carried what
+bedding and clothing were needed for the new homes.
+In one of these baskets was placed also a little boy
+of six, in the other a little girl of four. Sometimes
+the mother permitted baby Bennie to ride in the
+basket with his little sister. All three children found
+many things of interest as they rode along in this
+strange, new land.</p>
+
+<p>One morning Mrs. Craig laid baby Bennie, who
+was asleep, on a bed of leaves amid the boughs of a
+fallen tree, while she helped pack the things to start.
+As Mr. Craig was anxious to overtake some travelers
+who were ahead of him, because in numbers there
+was greater safety, he hurried Mrs. Craig on her
+horse; when she called for the baby, the little sister
+begged that it be allowed to ride again with her. The
+mother consented, rode on, and the father began to
+load the other horse; he safely tucked the little boy
+and girl away in the baskets, but in the excitement
+of overtaking the other travelers both father and
+children forgot baby Bennie.</p>
+
+<p>About an hour later Mrs. Craig, looking back, saw
+only two children and cried out, "Where is the
+baby?" All were frantic with fear when they realized
+that the baby had been left behind.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Craig hastily stripped the pack from one of
+the horses, sprang up on its back with gun in hand,
+and with all possible speed hurried back. For nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+two hours the rest waited and watched, wept and
+prayed. Finally the sound of the horse's hoofs was
+heard and Mr. Craig came at full gallop, shouting,
+"Here he is, safe and sound! The little rascal hadn't
+waked up."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 544px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0067.jpg" width="544" height="660" alt="&quot;Here he is, safe and sound!&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Here he is, safe and sound!&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_FIRST_ROMANCE_IN_KENTUCKY" id="THE_FIRST_ROMANCE_IN_KENTUCKY"></a>THE FIRST ROMANCE IN KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Difficulties, suffering, and danger beset the early
+pioneers. Yet none of these prevented love, love-making,
+and marriage. The earliest romance was
+that of Samuel Henderson and Betsey Calloway, at
+Boonesborough, in 1776. There came near being no
+wedding, for late in the afternoon of Sunday, July 14,
+when the midsummer sun caused each one to hunt a
+cooler place, Elizabeth and Frances Calloway and
+Jemima Boone, the oldest daughter of Daniel Boone,
+started out for a boat ride on the river. They were
+drifting along in their canoe, unconsciously near the
+opposite shore, when they were suddenly surprised
+and terrified at the appearance of five Indians who
+waded into the water and dragged their canoe ashore.</p>
+
+<p>The three girls screamed with fright, but Betsey
+Calloway showed herself a true pioneer by gashing
+the head of one of her assailants with her paddle.
+Before dragging them from the boat the Indians forced
+Frances Calloway and Jemima Boone to put on Indian
+moccasins, but Elizabeth, or Betsey, again showed
+her courage by refusing to do so. We can well imagine
+the horror when the people at the fort realized that
+the girls were in the hands of the savages. Both
+Boone and Calloway were absent, but soon returned
+and lost no time in starting for rescue and revenge.
+Two parties set out: one on foot with Colonel Boone
+and the three lovers of the three girls, Samuel Henderson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+John Holder, and Flanders Calloway, respectively;
+another on horseback.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as they reached the north side of the river,
+Boone drew them up in line, placing the middle man
+at the trail, and pressed forward in pursuit. His
+daring was equaled only by his discretion, for should
+the pursuers be seen by the Indians, it was highly
+probable the three maidens would suffer death by the
+tomahawk. Betsey Calloway came near suffering
+thus when the savages discovered her breaking off
+twigs by which she could be trailed. Though the
+upraised tomahawk with a threat to use it caused her
+to desist from this, she slyly tore off bits of her linsey-woolsey
+dress, and occasionally pressed the heel of
+her shoepack into the soft earth, thus leaving a trail.</p>
+
+<p>By these signs, in the reading of which Colonel Boone
+was almost as wary as the Indians, the rescuing party
+hardly lost sight of the direction taken, although the
+captors compelled the girls to walk apart through the
+thick cane and wade up and down the streams of
+water, in an effort to hide their trail. On Tuesday
+morning, when about forty miles from Boonesborough,
+the whites came upon the captors just as they had
+kindled a fire to cook some buffalo meat. The two
+parties saw each other about the same time, but as
+their weapons were piled at the foot of a tree, and
+the whites fired at once and rushed upon them, the
+Indians hastily fled without knife, tomahawk, or
+even moccasins. The three girls were unharmed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 507px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0070.jpg" width="507" height="660" alt="&quot;The whites fired and rushed upon them.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The whites fired and rushed upon them.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Betsey Calloway, a brunette much tanned by exposure,
+was mistaken by one of the rescuing party for an
+Indian, as she sat with the two wearied maidens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+asleep with their heads in her lap. Just as he was
+about to dash out her brains with the butt of his gun
+his arm was arrested by one who recognized her, and
+a most horrible tragedy was averted. Amid rejoicing
+they returned to the fort.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of the next month Squire Boone,
+a Baptist minister, performed the first marriage ceremony
+in Kentucky, when Betsey Calloway became
+the wife of Samuel Henderson. The other two couples
+soon followed their example.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_WEDDING_IN_THE_WILDERNESS" id="A_WEDDING_IN_THE_WILDERNESS"></a>A WEDDING IN THE WILDERNESS</h2>
+
+
+<p>The boys and girls in the early days of Kentucky
+usually married very young; and a wedding was
+an event so important that every one in the entire
+community felt a personal interest in the affair.
+The ceremony was usually performed just before
+noon.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the appointed day the groom and
+his attendants met at the home of his father and
+proceeded to the home of the bride. The gentlemen
+wore only clothes that were homemade; linsey shirts,
+leather breeches and leggins, moccasins or shoepacks,
+and caps of mink or raccoon skin with the tail hanging
+down the back completed their costume.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies were beautiful in linsey-woolsey, coarse
+shoes, or moccasins embroidered with beads and quills,
+and buckskin gloves. Just after the ceremony there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+was a feast of venison and bear, beef and pork,
+turkeys and geese, potatoes and cabbage, cornmeal
+mush with milk and maple sugar, ash cake and
+dodgers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0072.jpg" width="660" height="455" alt="&quot;As soon as dinner was over, the dancing began.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;As soon as dinner was over, the dancing began.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As soon as dinner was over the dancing began and
+lasted not only through the afternoon but through
+the night until dawn. The square dance, the reel,
+and the jig were the figures that gave most joy to their
+flying feet.</p>
+
+<p>Either the next day, or very soon thereafter,
+the neighbors helped the newly married couple
+"settle." A party of choppers felled and trimmed
+the trees, others hauled them to the site, while others
+made the clapboards for the roof, and puncheons for
+floor and door. If any windows were made, they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+covered with oiled doeskin and had thick shutters.
+No one had windows filled with glass in those
+days.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The neighbors helped not only to raise and cover the
+house, but to make the furniture also. A table was
+made from a slab of wood with four legs driven into
+auger holes; some three-legged stools were made of
+like material. Sticks driven into auger holes in the
+wall supported clapboard shelves where various articles
+were kept. A few pegs were likewise driven in the wall
+where the wearing apparel of both men and women
+was hung. A pair of buck horns or two small forks
+fastened to the logs held the ever trusty rifle and
+shot pouch.</p>
+
+<p>Nor did they stop here. Through a fork placed
+with its lower end in a hole in the floor and its upper
+end fastened to a joist, they placed poles with their
+ends through cracks in the walls. Over these, clapboards
+were laid. When the whole had been covered
+with skins of bear and deer, this made a most comfortable
+bed.</p>
+
+<p>At these house raisings, log rollings, and harvest
+homes there was much merriment coupled with the
+hard labor. Any man who failed to perform his part
+of the work was dubbed "Lazy Lawrence" and was
+denied similar help when he needed it.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="PIONEER_CHILDREN" id="PIONEER_CHILDREN"></a>PIONEER CHILDREN</h2>
+
+
+<p>The boys and girls of to-day with all the comforts
+and luxuries surrounding them often pity the pioneer
+children and wonder how they spent their time. However,
+they doubtless were as happy and ambitious as
+we are. The boys early learned to chop, to grub
+bushes up by the roots, maul rails, trap turkeys,
+tree coons, and shoot a rifle. When severe weather
+kept them in the fort, there were not only the duties
+of making brooms and brushes but also the wrestling,
+leaping, and shooting matches where each strove to
+excel the other. How proud was the youth when he
+could "bark a squirrel," that is, shoot off the bark so
+near the squirrel that the force killed it, without inflicting
+a wound.</p>
+
+<p>The girls also had their work and play. They watched
+the cattle to keep them from straying too far away,
+they hunted flat rocks on which to bake "journey
+cakes," they helped to pound hominy, bring water,
+gather wild nettles, and assisted in soap making,
+sugaring, sewing, candle molding, and wool carding.
+There were likewise near-by excursions for hickory
+nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapes, pawpaws, honey
+locusts, hackberries, huckleberries, blackberries, dewberries,
+and raspberries.</p>
+
+<p>But you say, "All this sounds like fun. Boy Scouts
+and Camp-Fire Girls do many of these things and
+count them sport. The boys and girls of the early<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+days in Kentucky must have had one long holiday
+with no thought of school or school work." There
+you are mistaken, for scarcely had the first women
+and children come to Harrodstown when Mrs. William
+Coomes taught in the fort, in 1776, the first school in
+Kentucky. In 1777, John May taught at McAfee's
+Station, and two years later Joseph Doniphan was
+teaching at Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0077.jpg" width="660" height="576" alt="&quot;There were excursions for nuts and berries.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;There were excursions for nuts and berries.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>So these boys and girls of those far-away days,
+although they had no well-warmed, well-lighted,
+well-ventilated schoolhouses; although their teachers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+were not always so scholarly and cultured as one could
+wish; although often in the earliest days they had
+no attractive textbooks, and their only means of
+learning to read, write, and calculate was from copies
+set by their teachers; although instead of paper they
+used smooth boards on which to write, with the juice
+of the oak balls for ink; although when they could
+read there were no absorbing storybooks,&mdash;yet they
+made progress and perhaps studied as hard as some
+children of to-day.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="HOW_THE_PIONEERS_MADE_CHANGE" id="HOW_THE_PIONEERS_MADE_CHANGE"></a>HOW THE PIONEERS MADE CHANGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>We of to-day, with half dollars, quarter dollars,
+dimes, nickels, and pennies, often find it difficult to
+"make change." Still more difficult was it for the
+early settlers to do so.</p>
+
+<p>As the Indians used wampum and the early settlers
+of Virginia, tobacco, so the pioneers of Kentucky
+used the skins of wild animals as their first currency.
+While immigrants continued to come to this region,
+Spanish silver dollars came gradually into circulation.
+Still there was no small change.</p>
+
+<p>As "Necessity is the mother of invention," our
+forefathers actually made change by cutting the
+dollar into four equal parts, each worth twenty-five
+cents. These were again divided, each part worth
+twelve and one half cents, called bits. People sometimes
+became careless in the work of making change<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+and often cut the dollar into five "quarters" or into
+ten "eighths." On account of the wedge shape of
+these pieces of cut money, they were called "sharp
+shins."</p>
+
+<p>If change was needed for a smaller sum than twelve
+and one half cents, merchants gave pins, needles,
+writing paper, and such things.</p>
+
+<p>This cut silver gradually found its way back to the
+mint for recoinage, usually to the loss of the last owner.
+As late as 1806, a business house in Philadelphia received
+over one hundred pounds of cut silver, brought
+on by a Kentucky merchant, which was sent on a
+dray to the United States Mint for recoinage.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_WOMANS_WILL" id="A_WOMANS_WILL"></a>A WOMAN'S WILL</h2>
+
+
+<p>"Where there is a will, there is a way" is an oft-quoted
+proverb, and the first white woman of whom
+we have any record of entering Kentucky proved it
+true. In 1756 Mrs. Mary Draper Inglis, her two
+small sons, and a sister-in-law, Mrs. Draper, were
+taken from their homes in Virginia by the Shawnee
+Indians and carried some distance down the Kanawha,
+where they halted a few days to make salt, thence
+to the Indian village at the mouth of the Scioto, which
+is the site now of Portsmouth, Ohio. Mrs. Inglis
+won her way into the favor of the savages by making
+shirts of material that French traders had brought
+from Detroit. She was soon held in such high esteem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+by her captors that she was not subjected to the peril
+of running the gantlet, though a greater grief was
+put upon her,&mdash;that of being separated from her two
+sons at the division of the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>After spending a few weeks at the mouth of the
+Scioto, a number of the savages proceeded to Big
+Bone Lick, over a hundred miles away. With them
+they took Mrs. Inglis and an old Dutch lady who had
+been in captivity for a long while. Not being daunted
+by fear or distance from home, these pioneer women
+planned and effected an escape. On the pretext of
+gathering grapes they started from camp one afternoon
+with only a blanket, knife, and tomahawk.</p>
+
+<p>With eager feet they reached the Ohio, and followed
+its windings, until after five days' journeying they found
+themselves opposite the mouth of the Scioto. Fortune
+favored them, for a horse was grazing there and
+also some corn was close at hand. Although near
+Indian villages, they loaded the horse with corn and
+pressed on to the mouth of the Big Sandy, but were
+compelled to go farther up that stream to effect a
+crossing. After going some distance, the women
+crossed on driftwood, but the horse, falling among the
+logs, was finally abandoned, and with only a scanty
+store of corn they pursued their dangerous journey.</p>
+
+<p>Had it not been for walnuts, grapes, and pawpaws,
+hunger would have stayed their steps. Even
+with these the Dutch woman was not long satisfied
+and, driven to desperation, she threatened and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 618px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0081.jpg" width="618" height="660" alt="They crossed the river on driftwood." title="" />
+<span class="caption">They crossed the river on driftwood.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>attempted the life of Mrs. Inglis. But the latter
+succeeded in escaping from her frantic companion
+and, finding a canoe, took a broad splinter for a paddle
+and reached the Ohio shore. When morning dawned
+and the Dutch woman saw Mrs. Inglis on the other
+bank, she pleaded with her to return to her rescue.
+But fearing a repetition of her late fury, Mrs. Inglis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+turned a deaf ear to entreaties and hastened, as fast
+as her exhausted condition permitted, towards home.
+At last, after more than forty days of dire suffering
+and destitution, she reached a cabin where careful
+attention soon restored her to health and from there
+she was taken to a near-by fort and restored to
+her husband. A party went in search of the Dutch
+woman and brought her safely to the settlement.
+One of the little sons died soon after being separated
+from his mother, while thirteen years elapsed before
+the father found and rescued the other.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="WHEN_THE_WOMEN_BROUGHT_THE_WATER" id="WHEN_THE_WOMEN_BROUGHT_THE_WATER"></a>WHEN THE WOMEN BROUGHT THE WATER</h2>
+
+
+<p>The women of Kentucky have never been known to
+falter whatever demand duty might make upon them;
+yet at no period in the history of our commonwealth
+has there been any more severe test of the
+courage of her daughters than occurred on the morning
+of August 15, 1782, at a point about five miles northeast
+of Lexington on the present road from that city
+to Maysville.</p>
+
+<p>This post had been settled in 1779 by four brothers
+from North Carolina, named Bryan, hence the name
+"Bryan's Station." About forty cabins had been
+"placed in parallel lines and connected by strong
+palisades." This fort and the station at Lexington
+had been selected as special places on which to visit
+the wrath and retaliation for massacre of some Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+upon the Sandusky; and as the savages and their
+renegade allies had been successful, they were easily
+incited to a general attack and inspired with the idea
+of regaining their hunting grounds and driving the
+paleface across the Alleghenies.</p>
+
+<p>Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, was at the
+height of his glory when, in response to requests of
+runners sent to various tribes, there began at Chillicothe,
+August 1, 1782, a gathering of Cherokees,
+Shawnees, Miamis, Wyandots, and Potawatamis.</p>
+
+<p>Ere the march began, the party numbered nearly
+six hundred warriors. With great secrecy and rapidity
+they descended the Little Miami, crossed the Ohio,
+and reached central Kentucky. In the hope of drawing
+away the fighting forces from the stations warned,
+Girty sent a party of Wyandots, who harassed
+Hoy's Station, and captured two boys. Captain
+Holder, gathering what men he could, pushed forward
+in pursuit, but was defeated August 12, at Upper
+Blue Licks. When runners spread the news to the
+various forts, the call to rally to Holder's assistance
+was as quickly responded to as if it had been imperative.</p>
+
+<p>Girty knew of the common custom of rallying
+to the needs of neighboring settlements, so he expected
+to find a defenseless fort at Bryan's Station
+when he and his band of savages reached there on the
+night of the 14th. Instead, all within seemed awake
+and alert; lights were shining and fires burning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+brightly. Girty at once suspected that his coming
+had been heralded. The truth was that it was the
+preparation for the morrow's march that caused such
+activity; not one suspected that such a horde of
+murderous savages was so near. So when at the
+early dawn the men started from their fort, they were
+much surprised at a heavy fire from ambuscade, but
+they were so near the gates that they soon retreated
+within and prepared for a stormy siege. Couriers
+carried the news of the attack to Lexington, Todd's,
+St. Asaph's, and Boonesborough. While awaiting
+reinforcements from these stations, the sixty backwoodsmen
+prepared to protect themselves and their
+families.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing the siege would be severe and perhaps long,
+they began to consider seriously the question of securing
+water; for, by an oversight, the men who built
+the fort placed it at some distance from the spring
+which supplied their wants. As cunning as the Indians,
+and equally as strategic, were the men opposed
+to them. Instinctively they felt that the savages
+were ambushed near the spring expecting the men to
+come for a supply of water, when it would be the
+work of only a very few moments to fire upon them,
+and through the gateway gain admittance to the fort.</p>
+
+<p>After talking over the matter the men within the
+fort called together all the women, disclosed their
+suspicions concerning the location of a part of the
+enemy, but told them they felt no violence would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+offered women and urged them to go in a body to
+bring water. The women hesitated and said that
+they were not bullet-proof and that savages scalped
+alike the male and the female. In reply the men said
+that the women usually carried the water, and that if
+the men should go, the Indians would know that their
+ambuscade had been discovered and would at once
+rush upon the whites and gain admittance to the
+fort; but if the women went as usual, the savages
+would think their hiding secure and would longer
+delay the attack. The women knew that water they
+must have, if the garrison withstood the inevitable
+siege; they also knew that the views of the men were
+correct and that the request for them to bring the
+water arose from no desire on the part of their husbands
+and brothers, sons and fathers, to shirk duty
+or shift danger.</p>
+
+<p>So when the Spartan-like mothers agreed to the
+plan, the younger women followed their example,
+and everyone, matron and maid, with pail in hand or
+piggin on head, marched down to the spring, while
+they "feared each bush" an Indian. Though vainly
+striving to appear calm, when returning</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+
+<span class="i3">"The way seemed long before them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And their hearts outran their footsteps";<br /></span>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p>so the nearer the gate they came, the quicker was their
+walk until it finally ended in a very brisk run and
+very few entered the fort with full vessels. Tradition
+says that as the last entered so hastily and spilled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+the water so freely the Indians broke into a laugh.
+But the women had "been tried and not found wanting";
+they had proved themselves to be true helpmates
+of those sturdy men who were striving to gain
+a home in the western wilds.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 486px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0086.jpg" width="486" height="660" alt="&quot;The walk finally ended in a very brisk run.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The walk finally ended in a very brisk run.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Erelong the arrangements for defense were completed
+and thirteen men marched out to form a
+decoy party on the Lexington road; their orders
+were to fire rapidly, make all possible noise, but not
+to pursue the savages too far. They obeyed orders
+well and as soon as the guns sounded in the distance,
+five hundred warriors, led by Girty, rushed from the
+ambush near the spring, expecting to force their way
+over defenseless walls. The greater part of the
+sixty men had resolved themselves into a reception
+committee, expecting just such a call. So, when "their
+deadly balls whistled free," wild cries of terror came
+from Girty's ranks and "in two minutes not an Indian
+was to be seen," while the thirteen reëntered through
+the opposite gateway, very jubilant over the success
+of their little ruse.</p>
+
+<p>The attack was renewed, but nothing of marked
+importance occurred unless it was the supreme coöperation
+that went on within the fort. Every breech was
+repaired, every gate and loophole manned; men,
+women, and even children were busily engaged in
+firing at the foe, molding bullets, or quenching the
+flames that the burning arrows from the bows of the
+savages had lighted. At two in the afternoon, just at a
+time when the firing had ceased, about fifty men, from
+various stations, one third on horse, the rest afoot,
+came in reply to the request sent out that morning.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the Indians knew that runners had been dispatched
+for reënforcements, they had planned to
+receive them. On one side of the road "stood the
+forest primeval," while on the other side was a vast
+field of one hundred acres of luxuriant corn, ten feet
+high, whose long green banners formed a dense thicket.
+Here on each side lay warriors within range of the road
+over which they knew the men would come. As
+soon as the horsemen appeared, shots from the guns
+of the savages rang out; but quickly spurring their
+horses, the recruiting party escaped within the fort
+through such a cloud of dust that not one was wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Had the foot soldiers been more cautious, they
+too might have fared better; but hearing the firing
+on their friends, they rushed forward into the presence
+of the great crowd of savages, who, having emptied
+their guns, began to advance with tomahawk; but
+in many instances they were held at bay by the muzzle
+of the frontiersman's gun. Thus for an hour, the
+savages pursued the flying soldiers, who when too hard
+pressed turned and aimed, but did not fire until absolutely
+forced to do so, as they could have no time
+to reload.</p>
+
+<p>In a skirmish, a ball from a rifle brought Girty to
+the ground, but when the warriors gathered around
+him, they found that it was only the force that had
+caused him to fall, as the ball had struck a thick piece
+of leather in his shot pouch. Despairing of success,
+Girty crawled to the protection of a huge stump,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+hailed the fort, and attempted negotiations. He
+spoke in commendatory terms of their courage, but
+assured them that to pursue such policy further was
+madness, as in addition to his six hundred warriors
+he would soon have reënforcements with cannons,
+when their weak walls would no longer protect them.
+He urged an immediate surrender, pledged his honor
+to protect them as prisoners of war, and inquired if
+they knew him, Simon Girty.</p>
+
+<p>Some were rather anxious at the news of artillery,
+but a young man named Aaron Reynolds inspired the
+weaker ones with courage when he derisively told
+the speaker to bring on his reënforcements; that they
+too were expecting reënforcements and if Girty and
+his savage allies remained much longer, their scalps
+would grace his cabin. He said Girty was "very
+well known," that he himself owned a cur, so worthless
+that he called him "Simon Girty."</p>
+
+<p>Offended at such language, Girty rejoined his chiefs.
+The night passed without interruption, but daylight
+showed camp fires burning, meat roasting, and not an
+Indian in sight. They had evidently departed just
+before dawn.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_RESULT_OF_ONE_RASH_ACT" id="THE_RESULT_OF_ONE_RASH_ACT"></a>THE RESULT OF ONE RASH ACT</h2>
+
+
+<p>After the retreat of the savages from Bryan's
+Station it did not take long for the Kentucky riflemen
+to gather and go in pursuit. In the afternoon of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+same day the savages had retreated from the fort, one
+hundred and eighty-two men from the various stations
+assembled. Fearing that the Indians would escape
+across the river, they started at once to overtake
+them, without waiting for the arrival of Colonel Logan,
+who was coming with three hundred more men.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel John Todd was put in command, while
+many commissioned officers took their places in the
+ranks. On they pressed, until on the second day,
+as they reached the Lower Blue Licks, they saw the
+Indians leisurely ascending the farther bank.</p>
+
+<p>The pioneers halted and held a conference in which
+all officers took part. The veteran Boone was asked
+for his opinion which all valued. He counseled either
+waiting for Colonel Logan's reënforcements or so
+dividing their numbers that part could cross above
+and fall in the rear of the enemy, while others could
+fight from the front.</p>
+
+<p>Some preferred the first plan, others wished to
+adopt the second. In the midst of the consultation
+the rash, undisciplined nature of Colonel Hugh
+McGary, daring but with no deference to authority,
+oblivious to peril but not prudent, caused him to
+exchange some hot words with Todd and Boone;
+then giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the
+stream, holding his hat above his head, and shouting,
+"All who are not cowards follow me."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0091.jpg" width="660" height="524" alt="&quot;Giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The effect was electric. Horse and foot rushed headlong,
+each trying to be foremost. No order was given,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+none observed. In their unreasonable enthusiasm
+they heeded no command. In vain the officers tried
+to check them, then finally followed. Reaching the
+farther bank, by great difficulty a halt was secured
+and spies sent ahead to examine a ravine where Boone
+feared an ambush; as they returned and reported
+no sign of the enemy, the pioneers moved forward
+in three divisions. By the time they came to this
+ravine Girty's Indians had so placed themselves that
+from their murderous fire many fell. Still the pioneers
+maintained their ground, until at last all hope lay in
+retreat. On the bank of the river there was soon a
+seething mass of horsemen, foot soldiers, and Indians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+Sixty of Kentucky's bravest fell, and sorrow filled every
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Logan and his soldiers came next day and
+buried their dead, among whom were many of the
+leaders in both public and private life as well as a
+son of the aged Boone.</p>
+
+<p>There is a tradition that when the Indians saw four
+more of their own among the slain than of the whites,
+they barbarously put to death four of the seven pioneers
+they had taken and subjected the others many times
+to the most cruel and inhuman treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Through this rash act of McGary nearly one tenth
+of all the fighting men in Kentucky fell. Distress and
+discouragement were general; and the greatest disaster
+that had yet befallen the country had been brought
+about.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="TWO_KENTUCKY_HEROES" id="TWO_KENTUCKY_HEROES"></a>TWO KENTUCKY HEROES</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the latter part of the year 1779, David Rogers
+was making his way from New Orleans to Pittsburgh
+with two boats full of military stores. On nearing
+the four-mile bar above the present site of Cincinnati,
+he discovered a great number of Indians emerging
+from the mouth of the Little Miami. Hastily
+landing, his men cautiously crept through the underbrush,
+expecting to take the Indians unawares, when
+they were suddenly surprised by a large force of
+savages, who with rifle and tomahawk made such a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+terrible onslaught that more than half of the whites
+met an almost instantaneous death.</p>
+
+<p>The crew, in a panic, rushed forward to their boats
+only to find one in the possession of the enemy and the
+other too far from shore to reach its friendly shelter.
+With a courage born of despair they rushed through
+the enemy's lines, and some escaped in the darkness to
+Harrodstown, while others were so severely wounded
+that they barely existed until they were rescued by
+their friends.</p>
+
+<p>Among these was Robert Benham, who, after
+being shot through the hips, managed to crawl
+to a large fallen tree and hide among its foliage.
+There he quietly lay until the battle was ended,
+and the Indians had returned and gathered the
+spoils from the dead whites. Thinking the coast
+clear once more and suffering pangs of hunger, Benham
+could not resist shooting a raccoon that came
+within his range, trusting to providence to reach it
+after it fell. Scarcely had the sound of his gun died
+away when he heard some one speak. He instantly
+reloaded and sat quietly, expecting an Indian every
+moment.</p>
+
+<p>Finally some one said, "Whoever you are, answer
+me."</p>
+
+<p>He then, realizing that it was no savage, readily
+answered; and soon one of his former comrades, John
+Watson, appeared with both arms broken.</p>
+
+<p>Never was there a happier combination. From that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+time the arms of Benham and the legs of Watson
+each did duty for both. Benham could easily load
+his gun and kill the game, while Watson could readily
+kick it within reach of his companion, who could dress
+and cook it. Thus they subsisted until the game in
+their vicinity grew scarce; then the man with the
+sound legs would walk around a drove of wild turkeys
+until he got them within range of Benham's gun, who
+was such a splendid marksman that he never failed
+to kill two or three of the number.</p>
+
+<p>Their greatest difficulty was in securing water; but
+as in all things, "where there is a will there is a
+way," so even this difficulty was obviated. Benham
+would place his hat rim between the teeth of Watson,
+who would wade into the river up to his chin, duck
+his head, and thus fill the hat with water which he
+securely delivered to the man without legs, who could
+use it as needed. Benham was thus enabled to cook,
+dress his own and his comrade's wounds, and feed the
+latter also.</p>
+
+<p>For several weeks they lived thus, until they grew
+stronger and traveled to the Licking River. After a
+great deal of difficulty in making themselves known
+to some passing boats, they were rescued, and taken
+to the Falls of the Ohio, where both recovered. Benham
+afterwards participated in several expeditions,
+and, after peace, returned to the scenes of his sufferings,
+bought land there, and passed his remaining days
+peacefully where he had so nearly met death.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_BATTLE_OF_THE_BOARDS" id="THE_BATTLE_OF_THE_BOARDS"></a>THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS</h2>
+
+
+<p>From time immemorial women have been accused
+of possessing an unusual amount of curiosity, but an
+incident of the early days, in what is now Mercer
+County, will prove that some men also belong to the
+curious class.</p>
+
+<p>In 1783, the same year that saw the treaty of peace
+between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies go
+into effect, Kentucky, still a part of Virginia, was a
+dense forest, infested by roving bands of Indians
+who plundered and murdered the pioneers; hence
+caution was still the watchword of the white inhabitants.
+During this year, three men in the early
+dawn left Harrod's Station to hunt for some horses
+that had strayed off while grazing. For some time,
+over many miles, through dense cane and tangled
+pea vine, they pursued the trail, until, as a refuge
+from the darkness and a cold, drenching rain, the
+pioneers took shelter in an old, deserted log cabin,
+in the midst of a canebrake.</p>
+
+<p>Having seen signs of Indians during the day and
+knowing that the red men also knew of the cabin,
+they decided to endure the cold, rather than light a
+fire. Finally they concluded a still further precaution
+would be to take refuge in the "loft" of the cabin for
+fear the savage foes might also take shelter therein
+and dispute the right of possession.</p>
+
+<p>They at once climbed up into the loft, the floor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+which was clapboards, lying loose upon some round
+poles. Here, with their trusty rifles, they lay quietly
+for a short time, when to their terror six armed savages
+entered the cabin. Placing their guns and tomahawks
+in a corner, they built a fire and began a scene of
+hilarity characteristic of their tribe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 591px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0096.jpg" width="591" height="660" alt="&quot;The Indians built a fire.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The Indians built a fire.&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the men was anxious to know the number
+of the Indians. So, though he was lying on his
+back, and was the middle man, he determined to
+turn over and peep at the crowd below. The other
+two white men determined he should keep still; so
+they held him, but as he quietly struggled, a pole
+broke and with a terrible crash, clapboards, men, and
+guns fell upon the frightened savages, who with yells
+of terror fled into the forest and never returned.
+Though almost as much terrified as the Indians, the
+white men quietly enjoyed the fire till morning, when
+they returned to the station with their trophies of
+what they laughingly called "The Battle of the
+Boards."</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_FAITHFUL_SLAVE_AND_HIS_REWARD" id="THE_FAITHFUL_SLAVE_AND_HIS_REWARD"></a>THE FAITHFUL SLAVE AND HIS REWARD</h2>
+
+
+<p>If we search the annals of both ancient and modern
+times we can find no record that shows greater fidelity
+from slave to master than was exhibited by a negro
+to one of Kentucky's most noted pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1782, March 19, people living in the vicinity of
+Boonesborough discovered some empty rafts floating
+down the river. They at once knew that Indians
+had used them to cross the stream so as to attack
+the unprotected settlements. News was sent to the
+various stations warning the settlers. Colonel Logan
+dispatched fifteen men to Estill's Station, where they
+were joined by twenty-five from that fort. Under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+the command of Captain James Estill, they started
+to pursue and punish the invaders.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of the 20th, Miss Jennie
+Gass, with a slave, Monk, as protector, went just
+outside the fort at Estill's Station to milk the cows.
+Her mother, seeing the savages approaching, called
+loudly for her to run, but the warning came too late.
+Ere her daughter could reach the gate, her mother
+saw her tomahawked and scalped.</p>
+
+<p>Monk was captured and asked about the force of
+the fort. Like the half-witted boy who was questioned
+by the Tories, Monk exaggerated the situation, saying
+there were forty men in the fort then molding bullets
+in anticipation of an attack. The truth is that aside
+from the women and children, there were only four
+men, who were too disabled to march. The savages
+accordingly thought it best to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had they withdrawn from the vicinity of
+the fort than two boys were dispatched to find Captain
+Estill's band and tell them of the tragedy. In a few
+hours the messengers found the men, and so uneasy
+were some of the party for their families that five
+returned to help protect the fort, while the other thirty-five
+began to search for the trail of the Indians. A
+part of the horses became so jaded that ten more
+dropped from the ranks, while the remaining twenty-five
+pushed forward with a grim determination to
+find the savages.</p>
+
+<p>About an hour before sunset they discovered some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+Indians preparing a meal from a buffalo. When
+Captain Estill fired his gun, the Indians fled, and had
+it not been that their leader was wounded, the retreat
+would have been permanent and the battle of Little
+Mountain would never have been fought. With
+almost superhuman strength the chieftain dragged
+himself to a place of safety and with a defiance that
+meant death he commanded his warriors who were
+too loyal to retreat without their wounded leader.
+There, in a space not more than two hundred yards in
+diameter, was fought one of the world's fiercest battles.</p>
+
+<p>On the one hand there were twenty-five Wyandot
+warriors who defied death. On the other side there
+were twenty-five pioneers, aroused to vengeance by
+the cruelties the red men had visited upon them.
+Well did they obey the command of Estill, "Every
+man to his man, and every man to his tree." At
+one time in the fiercest of the fight, the rallying tones
+of confidence rang out above the crack of the rifles
+as Monk, who was still held prisoner by the savages,
+shouted, "Don't give way, Massa Jim, you can whip
+the redskins."</p>
+
+<p>For nearly two hours the combat lasted, neither
+side advancing nor retreating. But when Captain
+Estill sent Lieutenant William Miller with six men
+to gain the rear of the enemy, that seven ingloriously
+fled and then the savages began to gain on
+the whites. Finally Captain Estill and a brawny
+Indian clutched in mortal combat. For a time their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+strength seemed equal, but Estill's broken arm giving
+way, the savage instantly plunged a knife into his
+breast and a moment later, pierced by a bullet from
+Joseph Proctor's unerring gun, fell dead across his
+victim's body.</p>
+
+<p>There the battle ended, the pioneers taking their
+wounded comrades and leaving the dead upon the
+field. Proctor carried one, a Mr. Irvine, a great
+distance of forty miles upon his back, while the
+faithful Monk carried another. A few days later
+a party of whites visited the scene and buried their
+dead. The Indians had carefully removed their slain
+but left the whites unmolested. Wallace Estill, Monk's
+young master, gave him his freedom and cared for
+him the remainder of his life. He lived to a ripe old
+age and was the father of thirty children.</p>
+
+<p>The little city of Mount Sterling is near the battleground
+where such heroism was displayed by both
+savage and civilian.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_DOUBLE_SHOT" id="THE_DOUBLE_SHOT"></a>THE DOUBLE SHOT</h2>
+
+
+<p>Daniel Boone, the famous hunter, fighter, and
+pioneer, regarded himself as a special agent intended
+by providence to convert forests into fields and to
+carry civilization to the wilderness. When we remember
+his many exciting adventures and marvelous
+successes, we are inclined almost to believe that he
+was a child of destiny.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0101.jpg" width="660" height="574" alt="&quot;He took aim at the foremost.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;He took aim at the foremost.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the most singular experiences in his warfare
+on the savages occurred about 1780, when about
+two miles south of Owingsville. Boone was making
+one of his solitary journeys from Boonesborough to
+the Upper Blue Licks. As he came near a deserted
+station about twelve miles east of the present site
+of Mount Sterling, he perceived fresh signs of Indians;
+so he continued his journey cautiously until he came
+to a clear spring near the bank of Slate Creek. Here,
+as he was quenching his thirst, a ball whistled by
+and broke the bark from the beech that shaded the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+spring. Boone lost no time in reaching the creek,
+swimming to the opposite bank, and concealing himself
+in a convenient canebrake. He then cautiously
+parted the cane until he had gone about one hundred
+yards, when he observed two Indians coming warily
+towards the creek. He had slain so many savages
+that he was not satisfied with the thought of killing
+one of his adversaries, but determined that one shot
+should kill both. He therefore took aim at the foremost
+and as the other came in range he fired; and as
+one fell dead, the other, dropping his gun, fled with
+frantic yells of pain, for the ball had passed through
+the body of one and struck the other's shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>Boone then very calmly crossed the creek, selected
+one of the guns left by the savages, threw the other in
+the creek, where it was found afterwards, and proceeded
+on his way to the Blue Licks.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_MAN_OF_STRATEGY_AND_SAGACITY" id="A_MAN_OF_STRATEGY_AND_SAGACITY"></a>A MAN OF STRATEGY AND SAGACITY</h2>
+
+
+<p>His father having died when he was only fourteen,
+Benjamin Logan found himself, according to the laws
+of Virginia, at the head of a family, and in possession
+of his father's estate. With his mother's consent he
+sold the land and divided the proceeds among his
+brothers and sisters. Since he wished to see his
+mother comfortably settled, he united funds with
+that of a brother and bought a small home, which
+was secured to her during her life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Bidding his mother farewell, he soon made for himself
+a home on the Holston River. Here he remained
+a few years and after having served with both Colonel
+Bouquet and Colonel Dunmore in the expeditions
+against the Indians, resolved to try the western wilds
+of Kentucky. With two or three slaves, he came,
+traversed a great part of the wilderness with Boone
+and Henderson, and pitched his camp and built his
+fort in Lincoln County near the present city of Stanford.
+Bringing out his family the next year, he
+deemed it prudent to place them in the more securely
+fortified Harrodstown. But early in 1777 feeling more
+assurance of safety, he removed all his household to
+his new home.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of May 20, while some of
+the men were guarding the women as they were outside
+milking, Indians fired on them from a near-by
+canebrake. All fled toward the fort, but one of the
+white men fell dead, another was mortally wounded,
+and a third, Burr Harrison, was severely crippled.
+There were now only twelve fighting men to defend
+the fort, while the enemy numbered one hundred.
+Harrison ran staggering towards the fort, when he
+fell and lay all day within range of the rifles of the
+Indians, and in sight of his agonized wife; her pleas
+for help and cries of distress, as from her own place
+of safety she saw her husband wounded and helpless,
+touched the sympathy and tried the heroism of
+all.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 572px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0104.jpg" width="572" height="660" alt="&quot;Amid a shower of arrows they entered the gate.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Amid a shower of arrows they entered the gate.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>All hesitated until twilight came, and it grew so
+dark the Indians could not distinguish objects moving
+around the stockade. As there were a great many
+large hogs in the vicinity, Logan covered himself
+with a small feather bed, made from the feathers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+the numerous wild pigeons, turkeys, and geese, and
+leaving the gate crept hither and thither, on all fours,
+grunting and acting as if in search of something to
+eat. Finally he reached Harrison, apparently by
+accident. He suddenly seized him in his arms, sprang
+to his feet, and darted toward the fort before the
+surprised Indians sufficiently recovered to take sure
+aim. Amid a shower of bullets and arrows he and
+Harrison entered the gate in safety.</p>
+
+<p>Enraged at the deception practiced upon them,
+the Indians vigorously assaulted the fort, while the
+inmates as vigorously defended it. Under Logan's
+lead they resolved to fight to the last, but the powder
+and ball began to run low. What should be done?
+These men, made of "sterner stuff," faced another
+danger. If the siege was continued, they must perish
+or procure ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>Again the heroism of Logan shone forth. Assuring
+his wife and friends of a safe and speedy return, he,
+with two trusty companions, under the cover of the
+night, left the fort. They crept through the Indian
+lines, avoided the regular route through Cumberland
+Gap, rapidly traversed mountains and valleys, crossed
+rivers, pushed through brush and cane, reached the
+Holston, procured "powder and ball," and on the
+tenth night Logan reëntered the fort, having traveled
+more than three hundred miles. His companions soon
+arrived with the ammunition, reënforcements were
+brought, and the Indians retired.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_KIND-HEARTED_INDIAN" id="THE_KIND-HEARTED_INDIAN"></a>THE KIND-HEARTED INDIAN</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0106.jpg" width="660" height="472" alt="&quot;Mr. Rowan turned the butt of his gun.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Mr. Rowan turned the butt of his gun.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>About 1784, a party of pioneers left the Falls of
+the Ohio with the intention of descending the river.
+Reaching Yellow Banks, the boat stopped for a while.
+One of the party, a Mr. Rowan, taking a loaded gun,
+but no ammunition, wandered some distance from the
+shore and upon his return was astonished to find the
+boat gone. The crew had cause to believe a party of
+Indians was near, so hastened away without waiting
+for their comrade. The nearest settlement was at
+Vincennes, one hundred miles distant. So thither
+Mr. Rowan bent his steps until after three weary
+days of exposure and exhaustion he abandoned all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+hope and lay down to die. It was not long, however,
+before, hearing the report of a gun, he again took
+courage, rose, and made his way in the direction of
+the sound. When he came in sight, an Indian raised
+his gun to fire, but, seeing Mr. Rowan turn the butt
+of his gun, knew he meant to be friendly; so with a
+politeness that would have done honor to a civilian
+the savage promptly turned the butt of his also.</p>
+
+<p>Learning the destitute condition of Rowan, the
+Indian hospitably took him to his wigwam, cared for
+him until his strength was restored, and then conducted
+him to Vincennes. Anxious to reward such
+unusual kindness, Rowan tried to prevail on the savage
+to accept a gift of $300; of this the Indian nobly
+refused every penny, but in order to please his recent
+guest finally accepted a new blanket, saying, "When
+I wrap myself in it, I will think of you."</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="SAVED_BY_THE_HUG_OF_A_BEAR" id="SAVED_BY_THE_HUG_OF_A_BEAR"></a>SAVED BY THE HUG OF A BEAR</h2>
+
+
+<p>Though the records of pioneer life teem with startling
+encounters with wild animals, there really occurred
+a very unusual incident, when the life of a young man,
+named Downing, was saved by the hug of a bear.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days, the people of that part of the
+country that is now Kentucky had to content themselves
+with very rough cabins and forts for their
+families, and with no outbuildings or inclosures whatever
+for their stock.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Instead of well-kept stables and excellent pastures,
+the stockade protected the cows, sheep, and horses
+at night, and the near-by forest was their home and
+grazing ground during the day. Although as close
+watch as possible was kept over these animals, they
+sometimes strayed so far away that it was necessary
+to bring them back or the Indians would take them for
+their own.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1786, in what is now Bath County, a
+horse had strayed off, and a young man named Yates
+requested another occupant of the fort, a mere lad
+named Downing, to go with him in search of the animal.</p>
+
+<p>They traversed the woods in every direction all day,
+but in vain. About sundown, when nearly seven miles
+from the fort, in a wild valley, Downing became very
+anxious concerning sounds that seemed to follow his
+footsteps regardless of the direction he took. He
+repeatedly said that he heard sticks breaking and that
+he believed Indians were following them.</p>
+
+<p>Yates, who was older, more experienced, and more
+inured to the perils of frontier life, laughed heartily
+at the fears of his companion, often inquired at what
+price he rated his scalp, and jokingly offered to insure
+it at a sixpence.</p>
+
+<p>Oblivious to all danger, enjoying the discomfort of
+his companion, and wishing to display his daring,
+Yates began a rollicking tune as he boldly passed
+along; but young Downing, feeling "the better
+part of valor is discretion," and being sure from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+ominous sounds that they were being followed, decided
+to discover if possible the hidden foe. He gradually
+slackened his pace, until his companion was about
+twenty or thirty yards in advance; then just after
+descending a small hill, Downing quickly stepped from
+the path and secreted himself behind some bushes.
+He was horrified a few moments later to see two Indians
+cautiously put aside the canebrake and peer in
+the direction taken by his companion.</p>
+
+<p>Downing, fearful lest the savages knew his own
+hiding place, decided to fire upon them at once; but
+his hand was so unsteady from the excitement, that
+his gun went off before he took aim. Terror-stricken
+he fled in the direction taken by his friend, whom he
+soon met, returning to learn the cause of the firing.
+There was no need to inquire, for in full view the two
+savages were rapidly pursuing them.</p>
+
+<p>True Kentucky chivalry was soon evident, for though
+he could easily have saved himself, Yates would not
+outrun his young companion, but kept by his side.</p>
+
+<p>It so happened that a path diverged from the one
+taken by the whites, but rejoined it at a distant point.
+Knowing the country well, the Indians took this
+divergent path, expecting to intercept the pioneers at
+the point of reunion. Passing this point in safety,
+the white men soon came to a deep gully. Mr. Yates
+easily cleared it, but his companion, being very much
+exhausted, fell against the farther bank and rolled at
+full length to the bottom. He gave himself up for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+lost. Over went the two Indians like deer, so intent
+upon catching the foremost man they apparently
+did not notice Downing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 592px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0110.jpg" width="592" height="660" alt="&quot;The bear growled and hugged him close.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The bear growled and hugged him close.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For a while fear kept him still, but finally thinking
+the Indians were far away, the young man walked
+to the shallow part of the ditch. Just as he reached a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+place so shallow that he was no longer concealed, to
+his astonishment and dismay he beheld one of the
+savages returning, apparently in search of him.</p>
+
+<p>Having neglected to reload his gun, and seeing the
+Indian advancing upon him, he threw it away and
+again trusted to flight. The white man ran and the
+Indian ran. It was a race for life, but as they ascended
+the long ridge, so steadily did the Indian gain upon
+him that when Downing ran along one side of a big
+fallen poplar, the Indian passed along the other, evidently
+expecting to seize him at the upturned root.
+However, just there lay a huge mother bear and her
+cubs. So rapidly was the Indian running that by the
+time he had discovered Mrs. Bruin, she had discovered
+him; and though his salutation was an exclamation
+of horror and a plunge of his great knife, the bear only
+growled and hugged him close.</p>
+
+<p>So happy was Downing over this timely meeting of
+his two enemies, that he joyfully fled to the fort,
+where he found his companion resting from his exciting
+race. Those in the fort soon received a vivid account
+of how Downing's life, providentially, had been saved
+by the hug of a bear.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_KENTUCKIAN_DEFEATED_THE_BRITISH" id="A_KENTUCKIAN_DEFEATED_THE_BRITISH"></a>A KENTUCKIAN DEFEATED THE BRITISH</h2>
+
+
+<p>There was born in Virginia, on November 19, 1752,
+a light-haired, blue-eyed baby boy who was destined
+to become the founder of our commonwealth, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+father of Kentucky, and the captor of England's
+important outposts.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving his home one spring morning in 1775, and
+stopping at the bend of the road to wave farewell to
+his mother, sister, and brother, George Rogers Clark,
+a young soldier-surveyor of twenty-two who had
+seen active service in Dunmore's war, started out for
+the wilds of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>More than six feet in height, dignified, affable,
+manly, brave, determined, yet gentle, he at once
+commanded not only the attention, but respect, friendship,
+and leadership of all. Whether or not he came
+with an official commission, his military bearing, his
+superior intelligence, and his indomitable spirit caused
+him by common consent to be placed at the head of
+the irregular militia of this section.</p>
+
+<p>George Rogers Clark returned to Virginia in the
+autumn, but in the memorable year of '76 came again
+to Kentucky to make it his permanent home.</p>
+
+<p>He opposed the plans of the Transylvania Company,
+urged the settlers to try to effect a more certain
+connection with Virginia, and went over mountains,
+through mud, and amid difficulties and dangers, as a
+representative to the Virginia legislature, which had
+adjourned before he reached the capital.</p>
+
+<p>Not to be deterred, he visited Governor Patrick
+Henry, who was at home sick, and impressed upon
+him the necessity of protecting the settlements in
+Kentucky. He then went before the executive council<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+of the state and asked for 500 pounds of gunpowder
+to be used in defense of the stations. The council
+agreed to lend this to the colonists as friends, but said
+they could not give it to them as fellow citizens. At
+this Clark refused to accept the gunpowder and
+intimated intentions of appealing for assistance elsewhere,
+saying that, "A country that is not worth
+defending is not worth having." This reply caused
+the recall of Clark to the presence of the council, and
+the gunpowder was conveyed to Pittsburgh and delivered
+to Clark for the colonists.</p>
+
+<p>At the next session of the legislature, through the
+splendid services of this same useful citizen, the territory
+which later became our commonwealth was
+erected into Kentucky County, of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>From this time on Clark was, by common consent,
+the moving master spirit in all the daring plans of his
+adopted state. With a seeing eye and an unsurpassed
+judgment he concluded that the Indian invasions
+were inspired by the British and that to stop this terrible
+warfare the colonists should strike at the fountain
+head. Accordingly he laid and perfected his plans
+for attacking the posts of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and
+Saint Vincents (now Vincennes). Virginia voted to
+defray the expenses and gave Clark two sets of instructions,
+one public, ordering him to proceed to
+the defense of Kentucky, the other private, ordering
+an attack on Kaskaskia.</p>
+
+<p>Descending the Ohio on flatboats or pirogues, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+landed, May, 1778, three companies of troops and several
+families on Corn Island, near the Falls of the Ohio.
+He drilled his raw recruits, reënforced with volunteers
+from the country, and a few weeks later, amid a total
+eclipse of the sun, set out with his frail fleet of four
+companies of one hundred and thirty-five fighting men.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0114.jpg" width="660" height="576" alt="&quot;On the night of July 4, they captured Kaskaskia.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;On the night of July 4, they captured Kaskaskia.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Landing on Owen's Island near the mouth of the
+Tennessee River, and striking across the country
+from Fort Massacre, or Massac, he began that wonderful
+march which won him undying fame.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meeting a party of hunters recently from Kaskaskia,
+Clark secured from them important intelligence and
+an offer to guide his forces where by a sudden surprise
+they believed the place could be easily captured. On
+the night of July 4, he took the town of two hundred
+and fifty inhabitants without the loss of one drop of
+blood.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the people were of French descent and had
+been taught by the British that the Kentuckians
+waged savage warfare. They were therefore terror-stricken
+until General Clark assured them that their
+own king, whose rule over them had been exchanged
+for that of the British by the treaty of Paris, 1763,
+had joined hands with America to stop the cruel war
+of the British and Indians. The French colonists
+were then overjoyed, said their French king had come
+to life, and offered to accompany the division that was
+to march to Cahokia.</p>
+
+<p>On July 6, that post was also surprised and taken;
+the inhabitants were dreadfully alarmed at the sight
+of the "big knife," but were soon reassured by their
+relatives and friends from Kaskaskia.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with these brilliant successes, General
+Clark felt that he must also capture Vincennes, but
+M. Gibault, the village priest of both that place and
+Kaskaskia, volunteered to inform the people of Vincennes
+that the king of France had become an ally
+of the American colonists. Soon the American flag
+floated over that fort and from the Lakes to the Mississippi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+the powerful arm of the British was broken,
+and the many Indian invasions of Kentucky were discontinued.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_FAMOUS_MARCH" id="A_FAMOUS_MARCH"></a>A FAMOUS MARCH</h2>
+
+
+<p>News came to General Clark in January of 1779,
+that the British under Governor Hamilton from Detroit
+had recaptured Vincennes and were waiting only till
+spring to advance with hundreds of Indian allies on
+Kaskaskia, obliterate the Kentuckians, and break the
+power of Virginia west of the Alleghenies. Learning
+at the same time that Hamilton had only about eighty
+regular soldiers with three cannons and some swivels,
+Clark decided not to wait to be attacked, but to take
+the aggressive. He at once sent forty-five men on a
+boat to proceed to a point near the mouth of the
+White River with instructions, to allow nothing to
+pass, and to wait further orders.</p>
+
+<p>Nine days after the important information reached
+him, General Clark with one hundred and seventy men
+started across flooded prairies, swollen streams, and
+inundated valleys. There is no more daring march
+recorded. Trudging through rain and mud, fording
+small streams, wading most of the time in deep water
+ofttimes to the armpits, they traveled without tents,
+depending on parched corn and the securing of game
+for food; at last they went for days with no nourishment
+whatever.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0117.jpg" width="660" height="621" alt="Clark and his men crossing a swollen stream." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Clark and his men crossing a swollen stream.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It took all the ingenuity of General Clark to keep
+up the courage of the soldiers. Sometimes he would
+plunge into the deep water singing a favorite song,
+when all would join in, fall in line, and sing as
+they waded. At another time, seeing the discouragement
+and despair in their faces, he blackened his face
+with gunpowder, gave an Indian-like war whoop, and
+plunged into the stream; again all followed. At another
+place a little drummer boy was placed on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+shoulders of a tall man and told to beat as if for his
+life. The enthusiasm of the boy and his stirring music
+quickly renewed the courage of the soldiers. A division
+was placed in the rear with orders to shoot any
+who "dropped out," and the march was continued
+through the freezing waters.</p>
+
+<p>Near Vincennes, they captured a Frenchman who
+had been duck shooting, and sent a letter by him to
+the French inhabitants saying that the fort would be
+stormed that night and they could choose between
+remaining quietly in their homes and receiving the
+friendly protection of the assaulters, or of going into
+the British fort and of abiding results.</p>
+
+<p>All was then commotion and people rushed out
+from their houses to learn the news. By a stratagem
+of Clark's his men were so marching in a circle behind
+an elevation that as they passed and repassed,
+flying many "colors," each man was counted dozens
+of times, and the inhabitants of the place thought
+there was an attacking force of many hundreds of
+people at their gates.</p>
+
+<p>For two days and nights, Clark's men besieged the
+fort. Their ammunition ran alarmingly low, yet Clark,
+Napoleon-like, was very demanding. At last the "Stars
+and Stripes" floated again over Vincennes, and thus
+was secured to our nation that vast tract out of which
+have been carved Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana,
+and Illinois, while the value to the colonists in Kentucky
+could not be easily estimated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_FIRST_CHRISTMAS_PARTY" id="THE_FIRST_CHRISTMAS_PARTY"></a>THE FIRST CHRISTMAS PARTY</h2>
+
+
+<p>When General George Rogers Clark had conquered
+the British and Indians in their stronghold in the
+Illinois country, he felt it safe for the few families he
+had left on Corn Island, near the Falls of the Ohio,
+to remove to the mainland, and so ordered that a fort
+be built there.</p>
+
+<p>Rows of log cabins joined together around a hollow
+square constituted this structure; at one corner there
+was a cabin, double the size of the others, that was to
+serve as a storeroom. In this building took place the
+first Christmas dinner and dance in Kentucky, as far
+as any record shows.</p>
+
+<p>The men ranged the forest and brought home rabbits,
+turkeys, deer, bears, and buffaloes. The women baked
+corn pone, hoecake and johnnycake, boiled and fried
+hominy, and prepared milk, butter, and cheese.</p>
+
+<p>Forks were driven into the earthen floor of the storehouse.
+On rough, unhewn, uncovered boards laid
+above poles stretched between the forks, the feast was
+served. Wooden platters held the meats, wooden
+plates the bread, and wooden bowls the hominy. The
+centerpiece that decorated the table and proved the
+great dish of the banquet was an opossum baked
+whole, hanging by its tail on a stick of wood, which
+was suspended over the center.</p>
+
+<p>The fiddler of the fort, an old negro named Cato, as
+well as every man, woman, and child, had been downcast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+for some time because the fiddle had only one
+string left. Patient Cato had tried horsehair and deer
+sinews, but no music could thus be made. Fortunately
+on Christmas eve a small boat landed near the fort
+and on it was a Frenchman with a violin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 587px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0120.jpg" width="587" height="660" alt="&quot;The Frenchman retired in a rage.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The Frenchman retired in a rage.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It did not take old Cato long to inquire if the musician<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+had any extra strings he would sell; learning that he
+had, Cato joyfully exchanged raccoon skins for the
+coveted strings, and gave the stranger an extra skin
+to tell nothing about the trade. Cato was intending to
+give the settlers a great surprise. Alas for his dreams!
+The traders from the boat being invited to the feast,
+the Frenchman happened to speak of an accident to his
+fiddle; whereupon he was besieged with requests to get
+his instrument and play, so they could dance. He reluctantly
+yielded, the table was cleared away, the older
+people and children ranged themselves around the walls,
+and the younger men and women impatiently waited
+on the smooth, dirt floor, until the music began.</p>
+
+<p>The Frenchman tried in vain to teach the fashionable
+dances of his homeland to the backwoods boys and
+girls. At last, becoming discouraged and disgusted, he
+retired in a rage. Then the old darkey approached him
+and politely asked if he might play while his honor
+rested. He was told to "play on."</p>
+
+<p>Soon to the music of old Cato's fiddle, the boys and
+girls were making merry by dancing the Virginia reel.
+Not till the midnight hour did either the dancers or
+fiddler weary or pause.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="FORT_JEFFERSON" id="FORT_JEFFERSON"></a>FORT JEFFERSON</h2>
+
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, the Sage of Monticello, the
+originator of many plans for the defense and perpetuation
+of our country, deserves a place of honor in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+records of Kentucky, for the interest shown in this,
+the then remote part of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>In a message in 1778, Governor Patrick Henry of
+Virginia suggested that a post be established and fortified
+on the Mississippi; but it was Governor Jefferson
+of the same state who later expressly said that the plan
+must be executed.</p>
+
+<p>Spain and France for years were zealous in their
+efforts to check the extension of the infant republic,
+control the great Mississippi, and make of Kentucky
+a Spanish province. Her geographical position and
+great river frontage caused them to realize her wonderful
+resources. So, to fortify the claim of the United
+States to the Mississippi as its western boundary,
+Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, engaged Dr.
+Thomas Walker with an able corps of surveyors to ascertain
+the point on the Mississippi River intersected by
+the southern limit of Virginia. He then, in 1780, instructed
+General George Rogers Clark to establish a
+fort and garrison near that point and afterwards to
+extend a line of forts to the north, both to offer protection
+and to establish possession. So in the summer of
+1780, General Clark with 200 soldiers erected and
+manned with cannons a fort at a point about five miles
+below where Cairo now is and near Wickliffe, Kentucky.
+Adverse criticisms fell from many because of
+this division and depletion of forces, but as in all
+other enterprises with which he was connected, Jefferson
+built not for the present alone but for the future as well.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By an oversight Clark and his soldiers failed to follow
+Jefferson's instructions to secure from the Chickasaw
+Indians, who owned the land west of the Tennessee
+River, the consent to the erection of the fort. They
+thereby aroused a spark of resentment that erelong
+became such a flame that the Indians began harassing
+and killing the families outside the fort. By threat
+of death, they forced one captive to describe the true
+state of the fort, in which, to their surprise, they learned
+there were only about thirty men and two thirds of these
+were sick with malaria. Soon the Indians marched,
+one thousand two hundred strong, under the command
+of a Scotchman named Colbert; but for five
+days these weakened frontiersmen with little water
+and less food, except green pumpkins, held the
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>Finally Captains Clark and Colbert met under a
+flag of truce, but failed to agree to terms. The fort
+even refused a demand to surrender, though told that
+the assistance they expected would not reach them.
+As night fell the Indians made a desperate assault,
+but the firing from one of the blockhouses so depleted
+and demoralized their ranks that they retreated.
+Reënforcements arrived soon after and the siege was
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>Though Fort Jefferson from its isolated position was
+finally forsaken, yet "its evacuation was a signal for
+peace," and the Indians here no longer molested the
+white settlers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_HARD_WINTER" id="THE_HARD_WINTER"></a>"THE HARD WINTER"</h2>
+
+
+<p>From November to March, 1779-1780, the settlers
+of Kentucky suffered untold anguish from the severity
+of the weather and the scarcity of food. More pioneers
+had come into the wilderness the preceding summer
+and so increased the population that the products of
+garden, field, and forest were soon exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>Deep, unmelting snow covered the land; many
+families coming by river were caught in the masses of
+ice, compelled to abandon their primitive boats, and
+encamp on the frozen shore; while the traveler by
+land found trails blocked with snow, creeks frozen
+solid, and the forest desolate. Horses, cattle, and
+many wild animals froze or died from want of nourishment,
+while so great was the extremity that the settlers
+were forced to eat the flesh of the animals that had
+thus fallen, and for months had to go without bread.
+In this severe cold, through the deep snow and over
+the solid ice, there could be little traveling. To secure
+supplies from elsewhere was impossible; and even
+when spring began to bring some relief, one bushel of
+corn brought, in the continental currency, from fifty to
+one hundred and seventy-five dollars. Complete relief
+could not come until the seedtime and the harvest
+home were over.</p>
+
+<p>The Pilgrims were not more grateful on their first
+Thanksgiving Day than were the Kentucky frontiersmen
+when plenty again abounded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="WILDCAT_McKINNEY" id="WILDCAT_McKINNEY"></a>WILDCAT McKINNEY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Though the pioneers of Kentucky endured many
+murderous attacks from the Indians, there were other
+dangers which were not trifling. One of the most
+exciting of these incidents was the experience of a
+man named John McKinney, who was employed at an
+early day by the people of Lexington, as their first
+teacher.</p>
+
+<p>At that time Kentucky had no newspaper, and items
+of interest from the states beyond the mountains were
+eagerly greeted by all. In May, 1783, a traveler
+passing through the embryo city of what is now the
+capital of our famed blue-grass section, brought with
+him a newspaper containing the Articles of Peace with
+Great Britain. All were anxious to read them. The
+fact that the Articles had not yet been ratified did not
+lessen the interest of the citizens. A copy of any paper
+was a treat, and such news as the Articles meant great
+hope for the struggling settlers. As the gentleman
+would resume his journey the following day and take
+with him the much-prized paper, some of the citizens
+appealed to McKinney to copy the Articles of Peace.</p>
+
+<p>At that time Lexington was only a cluster of about
+thirty cabins, and one which stood just outside the fort,
+near the present site of the courthouse, was used as a
+schoolroom.</p>
+
+<p>Thither, the next morning, the teacher went to copy
+the precious news of peace. While busily writing, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+heard a noise and glancing up saw a very unusual and
+unwelcome guest. A ferocious wildcat with bristles
+erect, tail curled, and eyes flashing, had paused on the
+threshold and was peering around the room. At first
+she did not see McKinney, but by some involuntary
+movement he attracted her attention, and she soon
+exhibited other than friendly emotions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 645px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0126.jpg" width="645" height="660" alt="&quot;The wildcat was not to be frowned down.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;The wildcat was not to be frowned down.&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Having been accustomed to subdue the backwoods
+boys and girls by the awfulness of his frown, the
+teacher tried the same tactics now; but the cat was
+not to be frowned down. As the teacher reached for
+a rule she, with the ferocity of a lion, sprang upon
+him, fastened her claws in his side, and began tearing
+his clothes, mangling his flesh, and inflicting such
+serious wounds that the blood flowed copiously.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing he could not long withstand her power
+and despairing of aught else to do, he threw his weight
+upon her and pressed her against the sharp corner of
+the table. Soon her weird cries were mingled with his
+calls of distress, and erelong the citizens knew something
+unusual was happening in the little schoolhouse. The
+women were first to answer the cry of alarm. Reaching
+the door, they paused to discover the cause of the
+commotion and seeing Mr. McKinney bending over
+the table, writhing and groaning, they at first glance
+thought that he had a severe attack of cramp, but
+quickly seeing the cat, one lady exclaimed, "Why, Mr.
+McKinney, what is the matter?"</p>
+
+<p>He very gravely replied, "Madam, I have caught a
+cat."</p>
+
+<p>By this time the cat was lifeless; but her teeth were
+so deeply imbedded in his side that the neighbors,
+many of whom had gathered by this time, had great
+difficulty in disengaging her.</p>
+
+<p>The shock, the wound, and the loss of blood made
+McKinney very sick and weak, and for several days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+he was confined to his bed while the boys and girls
+enjoyed a holiday.</p>
+
+<p>He lived to a ripe old age and was often heard to say
+he would rather fight two Indians than one wildcat.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="HOW_KENTUCKY_WAS_FORMED" id="HOW_KENTUCKY_WAS_FORMED"></a>HOW KENTUCKY WAS FORMED</h2>
+
+
+<p>When "the embattled farmers stood and fired the
+shot heard round the world," Kentucky was that portion
+of the "Old Dominion" that was destined to be
+the happy homes of so many men, valorous in the
+field and eloquent in the forum. The state to be, whose
+toast and boast has ever been her noble sons and fair
+daughters, was still called Fincastle County, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The last day of 1776, the year that saw the sons of
+the colonies rise in the majesty of their manhood and
+declare they would no longer submit to the rule of
+King George, the Virginia legislature divided Fincastle
+County into three counties, and called one of them
+Kentucky. This so remained until May, 1780, when
+Kentucky County was divided into Jefferson, Fayette,
+and Lincoln. Then the name of Kentucky was
+abandoned until in 1783, when an act of the Virginia
+legislature united the three counties into Kentucky
+District. On March 3, 1783, the first court convened
+at Harrodstown; but no house there being large enough,
+a church, six miles distant, was the home of the first
+judicial proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>An act of this court caused a log jail and courthouse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+to be built where Danville now stands. Immigrants
+continued to come to this "Eden of the West" and the
+three original counties were divided and subdivided
+until June 1, 1792, when Kentucky became the fifteenth
+star in the constellation. There were then nine counties
+with a total population of 100,000; from this embryo
+has come a commonwealth of one hundred and twenty
+counties, with an area of four thousand square miles, rich
+in minerals and timber, factories and fields.</p>
+
+<p>From the mountains of the east and the blue grass
+of the central part, even to the "Pennyrile" of the far
+west, each son of the "Dark and Bloody Ground"
+loves the land settled by Boone, Kenton, and Clark.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_REVOLUTION" id="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_REVOLUTION"></a>KENTUCKY IN THE REVOLUTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>The youth of our state may feel that because Kentucky
+was not one of the original Thirteen Colonies to
+make the heroic struggle for freedom, that she played
+no part in establishing and extending our national
+government.</p>
+
+<p>During this period, remote as was this part of Virginia
+from the centers of civilization, every road blazed,
+every settlement made, every victory over the red
+savage, had a far-reaching effect, not alone for the
+state in embryo, but for the national government.</p>
+
+<p>Had not the pioneers of Kentucky, with the heroism
+of the Romans of old, subdued the savages, stopped
+their depredations, and secured to the mother state of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+Virginia that vast tract out of which have been carved
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the
+power of England, to-day, might cut our continent
+in two.</p>
+
+<p>Kentuckians waited not for opportunity but made it.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Point Pleasant, in October, 1774,
+where the noted "Cornstalk" met defeat, there were
+with General Andrew Lewis men whose name and
+fame furnish much of Kentucky history. There were
+Harrod, the Shelbys, the Boones, and other intrepid
+leaders who afterwards brought out from chaos our
+infant commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this battle was more than local. It
+gave peace to the frontiersmen at the time the colonies
+were beginning the crucial contest with England and
+for a while prevented that barbaric warfare waged by
+the British and Indians united. So severe was the
+slaughter, it is said, that blood was found on each tree
+behind which the Indians and pioneers were posted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780 one of our pioneers who afterwards became
+our first governor, Colonel Isaac Shelby, was again in
+Kentucky locating lands that some time before he had
+marked out and improved, when he heard of the surrender
+of Charleston. A man with a soul so fired
+with patriotism could not be contented not to answer
+his country's call. He hurried home, secured volunteers,
+and did signal service in both North and South
+Carolina, and in Georgia. In a measure he overcame
+the defeat of Gates at Camden; by his momentous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+move, though not in supreme command, Colonel
+Shelby will ever be known as the hero of Kings Mountain,
+where the enemy surrendered after Ferguson with
+seventy-five officers and men had been killed.</p>
+
+<p>This was at the darkest hour of the Revolution and
+has been called "the first link in the great chain of
+events in the South that established the independence
+of the United States." These conquests by Shelby in
+the South, coupled with those of Clark at Kaskaskia,
+Cahokia, and Vincennes, were as important in both
+immediate and future results as any that illumine the
+pages of the Revolution.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKYS_PIONEER_HISTORIAN" id="KENTUCKYS_PIONEER_HISTORIAN"></a>KENTUCKY'S PIONEER HISTORIAN</h2>
+
+
+<p>To view Kentucky in its primeval beauty and rugged
+grandeur; to talk face to face with Boone, Harrod,
+Todd, Cowan, and Kennedy, those hardy hunters who
+blazed the way and changed the uncertain trail to a
+broad thoroughfare through the western wilds; to
+experience the difficulties and encounter the dangers
+of those dreadful days&mdash;were experiences for one who
+would essay to write a history of the country, the
+times, and the people. Yet such were the advantages
+enjoyed by Kentucky's earliest historian, John Filson.</p>
+
+<p>Born in Pennsylvania in 1747, given a common
+school and academic education, lured either by the
+spirit of adventure, the locating of lands, or the enthusiastic
+reports of the far-famed "second paradise"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+with its "happy climate and plentiful soil," Filson
+reached Lexington in 1782. Here he succeeded "Wildcat
+McKinney" as the second teacher in this "Athens
+of the West."</p>
+
+<p>While engaged in teaching, Filson was securing information
+that was to give to the world, not only the
+first history of Kentucky, but the first authentic
+account of that vast, transmontane wilderness about
+which so many exciting experiences had been recounted.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said, "he could ask more questions and
+answer fewer than any one of his time."</p>
+
+<p>Active, observant, accurate, he gave, in his "Discovery,
+Settlement, and Present State of Kentucky,"
+in 1784, a work of much merit. It contained the first
+map ever drawn of this state, showing the three original
+counties of Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>As this was before any printing presses had been
+set up in Kentucky or at any other point in the West,
+Filson carried his map to Philadelphia and his manuscript
+to Wilmington, Delaware.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0133.jpg" width="200" height="269" alt="John Filson." title="" />
+<span class="caption">John Filson.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This little book of one hundred and eighteen pages was
+deemed of such consequence that one year after its
+appearance, it was translated into French and published
+by M. Parraud at Paris. Three editions were printed
+in England by Gilbert Imlay, Kentucky's first novelist,
+who incorporated it in his "Topographical Description
+of the Western Territory."</p>
+
+<p>Not only was Filson a historian, biographer, and
+teacher, but he was also a practical, skillful surveyor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He led a restless, strenuous life. Soon after his first
+visit to Kentucky he was back on his native heath,
+again in the state of his adoption, next in the Illinois
+country gathering
+data for a history
+of that section, the
+manuscripts of which
+are now the property
+of the Wisconsin
+Historical Society.</p>
+
+<p>In 1788 Filson
+was associated with
+Mathias Denman
+and Robert Patterson,
+the founder of
+Lexington, in the
+purchase of a tract of
+eight hundred acres
+opposite the mouth
+of the Licking River,
+where they planned
+a town, now the city of Cincinnati, but named by
+Filson, Losantiville,&mdash;the "city opposite the mouth of
+the Licking."</p>
+
+<p>As the party deferred surveying and staking off lots
+for a while, Filson's restless spirit again urged him on;
+and, after surveying the Great Miami with a party, he
+ventured still farther alone and was never seen again.
+His friends supposed he was killed by the Indians;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+but there is no record of the time, place, or manner of
+his death, and nothing to mark his grave. His name
+has been aptly given to that body of earnest, eminent
+workers of Louisville, the Filson Club, who have done
+so much to collect and preserve the many interesting
+facts about Kentucky's early days.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="SPANISH_CONSPIRACY" id="SPANISH_CONSPIRACY"></a>SPANISH CONSPIRACY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Kentucky, the land of soldiers and statesmen, has
+erected in the hearts of her patriotic sons a monument,
+ever enduring, to Clark, Logan, Bowman, Scott, Shelby,
+Hardin, and scores of others whose work and courage
+won for us this fair domain. It can be truly said of
+each:</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">"An empire is his sepulcher,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His epitaph is fame."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Though these brave men had conquered the wild
+beasts and barbarous red men, there were still other
+forces to meet. When this far-away West, between the
+Alleghenies and the Mississippi River, began to prosper,
+homes were built, forests became fields, and products
+sought a market. As railroads were undreamed of,
+nature's method of transportation was their only outlet.
+To be able to load a flatboat with corn and
+other Kentucky crops, and float down the Ohio and the
+"Father of Waters" to New Orleans, would have made
+that city a great haven for the western pioneers. But
+Spain owned the mouth, and though Great Britain had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+ceded us free navigation of the river, Spain in the early
+nineties refused the free navigation and the right to
+deposit at New Orleans. Subsequent events will disclose
+how long this privilege was withheld.</p>
+
+<p>We have elsewhere told how out of Fincastle County,
+Virginia, 1776, the county of Kentucky was erected,
+while in 1780 it was divided into the counties of Fayette,
+Jefferson, and Lincoln, and in 1783 they were united
+into a Kentucky District. But so far removed was this
+district from the capital of the commonwealth, so insurmountable
+were the natural barriers at that time,
+so inadequate was the mother state to protect the
+pioneers, that they began seriously to consider a separation
+and the erection of another member of the
+general government. Yet so great was their love for
+Virginia, it was only with the most delicate suggestion
+they began. Convention after convention met and
+adjourned with nothing more accomplished than a
+postponement of the desire nearest their hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Vainly the people who had subdued this wilderness
+petitioned. Futile were the efforts of the national
+Congress or of the commonwealth of Virginia to grant
+their prayers. We can scarcely censure General
+James Wilkinson for wishing to cut the "Gordian knot
+of difficulty" by immediate separation and the erection
+of an independent government. At the same time the
+subtle music of the siren's song fell upon the ears of
+those who had won their homes through privations.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1785, Don Gardoqui was sent by the Spanish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+government to treat with the American government on
+any subject of dispute. The Honorable John Jay was
+commissioned to meet him, but the far-seeing members
+of Congress fortunately put the following check upon
+Mr. Jay: "That he enter into no treaty, compact,
+nor convention whatever with the said representative
+of Spain, which did not stipulate the right of the United
+States to the navigation of the Mississippi and boundaries
+as established by their treaty with Great Britain."</p>
+
+<p>In a few months, Jay urged upon Congress a commercial
+treaty, which would, he claimed, redound to
+the benefit of the United States; the consideration on
+her part was "she should forbear the use of the navigation
+of the Mississippi for twenty-five or thirty years."
+Jay, that had stood "like a stone wall" at Madrid and
+Paris, was now willing to barter away the privileges
+of the nation for a mere sectional gain. Happily, only
+seven of the requisite nine states voted favorably, and
+the chimerical plot failed. The facilities for knowing
+the actions of Congress were not nearly so great then
+as now; so when a communication was made, 1787,
+from Pittsburgh by "A Committee of Correspondence
+for Western Pennsylvania" to Kentucky pioneers, viz.:
+"That John Jay, the American Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs, had made a proposition to Don Gardoqui, the
+Spanish minister to the United States, to cede the navigation
+of the Mississippi to Spain for twenty-five or
+thirty years, in consideration of some commercial
+advantages to be granted to the United States; but such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+as the western country could derive no profit from,"
+the effect may be easily imagined.</p>
+
+<p>The people sent out a circular letter and prepared
+to hold a convention to oppose such oppression; but
+learning that the project had failed, after merely meeting
+and discussing the subject, they adjourned without
+any action upon it.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1787, General James Wilkinson secured the
+privilege from General Miro, Commandante, of shipping
+a vast quantity of tobacco to New Orleans annually
+and of depositing it in the government's warehouse.
+More than ever he now urged the importance to Kentuckians
+of the free navigation of this great river,
+and the right to deposit at New Orleans. Meanwhile,
+the Honorable John Brown of Danville had been chosen
+to represent the Kentucky District in Congress. Again
+the frontiersmen were doomed to disappointment when
+news came that the government had postponed the
+admittance of Kentucky, indeed, would refer the question
+to the new government.</p>
+
+<p>As Don Gardoqui had failed in his scheme with John
+Jay, he now very opportunely sought Representative
+Brown; with what effect may be read in this part of
+a letter from Mr. Brown to Samuel McDowell, president
+of the various Kentucky conventions: "In a
+conversation I had with Mr. Gardoqui, the Spanish
+minister, relative to the navigation of the Mississippi,
+he stated that, if the people of Kentucky would erect
+themselves into an independent state and appoint a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+proper person to negotiate with him, he had authority
+for that purpose, and would enter into an arrangement
+with them for the exportation of their produce to
+New Orleans on terms of mutual advantage." In a
+letter to Judge Muter, Mr. Brown sets forth the
+same, and in addition says: "This privilege can never
+be extended to them while part of the United States,
+by reason of commercial treaties existing between that
+court and other powers of Europe."</p>
+
+<p>In 1788, at Danville, sat the seventh convention
+earnestly endeavoring to be loyal to both the people
+and the parent state. In this assembly General Wilkinson
+said: "There is one way and but one way,
+that I know for obviating these difficulties, and that is
+so fortified by constitutions and guarded by laws, that
+it is dangerous of access and hopeless of attainment,
+under present circumstances." He dilated on the
+population, production, and prosperity of the country
+and its inalienable rights to the Mississippi. With
+natural adroitness, he caused the Honorable John Brown
+to tell the convention, "That provided, we are unanimous,
+everything we could wish for is within our reach."
+Wilkinson also read a message he had addressed to the
+"Intendant of Louisiana" wherein he urged that
+should Spain persist in her refusal of the navigation of
+the Mississippi and cause a resort to arms, Great Britain
+would join the western people in securing it, and thus
+all Spanish-America would be endangered. Whatever
+individual profit Wilkinson derived from his connection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+with the Spanish authorities may be forgotten when
+we realize that he and the court party he represented
+would forever have fought any act to lose to Kentucky
+the navigation of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state,
+and at last some of her trials were over. Still the
+British retained their forts and the Indians continued
+their depredations. At this time, the Revolution was
+shaking France from center to circumference. Remembering
+the aid of the French allies in our war for liberty
+and hating England with an implacable hatred, many
+of our people, especially the Kentuckians, were prepared
+to rally around the French flag.</p>
+
+<p>Democratic clubs, modeled after the Jacobean clubs
+of France, sprang up; and the one at Lexington was so
+urgent as to pass the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>"That the right of the people on the waters of the
+Mississippi to the navigation thereof was undoubted,
+and it ought to be peremptorily demanded of Spain
+by the United States."</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1793, the persons sent to Kentucky
+by Genêt to arrange an expedition against the Spaniards
+at the mouth of the Mississippi, found a field ripe for
+harvest. They raised a company of two thousand
+men and induced General George R. Clark, at the head
+of the expedition, to accept the position of "Major
+general in the armies of France and commander in chief
+of the revolutionary legions on the Mississippi." He
+then proceeded to call for volunteers to reduce the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+Spanish forts on the Mississippi, and open it for free
+navigation. Flattering offers were made to all who
+would engage. Governor Shelby of Kentucky felt it
+was beyond his jurisdiction to attempt to restrain
+these forces. So, early in 1794, President Washington
+warned the people of the unlawfulness of such an
+undertaking, and the dangers of such an expedition.
+General Wayne was ordered to Fort Massac, to prevent
+the descent of armed men. Soon after, Genêt was recalled,
+and his acts disavowed, and Washington's
+"friendship for all, but entangling alliances with none"
+was the policy of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1795, Governor Carondelet of
+Louisiana sent a messenger to Judge Benjamin Sebastian
+of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, requesting
+him to send agents to New Madrid to negotiate with
+Colonel Gayoso on the subject of the Mississippi and
+regulation of commerce between the local authorities
+at New Orleans and the people of Kentucky. In the
+latter part of the year, Judge Sebastian went to New
+Madrid, thence to New Orleans, where he secured the
+promise of the navigation of the Mississippi and New
+Orleans as a place of deposit, with duty payable only
+on imports. Fortunately for posterity, news came that
+in October, 1795, a treaty was consummated with Spain
+which acknowledged the United States as extending
+southward to 31°, and westward to the middle of the
+Mississippi. It granted us the free navigation of that
+stream and the right of deposit at New Orleans for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+period of three years, and a promise to continue these
+privileges longer.</p>
+
+<p>Whether or not the proposals of Don Gardoqui and
+Baron Carondelet were merely a commercial consideration
+on the part of Spain, yet dastardly in the extreme
+were the futile attempts she made in 1797 to have Kentucky
+withdraw from the Union, seize Fort Massac,
+and become an independent government.</p>
+
+<p>Money and arms galore were promised those infamous
+enough to enter into this conspiracy to extend
+the northern boundary of Spain's possessions east of
+the Mississippi to the Yazoo. Again Spanish conspiracy
+received a blow.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_KENTUCKY_INVENTOR" id="A_KENTUCKY_INVENTOR"></a>A KENTUCKY INVENTOR</h2>
+
+
+<p>Though the stalwart pioneers, dressed in their
+primitive suits of deerskin or homespun, pushed farther
+and farther into Kentucky, stopping not for privation
+or peril, danger or disaster, climbing cliffs, fording
+streams, fighting savages, yet they were not all merely
+unlettered backwoodsmen hunters and fighters.
+Though the education of nearly all was more or less
+limited, a number of these early courageous Kentuckians
+have made unusual contributions to the useful
+sciences. If not the birthplace, Kentucky was the home
+and the burial place of a trio who can claim priority
+in the invention of the steamboat.</p>
+
+<p>In 1778 there came to Kentucky from Connecticut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+a man of vigorous intellect and remarkable powers of
+perseverance, John Fitch. He had formerly been a
+silversmith, clock maker, and lieutenant in the Revolutionary
+forces from New Jersey. Though made captive
+by the Indians and held prisoner for a year, yet
+in 1780, as he gazed upon the beautiful Ohio, he had
+the first conception of overcoming currents by a new
+mode of navigation. Retiring to his surveyor's camp
+he pondered, and, remembering the work of Watt with
+steam, concluded that boats could be propelled by the
+same power.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0142.jpg" width="660" height="324" alt="Fitch&#39;s steamboat." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fitch&#39;s steamboat.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The story of his struggles, in petitions and disappointments,
+reminds one of Columbus, as he so long
+in vain sought aid to make his first voyage to
+America. In 1787, 1788, and 1789, Fitch built several
+boats, that made from four to seven and one half miles
+per hour between Philadelphia and Burlington. He
+petitioned the legislatures of a number of states as well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+as England, France, and Spain, and obtained not
+money, but the exclusive privileges of navigating certain
+streams by boats propelled by fire or steam. He
+became discouraged and finally despaired; he died at
+Bardstown, 1798, where his remains rest.</p>
+
+<p>A pathetic circumstance connected with his invention
+is related. He wrote three volumes of manuscript,
+sealed them, and placed them in the Philadelphia Library
+to be opened thirty years after his death. When
+opened, they touchingly related his disappointments,
+brilliantly foretold the perfection of his plans, and
+sorrowfully and bitterly said, "The day will come when
+some more powerful man will get fame and riches from
+my invention; but nobody will believe that poor John
+Fitch can do anything worthy of attention."</p>
+
+<p>By a coincidence two others, who chose Kentucky
+as their home, James Rumsey and Edward West, also
+were pioneers in this work. Both Fitch and Rumsey
+in 1784 exhibited their plans to General Washington.
+While Rumsey made his project public first, by means
+of a model, Fitch successfully plied a boat on the
+Delaware in 1785 and Rumsey on the Potomac the
+following year. Fitch claimed that he told Rumsey
+of his own plans to effect navigation by steam. In
+1794, in the presence of hundreds of citizens, a miniature
+boat invented by Edward West, who had removed
+from Virginia to Lexington in 1785, proudly moved
+through the waters of the town branch of the Elkhorn,
+which had been dammed up near the center of the city.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1802 Mr. West secured a patent not only for his
+steamboat invention, but for a gun lock and a nail
+cutting and heading machine, the first invention of the
+kind in the world, reputed to cut five thousand three
+hundred and twenty pounds of nails in twelve hours.
+The patent of it sold for $10,000 and its operation
+enabled Lexington to export nails of her own manufacture
+to Louisville, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>So, while it remained for Robert Fulton in 1807 to
+gain honor from his invention, yet when in 1813 he
+brought suit to establish his claims as the inventor of
+steam navigation, he was defeated by a pamphlet of
+John Fitch's, which proved conclusively there were inventions
+that antedated the <i>Clermont</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="OTHER_KENTUCKY_INVENTIONS" id="OTHER_KENTUCKY_INVENTIONS"></a>OTHER KENTUCKY INVENTIONS</h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1792, the year that Kentucky became a state,
+there came to Lexington a man named Nathan Burrows,
+who was a pioneer, not only as a settler, but as an inventor
+of the manufacture of hemp and a machine for
+cleaning it. He failed to reap any real benefit from
+this, but later manufactured a mustard that took a
+premium at the World's Fair in England in 1851.</p>
+
+<p>Another resident of Lexington, John Jones, in 1803
+invented a machine for sawing stone, and a speeder
+spindle.</p>
+
+<p>It remained for a Kentuckian, Dr. Joseph Buchanan,
+while a student of medicine at Lexington in 1805, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+originate the conception of the music of light to be
+accomplished by means of harmonific colors, luminously
+displayed, and to invent an instrument that produced
+its music from glasses of different chemical composition.</p>
+
+<p>Lexington, then the Athens of the West, was for
+many years the home of a native Kentuckian, a Mr.
+Barlow, whose fertile mind made him the most celebrated
+of this group of interesting inventors. Having
+built a steamboat at Augusta, after his removal to
+Lexington, he invented in 1826-1827 a steam locomotive
+for a railroad with a car attached for two passengers,
+with power to ascend an elevation of eighty feet
+to a mile. An oval track was constructed for it in a
+room. It was opened to the public for exhibition and
+several took rides at fifty cents a ticket on the first
+"railroad train" ever run successfully in western
+America. This was sold to a Mr. Samuel Robb, who
+exhibited the novelty at various cities including Louisville,
+Nashville, Memphis, and New Orleans; at the
+latter place it was burned while on exhibition. In
+1837 Mr. Barlow built another locomotive and likewise
+sold it to a person who traveled and exhibited it.</p>
+
+<p>The versatile mind of Mr. Barlow also produced a nail
+and tack machine, which was at once purchased and
+put into use by some capitalists. His rifled cannon,
+invented in 1840, patented later, caused Congress
+to appropriate three thousand dollars for an experimental
+gun, which, when finished and tested, was of
+greater accuracy and range than was even expected,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+and which is believed to have suggested most of the
+rifled guns since patented in both America and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The crowning invention of this great genius was his
+wonderfully complex production, a planetarium, that
+perfectly imitated the motions of the solar system, the
+first and only instrument of the kind in the world.
+This was so perfected as to produce the minute relative
+revolutions of the planets. The first instrument
+was sold to Girard College, Philadelphia. A number
+of small ones were later made for colleges and
+institutions, and one large one for the Military
+Academy at West Point, one for the Naval Academy at
+Annapolis, and one for New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these brought two thousand dollars each.
+One was exhibited at the World's Fair Exhibition,
+Paris, France, 1867, as Kentucky's contribution, and
+received the highest premium awarded any illustrative
+apparatus.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_MAN_WHO_KNEW_ABOUT_BIRDS" id="THE_MAN_WHO_KNEW_ABOUT_BIRDS"></a>THE MAN WHO KNEW ABOUT BIRDS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Kentucky is noted for her great hunters, Indian
+fighters, orators, and statesmen. But there also lived
+in this state for awhile&mdash;some of the time at Louisville,
+part of the time at Henderson&mdash;a man who knew
+more about birds than any one had ever learned before.</p>
+
+<p>This was John James Audubon. He was born in
+Louisiana near New Orleans, and lived several years in
+France, where he enjoyed every luxury. In after life,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+when he spent many years traveling through the forest,
+hunting, and studying the birds,&mdash;their homes and
+their habits,&mdash;he often went for days and days with
+very primitive food. He said his first recollections
+were of his home in the South, where he would
+lie among the flowers and listen to the songs of the
+mocking birds. While yet a boy he gathered birds'
+nests, birds' eggs, curious stones, and moss. He would
+kill and stuff the birds; but these failed to satisfy him,
+as their plumage was not bright like that of the live
+birds. So he began to make <i>pictures</i> of the birds
+instead. This was done many, many times before
+he was satisfied, for he wanted lifelike pictures of his
+feathered friends.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0148.jpg" width="300" height="480" alt="John James Audubon." title="" />
+<span class="caption">John James Audubon.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He married a young lady in Pennsylvania, and
+brought her down the Ohio in a flat-bottomed float
+called an ark,&mdash;a rather tiresome method for a wedding
+trip.</p>
+
+<p>He entered into business in Louisville with bright
+prospects, but hunting and studying birds had more
+fascination for Audubon than trade. Finally, competition
+becoming too strong, he and his partner shipped
+their goods to Henderson or Hendersonville; but business
+not being good, and the roving instinct strong,
+the stay was brief, and Audubon made another change.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later he returned to Henderson when he,
+with several partners, attempted to operate a steam
+mill; but the place was not suitable, every one concerned
+lost his money, and Audubon departed with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+only his sick wife, gun, drawings, and dog. Still he
+never despaired.</p>
+
+<p>Audubon spent most of his time in Kentucky,
+rambling in the wilds, and persons in both Louisville
+and Henderson have
+often spoken of seeing
+him come in with his
+great quota of game.
+He said Kentucky was a
+"sort of promised land
+for all sorts of wandering
+adventurers."</p>
+
+<p>While Audubon enjoyed,
+to the fullest,
+studying his favorite
+subject, birds, yet there
+were many difficulties
+to encounter and many
+deprivations to undergo.
+He had to travel
+many thousand miles,
+sometimes using the
+breasts of wild turkeys
+for bread and bear's grease for butter, sometimes living
+on only fruits and roots, sometimes having to quit this
+enchanting work for a while and turn dancing master
+or artist to procure funds.</p>
+
+<p>After Audubon had traveled, studied, written, and
+made many hundred drawings, rats got into his box<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+and cut up all his papers; for a while he was almost
+heartbroken and could scarcely eat or sleep. Finally,
+with true courage, he said, "I will make more drawings
+and make them better than any the rats cut up."
+So he persevered and, with the aid of his wife, who
+encouraged and inspired him in his great work, and
+gladly gave of her salary as a teacher to defray expenses,
+he at last went to Europe to arrange for its publication.</p>
+
+<p>He was made a member of the Royal Society at
+Edinburgh, concerning which he wrote his faithful wife,
+"So, poor Audubon, if not rich, thou wilt be honored
+at least and held in high esteem among men." In
+another letter he said, "I have run the gantlet of
+Europe and may be proud of two things,&mdash;I am
+considered the first ornithological painter and the first
+practical naturalist of America." His "Birds of
+America" contains pictures of one thousand sixty-five
+birds, natural size. His work has been called the "most
+magnificent monument that has been erected to ornithology,"
+and all over our land Audubon Societies have
+been formed to protect our friends in feathers.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_HERO_OF_HONOR" id="A_HERO_OF_HONOR"></a>A HERO OF HONOR</h2>
+
+
+<p>It takes neither the excitement of war nor the
+curious conditions of the far Orient to prove a man
+a hero of the highest type. Martial music, the roar
+of the cannon, the thud of the musket, and the flash
+of the saber have inspired many men to deeds of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+valor. We find incontrovertible evidence of this in
+every battle's record. These are accepted as facts
+with no fancy interwoven. But when we read of how
+Damon offered to stay in the place of his friend, Pythias,
+condemned to death, with the knowledge that if Pythias
+did not return by the hour appointed for the execution,
+he, himself, would be called upon to make the sacrifice;
+how he prayed that his friend would fail to come, but
+how that friend, by every conceivable plan, purposely
+came in time to accept his fate,&mdash;we sometimes wonder
+if any friendship could withstand such a test or any
+person's pledge be held in such exalted estimation.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days of Kentucky, when the shrill
+whistle of the locomotive had not yet reverberated
+among the hills, when the red schoolhouse was not
+found in every locality, nor the moonlight schools had
+wiped out illiteracy among the mountaineers, there
+dwelt in Lewis County a man by the name of Larkin
+Liles. He was the hardy son of a hardy race, who
+hunted and trapped, lived and loved; and while he
+knew not a letter of the alphabet, had never attended
+school a day in his life, nor heard the golden rule, yet
+his rugged honesty and high sense of honor can never
+be surpassed. The "benevolent qualities of head and
+heart by a primeval decree are not dependent on education,
+for although it enlightens and enlarges the
+mind of man, it does not always ennoble it." So this
+man, versed in naught but the backwoodsman's lore,
+gave the world a lesson in honor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, when at Vanceburg in the above-named
+county, and while under the influence of whiskey,
+he became involved in a rough-and-tumble fight with
+very serious results. For this offense he was tried,
+found guilty, and sentenced to serve one year in the
+penitentiary. It so happened that the sheriff of Lewis
+County at this time was a personal friend of "Jay-bird"
+Liles, and knew the soul of honor hidden by this
+rough exterior.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving the courtroom, the prisoner, in a voice
+husky with emotion, said, "Uncle Buck,"&mdash;everyone
+called the sheriff of Lewis County by this title,&mdash;"Uncle
+Buck, won't you let me go home and get in
+my winter's wood and fix to have my corn crap gathered,
+to fatten my hogs, to keep the young-uns on? Then
+I's come over to Clarksburg and go with ye to the
+penitentiary."</p>
+
+<p>Sheriff Parker asked, "How long will it take ye,
+Jay-bird?"</p>
+
+<p>"About two weeks," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>Then the magnanimity of the man shone forth,&mdash;some
+might say overcame the discretion of the
+officer,&mdash;when the sheriff replied, "Go ahead and do
+it." But so well did he know the pride with which
+"Jay-bird" Liles kept a promise, that he was as confident
+of his return at the promised time, as was Damon
+that Pythias would return.</p>
+
+<p>The wood was cut, an arrangement was made concerning
+the crop, the good-by kiss was given to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+weeping wife and helpless babes, and, feeling he was
+going on such a distant trip that he would never again
+return, Larkin Liles, just two weeks to the day and
+hour from the time of the above conversation, walked
+into the sheriff's office ready to be taken to Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p>When he told "Uncle Buck" that he was ready to
+start, the sheriff shook his hand and told him to spend
+the night with him, and on the morrow they would
+take the boat for Maysville, and from there go by
+stage to Lexington, and on to Frankfort. Again
+"Jay-bird's" voice trembled as he thought of the
+disgrace of being publicly taken by the sheriff to the
+penitentiary; and again he made a most singular request.
+"Say, Uncle Buck, I'd rather not do it. You
+go that way; but let me take my gun and walk through
+the mountains to Frankfort, won't ye? I'd rather do
+that, and maybe I might kill some game on the road.
+I'll meet you on any spot, on any day you appoint."</p>
+
+<p>What do you suppose the sheriff replied? Looking
+him straight in the eye he answered, "All right, Jay-bird,
+suit yourself. Frankfort lies right in yon direction;
+you can't miss it. When you reach Frankfort,
+go straight to the governor's office and tell him what
+you are there for, if I don't get there first."</p>
+
+<p>Then this rugged mountaineer, this unlettered, unpolished
+son of the hills, with honor as his watchword,
+dressed in the primitive style of the time and place,
+with his trusty rifle, started over the hills, through
+vales, and across streams to meet the sheriff at Frankfort,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+one hundred and fifty miles away, where he would
+hear the lock snap as it closed the door that would
+shut him in from freedom and friends.</p>
+
+<p>Early one June morning, two days later, before the
+people of Frankfort were abroad, a tall, gaunt, determined-looking
+backwoodsman, in buckskin clothes
+and a coonskin cap, looking as if he belonged to the
+days of Daniel Boone, made his way to the governor's
+mansion and quietly seated himself on a stone. As
+Governor Clark started from the mansion after breakfast,
+he was astonished to see this man of the mountains,
+who quickly inquired, "Say, Mister, be you the
+governor?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, my man, I am the governor. What can I
+do for you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles, and I
+come up here from Lewis County to get into the
+penitentiary for one year. Hed you saw anything
+of Buck Parker?"</p>
+
+<p>Utterly astounded, Governor Clark asked, "Who is
+Buck Parker?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Buck Parker is the high sheriff of Lewis
+County, Kaintucky. I thought everybody knowed
+that. We all call him 'Uncle Buck' Parker. He was
+to come by stage and meet me here. I walked
+through."</p>
+
+<p>While Governor Clark was eying him and trying
+to realize that such unheard-of proceedings had actually
+happened, "Jay-bird" said anxiously, "Say, Governor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+the sheriff ain't here yit, and I don't want to lose no
+time. Can't you let me into the penitentiary and
+tell Buck Parker whar he can find me when he
+comes?"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 531px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0154.jpg" width="531" height="660" alt="&quot;Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles.&quot;</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>More astonished than ever, Governor Clark said,
+"Have you had your breakfast, Mr. Liles?"</p>
+
+<p>With a shake of the head, "Jay-bird" said that he
+had traveled all night and upon reaching the city had
+come straight to the governor. The governor at
+once took him in, gave him his breakfast, and told
+him to go over to the capitol, until he could learn
+more about the case.</p>
+
+<p>Ten hours later, the sheriff came by stage and soon
+found "Jay-bird" at the governor's office. When
+the sheriff introduced himself to Governor Clark, the
+governor immediately asked if it was a fact that this
+man, condemned to a year of confinement and hard
+work in the penitentiary, had trudged on foot alone
+all the way from Lewis County. When told it was just
+as "Jay-bird" had said, the governor, in amazement,
+asked, "Is the man crazy? Couldn't he have escaped?"</p>
+
+<p>"Easily, and all the sheriffs, constables, and rewards
+could never have caught him. No, 'Jay-bird' is not
+simple; he is only honest." The governor was so
+interested he asked for all the details.</p>
+
+<p>Then "Uncle Buck" told of the fight, the trial, and
+the conviction, of how "Jay-bird" had kept his word
+when permitted to go to say good-by to his loved
+ones, of his long life of honesty and hospitality, and
+of how he had begged to come alone on foot to Frankfort,
+rather than as a common, convicted felon.</p>
+
+<p>With a heart heaving with emotion and eyes dim
+with tears, the executive hastily affixed his name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+and the seal of the commonwealth to a small piece of
+paper, and, handing it to Larkin Liles, said in a husky
+voice, "Mr. Liles, go home to your family and kiss the
+little ones for me. You shall never enter the penitentiary
+while Clark is governor of Kentucky."</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_PRIDE_OF_THE_PENNYRILE3" id="THE_PRIDE_OF_THE_PENNYRILE3"></a>THE "PRIDE OF THE PENNYRILE"<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>It is eminently proper that the metropolis of "Jackson's
+Purchase" should bear a name of Indian origin.
+Although the greater part of Kentucky, with its fertile
+meadowlands, towering forests, and tangled cane-brakes,
+was only the hunting ground of the red men,
+yet all that territory in Kentucky and Tennessee lying
+between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers was
+the home of the Chickasaw Indians. This large
+tribe had their main town at Chickasaw Bluffs, where
+Memphis now stands, with a number of other settlements
+scattered throughout this seven million acres of
+fertile lands.</p>
+
+<p>As Kentucky was once a part of Virginia, and as
+the "Old Dominion" was a British colony, this section
+was once claimed by Great Britain. After the Revolutionary
+War, Virginia, relying on the former policy of
+the mother country, that,</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">"They should take who have the power,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And they should keep who can,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p>
+<p>allowed George Rogers Clark, in recognition of his
+services in the Northwest Territory, to enter several
+thousand acres of land, including the present site of
+the capital of McCracken County.</p>
+
+<p>At that time there were no white settlements in this
+section; but as early as the year 1806 or 1807 there
+was a flatboat landing and woodyard at the mouth of
+the Tennessee River, kept by a genial Irishman named
+Pat Dugan. The first name given the place, and the
+one by which it was known for many years, was Pekin.</p>
+
+<p>On October 19, 1818, through Governor Isaac Shelby
+and General Andrew Jackson, commissioners, the
+United States bought from the Chickasaw Indians
+their tract referred to above, which in the present
+state of Kentucky includes the counties of Ballard,
+Calloway, Carlisle, Fulton, Graves, Hickman, Marshall,
+and McCracken.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the hero of Kaskasia, Cahokia, and
+Vincennes had been infirm and poor. We all remember
+the touching scene when the Virginia commission
+presented him a sword in recognition of his great services
+to the United States; the old soldier listened in
+gloomy silence for a while and, finally, thrusting the
+sword into the ground and breaking it, he exclaimed,
+"When Virginia needed a sword I found one. Now I
+want bread!" By the treaty just mentioned the title
+of George Rogers Clark was made clear, but as he had
+died a few months previous to this his tract passed
+to his brother, General William Clark, of St. Louis,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+who had accompanied Meriwether Lewis on the noted
+Lewis and Clark Expedition.</p>
+
+<p>A few years after, General William Clark came to the
+little town of Pekin accompanied by an Indian chief
+who had become a friend of his while on his Western
+trip.</p>
+
+<p>In Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia," he speaks of a
+tribe of Indians called "Paducahs." In the "Handbook
+of American Indians" we find that the "Paducahs"
+belonged to the warlike Comanches, this being the name
+given them by the Spaniards. There is in Texas a
+small town of about one thousand five hundred inhabitants,
+named Paducah from this tribe of Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Paducah, Kentucky, is named, not from the tribe, but
+from an individual Indian. In his diary of the Lewis
+and Clark Expedition, General William Clark speaks
+more than once of the kindness shown his party by a
+scattered branch of the Paducahs, and of how their
+chief became his friend. Dr. Catlin tells, in speaking
+of the tribes of the West, of a chief of the Mandans,
+Indians that often intermarried with the Comanches,
+named "Paducheyeh," meaning "tall or upstanding
+chestnut tree." Whether or not he was the one who
+became the friend of General Clark we do not know,
+but when the Comanches came southward, their old
+chief, called Paducah, went to St. Louis, and then
+came with General Clark on a visit to the town of
+Pekin, where he died with fever, and was buried near
+Third Street just beyond Tennessee.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A log cabin was placed around his grave, and pioneer
+residents have told of a party of Indians coming from
+beyond the Mississippi and holding ceremonies over
+Paducah's grave. These were Comanches, or to use
+their tribal name, Paducahs.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the individual name of the old chief who
+had befriended General Clark was one of the many
+varied spellings of Paducah, or whether General Clark
+called him by his tribal name instead, we know not.
+Yet there was a real chief in recognition of whose
+kindness the "Pride of the Pennyrile" was named
+Paducah.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="LUCY_JEFFERSON_LEWIS" id="LUCY_JEFFERSON_LEWIS"></a>LUCY JEFFERSON LEWIS</h2>
+
+
+<p>As travelers on the waters of "La Belle Rivière"
+pass between the historic town of Smithland and the
+unpretentious hamlet of Birdsville, few are aware
+that they are within a mile or two of the grave of a
+younger sister of the writer of our Magna Charta.</p>
+
+<p>Though Lucy Jefferson Lewis was the sister of the
+man to whom we owe our American decimal coinage
+system, our statute for religious freedom, our
+Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia,
+and the Democratic party; though she was the
+wife of Dr. Charles L. Lewis, brother of the noted
+Meriwether Lewis; and though she was blessed with
+wealth, culture, love, and family; yet to-day she sleeps
+in an unmarked grave in Livingston County.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Filled with enthusiasm for the then far West, the
+Lewis family, in 1808, ten years after Livingston
+County was formed, moved to Kentucky, purchased a
+tract of land about three miles from Smithland, and
+on a lonely, rocky hill overlooking the beautiful Ohio,
+raised their rooftree, and with their Virginia slaves,
+began a home in the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>Some say that Dr. Lewis came with his wife,
+children, and servants; others, that he did not
+come until eight or nine months after the family
+arrived. Be that as it may, all agree that he was
+unsociable and moody, and that he soon tired of
+his primitive abode and left, they supposed, for his
+former Virginia home. All alone with her children
+and servants in the Western wilds, is it any marvel
+that Lucy Jefferson Lewis should sigh for the happy
+home of her youth?</p>
+
+<p>On a lonely, rocky promontory, where she could gaze
+far up the river, she would sit day after day, straining
+her eyes to see if there might be a "broadhorn" coming
+with news from her dearly beloved Virginia.
+If one was spied, a servant was at once sent out in a
+small boat to bring to her the long-wished-for papers.
+But this rare Virginia flower did not long survive
+transplantation, and in 1811 she was buried near her
+new home, with only a rough stone from the hillside
+to mark her last resting place.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few short months afterward, there was enacted
+by two of her sons, Lilburn and Isham, a most revolting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
+tragedy. Then Lilburn died and it is said Isham,
+under an assumed name, entered the volunteer army
+and fell at the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.</p>
+
+<p>The other son and three daughters left on file, in
+the county clerk's office at Smithland, a writing dated
+August 29, 1814, conferring upon Thomas Jefferson
+the power of attorney to recover certain lands for them
+in Albemarle County, Virginia. They subsequently
+married, moved into other states, and nothing is left
+to mark the homestead but a pile of rocks. Three
+sunken places, overgrown with the wild wood, show
+the last resting place of Lucy Jefferson Lewis, her
+son Lilburn, and his wife, while the cold autumnal
+winds, sighing through the treetops, chant a sad
+requiem above the lonely, deserted spot.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="NATURAL_CURIOSITIES_IN_KENTUCKY" id="NATURAL_CURIOSITIES_IN_KENTUCKY"></a>NATURAL CURIOSITIES IN KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Kentucky, rich in minerals, fertile soil, varied
+forests, and diversified products, is also a land where
+Nature has been lavish with her curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the most important natural curiosities are
+the following: In Boone County there is Split Hill,
+where a deep zigzag path of great extent has been
+formed; in Breckinridge County there is Sinking
+Creek, a stream so large and powerful that it drives
+machinery the entire year; at a point about six miles
+from its source it disappears and shows no trace for
+more than five miles, when it reappears and flows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
+into the Ohio. As early as 1847, a Mr. Huston utilized,
+for a mill erected on this stream, a natural dam of
+rock, eight feet in height and forty feet in width.</p>
+
+<p>In Carter County there are also two smaller streams
+that flow for some distance underground. In the
+same county, in early days, there was an artesian well
+that threw up a jet, about the size of a barrel, to a
+height of four feet.</p>
+
+<p>Christian County contains also some sinking streams,
+forks of Little River, beside Pilot Rock, which rests
+upon elevated ground, has a comparatively level
+summit, covers about one half acre of ground, and is
+about two hundred feet high. This county also contains
+a natural bridge, which crosses a deep ravine
+with an artistic arch of sixty feet, and is thirty feet in
+height.</p>
+
+<p>Picturesque falls, ninety feet high, are found in
+Clinton County, while "Rock House," forty feet high
+and about sixty feet square, is located in Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>In Edmonson County, besides the wonderful Mammoth
+Cave, there is "Dismal Rock," almost perpendicular
+and one hundred and sixty-three feet high.</p>
+
+<p>In Grant County, for many years an object of great
+curiosity, was an immense poplar tree, nine feet in
+diameter; it is said a man on horseback, after it lay
+prostrate, could barely touch the top of the trunk
+with the tips of his fingers.</p>
+
+<p>A natural fortification, a circular tableland, from
+fifty to one hundred and twenty-five feet high, impossible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+of ascent except in one place, is an object of
+great interest in Hancock County.</p>
+
+<p>In Jessamine County, amid awful grandeur and
+gloom, the Devil's Pulpit is found, with a total elevation
+of three hundred feet.</p>
+
+<p>In Lincoln County the Knobs, some with a base one
+hundred and fifty yards in diameter, two hundred
+feet high, and entirely destitute of vegetation, attract
+great attention.</p>
+
+<p>Mantel Rock, or Natural Bridge, in Livingston
+County, in picturesqueness rivals the far-famed Natural
+Bridge of Virginia. This rock, resting against the
+hillside, is eight and three fourths feet thick and twenty
+feet wide; its arch spans two hundred and twenty feet.
+One of the paintings that attracted most attention in
+the Kentucky building at the St. Louis World's Fair
+was the artistic reproduction of this picturesque place
+by Mrs. Georgia McGrew Edwards.</p>
+
+<p>In Lyon County, near Eddyville, 1848, several men
+explored a cavern for half a mile, where a large stream
+of water, an underground river, was found to be flowing.</p>
+
+<p>About three miles from Benton, in Marshall County,
+on a high hill, there is a lake about sixty yards in
+diameter, whose depth is unknown; its waters neither
+rise nor fall, but stand about fifty feet above the bed
+of the creek below.</p>
+
+<p>In Meade County, between Salt River and Sinking
+Creek, are several knobs and groves that the pioneers
+used as points of observation from which to detect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+the movements of the Indian parties just after they
+crossed to the south side of the Ohio River.</p>
+
+<p>Bardstown, in Nelson County, is built on an elevation
+under which is a natural tunnel, several feet in diameter,
+of circular form, reaching from the eastern to the western
+extremity of the eminence.</p>
+
+<p>Owen County has several objects of interest, among
+them being Point of Rocks, about seventy-five feet
+high, overhanging Deep Hole, whose depth has never
+been ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>In Rockcastle County, Bee Cliff rears its summit
+three hundred and fifty-five feet above the river; there
+are also a number of saltpeter caves where large quantities
+of saltpeter were manufactured during the War
+of 1812. The largest, called Great Saltpeter Cave,
+with its many rooms, some of which cover an area of
+several acres, with its subterranean river and weird
+grandeur, is a rival in all respects but size to the noted
+Mammoth Cave of Edmonson County. The Fall
+Cliffs, at some points three hundred feet in height, are
+unsurpassed in grandeur.</p>
+
+<p>Among the places of interest in Union County there
+is, standing upon level bottom land, a rock two feet
+thick, twenty feet wide, and fifty feet high which, on
+account of its spur resembling the horn of an anvil,
+is called Anvil Rock. In the same county a large
+flat rock, deeply indented with impressions of the
+human foot of various sizes as well as the distinct
+footprints of the dog is found.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In Warren County, Wolf Sink, one hundred and fifty
+feet wide by three hundred feet long and in depth
+varying from twenty feet on the south side to one
+hundred and fifty feet on the north side, is an interesting
+place.</p>
+
+<p>The Cumberland River in its passage through Whitley
+County has a perpendicular fall of more than
+sixty feet, forming Cumberland Falls, a picturesque
+cascade, the roar of which can be heard sometimes for
+more than twelve miles both above and below the
+cataract. Behind the sheet of falling water one can
+pass nearly across the river bed.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_WORLDS_GREATEST_NATURAL" id="THE_WORLDS_GREATEST_NATURAL"></a>THE WORLD'S GREATEST NATURAL<br />WONDER</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In Edmonson County, near Green River, was discovered
+in 1809, by a Mr. Hutchins, while in pursuit
+of a wounded bear, that matchless subterranean
+palace,&mdash;the Mammoth Cave.</p>
+
+<p>It consists, not of one chamber, but of many magnificent
+rooms, winding avenues, towering domes, bottomless
+pits, picturesque cataracts, mystic rivers,
+gloomy seas, and crystal lakes, on five different levels.
+Geologists agree that this immense cavern was carved
+out of the limestone ages ago, by both the mechanical
+and chemical action of the water. Viewing
+the huge columns that have been formed by depositing
+the almost infinitesimal amount of lime dissolved from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+the rock, one stands in awe at the thought of the great
+span of time required for this marvelous work.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0166.jpg" width="660" height="456" alt="A view in the Mammoth Cave." title="" />
+<span class="caption">A view in the Mammoth Cave.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here no ray of sunshine lights up the darkness;
+here no sound breaks the silence; here no seasons
+come and go; here no living creature&mdash;save the
+torpid bat, the sluggish lizard, the silent cricket, the
+shy rabbit-like rat, and eyeless fish&mdash;exists.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many picturesque spots in this cave
+are the Bridal Altar, formed of several pillars grouped
+into arches; the Old Arm Chair, in which Jenny Lind
+once sat and sang; the Giant's Coffin, a massive stone,
+forty feet long, twenty feet wide, and nine feet thick,
+that fell, ages ago, from above; Audubon Avenue; the
+Bat Chamber, where thousands of bats spend the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+winter clinging to the ceiling, in most places smooth
+and white as if made by a master hand; the Devil's
+Arm Chair, a large stalagmite in which is a comfortable
+seat; Napoleon's Breast Works; Lover's Leap, and
+Gatewood's Dining Table; Fat Man's Misery, River
+Hall, and Bacon Chamber, the last looking like a part
+of a pork-packing house; the Dead Sea, the Corkscrew,
+the Holy Sepulcher, Martha Washington's
+Statue, Shelby's Dome; the rivers Lethe, Echo, and
+Styx; and last the Star Chamber, sixty feet wide,
+seventy feet high, and four hundred feet long. Here
+the guide leaves you in absolute darkness for a
+while, until from his vantage ground he so illuminates
+the high ceiling that when you look upward, the
+heavens seem studded with stars; a comet with its
+blazing tail appears, clouds cross over, midnight
+with its utter darkness comes, and finally day
+begins to dawn.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="HOW_REELFOOT_LAKE_WAS_FORMED" id="HOW_REELFOOT_LAKE_WAS_FORMED"></a>HOW REELFOOT LAKE WAS FORMED</h2>
+
+
+<p>About two o'clock in the morning of December 16,
+1811, the inhabitants of southwestern Kentucky,
+especially those in Fulton County, were aroused and
+alarmed by a most destructive earthquake shock
+that shook the Mississippi Valley throughout. It
+extended all along the Ohio beyond Pittsburgh,
+passed the Alleghenies, and died on the far-away
+coast of the Atlantic Ocean.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first sign of the catastrophe was distant, rumbling
+sounds, succeeded by continued discharges as of
+unnumbered pieces of artillery. Then the earth
+rocked, chasms yawned, columns of coal, sand, and
+water shot up, while electric flashes, shooting through
+the otherwise impenetrable darkness, added horror
+to the scene. Twenty-seven distinct shocks were
+experienced before dawn. Then shock followed shock,
+the land was overshadowed by a dense, black cloud of
+vapor to which the light imparted a purplish tinge,
+but no sunbeam penetrated the pall that overhung all.</p>
+
+<p>Lakes appeared where hills had been; elevations
+of land were found instead of lakes; the land in many
+places, miles in extent, was sunk below the level of
+the surrounding country. The current of the Mississippi
+was driven upstream for several hours, on
+account of an elevation in its bed; the waters boiled
+up in huge swells and violently tossed the boats thereon;
+sandbars gave way; huge trees crashed and disappeared
+in the maddening billows; the shores opened
+in wide fissures, closed, and threw huge jets of water,
+sand, and mud high above the treetops. The water
+of the river was changed to a reddish hue, thick with
+mud thrown up from its bottom, while the trembling
+surface was covered with huge masses of foam.</p>
+
+<p>From this temporary barrier, made by the upheaval
+of the bottom and the sinking of the sandbars and
+banks, the river rose five or six feet in a few minutes;
+then the booming waters with redoubled fury rushed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+forward with resistless power and carried everything
+before them. Boats, with horror-struck crews, shot
+down the declivity "like arrows from the bow," and
+were overwhelmed or wrecked on snags, that had been
+thrown up from the bottom of the river, or were carried
+down in the vortexes. These shocks continued every
+day until December 21, and occasionally until February
+of the succeeding year.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this extensive and exciting convulsion
+that Reelfoot Lake, in Fulton County, made its first
+appearance. This great and singular body of water
+was formed by sand, blown out of a chasm opened
+by the earthquake, damming the waters of a creek,
+which spread over the territory and formed a lake
+twenty feet deep, from three fourths to two and a
+half miles wide, and seventeen miles long. For many
+years the tops of immense trees could be seen in the
+water by boatmen as they hunted the waterfowls or
+cast line for the fish with which it abounds.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_VALOR_IN_1812-1815" id="KENTUCKY_VALOR_IN_1812-1815"></a>KENTUCKY VALOR IN 1812-1815</h2>
+
+
+<p>The young republic of the United States tried to
+follow the warning of Washington, "Friendship to
+all, entangling alliances with none." Although France
+had aided us in our struggle for independence, we remained
+neutral when war was carried on between her
+and England. Although it was said of our President,
+that he "could not be kicked into a fight," yet, when our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
+commerce was well-nigh destroyed, our sailors taken
+from our vessels and forced to serve in the British
+navy, and our vessels fired upon by England's, we
+followed the policy of two of our most gifted
+Southern sons, Clay and Calhoun, and on June 18,
+1812, again declared war against Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>When the call came for volunteers to aid the regular
+army, although Kentucky's quota was only five thousand
+five hundred men, from mountains and glens,
+from field and farm, from bench and bar, from every
+walk of life, came her best blood, seven thousand strong,
+volunteering their services to their country's cause.</p>
+
+<p>When one thousand five hundred men were required
+to join General Hull in his expedition against the
+savages, in the Northwest, two thousand answered
+the call, only to learn, after crossing the Ohio, that
+Hull had cowardly surrendered his army and the
+whole of Michigan territory to the British, although
+his army numbered nearly double the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>For several months, at various times and places, the
+Kentucky troops did special and efficient service.
+In January of the succeeding year, Colonel Lewis
+with from seven hundred to one thousand Kentuckians,
+marched against a combined force of British and
+Indians at Frenchtown on the river Raisin, and drove
+them from the village. Three days later, General
+Winchester was told that a large force of the enemy
+was on its way to attack the victors. As the night
+was bitter cold, the precaution of stationing pickets<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+was neglected, and early the next morning, two thousand
+British and Indians under General Proctor suddenly
+attacked the camp. The Kentucky riflemen fought
+stubbornly for hours. Their ammunition ran low,
+but still they fought. Even when summoned to
+surrender they, Spartanlike, preferred death. But,
+being promised that their wounded would be safely
+guarded and humanely treated, they laid down their
+arms. History records how this promise on the part of
+Proctor was not kept, how the drunken Indians burned
+and tomahawked the helpless men and officers, until
+long afterward the rallying cry of the Kentuckians was,
+"Remember the river Raisin&mdash;Raisin and Revenge."</p>
+
+<p>At Fort Stephenson, one hundred and sixty men
+under Colonel Croghan of Kentucky repulsed Proctor
+with nearly four thousand. When the idolized General
+Isaac Shelby went at the head of the Kentuckians,
+all felt that he would lead them to victory.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that when Commodore Perry wrote, "We
+have met the enemy and they are ours," after his
+memorable victory on Lake Erie, that one hundred
+sharpshooters from Kentucky had aided in the capture.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of the Thames nearly all the American
+troops were Kentuckians, and that gallant soldier,
+Colonel Richard M. Johnson, did noble service in the
+killing of the noted Tecumseh. When Jackson, barricaded
+behind cotton bales at New Orleans, defeated
+Pakenham with his veteran forces, more than one fifth
+of the American soldiers were Kentucky riflemen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="A_TRIUMVIRATE_OF_ELOQUENCE" id="A_TRIUMVIRATE_OF_ELOQUENCE"></a>A TRIUMVIRATE OF ELOQUENCE</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0172.jpg" width="200" height="267" alt="Thomas F. Marshall." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Thomas F. Marshall.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0173.jpg" width="200" height="305" alt="Richard H. Menefee." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Richard H. Menefee.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Kentuckians, past and present, have ever been
+distinguished for their brilliant, persuasive oratory
+on the stump, at the bar, or in the forum.</p>
+
+<p>Three of the most eloquent
+men our state claimed
+in the nineteenth century
+were Clay, Marshall, and
+Menefee.</p>
+
+
+<p>Wherever Thomas F.
+Marshall, a native of Kentucky,
+lifted up his voice,
+he entranced all with his
+profound logic, flight of
+fancy, stinging satire, and
+beauty of language. Had
+his powers of self-control
+been as great as his genius,
+learning, and eloquence, no
+position in the dizzy heights would have been beyond
+his reach. But his brilliancy, his worth, and his work
+were all obscured by that dreadful blight, intemperance.
+Mr. Marshall's tribute to another orator and
+statesman, Richard H. Menefee, is pronounced by all
+to be one of the most graceful and eloquent passages
+in our literature.</p>
+
+<p>Born in obscurity, rising rapidly by his own energy
+and eloquence, at twenty-three Menefee was the commonwealth's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+attorney. At the bar his success was
+phenomenal. In the state
+legislature and in the United
+States Congress, where he
+served one term each, he, from
+the first, was recognized as
+a student and a statesman
+surpassed by  none. His
+strength of character, his
+courage of conviction, his
+surpassing eloquence, brought
+praise from all. When at
+the height of fame, when men
+eagerly sought his counsel,
+and throngs hung upon his
+words, consumption closed his brief but brilliant life in
+his thirty-second year.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKIANS_IN_TEXAS_AND_MEXICO" id="KENTUCKIANS_IN_TEXAS_AND_MEXICO"></a>KENTUCKIANS IN TEXAS AND MEXICO</h2>
+
+
+<p>Among the volunteers that flocked to the support of
+Texas when she threw off the yoke of oppression there
+were many hundred Kentuckians. However, our state
+was not aggressive about the annexation of the new
+republic, which all saw might lead to war with Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>After the annexation, General Zachary Taylor, an
+adopted Kentuckian, was sent with troops to protect
+Texas, and soon war began. When Kentucky called for
+thirty companies, one hundred and five were organized.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At Monterey some of our bravest fell, among them
+being Major Philip N. Barbour. General William O.
+Butler was among the number severely wounded. In
+honor of their bravery on this battlefield, the Kentucky
+legislature passed complimentary resolutions on the
+Louisville Legion, and presented swords to General Taylor,
+General Butler, and the widow of Major Barbour.</p>
+
+<p>At the bloody battle of Buena Vista, where General
+Taylor had nearly five thousand men, one fifth of the
+troops were from Kentucky. The Mexicans had a
+force more than five times the number of the Americans,
+still the victory was ours. As the killed and
+wounded were eighteen per cent of the enlistment,
+Kentucky paid dearly for the glory won.</p>
+
+<p>Among the fallen were Colonel William R. McKee,
+Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay, oldest son of the great
+statesman Henry Clay, and Adjutant Vaughn.</p>
+
+<p>When many, who had given their lives for the cause,
+were reinterred at Frankfort and a fitting monument
+was erected, on it was inscribed this quotation from
+the immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of the Dead," by
+our soldier-poet, Theodore O'Hara:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+
+<span class="i4">"The muffled drum's sad roll has beat<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The soldier's last tattoo!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">No more on life's parade shall meet<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">That brave and fallen few;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">On Fame's eternal camping ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Their silent tents are spread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And Glory guards, with solemn round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The bivouac of the dead."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="CLAY_THE_GREAT_COMMONER" id="CLAY_THE_GREAT_COMMONER"></a>CLAY, THE GREAT COMMONER</h2>
+
+
+<p>In Hanover County, Virginia, April 12, 1777, was
+born Henry Clay, the "Millboy of the Slashes," who
+in after years became the idol of our state,
+and one of the most notable figures in
+the entire Union.</p>
+
+<p>Left fatherless at the age of five
+years, his teaching and training
+devolved upon his mother. So
+well did she perform her part that
+much of her illustrious
+son's greatness may rightfully
+be ascribed to maternal
+influence.</p>
+
+<p>At the early age of
+twenty-one Henry Clay became
+a member of the bar at Lexington,
+and it was not long before his
+genius, his eloquence, and his
+versatile powers made for
+him a name that will
+ever endure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 405px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0175.jpg" width="405" height="660" alt="The &quot;Millboy of the Slashes.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The &quot;Millboy of the Slashes.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He served the state
+of his adoption in the lower house of the state legislature
+for several terms. Part of that time he was
+speaker of the house, in which position the zeal, energy,
+dignity, and decision characteristic of him distinguished
+his every act. Later he was elected representative to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
+the lower house of the United States Congress, was re-elected
+several times, and during the entire time was
+Speaker of the House, having received the very high
+and unusual compliment of being thus chosen on the
+first day he appeared as a member of that body.</p>
+
+<p>He served as a valuable member of the commission
+which met at Ghent, Belgium, to arrange the treaty
+of peace between this country and Great Britain in 1814.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0176.jpg" width="660" height="338" alt="Henry Clay&#39;s Home, &quot;Ashland.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Henry Clay&#39;s Home, &quot;Ashland.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He served with marked success in the United States
+Senate; his great genius, his high patriotism, his
+boundless energy, and fiery eloquence so swayed the
+people that more than once civil war for a time was
+averted, sections were reconciled, and he won the title
+of the "Great Pacificator."</p>
+
+<p>Convinced of his duty, Henry Clay was conscientious
+in discharging it, and when he thus lost the highest
+office in the gift of the nation he uttered the memorable
+words, "I would rather be right than be President."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He did not need this office to confer honor on him;
+he would have conferred honor on the office.</p>
+
+<p>His fame was world-wide. His service as a statesman,
+his power as an orator, his courage as an antagonist,
+his cogency of reasoning, his untiring efforts as a
+peacemaker, spread from ocean to ocean and even
+beyond the seas. When he was laid to rest at his
+beloved Ashland, high potentates, distinguished persons,
+and the great common people alike bowed their
+heads.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_WAR_BETWEEN" id="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_WAR_BETWEEN"></a>KENTUCKY IN THE WAR BETWEEN<br />
+THE STATES</h2>
+
+
+<p>From Kentucky cabin homes came the two men
+who were destined to be the political leaders in the
+greatest conflict that ever shook our continent.</p>
+
+<p>In 1808, Jefferson Davis, who became the President
+and idol of the Confederacy, first saw the light in that
+part of Christian County that was afterwards erected
+into Todd.</p>
+
+<p>In 1809, Abraham Lincoln, the war President of the
+United States, was born in that part of Hardin County
+that afterwards became Larue.</p>
+
+<p>The gifted Kentuckian, Henry Clay, had by his
+pacific measures postponed war, but it was not to be
+averted. When it came, our governor, Beriah Magoffin,
+attempted neutrality, and refused to raise troops
+for either army. From many homes, however, went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+soldiers to each side; friend was arrayed against
+friend, brother against brother, and father against
+son. The hour of patriotism, danger, and privation
+had come. When the first gun in the war was fired
+at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, a native Kentuckian,
+Major Robert Anderson of the United States army,
+commanded the garrison.</p>
+
+<p>On our soil both Confederate and Federal forces
+were raised. Various towns were occupied and fortified
+by soldiers, at some places under the Stars and
+Bars, at other places under the Stars and Stripes.</p>
+
+<p>The boys that wore the gray entered Kentucky and
+fortified themselves at Columbus and Hickman under
+Major General Leonidas Polk, and at Cumberland
+Gap under General Zollicoffer. The boys in blue,
+acting under orders from Brigadier General U.S. Grant,
+invaded the state at Paducah.</p>
+
+<p>General Albert Sidney Johnston of Kentucky took
+command of the Confederate "Central Army of Kentucky,"
+and under his orders General Simon B. Buckner
+fortified Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<p>At Wildcat Mountain, near London, a bloody conflict
+took place, General Zollicoffer leading the
+Confederates, and Colonel T.T. Garrard and General
+Schoepff the Federals. The Confederates, being outnumbered,
+withdrew, after a loss to each side.</p>
+
+<p>At Sacramento, Colonel Forrest defeated a company
+of Federals two days after Christmas, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Early the next year General Zollicoffer and General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>
+George B. Crittenden encountered General Thomas
+at Mill Springs; reënforcements came to the Federals,
+the gallant Zollicoffer fell, and the Confederates were
+forced to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>At Big Hill, in Rockcastle County, the Federals
+were defeated; at Richmond the Confederates were
+again victorious, while at Munfordville they were
+repulsed.</p>
+
+<p>At Augusta a bloody battle between Colonel Basil
+Duke's men and the home guards under Dr. Joshua T.
+Bradford resulted in another victory for the Confederates.</p>
+
+<p>In the severe battle of Perryville, where 25,000
+Federals, under General A. McCook, met 16,000 Confederates
+under General William J. Hardee, the Federal
+loss was more than four
+thousand and the Confederate,
+one thousand less. This
+was one of the most desperately
+contested battles of the
+war.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0179.jpg" width="200" height="235" alt="Gen. John H. Morgan." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Gen. John H. Morgan.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>That daring Confederate
+cavalryman, General John
+H. Morgan, the "Francis
+Marion" of the Confederacy,
+captured Glasgow, Elizabethtown,
+and the blockhouses
+at Muldraugh's Hill, where he tore up the railroad
+track. Colonel Cluke defeated the Federals at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+Mount Sterling, destroyed railway trains, and captured
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>At Bardstown, Maysville, Tompkinsville, Cynthiana,
+and Paducah, the two sides met in deadly conflict.
+At the latter place the daring Confederate cavalryman,
+General Nathan Bedford Forrest, entered with his
+troops. Here also General A.P. Thompson, while
+gallantly leading his troops in a charge on Fort Anderson,
+fell pierced by a cannon ball.</p>
+
+<p>At Murfreesboro, Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga,
+Vicksburg, Donelson, Shiloh, Baton Rouge, Stone
+River, indeed, on almost every battlefield, Kentucky
+courage was tested and never found wanting.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the crucial conflict more than thirty
+thousand of the flower of our Kentucky manhood had
+fallen, and thousands more were crippled.</p>
+
+<p>More than forty thousand Kentuckians followed the
+fortunes of the Confederacy. Among them were:
+General Albert Sidney Johnston; Lieutenant Generals
+Simon B. Buckner and John B. Hood; Major Generals
+John C. Breckinridge, William Preston, and George B.
+Crittenden; Brigadier Generals John Hunt Morgan,
+Humphrey Marshall, Ben Hardin Helm, Basil W. Duke,
+Roger W. Hanson, Lloyd Tilghman, John S. Williams,
+George B. Hodge, Thomas H. Taylor, Henry B. Lyon,
+Adam R. Johnson, and Richard S. Gano.</p>
+
+<p>More than one hundred thousand of the white men
+of our state and eleven thousand negroes enlisted in
+the Federal cause. Among the former were numbered:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+Major Generals Thomas L. Crittenden, Cassius M.
+Clay, Don Carlos Buell, William Nelson, Lovell H.
+Rousseau, and Thomas J. Wood; Brigadier and Brevet
+Major Generals Robert Anderson, Richard W. Johnson,
+Stephen G. Burbridge, W.T. Ward, Walter C.
+Whittaker, John T. Croxton, and Eli Long; Brigadier
+Generals James M. Shackelford, James S. Jackson,
+Green Clay Smith, Speed S. Fry, Jerry T. Boyle,
+Edward H. Hobson, T.T. Garrard, L.P. Watkins, and
+W.P. Sanders.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Kentuckians engaged we can truly say no
+braver men were found on either side; no better citizens
+have helped to develop our state since the conflict
+closed. Now only a few veterans are left on either side.
+Most of them are</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Under the sod and the dew<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Waiting the judgment day;"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+</div></div>
+
+<p>so let all unite in</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Love and tears for the blue<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Tears and love for the gray."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="WHY_SOME_CITIES_WERE_SO_NAMED" id="WHY_SOME_CITIES_WERE_SO_NAMED"></a>WHY SOME CITIES WERE SO NAMED</h2>
+
+
+<p>When a baby is christened we at once wonder why
+it was so named, especially if the name be a new or odd
+one. When we hear a new name for an invention we
+begin to look up the etymology of the word to see why
+it is so called. So it is with places, for there is a reason
+for their names being what they are. Take the beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+capital of the blue-grass section of our state, and
+we find an interesting romance concerning its origin.
+In the year 1775, when</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">"The first oath of Freedom's gun<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Came on the blast from Lexington,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>a party of hunters, while in camp on one of the branches
+of the Elkhorn, learned that the first battle between the
+British and Americans had taken place. To commemorate
+the important event they called the place of their
+encampment Lexington. William McConnell, Francis
+McConnell, Alex McClelland, John McClelland, David
+Perry, and Charles Lecompt came down the Ohio in a
+large canoe as far as the mouth of the Kentucky,
+thence up that stream to the Elkhorn region, where
+they explored and made some improvements, between
+April and June of 1775.</p>
+
+<p>Another party&mdash;Joseph Lindsay, William Lindsay,
+Patrick Jordan, Garret Jordan, and John Vance&mdash;explored
+the country and made some improvements in
+the vicinity of the present site of Lexington, and Joseph
+Lindsay, here, at the spring, built an "improver's
+cabin" and raised the first corn and beans in that
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Lexington was not permanently settled until a few
+years later, by Colonel Robert Patterson and others.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1773 two parties from Virginia
+came down the Ohio River to explore the rich lands of
+Kentucky. One of these made the first survey and
+settlement at what is now the metropolis of our state.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
+In August, Captain Thomas Bullitt laid off a town at
+this site, which was occasionally visited by different
+persons. No permanent settlement was made until
+in the spring of 1778, when General George Rogers
+Clark brought a few families and left them on an island
+near the Kentucky shore, which was called Corn Island
+from the circumstance that the settlers raised their first
+Indian corn there. In the fall of the same year, after
+Clark had captured the British posts that had served
+as the fountain head for the Indian incursions, the
+settlers felt more secure and removed from the island
+to the mainland. In 1780 the legislature of Virginia
+passed an act to establish the town of Louisville at
+the Falls of the Ohio, naming it in honor of Louis XVI
+of France, whose troops were at that time aiding the
+Americans in their fight for liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780, on the Kentucky River, where our capital
+now stands, a party, among whom was Stephen Frank,
+on their way from Bryan's Station to the fort at Lexington
+to secure salt, encamped and were attacked by the
+Indians. Two were wounded, and Frank instantly
+killed. In memory of Frank the place was ever after
+called Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p>Covington was named in honor of General Leonard
+Covington, who distinguished himself at Fort Recovery,
+1749. The name of Colonel Richard Henderson,
+the head of the Transylvania Company, is perpetuated
+in Henderson, or, as it was formerly known,
+Hendersonville. Bowling Green, denoting a plat for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
+bowling, probably came from the name found in
+Yorkshire, England.</p>
+
+<p>Hopkinsville perpetuates the name of the Revolutionary
+hero, General Samuel Hopkins. Owensboro
+was named in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen, who
+fell at Tippecanoe. Ashland gained its name from the
+vast amount of ash timber in that region. Maysville
+bears the name of its founder, John May. Georgetown
+and Washington both took their names from our
+first President.</p>
+
+<p>The first part of Mount Sterling was named from
+the many mounds in the vicinity, the latter from a
+city in Scotland. Richmond was named for a city in
+Virginia, and Shelbyville for our first governor. Smithland
+was named for Captain James Smith, the first
+white man to explore that region. Catlettsburg and
+Danville were called respectively from their founders,
+Horatio Catlett and Walker Daniel. Lebanon, with
+its abundance of cedar trees, was named for the mountain
+in Palestine, where such trees abound.</p>
+
+<p>Paris, from the city in France, Versailles, from the
+royal palace in that city, and Glasgow, from a city in
+Scotland, bear transatlantic names. Eminence from
+its elevated position, and Eddyville from the eddies
+in the Cumberland River near there, bear names
+descriptive of the places. Kuttawa, or Cuttawa, the
+red man's first name for the Kentucky River, is the
+only town in the state, besides Paducah, bearing an
+Indian name. Carrollton, from Charles Carroll, Franklin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>
+from the great philosopher, Ludlow, from Israel
+Ludlow, and Princeton, from William Prince, its first
+settler, perpetuate names noted in history, science,
+and frontier days.</p>
+
+<p>Cynthiana, for Cynthia and Anna, daughters of the
+proprietor, and Elizabethtown, for the wife of Colonel
+John Hardin, are the only towns in the state named for
+women.</p>
+
+<p>Morganfield, for General Daniel Morgan, Nicholasville,
+for Colonel George Nichols, and Greenville, for
+General Nathanael Greene, commemorate, respectively,
+three Revolutionary officers. Bardstown, Campbellsville,
+Flemingsburg, and Hawesville perpetuate the
+names of their founders, David Baird, Adam Campbell,
+John Fleming, and Richard Hawes, respectively.
+Berea is from the ancient city in Macedonia, Columbus
+from the great navigator, and Lancaster from a town
+in Pennsylvania; Adairville and Morehead from two
+former governors, Governor John Adair and Governor
+James Morehead. Captain Paschal Hickman, Honorable
+John L. Murray, Colonel T.D. Owings, and the
+Wickliffes are remembered respectively by the towns
+of Hickman, Murray, Owingsville, and Wickliffe.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_SCIENCE" id="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_SCIENCE"></a>KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Whether we consider the valuable additions to
+scientific literature, note the practical, useful inventions,
+or record the actual activities in various scientific<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+lines, many Kentuckians will be found on the eminent
+roll.</p>
+
+<p>A Louisville woman, Ellen C. Semple, has given us
+"American History and its Geographic Conditions."
+James N. Baskett, while a novelist, has also contributed
+some scientific papers that have won him fame in many
+lands. John Uri Lloyd,&mdash;both novelist and scientist,&mdash;though
+a native of New York, was reared in Kentucky.
+He is a noted chemist and has written much
+along his line.</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0187.jpg" width="200" height="384" alt="Rafinesque, the
+Naturalist." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rafinesque, the
+Naturalist.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Elsewhere, we have spoken of Kentucky inventors,
+and also given a sketch of the great ornithologist,
+John James Audubon. We are indebted for facts
+about prehistoric Kentucky to "Ancient History or
+Annals of Kentucky" published as an introduction to
+Marshall's "History of Kentucky," by the eccentric
+naturalist, C.S. Rafinesque. Though born in Constantinople,
+he spent seven years as professor of the
+natural sciences, and of the French, Spanish, and
+Italian languages in Transylvania University in Lexington.
+It was Rafinesque who, amid all the privations of
+pioneer traveling, explored Kentucky in the early part
+of the nineteenth century, from Greenup on the east
+to McCracken County on the west. He covered nearly
+the entire area of the blue grass, and also included in
+his itinerary the remote counties, Adair, Clay, Harlan,
+Perry, Pulaski, and Rockcastle, and located one
+hundred and forty-eight sites and five hundred and five
+ancient remains or monuments of the Mound Builders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Audubon tells of his first meeting with this great
+antiquarian, whose dress, if not fashionable, was at
+least remarkable. He wore, says Audubon, "a long,
+loose coat of yellow nankeen which hung loosely about
+him like a sack, much the worse for the many rubs it
+had got in its time and stained all over with the juice
+of plants. A waistcoat of the same,
+with enormous pockets, reached over
+a pair of tight pantaloons, the lower
+part of which was buttoned down to
+the ankles." In this attire, with a
+bundle of dried plants on his back,
+Rafinesque accidentally approached
+Audubon and asked where the noted
+naturalist lived. Upon learning it was
+the great Audubon to whom he was
+speaking, Rafinesque handed him a
+letter of introduction in which the
+writer recommended an "odd fish"
+which might not have been described in any published
+treatise. Audubon at once asked to be shown the
+"odd fish," but soon realized that Rafinesque answered
+to that name. It was during this visit, that, in his excitement
+to secure a new species of bat, Rafinesque
+demolished Audubon's favorite violin. His versatility,
+his energy, and his achievements stamp him as one of
+the most remarkable of men in many lines of thought
+and activity.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>In the field of medical science, also, Kentucky in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
+both past and present has been noted. In 1806,
+Doctor Brashear of Bardstown successfully performed
+an amputation at the hip joint, the first operation of
+the kind in the United States. In 1809, Doctor
+Ephraim McDowell of Danville performed one which
+was the first of its kind in the world, and of which
+Doctor Gross in his "Lives of Eminent American Physicians
+and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century" says,
+"Had McDowell lived in France, he would have been
+elected a member of the Royal Academy of Surgery,
+received from the king the cross of the Legion of Honor,
+and obtained from the government a magnificent reward
+as an acknowledgment of the services rendered his
+country, his profession, and his fellow creatures."</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BESSEMER_STEEL_IN_KENTUCKY" id="BESSEMER_STEEL_IN_KENTUCKY"></a>"BESSEMER STEEL" IN KENTUCKY</h2>
+
+
+<p>One most important invention or discovery of the
+nineteenth century was made by William Kelly, who
+came from Pittsburgh and located near Eddyville, in
+Lyon County, in 1846. Here he operated both the
+Union and the Suwanee furnaces, mostly by slave labor,
+until he conceived the plan of using Chinese workers,
+which he secured through a New York tea house. As
+these Celestials, with their pigtails, were the first in
+this section, they created a great deal of curiosity.
+Mr. Kelly, having a special knowledge of chemistry
+and metallurgy, investigated and experimented in the
+manufacture of iron, and concluded that the crude metal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>
+could be converted into steel without fuel; that by
+placing the fluid metal in a suitable furnace and forcing
+powerful blasts of air through the molten mass, he
+could produce the desired result.</p>
+
+<p>His veteran forgemen could not conceive of metal
+being "boiled" by simply blowing air through it, for
+it had been their experience that air blown over its
+surface chilled it. They knew nothing of the affinity
+of oxygen with carbon for producing heat; they had
+always consumed quantities of charcoal to secure this
+greater heat; they had buried bars of wrought iron in
+charcoal in a furnace, where, the air being shut off, the
+charcoal was slowly burned for two or more weeks.
+Then the product was taken out and melted, forming
+"cast steel." So they were completely surprised when
+forcing the currents of air through the mass of iron
+intensified it to incandescence and refined the metal.</p>
+
+<p>The experiment was made in 1851 and used by Mr.
+Kelly advantageously for many years. Being almost
+isolated in practically a wilderness, thirty miles from
+even the nearest country press, the inventor failed to
+advertise and take proper advantage of his invention.
+In 1855, however, many of the steamboats plying the
+Ohio River were using boiler plates made from iron
+prepared by "Kelly's air-boiling process." The next
+year Henry Bessemer, an iron manufacturer of England,
+took out a patent for this pneumatic process, to
+which his name has been given; but, although Mr.
+Kelly was delayed in securing his patent by his attorney,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>
+when the claim was heard by the commissioner of
+the Patent Office in this country, it was decided that
+Mr. Kelly was the inventor and his patent was at once
+granted. For many years Mr. Kelly received a royalty
+on his interest in the inventions. In time the patents
+of Kelly, Bessemer, and Mushet were combined.
+Prior to this discovery, steel cost five times as much
+as iron; now steel rails, wearing four times as long as
+iron, cost only a few dollars more per ton. Thus we
+see the incalculable importance of another Kentucky
+invention, for now steel is made directly from pig iron
+in about thirty minutes, instead of as formerly in almost
+as many days.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_ARTISTS" id="KENTUCKY_ARTISTS"></a>KENTUCKY ARTISTS</h2>
+
+
+<p>While Kentucky's sons and daughters have enriched
+the field of science by inventions and discoveries, they
+have not neglected the fine arts.</p>
+
+<p>Among the painters, Matthew H. Jouett of Mercer
+County from early childhood displayed a talent by
+drawing sketches with a lead pencil. He became a
+pupil of Gilbert Stuart, who always called him "Kentucky."
+Jouett, on the occasion of La Fayette's
+visit, painted the noted general, and from that sketch
+painted the life-sized one that hangs in the State
+House. His pictures were on exhibition at the World's
+Fair at Chicago and compared favorably with those of
+the best foreign painters. It is said that Thomas S.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>
+Noble, another native of Kentucky who has won fame
+with his brush, exclaimed after viewing Jouett's portraits,
+"Rembrandt is next to God and Jouett is next to
+Rembrandt." The Honorable Charles Summers, who
+had made a study of foreign artists, on seeing one of
+Jouett's portraits,
+examined it closely
+and exclaimed,
+"What a glorious
+Van Dyck!" Richard
+Jouett Menefee
+made a catalogue
+a few years ago of
+three hundred and
+thirty-four paintings
+by his grandfather.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0191.jpg" width="200" height="258" alt="Matthew H. Jouett." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Matthew H. Jouett.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Frankfort was
+born another boy,
+Joseph H. Bush,
+whose talents at an
+early age caused
+him to use his mother's hearth and a piece of charcoal
+to sketch a profile of his father. Among his noted
+works are portraits of General Zachary Taylor, Benjamin
+W. Dudley, and Governor John Adair.</p>
+
+<p>John Grimes, who lived many years in this state, is
+noted for a portrait, "The Country Lad," and "Suicide,"
+a composition. Oliver Frazer first saw the light<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
+in Fayette County. He studied under Jouett and
+Thomas Sully, and later at Paris, Florence, Berlin,
+and Ludlow, where he and P.R. Healy, fellow students,
+became fast friends.</p>
+
+<p>Though he was born in Pennsylvania, so much of the
+work of Louis Morgan was done in Kentucky that we
+class him with her artists. His "Simon Kenton" was
+the most prominent picture at an exhibition in the
+Academy of Fine Arts at Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>As a boy, Samuel W. Price also exhibited artistic
+talent; among his portraits being "Old King Solomon"
+and one of Chief Justice George Robertson. Among
+his works in composition are "Caught Napping" and
+"Gone Up." There are also W.C. Allen, Mrs. Eliza
+Brown, Aaron H. Corwine, Paul Sawyier, Nevill Cain,
+and others who have done creditable work.</p>
+
+<p>The poet-sculptor, Joel T. Hart, when only five
+years old modeled figures of animals in clay, molded a
+button out of pewter, and carved in wood. His first
+work of note was a bust from life of General Cassius
+M. Clay; among other noted men of whom he made
+busts were General Andrew Jackson, the Honorable John
+H. Crittenden, Robert Wickliffe, and the Reverend
+Alexander Campbell. His statue of Henry Clay now
+stands on the capitol grounds at Richmond. Louisville
+and New Orleans each ordered a statue of Clay.
+After that came Hart's masterpiece, "Woman Triumphant,"
+which stood for years at Lexington, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>The Kentucky legislature appropriated twelve hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
+dollars for removing the remains of Joel T. Hart
+from Florence, Italy, and reinterring them at Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p>Although born in California, Mrs. Mary Anderson
+de Navarro, an artist in another line, spent her girlhood
+in Louisville, so Kentuckians have ever claimed
+her as "Our Mary." Her brilliant stage career is known
+to all.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_LETTERS" id="KENTUCKY_IN_THE_FIELD_OF_LETTERS"></a>KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF LETTERS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Kentucky, rich in themes for song and story, has
+attracted the attention of some of the master minds of
+literature. Sir Walter Scott in "Marmion" sings of</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Kentucky's wood-encumbered brake."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>George Gordon (Lord Byron) in "Don Juan" names</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>while Alfred Tennyson tells of</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Kentucky's chambers of eternal gloom."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0194.jpg" width="200" height="344" alt="James Lane Allen." title="" />
+<span class="caption">James Lane Allen.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Her own sons and daughters, native and adopted,
+have also sung her glories, and in many other themes
+have made a great contribution to American Literature.
+Gilbert Imlay was our first novelist. Since him it is impossible
+to name all who have brought honor to their
+state by their works, but among the writers of prose
+are the noted novelists James Lane Allen and John
+Fox, Jr. Gertrude Atherton's writings include "The
+Bell in the Fog," "Rulers of Kings" and "Rezanov."
+Alice Hegan Rice has delighted many with "Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>
+Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch" and "Lovey Mary."
+Ingram Crockett's "A Year Book of Kentucky
+Woods and Fields" and "A Brother of Christ" give
+him a place in this group.
+Edwin C. Listey's "Love
+Story of Abner Stone" and
+"The Race of the Swift"
+are honors to their creator.</p>
+
+<p>Abbie Carter Goodloe's
+"At the Foot of the Rockies"
+has been favorably compared
+with some of Kipling's works.
+Frank Waller Allen in "Back
+to Arcady" has given a pastoral
+romance. Mary Raymond
+Shipman Andrews has
+distinguished herself in "A
+Kidnapped Colony" and
+"The Perfect Tribute."</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Young and old delight in the "Little Colonel Stories"
+by Mrs. Annie Fellows Johnston, "Emmy Lou" by
+Mrs. George Madden Martin, and Eva A. Madden's
+"Two Royal Foes." John Bacon gave us "The Pursuit
+of Phyllis"; Nancy Huston Banks, "Oldfield";
+Eleanor T. Kinkead, "The Invisible Bond"; and Mrs.
+H.D. Pittman, "The Belle of the Blue-grass Country."
+Hallie Erminie Rives-Wheeler has given "Hearts
+Courageous" and "Tales from Dickens."</p>
+
+<p>John Uri Lloyd has described mountain life in "Redhead"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>
+and "Stringtown on the Pike," while his "Etidorhpa"
+shows a master mind.</p>
+
+<p>James Tandy Ellis has delighted all with his dialect
+stories in "Sprigs o' Mint." Mrs. Fannie Caldwell
+Macauley (Frances Little) has written "The Lady of
+the Decoration," while "Aunt Jane of Kentucky" by
+Mrs. Eliza Calvert Obenchain (Eliza Calvert Hall) has
+attracted universal attention.</p>
+
+<p>John Wilson Townsend in "Kentuckians in History
+and Literature" and "Kentucky in American Letters"
+has done a great work for an appreciative public.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/ill-0196.jpg" width="200" height="280" alt="Madison Cawein." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Madison Cawein.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>William C. Watts' "Chronicles of a Kentucky Settlement"
+is a great pen picture of early times; and Irvin
+S. Cobb's "Back Home" and "Cobb's Anatomy" have
+won him undying fame as a story teller and humorist.</p>
+
+<p>In other lines of prose we find John Bradford's
+"Notes on Kentucky," histories of the state by Marshall,
+Lewis and R.H. Collins, Z.F. Smith, Elizabeth
+Kinkead, and Ed Porter Thompson; also the works of
+Humphrey Marshall, Mann Butler, Thomas Corwin,
+Fornatus Cosby, Samuel D. Gross, Henry Watterson,
+Bennett H. Young, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Since our first poet, Thomas Johnson, there have
+been many who have won credit in verse.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore O'Hara's immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of
+the Dead" is known to all. John Wilson Townsend
+has called Madison Cawein the successor of Sidney
+Lanier; Edmund Gosse calls him the "hermit thrush,"
+while others have named him the "Kentucky Keats."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>
+Cale Young Rice has won fame in dramatic verse.
+Thomas H. Chivers, a native of Georgia, spent some
+time in Kentucky. He accused
+Poe of stealing some
+of his words in "The Raven"
+from him.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Burns Wilson, the
+poet-painter, has published
+several volumes of the highest
+merit. Bishop John L. Spalding,
+William O. Butler,
+Fornatus Cosby, Jr., George
+D. Prentice, Sarah T. Bolton,
+Mary E. Betts, Henry T.
+Stanton, Sarah N. Piatt, and
+a host of others have written
+verse that will compare favorably with that of many
+writers more renowned.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="KENTUCKIANS_IN_HISTORY" id="KENTUCKIANS_IN_HISTORY"></a>KENTUCKIANS IN HISTORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Whether we write of the hardy pioneer facing
+danger and privation, of the volunteer soldier freely
+offering up his life on the altar of his country, of the
+great general leading his men to victory, of the mature-minded
+statesman helping to guide the ship of state, or
+of the brilliant orator swaying thousands by his eloquence,
+we find Kentuckians in every rôle. Likewise
+we find the skillful surgeon severing the diseased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
+part from that aglow with health, the learned lawyer
+tactfully pleading his client's cause, the able heads
+of our government discharging well their duty, the
+learned judge of our highest court presiding with wisdom
+and justice, and the consul to foreign countries
+shedding luster upon the post he holds. Again we note
+the scholarly heads of universities training the youth of
+the land, the sound business man striving for a better
+city, the patriot answering in any form his country's
+call, the great naturalist finding the many secrets of
+mother Nature, the historian cautiously collecting
+data and describing important incidents, and the sweet
+singer bringing cheer into every place. Further we find
+the humorist bringing smiles to every face, the consecrated
+minister leading thousands to a new life, the inventor
+bringing comfort and ease, and the artist skillfully
+using his brush or chisel to imitate Nature. Indeed,
+the roll call of eminent Kentuckians will show that
+they have played such important parts in both military
+and civil affairs that one or more, and often many,
+Kentuckians have filled each of these posts with credit
+to themselves and glory to their state.</p>
+
+<p>None have been found braver, none more brilliant,
+and none more beloved, whether serving in their native
+or their adopted state.</p>
+
+<p>More than eighty have represented us in foreign
+countries; more than fifty have been governors in
+other states; more than thirty have been United
+States senators from other states; and more than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
+eighty have been representatives in Congress from
+other states.</p>
+
+<p>Scanning the pages of our national history, you will
+find the names of Henry Clay, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson
+Davis, Abraham Lincoln, John C. Breckinridge,
+Linn Boyd, John G. Carlisle, Adlai Stevenson, Thomas
+Corwin, Isaac Shelby, John M. Harlan, Ninian Edwards,
+Roger Q. Mills, and hundreds of others of the
+native or adopted sons of our commonwealth. Without
+their worth and works many chapters could not have
+been written, many policies could not have been perfected,
+and many victories could not have been won.</p>
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The name given the white men by the Indians on account of the long
+knives they carried in their belts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> There is a story of a little boy who, upon seeing a house with glass
+windows for the first time, rushed home crying, "O Ma, there is a house
+down town with specs on!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> For some of the facts in this chapter, the author is indebted to Mr.
+Irvin S. Cobb.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
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+Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stories of Old Kentucky
+
+Author: Martha Grassham Purcell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2011 [EBook #37498]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Garcia, Ron Stephens and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Kentuckiana Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  TO MY CHILDREN
+
+  EWART, LA VERNE, AND LOIS
+
+  WHO HAVE EVER BEEN MY
+
+  INSPIRING AUDIENCE
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: KENTUCKY
+  FROM ITS SETTLEMENT TO THE CIVIL WAR]
+
+
+
+  STORIES OF
+  OLD KENTUCKY
+
+  BY
+  MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL
+
+  AUTHOR OF "SETTLEMENTS AND CESSIONS OF LOUISIANA"
+
+  MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION
+  PADUCAH, KENTUCKY
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+  NEW YORK   CINCINNATI   CHICAGO
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY
+  MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1915, IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+  STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY.
+  E.P.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To be easily assimilated, our mental food, like our physical food,
+should be carefully chosen and attractively served.
+
+The history of the "Dark and Bloody Ground" teems with adventure and
+patriotism. Its pages are filled with the great achievements, the heroic
+deeds, and the inspiring examples of the explorers, the settlers, and
+the founders of our state. In the belief that a knowledge of their
+struggles and conquests is food that is both instructive and inspiring,
+and with a knowledge that a text on history does not always attract, the
+author sets before the youth of Kentucky these stories of some of her
+great men.
+
+This book is intended as both a supplementary reader and a text, for,
+though in story form, the chapters are arranged chronologically, and
+every fact recorded has been verified.
+
+Thanks are due to the many friends who have granted access to papers of
+historical value, to many others who have assisted in making this book a
+reality, and especially to my husband, Dr. Clyde Edison Purcell, for his
+valuable suggestions, careful criticisms, and untiring cooeperation.
+
+                                              MARTHA GRASSHAM PURCELL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                    PAGE
+
+    WHEN THE OCEAN COVERED KENTUCKY                    9
+
+    THE ABORIGINES OF KENTUCKY                        10
+
+    SOME PREHISTORIC REMAINS                          16
+
+    THE DISCOVERY OF KENTUCKY                         18
+
+    INDIAN CLAIMS IN KENTUCKY                         22
+
+    SCOUWA                                            23
+
+    THE GRAVEYARD OF THE MAMMOTHS                     27
+
+    THE DRUID OF KENTUCKY                             28
+
+    A PIONEER NOBLEMAN                                33
+
+    EARLY KENTUCKY CUSTOMS                            37
+
+    BOONE'S ILLUSTRIOUS PEER                          41
+
+    BOONE'S TRACE                                     49
+
+    BOONE IN CAPTIVITY                                52
+
+    BOONESBOROUGH'S BRAVE DEFENSE                     56
+
+    THE LOST BABY                                     61
+
+    THE FIRST ROMANCE IN KENTUCKY                     64
+
+    A WEDDING IN THE WILDERNESS                       67
+
+    PIONEER CHILDREN                                  70
+
+    HOW THE PIONEERS MADE CHANGE                      72
+
+    A WOMAN'S WILL                                    73
+
+    WHEN THE WOMEN BROUGHT THE WATER                  76
+
+    THE RESULT OF ONE RASH ACT                        83
+
+    TWO KENTUCKY HEROES                               86
+
+    THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS                          89
+
+    THE FAITHFUL SLAVE AND HIS REWARD                 91
+
+    THE DOUBLE SHOT                                   94
+
+    A MAN OF STRATEGY AND SAGACITY                    96
+
+    THE KIND-HEARTED INDIAN                          100
+
+    SAVED BY THE HUG OF A BEAR                       101
+
+    A KENTUCKIAN DEFEATED THE BRITISH                105
+
+    A FAMOUS MARCH                                   110
+
+    THE FIRST CHRISTMAS PARTY                        113
+
+    FORT JEFFERSON                                   115
+
+    "THE HARD WINTER"                                118
+
+    WILDCAT MCKINNEY                                 119
+
+    HOW KENTUCKY WAS FORMED                          122
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE REVOLUTION                       123
+
+    KENTUCKY'S PIONEER HISTORIAN                     125
+
+    SPANISH CONSPIRACY                               128
+
+    A KENTUCKY INVENTOR                              135
+
+    OTHER KENTUCKY INVENTIONS                        138
+
+    THE MAN WHO KNEW ABOUT BIRDS                     140
+
+    A HERO OF HONOR                                  143
+
+    THE "PRIDE OF THE PENNYRILE"                     150
+
+    LUCY JEFFERSON LEWIS                             153
+
+    NATURAL CURIOSITIES IN KENTUCKY                  155
+
+    THE WORLD'S GREATEST NATURAL WONDER              159
+
+    HOW REELFOOT LAKE WAS FORMED                     161
+
+    KENTUCKY VALOR IN 1812-1815                      163
+
+    A TRIUMVIRATE OF ELOQUENCE                       166
+
+    KENTUCKIANS IN TEXAS AND MEXICO                  167
+
+    CLAY, THE GREAT COMMONER                         169
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES           171
+
+    WHY SOME CITIES WERE SO NAMED                    175
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE                 179
+
+    "BESSEMER STEEL" IN KENTUCKY                     182
+
+    KENTUCKY ARTISTS                                 184
+
+    KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF LETTERS                 187
+
+    KENTUCKIANS IN HISTORY                           190
+
+
+
+
+A LIST OF BOOKS ABOUT KENTUCKY
+
+
+AUDUBON, LUCY: "Life and Journals of John James Audubon." Putnam.
+
+COLLINS, R.H.: "History of Kentucky." Collins & Co.
+
+EGGLESTON, E.: "Stories of American Life and Adventure." "Stories of
+Great Americans for Little Americans." American Book Co.
+
+HULBERT, A.B.: "Boone's Wilderness Road." Arthur H. Clark Co.
+
+JOHNSON, E.P.: "History of Kentucky and Kentuckians." Lewis Publishing
+Co.
+
+KINKEAD, E.S.: "History of Kentucky." American Book Co.
+
+MARSHALL, H.: "History of Kentucky." Frankfort.
+
+OTIS, JAMES: "Hannah of Kentucky." American Book Co.
+
+PRICE, S.W.: "Old Masters of the Blue Grass." Morton & Co.
+
+SHALER, N.S.: "Kentucky." Houghton Mifflin Co.
+
+SMITH, H.I.: "Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site." Amer. Museum of
+Nat. Hist.
+
+SMITH, Z.F.: "History of Kentucky." Courier-Journal Co.
+
+STOCKTON, F.R.: "Stories of New Jersey." American Book Co.
+
+THOMPSON, E.P.: "A Young People's History of Kentucky." A.R. Fleming
+Publishing Co.
+
+TOWNSEND, J.W.: "Kentuckians in History and Literature." Neale
+Publishing Co. "Kentucky in American Letters." Torch Press.
+
+YOUNG, B.H.: "Prehistoric Men of Kentucky." Filson Club.
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF OLD KENTUCKY
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE OCEAN COVERED KENTUCKY
+
+
+Facts are stranger than fiction; and when we read the great volume of
+Nature, we find it more intensely interesting, instructive, and exciting
+than any "tale" told by our master minds.
+
+It is difficult enough for the youth of to-day to realize there was ever
+a time when Kentucky did not have a place on the map and in the march of
+events. Still more difficult is it for them to realize that there was a
+time when the ocean covered our state. Geological annals show that the
+surface of Kentucky was once the bed of the sea. This primitive ocean is
+supposed to have covered a large part of North America to the depth of
+several thousand feet. As we read the record in the soil and as we study
+the strata, we find evidence of a gradual retreat of the briny waters
+without proofs of any very violent or sudden disruptions of the ocean.
+The creation or appearance of sea animals, fishes, polyps, and the
+formation of limestone, sandstone, slate, grit, and pebble, are parts of
+the story here recorded.
+
+The retreat of the briny waters continued and continued for ages, until
+finally the Cumberland or Wasioto Mountains emerged, followed by the
+Black, Laurel, Pine, Long, and Galico Mountains; other lower elevations
+then rose until only an inland sea, surrounded by sandy hills, remained.
+Then the grasses, reeds, and mosses left their impress; land animals,
+insects, birds, and reptiles appeared; vegetation increased, and trees
+and shrubs grew.
+
+Still the waters receded; marshes, muddy swamps, licks, small lakes,
+ponds, clay and marl deposits were left; sinks and caves were formed;
+and land plants and animals increased.
+
+As the waters still slowly but surely receded, creeks, rivers, and
+valleys received their present shape, the ocean reached its actual
+level, and the American continent assumed its shape. The huge
+animals--the big bears, buffaloes, jaguars, elephants, and
+mastodons--roamed over what is now Kentucky, and left their impress at
+Big Bone Lick, Drennon's Lick, and other points where the savage, the
+settler, and the man of science have successively meditated and marveled
+over their prehistoric remains.
+
+
+
+
+THE ABORIGINES OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+When but a little girl one of my greatest delights was to sit at the
+feet of my maternal grandfather and listen to the tales of the olden
+times. Grandfathers and grandmothers always love to tell stories, and
+boys and girls love to hear them. Our grandparents were not the only
+ones that enjoyed telling stories of the great past; Indians also
+related many things to their children of what had happened in the long
+ago. But as the red men had no books in which to record these
+happenings, some of their stories may be of real incidents and a great
+deal may be purely imaginary, for we know the Indian was always very
+superstitious.
+
+[Illustration: The Indians loved to tell stories to their children.]
+
+There is a story told by the Lenni-Lenape Indians, who lived in eastern
+United States, that their ancestors in the very earliest times were
+mere animals living underground. One of them accidentally found a hole
+by which he came to the surface of the ground, and soon the whole tribe
+followed. These Indians believed that they gradually became human
+beings; so in remembrance of their ancestors, they chose such names as
+"Black Bear," "Black Hawk," "Red Horse," and "Sitting Bull." Some of the
+tribes believing in this tradition would not eat any underground animals
+like the rabbit, ground hog, and ground squirrel, for fear they would be
+eating their kinsmen.
+
+Another very interesting tradition told by these Lenni-Lenape, or
+Delawares, is that these ancestors came from west of the Mississippi and
+that when they tried to cross this stream the right of passage was
+disputed by a powerful force called the Alligewi, from whose name we get
+the word Allegheny. Being determined to cross this mighty stream and
+move eastward, the Lenni-Lenape joined with the Mengwe (Iroquois) in a
+war upon the Alligewi, overcame them, and almost exterminating them,
+drove the remnant of their tribe entirely from the country.
+
+General G.R. Clark, Colonel McKee, and Colonel James Moore at different
+times and places were told by Indians, among them the noted chiefs
+"Cornstalk" and "Tobacco," that before the red men came to
+Kentucky--named from Ken-tuck-ee, meaning in Indian language, "the river
+of Blood"--a white race, superior in many arts and crafts unknown to
+the red men, the builders of the many forts, and the inhabitants of the
+vast burying grounds, had been besieged by the early Indians in a great
+battle near the Falls of the Ohio. The remnant was driven into a small
+island below these rapids, where the entire race was "cut to pieces."
+
+In confirmation of this, there was found on Sandy Island, a vast burying
+ground and "a multitude of human bones was discovered." This traditional
+testimony has been in many instances confirmed by unmistakable traces of
+a terrible conflict throughout the Ohio Valley. The story of these
+bloody battles, handed down for generations, very probably caused the
+Indians to name this place the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Believing it to
+be filled with ghosts of its primitive people, it is no small wonder
+that this race, full of imagination and superstition, should use it so
+little as a permanent home.
+
+But who was this primitive race? Whence did they come and what did they
+accomplish? The works they built have lived after them, and from these
+silent memorials the people have been called Mound Builders. Beyond the
+bounds of memory, into the land of mystery we go when we strive to learn
+of them. They have left their imprint in the valleys of the Licking, the
+Kentucky, the Ohio, and the Cumberland. Their many mounds vary in size,
+shape, structure, location, contents, and use. Some cover only a small
+area, while others have a diameter of over one hundred feet and one
+covers fifteen acres. They display a considerable knowledge of geometry,
+engineering, and military skill.
+
+Because some have supposed these ancient people to have been sun
+worshipers, the "high places" for ceremonial worship are called temple
+mounds. The fact that these are more numerous in Kentucky than
+elsewhere, may have given rise to the expressions "sacred soil" or
+"God's country." Within or near these inclosures are mounds containing
+altars of stone or burned clay, known as altar mounds; the burial
+places, called mounds of sepulture, are isolated and contain human
+remains which shed more light on the character and achievements of this
+prehistoric race than any others. The military mounds, or works of
+defense, are usually near a waterway, often on a precipitous height, in
+a commanding position, and with an extension ditch or moat; the skill,
+the foresight, and the complete system shown by these would prove that
+there were fierce foes to be resisted and a vast population to be
+defended.
+
+It is possible that all agricultural work was done with "digging
+sticks." Fishing and hunting were accomplished by arrows, knives, and
+spears, chipped from stone or rubbed out of antlers, by fishhooks of
+bone, and by nets. There were also "animal calls" made from small mammal
+bones, and the hollow bones of the birds. The knives were probably
+chipped stone points, clamshells, or bear teeth; there were also awls
+of bones, strainers of pottery, hammerstones, whetstones, chisels of
+bone, and needles from bones of small animals. Modeling, impressing,
+twisting, knitting, painting, and sculpture were carried on; personal
+ornaments, rattles, whistles, and pipes were made. Moccasins, beads of
+pottery, bone, shell, teeth, and copper, and pottery of various sizes,
+shapes, and decoration were and sometimes are still found all along the
+streams of the state.
+
+[Illustration: Relics of the Mound Builders.]
+
+We know that they were an agricultural class because in some mounds were
+found remains of Indian corn and beans, also hickory nuts, butternuts,
+walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, and pawpaw seeds.
+
+While in some instances the graves were more or less surrounded by
+limestone slabs, in other places the dead were laid on skins or on the
+bare ground, and covered with skins and soil heaped above. As this soil
+had to be carried in baskets or skins, these immense mounds stand as
+mute memorials of their love for one another.
+
+
+
+
+SOME PREHISTORIC REMAINS
+
+
+There are many curious natural formations in Kentucky; yet the many
+artificial mounds also have added interest to the topography, and it is
+sometimes difficult to distinguish where nature ends and art begins.
+
+The noted scientist, C.S. Rafinesque, claimed to have discovered one
+hundred and forty-eight ancient sites and over five hundred monuments in
+this state.
+
+The greater number of the mounds were small cone-like structures from
+five to ten or sometimes forty feet in height; in several counties those
+of pyramid shape were found, and other counties contained unusual
+structures.
+
+In Bourbon were found several sites, forty-six monuments, a circus of
+fourteen hundred and fifty feet, and a town whose stretch of walls
+measured four thousand six hundred and seventy-five feet.
+
+Hickman County had a teocalli, or temple, ten feet high, thirty feet
+wide, and four hundred and fifty feet long.
+
+Livingston with several sites and monuments had also an octagon whose
+walls measured twenty-eight hundred and fifty-two feet in length.
+
+In McCracken was found a teocalli fourteen feet high and twelve hundred
+feet long.
+
+Rockcastle had a stone grave three feet high, five feet wide, and two
+hundred feet long.
+
+Warren claimed a ditched town, octagonal in shape, measuring in
+perimeter one thousand three hundred and eighty-five feet.
+
+In Trigg was found a walled town with a circumference of seven thousand
+five hundred feet.
+
+A mound more than twenty feet high with a diameter of over one hundred
+feet was located in Montgomery.
+
+In Estill was located one fifteen feet high, one hundred and ninety-two
+feet in diameter, and surrounded by a moat ten feet deep and thirty-five
+feet wide.
+
+A horseshoe-shaped fort of about ten acres in area was found in
+Caldwell. Its curve was bordered by a perpendicular bluff of sixty feet,
+and the two points of the shoe were connected by a stone wall ten feet
+high and six hundred feet long, with a gateway eight feet wide.
+
+In Hickman, O'Bryan's fort; in Madison, a stone fort containing four or
+five hundred acres; and in Greenup, an effigy mound representing a bear,
+"leaning forward, measuring fifty-three feet from the top of the back to
+the end of the fore leg and one hundred five and one half feet from the
+tip of the nose to the rear of the hind foot," with those already
+mentioned, give a faint idea of the variety of mounds in shape, size,
+and structure. Yet these are only a few of the many ancient remains in
+Kentucky of the Mound Builders who have left their imprint throughout
+our great central valley and whose wide range has left in the same mound
+"the mica of the Alleghenies, the obsidian of Mexico, the copper of the
+Great Lakes, and shells from the Gulf of the Southland."
+
+Since the location of these remains the plowshare has leveled many
+mounds, but several can yet be traced.
+
+
+
+
+THE DISCOVERY OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Do you ever feel, when reading of the deeds of the early European
+navigators, who braved the perils of the trackless deep only to find on
+this shore a tangled "forest primeval," that our own beloved Kentucky is
+in every way far removed historically from them?
+
+Since it is so interesting and edifying to find ourselves related to
+some noted personage, let us see if we can connect the "Dark and Bloody
+Ground" with the discoveries that opened up a new world.
+
+We must go back many, many years, yes, even to the Middle Ages, if we
+would see how and why we are at least a small link in the great chain of
+events that gradually gave to the western world one of its proudest
+commonwealths. Some one has said, "Westward the course of empire takes
+its way," but for centuries the people of Europe concerned themselves
+not with what lay to the west of them but with the people and problems
+of the East. This is easy to understand when we learn that the copper,
+lead, tin, and manufactures of Europe were carried by traders, partly by
+sea and partly by land, to Constantinople or to Egypt, where they were
+exchanged for the luxuries that Asia had sent by vessels or camels.
+India and the Spice Islands sent cloves, cinnamon, ginger, pepper, mace,
+nutmeg, camphor, musk, aloes, and sandalwood, also diamonds and pearls.
+Cathay (China) sent silks, while Cipango, the island of mystery, in the
+great ocean east of Cathay that no one had seen, was believed to be the
+richest of all.
+
+[Illustration: A caravan crossing the desert.]
+
+In 1453, while this exchange was at its height, the Turks conquered
+Constantinople, seized the caravan routes, and ruined the trade. Gold
+and pearls, ivory and diamonds, spices and silks, could no longer be
+secured unless a waterway could be found to the East.
+
+Prince Henry the Navigator, a Portuguese, though many of his captains
+thought that in the torrid zone the ocean was boiling and that flames
+filled the air, succeeded in reaching almost to the equator before his
+death in 1460. In 1487, Diaz continued the work to the Cape of Good
+Hope. Christopher Columbus, believing the earth a sphere, thought that
+by sailing due westward only two thousand five hundred miles he would
+reach China and India. So in August, 1492, after seeking aid in vain
+from Portugal, England, and his own country, he braved the "Sea of
+Darkness" in a Spanish ship. Though some Portuguese sailors had said,
+"You might as well expect to find land in the sky as in that waste of
+waters," in October of the same year he made the discovery that gave to
+the world a new continent.
+
+Then the spirit of adventure and aggrandizement dominated the Spanish
+race. Ponce de Leon, Fernando Cortez, Pizarro, and Fernando de Soto
+continued the work until June, 1543. Luis de Moscoso, the successor of
+de Soto, with a remnant of his once proud force, now reduced to about
+three hundred men, in boats descended the Mississippi River to its
+mouth; from the boats they were the first white men to behold the land
+that is now Kentucky.
+
+England, so far, had been very quiet and conservative about discovering,
+exploring, or settling. Finally, English fishermen came to Newfoundland.
+Sir John Hawkins traded negroes for hides and pearls, and Sir Francis
+Drake ravaged the Caribbean coast and in 1577-1580 sailed around the
+world. Soon Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted colonization, which was
+taken up by his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, who sent two ships
+under Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, who discovered the coast of
+North Carolina. Upon their return, Queen Elizabeth named it Virginia.
+Kentucky was included in the charter of this first colony, which was
+settled at Jamestown, 1607.
+
+The first Englishman to view what is now Kentucky was Colonel Wood, who
+in 1654, for commerce and not conquest, explored the northern boundary
+of Kentucky as far as the Mississippi River, then called the Meschacebe.
+Captain Bolt (or Batt) of Virginia in 1670 came from that state into
+what is now Kentucky. In 1673 Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, in
+company with Luis Joliet and five other Frenchmen in two canoes passed
+down the Mississippi along the western border of Kentucky and spent
+several days at the mouth of the Ohio, where Cairo, then called
+Ouabouskigou, now stands. Again in February, 1682, Robert de la Salle
+and his lieutenant, Henri de Tonti, in company with several other
+Frenchmen, descended the Illinois River, and passed down the
+Mississippi, or Colbert, to its mouth, claiming the country on both
+sides for the French king, Louis the Great, in whose honor they called
+this vast tract Louisiana.
+
+It was as a prisoner among the Indians in 1730 that the first white
+native American, John Sailing of Virginia, was taken to Kentucky. In
+1750 a party of Virginians, among them Dr. Thomas Walker, came by way
+of Powell's Valley through a gap in Laurel Mountain, into central
+Kentucky. He named both the mountain and the river (formerly the
+Shawnee) for England's "Bloody Duke" of Cumberland who defeated the
+Scottish forces at Culloden. Some say that near where they entered what
+is now the state of Kentucky these men built a rude cabin.
+
+But it was left for John Finley and party, 1767, to learn and love this
+wonderland of fertile soil, towering forests, luxuriant vegetation, and
+boundless supply of game. When he returned to North Carolina with such
+glowing accounts of this wilderness beyond the mountains, many were
+ready to leave the comforts of civilization for the dangers and
+privations of this land of promise.
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN CLAIMS IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Though the Indians at the time of the coming of the white men used
+Kentucky mainly as a hunting ground instead of a home, various tribes
+laid claim to it by prior possession.
+
+In 1768, at Fort Stanwix--now Rome, New York--the English government
+purchased the title to all the lands lying between the Ohio and
+Tennessee rivers from the tribes of Indians called the Six Nations. This
+tract included the present state of Kentucky.
+
+Shortly after the battle of Point Pleasant, 1774, the Shawnees entered
+into a treaty with Governor Dunmore of Virginia whereby they gave up all
+title to the lands south of the Ohio River.
+
+At the Sycamore Shoals, of the Watauga River, 1775, Colonel Richard
+Henderson, acting for the Transylvania Company, purchased the title of
+the Cherokees to this "hunting ground" for ten thousand pounds sterling.
+This purchase was afterwards declared null and void by the states of
+Virginia and North Carolina.
+
+Through the commissioners Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson, the general
+government in 1818 purchased from the Chickasaws, for an annuity of
+twenty thousand dollars to be paid for fifteen years, all their land
+lying in Tennessee and Kentucky between the Mississippi and Tennessee
+rivers. The part in Kentucky has since been called "Jackson's Purchase."
+
+Thus we see that Indian claims to Kentucky were relinquished only upon
+payment of money or blood.
+
+
+
+
+SCOUWA
+
+
+There lived in Pennsylvania in the early part of the eighteenth century
+a young man by the name of James Smith. A short while before General
+Braddock was defeated by the French and Indians, Smith was taken
+prisoner by a band of Indians, and carried to the French fort where the
+city of Pittsburgh now stands. Here he was made to run the gantlet; and
+so well did the Indians, ranged on either side, use their clubs and
+sticks and stones, that Smith was badly beaten and made ill for a long
+time.
+
+[Illustration: Scouwa was adorned by the Indians.]
+
+The Indians then carried him to their home in Ohio, where an old chief
+pulled out the prisoner's hairs one by one; only a scalp lock was left
+which was ornamented with feathers and silver brooches. His ears and
+nose were pierced and hung with silver rings, his face, head, and body
+were painted, and he was adorned with a breechcloth, chains of beads, a
+belt of wampum, and silver armlets.
+
+An old chief then made a speech to the other Indians, while he held
+Smith by the hand. The prisoner was then accompanied to the river by
+three young squaws who attempted to "duck" him. Fearful of being
+drowned, Smith resisted until one of the women in broken English cried,
+"No hurt you, no hurt you."
+
+After "scrubbing all the white blood out of him," they dressed him in a
+ruffled shirt, leggins, and moccasins, presented him with a pipe,
+tobacco, pouch, flint, steel, and tomahawk and told him he had been
+adopted in place of a brave young chief who had fallen.
+
+The Indians called Smith "Scouwa." They finally gave him a gun to use
+and trusted him fully, but because he once lost his way in the woods,
+his gun was taken from him and for a long while he was permitted to use
+only a bow and arrow.
+
+Smith had some exciting experiences while living the life of an Indian.
+At one time, during a snowstorm, he took refuge all night in a hollow
+tree, and when he tried to move the block by which he had closed up the
+opening in the side of the tree, he found the snow was piled so deep
+against it he could not move it. He was badly frightened, but by pushing
+with all his strength he finally succeeded in getting out.
+
+At another time Smith, an old chief, and a little boy were alone in
+their hut in midwinter and all came near starving, but Smith walked
+many, many miles, hunting game, and thus saved the lives of all three.
+
+In 1759 the Indians that had adopted Smith journeyed to Canada; and as
+Canada then belonged to the French, and as the French and Indians were
+fighting the English, who then owned Pennsylvania, Smith slipped away.
+Joining the prisoners that were to be sent back to Pennsylvania in
+exchange for some French the English held, he soon rejoined his family.
+He was a leader of the "Black Boys," served as lieutenant in General
+Henry Bouquet's expedition, and witnessed the Indian cruelties to the
+unfortunate British captives.
+
+In July, 1766, he learned that the king's agent, Sir William Johnson,
+had purchased from the Indians all the land west of the Appalachian
+Mountains, and between the Ohio and Cherokee (Tennessee) rivers. Having
+heard the red men tell of this rich land, Colonel James Smith,
+accompanied by Joshua Horton, Uriah Stone, William Baker, and a mulatto
+slave of Horton's named Jamie, passed through Cumberland Gap, explored
+the country south of the Kentucky River, and, striking the Cumberland,
+passed down its entire length to its junction with the Ohio. They were
+the first white men to explore southern and southwestern Kentucky,
+although not the first to visit it, for in 1730 John Salling of Virginia
+was brought a prisoner by the Cherokee Indians to the Tennessee. After
+reaching the mouth of the Cumberland, the others separated from Colonel
+Smith and the mulatto boy. These two were for a long time alone in the
+wilderness. When they again reached civilization they wore nothing that
+had been woven; and when they told of their experiences, people could
+hardly believe that any one could make that journey and live to return.
+
+A short distance below the mouth of the Cumberland the town of "Old
+Smithland" was named in honor of this first white man to explore that
+region, and later the town was built just at the junction of the
+Cumberland and Ohio and is now the capital of Livingston County.
+
+Smith spent the latter part of his life in Bourbon County, where he was
+as useful in state councils as he had been in Indian conflicts.
+
+
+
+
+THE GRAVEYARD OF THE MAMMOTHS
+
+
+There are many places within the present bounds of Kentucky where
+animals used to go to lick the ground, in order to secure the salt
+therein, and these places were therefore called "licks." The most noted
+of these is in Boone County, and is called Big Bone Lick from the many
+gigantic bones that have been found there.
+
+In 1773, while leading a surveying party, a man by the name of James
+Douglas, of Virginia, camped for several days at this point. There he
+found a surface of ten acres entirely without trees or vegetable life of
+any kind, while scattered around were many bones both of the mastodon
+and the arctic elephant. The size of these gigantic, prehistoric animals
+may be conjectured from the descriptions given of the remains.
+
+Tusks were found from seven to eleven feet long, the latter being at the
+larger end six or seven inches in diameter. Thigh bones, five feet in
+length; teeth weighing ten pounds with crowns seven by five inches;
+skulls, thought to be of young animals, measuring two feet between the
+eyes; ribs from three to four inches broad and so long that James
+Douglas and his party used them for tent poles, are some of the wonders
+that have given the name to this historic place. Scientists have decided
+from these remains that these ponderous animals belonged to the elephant
+family. Though possessing remarkable strength, they were so unwieldy
+that prehistoric man encountered little danger in combating them. It is
+the supposition that the early inhabitants who occupied this continent
+when these marvelous animals roamed the woods, must have planned to
+exterminate them on their periodic visits to the lick. By what means
+this was accomplished we can only conjecture, but that there was a
+wholesale slaughter is evident, for at no other place have so many
+mammoth remains been found.
+
+
+
+
+THE DRUID OF KENTUCKY
+
+
+Daniel Boone was born in the almost unbroken forests of Pennsylvania, on
+February 11, 1735. Without his energy, caution, and daring, Kentucky
+would not have been settled so soon. In both his native state and in
+North Carolina, he received in his boyhood the training that was to fit
+him for the great work that was to be his.
+
+Truly "coming events cast their shadows before," for when barely large
+enough to shoulder the old family flintlock he found unbounded delight
+in roaming the woods and returning laden with his spoils, which at one
+time was the skin of an immense panther that he shot just as it was
+about to spring upon him.
+
+[Illustration: "They found Boone in camp."]
+
+While yet in his early teens he gave his family great alarm by being
+absent for two days and nights. A rescuing party was sent out, and they
+soon saw smoke rising in the distance; proceeding, they found Boone in
+camp, his floor carpeted with the skins of animals he had slain, while
+the delicious odor of roasted meat filled the air.
+
+Boone was in every way a typical backwoodsman. His education was limited
+to an imperfect knowledge of the "three R's," gained in the rude school
+cabin of round logs, puncheon seats, and dirt floor. Ever the solitude
+of the sylvan forests was far more enjoyable to him than the refinements
+of civilization.
+
+In 1755 he was married to Rebecca Bryan, who with him shared much of the
+danger and hardships of frontier life.
+
+In 1769, yielding to the siren song sung by John Finley of the far-famed
+cane land with its fertile soil, towering mountains, limpid streams, and
+rich meadowlands where the spoils of the chase were venison, bear, and
+buffalo, Boone left his family and friends on the Yadkin in North
+Carolina and came with Finley and four others to explore this marvelous
+land of "Kentuckee."
+
+Reaching the Red River, five miles from its junction with the Kentucky,
+these pioneers pitched their camp and from June until December reveled
+in the delights of hunting and exploring in this Eden of the wilderness;
+but one day, near Christmas, Boone and a companion named Stewart, while
+out hunting, were captured by the Indians and for six days and nights
+were marched and guarded. At length, believing their captives were
+contented, the savages relaxed their watchfulness, yielded to sleep, and
+Boone and Stewart escaped. Upon their return to camp they found it
+plundered and their companions gone. What became of them Boone never
+knew.
+
+Soon after, Boone and Stewart were surprised by meeting Squire Boone, a
+brother of Daniel, and another man from North Carolina. A few days later
+Stewart was shot and scalped; the man who came with Squire Boone tired
+of the perils and returned home. The two brothers were left alone in the
+vast wilderness, hundreds of miles from any settlement and with no
+weapon but the trusty rifle and tomahawk to protect them from the
+cunning savage, the ravenous wolf, and the crafty panther. When their
+ammunition began to run low, Squire Boone retraced his steps to Carolina
+for a fresh supply, while Daniel remained alone until July, when his
+brother returned. Together they roamed at will, tracing the streams,
+hunting game, and enjoying this romantic woodland.
+
+Having been absent from his family for three years, simply for the joys
+of the frontier, and having lived upon the meat of wild animals, the
+fruits and roots of the forest without either bread or salt, Boone
+returned in 1771 to the Yadkin and so thrilled all with his glowing
+description of this land of promise that, when two years later he
+started with his family to this forest, five other families and forty
+men accompanied them. The women riding, the children driving the cattle
+and hogs, with bedding and baggage strapped on pack horses, the men with
+trusty rifles forming both advance and rear guards, this little
+cavalcade started forth to conquer the wilderness. All went well for a
+while, but, when near the Cumberland Mountains, they were attacked by
+Indians, and six men were killed, among them Boone's oldest son.
+Yielding to the others, Boone returned with the party to the Clinch
+River in southwestern Virginia, where they remained until 1774.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone's little cavalcade started forth to conquer the
+wilderness."]
+
+For twenty years Boone was a notable figure in this untried forest,
+prudent, calm, honest, courageous, cunning; a stranger to fear, a
+devotee to duty, an honored leader, he has so left his impress upon our
+state that the record of this period of his life is Kentucky history.
+
+
+
+
+A PIONEER NOBLEMAN
+
+
+During the eighteenth century, many men, singly or in companies, enjoyed
+the beauties of the forest scenes of Kentucky. Always they carried back
+to the centers of civilization the most glowing accounts of hill and
+dale and stream, of the abundance of game and fish, of the fertility of
+the soil, and of the glorious monarchs of the forest. These hardy
+woodsmen had the inherent love of Nature in her wildest, most gorgeous
+aspects. They were pioneers, hunters, and trappers. To some these terms
+convey only the thought of rough, unsophisticated men with none of the
+benevolent qualities of head or heart, with no magnanimity of spirit
+for a friend and nothing but the most intense hatred for a foe. But the
+lives of some of these frontiersmen furnish incidents from which we
+might well take lesson.
+
+One of these, James Harrod, though unable to write his name, has so
+indelibly impressed it upon the annals of the early times that as long
+as history is read he will be famous. In May, 1774, Captain Harrod with
+about thirty men descended the Monongahela and the Ohio in canoes to the
+mouth of the Kentucky River. Penetrating the forest, they built the
+first log cabin ever erected in Kentucky, at the place where Harrodsburg
+now stands. Here a town was laid off and called Harrodstown. After four
+or five cabins had been built depredations of the Indians caused them to
+be deserted until the following spring, when Harrod with many of his
+former comrades and several others returned. This place was subsequently
+called Oldtown and later Harrodsburg, fittingly commemorating the grand
+pioneer who built not only the first cabin but the first town in our
+commonwealth.
+
+James Harrod was by nature endowed with all the qualities of a great
+leader; he is described as tall and commanding, energetic and fearless,
+honest and generous, ignorant yet intelligent. Inured to difficulties
+and dangers, familiar with the forest, skillful with his rifle, he was a
+success as a hunter, but a terror to his foes. He was a real leader of
+the pioneers. In the words of Marshall, "He always had a party, not
+because he wanted a party, but because the party wanted him."
+Unremitting in the care of his companions, unrelenting in his attacks on
+the "red rascals," untiring in services to his neighbors and friends, he
+was truly a nobleman, with a lofty yet gentle spirit. "If news came of
+an Indian massacre, he snatched his gun and ran at the head of the
+party; if he knew of a family left destitute, he shouldered his rifle
+and ranged the forest till he found the game to supply their needs; if
+he heard of a horse being lost he stopped not till he drove him to his
+owner's gate." Thus he was known by his contemporaries. Yet he seemed
+not to be ambitious. Only as a delegate from Harrodstown and as a
+colonel of the militia is he found in civil affairs. But the magnanimity
+of his spirit shone forth at all times.
+
+There is one incident related of him that proves him as chivalrous as
+any knight of old. He was at one time so closely pursued by some Indians
+that he plunged into a swollen stream and, holding his rifle above the
+water with one hand and swimming with the other, reached the farther
+shore in safety. Two of the redskins, bolder than the others, followed.
+When the foremost was about midstream a shot from Harrod's rifle caused
+him to disappear with a cry of pain beneath the rushing torrent; the
+other gave up the chase.
+
+[Illustration: "With arms extended, Harrod stepped in view."]
+
+Several hours afterward, when Harrod had reached a point a few miles
+below where he had crossed the stream, he was astonished to see a
+warrior slowly and painfully draw himself upon a pile of driftwood and
+attempt to apply a rude bandage to his shoulder down which the blood was
+flowing. Harrod at once knew that this was the same Indian who had hotly
+pursued him and that the wound was from his own rifle shot. Most men at
+such a time would have relentlessly shot their adversary. Such a thought
+never entered the mind of James Harrod. He at once resolved to assist
+his disabled foe. Cautiously he stole to one of the trees on the bank a
+few yards from where the Indian sat, and, laying aside rifle, tomahawk,
+and knife, he stepped suddenly in view, with arms extended to show he
+was unarmed and meant no harm. The startled Indian was about to plunge
+again into the water, when a second glance assured him no immediate harm
+was meant, for not only was the white man unarmed but his kindly
+countenance convinced the Indian no wrong was intended. Yet so strange
+was such a proceeding to the savage, that while he permitted his former
+enemy to approach, yet he watched him as would a wounded wild animal,
+ready at any moment to seek refuge in the rushing waters.
+
+Harrod, finding the Indian weak from loss of blood, gently assisted him
+to the shore, tore off a bandage from his own clothing, dressed the
+wound, and taking him upon his back, carried him several miles to a
+cave, where he nursed him until he was able to rejoin his tribe.
+
+
+
+
+EARLY KENTUCKY CUSTOMS
+
+
+When the bands of hardy pioneers pushed into the wilderness and prepared
+a way into Kentucky they brought with them only the trusty rifle, the
+ax, the tomahawk, and the "long knife" for protecting themselves from
+the wily savages and securing food from the game that roamed the woods.
+
+When their families came, a few more articles were brought along; but
+their outfits were necessarily meager. When they stopped to prepare
+their food, a flat stone was used for cooking the "journey cake," while
+bark served for dishes.
+
+As soon as the destination was reached, a log cabin of rough unhewn
+timbers was built, containing a long pen of split logs placed in a row,
+which, filled with fresh boughs, was a welcome resting place for those
+who were wearied from traveling. Later the feathers of wild pigeons,
+ducks, and geese were made into feather beds.
+
+Usually several people settled at the same place and built a fort of
+cabins, stockades, and blockhouses, arranged in a hollow square. The
+blockhouses were two stories high, the upper story projecting over the
+lower one for eighteen or more inches. The places of entrance to the
+fort were closed by large folding gates of thick slabs, and the entire
+outer wall made bullet proof, all without a single nail or piece of
+iron. Some of the cabins had puncheon floors while others had only the
+bare earth.
+
+There were very few metal utensils; tin cups, iron forks, and spoons
+were very rare. Nearly all their tools were fashioned of wood, by their
+own hands.
+
+There were no mills, but each family had a hominy block or wooden bowl
+with pestle, in which the Indian corn was pounded, or a rough homemade
+grater on which it was grated. Their brooms were made of hickory
+saplings split at one end into fine splinters for several inches; these
+were bound together at the top with a green withe, while the other end
+of the pole served as a handle.
+
+[Illustration: Making brooms.]
+
+Their lye was all made at home by pouring water several times through a
+hopper of ashes until it became a reddish-brown; bear's grease was added
+to this and the mixture boiled until it became a soft mass called soap.
+We of to-day would dislike very much to use it in bathing.
+
+Their salt was precious, for eight hundred gallons of salt water boiled
+down made only one bushel; if that amount was bought, it cost twenty
+dollars.
+
+In the spring they bored holes in the maple trees, from which flowed a
+sap or sweet water that when boiled down made maple sirup and maple
+sugar.
+
+In those days of danger the men built the cabins, garrisoned the forts,
+hunted the game, felled the trees, mauled the rails, grubbed the roots
+and bushes, and tilled the soil.
+
+[Illustration: Pioneers building a log palisade.]
+
+The women did the household duties, brought the water, gathered the wild
+nettles, and from the silky fibers in the leaves spun and wove the flax
+from which they made their clothing. They tanned the deerskins by means
+of hardwood ashes and from them made moccasins and shoepacks, for there
+was no place to buy shoes; they made for the men the historical hunting
+shirt of deerskin, linsey-woolsey, or coarse, home-woven linen. This
+garment served various purposes; the bosom was so designed as to form a
+wallet in which to carry bread, jerk, parched corn, or tow for cleaning
+guns. This shirt was held together by a belt which was tied behind; in
+the front of this belt they carried their bullet bags and mittens, while
+on one side hung the scalping knife in its leather sheath, and on the
+other, the tomahawk. Breeches, leggins, and moccasins of deerskin and
+hats or caps of fur, often adorned with the animal's tail, completed the
+costume of the men. The women wore dresses of linsey-woolsey and coarse
+flax.
+
+So the rude pioneer home, with its lack of conveniences and space and
+its few rude, imperfect tools, was the factory where were prepared not
+only the clothing and food, but also the furniture and the medicine.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE'S ILLUSTRIOUS PEER
+
+
+Among the hardy backwoodsmen, fearless hunters, and brave fighters,
+there looms no nobler figure than that of Simon Kenton, born of humble,
+Scotch-Irish parents in Virginia, April 13, 1755. At sixteen he was a
+stalwart youth with scarcely any education, with a kind heart but
+unrestrained emotions. Having fallen very much in love with a beautiful
+girl of his neighborhood, and having lost her to a successful rival, he
+went as an uninvited guest to the wedding festivities, where he made
+himself so disagreeable that the infuriated groom and his brothers gave
+him a severe beating.
+
+Shortly after this, meeting his former rival, William Veach, Kenton
+provoked a fight and was so much the physical superior that soon his
+adversary fell bruised, bleeding, and unconscious; kind-hearted Kenton,
+feeling that he had been cruel in his treatment, lifted up the head of
+his insensible victim, spoke to him, but receiving no reply, thought him
+dead. Much alarmed, he left the seemingly lifeless body and fled to the
+woods. Feeling himself a murderer and a fugitive from justice, he warily
+made his way to Cheat River, where he changed his name to Simon Butler,
+and worked long enough to secure a gun and ammunition.
+
+In order to lose himself and forget his trouble in the western
+wilderness, he joined a party to Fort Pitt, where he hunted for the
+garrison and forts, and met Simon Girty, who afterwards saved his life.
+Two others, George Yeager and John Strader, came with him that autumn on
+his first visit to Kentucky, lured on by the glowing accounts of the
+"cane land" that Yeager had heard of from the Indians. They came down
+the Ohio to the mouth of the Kentucky, but soon returned to the Big
+Kanawha, where they camped, hunted, and trapped until March, 1773.
+Yeager was killed by the Indians, and Kenton and Strader fled to the
+woods barefooted and almost naked, with no food and no weapons. For six
+days they wandered weary, footsore, and hungry, until finally in despair
+they lay down to die. Gathering hope anew, they pressed on and near the
+Ohio met some hunters who gladly gave them food and clothing.
+
+Going with them, Kenton worked for another rifle and in the summer of
+the same year went down the Ohio with a party in search of Captain
+Bullitt. They failed to find him and the party returned through the
+wilds of Kentucky to Virginia with Kenton as guide.
+
+During the winter of 1773-1774, Kenton hunted on the Big Sandy, but
+volunteered and soon saw active service as a scout and spy in the armies
+of Lord Dunmore and General Lewis in the Miami Indian War. He received
+an honorable discharge in the autumn, and the next spring, yielding to
+the longing for the "cane land," he came down the Ohio and one night
+reached Cabin Creek a few miles above Maysville. The next day, when he
+beheld the far-famed land, he was entranced, and soon encamped near the
+present site of Washington, in Mason County, where he and his companion
+cleared an acre of ground and planted it with corn which they had bought
+from a French trader.
+
+They found this place a veritable "hunter's paradise" where the hills
+were covered with herds of deer, elk, and buffalo.
+
+One day meeting two men, Hendricks and Fitzpatrick, who were without
+food or guns, Kenton invited them to join his station. Hendricks
+accepted, but his companion, desiring to return to Virginia, was
+accompanied by Kenton and Williams to the Ohio. They left Hendricks
+alone at the camp. On returning they found the camp in disorder and
+Hendricks gone; the next day his charred remains told the story of his
+sufferings at the hands of the savages.
+
+Though Kenton left this place the following autumn, he returned nine
+years later and, building a blockhouse here, established Kenton's
+Station.
+
+Simon Kenton was ever alert, ever ready to respond to the call for help,
+ever ready to encounter danger, and ever ready to give his services to
+the settlers whether at Harrodstown or Hinkson's, whether in aid of
+Boone or Clark.
+
+At one time Kenton was one of six spies who, two at a time, each week
+ranged up and down the Ohio and around the deserted stations, watching
+for Indian signs; for the red savage had become infuriated because the
+"long knife"[1] had taken possession of his beloved "Kaintuckee," and
+the Indian invasions were frequent and bloody.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone was borne on Kenton's shoulders into the fort."]
+
+One morning as Kenton with two companions was standing in the gate at
+Boonesborough ready for a hunt, the Indians fired on some men in the
+field, who fled to the fort. One man, however, was overtaken,
+tomahawked, and scalped within seventy yards of the gate. Kenton shot
+the savage dead and in the battle which ensued killed two other Indians,
+one of whom was about to tomahawk Colonel Boone, who had been crippled.
+The unerring rifle of Kenton stayed his savage hand, and Boone was borne
+on Kenton's shoulders into the fort. When the gate was barred and all
+was secure, the usually reserved Boone said, "Well, Simon, you have
+behaved yourself like a man to-day; indeed you are a fine fellow."
+
+Kenton accompanied General George Rogers Clark in his expedition against
+Kaskaskia in 1778, then proceeded to Vincennes, where, by a three days'
+secret observation, he secured an accurate description of the place
+which he sent to General Clark.
+
+Kenton returned to Harrodstown, aided Boone in defending the stations,
+and in September, 1778, was taken a prisoner, a few miles below
+Maysville, by the Indians, who beat him until their arms were too tired
+to indulge in this amusing pastime any longer. They then placed him upon
+the ground on his back, drew his feet apart, lashed each to a strong
+sapling, laid a pole across his breast, tied his hands to each end, and
+lashed his arms to it with thongs which were tied around his body; then
+they tied another thong around his neck and fastened it to a stake
+driven in the ground. Thus he was forced to pass the night. The next
+morning he was painted black and carried toward Chillicothe, where they
+said they would burn him at the stake.
+
+As a diversion they one day tied him securely on an unbroken horse,
+which they turned loose to run through the woods at will. Through
+undergrowth, among trees and patches of briers, the horse capered,
+pranced, plunged, and ran, trying in vain to discharge his load until
+finally he stopped from sheer exhaustion. Kenton was destitute of
+clothing, bruised, bleeding, and almost lifeless. Arriving at the
+village, they tied their distinguished prisoner to the stake, where he
+was left for twenty-four hours, expecting every moment that the torch
+would be applied. After enduring this agony he was forced to run the
+gantlet, where six hundred Indians were ranged on either side with
+switches, clubs, and sticks, and each gave him a blow as he passed.
+Kenton had been told if he reached the council house he would be set
+free. When he had almost reached the door of deliverance he was knocked
+insensible. Again he was made a prisoner, was taken from town to town,
+eight times was compelled to run the gantlet, three times tied to the
+stake, and once almost killed by a powerful blow with an ax.
+
+Once Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, remembering their former
+friendship, saved him from the flames; again Logan, the Mingo chief,
+interposed, stayed the fury of the savages, and persuaded a Canadian
+trader named Drury to buy him from his captors. Drury took him to
+Detroit, and delivered him to the British commander, where he received
+humane treatment until 1779. Then a Mrs. Harvey, the wife of an Indian
+trader, while a crowd of Indians were drunk, took three of their guns
+and hid them in a patch of peas in her garden. At midnight Kenton,
+following her directions, secured them, and with two other Kentucky
+prisoners hastened to a hollow tree some distance from the town, where
+ammunition, food, and clothing had been placed by the same
+benefactress. The three fugitives after thirty-three days of incredible
+suffering reached Louisville.
+
+Later, with General George Rogers Clark in command, Kenton, the great
+scout and spy, piloted the Kentuckians, when in 1780 they carried the
+war into the Indian's own country.
+
+During all these dangers there had ever been the horrible feeling that
+he was a fugitive and a murderer; but meeting by chance some one from
+his boyhood home, Simon Kenton learned that his former rival, William
+Veach, was still alive. He resumed his rightful name, hastened home,
+made friends with Veach, and started with his father and family again to
+this great paradise of the West.
+
+[Illustration: Simon Kenton]
+
+Kenton, so great in all the qualifications of the pioneer, was not
+schooled in the arts of civilization. His ignorance, coupled with his
+great confidence in men, which amounted almost to credulity, caused him
+to lose most of his valuable lands; but at last the legislature of
+Kentucky made some reparation to the old, heroic soldier whose deeds and
+daring will ever furnish ennobling themes for song and story.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] The name given the white men by the Indians on account of the long
+knives they carried in their belts.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE'S TRACE
+
+
+Though Kentucky was not the home, but merely the hunting grounds, of
+most of the Indians, yet there were varied and conflicting claims.
+
+While the Six Nations sold their title to this vast area to the British,
+and the Shawnees at last relinquished their rights, still the Cherokees
+pressed their claim until Henderson's company, composed of nine men of
+education and ability from North Carolina, purchased from them, in 1775,
+at the Watauga River, about seventeen million acres of land for ten
+thousand pounds ($50,000). This company hoped to found a colony and sell
+land to immigrants. They named this region Transylvania--"beyond the
+woods."
+
+Later, this purchase was declared by both Virginia and North Carolina to
+be null and void, and the plan was abandoned. Before this, however,
+Daniel Boone had been sent to open up a trace or road from the Holston
+River to the mouth of Otter Creek on the Kentucky River, where later
+Boonesborough was built and the first legislature in Kentucky was held.
+
+This road was to be for the travel of men and pack horses, the pioneer's
+train. Hastening forward with his brother, Squire Boone, Colonel Richard
+Calloway, and several others--thirty in all--Daniel Boone began to
+"blaze the way" in the wilderness for the countless thousands who were
+to come after them.
+
+Beginning at Watauga, the trace led to the Cumberland Gap, where it
+joined the "Warrior's Path," which it followed for about fifty miles
+northward; from this place it followed a buffalo trace to the northwest
+until it reached the Kentucky River.
+
+Blazing the trees with their hatchets, cutting their way through dead
+brush, removing undergrowth, chopping through cane and reed, the party
+proceeded on their perilous journey. Within about fifteen miles of their
+destination, while asleep in camp, they were attacked by the Indians.
+Later they were again fired upon by the savages, when two of the white
+men were killed and three wounded. Here, five miles south of Richmond,
+from necessity was erected the first fort in Kentucky. This stockade
+fort was called Fort Twetty, as here Captain Twetty died and was buried.
+
+Pushing on, Boone and his companions reached the site selected, and soon
+constructed a stockade fort of two cabins, connected by palisades. This
+formed the nucleus of the fort, which was completed in about two months
+and which was named Boonesborough.
+
+The trace or road opened by Boone has had various names; it has been
+called "Boone's Trace" or "Boone's Trail," "the Virginia Road," "the
+Road to Caintuck," "the Kentucky Road," and "the Wilderness Road." This
+last name was given from the great wilderness of laurel thickets between
+the Cumberland Gap and the settlements in Kentucky, a length of two
+hundred miles without a single habitation.
+
+Along this difficult highway a narrow and often zigzag path in the
+forest, six hundred miles in length, came the countless men, women, and
+children from Virginia who were to found this great commonwealth of
+Kentucky, a worthy daughter of a most worthy mother.
+
+When the legislature of Kentucky in 1795 passed an act for enlarging to
+the width of thirty feet that part of Boone's Trace between Crab Orchard
+and Cumberland Gap, and advertised for bids on it, the old pioneer, who
+had been the "Pathfinder" of the West in this new Eldorado, sent to
+Governor Isaac Shelby the following characteristic letter:
+
+                                                _feburey the 11th 1796,_
+
+  _Sir_
+
+    _after my Best Respts to your Excelancy and famyly I wish to inform
+    you that I have sum intention of undertaking this New Rode that is
+    to be cut through the Wilderness and I think My self intiteled to
+    the ofer of the Bisness as I first Marked out that Rode in March
+    1775 and Never Re'd anything for my trubel and Sepose I am No
+    statesman I am a Woodsman and think My self as capable of Marking
+    and Cutting that Rode as any other man Sir if you think with Me
+    I would thank you to Wright Mee a Line By the Post the first
+    opportuneaty and he Will Lodge it at Mr. John Miler son hinkston
+    fork as I wish to know where and when it is to be laat (let) So
+    that I may atend at the time_
+
+                              _I am Deer Sir your very omble sarvent_
+                                                          _Daniel Boone_
+
+  _To his Excelancy governor Shelby._
+
+The grim old veteran did not secure the contract, but his name is
+inseparably linked with this thoroughfare, the opening of which was of
+inestimable value to the infant empire beyond the mountains.
+
+
+
+
+BOONE IN CAPTIVITY
+
+
+On New Year's Day, 1778, Daniel Boone with thirty companions left
+Boonesborough for the Blue Licks, to make a year's supply of salt for
+the garrisons.
+
+A few weeks later, while hunting several miles from the camp, he was
+overtaken by a party of one hundred Indians and attempted to escape. The
+fleet warriors, needing a white captive to give them information about
+Boonesborough, instead of shooting Boone as he ran, gave chase and
+captured the hardy backwoodsman.
+
+Now all the cunning of Boone was sorely needed. He wished to prevent if
+possible the capture of the salt makers and to postpone the march of the
+savages on the garrison. How the wily old hunter managed we do not know.
+But he finally secured the promise of the Indians that if the party at
+Blue Licks would surrender, they would be well treated as prisoners and
+their lives spared. Arriving at Blue Licks, Boone made signs to the
+white men to surrender without resistance; this they did, and the
+promise made by the Indians to Boone was sacredly kept.
+
+Three of the white men managed to escape; when the Indians had gone,
+they returned, hid the kettles, and carried home the salt, as well as
+the news of the captivity of Boone and his companions.
+
+The prisoners were marched through severe weather to the principal
+Shawnee town, old Chillicothe, on the Little Miami River in Ohio. In
+March, Boone and ten others were carried to Detroit, where the British
+commander, Governor Hamilton, offered the Indians L100 sterling for
+Boone, intending to send him home on parole. But Boone had so won the
+hearts of his dusky captors that they would not patiently listen to any
+plan that would take him from among them. The great hunter had to feign
+contentment and not wound the feelings or excite the suspicion of his
+captors.
+
+Leaving the other prisoners at Detroit, the savages returned to their
+capital with Boone, whom they soon adopted into one of the principal
+families. Although they plucked out his hairs, one by one, except the
+scalp lock of about three inches on the crown; although he was taken
+into the river and given a scrubbing, "to take out all his white blood";
+although he was harangued by the chief about the great honor shown him;
+and although he was frightfully painted and bedecked in
+feathers,--through it all he appeared content and thus still more
+endeared himself to the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: "Boone was frightfully painted and bedecked in
+feathers."]
+
+After this the Indians would challenge him to shooting matches, in which
+he was cautious not to excel them too often, for fear of arousing their
+envy or jealousy, but would beat them often enough to excite their
+admiration.
+
+Boone was very careful to show respect and loyalty to the leading chief,
+to favor him often with the spoils of the hunt, and thus lead all to
+believe that he was happy to have cast his lot among them.
+
+This apparent contentment was only another evidence of what a silent
+stoic Boone could be, for his every thought was with his family and
+friends; but to serve them as well as to save himself, he must pretend
+pleasure in his lot.
+
+Returning one day in June from where a party of the Indians had carried
+him to make salt for them, the old hunter found a party, of nearly five
+hundred warriors ready to march on his beloved Boonesborough. Now Boone
+felt that his captivity served a good purpose, for he determined at all
+hazards to escape and warn the garrison.
+
+The Indians had so relaxed their vigilance over him that he was able to
+effect this resolve. Rising at the usual hour on June 16, he went out
+ostensibly to hunt, but so great was his anxiety that he made no attempt
+to kill anything to eat, but hastened on over the perilous trip of one
+hundred and sixty miles and reached home in four days. During this time
+he ate only one meal, the food he had hidden in his blanket. He was
+joyfully received like one risen from the dead, though his family,
+thinking him killed, had returned to North Carolina.
+
+The fort was in a defenseless condition, but the return of their old
+leader, the news he brought, and the confidence he inspired, soon put
+all in readiness to receive the enemy.
+
+
+
+
+BOONESBOROUGH'S BRAVE DEFENSE
+
+
+Finding their captive gone, the Indians delayed their march on
+Boonesborough, until, impatient to fight the foe, Colonel Boone with
+nineteen others, among whom was Simon Kenton, started in August to
+attack the Indians at Paintcreektown, in Ohio. When within about four
+miles of the place, Kenton, who was in advance, was surprised and
+startled by hearing loud laughter from a canebrake just before him. He
+had scarcely secreted himself when two Indians, seated on a pony, one
+facing the animal's head, the other his tail, dashed by his place of
+concealment. Kenton fired, both savages fell, one killed, the other
+severely wounded. As Kenton was taking the latter's scalp he was
+suddenly surrounded by about thirty Indians, who were at once dispersed
+by the arrival of Boone and his party.
+
+Boone, dispatching spies, at once learned that the Indian town was
+deserted; so he lost no time in retracing his steps to Boonesborough,
+which he reached one day in advance of the Indian army, led by Captain
+Duquesne, a Canadian Frenchman. The invading army, four hundred strong,
+appeared flying the British colors. The savage warriors, painted in
+hideous colors, paraded in two lines, giving the most bloodcurdling
+yells and brandishing their guns. It was enough to try the stoutest
+heart.
+
+Soon a large negro stepped in front of the line and in English called
+for "Captain Boone," but there was no reply. Again he said he wanted to
+speak to Captain Boone, and if he would come out, he would not be hurt.
+
+The men in the fort objected to their leader's going, but Boone, armed
+with a pipe and a flag, went out alone, leaving instructions that if he
+was made prisoner his men should shut the fort and defend it to the
+last.
+
+In about one hour he returned, telling his companions that the Indians
+had promised that if he would surrender the fort he and his companions
+would not be hurt. To pacify the Indians he had seemed to assent to this
+plan, promising to return the next day, and inform them of the result of
+his conference with his companions.
+
+When the little band of less than fifty fighting men met in council and
+learned that they could make a manly defense with small chance of
+success, and if defeated they would become victims of savage barbarity,
+or they could surrender at once, become prisoners, and be stripped of
+their effects, the deliberation was short, the answer prompt, and voiced
+by each:
+
+"We are determined to defend our fort as long as a man of us lives."
+
+The next day Boone again met the assaulters and asked for another day in
+which to secure the assent of the remainder in the fort, to surrender.
+
+The time thus gained was improved by making every preparation possible;
+they collected the cattle and horses, fastened the gate with bars, and
+in every way made ready for the conflict.
+
+The next morning, from one of the bastions of the fort, Colonel Boone
+made known to the commander of his adversaries the determination of the
+garrison, at the same time thanking them for the time in which to
+prepare his defense.
+
+Disappointment was plainly evident in the countenance of Duquesne; he
+did not at once give up hope of a capitulation, but decided if possible
+to entrap Boone. He declared that in his order from Governor Hamilton he
+was told simply to take the white people as prisoners of war, neither to
+rob nor destroy them. If nine of the principal men would come out and
+treat with them, there would be no violence; they would only return with
+the prisoners or, if they would swear allegiance and accept the
+protection of the British king, they would be set free.
+
+Boone felt this was one more chance to save his men from slaughter. The
+conference was called about sixty yards from the gate of the fort; the
+articles were read, agreed upon, and signed. Then the commander said
+that among the Indians it was customary on such occasions to show their
+sincerity by two Indians shaking each white man by the hand. Boone
+agreed to this. At once two Indians approached each of the nine white
+men and as they took his hand attempted to seize and make him prisoner.
+The white men with great strength sprang away, and fled to the fort amid
+a shower of bullets from Indians in ambush, who came rushing up with the
+most terrifying yells. All reached the fort in safety with the exception
+of one wounded man.
+
+[Illustration: "The fight now began in earnest."]
+
+The fight now began in earnest, and lasted nine days. The enemy tried
+various ways to overcome the garrison. At one time they secreted a part
+of their force under the bank of the Kentucky, attacked the fort on the
+opposite side, and finally pretended to retreat; this ruse failing, they
+began to undermine the houses by excavating under the river bank and
+digging toward the fort. This was discovered by the muddy water caused
+by the great quantity of the loose earth they were compelled to throw
+into the river. Boone at once began to dig a trench within the fort, and
+as the loose dirt was taken up it was thrown over the fort wall. Finding
+their plan was discovered, the Indians abandoned it, but that night
+attempted to fire the fort by pitching torches of cane and hickory bark
+upon it. A rain had fallen a few hours before and the wet logs did not
+burn easily, and the flames were soon extinguished by the whites. Next
+day finding that they could not conquer by "force or fraud" and that
+their stock of provisions was almost exhausted, they paraded and
+withdrew after thirty-seven had been killed in sight of the fort and
+many others wounded. In the fort there were only four wounded.
+
+After the savages had gone the white men picked up one hundred and
+twenty-five pounds of leaden bullets which had fallen near the fort
+walls, besides the vast number that had lodged in the walls and
+palisades.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOST BABY
+
+
+If your baby brother or sister should be lost, even though our country
+is thickly peopled and we have a perfect network of telephones and
+telegraphs across it, think how alarmed you would feel! Yet think how
+much more anxious a mother would be if her baby were lost in a
+wilderness where wolves, wildcats, and panthers roamed hungry and
+fierce.
+
+This really happened to a baby boy named Bennie Craig. His father,
+Benjamin Craig, who presented his commission as a magistrate at the
+first county court held in Gallatin County, 1799, left Virginia in 1781
+with his wife and three children. In those early days people traveled on
+foot or horseback, carrying with them what household necessities they
+could by means of pack horses.
+
+The men and larger boys generally walked ahead, to be sure no Indians
+lurked in ambush; the smaller boys and girls drove the cows and sheep,
+and watched to keep them from wandering off through the woods; while the
+women rode horseback, having tied on the backs of the horses all the
+absolutely necessary household utensils.
+
+In this party the usual plan of travel prevailed. Mrs. Craig and baby
+Bennie were on one horse, followed by another loaded with meal, bacon,
+salt, and skillets and tools; another one of these pack horses had,
+strapped across its back, some hickory withes holding on each side a
+basket made of the boughs of the same tree. These baskets carried what
+bedding and clothing were needed for the new homes. In one of these
+baskets was placed also a little boy of six, in the other a little girl
+of four. Sometimes the mother permitted baby Bennie to ride in the
+basket with his little sister. All three children found many things of
+interest as they rode along in this strange, new land.
+
+One morning Mrs. Craig laid baby Bennie, who was asleep, on a bed of
+leaves amid the boughs of a fallen tree, while she helped pack the
+things to start. As Mr. Craig was anxious to overtake some travelers who
+were ahead of him, because in numbers there was greater safety, he
+hurried Mrs. Craig on her horse; when she called for the baby, the
+little sister begged that it be allowed to ride again with her. The
+mother consented, rode on, and the father began to load the other horse;
+he safely tucked the little boy and girl away in the baskets, but in the
+excitement of overtaking the other travelers both father and children
+forgot baby Bennie.
+
+About an hour later Mrs. Craig, looking back, saw only two children and
+cried out, "Where is the baby?" All were frantic with fear when they
+realized that the baby had been left behind.
+
+Mr. Craig hastily stripped the pack from one of the horses, sprang up on
+its back with gun in hand, and with all possible speed hurried back. For
+nearly two hours the rest waited and watched, wept and prayed. Finally
+the sound of the horse's hoofs was heard and Mr. Craig came at full
+gallop, shouting, "Here he is, safe and sound! The little rascal hadn't
+waked up."
+
+[Illustration: "Here he is, safe and sound!"]
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST ROMANCE IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Difficulties, suffering, and danger beset the early pioneers. Yet none
+of these prevented love, love-making, and marriage. The earliest romance
+was that of Samuel Henderson and Betsey Calloway, at Boonesborough, in
+1776. There came near being no wedding, for late in the afternoon of
+Sunday, July 14, when the midsummer sun caused each one to hunt a cooler
+place, Elizabeth and Frances Calloway and Jemima Boone, the oldest
+daughter of Daniel Boone, started out for a boat ride on the river. They
+were drifting along in their canoe, unconsciously near the opposite
+shore, when they were suddenly surprised and terrified at the appearance
+of five Indians who waded into the water and dragged their canoe ashore.
+
+The three girls screamed with fright, but Betsey Calloway showed herself
+a true pioneer by gashing the head of one of her assailants with her
+paddle. Before dragging them from the boat the Indians forced Frances
+Calloway and Jemima Boone to put on Indian moccasins, but Elizabeth, or
+Betsey, again showed her courage by refusing to do so. We can well
+imagine the horror when the people at the fort realized that the girls
+were in the hands of the savages. Both Boone and Calloway were absent,
+but soon returned and lost no time in starting for rescue and revenge.
+Two parties set out: one on foot with Colonel Boone and the three lovers
+of the three girls, Samuel Henderson, John Holder, and Flanders
+Calloway, respectively; another on horseback.
+
+As soon as they reached the north side of the river, Boone drew them up
+in line, placing the middle man at the trail, and pressed forward in
+pursuit. His daring was equaled only by his discretion, for should the
+pursuers be seen by the Indians, it was highly probable the three
+maidens would suffer death by the tomahawk. Betsey Calloway came near
+suffering thus when the savages discovered her breaking off twigs by
+which she could be trailed. Though the upraised tomahawk with a threat
+to use it caused her to desist from this, she slyly tore off bits of her
+linsey-woolsey dress, and occasionally pressed the heel of her shoepack
+into the soft earth, thus leaving a trail.
+
+By these signs, in the reading of which Colonel Boone was almost as wary
+as the Indians, the rescuing party hardly lost sight of the direction
+taken, although the captors compelled the girls to walk apart through
+the thick cane and wade up and down the streams of water, in an effort
+to hide their trail. On Tuesday morning, when about forty miles from
+Boonesborough, the whites came upon the captors just as they had kindled
+a fire to cook some buffalo meat. The two parties saw each other about
+the same time, but as their weapons were piled at the foot of a tree,
+and the whites fired at once and rushed upon them, the Indians hastily
+fled without knife, tomahawk, or even moccasins. The three girls were
+unharmed.
+
+[Illustration: "The whites fired and rushed upon them."]
+
+Betsey Calloway, a brunette much tanned by exposure, was mistaken by one
+of the rescuing party for an Indian, as she sat with the two wearied
+maidens asleep with their heads in her lap. Just as he was about to
+dash out her brains with the butt of his gun his arm was arrested by one
+who recognized her, and a most horrible tragedy was averted. Amid
+rejoicing they returned to the fort.
+
+On the seventh of the next month Squire Boone, a Baptist minister,
+performed the first marriage ceremony in Kentucky, when Betsey Calloway
+became the wife of Samuel Henderson. The other two couples soon followed
+their example.
+
+
+
+
+A WEDDING IN THE WILDERNESS
+
+
+The boys and girls in the early days of Kentucky usually married very
+young; and a wedding was an event so important that every one in the
+entire community felt a personal interest in the affair. The ceremony
+was usually performed just before noon.
+
+On the morning of the appointed day the groom and his attendants met at
+the home of his father and proceeded to the home of the bride. The
+gentlemen wore only clothes that were homemade; linsey shirts, leather
+breeches and leggins, moccasins or shoepacks, and caps of mink or
+raccoon skin with the tail hanging down the back completed their
+costume.
+
+The ladies were beautiful in linsey-woolsey, coarse shoes, or moccasins
+embroidered with beads and quills, and buckskin gloves. Just after the
+ceremony there was a feast of venison and bear, beef and pork, turkeys
+and geese, potatoes and cabbage, cornmeal mush with milk and maple
+sugar, ash cake and dodgers.
+
+[Illustration: "As soon as dinner was over, the dancing began."]
+
+As soon as dinner was over the dancing began and lasted not only through
+the afternoon but through the night until dawn. The square dance, the
+reel, and the jig were the figures that gave most joy to their flying
+feet.
+
+Either the next day, or very soon thereafter, the neighbors helped the
+newly married couple "settle." A party of choppers felled and trimmed
+the trees, others hauled them to the site, while others made the
+clapboards for the roof, and puncheons for floor and door. If any
+windows were made, they were covered with oiled doeskin and had thick
+shutters. No one had windows filled with glass in those days.[2]
+
+The neighbors helped not only to raise and cover the house, but to make
+the furniture also. A table was made from a slab of wood with four legs
+driven into auger holes; some three-legged stools were made of like
+material. Sticks driven into auger holes in the wall supported clapboard
+shelves where various articles were kept. A few pegs were likewise
+driven in the wall where the wearing apparel of both men and women was
+hung. A pair of buck horns or two small forks fastened to the logs held
+the ever trusty rifle and shot pouch.
+
+Nor did they stop here. Through a fork placed with its lower end in a
+hole in the floor and its upper end fastened to a joist, they placed
+poles with their ends through cracks in the walls. Over these,
+clapboards were laid. When the whole had been covered with skins of bear
+and deer, this made a most comfortable bed.
+
+At these house raisings, log rollings, and harvest homes there was much
+merriment coupled with the hard labor. Any man who failed to perform his
+part of the work was dubbed "Lazy Lawrence" and was denied similar help
+when he needed it.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] There is a story of a little boy who, upon seeing a house with glass
+windows for the first time, rushed home crying, "O Ma, there is a house
+down town with specs on!"
+
+
+
+
+PIONEER CHILDREN
+
+
+The boys and girls of to-day with all the comforts and luxuries
+surrounding them often pity the pioneer children and wonder how they
+spent their time. However, they doubtless were as happy and ambitious as
+we are. The boys early learned to chop, to grub bushes up by the roots,
+maul rails, trap turkeys, tree coons, and shoot a rifle. When severe
+weather kept them in the fort, there were not only the duties of making
+brooms and brushes but also the wrestling, leaping, and shooting matches
+where each strove to excel the other. How proud was the youth when he
+could "bark a squirrel," that is, shoot off the bark so near the
+squirrel that the force killed it, without inflicting a wound.
+
+The girls also had their work and play. They watched the cattle to keep
+them from straying too far away, they hunted flat rocks on which to bake
+"journey cakes," they helped to pound hominy, bring water, gather wild
+nettles, and assisted in soap making, sugaring, sewing, candle molding,
+and wool carding. There were likewise near-by excursions for hickory
+nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapes, pawpaws, honey locusts, hackberries,
+huckleberries, blackberries, dewberries, and raspberries.
+
+But you say, "All this sounds like fun. Boy Scouts and Camp-Fire Girls
+do many of these things and count them sport. The boys and girls of the
+early days in Kentucky must have had one long holiday with no thought
+of school or school work." There you are mistaken, for scarcely had the
+first women and children come to Harrodstown when Mrs. William Coomes
+taught in the fort, in 1776, the first school in Kentucky. In 1777, John
+May taught at McAfee's Station, and two years later Joseph Doniphan was
+teaching at Boonesborough.
+
+[Illustration: "There were excursions for nuts and berries."]
+
+So these boys and girls of those far-away days, although they had no
+well-warmed, well-lighted, well-ventilated schoolhouses; although their
+teachers were not always so scholarly and cultured as one could wish;
+although often in the earliest days they had no attractive textbooks,
+and their only means of learning to read, write, and calculate was from
+copies set by their teachers; although instead of paper they used smooth
+boards on which to write, with the juice of the oak balls for ink;
+although when they could read there were no absorbing storybooks,--yet
+they made progress and perhaps studied as hard as some children of
+to-day.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE PIONEERS MADE CHANGE
+
+
+We of to-day, with half dollars, quarter dollars, dimes, nickels, and
+pennies, often find it difficult to "make change." Still more difficult
+was it for the early settlers to do so.
+
+As the Indians used wampum and the early settlers of Virginia, tobacco,
+so the pioneers of Kentucky used the skins of wild animals as their
+first currency. While immigrants continued to come to this region,
+Spanish silver dollars came gradually into circulation. Still there was
+no small change.
+
+As "Necessity is the mother of invention," our forefathers actually made
+change by cutting the dollar into four equal parts, each worth
+twenty-five cents. These were again divided, each part worth twelve and
+one half cents, called bits. People sometimes became careless in the
+work of making change and often cut the dollar into five "quarters" or
+into ten "eighths." On account of the wedge shape of these pieces of cut
+money, they were called "sharp shins."
+
+If change was needed for a smaller sum than twelve and one half cents,
+merchants gave pins, needles, writing paper, and such things.
+
+This cut silver gradually found its way back to the mint for recoinage,
+usually to the loss of the last owner. As late as 1806, a business house
+in Philadelphia received over one hundred pounds of cut silver, brought
+on by a Kentucky merchant, which was sent on a dray to the United States
+Mint for recoinage.
+
+
+
+
+A WOMAN'S WILL
+
+
+"Where there is a will, there is a way" is an oft-quoted proverb, and
+the first white woman of whom we have any record of entering Kentucky
+proved it true. In 1756 Mrs. Mary Draper Inglis, her two small sons, and
+a sister-in-law, Mrs. Draper, were taken from their homes in Virginia by
+the Shawnee Indians and carried some distance down the Kanawha, where
+they halted a few days to make salt, thence to the Indian village at the
+mouth of the Scioto, which is the site now of Portsmouth, Ohio. Mrs.
+Inglis won her way into the favor of the savages by making shirts of
+material that French traders had brought from Detroit. She was soon held
+in such high esteem by her captors that she was not subjected to the
+peril of running the gantlet, though a greater grief was put upon
+her,--that of being separated from her two sons at the division of the
+prisoners.
+
+After spending a few weeks at the mouth of the Scioto, a number of the
+savages proceeded to Big Bone Lick, over a hundred miles away. With them
+they took Mrs. Inglis and an old Dutch lady who had been in captivity
+for a long while. Not being daunted by fear or distance from home, these
+pioneer women planned and effected an escape. On the pretext of
+gathering grapes they started from camp one afternoon with only a
+blanket, knife, and tomahawk.
+
+With eager feet they reached the Ohio, and followed its windings, until
+after five days' journeying they found themselves opposite the mouth of
+the Scioto. Fortune favored them, for a horse was grazing there and also
+some corn was close at hand. Although near Indian villages, they loaded
+the horse with corn and pressed on to the mouth of the Big Sandy, but
+were compelled to go farther up that stream to effect a crossing. After
+going some distance, the women crossed on driftwood, but the horse,
+falling among the logs, was finally abandoned, and with only a scanty
+store of corn they pursued their dangerous journey.
+
+[Illustration: They crossed the river on driftwood.]
+
+Had it not been for walnuts, grapes, and pawpaws, hunger would have
+stayed their steps. Even with these the Dutch woman was not long
+satisfied and, driven to desperation, she threatened and attempted the
+life of Mrs. Inglis. But the latter succeeded in escaping from her
+frantic companion and, finding a canoe, took a broad splinter for a
+paddle and reached the Ohio shore. When morning dawned and the Dutch
+woman saw Mrs. Inglis on the other bank, she pleaded with her to return
+to her rescue. But fearing a repetition of her late fury, Mrs. Inglis
+turned a deaf ear to entreaties and hastened, as fast as her exhausted
+condition permitted, towards home. At last, after more than forty days
+of dire suffering and destitution, she reached a cabin where careful
+attention soon restored her to health and from there she was taken to a
+near-by fort and restored to her husband. A party went in search of the
+Dutch woman and brought her safely to the settlement. One of the little
+sons died soon after being separated from his mother, while thirteen
+years elapsed before the father found and rescued the other.
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE WOMEN BROUGHT THE WATER
+
+
+The women of Kentucky have never been known to falter whatever demand
+duty might make upon them; yet at no period in the history of our
+commonwealth has there been any more severe test of the courage of her
+daughters than occurred on the morning of August 15, 1782, at a point
+about five miles northeast of Lexington on the present road from that
+city to Maysville.
+
+This post had been settled in 1779 by four brothers from North Carolina,
+named Bryan, hence the name "Bryan's Station." About forty cabins had
+been "placed in parallel lines and connected by strong palisades." This
+fort and the station at Lexington had been selected as special places on
+which to visit the wrath and retaliation for massacre of some Indians
+upon the Sandusky; and as the savages and their renegade allies had been
+successful, they were easily incited to a general attack and inspired
+with the idea of regaining their hunting grounds and driving the
+paleface across the Alleghenies.
+
+Simon Girty, the notorious renegade, was at the height of his glory
+when, in response to requests of runners sent to various tribes, there
+began at Chillicothe, August 1, 1782, a gathering of Cherokees,
+Shawnees, Miamis, Wyandots, and Potawatamis.
+
+Ere the march began, the party numbered nearly six hundred warriors.
+With great secrecy and rapidity they descended the Little Miami, crossed
+the Ohio, and reached central Kentucky. In the hope of drawing away the
+fighting forces from the stations warned, Girty sent a party of
+Wyandots, who harassed Hoy's Station, and captured two boys. Captain
+Holder, gathering what men he could, pushed forward in pursuit, but was
+defeated August 12, at Upper Blue Licks. When runners spread the news to
+the various forts, the call to rally to Holder's assistance was as
+quickly responded to as if it had been imperative.
+
+Girty knew of the common custom of rallying to the needs of neighboring
+settlements, so he expected to find a defenseless fort at Bryan's
+Station when he and his band of savages reached there on the night of
+the 14th. Instead, all within seemed awake and alert; lights were
+shining and fires burning brightly. Girty at once suspected that his
+coming had been heralded. The truth was that it was the preparation for
+the morrow's march that caused such activity; not one suspected that
+such a horde of murderous savages was so near. So when at the early dawn
+the men started from their fort, they were much surprised at a heavy
+fire from ambuscade, but they were so near the gates that they soon
+retreated within and prepared for a stormy siege. Couriers carried the
+news of the attack to Lexington, Todd's, St. Asaph's, and Boonesborough.
+While awaiting reinforcements from these stations, the sixty
+backwoodsmen prepared to protect themselves and their families.
+
+Knowing the siege would be severe and perhaps long, they began to
+consider seriously the question of securing water; for, by an oversight,
+the men who built the fort placed it at some distance from the spring
+which supplied their wants. As cunning as the Indians, and equally as
+strategic, were the men opposed to them. Instinctively they felt that
+the savages were ambushed near the spring expecting the men to come for
+a supply of water, when it would be the work of only a very few moments
+to fire upon them, and through the gateway gain admittance to the fort.
+
+After talking over the matter the men within the fort called together
+all the women, disclosed their suspicions concerning the location of a
+part of the enemy, but told them they felt no violence would be offered
+women and urged them to go in a body to bring water. The women hesitated
+and said that they were not bullet-proof and that savages scalped alike
+the male and the female. In reply the men said that the women usually
+carried the water, and that if the men should go, the Indians would know
+that their ambuscade had been discovered and would at once rush upon the
+whites and gain admittance to the fort; but if the women went as usual,
+the savages would think their hiding secure and would longer delay the
+attack. The women knew that water they must have, if the garrison
+withstood the inevitable siege; they also knew that the views of the men
+were correct and that the request for them to bring the water arose from
+no desire on the part of their husbands and brothers, sons and fathers,
+to shirk duty or shift danger.
+
+So when the Spartan-like mothers agreed to the plan, the younger women
+followed their example, and everyone, matron and maid, with pail in hand
+or piggin on head, marched down to the spring, while they "feared each
+bush" an Indian. Though vainly striving to appear calm, when returning
+
+    "The way seemed long before them,
+    And their hearts outran their footsteps";
+
+so the nearer the gate they came, the quicker was their walk until it
+finally ended in a very brisk run and very few entered the fort with
+full vessels. Tradition says that as the last entered so hastily and
+spilled the water so freely the Indians broke into a laugh. But the
+women had "been tried and not found wanting"; they had proved themselves
+to be true helpmates of those sturdy men who were striving to gain a
+home in the western wilds.
+
+[Illustration: "The walk finally ended in a very brisk run."]
+
+Erelong the arrangements for defense were completed and thirteen men
+marched out to form a decoy party on the Lexington road; their orders
+were to fire rapidly, make all possible noise, but not to pursue the
+savages too far. They obeyed orders well and as soon as the guns sounded
+in the distance, five hundred warriors, led by Girty, rushed from the
+ambush near the spring, expecting to force their way over defenseless
+walls. The greater part of the sixty men had resolved themselves into a
+reception committee, expecting just such a call. So, when "their deadly
+balls whistled free," wild cries of terror came from Girty's ranks and
+"in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen," while the thirteen
+reentered through the opposite gateway, very jubilant over the success
+of their little ruse.
+
+The attack was renewed, but nothing of marked importance occurred unless
+it was the supreme cooeperation that went on within the fort. Every
+breech was repaired, every gate and loophole manned; men, women, and
+even children were busily engaged in firing at the foe, molding bullets,
+or quenching the flames that the burning arrows from the bows of the
+savages had lighted. At two in the afternoon, just at a time when the
+firing had ceased, about fifty men, from various stations, one third on
+horse, the rest afoot, came in reply to the request sent out that
+morning.
+
+As the Indians knew that runners had been dispatched for reenforcements,
+they had planned to receive them. On one side of the road "stood the
+forest primeval," while on the other side was a vast field of one
+hundred acres of luxuriant corn, ten feet high, whose long green banners
+formed a dense thicket. Here on each side lay warriors within range of
+the road over which they knew the men would come. As soon as the
+horsemen appeared, shots from the guns of the savages rang out; but
+quickly spurring their horses, the recruiting party escaped within the
+fort through such a cloud of dust that not one was wounded.
+
+Had the foot soldiers been more cautious, they too might have fared
+better; but hearing the firing on their friends, they rushed forward
+into the presence of the great crowd of savages, who, having emptied
+their guns, began to advance with tomahawk; but in many instances they
+were held at bay by the muzzle of the frontiersman's gun. Thus for an
+hour, the savages pursued the flying soldiers, who when too hard pressed
+turned and aimed, but did not fire until absolutely forced to do so, as
+they could have no time to reload.
+
+In a skirmish, a ball from a rifle brought Girty to the ground, but when
+the warriors gathered around him, they found that it was only the force
+that had caused him to fall, as the ball had struck a thick piece of
+leather in his shot pouch. Despairing of success, Girty crawled to the
+protection of a huge stump, hailed the fort, and attempted
+negotiations. He spoke in commendatory terms of their courage, but
+assured them that to pursue such policy further was madness, as in
+addition to his six hundred warriors he would soon have reenforcements
+with cannons, when their weak walls would no longer protect them. He
+urged an immediate surrender, pledged his honor to protect them as
+prisoners of war, and inquired if they knew him, Simon Girty.
+
+Some were rather anxious at the news of artillery, but a young man named
+Aaron Reynolds inspired the weaker ones with courage when he derisively
+told the speaker to bring on his reenforcements; that they too were
+expecting reenforcements and if Girty and his savage allies remained
+much longer, their scalps would grace his cabin. He said Girty was "very
+well known," that he himself owned a cur, so worthless that he called
+him "Simon Girty."
+
+Offended at such language, Girty rejoined his chiefs. The night passed
+without interruption, but daylight showed camp fires burning, meat
+roasting, and not an Indian in sight. They had evidently departed just
+before dawn.
+
+
+
+
+THE RESULT OF ONE RASH ACT
+
+
+After the retreat of the savages from Bryan's Station it did not take
+long for the Kentucky riflemen to gather and go in pursuit. In the
+afternoon of the same day the savages had retreated from the fort, one
+hundred and eighty-two men from the various stations assembled. Fearing
+that the Indians would escape across the river, they started at once to
+overtake them, without waiting for the arrival of Colonel Logan, who was
+coming with three hundred more men.
+
+Colonel John Todd was put in command, while many commissioned officers
+took their places in the ranks. On they pressed, until on the second
+day, as they reached the Lower Blue Licks, they saw the Indians
+leisurely ascending the farther bank.
+
+The pioneers halted and held a conference in which all officers took
+part. The veteran Boone was asked for his opinion which all valued. He
+counseled either waiting for Colonel Logan's reenforcements or so
+dividing their numbers that part could cross above and fall in the rear
+of the enemy, while others could fight from the front.
+
+Some preferred the first plan, others wished to adopt the second. In the
+midst of the consultation the rash, undisciplined nature of Colonel Hugh
+McGary, daring but with no deference to authority, oblivious to peril
+but not prudent, caused him to exchange some hot words with Todd and
+Boone; then giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream, holding
+his hat above his head, and shouting, "All who are not cowards follow
+me."
+
+[Illustration: "Giving a war whoop, he rushed madly into the stream."]
+
+The effect was electric. Horse and foot rushed headlong, each trying to
+be foremost. No order was given, none observed. In their unreasonable
+enthusiasm they heeded no command. In vain the officers tried to check
+them, then finally followed. Reaching the farther bank, by great
+difficulty a halt was secured and spies sent ahead to examine a ravine
+where Boone feared an ambush; as they returned and reported no sign of
+the enemy, the pioneers moved forward in three divisions. By the time
+they came to this ravine Girty's Indians had so placed themselves that
+from their murderous fire many fell. Still the pioneers maintained their
+ground, until at last all hope lay in retreat. On the bank of the river
+there was soon a seething mass of horsemen, foot soldiers, and Indians.
+Sixty of Kentucky's bravest fell, and sorrow filled every home.
+
+Colonel Logan and his soldiers came next day and buried their dead,
+among whom were many of the leaders in both public and private life as
+well as a son of the aged Boone.
+
+There is a tradition that when the Indians saw four more of their own
+among the slain than of the whites, they barbarously put to death four
+of the seven pioneers they had taken and subjected the others many times
+to the most cruel and inhuman treatment.
+
+Through this rash act of McGary nearly one tenth of all the fighting men
+in Kentucky fell. Distress and discouragement were general; and the
+greatest disaster that had yet befallen the country had been brought
+about.
+
+
+
+
+TWO KENTUCKY HEROES
+
+
+In the latter part of the year 1779, David Rogers was making his way
+from New Orleans to Pittsburgh with two boats full of military stores.
+On nearing the four-mile bar above the present site of Cincinnati, he
+discovered a great number of Indians emerging from the mouth of the
+Little Miami. Hastily landing, his men cautiously crept through the
+underbrush, expecting to take the Indians unawares, when they were
+suddenly surprised by a large force of savages, who with rifle and
+tomahawk made such a terrible onslaught that more than half of the
+whites met an almost instantaneous death.
+
+The crew, in a panic, rushed forward to their boats only to find one in
+the possession of the enemy and the other too far from shore to reach
+its friendly shelter. With a courage born of despair they rushed through
+the enemy's lines, and some escaped in the darkness to Harrodstown,
+while others were so severely wounded that they barely existed until
+they were rescued by their friends.
+
+Among these was Robert Benham, who, after being shot through the hips,
+managed to crawl to a large fallen tree and hide among its foliage.
+There he quietly lay until the battle was ended, and the Indians had
+returned and gathered the spoils from the dead whites. Thinking the
+coast clear once more and suffering pangs of hunger, Benham could not
+resist shooting a raccoon that came within his range, trusting to
+providence to reach it after it fell. Scarcely had the sound of his gun
+died away when he heard some one speak. He instantly reloaded and sat
+quietly, expecting an Indian every moment.
+
+Finally some one said, "Whoever you are, answer me."
+
+He then, realizing that it was no savage, readily answered; and soon one
+of his former comrades, John Watson, appeared with both arms broken.
+
+Never was there a happier combination. From that time the arms of
+Benham and the legs of Watson each did duty for both. Benham could
+easily load his gun and kill the game, while Watson could readily kick
+it within reach of his companion, who could dress and cook it. Thus they
+subsisted until the game in their vicinity grew scarce; then the man
+with the sound legs would walk around a drove of wild turkeys until he
+got them within range of Benham's gun, who was such a splendid marksman
+that he never failed to kill two or three of the number.
+
+Their greatest difficulty was in securing water; but as in all things,
+"where there is a will there is a way," so even this difficulty was
+obviated. Benham would place his hat rim between the teeth of Watson,
+who would wade into the river up to his chin, duck his head, and thus
+fill the hat with water which he securely delivered to the man without
+legs, who could use it as needed. Benham was thus enabled to cook, dress
+his own and his comrade's wounds, and feed the latter also.
+
+For several weeks they lived thus, until they grew stronger and traveled
+to the Licking River. After a great deal of difficulty in making
+themselves known to some passing boats, they were rescued, and taken to
+the Falls of the Ohio, where both recovered. Benham afterwards
+participated in several expeditions, and, after peace, returned to the
+scenes of his sufferings, bought land there, and passed his remaining
+days peacefully where he had so nearly met death.
+
+
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS
+
+
+From time immemorial women have been accused of possessing an unusual
+amount of curiosity, but an incident of the early days, in what is now
+Mercer County, will prove that some men also belong to the curious
+class.
+
+In 1783, the same year that saw the treaty of peace between Great
+Britain and the thirteen colonies go into effect, Kentucky, still a part
+of Virginia, was a dense forest, infested by roving bands of Indians who
+plundered and murdered the pioneers; hence caution was still the
+watchword of the white inhabitants. During this year, three men in the
+early dawn left Harrod's Station to hunt for some horses that had
+strayed off while grazing. For some time, over many miles, through dense
+cane and tangled pea vine, they pursued the trail, until, as a refuge
+from the darkness and a cold, drenching rain, the pioneers took shelter
+in an old, deserted log cabin, in the midst of a canebrake.
+
+Having seen signs of Indians during the day and knowing that the red men
+also knew of the cabin, they decided to endure the cold, rather than
+light a fire. Finally they concluded a still further precaution would be
+to take refuge in the "loft" of the cabin for fear the savage foes might
+also take shelter therein and dispute the right of possession.
+
+They at once climbed up into the loft, the floor of which was
+clapboards, lying loose upon some round poles. Here, with their trusty
+rifles, they lay quietly for a short time, when to their terror six
+armed savages entered the cabin. Placing their guns and tomahawks in a
+corner, they built a fire and began a scene of hilarity characteristic
+of their tribe.
+
+[Illustration: "The Indians built a fire."]
+
+One of the men was anxious to know the number of the Indians. So, though
+he was lying on his back, and was the middle man, he determined to turn
+over and peep at the crowd below. The other two white men determined he
+should keep still; so they held him, but as he quietly struggled, a pole
+broke and with a terrible crash, clapboards, men, and guns fell upon the
+frightened savages, who with yells of terror fled into the forest and
+never returned. Though almost as much terrified as the Indians, the
+white men quietly enjoyed the fire till morning, when they returned to
+the station with their trophies of what they laughingly called "The
+Battle of the Boards."
+
+
+
+
+THE FAITHFUL SLAVE AND HIS REWARD
+
+
+If we search the annals of both ancient and modern times we can find no
+record that shows greater fidelity from slave to master than was
+exhibited by a negro to one of Kentucky's most noted pioneers.
+
+In 1782, March 19, people living in the vicinity of Boonesborough
+discovered some empty rafts floating down the river. They at once knew
+that Indians had used them to cross the stream so as to attack the
+unprotected settlements. News was sent to the various stations warning
+the settlers. Colonel Logan dispatched fifteen men to Estill's Station,
+where they were joined by twenty-five from that fort. Under the command
+of Captain James Estill, they started to pursue and punish the invaders.
+
+Early in the morning of the 20th, Miss Jennie Gass, with a slave, Monk,
+as protector, went just outside the fort at Estill's Station to milk the
+cows. Her mother, seeing the savages approaching, called loudly for her
+to run, but the warning came too late. Ere her daughter could reach the
+gate, her mother saw her tomahawked and scalped.
+
+Monk was captured and asked about the force of the fort. Like the
+half-witted boy who was questioned by the Tories, Monk exaggerated the
+situation, saying there were forty men in the fort then molding bullets
+in anticipation of an attack. The truth is that aside from the women and
+children, there were only four men, who were too disabled to march. The
+savages accordingly thought it best to retreat.
+
+No sooner had they withdrawn from the vicinity of the fort than two boys
+were dispatched to find Captain Estill's band and tell them of the
+tragedy. In a few hours the messengers found the men, and so uneasy were
+some of the party for their families that five returned to help protect
+the fort, while the other thirty-five began to search for the trail of
+the Indians. A part of the horses became so jaded that ten more dropped
+from the ranks, while the remaining twenty-five pushed forward with a
+grim determination to find the savages.
+
+About an hour before sunset they discovered some Indians preparing a
+meal from a buffalo. When Captain Estill fired his gun, the Indians
+fled, and had it not been that their leader was wounded, the retreat
+would have been permanent and the battle of Little Mountain would never
+have been fought. With almost superhuman strength the chieftain dragged
+himself to a place of safety and with a defiance that meant death he
+commanded his warriors who were too loyal to retreat without their
+wounded leader. There, in a space not more than two hundred yards in
+diameter, was fought one of the world's fiercest battles.
+
+On the one hand there were twenty-five Wyandot warriors who defied
+death. On the other side there were twenty-five pioneers, aroused to
+vengeance by the cruelties the red men had visited upon them. Well did
+they obey the command of Estill, "Every man to his man, and every man to
+his tree." At one time in the fiercest of the fight, the rallying tones
+of confidence rang out above the crack of the rifles as Monk, who was
+still held prisoner by the savages, shouted, "Don't give way, Massa Jim,
+you can whip the redskins."
+
+For nearly two hours the combat lasted, neither side advancing nor
+retreating. But when Captain Estill sent Lieutenant William Miller with
+six men to gain the rear of the enemy, that seven ingloriously fled and
+then the savages began to gain on the whites. Finally Captain Estill and
+a brawny Indian clutched in mortal combat. For a time their strength
+seemed equal, but Estill's broken arm giving way, the savage instantly
+plunged a knife into his breast and a moment later, pierced by a bullet
+from Joseph Proctor's unerring gun, fell dead across his victim's body.
+
+There the battle ended, the pioneers taking their wounded comrades and
+leaving the dead upon the field. Proctor carried one, a Mr. Irvine, a
+great distance of forty miles upon his back, while the faithful Monk
+carried another. A few days later a party of whites visited the scene
+and buried their dead. The Indians had carefully removed their slain but
+left the whites unmolested. Wallace Estill, Monk's young master, gave
+him his freedom and cared for him the remainder of his life. He lived to
+a ripe old age and was the father of thirty children.
+
+The little city of Mount Sterling is near the battleground where such
+heroism was displayed by both savage and civilian.
+
+
+
+
+THE DOUBLE SHOT
+
+
+Daniel Boone, the famous hunter, fighter, and pioneer, regarded himself
+as a special agent intended by providence to convert forests into fields
+and to carry civilization to the wilderness. When we remember his many
+exciting adventures and marvelous successes, we are inclined almost to
+believe that he was a child of destiny.
+
+[Illustration: "He took aim at the foremost."]
+
+One of the most singular experiences in his warfare on the savages
+occurred about 1780, when about two miles south of Owingsville. Boone
+was making one of his solitary journeys from Boonesborough to the Upper
+Blue Licks. As he came near a deserted station about twelve miles east
+of the present site of Mount Sterling, he perceived fresh signs of
+Indians; so he continued his journey cautiously until he came to a clear
+spring near the bank of Slate Creek. Here, as he was quenching his
+thirst, a ball whistled by and broke the bark from the beech that shaded
+the spring. Boone lost no time in reaching the creek, swimming to the
+opposite bank, and concealing himself in a convenient canebrake. He then
+cautiously parted the cane until he had gone about one hundred yards,
+when he observed two Indians coming warily towards the creek. He had
+slain so many savages that he was not satisfied with the thought of
+killing one of his adversaries, but determined that one shot should kill
+both. He therefore took aim at the foremost and as the other came in
+range he fired; and as one fell dead, the other, dropping his gun, fled
+with frantic yells of pain, for the ball had passed through the body of
+one and struck the other's shoulder.
+
+Boone then very calmly crossed the creek, selected one of the guns left
+by the savages, threw the other in the creek, where it was found
+afterwards, and proceeded on his way to the Blue Licks.
+
+
+
+
+A MAN OF STRATEGY AND SAGACITY
+
+
+His father having died when he was only fourteen, Benjamin Logan found
+himself, according to the laws of Virginia, at the head of a family, and
+in possession of his father's estate. With his mother's consent he sold
+the land and divided the proceeds among his brothers and sisters. Since
+he wished to see his mother comfortably settled, he united funds with
+that of a brother and bought a small home, which was secured to her
+during her life.
+
+Bidding his mother farewell, he soon made for himself a home on the
+Holston River. Here he remained a few years and after having served with
+both Colonel Bouquet and Colonel Dunmore in the expeditions against the
+Indians, resolved to try the western wilds of Kentucky. With two or
+three slaves, he came, traversed a great part of the wilderness with
+Boone and Henderson, and pitched his camp and built his fort in Lincoln
+County near the present city of Stanford. Bringing out his family the
+next year, he deemed it prudent to place them in the more securely
+fortified Harrodstown. But early in 1777 feeling more assurance of
+safety, he removed all his household to his new home.
+
+Early in the morning of May 20, while some of the men were guarding the
+women as they were outside milking, Indians fired on them from a near-by
+canebrake. All fled toward the fort, but one of the white men fell dead,
+another was mortally wounded, and a third, Burr Harrison, was severely
+crippled. There were now only twelve fighting men to defend the fort,
+while the enemy numbered one hundred. Harrison ran staggering towards
+the fort, when he fell and lay all day within range of the rifles of the
+Indians, and in sight of his agonized wife; her pleas for help and cries
+of distress, as from her own place of safety she saw her husband wounded
+and helpless, touched the sympathy and tried the heroism of all.
+
+[Illustration: "Amid a shower of arrows they entered the gate."]
+
+All hesitated until twilight came, and it grew so dark the Indians could
+not distinguish objects moving around the stockade. As there were a
+great many large hogs in the vicinity, Logan covered himself with a
+small feather bed, made from the feathers of the numerous wild pigeons,
+turkeys, and geese, and leaving the gate crept hither and thither, on
+all fours, grunting and acting as if in search of something to eat.
+Finally he reached Harrison, apparently by accident. He suddenly seized
+him in his arms, sprang to his feet, and darted toward the fort before
+the surprised Indians sufficiently recovered to take sure aim. Amid a
+shower of bullets and arrows he and Harrison entered the gate in safety.
+
+Enraged at the deception practiced upon them, the Indians vigorously
+assaulted the fort, while the inmates as vigorously defended it. Under
+Logan's lead they resolved to fight to the last, but the powder and ball
+began to run low. What should be done? These men, made of "sterner
+stuff," faced another danger. If the siege was continued, they must
+perish or procure ammunition.
+
+Again the heroism of Logan shone forth. Assuring his wife and friends of
+a safe and speedy return, he, with two trusty companions, under the
+cover of the night, left the fort. They crept through the Indian lines,
+avoided the regular route through Cumberland Gap, rapidly traversed
+mountains and valleys, crossed rivers, pushed through brush and cane,
+reached the Holston, procured "powder and ball," and on the tenth night
+Logan reentered the fort, having traveled more than three hundred miles.
+His companions soon arrived with the ammunition, reenforcements were
+brought, and the Indians retired.
+
+
+
+
+THE KIND-HEARTED INDIAN
+
+
+[Illustration: "Mr. Rowan turned the butt of his gun."]
+
+About 1784, a party of pioneers left the Falls of the Ohio with the
+intention of descending the river. Reaching Yellow Banks, the boat
+stopped for a while. One of the party, a Mr. Rowan, taking a loaded gun,
+but no ammunition, wandered some distance from the shore and upon his
+return was astonished to find the boat gone. The crew had cause to
+believe a party of Indians was near, so hastened away without waiting
+for their comrade. The nearest settlement was at Vincennes, one hundred
+miles distant. So thither Mr. Rowan bent his steps until after three
+weary days of exposure and exhaustion he abandoned all hope and lay
+down to die. It was not long, however, before, hearing the report of a
+gun, he again took courage, rose, and made his way in the direction of
+the sound. When he came in sight, an Indian raised his gun to fire, but,
+seeing Mr. Rowan turn the butt of his gun, knew he meant to be friendly;
+so with a politeness that would have done honor to a civilian the savage
+promptly turned the butt of his also.
+
+Learning the destitute condition of Rowan, the Indian hospitably took
+him to his wigwam, cared for him until his strength was restored, and
+then conducted him to Vincennes. Anxious to reward such unusual
+kindness, Rowan tried to prevail on the savage to accept a gift of $300;
+of this the Indian nobly refused every penny, but in order to please his
+recent guest finally accepted a new blanket, saying, "When I wrap myself
+in it, I will think of you."
+
+
+
+
+SAVED BY THE HUG OF A BEAR
+
+
+Though the records of pioneer life teem with startling encounters with
+wild animals, there really occurred a very unusual incident, when the
+life of a young man, named Downing, was saved by the hug of a bear.
+
+In those early days, the people of that part of the country that is now
+Kentucky had to content themselves with very rough cabins and forts for
+their families, and with no outbuildings or inclosures whatever for
+their stock.
+
+Instead of well-kept stables and excellent pastures, the stockade
+protected the cows, sheep, and horses at night, and the near-by forest
+was their home and grazing ground during the day. Although as close
+watch as possible was kept over these animals, they sometimes strayed so
+far away that it was necessary to bring them back or the Indians would
+take them for their own.
+
+In the year 1786, in what is now Bath County, a horse had strayed off,
+and a young man named Yates requested another occupant of the fort, a
+mere lad named Downing, to go with him in search of the animal.
+
+They traversed the woods in every direction all day, but in vain. About
+sundown, when nearly seven miles from the fort, in a wild valley,
+Downing became very anxious concerning sounds that seemed to follow his
+footsteps regardless of the direction he took. He repeatedly said that
+he heard sticks breaking and that he believed Indians were following
+them.
+
+Yates, who was older, more experienced, and more inured to the perils of
+frontier life, laughed heartily at the fears of his companion, often
+inquired at what price he rated his scalp, and jokingly offered to
+insure it at a sixpence.
+
+Oblivious to all danger, enjoying the discomfort of his companion, and
+wishing to display his daring, Yates began a rollicking tune as he
+boldly passed along; but young Downing, feeling "the better part of
+valor is discretion," and being sure from the ominous sounds that they
+were being followed, decided to discover if possible the hidden foe. He
+gradually slackened his pace, until his companion was about twenty or
+thirty yards in advance; then just after descending a small hill,
+Downing quickly stepped from the path and secreted himself behind some
+bushes. He was horrified a few moments later to see two Indians
+cautiously put aside the canebrake and peer in the direction taken by
+his companion.
+
+Downing, fearful lest the savages knew his own hiding place, decided to
+fire upon them at once; but his hand was so unsteady from the
+excitement, that his gun went off before he took aim. Terror-stricken he
+fled in the direction taken by his friend, whom he soon met, returning
+to learn the cause of the firing. There was no need to inquire, for in
+full view the two savages were rapidly pursuing them.
+
+True Kentucky chivalry was soon evident, for though he could easily have
+saved himself, Yates would not outrun his young companion, but kept by
+his side.
+
+It so happened that a path diverged from the one taken by the whites,
+but rejoined it at a distant point. Knowing the country well, the
+Indians took this divergent path, expecting to intercept the pioneers at
+the point of reunion. Passing this point in safety, the white men soon
+came to a deep gully. Mr. Yates easily cleared it, but his companion,
+being very much exhausted, fell against the farther bank and rolled at
+full length to the bottom. He gave himself up for lost. Over went the
+two Indians like deer, so intent upon catching the foremost man they
+apparently did not notice Downing.
+
+[Illustration: "The bear growled and hugged him close."]
+
+For a while fear kept him still, but finally thinking the Indians were
+far away, the young man walked to the shallow part of the ditch. Just as
+he reached a place so shallow that he was no longer concealed, to his
+astonishment and dismay he beheld one of the savages returning,
+apparently in search of him.
+
+Having neglected to reload his gun, and seeing the Indian advancing upon
+him, he threw it away and again trusted to flight. The white man ran and
+the Indian ran. It was a race for life, but as they ascended the long
+ridge, so steadily did the Indian gain upon him that when Downing ran
+along one side of a big fallen poplar, the Indian passed along the
+other, evidently expecting to seize him at the upturned root. However,
+just there lay a huge mother bear and her cubs. So rapidly was the
+Indian running that by the time he had discovered Mrs. Bruin, she had
+discovered him; and though his salutation was an exclamation of horror
+and a plunge of his great knife, the bear only growled and hugged him
+close.
+
+So happy was Downing over this timely meeting of his two enemies, that
+he joyfully fled to the fort, where he found his companion resting from
+his exciting race. Those in the fort soon received a vivid account of
+how Downing's life, providentially, had been saved by the hug of a bear.
+
+
+
+
+A KENTUCKIAN DEFEATED THE BRITISH
+
+
+There was born in Virginia, on November 19, 1752, a light-haired,
+blue-eyed baby boy who was destined to become the founder of our
+commonwealth, the father of Kentucky, and the captor of England's
+important outposts.
+
+Leaving his home one spring morning in 1775, and stopping at the bend of
+the road to wave farewell to his mother, sister, and brother, George
+Rogers Clark, a young soldier-surveyor of twenty-two who had seen active
+service in Dunmore's war, started out for the wilds of Kentucky.
+
+More than six feet in height, dignified, affable, manly, brave,
+determined, yet gentle, he at once commanded not only the attention, but
+respect, friendship, and leadership of all. Whether or not he came with
+an official commission, his military bearing, his superior intelligence,
+and his indomitable spirit caused him by common consent to be placed at
+the head of the irregular militia of this section.
+
+George Rogers Clark returned to Virginia in the autumn, but in the
+memorable year of '76 came again to Kentucky to make it his permanent
+home.
+
+He opposed the plans of the Transylvania Company, urged the settlers to
+try to effect a more certain connection with Virginia, and went over
+mountains, through mud, and amid difficulties and dangers, as a
+representative to the Virginia legislature, which had adjourned before
+he reached the capital.
+
+Not to be deterred, he visited Governor Patrick Henry, who was at home
+sick, and impressed upon him the necessity of protecting the settlements
+in Kentucky. He then went before the executive council of the state and
+asked for 500 pounds of gunpowder to be used in defense of the stations.
+The council agreed to lend this to the colonists as friends, but said
+they could not give it to them as fellow citizens. At this Clark refused
+to accept the gunpowder and intimated intentions of appealing for
+assistance elsewhere, saying that, "A country that is not worth
+defending is not worth having." This reply caused the recall of Clark to
+the presence of the council, and the gunpowder was conveyed to
+Pittsburgh and delivered to Clark for the colonists.
+
+At the next session of the legislature, through the splendid services of
+this same useful citizen, the territory which later became our
+commonwealth was erected into Kentucky County, of Virginia.
+
+From this time on Clark was, by common consent, the moving master spirit
+in all the daring plans of his adopted state. With a seeing eye and an
+unsurpassed judgment he concluded that the Indian invasions were
+inspired by the British and that to stop this terrible warfare the
+colonists should strike at the fountain head. Accordingly he laid and
+perfected his plans for attacking the posts of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and
+Saint Vincents (now Vincennes). Virginia voted to defray the expenses
+and gave Clark two sets of instructions, one public, ordering him to
+proceed to the defense of Kentucky, the other private, ordering an
+attack on Kaskaskia.
+
+Descending the Ohio on flatboats or pirogues, he landed, May, 1778,
+three companies of troops and several families on Corn Island, near the
+Falls of the Ohio. He drilled his raw recruits, reenforced with
+volunteers from the country, and a few weeks later, amid a total eclipse
+of the sun, set out with his frail fleet of four companies of one
+hundred and thirty-five fighting men.
+
+[Illustration: "On the night of July 4, they captured Kaskaskia."]
+
+Landing on Owen's Island near the mouth of the Tennessee River, and
+striking across the country from Fort Massacre, or Massac, he began that
+wonderful march which won him undying fame.
+
+Meeting a party of hunters recently from Kaskaskia, Clark secured from
+them important intelligence and an offer to guide his forces where by a
+sudden surprise they believed the place could be easily captured. On the
+night of July 4, he took the town of two hundred and fifty inhabitants
+without the loss of one drop of blood.
+
+Most of the people were of French descent and had been taught by the
+British that the Kentuckians waged savage warfare. They were therefore
+terror-stricken until General Clark assured them that their own king,
+whose rule over them had been exchanged for that of the British by the
+treaty of Paris, 1763, had joined hands with America to stop the cruel
+war of the British and Indians. The French colonists were then
+overjoyed, said their French king had come to life, and offered to
+accompany the division that was to march to Cahokia.
+
+On July 6, that post was also surprised and taken; the inhabitants were
+dreadfully alarmed at the sight of the "big knife," but were soon
+reassured by their relatives and friends from Kaskaskia.
+
+Not satisfied with these brilliant successes, General Clark felt that he
+must also capture Vincennes, but M. Gibault, the village priest of both
+that place and Kaskaskia, volunteered to inform the people of Vincennes
+that the king of France had become an ally of the American colonists.
+Soon the American flag floated over that fort and from the Lakes to the
+Mississippi the powerful arm of the British was broken, and the many
+Indian invasions of Kentucky were discontinued.
+
+
+
+
+A FAMOUS MARCH
+
+
+News came to General Clark in January of 1779, that the British under
+Governor Hamilton from Detroit had recaptured Vincennes and were waiting
+only till spring to advance with hundreds of Indian allies on Kaskaskia,
+obliterate the Kentuckians, and break the power of Virginia west of the
+Alleghenies. Learning at the same time that Hamilton had only about
+eighty regular soldiers with three cannons and some swivels, Clark
+decided not to wait to be attacked, but to take the aggressive. He at
+once sent forty-five men on a boat to proceed to a point near the mouth
+of the White River with instructions, to allow nothing to pass, and to
+wait further orders.
+
+Nine days after the important information reached him, General Clark
+with one hundred and seventy men started across flooded prairies,
+swollen streams, and inundated valleys. There is no more daring march
+recorded. Trudging through rain and mud, fording small streams, wading
+most of the time in deep water ofttimes to the armpits, they traveled
+without tents, depending on parched corn and the securing of game for
+food; at last they went for days with no nourishment whatever.
+
+[Illustration: Clark and his men crossing a swollen stream.]
+
+It took all the ingenuity of General Clark to keep up the courage of the
+soldiers. Sometimes he would plunge into the deep water singing a
+favorite song, when all would join in, fall in line, and sing as they
+waded. At another time, seeing the discouragement and despair in their
+faces, he blackened his face with gunpowder, gave an Indian-like war
+whoop, and plunged into the stream; again all followed. At another place
+a little drummer boy was placed on the shoulders of a tall man and told
+to beat as if for his life. The enthusiasm of the boy and his stirring
+music quickly renewed the courage of the soldiers. A division was placed
+in the rear with orders to shoot any who "dropped out," and the march
+was continued through the freezing waters.
+
+Near Vincennes, they captured a Frenchman who had been duck shooting,
+and sent a letter by him to the French inhabitants saying that the fort
+would be stormed that night and they could choose between remaining
+quietly in their homes and receiving the friendly protection of the
+assaulters, or of going into the British fort and of abiding results.
+
+All was then commotion and people rushed out from their houses to learn
+the news. By a stratagem of Clark's his men were so marching in a circle
+behind an elevation that as they passed and repassed, flying many
+"colors," each man was counted dozens of times, and the inhabitants of
+the place thought there was an attacking force of many hundreds of
+people at their gates.
+
+For two days and nights, Clark's men besieged the fort. Their ammunition
+ran alarmingly low, yet Clark, Napoleon-like, was very demanding. At
+last the "Stars and Stripes" floated again over Vincennes, and thus was
+secured to our nation that vast tract out of which have been carved
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, while the value to the
+colonists in Kentucky could not be easily estimated.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST CHRISTMAS PARTY
+
+
+When General George Rogers Clark had conquered the British and Indians
+in their stronghold in the Illinois country, he felt it safe for the few
+families he had left on Corn Island, near the Falls of the Ohio, to
+remove to the mainland, and so ordered that a fort be built there.
+
+Rows of log cabins joined together around a hollow square constituted
+this structure; at one corner there was a cabin, double the size of the
+others, that was to serve as a storeroom. In this building took place
+the first Christmas dinner and dance in Kentucky, as far as any record
+shows.
+
+The men ranged the forest and brought home rabbits, turkeys, deer,
+bears, and buffaloes. The women baked corn pone, hoecake and johnnycake,
+boiled and fried hominy, and prepared milk, butter, and cheese.
+
+Forks were driven into the earthen floor of the storehouse. On rough,
+unhewn, uncovered boards laid above poles stretched between the forks,
+the feast was served. Wooden platters held the meats, wooden plates the
+bread, and wooden bowls the hominy. The centerpiece that decorated the
+table and proved the great dish of the banquet was an opossum baked
+whole, hanging by its tail on a stick of wood, which was suspended over
+the center.
+
+The fiddler of the fort, an old negro named Cato, as well as every man,
+woman, and child, had been downcast for some time because the fiddle
+had only one string left. Patient Cato had tried horsehair and deer
+sinews, but no music could thus be made. Fortunately on Christmas eve a
+small boat landed near the fort and on it was a Frenchman with a violin.
+
+[Illustration: "The Frenchman retired in a rage."]
+
+It did not take old Cato long to inquire if the musician had any extra
+strings he would sell; learning that he had, Cato joyfully exchanged
+raccoon skins for the coveted strings, and gave the stranger an extra
+skin to tell nothing about the trade. Cato was intending to give the
+settlers a great surprise. Alas for his dreams! The traders from the
+boat being invited to the feast, the Frenchman happened to speak of an
+accident to his fiddle; whereupon he was besieged with requests to get
+his instrument and play, so they could dance. He reluctantly yielded,
+the table was cleared away, the older people and children ranged
+themselves around the walls, and the younger men and women impatiently
+waited on the smooth, dirt floor, until the music began.
+
+The Frenchman tried in vain to teach the fashionable dances of his
+homeland to the backwoods boys and girls. At last, becoming discouraged
+and disgusted, he retired in a rage. Then the old darkey approached him
+and politely asked if he might play while his honor rested. He was told
+to "play on."
+
+Soon to the music of old Cato's fiddle, the boys and girls were making
+merry by dancing the Virginia reel. Not till the midnight hour did
+either the dancers or fiddler weary or pause.
+
+
+
+
+FORT JEFFERSON
+
+
+Thomas Jefferson, the Sage of Monticello, the originator of many plans
+for the defense and perpetuation of our country, deserves a place of
+honor in the records of Kentucky, for the interest shown in this, the
+then remote part of Virginia.
+
+In a message in 1778, Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia suggested that
+a post be established and fortified on the Mississippi; but it was
+Governor Jefferson of the same state who later expressly said that the
+plan must be executed.
+
+Spain and France for years were zealous in their efforts to check the
+extension of the infant republic, control the great Mississippi, and
+make of Kentucky a Spanish province. Her geographical position and great
+river frontage caused them to realize her wonderful resources. So, to
+fortify the claim of the United States to the Mississippi as its western
+boundary, Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, engaged Dr. Thomas
+Walker with an able corps of surveyors to ascertain the point on the
+Mississippi River intersected by the southern limit of Virginia. He
+then, in 1780, instructed General George Rogers Clark to establish a
+fort and garrison near that point and afterwards to extend a line of
+forts to the north, both to offer protection and to establish
+possession. So in the summer of 1780, General Clark with 200 soldiers
+erected and manned with cannons a fort at a point about five miles below
+where Cairo now is and near Wickliffe, Kentucky. Adverse criticisms fell
+from many because of this division and depletion of forces, but as in
+all other enterprises with which he was connected, Jefferson built not
+for the present alone but for the future as well.
+
+By an oversight Clark and his soldiers failed to follow Jefferson's
+instructions to secure from the Chickasaw Indians, who owned the land
+west of the Tennessee River, the consent to the erection of the fort.
+They thereby aroused a spark of resentment that erelong became such a
+flame that the Indians began harassing and killing the families outside
+the fort. By threat of death, they forced one captive to describe the
+true state of the fort, in which, to their surprise, they learned there
+were only about thirty men and two thirds of these were sick with
+malaria. Soon the Indians marched, one thousand two hundred strong,
+under the command of a Scotchman named Colbert; but for five days these
+weakened frontiersmen with little water and less food, except green
+pumpkins, held the fort.
+
+Finally Captains Clark and Colbert met under a flag of truce, but failed
+to agree to terms. The fort even refused a demand to surrender, though
+told that the assistance they expected would not reach them. As night
+fell the Indians made a desperate assault, but the firing from one of
+the blockhouses so depleted and demoralized their ranks that they
+retreated. Reenforcements arrived soon after and the siege was
+abandoned.
+
+Though Fort Jefferson from its isolated position was finally forsaken,
+yet "its evacuation was a signal for peace," and the Indians here no
+longer molested the white settlers.
+
+
+
+
+"THE HARD WINTER"
+
+
+From November to March, 1779-1780, the settlers of Kentucky suffered
+untold anguish from the severity of the weather and the scarcity of
+food. More pioneers had come into the wilderness the preceding summer
+and so increased the population that the products of garden, field, and
+forest were soon exhausted.
+
+Deep, unmelting snow covered the land; many families coming by river
+were caught in the masses of ice, compelled to abandon their primitive
+boats, and encamp on the frozen shore; while the traveler by land found
+trails blocked with snow, creeks frozen solid, and the forest desolate.
+Horses, cattle, and many wild animals froze or died from want of
+nourishment, while so great was the extremity that the settlers were
+forced to eat the flesh of the animals that had thus fallen, and for
+months had to go without bread. In this severe cold, through the deep
+snow and over the solid ice, there could be little traveling. To secure
+supplies from elsewhere was impossible; and even when spring began to
+bring some relief, one bushel of corn brought, in the continental
+currency, from fifty to one hundred and seventy-five dollars. Complete
+relief could not come until the seedtime and the harvest home were over.
+
+The Pilgrims were not more grateful on their first Thanksgiving Day than
+were the Kentucky frontiersmen when plenty again abounded.
+
+
+
+
+WILDCAT McKINNEY
+
+
+Though the pioneers of Kentucky endured many murderous attacks from the
+Indians, there were other dangers which were not trifling. One of the
+most exciting of these incidents was the experience of a man named John
+McKinney, who was employed at an early day by the people of Lexington,
+as their first teacher.
+
+At that time Kentucky had no newspaper, and items of interest from the
+states beyond the mountains were eagerly greeted by all. In May, 1783, a
+traveler passing through the embryo city of what is now the capital of
+our famed blue-grass section, brought with him a newspaper containing
+the Articles of Peace with Great Britain. All were anxious to read them.
+The fact that the Articles had not yet been ratified did not lessen the
+interest of the citizens. A copy of any paper was a treat, and such news
+as the Articles meant great hope for the struggling settlers. As the
+gentleman would resume his journey the following day and take with him
+the much-prized paper, some of the citizens appealed to McKinney to copy
+the Articles of Peace.
+
+At that time Lexington was only a cluster of about thirty cabins, and
+one which stood just outside the fort, near the present site of the
+courthouse, was used as a schoolroom.
+
+Thither, the next morning, the teacher went to copy the precious news of
+peace. While busily writing, he heard a noise and glancing up saw a
+very unusual and unwelcome guest. A ferocious wildcat with bristles
+erect, tail curled, and eyes flashing, had paused on the threshold and
+was peering around the room. At first she did not see McKinney, but by
+some involuntary movement he attracted her attention, and she soon
+exhibited other than friendly emotions.
+
+[Illustration: "The wildcat was not to be frowned down."]
+
+Having been accustomed to subdue the backwoods boys and girls by the
+awfulness of his frown, the teacher tried the same tactics now; but the
+cat was not to be frowned down. As the teacher reached for a rule she,
+with the ferocity of a lion, sprang upon him, fastened her claws in his
+side, and began tearing his clothes, mangling his flesh, and inflicting
+such serious wounds that the blood flowed copiously.
+
+Knowing he could not long withstand her power and despairing of aught
+else to do, he threw his weight upon her and pressed her against the
+sharp corner of the table. Soon her weird cries were mingled with his
+calls of distress, and erelong the citizens knew something unusual was
+happening in the little schoolhouse. The women were first to answer the
+cry of alarm. Reaching the door, they paused to discover the cause of
+the commotion and seeing Mr. McKinney bending over the table, writhing
+and groaning, they at first glance thought that he had a severe attack
+of cramp, but quickly seeing the cat, one lady exclaimed, "Why, Mr.
+McKinney, what is the matter?"
+
+He very gravely replied, "Madam, I have caught a cat."
+
+By this time the cat was lifeless; but her teeth were so deeply imbedded
+in his side that the neighbors, many of whom had gathered by this time,
+had great difficulty in disengaging her.
+
+The shock, the wound, and the loss of blood made McKinney very sick and
+weak, and for several days he was confined to his bed while the boys
+and girls enjoyed a holiday.
+
+He lived to a ripe old age and was often heard to say he would rather
+fight two Indians than one wildcat.
+
+
+
+
+HOW KENTUCKY WAS FORMED
+
+
+When "the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the
+world," Kentucky was that portion of the "Old Dominion" that was
+destined to be the happy homes of so many men, valorous in the field and
+eloquent in the forum. The state to be, whose toast and boast has ever
+been her noble sons and fair daughters, was still called Fincastle
+County, Virginia.
+
+The last day of 1776, the year that saw the sons of the colonies rise in
+the majesty of their manhood and declare they would no longer submit to
+the rule of King George, the Virginia legislature divided Fincastle
+County into three counties, and called one of them Kentucky. This so
+remained until May, 1780, when Kentucky County was divided into
+Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln. Then the name of Kentucky was abandoned
+until in 1783, when an act of the Virginia legislature united the three
+counties into Kentucky District. On March 3, 1783, the first court
+convened at Harrodstown; but no house there being large enough, a
+church, six miles distant, was the home of the first judicial
+proceedings.
+
+An act of this court caused a log jail and courthouse to be built where
+Danville now stands. Immigrants continued to come to this "Eden of the
+West" and the three original counties were divided and subdivided until
+June 1, 1792, when Kentucky became the fifteenth star in the
+constellation. There were then nine counties with a total population of
+100,000; from this embryo has come a commonwealth of one hundred and
+twenty counties, with an area of four thousand square miles, rich in
+minerals and timber, factories and fields.
+
+From the mountains of the east and the blue grass of the central part,
+even to the "Pennyrile" of the far west, each son of the "Dark and
+Bloody Ground" loves the land settled by Boone, Kenton, and Clark.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE REVOLUTION
+
+
+The youth of our state may feel that because Kentucky was not one of the
+original Thirteen Colonies to make the heroic struggle for freedom, that
+she played no part in establishing and extending our national
+government.
+
+During this period, remote as was this part of Virginia from the centers
+of civilization, every road blazed, every settlement made, every victory
+over the red savage, had a far-reaching effect, not alone for the state
+in embryo, but for the national government.
+
+Had not the pioneers of Kentucky, with the heroism of the Romans of old,
+subdued the savages, stopped their depredations, and secured to the
+mother state of Virginia that vast tract out of which have been carved
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the power of England,
+to-day, might cut our continent in two.
+
+Kentuckians waited not for opportunity but made it.
+
+At the battle of Point Pleasant, in October, 1774, where the noted
+"Cornstalk" met defeat, there were with General Andrew Lewis men whose
+name and fame furnish much of Kentucky history. There were Harrod, the
+Shelbys, the Boones, and other intrepid leaders who afterwards brought
+out from chaos our infant commonwealth.
+
+The effect of this battle was more than local. It gave peace to the
+frontiersmen at the time the colonies were beginning the crucial contest
+with England and for a while prevented that barbaric warfare waged by
+the British and Indians united. So severe was the slaughter, it is said,
+that blood was found on each tree behind which the Indians and pioneers
+were posted.
+
+In 1780 one of our pioneers who afterwards became our first governor,
+Colonel Isaac Shelby, was again in Kentucky locating lands that some
+time before he had marked out and improved, when he heard of the
+surrender of Charleston. A man with a soul so fired with patriotism
+could not be contented not to answer his country's call. He hurried
+home, secured volunteers, and did signal service in both North and South
+Carolina, and in Georgia. In a measure he overcame the defeat of Gates
+at Camden; by his momentous move, though not in supreme command,
+Colonel Shelby will ever be known as the hero of Kings Mountain, where
+the enemy surrendered after Ferguson with seventy-five officers and men
+had been killed.
+
+This was at the darkest hour of the Revolution and has been called "the
+first link in the great chain of events in the South that established
+the independence of the United States." These conquests by Shelby in the
+South, coupled with those of Clark at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,
+were as important in both immediate and future results as any that
+illumine the pages of the Revolution.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY'S PIONEER HISTORIAN
+
+
+To view Kentucky in its primeval beauty and rugged grandeur; to talk
+face to face with Boone, Harrod, Todd, Cowan, and Kennedy, those hardy
+hunters who blazed the way and changed the uncertain trail to a broad
+thoroughfare through the western wilds; to experience the difficulties
+and encounter the dangers of those dreadful days--were experiences for
+one who would essay to write a history of the country, the times, and
+the people. Yet such were the advantages enjoyed by Kentucky's earliest
+historian, John Filson.
+
+Born in Pennsylvania in 1747, given a common school and academic
+education, lured either by the spirit of adventure, the locating of
+lands, or the enthusiastic reports of the far-famed "second paradise"
+with its "happy climate and plentiful soil," Filson reached Lexington in
+1782. Here he succeeded "Wildcat McKinney" as the second teacher in this
+"Athens of the West."
+
+While engaged in teaching, Filson was securing information that was to
+give to the world, not only the first history of Kentucky, but the first
+authentic account of that vast, transmontane wilderness about which so
+many exciting experiences had been recounted.
+
+It has been said, "he could ask more questions and answer fewer than any
+one of his time."
+
+Active, observant, accurate, he gave, in his "Discovery, Settlement, and
+Present State of Kentucky," in 1784, a work of much merit. It contained
+the first map ever drawn of this state, showing the three original
+counties of Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln.
+
+As this was before any printing presses had been set up in Kentucky or
+at any other point in the West, Filson carried his map to Philadelphia
+and his manuscript to Wilmington, Delaware.
+
+This little book of one hundred and eighteen pages was deemed of such
+consequence that one year after its appearance, it was translated into
+French and published by M. Parraud at Paris. Three editions were printed
+in England by Gilbert Imlay, Kentucky's first novelist, who incorporated
+it in his "Topographical Description of the Western Territory."
+
+Not only was Filson a historian, biographer, and teacher, but he was
+also a practical, skillful surveyor.
+
+He led a restless, strenuous life. Soon after his first visit to
+Kentucky he was back on his native heath, again in the state of his
+adoption, next in the Illinois country gathering data for a history of
+that section, the manuscripts of which are now the property of the
+Wisconsin Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: John Filson.]
+
+In 1788 Filson was associated with Mathias Denman and Robert
+Patterson, the founder of Lexington, in the purchase of a tract of
+eight hundred acres opposite the mouth of the Licking River, where
+they planned a town, now the city of Cincinnati, but named by Filson,
+Losantiville,--the "city opposite the mouth of the Licking."
+
+As the party deferred surveying and staking off lots for a while,
+Filson's restless spirit again urged him on; and, after surveying the
+Great Miami with a party, he ventured still farther alone and was never
+seen again. His friends supposed he was killed by the Indians; but
+there is no record of the time, place, or manner of his death, and
+nothing to mark his grave. His name has been aptly given to that body of
+earnest, eminent workers of Louisville, the Filson Club, who have done
+so much to collect and preserve the many interesting facts about
+Kentucky's early days.
+
+
+
+
+SPANISH CONSPIRACY
+
+
+Kentucky, the land of soldiers and statesmen, has erected in the hearts
+of her patriotic sons a monument, ever enduring, to Clark, Logan,
+Bowman, Scott, Shelby, Hardin, and scores of others whose work and
+courage won for us this fair domain. It can be truly said of each:
+
+    "An empire is his sepulcher,
+    His epitaph is fame."
+
+Though these brave men had conquered the wild beasts and barbarous red
+men, there were still other forces to meet. When this far-away West,
+between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi River, began to prosper,
+homes were built, forests became fields, and products sought a market.
+As railroads were undreamed of, nature's method of transportation was
+their only outlet. To be able to load a flatboat with corn and other
+Kentucky crops, and float down the Ohio and the "Father of Waters" to
+New Orleans, would have made that city a great haven for the western
+pioneers. But Spain owned the mouth, and though Great Britain had ceded
+us free navigation of the river, Spain in the early nineties refused the
+free navigation and the right to deposit at New Orleans. Subsequent
+events will disclose how long this privilege was withheld.
+
+We have elsewhere told how out of Fincastle County, Virginia, 1776, the
+county of Kentucky was erected, while in 1780 it was divided into the
+counties of Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln, and in 1783 they were
+united into a Kentucky District. But so far removed was this district
+from the capital of the commonwealth, so insurmountable were the natural
+barriers at that time, so inadequate was the mother state to protect the
+pioneers, that they began seriously to consider a separation and the
+erection of another member of the general government. Yet so great was
+their love for Virginia, it was only with the most delicate suggestion
+they began. Convention after convention met and adjourned with nothing
+more accomplished than a postponement of the desire nearest their
+hearts.
+
+Vainly the people who had subdued this wilderness petitioned. Futile
+were the efforts of the national Congress or of the commonwealth of
+Virginia to grant their prayers. We can scarcely censure General James
+Wilkinson for wishing to cut the "Gordian knot of difficulty" by
+immediate separation and the erection of an independent government. At
+the same time the subtle music of the siren's song fell upon the ears of
+those who had won their homes through privations.
+
+In June, 1785, Don Gardoqui was sent by the Spanish government to treat
+with the American government on any subject of dispute. The Honorable
+John Jay was commissioned to meet him, but the far-seeing members of
+Congress fortunately put the following check upon Mr. Jay: "That he
+enter into no treaty, compact, nor convention whatever with the said
+representative of Spain, which did not stipulate the right of the United
+States to the navigation of the Mississippi and boundaries as
+established by their treaty with Great Britain."
+
+In a few months, Jay urged upon Congress a commercial treaty, which
+would, he claimed, redound to the benefit of the United States; the
+consideration on her part was "she should forbear the use of the
+navigation of the Mississippi for twenty-five or thirty years." Jay,
+that had stood "like a stone wall" at Madrid and Paris, was now willing
+to barter away the privileges of the nation for a mere sectional gain.
+Happily, only seven of the requisite nine states voted favorably, and
+the chimerical plot failed. The facilities for knowing the actions of
+Congress were not nearly so great then as now; so when a communication
+was made, 1787, from Pittsburgh by "A Committee of Correspondence for
+Western Pennsylvania" to Kentucky pioneers, viz.: "That John Jay, the
+American Secretary for Foreign Affairs, had made a proposition to Don
+Gardoqui, the Spanish minister to the United States, to cede the
+navigation of the Mississippi to Spain for twenty-five or thirty years,
+in consideration of some commercial advantages to be granted to the
+United States; but such as the western country could derive no profit
+from," the effect may be easily imagined.
+
+The people sent out a circular letter and prepared to hold a convention
+to oppose such oppression; but learning that the project had failed,
+after merely meeting and discussing the subject, they adjourned without
+any action upon it.
+
+In June, 1787, General James Wilkinson secured the privilege from
+General Miro, Commandante, of shipping a vast quantity of tobacco to New
+Orleans annually and of depositing it in the government's warehouse.
+More than ever he now urged the importance to Kentuckians of the free
+navigation of this great river, and the right to deposit at New Orleans.
+Meanwhile, the Honorable John Brown of Danville had been chosen to
+represent the Kentucky District in Congress. Again the frontiersmen were
+doomed to disappointment when news came that the government had
+postponed the admittance of Kentucky, indeed, would refer the question
+to the new government.
+
+As Don Gardoqui had failed in his scheme with John Jay, he now very
+opportunely sought Representative Brown; with what effect may be read in
+this part of a letter from Mr. Brown to Samuel McDowell, president of
+the various Kentucky conventions: "In a conversation I had with Mr.
+Gardoqui, the Spanish minister, relative to the navigation of the
+Mississippi, he stated that, if the people of Kentucky would erect
+themselves into an independent state and appoint a proper person to
+negotiate with him, he had authority for that purpose, and would enter
+into an arrangement with them for the exportation of their produce to
+New Orleans on terms of mutual advantage." In a letter to Judge Muter,
+Mr. Brown sets forth the same, and in addition says: "This privilege can
+never be extended to them while part of the United States, by reason of
+commercial treaties existing between that court and other powers of
+Europe."
+
+In 1788, at Danville, sat the seventh convention earnestly endeavoring
+to be loyal to both the people and the parent state. In this assembly
+General Wilkinson said: "There is one way and but one way, that I know
+for obviating these difficulties, and that is so fortified by
+constitutions and guarded by laws, that it is dangerous of access and
+hopeless of attainment, under present circumstances." He dilated on the
+population, production, and prosperity of the country and its
+inalienable rights to the Mississippi. With natural adroitness, he
+caused the Honorable John Brown to tell the convention, "That provided,
+we are unanimous, everything we could wish for is within our reach."
+Wilkinson also read a message he had addressed to the "Intendant of
+Louisiana" wherein he urged that should Spain persist in her refusal of
+the navigation of the Mississippi and cause a resort to arms, Great
+Britain would join the western people in securing it, and thus all
+Spanish-America would be endangered. Whatever individual profit
+Wilkinson derived from his connection with the Spanish authorities may
+be forgotten when we realize that he and the court party he represented
+would forever have fought any act to lose to Kentucky the navigation of
+the Mississippi.
+
+June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state, and at last some of
+her trials were over. Still the British retained their forts and the
+Indians continued their depredations. At this time, the Revolution was
+shaking France from center to circumference. Remembering the aid of the
+French allies in our war for liberty and hating England with an
+implacable hatred, many of our people, especially the Kentuckians, were
+prepared to rally around the French flag.
+
+Democratic clubs, modeled after the Jacobean clubs of France, sprang up;
+and the one at Lexington was so urgent as to pass the following
+resolution:
+
+"That the right of the people on the waters of the Mississippi to the
+navigation thereof was undoubted, and it ought to be peremptorily
+demanded of Spain by the United States."
+
+In November, 1793, the persons sent to Kentucky by Genet to arrange an
+expedition against the Spaniards at the mouth of the Mississippi, found
+a field ripe for harvest. They raised a company of two thousand men and
+induced General George R. Clark, at the head of the expedition, to
+accept the position of "Major general in the armies of France and
+commander in chief of the revolutionary legions on the Mississippi." He
+then proceeded to call for volunteers to reduce the Spanish forts on
+the Mississippi, and open it for free navigation. Flattering offers were
+made to all who would engage. Governor Shelby of Kentucky felt it was
+beyond his jurisdiction to attempt to restrain these forces. So, early
+in 1794, President Washington warned the people of the unlawfulness of
+such an undertaking, and the dangers of such an expedition. General
+Wayne was ordered to Fort Massac, to prevent the descent of armed men.
+Soon after, Genet was recalled, and his acts disavowed, and Washington's
+"friendship for all, but entangling alliances with none" was the policy
+of the hour.
+
+In the summer of 1795, Governor Carondelet of Louisiana sent a messenger
+to Judge Benjamin Sebastian of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky,
+requesting him to send agents to New Madrid to negotiate with Colonel
+Gayoso on the subject of the Mississippi and regulation of commerce
+between the local authorities at New Orleans and the people of Kentucky.
+In the latter part of the year, Judge Sebastian went to New Madrid,
+thence to New Orleans, where he secured the promise of the navigation of
+the Mississippi and New Orleans as a place of deposit, with duty payable
+only on imports. Fortunately for posterity, news came that in October,
+1795, a treaty was consummated with Spain which acknowledged the United
+States as extending southward to 31 deg., and westward to the middle of the
+Mississippi. It granted us the free navigation of that stream and the
+right of deposit at New Orleans for a period of three years, and a
+promise to continue these privileges longer.
+
+Whether or not the proposals of Don Gardoqui and Baron Carondelet were
+merely a commercial consideration on the part of Spain, yet dastardly in
+the extreme were the futile attempts she made in 1797 to have Kentucky
+withdraw from the Union, seize Fort Massac, and become an independent
+government.
+
+Money and arms galore were promised those infamous enough to enter into
+this conspiracy to extend the northern boundary of Spain's possessions
+east of the Mississippi to the Yazoo. Again Spanish conspiracy received
+a blow.
+
+
+
+
+A KENTUCKY INVENTOR
+
+
+Though the stalwart pioneers, dressed in their primitive suits of
+deerskin or homespun, pushed farther and farther into Kentucky, stopping
+not for privation or peril, danger or disaster, climbing cliffs, fording
+streams, fighting savages, yet they were not all merely unlettered
+backwoodsmen hunters and fighters. Though the education of nearly all
+was more or less limited, a number of these early courageous Kentuckians
+have made unusual contributions to the useful sciences. If not the
+birthplace, Kentucky was the home and the burial place of a trio who can
+claim priority in the invention of the steamboat.
+
+In 1778 there came to Kentucky from Connecticut a man of vigorous
+intellect and remarkable powers of perseverance, John Fitch. He had
+formerly been a silversmith, clock maker, and lieutenant in the
+Revolutionary forces from New Jersey. Though made captive by the Indians
+and held prisoner for a year, yet in 1780, as he gazed upon the
+beautiful Ohio, he had the first conception of overcoming currents by a
+new mode of navigation. Retiring to his surveyor's camp he pondered,
+and, remembering the work of Watt with steam, concluded that boats could
+be propelled by the same power.
+
+[Illustration: Fitch's steamboat.]
+
+The story of his struggles, in petitions and disappointments, reminds
+one of Columbus, as he so long in vain sought aid to make his first
+voyage to America. In 1787, 1788, and 1789, Fitch built several boats,
+that made from four to seven and one half miles per hour between
+Philadelphia and Burlington. He petitioned the legislatures of a number
+of states as well as England, France, and Spain, and obtained not
+money, but the exclusive privileges of navigating certain streams by
+boats propelled by fire or steam. He became discouraged and finally
+despaired; he died at Bardstown, 1798, where his remains rest.
+
+A pathetic circumstance connected with his invention is related. He
+wrote three volumes of manuscript, sealed them, and placed them in the
+Philadelphia Library to be opened thirty years after his death. When
+opened, they touchingly related his disappointments, brilliantly
+foretold the perfection of his plans, and sorrowfully and bitterly said,
+"The day will come when some more powerful man will get fame and riches
+from my invention; but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do
+anything worthy of attention."
+
+By a coincidence two others, who chose Kentucky as their home, James
+Rumsey and Edward West, also were pioneers in this work. Both Fitch and
+Rumsey in 1784 exhibited their plans to General Washington. While Rumsey
+made his project public first, by means of a model, Fitch successfully
+plied a boat on the Delaware in 1785 and Rumsey on the Potomac the
+following year. Fitch claimed that he told Rumsey of his own plans to
+effect navigation by steam. In 1794, in the presence of hundreds of
+citizens, a miniature boat invented by Edward West, who had removed from
+Virginia to Lexington in 1785, proudly moved through the waters of the
+town branch of the Elkhorn, which had been dammed up near the center of
+the city.
+
+In 1802 Mr. West secured a patent not only for his steamboat invention,
+but for a gun lock and a nail cutting and heading machine, the first
+invention of the kind in the world, reputed to cut five thousand three
+hundred and twenty pounds of nails in twelve hours. The patent of it
+sold for $10,000 and its operation enabled Lexington to export nails of
+her own manufacture to Louisville, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh.
+
+So, while it remained for Robert Fulton in 1807 to gain honor from his
+invention, yet when in 1813 he brought suit to establish his claims as
+the inventor of steam navigation, he was defeated by a pamphlet of John
+Fitch's, which proved conclusively there were inventions that antedated
+the _Clermont_.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER KENTUCKY INVENTIONS
+
+
+In 1792, the year that Kentucky became a state, there came to Lexington
+a man named Nathan Burrows, who was a pioneer, not only as a settler,
+but as an inventor of the manufacture of hemp and a machine for cleaning
+it. He failed to reap any real benefit from this, but later manufactured
+a mustard that took a premium at the World's Fair in England in 1851.
+
+Another resident of Lexington, John Jones, in 1803 invented a machine
+for sawing stone, and a speeder spindle.
+
+It remained for a Kentuckian, Dr. Joseph Buchanan, while a student of
+medicine at Lexington in 1805, to originate the conception of the music
+of light to be accomplished by means of harmonific colors, luminously
+displayed, and to invent an instrument that produced its music from
+glasses of different chemical composition.
+
+Lexington, then the Athens of the West, was for many years the home of a
+native Kentuckian, a Mr. Barlow, whose fertile mind made him the most
+celebrated of this group of interesting inventors. Having built a
+steamboat at Augusta, after his removal to Lexington, he invented in
+1826-1827 a steam locomotive for a railroad with a car attached for two
+passengers, with power to ascend an elevation of eighty feet to a mile.
+An oval track was constructed for it in a room. It was opened to the
+public for exhibition and several took rides at fifty cents a ticket on
+the first "railroad train" ever run successfully in western America.
+This was sold to a Mr. Samuel Robb, who exhibited the novelty at various
+cities including Louisville, Nashville, Memphis, and New Orleans; at the
+latter place it was burned while on exhibition. In 1837 Mr. Barlow built
+another locomotive and likewise sold it to a person who traveled and
+exhibited it.
+
+The versatile mind of Mr. Barlow also produced a nail and tack machine,
+which was at once purchased and put into use by some capitalists. His
+rifled cannon, invented in 1840, patented later, caused Congress to
+appropriate three thousand dollars for an experimental gun, which, when
+finished and tested, was of greater accuracy and range than was even
+expected, and which is believed to have suggested most of the rifled
+guns since patented in both America and Europe.
+
+The crowning invention of this great genius was his wonderfully complex
+production, a planetarium, that perfectly imitated the motions of the
+solar system, the first and only instrument of the kind in the world.
+This was so perfected as to produce the minute relative revolutions of
+the planets. The first instrument was sold to Girard College,
+Philadelphia. A number of small ones were later made for colleges and
+institutions, and one large one for the Military Academy at West Point,
+one for the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and one for New Orleans.
+
+Some of these brought two thousand dollars each. One was exhibited at
+the World's Fair Exhibition, Paris, France, 1867, as Kentucky's
+contribution, and received the highest premium awarded any illustrative
+apparatus.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN WHO KNEW ABOUT BIRDS
+
+
+Kentucky is noted for her great hunters, Indian fighters, orators, and
+statesmen. But there also lived in this state for awhile--some of the
+time at Louisville, part of the time at Henderson--a man who knew more
+about birds than any one had ever learned before.
+
+This was John James Audubon. He was born in Louisiana near New Orleans,
+and lived several years in France, where he enjoyed every luxury. In
+after life, when he spent many years traveling through the forest,
+hunting, and studying the birds,--their homes and their habits,--he
+often went for days and days with very primitive food. He said his first
+recollections were of his home in the South, where he would lie among
+the flowers and listen to the songs of the mocking birds. While yet a
+boy he gathered birds' nests, birds' eggs, curious stones, and moss. He
+would kill and stuff the birds; but these failed to satisfy him, as
+their plumage was not bright like that of the live birds. So he began to
+make _pictures_ of the birds instead. This was done many, many times
+before he was satisfied, for he wanted lifelike pictures of his
+feathered friends.
+
+He married a young lady in Pennsylvania, and brought her down the Ohio
+in a flat-bottomed float called an ark,--a rather tiresome method for a
+wedding trip.
+
+He entered into business in Louisville with bright prospects, but
+hunting and studying birds had more fascination for Audubon than trade.
+Finally, competition becoming too strong, he and his partner shipped
+their goods to Henderson or Hendersonville; but business not being good,
+and the roving instinct strong, the stay was brief, and Audubon made
+another change.
+
+A few years later he returned to Henderson when he, with several
+partners, attempted to operate a steam mill; but the place was not
+suitable, every one concerned lost his money, and Audubon departed with
+only his sick wife, gun, drawings, and dog. Still he never despaired.
+
+Audubon spent most of his time in Kentucky, rambling in the wilds, and
+persons in both Louisville and Henderson have often spoken of seeing him
+come in with his great quota of game. He said Kentucky was a "sort of
+promised land for all sorts of wandering adventurers."
+
+[Illustration: John James Audubon.]
+
+While Audubon enjoyed, to the fullest, studying his favorite subject,
+birds, yet there were many difficulties to encounter and many
+deprivations to undergo. He had to travel many thousand miles, sometimes
+using the breasts of wild turkeys for bread and bear's grease for
+butter, sometimes living on only fruits and roots, sometimes having to
+quit this enchanting work for a while and turn dancing master or artist
+to procure funds.
+
+After Audubon had traveled, studied, written, and made many hundred
+drawings, rats got into his box and cut up all his papers; for a while
+he was almost heartbroken and could scarcely eat or sleep. Finally, with
+true courage, he said, "I will make more drawings and make them better
+than any the rats cut up." So he persevered and, with the aid of his
+wife, who encouraged and inspired him in his great work, and gladly gave
+of her salary as a teacher to defray expenses, he at last went to Europe
+to arrange for its publication.
+
+He was made a member of the Royal Society at Edinburgh, concerning which
+he wrote his faithful wife, "So, poor Audubon, if not rich, thou wilt be
+honored at least and held in high esteem among men." In another letter
+he said, "I have run the gantlet of Europe and may be proud of two
+things,--I am considered the first ornithological painter and the first
+practical naturalist of America." His "Birds of America" contains
+pictures of one thousand sixty-five birds, natural size. His work has
+been called the "most magnificent monument that has been erected to
+ornithology," and all over our land Audubon Societies have been formed
+to protect our friends in feathers.
+
+
+
+
+A HERO OF HONOR
+
+
+It takes neither the excitement of war nor the curious conditions of the
+far Orient to prove a man a hero of the highest type. Martial music, the
+roar of the cannon, the thud of the musket, and the flash of the saber
+have inspired many men to deeds of valor. We find incontrovertible
+evidence of this in every battle's record. These are accepted as facts
+with no fancy interwoven. But when we read of how Damon offered to stay
+in the place of his friend, Pythias, condemned to death, with the
+knowledge that if Pythias did not return by the hour appointed for the
+execution, he, himself, would be called upon to make the sacrifice; how
+he prayed that his friend would fail to come, but how that friend, by
+every conceivable plan, purposely came in time to accept his fate,--we
+sometimes wonder if any friendship could withstand such a test or any
+person's pledge be held in such exalted estimation.
+
+In the early days of Kentucky, when the shrill whistle of the locomotive
+had not yet reverberated among the hills, when the red schoolhouse was
+not found in every locality, nor the moonlight schools had wiped out
+illiteracy among the mountaineers, there dwelt in Lewis County a man by
+the name of Larkin Liles. He was the hardy son of a hardy race, who
+hunted and trapped, lived and loved; and while he knew not a letter of
+the alphabet, had never attended school a day in his life, nor heard the
+golden rule, yet his rugged honesty and high sense of honor can never be
+surpassed. The "benevolent qualities of head and heart by a primeval
+decree are not dependent on education, for although it enlightens and
+enlarges the mind of man, it does not always ennoble it." So this man,
+versed in naught but the backwoodsman's lore, gave the world a lesson in
+honor.
+
+On one occasion, when at Vanceburg in the above-named county, and while
+under the influence of whiskey, he became involved in a rough-and-tumble
+fight with very serious results. For this offense he was tried, found
+guilty, and sentenced to serve one year in the penitentiary. It so
+happened that the sheriff of Lewis County at this time was a personal
+friend of "Jay-bird" Liles, and knew the soul of honor hidden by this
+rough exterior.
+
+After leaving the courtroom, the prisoner, in a voice husky with
+emotion, said, "Uncle Buck,"--everyone called the sheriff of Lewis
+County by this title,--"Uncle Buck, won't you let me go home and get in
+my winter's wood and fix to have my corn crap gathered, to fatten my
+hogs, to keep the young-uns on? Then I's come over to Clarksburg and go
+with ye to the penitentiary."
+
+Sheriff Parker asked, "How long will it take ye, Jay-bird?"
+
+"About two weeks," he replied.
+
+Then the magnanimity of the man shone forth,--some might say overcame
+the discretion of the officer,--when the sheriff replied, "Go ahead and
+do it." But so well did he know the pride with which "Jay-bird" Liles
+kept a promise, that he was as confident of his return at the promised
+time, as was Damon that Pythias would return.
+
+The wood was cut, an arrangement was made concerning the crop, the
+good-by kiss was given to his weeping wife and helpless babes, and,
+feeling he was going on such a distant trip that he would never again
+return, Larkin Liles, just two weeks to the day and hour from the time
+of the above conversation, walked into the sheriff's office ready to be
+taken to Frankfort.
+
+When he told "Uncle Buck" that he was ready to start, the sheriff shook
+his hand and told him to spend the night with him, and on the morrow
+they would take the boat for Maysville, and from there go by stage to
+Lexington, and on to Frankfort. Again "Jay-bird's" voice trembled as he
+thought of the disgrace of being publicly taken by the sheriff to the
+penitentiary; and again he made a most singular request. "Say, Uncle
+Buck, I'd rather not do it. You go that way; but let me take my gun and
+walk through the mountains to Frankfort, won't ye? I'd rather do that,
+and maybe I might kill some game on the road. I'll meet you on any spot,
+on any day you appoint."
+
+What do you suppose the sheriff replied? Looking him straight in the eye
+he answered, "All right, Jay-bird, suit yourself. Frankfort lies right
+in yon direction; you can't miss it. When you reach Frankfort, go
+straight to the governor's office and tell him what you are there for,
+if I don't get there first."
+
+Then this rugged mountaineer, this unlettered, unpolished son of the
+hills, with honor as his watchword, dressed in the primitive style of
+the time and place, with his trusty rifle, started over the hills,
+through vales, and across streams to meet the sheriff at Frankfort, one
+hundred and fifty miles away, where he would hear the lock snap as it
+closed the door that would shut him in from freedom and friends.
+
+Early one June morning, two days later, before the people of Frankfort
+were abroad, a tall, gaunt, determined-looking backwoodsman, in buckskin
+clothes and a coonskin cap, looking as if he belonged to the days of
+Daniel Boone, made his way to the governor's mansion and quietly seated
+himself on a stone. As Governor Clark started from the mansion after
+breakfast, he was astonished to see this man of the mountains, who
+quickly inquired, "Say, Mister, be you the governor?"
+
+"Yes, my man, I am the governor. What can I do for you?"
+
+"Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles, and I come up here from Lewis
+County to get into the penitentiary for one year. Hed you saw anything
+of Buck Parker?"
+
+Utterly astounded, Governor Clark asked, "Who is Buck Parker?"
+
+"Why, Buck Parker is the high sheriff of Lewis County, Kaintucky. I
+thought everybody knowed that. We all call him 'Uncle Buck' Parker. He
+was to come by stage and meet me here. I walked through."
+
+While Governor Clark was eying him and trying to realize that such
+unheard-of proceedings had actually happened, "Jay-bird" said anxiously,
+"Say, Governor, the sheriff ain't here yit, and I don't want to lose no
+time. Can't you let me into the penitentiary and tell Buck Parker whar
+he can find me when he comes?"
+
+[Illustration: "Well, Governor, my name is Larkin Liles."]
+
+More astonished than ever, Governor Clark said, "Have you had your
+breakfast, Mr. Liles?"
+
+With a shake of the head, "Jay-bird" said that he had traveled all night
+and upon reaching the city had come straight to the governor. The
+governor at once took him in, gave him his breakfast, and told him to go
+over to the capitol, until he could learn more about the case.
+
+Ten hours later, the sheriff came by stage and soon found "Jay-bird" at
+the governor's office. When the sheriff introduced himself to Governor
+Clark, the governor immediately asked if it was a fact that this man,
+condemned to a year of confinement and hard work in the penitentiary,
+had trudged on foot alone all the way from Lewis County. When told it
+was just as "Jay-bird" had said, the governor, in amazement, asked, "Is
+the man crazy? Couldn't he have escaped?"
+
+"Easily, and all the sheriffs, constables, and rewards could never have
+caught him. No, 'Jay-bird' is not simple; he is only honest." The
+governor was so interested he asked for all the details.
+
+Then "Uncle Buck" told of the fight, the trial, and the conviction, of
+how "Jay-bird" had kept his word when permitted to go to say good-by to
+his loved ones, of his long life of honesty and hospitality, and of how
+he had begged to come alone on foot to Frankfort, rather than as a
+common, convicted felon.
+
+With a heart heaving with emotion and eyes dim with tears, the executive
+hastily affixed his name and the seal of the commonwealth to a small
+piece of paper, and, handing it to Larkin Liles, said in a husky voice,
+"Mr. Liles, go home to your family and kiss the little ones for me. You
+shall never enter the penitentiary while Clark is governor of Kentucky."
+
+
+
+
+THE "PRIDE OF THE PENNYRILE"[3]
+
+
+It is eminently proper that the metropolis of "Jackson's Purchase"
+should bear a name of Indian origin. Although the greater part of
+Kentucky, with its fertile meadowlands, towering forests, and tangled
+cane-brakes, was only the hunting ground of the red men, yet all that
+territory in Kentucky and Tennessee lying between the Tennessee and
+Mississippi rivers was the home of the Chickasaw Indians. This large
+tribe had their main town at Chickasaw Bluffs, where Memphis now stands,
+with a number of other settlements scattered throughout this seven
+million acres of fertile lands.
+
+As Kentucky was once a part of Virginia, and as the "Old Dominion" was a
+British colony, this section was once claimed by Great Britain. After
+the Revolutionary War, Virginia, relying on the former policy of the
+mother country, that,
+
+    "They should take who have the power,
+     And they should keep who can,"
+
+allowed George Rogers Clark, in recognition of his services in the
+Northwest Territory, to enter several thousand acres of land, including
+the present site of the capital of McCracken County.
+
+At that time there were no white settlements in this section; but as
+early as the year 1806 or 1807 there was a flatboat landing and woodyard
+at the mouth of the Tennessee River, kept by a genial Irishman named Pat
+Dugan. The first name given the place, and the one by which it was known
+for many years, was Pekin.
+
+On October 19, 1818, through Governor Isaac Shelby and General Andrew
+Jackson, commissioners, the United States bought from the Chickasaw
+Indians their tract referred to above, which in the present state of
+Kentucky includes the counties of Ballard, Calloway, Carlisle, Fulton,
+Graves, Hickman, Marshall, and McCracken.
+
+For many years the hero of Kaskasia, Cahokia, and Vincennes had been
+infirm and poor. We all remember the touching scene when the Virginia
+commission presented him a sword in recognition of his great services to
+the United States; the old soldier listened in gloomy silence for a
+while and, finally, thrusting the sword into the ground and breaking it,
+he exclaimed, "When Virginia needed a sword I found one. Now I want
+bread!" By the treaty just mentioned the title of George Rogers Clark
+was made clear, but as he had died a few months previous to this his
+tract passed to his brother, General William Clark, of St. Louis, who
+had accompanied Meriwether Lewis on the noted Lewis and Clark
+Expedition.
+
+A few years after, General William Clark came to the little town of
+Pekin accompanied by an Indian chief who had become a friend of his
+while on his Western trip.
+
+In Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia," he speaks of a tribe of Indians
+called "Paducahs." In the "Handbook of American Indians" we find that
+the "Paducahs" belonged to the warlike Comanches, this being the name
+given them by the Spaniards. There is in Texas a small town of about one
+thousand five hundred inhabitants, named Paducah from this tribe of
+Indians.
+
+Paducah, Kentucky, is named, not from the tribe, but from an individual
+Indian. In his diary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, General William
+Clark speaks more than once of the kindness shown his party by a
+scattered branch of the Paducahs, and of how their chief became his
+friend. Dr. Catlin tells, in speaking of the tribes of the West, of a
+chief of the Mandans, Indians that often intermarried with the
+Comanches, named "Paducheyeh," meaning "tall or upstanding chestnut
+tree." Whether or not he was the one who became the friend of General
+Clark we do not know, but when the Comanches came southward, their old
+chief, called Paducah, went to St. Louis, and then came with General
+Clark on a visit to the town of Pekin, where he died with fever, and was
+buried near Third Street just beyond Tennessee.
+
+A log cabin was placed around his grave, and pioneer residents have told
+of a party of Indians coming from beyond the Mississippi and holding
+ceremonies over Paducah's grave. These were Comanches, or to use their
+tribal name, Paducahs.
+
+Whether the individual name of the old chief who had befriended General
+Clark was one of the many varied spellings of Paducah, or whether
+General Clark called him by his tribal name instead, we know not. Yet
+there was a real chief in recognition of whose kindness the "Pride of
+the Pennyrile" was named Paducah.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] For some of the facts in this chapter, the author is indebted to Mr.
+Irvin S. Cobb.
+
+
+
+
+LUCY JEFFERSON LEWIS
+
+
+As travelers on the waters of "La Belle Riviere" pass between the
+historic town of Smithland and the unpretentious hamlet of Birdsville,
+few are aware that they are within a mile or two of the grave of a
+younger sister of the writer of our Magna Charta.
+
+Though Lucy Jefferson Lewis was the sister of the man to whom we owe our
+American decimal coinage system, our statute for religious freedom, our
+Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia, and the
+Democratic party; though she was the wife of Dr. Charles L. Lewis,
+brother of the noted Meriwether Lewis; and though she was blessed with
+wealth, culture, love, and family; yet to-day she sleeps in an unmarked
+grave in Livingston County.
+
+Filled with enthusiasm for the then far West, the Lewis family, in 1808,
+ten years after Livingston County was formed, moved to Kentucky,
+purchased a tract of land about three miles from Smithland, and on a
+lonely, rocky hill overlooking the beautiful Ohio, raised their
+rooftree, and with their Virginia slaves, began a home in the
+wilderness.
+
+Some say that Dr. Lewis came with his wife, children, and servants;
+others, that he did not come until eight or nine months after the family
+arrived. Be that as it may, all agree that he was unsociable and moody,
+and that he soon tired of his primitive abode and left, they supposed,
+for his former Virginia home. All alone with her children and servants
+in the Western wilds, is it any marvel that Lucy Jefferson Lewis should
+sigh for the happy home of her youth?
+
+On a lonely, rocky promontory, where she could gaze far up the river,
+she would sit day after day, straining her eyes to see if there might be
+a "broadhorn" coming with news from her dearly beloved Virginia. If one
+was spied, a servant was at once sent out in a small boat to bring to
+her the long-wished-for papers. But this rare Virginia flower did not
+long survive transplantation, and in 1811 she was buried near her new
+home, with only a rough stone from the hillside to mark her last resting
+place.
+
+Only a few short months afterward, there was enacted by two of her sons,
+Lilburn and Isham, a most revolting tragedy. Then Lilburn died and it
+is said Isham, under an assumed name, entered the volunteer army and
+fell at the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
+
+The other son and three daughters left on file, in the county clerk's
+office at Smithland, a writing dated August 29, 1814, conferring upon
+Thomas Jefferson the power of attorney to recover certain lands for them
+in Albemarle County, Virginia. They subsequently married, moved into
+other states, and nothing is left to mark the homestead but a pile of
+rocks. Three sunken places, overgrown with the wild wood, show the last
+resting place of Lucy Jefferson Lewis, her son Lilburn, and his wife,
+while the cold autumnal winds, sighing through the treetops, chant a sad
+requiem above the lonely, deserted spot.
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL CURIOSITIES IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+Kentucky, rich in minerals, fertile soil, varied forests, and
+diversified products, is also a land where Nature has been lavish with
+her curiosities.
+
+Some of the most important natural curiosities are the following: In
+Boone County there is Split Hill, where a deep zigzag path of great
+extent has been formed; in Breckinridge County there is Sinking Creek, a
+stream so large and powerful that it drives machinery the entire year;
+at a point about six miles from its source it disappears and shows no
+trace for more than five miles, when it reappears and flows into the
+Ohio. As early as 1847, a Mr. Huston utilized, for a mill erected on
+this stream, a natural dam of rock, eight feet in height and forty feet
+in width.
+
+In Carter County there are also two smaller streams that flow for some
+distance underground. In the same county, in early days, there was an
+artesian well that threw up a jet, about the size of a barrel, to a
+height of four feet.
+
+Christian County contains also some sinking streams, forks of Little
+River, beside Pilot Rock, which rests upon elevated ground, has a
+comparatively level summit, covers about one half acre of ground, and is
+about two hundred feet high. This county also contains a natural bridge,
+which crosses a deep ravine with an artistic arch of sixty feet, and is
+thirty feet in height.
+
+Picturesque falls, ninety feet high, are found in Clinton County, while
+"Rock House," forty feet high and about sixty feet square, is located in
+Cumberland.
+
+In Edmonson County, besides the wonderful Mammoth Cave, there is "Dismal
+Rock," almost perpendicular and one hundred and sixty-three feet high.
+
+In Grant County, for many years an object of great curiosity, was an
+immense poplar tree, nine feet in diameter; it is said a man on
+horseback, after it lay prostrate, could barely touch the top of the
+trunk with the tips of his fingers.
+
+A natural fortification, a circular tableland, from fifty to one hundred
+and twenty-five feet high, impossible of ascent except in one place, is
+an object of great interest in Hancock County.
+
+In Jessamine County, amid awful grandeur and gloom, the Devil's Pulpit
+is found, with a total elevation of three hundred feet.
+
+In Lincoln County the Knobs, some with a base one hundred and fifty
+yards in diameter, two hundred feet high, and entirely destitute of
+vegetation, attract great attention.
+
+Mantel Rock, or Natural Bridge, in Livingston County, in picturesqueness
+rivals the far-famed Natural Bridge of Virginia. This rock, resting
+against the hillside, is eight and three fourths feet thick and twenty
+feet wide; its arch spans two hundred and twenty feet. One of the
+paintings that attracted most attention in the Kentucky building at the
+St. Louis World's Fair was the artistic reproduction of this picturesque
+place by Mrs. Georgia McGrew Edwards.
+
+In Lyon County, near Eddyville, 1848, several men explored a cavern for
+half a mile, where a large stream of water, an underground river, was
+found to be flowing.
+
+About three miles from Benton, in Marshall County, on a high hill, there
+is a lake about sixty yards in diameter, whose depth is unknown; its
+waters neither rise nor fall, but stand about fifty feet above the bed
+of the creek below.
+
+In Meade County, between Salt River and Sinking Creek, are several knobs
+and groves that the pioneers used as points of observation from which to
+detect the movements of the Indian parties just after they crossed to
+the south side of the Ohio River.
+
+Bardstown, in Nelson County, is built on an elevation under which is a
+natural tunnel, several feet in diameter, of circular form, reaching
+from the eastern to the western extremity of the eminence.
+
+Owen County has several objects of interest, among them being Point of
+Rocks, about seventy-five feet high, overhanging Deep Hole, whose depth
+has never been ascertained.
+
+In Rockcastle County, Bee Cliff rears its summit three hundred and
+fifty-five feet above the river; there are also a number of saltpeter
+caves where large quantities of saltpeter were manufactured during the
+War of 1812. The largest, called Great Saltpeter Cave, with its many
+rooms, some of which cover an area of several acres, with its
+subterranean river and weird grandeur, is a rival in all respects but
+size to the noted Mammoth Cave of Edmonson County. The Fall Cliffs, at
+some points three hundred feet in height, are unsurpassed in grandeur.
+
+Among the places of interest in Union County there is, standing upon
+level bottom land, a rock two feet thick, twenty feet wide, and fifty
+feet high which, on account of its spur resembling the horn of an anvil,
+is called Anvil Rock. In the same county a large flat rock, deeply
+indented with impressions of the human foot of various sizes as well as
+the distinct footprints of the dog is found.
+
+In Warren County, Wolf Sink, one hundred and fifty feet wide by three
+hundred feet long and in depth varying from twenty feet on the south
+side to one hundred and fifty feet on the north side, is an interesting
+place.
+
+The Cumberland River in its passage through Whitley County has a
+perpendicular fall of more than sixty feet, forming Cumberland Falls, a
+picturesque cascade, the roar of which can be heard sometimes for more
+than twelve miles both above and below the cataract. Behind the sheet of
+falling water one can pass nearly across the river bed.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S GREATEST NATURAL WONDER
+
+
+In Edmonson County, near Green River, was discovered in 1809, by a Mr.
+Hutchins, while in pursuit of a wounded bear, that matchless
+subterranean palace,--the Mammoth Cave.
+
+It consists, not of one chamber, but of many magnificent rooms, winding
+avenues, towering domes, bottomless pits, picturesque cataracts, mystic
+rivers, gloomy seas, and crystal lakes, on five different levels.
+Geologists agree that this immense cavern was carved out of the
+limestone ages ago, by both the mechanical and chemical action of the
+water. Viewing the huge columns that have been formed by depositing the
+almost infinitesimal amount of lime dissolved from the rock, one stands
+in awe at the thought of the great span of time required for this
+marvelous work.
+
+[Illustration: A view in the Mammoth Cave.]
+
+Here no ray of sunshine lights up the darkness; here no sound breaks the
+silence; here no seasons come and go; here no living creature--save the
+torpid bat, the sluggish lizard, the silent cricket, the shy rabbit-like
+rat, and eyeless fish--exists.
+
+Among the many picturesque spots in this cave are the Bridal Altar,
+formed of several pillars grouped into arches; the Old Arm Chair, in
+which Jenny Lind once sat and sang; the Giant's Coffin, a massive stone,
+forty feet long, twenty feet wide, and nine feet thick, that fell, ages
+ago, from above; Audubon Avenue; the Bat Chamber, where thousands of
+bats spend the winter clinging to the ceiling, in most places smooth
+and white as if made by a master hand; the Devil's Arm Chair, a large
+stalagmite in which is a comfortable seat; Napoleon's Breast Works;
+Lover's Leap, and Gatewood's Dining Table; Fat Man's Misery, River Hall,
+and Bacon Chamber, the last looking like a part of a pork-packing house;
+the Dead Sea, the Corkscrew, the Holy Sepulcher, Martha Washington's
+Statue, Shelby's Dome; the rivers Lethe, Echo, and Styx; and last the
+Star Chamber, sixty feet wide, seventy feet high, and four hundred feet
+long. Here the guide leaves you in absolute darkness for a while, until
+from his vantage ground he so illuminates the high ceiling that when you
+look upward, the heavens seem studded with stars; a comet with its
+blazing tail appears, clouds cross over, midnight with its utter
+darkness comes, and finally day begins to dawn.
+
+
+
+
+HOW REELFOOT LAKE WAS FORMED
+
+
+About two o'clock in the morning of December 16, 1811, the inhabitants
+of southwestern Kentucky, especially those in Fulton County, were
+aroused and alarmed by a most destructive earthquake shock that shook
+the Mississippi Valley throughout. It extended all along the Ohio beyond
+Pittsburgh, passed the Alleghenies, and died on the far-away coast of
+the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+The first sign of the catastrophe was distant, rumbling sounds,
+succeeded by continued discharges as of unnumbered pieces of artillery.
+Then the earth rocked, chasms yawned, columns of coal, sand, and water
+shot up, while electric flashes, shooting through the otherwise
+impenetrable darkness, added horror to the scene. Twenty-seven distinct
+shocks were experienced before dawn. Then shock followed shock, the land
+was overshadowed by a dense, black cloud of vapor to which the light
+imparted a purplish tinge, but no sunbeam penetrated the pall that
+overhung all.
+
+Lakes appeared where hills had been; elevations of land were found
+instead of lakes; the land in many places, miles in extent, was sunk
+below the level of the surrounding country. The current of the
+Mississippi was driven upstream for several hours, on account of an
+elevation in its bed; the waters boiled up in huge swells and violently
+tossed the boats thereon; sandbars gave way; huge trees crashed and
+disappeared in the maddening billows; the shores opened in wide
+fissures, closed, and threw huge jets of water, sand, and mud high above
+the treetops. The water of the river was changed to a reddish hue, thick
+with mud thrown up from its bottom, while the trembling surface was
+covered with huge masses of foam.
+
+From this temporary barrier, made by the upheaval of the bottom and the
+sinking of the sandbars and banks, the river rose five or six feet in a
+few minutes; then the booming waters with redoubled fury rushed forward
+with resistless power and carried everything before them. Boats, with
+horror-struck crews, shot down the declivity "like arrows from the bow,"
+and were overwhelmed or wrecked on snags, that had been thrown up from
+the bottom of the river, or were carried down in the vortexes. These
+shocks continued every day until December 21, and occasionally until
+February of the succeeding year.
+
+It was during this extensive and exciting convulsion that Reelfoot Lake,
+in Fulton County, made its first appearance. This great and singular
+body of water was formed by sand, blown out of a chasm opened by the
+earthquake, damming the waters of a creek, which spread over the
+territory and formed a lake twenty feet deep, from three fourths to two
+and a half miles wide, and seventeen miles long. For many years the tops
+of immense trees could be seen in the water by boatmen as they hunted
+the waterfowls or cast line for the fish with which it abounds.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY VALOR IN 1812-1815
+
+
+The young republic of the United States tried to follow the warning of
+Washington, "Friendship to all, entangling alliances with none."
+Although France had aided us in our struggle for independence, we
+remained neutral when war was carried on between her and England.
+Although it was said of our President, that he "could not be kicked into
+a fight," yet, when our commerce was well-nigh destroyed, our sailors
+taken from our vessels and forced to serve in the British navy, and our
+vessels fired upon by England's, we followed the policy of two of our
+most gifted Southern sons, Clay and Calhoun, and on June 18, 1812, again
+declared war against Great Britain.
+
+When the call came for volunteers to aid the regular army, although
+Kentucky's quota was only five thousand five hundred men, from mountains
+and glens, from field and farm, from bench and bar, from every walk of
+life, came her best blood, seven thousand strong, volunteering their
+services to their country's cause.
+
+When one thousand five hundred men were required to join General Hull in
+his expedition against the savages, in the Northwest, two thousand
+answered the call, only to learn, after crossing the Ohio, that Hull had
+cowardly surrendered his army and the whole of Michigan territory to the
+British, although his army numbered nearly double the enemy.
+
+For several months, at various times and places, the Kentucky troops did
+special and efficient service. In January of the succeeding year,
+Colonel Lewis with from seven hundred to one thousand Kentuckians,
+marched against a combined force of British and Indians at Frenchtown on
+the river Raisin, and drove them from the village. Three days later,
+General Winchester was told that a large force of the enemy was on its
+way to attack the victors. As the night was bitter cold, the precaution
+of stationing pickets was neglected, and early the next morning, two
+thousand British and Indians under General Proctor suddenly attacked the
+camp. The Kentucky riflemen fought stubbornly for hours. Their
+ammunition ran low, but still they fought. Even when summoned to
+surrender they, Spartanlike, preferred death. But, being promised that
+their wounded would be safely guarded and humanely treated, they laid
+down their arms. History records how this promise on the part of Proctor
+was not kept, how the drunken Indians burned and tomahawked the helpless
+men and officers, until long afterward the rallying cry of the
+Kentuckians was, "Remember the river Raisin--Raisin and Revenge."
+
+At Fort Stephenson, one hundred and sixty men under Colonel Croghan of
+Kentucky repulsed Proctor with nearly four thousand. When the idolized
+General Isaac Shelby went at the head of the Kentuckians, all felt that
+he would lead them to victory.
+
+It is said that when Commodore Perry wrote, "We have met the enemy and
+they are ours," after his memorable victory on Lake Erie, that one
+hundred sharpshooters from Kentucky had aided in the capture.
+
+At the battle of the Thames nearly all the American troops were
+Kentuckians, and that gallant soldier, Colonel Richard M. Johnson, did
+noble service in the killing of the noted Tecumseh. When Jackson,
+barricaded behind cotton bales at New Orleans, defeated Pakenham with
+his veteran forces, more than one fifth of the American soldiers were
+Kentucky riflemen.
+
+
+
+
+A TRIUMVIRATE OF ELOQUENCE
+
+
+Kentuckians, past and present, have ever been distinguished for their
+brilliant, persuasive oratory on the stump, at the bar, or in the forum.
+
+Three of the most eloquent men our state claimed in the nineteenth
+century were Clay, Marshall, and Menefee.
+
+[Illustration: Thomas F. Marshall.]
+
+Wherever Thomas F. Marshall, a native of Kentucky, lifted up his voice,
+he entranced all with his profound logic, flight of fancy, stinging
+satire, and beauty of language. Had his powers of self-control been as
+great as his genius, learning, and eloquence, no position in the dizzy
+heights would have been beyond his reach. But his brilliancy, his worth,
+and his work were all obscured by that dreadful blight, intemperance.
+Mr. Marshall's tribute to another orator and statesman, Richard H.
+Menefee, is pronounced by all to be one of the most graceful and
+eloquent passages in our literature.
+
+Born in obscurity, rising rapidly by his own energy and eloquence, at
+twenty-three Menefee was the commonwealth's attorney. At the bar his
+success was phenomenal. In the state legislature and in the United
+States Congress, where he served one term each, he, from the first, was
+recognized as a student and a statesman surpassed by none. His strength
+of character, his courage of conviction, his surpassing eloquence,
+brought praise from all. When at the height of fame, when men eagerly
+sought his counsel, and throngs hung upon his words, consumption closed
+his brief but brilliant life in his thirty-second year.
+
+[Illustration: Richard H. Menefee.]
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKIANS IN TEXAS AND MEXICO
+
+
+Among the volunteers that flocked to the support of Texas when she threw
+off the yoke of oppression there were many hundred Kentuckians. However,
+our state was not aggressive about the annexation of the new republic,
+which all saw might lead to war with Mexico.
+
+After the annexation, General Zachary Taylor, an adopted Kentuckian, was
+sent with troops to protect Texas, and soon war began. When Kentucky
+called for thirty companies, one hundred and five were organized.
+
+At Monterey some of our bravest fell, among them being Major Philip N.
+Barbour. General William O. Butler was among the number severely
+wounded. In honor of their bravery on this battlefield, the Kentucky
+legislature passed complimentary resolutions on the Louisville Legion,
+and presented swords to General Taylor, General Butler, and the widow of
+Major Barbour.
+
+At the bloody battle of Buena Vista, where General Taylor had nearly
+five thousand men, one fifth of the troops were from Kentucky. The
+Mexicans had a force more than five times the number of the Americans,
+still the victory was ours. As the killed and wounded were eighteen per
+cent of the enlistment, Kentucky paid dearly for the glory won.
+
+Among the fallen were Colonel William R. McKee, Lieutenant Colonel Henry
+Clay, oldest son of the great statesman Henry Clay, and Adjutant Vaughn.
+
+When many, who had given their lives for the cause, were reinterred at
+Frankfort and a fitting monument was erected, on it was inscribed this
+quotation from the immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of the Dead," by our
+soldier-poet, Theodore O'Hara:
+
+    "The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
+      The soldier's last tattoo!
+    No more on life's parade shall meet
+      That brave and fallen few;
+    On Fame's eternal camping ground
+      Their silent tents are spread,
+    And Glory guards, with solemn round,
+      The bivouac of the dead."
+
+
+
+
+CLAY, THE GREAT COMMONER
+
+
+In Hanover County, Virginia, April 12, 1777, was born Henry Clay, the
+"Millboy of the Slashes," who in after years became the idol of our
+state, and one of the most notable figures in the entire Union.
+
+Left fatherless at the age of five years, his teaching and training
+devolved upon his mother. So well did she perform her part that much of
+her illustrious son's greatness may rightfully be ascribed to maternal
+influence.
+
+At the early age of twenty-one Henry Clay became a member of the bar at
+Lexington, and it was not long before his genius, his eloquence, and his
+versatile powers made for him a name that will ever endure.
+
+[Illustration: The "Millboy of the Slashes."]
+
+He served the state of his adoption in the lower house of the state
+legislature for several terms. Part of that time he was speaker of the
+house, in which position the zeal, energy, dignity, and decision
+characteristic of him distinguished his every act. Later he was elected
+representative to the lower house of the United States Congress, was
+re-elected several times, and during the entire time was Speaker of the
+House, having received the very high and unusual compliment of being
+thus chosen on the first day he appeared as a member of that body.
+
+He served as a valuable member of the commission which met at Ghent,
+Belgium, to arrange the treaty of peace between this country and Great
+Britain in 1814.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Clay's Home, "Ashland."]
+
+He served with marked success in the United States Senate; his great
+genius, his high patriotism, his boundless energy, and fiery eloquence
+so swayed the people that more than once civil war for a time was
+averted, sections were reconciled, and he won the title of the "Great
+Pacificator."
+
+Convinced of his duty, Henry Clay was conscientious in discharging it,
+and when he thus lost the highest office in the gift of the nation he
+uttered the memorable words, "I would rather be right than be
+President."
+
+He did not need this office to confer honor on him; he would have
+conferred honor on the office.
+
+His fame was world-wide. His service as a statesman, his power as an
+orator, his courage as an antagonist, his cogency of reasoning, his
+untiring efforts as a peacemaker, spread from ocean to ocean and even
+beyond the seas. When he was laid to rest at his beloved Ashland, high
+potentates, distinguished persons, and the great common people alike
+bowed their heads.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
+
+
+From Kentucky cabin homes came the two men who were destined to be the
+political leaders in the greatest conflict that ever shook our
+continent.
+
+In 1808, Jefferson Davis, who became the President and idol of the
+Confederacy, first saw the light in that part of Christian County that
+was afterwards erected into Todd.
+
+In 1809, Abraham Lincoln, the war President of the United States, was
+born in that part of Hardin County that afterwards became Larue.
+
+The gifted Kentuckian, Henry Clay, had by his pacific measures postponed
+war, but it was not to be averted. When it came, our governor, Beriah
+Magoffin, attempted neutrality, and refused to raise troops for either
+army. From many homes, however, went soldiers to each side; friend was
+arrayed against friend, brother against brother, and father against son.
+The hour of patriotism, danger, and privation had come. When the first
+gun in the war was fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, a native
+Kentuckian, Major Robert Anderson of the United States army, commanded
+the garrison.
+
+On our soil both Confederate and Federal forces were raised. Various
+towns were occupied and fortified by soldiers, at some places under the
+Stars and Bars, at other places under the Stars and Stripes.
+
+The boys that wore the gray entered Kentucky and fortified themselves at
+Columbus and Hickman under Major General Leonidas Polk, and at
+Cumberland Gap under General Zollicoffer. The boys in blue, acting under
+orders from Brigadier General U.S. Grant, invaded the state at Paducah.
+
+General Albert Sidney Johnston of Kentucky took command of the
+Confederate "Central Army of Kentucky," and under his orders General
+Simon B. Buckner fortified Bowling Green.
+
+At Wildcat Mountain, near London, a bloody conflict took place, General
+Zollicoffer leading the Confederates, and Colonel T.T. Garrard and
+General Schoepff the Federals. The Confederates, being outnumbered,
+withdrew, after a loss to each side.
+
+At Sacramento, Colonel Forrest defeated a company of Federals two days
+after Christmas, 1861.
+
+Early the next year General Zollicoffer and General George B.
+Crittenden encountered General Thomas at Mill Springs; reenforcements
+came to the Federals, the gallant Zollicoffer fell, and the Confederates
+were forced to retreat.
+
+At Big Hill, in Rockcastle County, the Federals were defeated; at
+Richmond the Confederates were again victorious, while at Munfordville
+they were repulsed.
+
+At Augusta a bloody battle between Colonel Basil Duke's men and the home
+guards under Dr. Joshua T. Bradford resulted in another victory for the
+Confederates.
+
+In the severe battle of Perryville, where 25,000 Federals, under General
+A. McCook, met 16,000 Confederates under General William J. Hardee, the
+Federal loss was more than four thousand and the Confederate, one
+thousand less. This was one of the most desperately contested battles of
+the war.
+
+[Illustration: Gen. John H. Morgan.]
+
+That daring Confederate cavalryman, General John H. Morgan, the "Francis
+Marion" of the Confederacy, captured Glasgow, Elizabethtown, and the
+blockhouses at Muldraugh's Hill, where he tore up the railroad track.
+Colonel Cluke defeated the Federals at Mount Sterling, destroyed
+railway trains, and captured supplies.
+
+At Bardstown, Maysville, Tompkinsville, Cynthiana, and Paducah, the two
+sides met in deadly conflict. At the latter place the daring Confederate
+cavalryman, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, entered with his troops.
+Here also General A.P. Thompson, while gallantly leading his troops in a
+charge on Fort Anderson, fell pierced by a cannon ball.
+
+At Murfreesboro, Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga, Vicksburg, Donelson,
+Shiloh, Baton Rouge, Stone River, indeed, on almost every battlefield,
+Kentucky courage was tested and never found wanting.
+
+At the close of the crucial conflict more than thirty thousand of the
+flower of our Kentucky manhood had fallen, and thousands more were
+crippled.
+
+More than forty thousand Kentuckians followed the fortunes of the
+Confederacy. Among them were: General Albert Sidney Johnston; Lieutenant
+Generals Simon B. Buckner and John B. Hood; Major Generals John C.
+Breckinridge, William Preston, and George B. Crittenden; Brigadier
+Generals John Hunt Morgan, Humphrey Marshall, Ben Hardin Helm, Basil W.
+Duke, Roger W. Hanson, Lloyd Tilghman, John S. Williams, George B.
+Hodge, Thomas H. Taylor, Henry B. Lyon, Adam R. Johnson, and Richard S.
+Gano.
+
+More than one hundred thousand of the white men of our state and eleven
+thousand negroes enlisted in the Federal cause. Among the former were
+numbered: Major Generals Thomas L. Crittenden, Cassius M. Clay, Don
+Carlos Buell, William Nelson, Lovell H. Rousseau, and Thomas J. Wood;
+Brigadier and Brevet Major Generals Robert Anderson, Richard W. Johnson,
+Stephen G. Burbridge, W.T. Ward, Walter C. Whittaker, John T. Croxton,
+and Eli Long; Brigadier Generals James M. Shackelford, James S. Jackson,
+Green Clay Smith, Speed S. Fry, Jerry T. Boyle, Edward H. Hobson, T.T.
+Garrard, L.P. Watkins, and W.P. Sanders.
+
+Of the Kentuckians engaged we can truly say no braver men were found on
+either side; no better citizens have helped to develop our state since
+the conflict closed. Now only a few veterans are left on either side.
+Most of them are
+
+    "Under the sod and the dew
+      Waiting the judgment day;"
+
+so let all unite in
+
+    "Love and tears for the blue
+      Tears and love for the gray."
+
+
+
+
+WHY SOME CITIES WERE SO NAMED
+
+
+When a baby is christened we at once wonder why it was so named,
+especially if the name be a new or odd one. When we hear a new name for
+an invention we begin to look up the etymology of the word to see why it
+is so called. So it is with places, for there is a reason for their
+names being what they are. Take the beautiful capital of the blue-grass
+section of our state, and we find an interesting romance concerning its
+origin. In the year 1775, when
+
+    "The first oath of Freedom's gun
+    Came on the blast from Lexington,"
+
+a party of hunters, while in camp on one of the branches of the Elkhorn,
+learned that the first battle between the British and Americans had
+taken place. To commemorate the important event they called the place of
+their encampment Lexington. William McConnell, Francis McConnell, Alex
+McClelland, John McClelland, David Perry, and Charles Lecompt came down
+the Ohio in a large canoe as far as the mouth of the Kentucky, thence up
+that stream to the Elkhorn region, where they explored and made some
+improvements, between April and June of 1775.
+
+Another party--Joseph Lindsay, William Lindsay, Patrick Jordan, Garret
+Jordan, and John Vance--explored the country and made some improvements
+in the vicinity of the present site of Lexington, and Joseph Lindsay,
+here, at the spring, built an "improver's cabin" and raised the first
+corn and beans in that country.
+
+Lexington was not permanently settled until a few years later, by
+Colonel Robert Patterson and others.
+
+In the summer of 1773 two parties from Virginia came down the Ohio River
+to explore the rich lands of Kentucky. One of these made the first
+survey and settlement at what is now the metropolis of our state. In
+August, Captain Thomas Bullitt laid off a town at this site, which was
+occasionally visited by different persons. No permanent settlement was
+made until in the spring of 1778, when General George Rogers Clark
+brought a few families and left them on an island near the Kentucky
+shore, which was called Corn Island from the circumstance that the
+settlers raised their first Indian corn there. In the fall of the same
+year, after Clark had captured the British posts that had served as the
+fountain head for the Indian incursions, the settlers felt more secure
+and removed from the island to the mainland. In 1780 the legislature of
+Virginia passed an act to establish the town of Louisville at the Falls
+of the Ohio, naming it in honor of Louis XVI of France, whose troops
+were at that time aiding the Americans in their fight for liberty.
+
+In 1780, on the Kentucky River, where our capital now stands, a party,
+among whom was Stephen Frank, on their way from Bryan's Station to the
+fort at Lexington to secure salt, encamped and were attacked by the
+Indians. Two were wounded, and Frank instantly killed. In memory of
+Frank the place was ever after called Frankfort.
+
+Covington was named in honor of General Leonard Covington, who
+distinguished himself at Fort Recovery, 1749. The name of Colonel
+Richard Henderson, the head of the Transylvania Company, is perpetuated
+in Henderson, or, as it was formerly known, Hendersonville. Bowling
+Green, denoting a plat for bowling, probably came from the name found
+in Yorkshire, England.
+
+Hopkinsville perpetuates the name of the Revolutionary hero, General
+Samuel Hopkins. Owensboro was named in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen,
+who fell at Tippecanoe. Ashland gained its name from the vast amount of
+ash timber in that region. Maysville bears the name of its founder, John
+May. Georgetown and Washington both took their names from our first
+President.
+
+The first part of Mount Sterling was named from the many mounds in the
+vicinity, the latter from a city in Scotland. Richmond was named for a
+city in Virginia, and Shelbyville for our first governor. Smithland was
+named for Captain James Smith, the first white man to explore that
+region. Catlettsburg and Danville were called respectively from their
+founders, Horatio Catlett and Walker Daniel. Lebanon, with its abundance
+of cedar trees, was named for the mountain in Palestine, where such
+trees abound.
+
+Paris, from the city in France, Versailles, from the royal palace in
+that city, and Glasgow, from a city in Scotland, bear transatlantic
+names. Eminence from its elevated position, and Eddyville from the
+eddies in the Cumberland River near there, bear names descriptive of the
+places. Kuttawa, or Cuttawa, the red man's first name for the Kentucky
+River, is the only town in the state, besides Paducah, bearing an Indian
+name. Carrollton, from Charles Carroll, Franklin, from the great
+philosopher, Ludlow, from Israel Ludlow, and Princeton, from William
+Prince, its first settler, perpetuate names noted in history, science,
+and frontier days.
+
+Cynthiana, for Cynthia and Anna, daughters of the proprietor, and
+Elizabethtown, for the wife of Colonel John Hardin, are the only towns
+in the state named for women.
+
+Morganfield, for General Daniel Morgan, Nicholasville, for Colonel
+George Nichols, and Greenville, for General Nathanael Greene,
+commemorate, respectively, three Revolutionary officers. Bardstown,
+Campbellsville, Flemingsburg, and Hawesville perpetuate the names of
+their founders, David Baird, Adam Campbell, John Fleming, and Richard
+Hawes, respectively. Berea is from the ancient city in Macedonia,
+Columbus from the great navigator, and Lancaster from a town in
+Pennsylvania; Adairville and Morehead from two former governors,
+Governor John Adair and Governor James Morehead. Captain Paschal
+Hickman, Honorable John L. Murray, Colonel T.D. Owings, and the
+Wickliffes are remembered respectively by the towns of Hickman, Murray,
+Owingsville, and Wickliffe.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
+
+
+Whether we consider the valuable additions to scientific literature,
+note the practical, useful inventions, or record the actual activities
+in various scientific lines, many Kentuckians will be found on the
+eminent roll.
+
+A Louisville woman, Ellen C. Semple, has given us "American History and
+its Geographic Conditions." James N. Baskett, while a novelist, has also
+contributed some scientific papers that have won him fame in many lands.
+John Uri Lloyd,--both novelist and scientist,--though a native of New
+York, was reared in Kentucky. He is a noted chemist and has written much
+along his line.
+
+Elsewhere, we have spoken of Kentucky inventors, and also given a sketch
+of the great ornithologist, John James Audubon. We are indebted for
+facts about prehistoric Kentucky to "Ancient History or Annals of
+Kentucky" published as an introduction to Marshall's "History of
+Kentucky," by the eccentric naturalist, C.S. Rafinesque. Though born in
+Constantinople, he spent seven years as professor of the natural
+sciences, and of the French, Spanish, and Italian languages in
+Transylvania University in Lexington. It was Rafinesque who, amid all
+the privations of pioneer traveling, explored Kentucky in the early part
+of the nineteenth century, from Greenup on the east to McCracken County
+on the west. He covered nearly the entire area of the blue grass, and
+also included in his itinerary the remote counties, Adair, Clay, Harlan,
+Perry, Pulaski, and Rockcastle, and located one hundred and forty-eight
+sites and five hundred and five ancient remains or monuments of the
+Mound Builders.
+
+Audubon tells of his first meeting with this great antiquarian, whose
+dress, if not fashionable, was at least remarkable. He wore, says
+Audubon, "a long, loose coat of yellow nankeen which hung loosely about
+him like a sack, much the worse for the many rubs it had got in its time
+and stained all over with the juice of plants. A waistcoat of the same,
+with enormous pockets, reached over a pair of tight pantaloons, the
+lower part of which was buttoned down to the ankles." In this attire,
+with a bundle of dried plants on his back, Rafinesque accidentally
+approached Audubon and asked where the noted naturalist lived. Upon
+learning it was the great Audubon to whom he was speaking, Rafinesque
+handed him a letter of introduction in which the writer recommended an
+"odd fish" which might not have been described in any published
+treatise. Audubon at once asked to be shown the "odd fish," but soon
+realized that Rafinesque answered to that name. It was during this
+visit, that, in his excitement to secure a new species of bat,
+Rafinesque demolished Audubon's favorite violin. His versatility, his
+energy, and his achievements stamp him as one of the most remarkable of
+men in many lines of thought and activity.
+
+[Illustration: Rafinesque, the Naturalist.]
+
+In the field of medical science, also, Kentucky in both past and
+present has been noted. In 1806, Doctor Brashear of Bardstown
+successfully performed an amputation at the hip joint, the first
+operation of the kind in the United States. In 1809, Doctor Ephraim
+McDowell of Danville performed one which was the first of its kind in
+the world, and of which Doctor Gross in his "Lives of Eminent American
+Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century" says, "Had McDowell
+lived in France, he would have been elected a member of the Royal
+Academy of Surgery, received from the king the cross of the Legion of
+Honor, and obtained from the government a magnificent reward as an
+acknowledgment of the services rendered his country, his profession, and
+his fellow creatures."
+
+
+
+
+"BESSEMER STEEL" IN KENTUCKY
+
+
+One most important invention or discovery of the nineteenth century was
+made by William Kelly, who came from Pittsburgh and located near
+Eddyville, in Lyon County, in 1846. Here he operated both the Union and
+the Suwanee furnaces, mostly by slave labor, until he conceived the plan
+of using Chinese workers, which he secured through a New York tea house.
+As these Celestials, with their pigtails, were the first in this
+section, they created a great deal of curiosity. Mr. Kelly, having a
+special knowledge of chemistry and metallurgy, investigated and
+experimented in the manufacture of iron, and concluded that the crude
+metal could be converted into steel without fuel; that by placing the
+fluid metal in a suitable furnace and forcing powerful blasts of air
+through the molten mass, he could produce the desired result.
+
+His veteran forgemen could not conceive of metal being "boiled" by
+simply blowing air through it, for it had been their experience that air
+blown over its surface chilled it. They knew nothing of the affinity of
+oxygen with carbon for producing heat; they had always consumed
+quantities of charcoal to secure this greater heat; they had buried bars
+of wrought iron in charcoal in a furnace, where, the air being shut off,
+the charcoal was slowly burned for two or more weeks. Then the product
+was taken out and melted, forming "cast steel." So they were completely
+surprised when forcing the currents of air through the mass of iron
+intensified it to incandescence and refined the metal.
+
+The experiment was made in 1851 and used by Mr. Kelly advantageously for
+many years. Being almost isolated in practically a wilderness, thirty
+miles from even the nearest country press, the inventor failed to
+advertise and take proper advantage of his invention. In 1855, however,
+many of the steamboats plying the Ohio River were using boiler plates
+made from iron prepared by "Kelly's air-boiling process." The next year
+Henry Bessemer, an iron manufacturer of England, took out a patent for
+this pneumatic process, to which his name has been given; but, although
+Mr. Kelly was delayed in securing his patent by his attorney, when the
+claim was heard by the commissioner of the Patent Office in this
+country, it was decided that Mr. Kelly was the inventor and his patent
+was at once granted. For many years Mr. Kelly received a royalty on his
+interest in the inventions. In time the patents of Kelly, Bessemer, and
+Mushet were combined. Prior to this discovery, steel cost five times as
+much as iron; now steel rails, wearing four times as long as iron, cost
+only a few dollars more per ton. Thus we see the incalculable importance
+of another Kentucky invention, for now steel is made directly from pig
+iron in about thirty minutes, instead of as formerly in almost as many
+days.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY ARTISTS
+
+
+While Kentucky's sons and daughters have enriched the field of science
+by inventions and discoveries, they have not neglected the fine arts.
+
+Among the painters, Matthew H. Jouett of Mercer County from early
+childhood displayed a talent by drawing sketches with a lead pencil. He
+became a pupil of Gilbert Stuart, who always called him "Kentucky."
+Jouett, on the occasion of La Fayette's visit, painted the noted
+general, and from that sketch painted the life-sized one that hangs in
+the State House. His pictures were on exhibition at the World's Fair at
+Chicago and compared favorably with those of the best foreign painters.
+It is said that Thomas S. Noble, another native of Kentucky who has won
+fame with his brush, exclaimed after viewing Jouett's portraits,
+"Rembrandt is next to God and Jouett is next to Rembrandt." The
+Honorable Charles Summers, who had made a study of foreign artists, on
+seeing one of Jouett's portraits, examined it closely and exclaimed,
+"What a glorious Van Dyck!" Richard Jouett Menefee made a catalogue a
+few years ago of three hundred and thirty-four paintings by his
+grandfather.
+
+[Illustration: Matthew H. Jouett.]
+
+In Frankfort was born another boy, Joseph H. Bush, whose talents at an
+early age caused him to use his mother's hearth and a piece of charcoal
+to sketch a profile of his father. Among his noted works are portraits
+of General Zachary Taylor, Benjamin W. Dudley, and Governor John Adair.
+
+John Grimes, who lived many years in this state, is noted for a
+portrait, "The Country Lad," and "Suicide," a composition. Oliver Frazer
+first saw the light in Fayette County. He studied under Jouett and
+Thomas Sully, and later at Paris, Florence, Berlin, and Ludlow, where he
+and P.R. Healy, fellow students, became fast friends.
+
+Though he was born in Pennsylvania, so much of the work of Louis Morgan
+was done in Kentucky that we class him with her artists. His "Simon
+Kenton" was the most prominent picture at an exhibition in the Academy
+of Fine Arts at Philadelphia.
+
+As a boy, Samuel W. Price also exhibited artistic talent; among his
+portraits being "Old King Solomon" and one of Chief Justice George
+Robertson. Among his works in composition are "Caught Napping" and "Gone
+Up." There are also W.C. Allen, Mrs. Eliza Brown, Aaron H. Corwine, Paul
+Sawyier, Nevill Cain, and others who have done creditable work.
+
+The poet-sculptor, Joel T. Hart, when only five years old modeled
+figures of animals in clay, molded a button out of pewter, and carved in
+wood. His first work of note was a bust from life of General Cassius M.
+Clay; among other noted men of whom he made busts were General Andrew
+Jackson, the Honorable John H. Crittenden, Robert Wickliffe, and the
+Reverend Alexander Campbell. His statue of Henry Clay now stands on the
+capitol grounds at Richmond. Louisville and New Orleans each ordered a
+statue of Clay. After that came Hart's masterpiece, "Woman Triumphant,"
+which stood for years at Lexington, Kentucky.
+
+The Kentucky legislature appropriated twelve hundred dollars for
+removing the remains of Joel T. Hart from Florence, Italy, and
+reinterring them at Frankfort.
+
+Although born in California, Mrs. Mary Anderson de Navarro, an artist in
+another line, spent her girlhood in Louisville, so Kentuckians have ever
+claimed her as "Our Mary." Her brilliant stage career is known to all.
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKY IN THE FIELD OF LETTERS
+
+
+Kentucky, rich in themes for song and story, has attracted the attention
+of some of the master minds of literature. Sir Walter Scott in "Marmion"
+sings of
+
+    "Kentucky's wood-encumbered brake."
+
+George Gordon (Lord Byron) in "Don Juan" names
+
+    "The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky,"
+
+while Alfred Tennyson tells of
+
+    "Kentucky's chambers of eternal gloom."
+
+Her own sons and daughters, native and adopted, have also sung her
+glories, and in many other themes have made a great contribution to
+American Literature. Gilbert Imlay was our first novelist. Since him it
+is impossible to name all who have brought honor to their state by their
+works, but among the writers of prose are the noted novelists James Lane
+Allen and John Fox, Jr. Gertrude Atherton's writings include "The Bell
+in the Fog," "Rulers of Kings" and "Rezanov." Alice Hegan Rice has
+delighted many with "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch" and "Lovey Mary."
+Ingram Crockett's "A Year Book of Kentucky Woods and Fields" and "A
+Brother of Christ" give him a place in this group. Edwin C. Listey's
+"Love Story of Abner Stone" and "The Race of the Swift" are honors to
+their creator.
+
+Abbie Carter Goodloe's "At the Foot of the Rockies" has been favorably
+compared with some of Kipling's works. Frank Waller Allen in "Back to
+Arcady" has given a pastoral romance. Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews has
+distinguished herself in "A Kidnapped Colony" and "The Perfect Tribute."
+
+[Illustration: James Lane Allen.]
+
+Young and old delight in the "Little Colonel Stories" by Mrs. Annie
+Fellows Johnston, "Emmy Lou" by Mrs. George Madden Martin, and Eva A.
+Madden's "Two Royal Foes." John Bacon gave us "The Pursuit of Phyllis";
+Nancy Huston Banks, "Oldfield"; Eleanor T. Kinkead, "The Invisible
+Bond"; and Mrs. H.D. Pittman, "The Belle of the Blue-grass Country."
+Hallie Erminie Rives-Wheeler has given "Hearts Courageous" and "Tales
+from Dickens."
+
+John Uri Lloyd has described mountain life in "Redhead" and "Stringtown
+on the Pike," while his "Etidorhpa" shows a master mind.
+
+James Tandy Ellis has delighted all with his dialect stories in "Sprigs
+o' Mint." Mrs. Fannie Caldwell Macauley (Frances Little) has written
+"The Lady of the Decoration," while "Aunt Jane of Kentucky" by Mrs.
+Eliza Calvert Obenchain (Eliza Calvert Hall) has attracted universal
+attention.
+
+John Wilson Townsend in "Kentuckians in History and Literature" and
+"Kentucky in American Letters" has done a great work for an appreciative
+public.
+
+William C. Watts' "Chronicles of a Kentucky Settlement" is a great pen
+picture of early times; and Irvin S. Cobb's "Back Home" and "Cobb's
+Anatomy" have won him undying fame as a story teller and humorist.
+
+In other lines of prose we find John Bradford's "Notes on Kentucky,"
+histories of the state by Marshall, Lewis and R.H. Collins, Z.F. Smith,
+Elizabeth Kinkead, and Ed Porter Thompson; also the works of Humphrey
+Marshall, Mann Butler, Thomas Corwin, Fornatus Cosby, Samuel D. Gross,
+Henry Watterson, Bennett H. Young, and others.
+
+Since our first poet, Thomas Johnson, there have been many who have won
+credit in verse.
+
+Theodore O'Hara's immortal elegy, "The Bivouac of the Dead" is known to
+all. John Wilson Townsend has called Madison Cawein the successor of
+Sidney Lanier; Edmund Gosse calls him the "hermit thrush," while others
+have named him the "Kentucky Keats." Cale Young Rice has won fame in
+dramatic verse. Thomas H. Chivers, a native of Georgia, spent some time
+in Kentucky. He accused Poe of stealing some of his words in "The Raven"
+from him.
+
+Robert Burns Wilson, the poet-painter, has published several volumes of
+the highest merit. Bishop John L. Spalding, William O. Butler, Fornatus
+Cosby, Jr., George D. Prentice, Sarah T. Bolton, Mary E. Betts, Henry T.
+Stanton, Sarah N. Piatt, and a host of others have written verse that
+will compare favorably with that of many writers more renowned.
+
+[Illustration: Madison Cawein.]
+
+
+
+
+KENTUCKIANS IN HISTORY
+
+
+Whether we write of the hardy pioneer facing danger and privation, of
+the volunteer soldier freely offering up his life on the altar of his
+country, of the great general leading his men to victory, of the
+mature-minded statesman helping to guide the ship of state, or of the
+brilliant orator swaying thousands by his eloquence, we find Kentuckians
+in every role. Likewise we find the skillful surgeon severing the
+diseased part from that aglow with health, the learned lawyer tactfully
+pleading his client's cause, the able heads of our government
+discharging well their duty, the learned judge of our highest court
+presiding with wisdom and justice, and the consul to foreign countries
+shedding luster upon the post he holds. Again we note the scholarly
+heads of universities training the youth of the land, the sound business
+man striving for a better city, the patriot answering in any form his
+country's call, the great naturalist finding the many secrets of mother
+Nature, the historian cautiously collecting data and describing
+important incidents, and the sweet singer bringing cheer into every
+place. Further we find the humorist bringing smiles to every face, the
+consecrated minister leading thousands to a new life, the inventor
+bringing comfort and ease, and the artist skillfully using his brush or
+chisel to imitate Nature. Indeed, the roll call of eminent Kentuckians
+will show that they have played such important parts in both military
+and civil affairs that one or more, and often many, Kentuckians have
+filled each of these posts with credit to themselves and glory to their
+state.
+
+None have been found braver, none more brilliant, and none more beloved,
+whether serving in their native or their adopted state.
+
+More than eighty have represented us in foreign countries; more than
+fifty have been governors in other states; more than thirty have been
+United States senators from other states; and more than eighty have
+been representatives in Congress from other states.
+
+Scanning the pages of our national history, you will find the names of
+Henry Clay, Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, John C.
+Breckinridge, Linn Boyd, John G. Carlisle, Adlai Stevenson, Thomas
+Corwin, Isaac Shelby, John M. Harlan, Ninian Edwards, Roger Q. Mills,
+and hundreds of others of the native or adopted sons of our
+commonwealth. Without their worth and works many chapters could not have
+been written, many policies could not have been perfected, and many
+victories could not have been won.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stories of Old Kentucky, by Martha Grassham Purcell
+
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